Theilig F, Wu Q. Implications in renal pathophysiology of the ANP-induced signaling cascade. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2015;308:F1047-F1055.
Weiner ID, et al. Control of renal nitrogen excretion: Urea and ammonia metabolism. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10: 1444-1458.
Brown D, Nielsen S. The action of vasopressin in cell biology. In: Taal MW, et al., eds. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012.
Burckhardt G, Koepsell H. Renal elimination of drugs: Organic anion and cation transporters. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Christensen EI, et al. Albumin and albuminuria: Renal filtration, transport, and metabolism. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Gamba G, Schild L. Sodium chloride transport in the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Giebisch G, Satlin L. Regulation of potassium excretion. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Moe OW, et al. Renal transport of glucose, amino acids, sodium, chloride, and water. In: Taal MW, et al., eds. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012.
Preisig P, et al. Renal tubular acidification: Cellular mechanisms. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Sands JM, Layton H. Urea transporters: The urine concentrating mechanism. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
The following questions should be answered upon completion of this chapter:
1. How do alterations in water balance result in changes in the extracellular fluid's [Na+]?
2. What controls the secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in response to changes in osmolality of body fluids, blood volume, and pressure?
3. What cellular events occur when AVP acts on the collecting duct, and how do they increase water permeability in this part of the nephron?
4. How does Henle's loop contribute to the production of both concentrated and dilute urine?
5. What is the composition of the medullary interstitial fluid, and how does it participate in the production of concentrated urine?
6. What roles do the vasa recta play in the process of urine dilution and concentration?
7. How is the kidneys' ability to dilute and concentrate urine quantified?
8. Why do changes in Na+ balance impact the extracellular fluid volume?
9.
Theilig F, Wu Q. ANP-induced signaling cascade and its implications in renal pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2015;308:F1047-F1055.
Weiner ID, et al. Urea and ammonia metabolism and the control of renal nitrogen excretion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10: 1444-1458.
Brown D, Nielsen S. The cell biology of vasopressin action. In: Taal MW, et al., eds. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012.
Burckhardt G, Koepsell H. Organic anion and cation transporters in renal elimination of drugs. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Christensen EI, et al. Renal filtration, transport, and metabolism of albumin and albuminuria. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Gamba G, Schild L. Sodium chloride transport in the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Giebisch G, Satlin L. Regulation of potassium excretion. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Moe OW, et al. Renal transport of glucose, amino acids, sodium, chloride, and water. In: Taal MW, et al., eds. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012.
Preisig P, et al. Cellular mechanisms of renal tubular acidification. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Sands JM, Layton H. The urine concentrating mechanism and urea transporters. In: Alpern RJ, et al., eds. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Academic Press; 2012.
Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1.
Why do changes in water balance result in alterations in the [Na+] of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
2.
How is the secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) controlled by changes in the osmolality of body fluids and in blood volume and pressure?
3.
What are the cellular events associated with the action of AVP on the collecting duct, and how do they lead to an increase in the water permeability of this segment of the nephron?
4.
What is the role of Henle’s loop in the production of both dilute and concentrated urine?
5.
What is the composition of the medullary interstitial fluid, and how does it participate in the process of producing concentrated urine?
6.
What are the roles of the vasa recta in the process of diluting and concentrating urine?
7.
How is the diluting and concentrating ability of the kidneys quantitated?
8.
Why do changes in Na+ balance alter the volume of extracellular fluid?
9.