Exocytosis can occur in two ways: constitutive or regulated. Constitutive secretion is observed in plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin and fibroblasts that secrete collagen. On the other hand, regulated secretion takes place in endocrine cells, neurons, and exocrine glandular cells, like pancreatic acinar cells. In these cells, the secretory product, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes, undergoes synthesis and processing in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Subsequently, it is stored in the cytoplasm within secretory granules until the appropriate signal for secretion is received. These signals can be hormonal or neural. Once the cell receives the appropriate stimulus, the secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular fluid. Fusion of the vesicle with the membrane is facilitated by various accessory proteins, including SNARE proteins, which stand for soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors. These membrane proteins play a crucial role in targeting the secretory vesicle to the plasma membrane for fusion. Another important group of proteins involved in this process is adaptin, which helps in the formation of clathrin-coated pits during receptor-mediated endocytosis. Dynamin, a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), assists in the separation of the endocytic vesicle from the membrane. Once inside the cell, the clathrin and adaptin molecules dissociate and can be recycled. Finally, the uncoated vesicle is ready to fuse with other organelles within the cell, such as lysosomes. (Adapted from Ross MH, Pawlina W: Histology. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.)
Exocytosis can be either constitutive or regulated. Constitutive secretion occurs, for example, in plasma cells that are secreting immunoglobulin or in fibroblasts secreting collagen. Regulated secretion occurs in endocrine cells, neurons, and exocrine glandular cells (e.g., pancreatic acinar cells). In these cells, the secretory product (e.g., hormone, neurotransmitter, or digestive enzyme), after synthesis and processing in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, is stored in the cytoplasm in secretory granules until an appropriate signal for secretion is received. These signals may be hormonal or neural. Once the cell receives the appropriate stimulus, the secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular fluid. Fusion of the vesicle with the membrane is mediated by a number of accessory proteins. One important group is the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein [NSF] attachment protein receptors) proteins. These membrane proteins help target the secretory
Receptor Formation of Formation of coated pit coated vesicle Dynamin
Uncoated vesicle ready to fuse Vesicle (e.g., lysosome) uncoating • Fig. 1.5 Receptor-mediated endocytosis. Receptors on the surface of the cell bind the ligand. A clathrin-coated pit is formed with adaptin linking the receptor molecules to clathrin. Dynamin, a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), assists in separation of the endocytic vesicle from the membrane. Once inside the cell, the clathrin and adaptin molecules dissociate and are recycled. The uncoated vesicle is then ready to fuse with other organelles in the cell (e.g., lysosomes). (Adapted from Ross MH, Pawlina W: Histology. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.)