The mucociliary blanket in the conducting airways is disrupted by the nonciliated lymphoepithelium of BALT, creating a pathway for the collection and immune processing of foreign particulates. This is facilitated by specialized innate and adaptive immune cells unique to the anti-inflammatory defense system in the lungs and other mucosal tissues, including TCRγδ T cells, IgA synthesizing plasma cells, NK cells, and alveolar macrophages. Several references provide further information on the topic, such as Cua DJ and Tato CM's review on innate IL-17–producing cells, Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Martinez FJ, and Huffnagle GB's review on the respiratory tract microbiome, Martin TR and Frevert CW's paper on innate immunity in the lungs, McKenzie AN, Spits H, and Eberl G's review on innate lymphoid cells, Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Abt MC, et al.'s study on innate lymphoid cells and their role in lung-tissue homeostasis after influenza virus infection, Olsson B, Bondesson E, Borgström L, et al.'s chapter on pulmonary drug metabolism, clearance, and adsorption, Spits H, Artis D, Colonna M, et al.'s proposal for uniform nomenclature for innate lymphoid cells, Vantourout P and Hayday A's review on innate-like lymphocytes, and Wine JJ's paper on the parasympathetic control of airway submucosal glands. In addition to the respiratory system, the textbook also covers gastrointestinal physiology, including chapters on the functional anatomy and general principles of regulation in the gastrointestinal tract, the cephalic, oral, and esophageal phases of the integrated response to a meal, the gastric phase of the integrated response to a meal, the small intestinal phase of the integrated response to a meal, the colonic phase of the integrated response to a meal, and the transport and metabolic functions of the liver. The student should be able to answer questions related to the neural innervation of the GI tract and how GI function is regulated, as well as provide examples of neural, paracrine, and humoral regulation of GI function upon completion of this chapter.
The nonciliated lymphoepithelium of BALT establishes a break in the mucociliary blanket that acts as a drain to facilitate the collection and immune processing of foreign particulates throughout the conducting airways.
9.
TCRγδ T cells, IgA synthesizing plasma cells, NK cells, and alveolar macrophages are highly specialized innate and adaptive immune cells unique to the anti-inflammatory defense system in the lung and other mucosal tissues.
Cua DJ, Tato CM. Innate IL-17–producing cells: the sentinels of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:479-489.
Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Martinez FJ, Huffnagle GB. The microbiome and the respiratory tract. Annu Rev Physiol. 2016;78:481-504.
Martin TR, Frevert CW. Innate immunity in the lungs. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2:403-411.
McKenize AN, Spits H, Eberl G. Innate lymphoid cells in inflammation and immunity. Immunity. 2014;41:366-374.
Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Abt MC, et al. Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:1045-1054.
Olsson B, Bondesson E, Borgström L, et al. Pulmonary drug metabolism, clearance, and adsorption. In: Smyth HDC, Hickey AJ, eds. Controlled Pulmonary Drug Delivery. New York: Springer; 2011:21-51.
Spits H, Artis D, Colonna M, et al. Innate lymphoid cells—a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13: 145-149.
Vantourout P, Hayday A. The inbetweeners: innate-like lymphocytes. Six of the best: unique contributions of γδ T cells to immunology. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;13:88-100.
Wine JJ. Parasympathetic control of airway submucosal glands: central reflexes and the airway intrinsic nervous system. Auton Neurosci. 2007;133:35-54.
SECTION 6Gastrointestinal Physiology KIM E. BARRETT AND HELEN E. RAYBOULD
Chapter 27 Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 28 The Cephalic, Oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal
Chapter 29 The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal
Chapter 30 The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal
Chapter 31 The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal
Chapter 32 Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver
Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1.
What is the neural innervation of the GI tract, and how is GI function regulated?
2.
What are some examples of neural, paracrine, and humoral regulation of GI function?