Kol HaAm

"Kol HaAm" was a daily Hebrew newspaper of the Communist Party of Palestine and its successor, the [[Israeli Communist Party (Historical Party)|The Israeli Communist Party] ] (Mki), which was published between the years [[1937]] and [[1975]]. The ruling in the petition filed by the newspaper against its closure, known as the "[[High Court of the People's]]" ([[1953] ]) constitutes one of the important formulations for the protection of [[freedom of expression]] in Israel.
History.
"Kol Ha'am" began to be published as a monthly in August [[1937]] without a performance license. The newspaper identified with the policy of the [[Soviet Union]] and expressed full confidence in the Soviet regime, even during [[Stalin's] time.
From [[1942]], Kol Ha'am began appearing as a weekly and following many public and legal efforts, the mandatory Ministry of the Interior granted a publication license to the newspaper. The first legal issue was published on December 20 [[1944]].
The newspaper's editors over the years included the senior MK members: [[Shamuel Mikunis]], [[Moshe Sana]], [[Esther Wilenska]], [[Meir Wilner]] and [[Zvi Breitstein]]. The poet [[ Alexander Penn served as the editor of the newspaper's literary section for most of its existence. In the section, the works of young authors such as [[Hanoch Levin]] and [[David Avidan]] first saw the light of day.
In [[1965]], with the split in the MKI between the majority that took a critical approach towards the [[Soviet Union]] and the minority that remained loyal to the Soviet Union and founded the [[Rakha]], "Kol Ha'am" remained under the control of the MKI, And the members of Rakh established a competing newspaper called "[[This is the way]]". After the split, MK remained a small opposition party, and the newspaper gradually faded until it was closed in [[1975]].
The newspaper did not support itself and its funding came from donations from members and friends of the PKP. The newspaper managed fundraisers to finance its activities Kol Ha'am ||Kol Ha'am Fund|19470930|64}}}}. In the 1950s, recruitment quotas were distributed to different regions of the State of Israel, and the newspaper published how each region met the quota |19531029|39}}}}.
Legal battles.
The newspaper's editors have been prosecuted several times for defamation. In September [[1948]], the newspaper accused a number of police officers of having tortured and murdered the communist activist [[The death case of Sioma Mironyansky|Sioma Mironyansky]] in [[1941]], while he was serving in the [[Criminal Investigation Department of the Mandate Police]]. In response, the officers demanded that the editors of the newspaper be prosecuted for defamation Ma'ariv|D.G.|Disclosure of opinion on murder|19480921|17}}}} However, after further examination, it was found that there is truth in the claims and an investigative committee was established to examine the circumstances of Mironyansky's murder. In February [[1951]], a trial was opened on charges of [[defamation]] against the newspaper's editors for an article from September [[1949]] in which the Prime Minister, [[David Ben-Gurion]], was called a "traitor to the people", "pulling the [[ [American imperialism|American imperialism]]" and other nicknames At the trial, Ben-Gurion claimed that the article was intended to harm [[Soviet Union-Israel relations]]. The defense attorney for the Kol HaAm argued, however, that the purpose of the trial is to suppress the Israeli Communist Party. In December 1951, the newspaper was accused of defaming the [[Minister of Police]] and [[inciting]] rebellion for an article published on [[July 8]] [[1950]]. In July [[1952]] the newspaper was closed for a week because of [[censorship]].
The Kol HaAm adopted the blood plot of [[The Doctors' Trial]] in [[1953]] and described in its headline the banned [[Jewish]] doctors as "a gang of murderous doctors in the service of American-British espionage".On this background, the government sought to ban the existence of MKI and, among other things, discussed the possibility of closing Kol Ha'am }. In January [[1953]], the Minister of the Interior, [[Israel Pharmacist]] ordered the closing of the newspaper for ten days "Kol Ha'am" is closed for ten days, [[Habaker]], Sunday, March 22, 1953}} according to a law from the [[British Mandate]] era that permits the issuing of a closure order to a newspaper that publishes things that may harm the [[public peace]]. The newspaper submitted a petition to the [[Beg 3]] against the closure, but the High Court refused to issue a conditional order in the matter |33}}}}. In March [[1953]] the Minister of the Interior again ordered the closing of the newspaper for ten days, this time because of an [[editorial article]] under the title "Aba Ibn will go to fight alone", in which the newspaper appeared against the alleged statement of [[ Ambassador]] Israel [[Abba Even]], according to news that appeared in [[Haaretz]], that Israel will place hundreds of thousands of soldiers alongside the [[United States]] in the event of a [[war]] with the Soviet Union |3}}}}. Among other things, the newspaper wrote: "We will increase our fight against the anti-national policy of [[Israel's fourth government|the Ben-Gurion government]] which is permeated with the blood of the Israeli youth." This time the High Court issued a conditional order against the action of the Minister of the Interior and suspended the closure of the newspaper until the Kol Ha'am petition against the closure is investigated. The ruling on the petition, which became known as the [High Court of the People's Voice]], was published on [[October 16]] 1953. The ruling written by the [[Judge]] [[Shimon Agrant|Agrant]] with the consent of the judges [ [Moshe Landoi]] and [[Yuel Sussman]], stated that [[freedom of expression]] is a fundamental right that is an inseparable part of [[democracy]]. The authority of the Minister of the Interior to close a newspaper on the grounds of public peace is limited to cases in which there is near certainty of a risk to public peace from the newspaper's publications. Referring to the case of Kol Ha'am, as well as the newspaper [[Al-Ittihad (newspaper)|Al-Ittihad]] which published similar things and even issued a closure order against it, it was ruled that the published words are far from indicating a near certainty of a danger to public peace and therefore canceled the order the closing This ruling was a milestone in Israeli jurisprudence and law, in establishing freedom of expression as a fundamental right and as an example of the court's authority to cancel an action carried out by the executive authority in violation of a fundamental right if certain conditions are met, such as the test of near certainty.
In June 1953, three charges were filed against the newspaper for insulting the honor of foreign rulers. One of the charges was due to a scathing article against [[John Foster Dulles]] under the title "Know Foster Dulles, Know Your Enemy". Judge [[Benyamin Halevi]] dismissed the charge and subsequently the [[Attorney General]] announced the cancellation of the other two charges In July 1953, Habib Shiver's lawsuit against Kol Ha'am for calling him a "fascist adventurer" and accusing him of selling in the [[black market|the black market]] a paper he received for election propaganda Kol Ha'am won the trial and Shiver was ordered to pay [[legal costs]] to the newspaper .
Footnotes.
[[Category: Kol HaAm staff|*]]
[[Category: Hebrew press]]
[[Category:Communist Party Press in Israel]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Palestine]]