Notes on Nationalism

Notes on Nationalism is a well-known essay written by George Orwell. Orwell wrote the essay in May 1945, in a journal called "Polemic", after the Second World War had ended. In the essay, Orwell describes his idea of nationalism as:
Here, he links nationalism to political power, influence and factionalism. He says "nationalism" is not the same as "patriotism", as patriotism "is of its nature defensive... Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable (hard to separate) from the desire for power."
He says that it can be "positive," i.e. "for" something, such as one's country. Orwell says Celtic nationalism and Zionism are examples of this sort of nationalism. On the other hand, it can be "negative", i.e. "against" something, such as another group. Orwell says Anti-Soviet Trotskyism ans Antisemitism are examples of this sort.
"Transferred nationalism" is a third kind. This is identification and promotion of a different race, social class, or country to your own.
Scotland.
Orwell's claim that only Scottish nationalists think that using the Lowland Scottish language is important has been criticised by speakers of the language.
Orwell's "Notes on Nationalism" have been used by people on the right-wing of Scottish politics (such as former Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson) to argue against 'identity politics'.