Torus

A torus (plural: tori or toruses) is a tube shape that is similar to the surface of a doughnut or an inner tube. In geometry, a torus is obtained by rotating a circle in three dimensional space. To make a torus, the circle is rotated around a line (called the axis of rotation) that is in the same plane as the circle. Usually the line does not touch the circle, so the torus has a hole through the center, and the torus is called a ring torus. For a ring torus, the axis of rotation passes through the center of the hole. 
In topology, sizes don't matter, and a torus is any shape that has one hole through it. 
The ring torus is the most well-known type of torus, but other types exist. If the line the circle rotates around is tangent to the circle, then it becomes a horn torus, and if it passes through the circle then it is a spindle torus. A toroid is a surface made by rotating any shape around a line, so a torus is one kind of toroid. 
If the torus is filled to make a solid shape, it is called a solid torus. A solid torus is often simply called a torus. A solid torus is made by rotating a disk (a filled-in circle) around a line. Common objects that have the shape of a solid torus are a doughnut, a bagel and an O-ring.
A torus is like a tube that is bent into a circle so it connects to itself. The radius of the tube or circle is called the "minor radius", writeformula_1. The distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus is called the "major radius", writeformula_2. 
The surface area of a torus is given by 
This area is the same as the area of a straight tube that has a radius formula_1 and lengthformula_5.
The volume of a solid torus is given by 
This volume is the same as the volume of a straight rod that has a radius formula_1 and lengthformula_5.