Update dataset card 2026-05-27
Browse files
README.md
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- it
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license: cc-by-4.0
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pretty_name: Targum Corpus
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tags:
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- bible
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- translation
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- nlp
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- corpus-linguistics
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- parallel-corpus
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- digital-humanities
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size_categories:
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- 1M<n<10M
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task_categories:
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- translation
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configs:
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- config_name: corpora
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data_files: "
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default: true
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- config_name: works
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data_files: "works.tsv"
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data_files: "book_coverage.tsv"
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---
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# Targum - A Multilingual New Testament Translation Corpus
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**Targum** is a multilingual New Testament translation corpus with unprecedented depth in five European languages: English, French, Italian, Polish, and Spanish. It contains **651** translations (**334** unique) collected from **13** source libraries and spanning **1525–2025**.
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Named after the ancient Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible (תרגום, "translation"), the corpus prioritizes vertical depth over linguistic breadth, making it possible to computationally analyze a wide spectrum of historical periods and confessional traditions within each language.
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-
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## Corpus Scale
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Loading chapter embeddings for one translation:
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```python
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import pandas as pd
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"hf://datasets/mrapacz/targum-corpus/
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"QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-
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"translation=eng-web/granularity=chapter/data.parquet"
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)
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```
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## Metadata
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## Usage
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Load a single translation
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ds = load_dataset(
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"mrapacz/targum-corpus",
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data_files="corpora/ebible.org/eng/
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split="train",
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)
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print(ds[0])
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)
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```
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```python
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import pandas as pd
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editions
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)
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-
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-
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)
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```
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## Source Data
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Translations were collected from 13 libraries: bible.audio, bible.com, bible.is, biblegateway.com, biblehub.com, bibles.org, biblestudytools.com, bibliepolskie.pl, crossbible.com, ebible.org, jw.org, laparola.net, obohu.cz.
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- it
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license: cc-by-4.0
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pretty_name: Targum Corpus
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multilinguality:
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- multilingual
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tags:
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- bible
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- bible-translation
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- translation
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- nlp
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- corpus-linguistics
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- parallel-corpus
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- digital-humanities
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- religion
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size_categories:
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- 1M<n<10M
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task_categories:
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- translation
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configs:
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- config_name: corpora
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data_files: "corpora/**/*.jsonl"
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default: true
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- config_name: works
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data_files: "works.tsv"
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data_files: "book_coverage.tsv"
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---
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# Targum -- A Multilingual New Testament Translation Corpus
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**Links:** 📄 [LREC 2026 paper](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-main.564/) · 🗂️ [GitHub mirror](https://github.com/mrapacz/targum-corpus) · 🌐 [Online viewer](https://targum.mrapacz.com/)
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**Targum** is a multilingual New Testament translation corpus with unprecedented depth in five European languages: English, French, Italian, Polish, and Spanish. It contains **651** translations (**334** unique) collected from **13** source libraries and spanning **1525–2025**.
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|
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Named after the ancient Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible (תרגום, "translation"), the corpus prioritizes vertical depth over linguistic breadth, making it possible to computationally analyze a wide spectrum of historical periods and confessional traditions within each language.
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The repository ships three families of artefacts side by side:
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- **Corpus texts** -- verse-level JSONL under `corpora/`.
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- **Embeddings** -- pre-computed encoder vectors under `embeddings/` (~120 GB across six (model, granularity) combinations).
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- **Similarity** -- pairwise lexical and semantic similarity scores under `similarity/` (~5 GB).
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The metadata tables (`works`, `editions`, `instances`, `book_coverage`) are exposed as HuggingFace dataset configs and can be loaded directly with `load_dataset`.
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## Corpus Scale
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Loading chapter embeddings for one translation:
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```python
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import pyarrow.parquet as pq
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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p = hf_hub_download(
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repo_id="mrapacz/targum-corpus",
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repo_type="dataset",
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filename="embeddings/QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-0.6B/language=eng/"
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"site=ebible.org/translation=engwebp/granularity=chapter/data.parquet",
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)
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df = pq.ParquetFile(p).read().to_pandas()
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```
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## Similarity
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Pre-computed pairwise similarity scores between translations are
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distributed alongside the corpus under `similarity/`:
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- **`similarity/lexical/jaccard/chapter/{iso}.parquet`** -- chapter-level Jaccard token-overlap scores.
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- **`similarity/lexical/levenshtein/chapter/{iso}.parquet`** -- chapter-level Levenshtein-based scores.
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- **`similarity/semantic/cosine/{model}/chapter/{iso}.parquet`** -- chapter-level cosine similarity between embeddings (currently `QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-8B`). A `cross_language.parquet` adds pairs that span language boundaries.
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One parquet file per language at chapter granularity. Total payload
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is roughly 5 GB (lexical ~3 GB, semantic/cosine ~2 GB).
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```python
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import pandas as pd
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sem = pd.read_parquet(
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"hf://datasets/mrapacz/targum-corpus/similarity/semantic/cosine/"
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"QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-8B/chapter/ita.parquet"
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)
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print(sem.head())
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```
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## Metadata
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## Usage
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### Verse text
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Load a single translation
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ds = load_dataset(
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"mrapacz/targum-corpus",
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data_files="corpora/ebible.org/eng/engwebp.jsonl",
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split="train",
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)
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print(ds[0])
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)
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```
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### Metadata via configs
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Each declared config maps to one of the TSV tables and is loadable
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directly:
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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works = load_dataset("mrapacz/targum-corpus", "works", split="train")
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editions = load_dataset("mrapacz/targum-corpus", "editions", split="train")
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instances = load_dataset("mrapacz/targum-corpus", "instances", split="train")
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book_cov = load_dataset("mrapacz/targum-corpus", "book_coverage", split="train")
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```
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Or as pandas / polars frames over the raw TSV / JSON files:
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```python
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import pandas as pd
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editions = pd.read_csv("hf://datasets/mrapacz/targum-corpus/editions.tsv", sep="\t")
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instances = pd.read_csv("hf://datasets/mrapacz/targum-corpus/instances.tsv", sep="\t")
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```
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### Selective access (recommended for embeddings / similarity)
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With ~120 GB of embeddings + ~5 GB of similarity, you almost never
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want a full clone. Pull only what you need:
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```python
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download, snapshot_download
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# One specific embedding file
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path = hf_hub_download(
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repo_id="mrapacz/targum-corpus",
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repo_type="dataset",
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filename="embeddings/QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-0.6B/language=eng/"
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"site=ebible.org/translation=engwebp/granularity=chapter/data.parquet",
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)
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# All English chapter embeddings for one model
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local_dir = snapshot_download(
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repo_id="mrapacz/targum-corpus",
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repo_type="dataset",
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allow_patterns=[
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"embeddings/QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-0.6B/language=eng/**/granularity=chapter/data.parquet",
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],
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# All metadata + the public corpus, no embeddings, no similarity
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local_dir = snapshot_download(
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repo_id="mrapacz/targum-corpus",
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repo_type="dataset",
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allow_patterns=["*.tsv", "*.json", "corpora/**"],
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)
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```
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The repository is backed by HuggingFace's [Xet](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/storage-backends#xet)
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storage. To pull only the slices you care about from the
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shell, use the [`hf` CLI](https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub/main/en/guides/cli)'s
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`--include` filters:
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```bash
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pip install -U "huggingface_hub[cli]"
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# One specific embedding file
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hf download mrapacz/targum-corpus --repo-type dataset \
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--include "embeddings/QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-0.6B/language=eng/site=ebible.org/translation=engwebp/granularity=chapter/data.parquet" \
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--local-dir ./targum-corpus
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# All English chapter embeddings for one model
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hf download mrapacz/targum-corpus --repo-type dataset \
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--include "embeddings/QwenXxXQwen3-Embedding-0.6B/language=eng/**/granularity=chapter/data.parquet" \
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--local-dir ./targum-corpus
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# Metadata + public corpus only (no embeddings, no similarity)
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hf download mrapacz/targum-corpus --repo-type dataset \
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--include "*.tsv" --include "*.json" --include "corpora/**" \
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--local-dir ./targum-corpus
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```
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## Source Data
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Translations were collected from 13 libraries: bible.audio, bible.com, bible.is, biblegateway.com, biblehub.com, bibles.org, biblestudytools.com, bibliepolskie.pl, crossbible.com, ebible.org, jw.org, laparola.net, obohu.cz.
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