role from 2009-2014, told reporters, “Just because it’s taken on a hidden form doesn’t make it any less harmful.

You might not be able to move into that community with the good schools.”

These practices are viewed as a continuation of redlining, which is the intentional and discriminatory withholding of

services or products based on race or other factors. Redlining was practiced extensively by banks and other lenders

who refused to issue mortgages or other loans to people from racial or ethnic minorities living in neighborhoods that

were deemed "hazardous" to investment, even though the same lenders would issue loans to White people with

similar economic status. Redlining has lasting effects today, demonstrated by significant divides in educational and

financial opportunity in certain neighborhoods or cities.

The lower levels of education for Black workers can also be a result of discrimination—although it may be pre-labor
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