jobs in 2011 alone.” The United States remains the leading sponsor of medical-related research, spending

$117 billion in 2011. Other institutions, such as the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy

of Engineering, receive federal grants for innovative projects. The Agriculture and Food Research Initiative

(AFRI) at the United States Department of Agriculture awards federal grants to projects that apply the best

science to the most important agricultural problems, from food safety to childhood obesity. Cooperation

between government-funded universities, academies, and the private sector can spur product innovation and

create whole new industries.

13.3 Public Goods

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

•

Identify a public good using nonexcludable and non-rival as criteria

• Explain the free rider problem

•

Identify several sources of public goods
{"file_name": "Microeconomics3e.pdf", "title": "Principles of Microeconomics 3e", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T15:24:38.309401", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "creator": "PDFMiner", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 26.99, "moddate": "2022-12-07T14:23:05-06:00", "producer": "Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "830b81f41611ac67a490444dbb5d6aed292224606965b06965b914443c93331a", "source": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "total_pages": 597, "creationdate": "2022-12-07T14:15:44-06:00"}