countries. In some cases, the situation gets even worse when the governments of high-income countries, having

bought and paid for an excess supply of farm products, give away those products in poor countries and drive local

farmers out of business altogether.

For example, shipments of excess milk from the European Union to Jamaica have caused great hardship for

Jamaican dairy farmers. Shipments of excess rice from the United States to Haiti drove thousands of low-income

rice farmers in Haiti out of business. The opportunity costs of protectionism are not paid just by domestic

consumers, but also by foreign producers—and for many agricultural products, those foreign producers are the

world’s poor.

Now, let’s look at what happens with protectionism. U.S. sugar farmers are likely to argue that, if only they

could be protected from sugar imported from Brazil, the United States would have higher domestic sugar
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