financial literacy. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic is referenced frequently to demonstrate its deep and

evolving impacts on financial data, employment, and other aspects of the economy.

FRED Data and Graphs: As in previous editions, the authors have included and referenced data from the

Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED). In some cases, interactive FRED graphs are embedded directly in the

web view of the book; students may magnify and focus on specific time periods, analyze individual data points,

and otherwise manipulate the graphs from within the OpenStax reading experience. In others cases (and in

the PDF), links to the direct source of the FRED data are provided, and students are encouraged to explore the

information and the overall FRED resources more thoroughly. Note that other data sources, such as the Bureau

of Labor Statistics, U.S. Census Bureau, and World Bank, usually include links in the captions or credits;
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