"fatherhood bonus."

Another aspect of the gender pay gap relates to work that isn’t actually paid, such as household chores, caring

for children and other family members, and cooking. Studies have found that globally and within the United

States, women undertake far more of this work than do men; even women who work full time and/or bring in
346 14 • Labor Markets and Income

the majority of family income take on more of this unpaid work than the men in their households.

Economists study many aspects of sex- and gender-based earnings gaps, often revealing unexpected causes

and impacts. For example, economists Jessica Pan, Jonathan Guryan, and Kerwin Kofi Charles analyzed

decades of sociological and employment data and uncovered that the amount of sexism in the U.S. state where

a woman was born is an indicator of the woman's earnings throughout her life, even if she moves away from
{"file_hash": "830b81f41611ac67a490444dbb5d6aed292224606965b06965b914443c93331a", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T15:37:44.339247", "creator": "PDFMiner", "source": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "creationdate": "2022-12-07T14:15:44-06:00", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Principles of Microeconomics 3e", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "file_size_mb": 26.99, "moddate": "2022-12-07T14:23:05-06:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Microeconomics3e.pdf", "producer": "Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 597}