on furthering their environmental impact, such as by using solar power to fuel their computer servers or by

using electrically powered delivery trucks.

Like other innovations, ICT has created some employment and economic opportunities while it has reduced

others. Increased globalization and efficiencies have shuttered businesses and reduced wages in some areas.

Perez’s research indicates that those types of employment shifts can be managed through proper regulation

and investment (especially in human capital), particularly as firms in the relevant industries become mature

and profitable. The prospects aren’t simple: ICT has created megafirms like Amazon and Apple, which despite

pleasing their consumers can wield significant power over governments and employees. But on the

environmental and societal front at least, ICT has offered a wealth of opportunities and externalities.

13.2 How Governments Can Encourage Innovation

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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