health insurance. Under the Trump administration, several components of the ACA were repealed or overhauled,

while under the Biden administration (and with the support of a majority of the population) the ACA has continued

as a major element in provision of health care in the United States.

As we noted in the chapter, people face ever-increasing healthcare costs in the United States. Over the years, the

ranks of the uninsured in the United States have grown as rising prices have pushed employers and individuals out

of the market. Insurance companies have increasingly used pre-existing medical conditions to determine if

someone is high risk, for whom insurance companies either charge higher prices, or they choose to deny insurance

coverage to these individuals. Whatever the cause, we noted at the beginning of the chapter that prior to the ACA,

more than 32 million Americans were uninsured. People who are uninsured tend to use emergency rooms for
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