a country uses to regulate international trade. This topic is not without controversy.

As the world has become more globally connected, firms and workers in high-income countries like the United

States, Japan, or the nations of the European Union, perceive a competitive threat from firms in medium-

income countries like Mexico, China, or South Africa, that have lower costs of living and therefore pay lower

wages. Firms and workers in low-income countries fear that they will suffer if they must compete against more
productive workers and advanced technology in high-income countries.

On a different tack, some environmentalists worry that multinational firms may evade environmental

protection laws by moving their production to countries with loose or nonexistent pollution standards, trading

a clean environment for jobs. Some politicians worry that their country may become overly dependent on key
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