produces—and to offer lower or free charges for recyclable materials. As of 2006 (latest statistics available), the

EPA had recorded over 7,000 communities that have implemented “pay as you throw” programs. When people

have a financial incentive to put out less garbage and to increase recycling, they find ways to make it happen.

A number of environmental policies are really pollution charges, although they often do not travel under that

name. For example, the federal government and many state governments impose taxes on gasoline. We can

view this tax as a charge on the air pollution that cars generate as well as a source of funding for maintaining

roads. Gasoline taxes are far higher in most other countries than in the United States.

Similarly, the refundable charge of five or 10 cents that only 10 states have for returning recyclable cans and

bottles works like a pollution tax that provides an incentive to avoid littering or throwing bottles in the trash.
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