paperwork to make it more costly or difficult to import products. A rule requiring certain safety standards can

limit imports just as effectively as high tariffs or low import quotas, for instance. There are also nontariff

barriers in the form of “rules-of-origin” regulations; these rules describe the “Made in Country X” label as the

one in which the last substantial change in the product took place. A manufacturer wishing to evade import

restrictions may try to change the production process so that the last big change in the product happens in

their own country. For example, certain textiles are made in the United States, shipped to other countries,

combined with textiles made in those other countries to make apparel—and then re-exported back to the

United States for a final assembly, to escape paying tariffs or to obtain a “Made in the USA” label.
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