argued for protection against imports since 1789. By law, therefore, U.S. cookie and candy makers must use

85% domestic sugar in their products. Meanwhile quotas on imported sugar restrict supply and keep the

domestic sugar price up—raising prices for companies that use sugar in producing their goods and for

consumers. The European Union allows sugar imports, and prices there are 40% lower than U.S. sugar prices.

Sugar-producing countries in the Caribbean repeatedly protest the U.S. quotas at the World Trade

Organization meetings, but each bite of cookie, at present, costs you more than if there were no sugar lobby.

This case goes against the theory of the “median” voter in a democracy. The median voter theory argues that

politicians will try to match policies to what pleases the median voter preferences. If we think of political

positions along a spectrum from left to right, the median voter is in the middle of the spectrum. This theory
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