speech. The federal government and states can offer candidates a voluntary deal in which government makes some

public financing available to candidates, but only if the candidates agree to abide by certain spending limits. Of

course, candidates can also voluntarily agree to set certain spending limits if they wish. However, government

cannot forbid people or organizations to raise and spend money above these limits if they choose.

In 2002, Congress passed and President George W. Bush signed into law the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

(BCRA). The relatively noncontroversial portions of the act strengthen the rules requiring full and speedy disclosure

of who contributes money to campaigns. However, some controversial portions of the Act limit the ability of

individuals and groups to make certain kinds of political donations and they ban certain kinds of advertising in the
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