economy, which seem to be real but small in the context of the U.S. economy, as they are about the disruptive

effects of immigration in specific labor markets. One disruptive effect, as we noted, is that immigration
weighted toward low-skill workers tends to reduce wages for domestic low-skill workers. A study by Michael S.
Clune found that for each 10% rise in the number of employed immigrants with no more than a high school

diploma in the labor market, high school students reduced their annual number of hours worked by 3%. The

effects on wages of low-skill workers are not large—perhaps in the range of decline of about 1%. These effects

are likely kept low, in part, because of the legal floor of federal and state minimum wage laws. In addition,

immigrants are also thought to contribute to increased demand for local goods and services which can

stimulate the local low skilled labor market. It is also possible that employers, in the face of abundant low-skill
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