keeping the polls open for more hours, or even moving Election Day to the weekend, when fewer people need

to worry about jobs or school commitments. However, such changes do not seem to have caused a long-term

upward trend in the number of people voting. After all, casting an informed vote will always impose some costs

of time and energy. It is not clear how to strengthen people’s feeling of connectedness to society in a way that

will lead to a substantial increase in voter turnout. Without greater voter turnout, however, politicians elected

by the votes of 60% or fewer of the population may not enact economic policy in the best interests of 100% of

the population. Meanwhile, countering a long trend toward making voting easier, many states have recently

enacted new voting laws that critics say are actually barriers to voting. States have passed laws reducing early

voting, restricting groups who are organizing get-out-the-vote efforts, enacted strict photo ID laws, as well as
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