other.

The benefits of trade do not stop at national boundaries, either. Earlier we explained that the division of labor

could increase output for three reasons: (1) workers with different characteristics can specialize in the types of

production where they have a comparative advantage; (2) firms and workers who specialize in a certain

product become more productive with learning and practice; and (3) economies of scale. These three reasons

apply from the individual and community level right up to the international level. If it makes sense to you that

interpersonal, intercommunity, and interstate trade offer economic gains, it should make sense that

international trade offers gains, too.

International trade currently involves about $20 trillion worth of goods and services moving around the globe.

Any economic force of that size, even if it confers overall benefits, is certain to cause disruption and
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