employee of another race who holds a similar job, with similar educational attainment, and with similar

expertise.

The FRED database includes earnings data at earnings by age, gender and race/ethnicity (https://openstax.org/

l/33501).

As stated previously and as we will see below, not every instance of a wage gap or employment inequity is a

product of overt discrimination on the part of individual employers. Significant overall issues in societies, such

as inequitable education or housing segregation, can lead to earning gaps and limitations on economic

mobility. However, these wider issues usually affect people from minority populations and/or those who have

been historically underrepresented in positions of power. Economist William A. Darity Jr., whose work is

discussed in more detail below, indicates that individualized employer racism still exists, but it is largely

practiced in "covert and subtle forms."
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