unions in the workplace. The share of the population belonging to unions in other countries is very high

compared with the share in the United States. Table 14.8 shows the proportion of workers in a number of the
world’s high-income economies who belong to unions. The United States is near the bottom, along with France
and Spain. The last column shows union coverage, defined as including those workers whose wages are

determined by a union negotiation even if the workers do not officially belong to the union. In the United

States, union membership is almost identical to union coverage. However, in many countries, the wages of

many workers who do not officially belong to a union are still determined by collective bargaining between

unions and firms.

Country

Union Density: Percentage of

Union Coverage: Percentage of Workers Whose Wages

Workers Belonging to a Union

Are Determined by Union Bargaining

Austria

37%

France

9%

Germany

26%

Japan

22%

Netherlands 25%

Spain
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