discrimination against them. Many immigrants, including those who come to the United States, have taken

advantage of economic freedom to make new lives for themselves. However, history teaches that market forces

alone are unlikely to eliminate discrimination. After all, discrimination against African Americans persisted in

the market-oriented U.S. economy during the century between the ratification of the 13th Amendment, which

abolished slavery in 1865, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964—and has continued since then, too.

Why does discrimination persist in competitive markets? Gary Becker sought to explain this persistence.

Discriminatory impulses can emerge at a number of levels: among managers, among workers, and among

customers. Consider the situation of a store owner or manager who is not personally prejudiced, but who has
{"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T15:37:44.339247", "source": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2022-12-07T14:23:05-06:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "file_hash": "830b81f41611ac67a490444dbb5d6aed292224606965b06965b914443c93331a", "total_pages": 597, "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2022-12-07T14:15:44-06:00", "title": "Principles of Microeconomics 3e", "file_name": "Microeconomics3e.pdf", "file_size_mb": 26.99, "creator": "PDFMiner"}