argument was that, since Microsoft possessed an extremely high market share in the industry for operating

systems, the inclusion of a free web browser constituted unfair competition to other browsers, such as

Netscape Navigator. Since nearly everyone was using Windows, including Internet Explorer eliminated the

incentive for consumers to explore other browsers and made it impossible for competitors to gain a foothold in

the market. In 2013, the Windows system ran on more than 90% of the most commonly sold personal
computers. In 2015, a U.S. federal court tossed out antitrust charges that Google had an agreement with mobile

device makers to set Google as the default search engine.

This chapter begins by describing how monopolies are protected from competition, including laws that

prohibit competition, technological advantages, and certain configurations of demand and supply. It then
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