and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); the Service Employees International Union; and the National

Education Association. Table 14.8 lists the membership of each of these unions. Outside of government

employees, however, unions have not had great success in organizing the service sector.

FIGURE 14.13 The Growth of Service Jobs Jobs in services have increased dramatically for more than the past 50

years. Jobs in government have increased modestly until 1990 and then declined slightly since then. Jobs in

manufacturing peaked in the late 1970s and have declined more than a third since then.

A second explanation for the decline in the share of unionized workers looks at import competition. Starting in

the 1960s, U.S. carmakers and steelmakers faced increasing competition from Japanese and European

manufacturers. As sales of imported cars and steel rose, the number of jobs in U.S. auto manufacturing fell.
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