According to the Congressional Budget Office, the 2008-2009 Great Recession and rising food prices caused

this dramatic rise in participation. Likewise, between 2019 and 2021, the number of participants in SNAP

increased by 5.8 million, the amount per person increased by 67%, and total benefits nearly doubled as a

consequence of the sharp recession due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020.

The federal government deploys a range of income security programs that it funds through departments such

as Health and Human Services, Agriculture, and Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (see Figure 15.6).

According to the Office of Management and Budget, collectively, these three departments provided an
estimated $62 billion of aid through programs such as supplemental feeding programs for women and

children, subsidized housing, and energy assistance. The federal government also transfers funds to

individual states through special grant programs.
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