into its own profits. If some businesses run by bigoted employers refuse to pay women and/or minorities a
348 14 • Labor Markets and Income

wage based on their productivity, then other profit-seeking employers can hire these workers. In a competitive

market, if the business owners care more about the color of money than about the color of skin, they will have

an incentive to make buying, selling, hiring, and promotion decisions strictly based on economic factors.

Do not underestimate the power of markets to offer at least a degree of freedom to oppressed groups. In many

countries, cohesive minority population groups like Jewish people and emigrant Chinese people have

managed to carve out a space for themselves through their economic activities, despite legal and social

discrimination against them. Many immigrants, including those who come to the United States, have taken
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