c. Once a road is built it is difficult to exclude people, although toll roads can exclude non-payers.

d. Primary education can be provided by private companies and so it is excludable.

e. Companies sell cell phone service and exclude those who do not pay.

8. a. Two people cannot enjoy the same slice of pizza at the same time, so private goods, such as a slice of

pizza, are rivalrous.

b. Two people cannot use one laptop at the same time, so they are rivalrous in consumption.

c. Public radio can be heard by anyone with a radio, so many people can listen at the same time—the

good is nonrivalrous.

d.

It is difficult for two people to simultaneously eat an ice cream cone, so it is rivalrous in consumption.

Chapter 14

1. a. For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive output market, the value of the marginal product is the

marginal product of labor multiplied by the firm’s output price.

b.
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