that wanted to buy it.

• Gordon Gould came up with the idea behind the laser in 1957. He put off applying for a patent and, by the

time he did apply, other scientists had laser inventions of their own. A lengthy legal battle resulted, in

which Gould spent $100,000 on lawyers, before he eventually received a patent for the laser in 1977.

Compared to the enormous social benefits of the laser, Gould received relatively little financial reward.

•

In 1936, Alan Turing delivered a paper titled, "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the

Entscheidungsproblem," in which he presented the notion of a universal machine (later called the

“Universal Turing Machine," and then the "Turing machine") capable of computing anything that is

computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on Turing’s paper. Today scholars

widely consider Turing as the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence; however,
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