employment in sugar production. While the candy industry is especially affected by the cost of sugar, the costs are

spread more broadly. U.S. consumers pay roughly $1 billion per year in higher food prices because of elevated sugar

costs. Meanwhile, sugar producers in low-income countries are driven out of business. Because of the sugar

subsidies to domestic producers and the quotas on imports, they cannot sell their output profitably, or at all, in the

United States market.

The fact that protectionism pushes up prices for consumers in the country enacting such protectionism is not
always acknowledged openly, but it is not disputed. After all, if protectionism did not benefit domestic

producers, there would not be much point in enacting such policies in the first place. Protectionism is simply a

method of requiring consumers to subsidize producers. The subsidy is indirect, since consumers pay for it
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