need in order to survive) through a process that has saved million of lives and is credited with launching the

entire industry of biotechnology—one of the most important in the U.S. economy. But for every Villa-Komaroff,

there have been thousands of women who were prevented from making those contributions. Beyond the

personal impact on those people, consider the impact on those scientific fields, our overall quality of life, and

the economy itself. Economist Lisa D. Cook has quantified the costs of these innovation losses. She estimates

that GDP could be as much as 4.4% higher if women and people from minority populations were fully able to

participate in the science and technology innovation process.

Discrimination involves acting on the belief that members of a certain group are inferior or deserve less solely

because of a factor such as race, gender, or religion. There are many types of discrimination but the focus here
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