rumors abounded of landowners who followed a policy of “shoot, shovel, and shut up” when they found an

endangered animal on their land. Other landowners have deliberately cut trees or managed land in a way that

they knew would discourage endangered animals from locating there.

CLEAR IT UP

How effective are market-oriented environmental policy tools?
Environmentalists sometimes fear that market-oriented environmental tools are an excuse to weaken or eliminate

strict limits on pollution emissions and instead to allow more pollution. It is true that if pollution charges are set very
low or if marketable permits do not reduce pollution by very much then market-oriented tools will not work well.
However, command-and-control environmental laws can also be full of loopholes or have exemptions that do not

reduce pollution by much, either. The advantage of market-oriented environmental tools is not that they reduce
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