financial opportunity in certain neighborhoods or cities.

The lower levels of education for Black workers can also be a result of discrimination—although it may be pre-labor

market discrimination, rather than direct discrimination by employers in the labor market. For example, if redlining

and other discrimination in housing markets causes Black families to live clustered together in certain

neighborhoods and those areas have under-resourced schools, then those children will continue to have lower

educational attainment then their White counterparts and, consequently, not be able to obtain the higher paying

jobs that require higher levels of education. Another element to consider is that in the past, when Black people were

effectively barred from many high-paying jobs, obtaining additional education could have seemed not to be worth

the investment, because the educational degrees would not pay off. While the government has legally abolished
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