represents nearly a 50% reduction since 1983 (the earliest year for which comparable data are available),
336 14 • Labor Markets and Income

when union members were 20.1% of all workers. Following are some facts about unions for 2021 (note that we

are using the population categories and group names utilized in the data collection and publication):

• 10.6% of U.S. male workers belong to unions; 9.9% of female workers do

• 10.7% of White workers, 12.3% of Black workers, and 9.8 % of Hispanic workers belong to unions

• 11.8% of full-time workers and 5.7% of part-time workers are union members

• 4.4% of workers ages 16–24 belong to unions, as do 13.2% of workers ages 45-54

• Occupations in which relatively high percentages of workers belong to unions are the federal government

(26.0% belong to a union), state government (29.9%), local government (41.7%); transportation and

utilities (17.6%); natural resources, construction, and maintenance (15.9%); and production,
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