through the problem.

• Review Question are simple recall questions from the chapter and are in open-response format (not

multiple choice or true/false). The answers can be looked up in the text.

• Critical Thinking Questions are higher-level, conceptual questions ask students to demonstrate their

understanding by applying what they have learned in different contexts.

• Problems are exercises give students additional practice working with the analytic and computational

concepts in the module.

About the Authors

Senior contributing authors

David Shapiro, Pennsylvania State University

David Shapiro is Professor Emeritus of Economics, Demography, and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies

at the Pennsylvania State University. He received a BA in Economics and Political Science from the University

of Michigan, and an MA as well as a PhD in Economics from Princeton University. He began his academic
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