widely consider Turing as the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence; however,

the UK government prosecuted Turing in 1952 for engaging in same-sex sexual acts and gave him the

choice of chemical castration or prison. Turing chose castration and died in 1954 from cyanide poisoning.

A variety of studies by economists have found that the original inventor receives one-third to one-half of the

total economic benefits from innovations, while other businesses and new product users receive the rest.

The Positive Externalities of New Technology

Will private firms in a market economy underinvest in research and technology? If a firm builds a factory or

buys a piece of equipment, the firm receives all the economic benefits that result from the investments.

However, when a firm invests in new technology, the private benefits, or profits, that the firm receives are only
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