payments for those who clean up or fix up their own property could be enacted. It is also easy to imagine

how a city might allow its businesses to form a group that would pay for and manage neighborhood

cleanup.

6. Government programs that either pay for education directly or that provide loans or reduced tax payments

for education could create positive spillovers. A city might allow its businesses to form a group that would

coordinate business efforts with schools and local colleges and universities—allowing students to obtain

real-world experience in their chosen fields and providing businesses with enthusiastic, trained workers.

7. a. Once citizens are protected from crime, it is difficult to exclude someone from this protection, so it is

nonexcludable.

b. Some satellite radio services, such as SiriusXM, are sold by subscription fee, so it is excludable.

c. Once a road is built it is difficult to exclude people, although toll roads can exclude non-payers.
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