women in executive roles in business and in the U.S. Congress.

Investigating the Earnings Gap Related to Race and Ethnicity

Black people experienced blatant labor market discrimination during much of the twentieth century. Until the

passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it was legal in many states to refuse to hire a Black worker, regardless of

the credentials or experience of that worker. Moreover, Black people were often denied access to educational

opportunities, which in turn meant that they had lower levels of qualifications for many jobs. At least one

economic study has shown that the 1964 law is partially responsible for the narrowing of the gap in

Black–White earnings in the late 1960s and into the 1970s. For example, the ratio of total earnings of Black

male workers to White male workers rose from 62% in 1964 to 75.3% in 2013, according to the Bureau of

Labor Statistics.
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