discussed in more detail below, indicates that individualized employer racism still exists, but it is largely

practiced in "covert and subtle forms."

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14.5 • Employment Discrimination 345

CLEAR IT UP

What was the sex-discrimination case against Walmart?
In one of the largest class-action sex-discrimination cases in U.S. history, 1.2 million female employees of Walmart

claimed that the company engaged in wage and promotion discrimination. In 2011, the Supreme Court threw out

the case on the grounds that the group was too large and too diverse to consider the case a class action suit.

Lawyers for the women regrouped and were subsequently suing in smaller groups. Part of the difficulty for the

female employees is that the court said that local managers made pay and promotion decisions that were not

necessarily the company's policies as a whole. Consequently, female Walmart employees in Texas argued that their
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