economic forces, but it cannot stop them from manifesting themselves elsewhere.

Flat-panel displays, the displays for laptop computers, tablets, and flat screen televisions, are an example of such

an enduring principle. In the early 1990s, the vast majority of flat-panel displays used in U.S.-manufactured laptops

were imported, primarily from Japan. The small but politically powerful U.S. flat-panel-display industry filed a
472 20 • Globalization and Protectionism

dumping complaint with the Commerce Department. They argued that Japanese firms were selling displays at “less

than fair value,” which made it difficult for U.S. firms to compete. This argument for trade protection is referred to as

anti-dumping. Other arguments for protection in this complaint included national security. After a preliminary

determination by the Commerce Department that the Japanese firms were dumping, the U.S. International Trade
{"batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "file_size_mb": 26.99, "file_name": "Microeconomics3e.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2022-12-07T14:15:44-06:00", "creator": "PDFMiner", "moddate": "2022-12-07T14:23:05-06:00", "file_hash": "830b81f41611ac67a490444dbb5d6aed292224606965b06965b914443c93331a", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T15:37:44.339247", "total_pages": 597, "title": "Principles of Microeconomics 3e", "producer": "Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf"}