other than the threat of protectionism. For example, high-income countries could pay for anti-pollution

equipment in low-income countries, or could help to pay for national parks. High-income countries could help

pay for and carry out the scientific and economic studies that would help environmentalists in low-income

countries to make a more persuasive case for the economic benefits of protecting the environment.

After all, environmental protection is vital to two industries of key importance in many low-income

countries—agriculture and tourism. Environmental advocates can set up standards for labeling products, like

“this tuna caught in a net that kept dolphins safe” or “this product made only with wood not taken from

rainforests,” so that consumer pressure can reinforce environmentalist values. The United Nations also
reinforces these values, by sponsoring treaties to address issues such as climate change and global warming,
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