number of free riders and to collect resources for the public good. For example, neighbors sometimes form an

association to carry out beautification projects or to patrol their area after dark to discourage crime. In low-

income countries, where social pressure strongly encourages all farmers to participate, farmers in a region

may come together to work on a large irrigation project that will benefit all. We can view many fundraising

efforts, including raising money for local charities and for the endowments of colleges and universities, as an

attempt to use social pressure to discourage free riding and to generate the outcome that will produce a public

benefit.

Common Resources and the “Tragedy of the Commons”

There are some goods that do not fall neatly into the categories of private good or public good. While it is easy

to classify a pizza as a private good and a city park as a public good, what about an item that is nonexcludable

and rivalrous, such as the queen conch?
{"source_file": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "creator": "PDFMiner", "title": "Principles of Microeconomics 3e", "total_pages": 597, "file_name": "Microeconomics3e.pdf", "moddate": "2022-12-07T14:23:05-06:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T15:37:44.339247", "file_hash": "830b81f41611ac67a490444dbb5d6aed292224606965b06965b914443c93331a", "file_size_mb": 26.99, "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2022-12-07T14:15:44-06:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader"}