patterns of job growth in the manufacturing and service sectors of the economy as Figure 14.13 shows. The

U.S. economy had about 15 million manufacturing jobs in 1960. This total rose to 19 million by the late 1970s

and then declined to 17 million in 2013. Meanwhile, the number of jobs in service industries (including

government employment) rose from 35 million in 1960 to over 118 million by 2013, according to the Bureau of

Labor Statistics. Because over time unions were stronger in manufacturing than in service industries, the
growth in jobs was not happening where the unions were. It is interesting to note that government workers

comprise several of the biggest unions in the country, including the American Federation of State, County

and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); the Service Employees International Union; and the National

Education Association. Table 14.8 lists the membership of each of these unions. Outside of government
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