2009. In this case, using the same data, you can stretch the vertical axis out relative to the horizontal axis, as in

Figure A9 (b), which makes all rises and falls in unemployment appear larger.

A similar effect can be accomplished without changing the length of the axes, but by changing the scale on the

vertical axis. In Figure A10 (c), the scale on the vertical axis runs from 0% to 30%, while in Figure A10 (d), the

vertical axis runs from 3% to 10%. Compared to Figure A5, where the vertical scale runs from 0% to 12%,

Figure A10 (c) makes the fluctuation in unemployment look smaller, while Figure A10 (d) makes it look larger.

Another way to alter the perception of the graph is to reduce the amount of variation by changing the number

of points plotted on the graph. Figure A10 (e) shows the unemployment rate according to five-year averages. By

averaging out some of the year-to-year changes, the line appears smoother and with fewer highs and lows. In
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