build a reputation for good service or high quality. With these pieces of the puzzle in place, it is then possible to

build a statistical model that estimates the likely outcome for consumers if the two firms are allowed to merge.

These models do require some degree of subjective judgment, and so they can become the subject of legal

disputes between the antitrust authorities and the companies that wish to merge.
266 11 • Monopoly and Antitrust Policy

11.2 Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Analyze restrictive practices

• Explain tying sales, bundling, and predatory pricing

• Evaluate a real-world situation of possible anticompetitive and restrictive practices

The U.S. antitrust laws reach beyond blocking mergers that would reduce competition to include a wide array

of anticompetitive practices. For example, it is illegal for competitors to form a cartel to collude to make
{"file_hash": "830b81f41611ac67a490444dbb5d6aed292224606965b06965b914443c93331a", "producer": "Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2022-12-07T14:15:44-06:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "Microeconomics3e.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "PDFMiner", "title": "Principles of Microeconomics 3e", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T15:37:44.339247", "moddate": "2022-12-07T14:23:05-06:00", "total_pages": 597, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\economics\\Microeconomics3e.pdf", "file_size_mb": 26.99}