"number of navies. Vikings anchored their longships in Scapa Flow more than a thousand years ago, but it is best known as the site of the United Kingdom's chief naval base during World War I and World War II. The facility was closed in 1956. The Viking expeditions to Orkney are recorded in detail in the 11th century ""Orkneyinga sagas"" and later texts such as the ""Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar"". According to the latter, King Haakon IV of Norway anchored his fleet, including the flagship ""Kroussden"" that could carry nearly 300 men, on 5 August 1263 at St Margaret's Hope, where"
"at its widest point, and has a depth of around 30 meters in places. It separates Hoy and Cava in the north, and Hoy and Fara in the south, opening onto the Flow between Cava and Fara. In the north it opens out into the Bring Deeps, while the south it joins Weddell Sound, between Fara and Flotta, and to Switha Sound, between Flotta and Hoy. At the end of the First World War Scapa Flow was the anchorage for the surrendered German High Seas Fleet; these vessels were anchored around the island of Cava, in the Sound itself and"
"Scapa Flow, its wrecks and their marine habitats form an internationally acclaimed diving location. Scapa Flow hosts an oil port in the form of the Flotta Oil Terminal and barring turbulent weather provides a sufficient roadstead (water of moderate conditions) for ship-to-ship transfers of crude oil product and liquefied natural gas (LNG). The world’s first ship-to-ship transfer of LNG took place in Scapa Flow in 2007. Scapa Flow has a shallow sandy bottom not deeper than and most of it is about deep, and is one of the great natural harbours/anchorages of the world, with sufficient space to hold a"
"Scapa Flow by its crews in 1919; the remainder were handed over as war prizes. The major naval powers avoided the cripplingly expensive expansion programmes by negotiating the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922. The Treaty laid out a list of ships, including most of the older dreadnoughts and almost all the newer ships under construction, which were to be scrapped or otherwise put out of use. It furthermore declared a 'building holiday' during which no new battleships or battlecruisers were to be laid down, save for the British . The ships which survived the treaty, including the most modern super-dreadnoughts"
"Scapa Flow to join the heavy cruisers and patrolling the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland on the news that ""Bismarck"" and the heavy cruiser had sortied into the North Atlantic. They had not yet reached the Strait when ""Suffolk"" spotted the German ships north of Iceland in the early evening on 23 May. ""Hood"" and ""Prince of Wales"" altered course and increased their speed to intercept. The British squadron spotted the Germans at 5:37 a.m., but the Germans were already aware of their presence. The British opened fire at 05:52 with ""Hood"" engaging ""Prinz Eugen"", the lead ship in"
"Scapa Flow with the battlecruiser and three destroyers, arriving at Gibraltar on 23 June 1940. Here she joined Force H, under Sir James Somerville. After the capitulation of France there was concern that a French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir might fall under Axis control and tip the balance of power in the Mediterranean, affecting the whole war. ""Ark Royal""s captain, Cedric Holland, had been the British naval attaché in Paris, and was sent to negotiate the surrender or scuttling of the French fleet. Force H was deployed outside the harbour, and when the French admirals refused to agree to the offered"
"carry seaplanes. The original idea was to use float-planes which would be lowered into and retrieved from the water by a crane. The conversion was carried out at the Cammell Laird shipyard in Birkenhead. Her interior was completely gutted, and room made inside to store up to 14 aircraft. She was also equipped with eight 4.7"" (120-mm) guns. The conversion was completed in 1915, and trials took place under Captain Oliver Schwann of the Royal Navy, with Charles H. Lightoller (formerly second officer of ) as the first officer. Two weeks later she joined the fleet at Scapa Flow as"
"Scapa Flow, are the islands of Flotta and Calf of Flotta, approximately away. In 2001, the population of Burray was 357, a total that had grown to 409 by 2011. The main settlement, Burray Village, is a former fishing port on the south west coast. There are also settlements of Northtown, Southtown and Hillside on the island. Burray is made up of Old Red Sandstone of the Devonian period. The island is indented in the north west by Echnaloch Bay, which takes its name from Echna Loch. Burray Ness and Burray Haas are two headlands in the east. Attractions in"
"Scapa Flow to refuel and rearm before returning to Norway. While in port, Captain Arthur Power left the ship for a promotion to the Admiralty, and was replaced by Captain Cedric Holland. On return to Norway, ""Ark Royal"" was told to provide air cover for operations around Narvik, including the landing of French troops on 13 May. She was joined on 18 May by the carriers ""Glorious"" and ""Furious"". Despite these efforts, it was clear by the end of May that French forces were on the verge of collapse and Norway was a sideshow compared to the German advance to"
"four carpenters and three dressmakers. Everything changed with the arrival of the Royal Navy in Scapa Flow at the start of World War I. There is a photograph held by the Imperial War Museum in London that shows a boxing match taking place on Flotta in front of a wartime audience of 10,000 people. During World War I, the island was home to a naval base. The dreadnought HMS ""Vanguard"" sank nearby in 1917, reputedly the worst maritime disaster in UK waters. In WW2, the island was again used as a military base. 1918 saw the mass exodus of Navy"
"Scapa Flow (film) Scapa Flow is a 1930 German drama film directed by Leo Lasko and starring Otto Gebühr, Claire Rommer and Claus Clausen. It is set around the Wilhelmshaven Mutiny and the Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow at the close of the First World War. In Weimar Germany the scuttling of the fleet in defiance of the victorious Allies had come to be seen as a popular patriotic act. The inclusion of the Mutiny, however, was more controversial as it highlighted the political divisions which continued to exist. The film was praised by the right wing"
"Scapa Flow after encountering problems with her steering gear. In April, she escorted Convoy PQ-10 back to the UK. On 12 April, she came under attack from , but the attack was unsuccessful. She escorted Convoy PQ-10 to Iceland and was detached from the convoy on its arrival there on 21 April. ""Punjabi"" was deployed on 26 April as part of the screen providing distant cover for the passage of Convoy PQ-15. They sailed from Hvalfjörður on 29 April. On 1 May, she was rammed and sunk in a collision with the battleship in foggy conditions. While steaming in formation"
"Scapa Flow, the main fleet anchorage. Until the start of the Norwegian campaign on 9 April 1940, action had been severely limited by the U-boat threat. A significant German naval presence in the North Sea saw the Home Fleet off the coast of Norway. The inconclusive first battle of Narvik was on 10 April. On 13 April, Crutchley commanded ""Warspite"" in the second battle of Narvik. She accompanied nine destroyers into Ofotfjord, where eight German destroyers were sunk or scuttled. ""Warspite""s catapult plane even sank a U-boat. After this action, Crutchley was appointed commodore of Royal Naval Barracks, Devonport, overseeing"
"Scapa Flow. Thus augmented, the Home Fleet, with ""Capps"" in company, swept into northern waters from 29 October to 8 November to guard the movement of a convoy for Murmansk, and to hunt for the German battleships and . ""Capps"" was detached at Scapa Flow 22 November 1943 and sailed to Boston, arriving 4 December. Twenty days later she got underway for New Orleans, where she joined the escort of a troop convoy bound for Pearl Harbor, arriving 20 January 1944. Guarding another convoy, ""Capps"" sailed on to Funafuti, from which she put out for patrol duty off Tarawa, Makin,"
"Scapa Flow on 6 March to join Vice-Admiral Curteis near Jan Mayen Island. ""Tirpitz"" left Fættenfjord on 5 March, in response to a report from a spotter plane and was joined by Admiral Otto Ciliax and an escort of three destroyers on the following day. In turn, the German movements were reported by a British submarine. Despite using her destroyers to sweep for the convoys, ""Tirpitz"" missed QP-8. A slow freighter, ""Izhora"", was caught by the destroyers and sunk after reporting the attack. The German and British forces and the two convoys managed to move around each other in the"
"Admiral Forbes flying his flag in at Scapa Flow, it consisted of the 2nd Battle Squadron, the Battle Cruiser Squadron, 18th Cruiser Squadron, Rear-Admiral, Destroyers, Rear-Admiral, Submarines (2nd Submarine Flotilla, Dundee, 6th Submarine Flotilla, Blyth, Northumberland), Vice-Admiral, Aircraft Carriers (Vice-Admiral L.V. Wells, with , , and ""Pegasus""), and the Orkney and Shetlands force. Its chief responsibility was to keep Nazi Germany's ""Kriegsmarine"" from breaking out of the North Sea. For this purpose, the First World War base at Scapa Flow was reactivated as it was well placed for interceptions of ships trying to run the blockade. The two most surprising"
"Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German Zeppelin base at Tondern. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong gale threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans while the Imperial Russian Navy relaid its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to"
"attempt to race through undetected before the boom was closed. Two submarines that had attempted infiltration during the First World War were ill-fated: on 23 November 1914 was rammed twice before running aground with the capture of her crew, and was detected by hydrophone and destroyed with the loss of all hands on 28 October 1918. Scapa Flow provided the main anchorage for the British Grand Fleet throughout most of the First World War, but in the interwar period this passed to Rosyth, further south in the Firth of Forth. Scapa Flow was reactivated with the advent of the Second"
"Scapa Flow. Today an Orkney Ferries Ro-Ro car ferry links it to Longhope South Walls, the island of Flotta in Scapa Flow, and Houton on Mainland, Orkney. Lyness Royal Naval Cemetery was opened in 1915 primarily to serve the Scapa Flow base (which closed in 1946). Buried there are 445 Empire and Commonwealth service personnel, chiefly Royal Navy, from World War I (109 of whom are unidentified) and 200 from World War II (8 unidentified). There are also buried here 14 German Navy sailors and 4 other German service personnel including an unidentified ""Luftwaffe"" airman, and one Norwegian war grave."
"""camp"" in Flotta to complete the facility as Britain's thirst for oil was growing by the day. The Flotta oil terminal was opened by the energy minister, Tony Benn MP, on 11 January 1977. The oil terminal provides the landing for the Piper and Claymore fields pipeline system. In addition, it provides a safe facility for the receipt and trans-shipment of oil produced from the UK Atlantic margins. Flotta lies at the southern end of Scapa Flow, with Calf of Flotta being at the north-east corner of the island. The island of Fara is across Weddel Sound, to the north-west."
"Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships. Once the ships were interned, their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks, and their crews were reduced to 200 officers and men per ship. The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles. Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to"
"to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. ""Dresden"" began to sink at 13:50. Her wreck lies to this day on her port side at the bottom of Scapa Flow to the south east of the island of Cava, in a depth of . Her upper decks have been badly damaged; her weather deck has fallen off, exposing her internal structure. Her guns are buried in mud. In 2017, marine archaeologists from the Orkney Research Center for Archaeology conducted extensive surveys of ""Dresden"" and nine other wrecks in the area, including six other German"
"cancelled due to the mutiny of the High Seas Fleet in Wilhelmshaven, after which ""Brummer"" was moved to Sassnitz. Along with the most modern units of the High Seas Fleet, ""Brummer"" and ""Bremse"" were included in the ships specified for internment at Scapa Flow by the victorious Allied powers. The ships steamed out of Germany on 21 November 1918 in single file, commanded by Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter. They were met at sea by a combined fleet of 370 British, American, and French warships. The fleet arrived in the Firth of Forth later that day, and between 25 and"
"bombing of ferry services in the Rørvik area, and attacks on shipping between Lødingen and Rørvik. The U-boat depot listed was the one at Kilbotn which consisted of the former North-Sea ferry ""Black Watch"" with smaller ships. Bad weather forced the abandonment of this objective, and the depot at Kilbotn was eventually attacked successfully in Operation Judgement, Kilbotn on 4 May 1945. The force left Scapa Flow on 22 November 1944 but by 24 November heavy weather with winds of up to was hampering operations. The two escort carriers ""Premier"" and ""Pursuer"" suffered weather damage, and in company with ""Devonshire"""
"Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands where she arrived on 22 June. ""Empire Bairn"" was a member of Convoy HM13 which sailed from Holyhead on 9 July 1942 and arrived at Milford Haven on 10 July. She then sailed to Swansea, West Glamorgan where she arrived later that day. ""Empire Bairn"" sailed from Swansea on 11 July to join Convoy WP 185 which sailed from Milford Haven that day and arrived at Portsmouth on 13 July. Her destination was Plymouth, Devon, she arrived on 12 July. Her movements until October 1942 are not recorded. In mid October she was sent to work"
"time with the Grand Fleet, combating boredom was a constant difficulty. Located at the northeastern tip of Scotland, the islands surrounding Scapa Flow were little more than barren, cold, windswept specks of land devoid of the trappings of civilization. Due to the efforts of the officers to keep their men entertained, however, morale remained high throughout the war. The British worked hard to turn the anchorage into a more inviting place. Central to these efforts were sporting events. The Fleet held numerous inter-ship competitions, including soccer, rugby, rowing, track, and boxing, which were followed with intense interest by the men"
"role in World War I and II. After the Armistice in 1918, the German High Seas Fleet was transferred in its entirety to Scapa Flow to await a decision on its future. The German sailors opened the sea-cocks and scuttled all the ships. Most ships were salvaged, but the remaining wrecks are now a favoured haunt of recreational divers. One month into World War II, a German U-boat sank the Royal Navy battleship in Scapa Flow. As a result, barriers were built to close most of the access channels; these had the additional advantage of creating causeways enabling travellers to"
"Scapa Flow, she was assigned to serve in the South Atlantic, operating as convoy escort between Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Cape Town and Durban, South Africa for the rest of the year. From February 1944 ""Rotherham"" was deployed in the Indian Ocean, and in April joined the Eastern Fleet to take part in series of offensive operations against the Japanese in Sumatra and Java, and the Indian nationalist Azad Hind in the Andaman Islands, acting as an escort to aircraft carriers and battleships. In October 1944 ""Rotherham"" sailed to Simon's Town to refit. In early 1945 ""Rotherham"" was deployed intercepting"
"defences of Scapa Flow in poor shape, battered by North Atlantic storms. Many of her Carley floats had been smashed and several of the smaller-calibre guns rendered inoperable through flooding. The mission had underlined the obsolescence of the 25-year-old warship. Concerned that a recent overflight by German reconnaissance aircraft heralded an imminent air attack upon Scapa Flow, Admiral of the Home Fleet Charles Forbes ordered most of the fleet to disperse to safer ports. ""Royal Oak"" remained behind, her anti-aircraft guns still deemed a useful addition to Scapa's otherwise scanty air defences. Scapa Flow made a near-ideal anchorage. Situated at"
"Scapa Flow was the naval airfield, RNAS Hatston. Hatston had no permanent aircraft allocation and was used by the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) squadrons from the Home fleet aircraft carriers when they were at Scapa Flow. There were no RAF stations nearby and the Air Ministry took immediate steps to remedy this by requisitioning Wick Airport which became RAF Wick and by the end of September 1939 Blackburn Skua aircraft of 803 Squadron FAA were patrolling over Scapa. At the same time a site was sought for a second airfield. A site was chosen at Thurdistoft near Castletown and work"
"ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow four days later to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. Following the outbreak of World War I in August, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. The following month, the ship was refitted at HM Dockyard, Devonport, and rejoined the Grand Fleet at the beginning of October. Repeated reports of submarines in Scapa Flow led Jellicoe to conclude that the defences there were inadequate and he ordered that"
"the world's most powerful fleet had been forced to abandon its home base. These concerns were well-founded. On 23 November penetrated Scapa Flow via Hoxa Sound, following a steamer through the boom and entering the anchorage with little difficulty. However, the fleet was absent, being dispersed in anchorages on the west coast of Scotland and Ireland. As ""U-18"" was making her way back out to the open sea, her periscope was spotted by a guard boat. The trawler ""Dorothy Gray"" altered course and rammed the periscope, rendering it unserviceable. ""U-18"" then suffered a failure of her diving plane motor and"
"Scapa Flow, where she served as a depot ship to destroyers of the Grand Fleet. She reverted to the name ""Prince George"" in February 1919, and in March transferred to Sheerness to serve as depot ship to destroyers based on the Medway. ""Prince George"" was placed on the disposal list at Sheerness on 21 February 1920, and was sold for scrapping to a British firm on 22 September 1921. She was resold to a German firm in December 1921, and departed for Germany for scrapping. During the voyage, ""Prince George"" was wrecked on 30 December 1921 off Camperduin, the Netherlands."