"Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever is similar for the different viruses. There are a number of different viral hemorrhagic fevers including Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Rift valley fever, Marburg virus disease, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and yellow fever. Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and CCHF can be spread by direct contact with the body fluids of those infected. Thus the content here covers the prevention of Ebola. The use of standard precautions is recommended with all patients in a healthcare environment. This includes a minimum level of standard precautions for use with all people regardless of"
"Viral hemorrhagic fever Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses in which fever and hemorrhage are caused by a viral infection. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families ""Arenaviridae"", ""Filoviridae"", ""Bunyaviridae"", ""Flaviviridae"", and ""Rhabdoviridae"". All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases. Some of the VHF agents cause relatively mild illnesses, such as the Scandinavian ""nephropathia epidemica"" (a Hantavirus), while others, such as Ebola virus, can cause severe, life-threatening disease. Signs and"
"Marburg virus Marburg virus is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the ""Filoviridae"" family of viruses and a member of the species ""Marburg marburgvirus"", genus ""Marburgvirus"". Marburg virus (MARV) causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The World Health Organization (WHO) rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring biosafety level 4-equivalent containment). In the United States, the NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists it as"
"conducted research and developing programs on the potential of the hemorragic fever as a biological weapon. Argentine hemorrhagic fever Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) or O'Higgins disease, also known in Argentina as mal de los rastrojos, stubble disease, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease occurring in Argentina. It is caused by the ""Junín virus"" (an arenavirus, closely related to the ""Machupo virus"", causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever). Its vector is a species of rodent, the corn mouse. The disease was first reported in the town of in Buenos Aires province, Argentina in 1958, giving it one of the"
"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, often abbreviated to EHDV, is a species of the genus ""Orbivirus"", a member of the family ""Reoviridae"". It is the causative agent of epizootic hemorrhagic disease, an acute, infectious, and often fatal disease of wild ruminants. In North America, the most severely affected ruminant is the white-tailed deer (""Odocoileus virginianus""), although it may also infect mule deer, black-tailed deer, elk, bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope. It is often mistakenly referred to as “bluetongue virus” (BTV), another ""Orbivirus"" that like EHDV causes the host to develop a characteristic blue tongue due to systemic"
"Argentine hemorrhagic fever Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) or O'Higgins disease, also known in Argentina as mal de los rastrojos, stubble disease, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease occurring in Argentina. It is caused by the ""Junín virus"" (an arenavirus, closely related to the ""Machupo virus"", causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever). Its vector is a species of rodent, the corn mouse. The disease was first reported in the town of in Buenos Aires province, Argentina in 1958, giving it one of the names by which it is known. Various theories about its nature were proposed: it was Weil's"
"Simian hemorrhagic fever virus Simian hemorrhagic fever virus or simian haemorrhagic fever virus or SHFV is a highly pathogenic virus in monkeys. It is a positive-stranded RNA virus classified in the family Arteriviridae. Patas are believed to be the natural host for the virus since about 50% of wild patas monkeys have antibodies for the virus, while antibodies are much less prevalent in other simian species such as vervets and baboons. In macaques, however, infection with this virus can result in acute severe disease with high mortality. Recently, red colobus monkeys and red-tailed guenons have been identified as natural hosts"
"Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses from the family Hantaviridae, in the order Bunyavirales. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, and nephropathis epidemica. The species that cause HFRS include Hantaan River virus, Dobrava-Belgrade, Saaremaa, Seoul, Puumala and other hantaviruses. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and have the highest morbidity rates. Both hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome"
"the Soviet Union and was first described in detail by Alibek. Marburg virus Marburg virus is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the ""Filoviridae"" family of viruses and a member of the species ""Marburg marburgvirus"", genus ""Marburgvirus"". Marburg virus (MARV) causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The World Health Organization (WHO) rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring biosafety level 4-equivalent containment). In the United States, the NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen"
"Brazilian hemorrhagic fever Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (BzHF) is an infectious disease caused by the Sabiá virus, an arenavirus. The Sabiá virus is one of the arenaviruses from South America to cause hemorrhagic fever. It shares a common progenitor with the Junin virus, Machupo virus, Tacaribe virus, and Guanarito virus. It is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal. Very little is known about this disease, but it is thought to be transmitted by the excreta of rodents. There have only been three documented infections of the Sabiá virus, only one of which occurred naturally and the other"
"Hantaan River virus Hantaan virus (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World Orthohantavirus. It is the causative agent of Korean Hemorrhagic Fever in humans. ""Apodemus agrarius"", also known as striped field mouse, is the etiological agent of Hantaan virus. Transmission is believed to be through inhalation of aersolized rodent urine and feces. In hantavirus induced hemorrhagic fever, incubation time is between two and four weeks in humans before symptoms of infection present. Severity of symptoms depends on the viral load. Like Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Hantaan virus has a mortality rate of 10 to 12%. During the"
"Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo virus. BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense RNA virus of the Arenaviridae family, by a research group led by Karl Johnson. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent. Due to its pathogenicity, Machupo virus requires Biosafety Level Four conditions, the highest level. During the period between February and March 2007, some 20 suspected BHF cases (3 fatal) were reported to the El Servicio Departamental"
"of EHDV-like die-offs have been reported prior to 1955 (as far back as 1890), but EHDV was not identified in these cases, as its existence was not yet known. Order: Unassigned Family: ""Reoviridae"" Genus: ""Orbivirus"" Species: ""epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus"" Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus belongs to the family ""Reoviridae"", a family of double-stranded RNA viruses that includes familiar genera ""Rotavirus"" (the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children), ""Coltivirus"" (causative agent of Colorado tick fever), and ""Orbivirus"". Besides EHDV and BTV, other orbiviruses include ""equine encephalosis virus"" and ""African horse sickness virus"". Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus's genome is about"
"the late 1980s but discontinued to do so after an outbreak. The virus is considered by military medical planners to have a potential for aerosol dissemination, weaponization, or likelihood for confusion with similar agents that might be weaponized. Viral hemorrhagic fever Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses in which fever and hemorrhage are caused by a viral infection. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families ""Arenaviridae"", ""Filoviridae"", ""Bunyaviridae"", ""Flaviviridae"", and ""Rhabdoviridae"". All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to"
"in a small minority of patients with dengue, Rift Valley fever, and Lassa fever. Five families of RNA viruses have been recognised as being able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. The pathogen that caused the cocoliztli epidemics in Mexico of 1545 and 1576 is still unknown, and the 1545 epidemic may have been bacterial rather than viral. Different hemorrhagic fever viruses act on the body in different ways, resulting in different symptoms. In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms contribute to symptoms, including liver damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and bone marrow dysfunction. In DIC, small blood clots form"
"hemorrhaging and lack of oxygen in the blood. Despite showing clinical similarities, these two viruses are genetically distinct. Worldwide, eight serotypes of EHDV have been identified. Historically, only serotypes EHDV-1 and EHDV-2 have been found in North America, but recent research has discovered at least one more in the Midwest and Southern United States. EHDV can only be spread by an insect vector. In North America, the common vector is the biting midge (""Culicoides variipennis""). The first identified outbreak of EHDV in the United States in 1955 caused several hundred white-tailed deer to die in New Jersey and Michigan. Cases"
"the indigenous rodent hosts and the viruses that coevolved with them. Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses from the family Hantaviridae, in the order Bunyavirales. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, and nephropathis epidemica. The species that cause HFRS include Hantaan River virus, Dobrava-Belgrade, Saaremaa, Seoul, Puumala and other hantaviruses. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and"
"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a hemorrhagic disease of white-tailed deer (""Odocoileus virginianus"") caused by an infection of a virus from the genus ""Orbivirus"". It is an infectious, and sometimes fatal, virus that is characterized by extensive hemorrhages, and is found throughout the United States. Large-scale outbreaks in wild ruminants affect livestock and the production industry. EHD has been found in some domestic ruminants and many species of deer including white-tailed deer, mule deer, and pronghorn antelope. Seropositive black-tailed deer, fallow deer, red deer, wapiti, and roe deer have also been found, which essentially means that they"
"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) or viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD), is a highly infectious and often fatal disease that affects wild and domestic rabbits of the species ""Oryctolagus cuniculus"". The infectious agent responsible for the disease is rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), or rabbit calicivirus (RCV), genus ""Lagovirus"" of the family Caliciviridae. The virus infects only rabbits, and has been used in some countries to control rabbit populations. RHD first appeared in the Winter of 1983 in Jiangsu Province of the People's Republic of China. It was first isolated and characterized"
"Marburg virus disease Marburg virus disease (MVD; formerly Marburg hemorrhagic fever) is a severe illness of humans and non-human primates caused by either of the two marburgviruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). MVD is a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), and the clinical symptoms are indistinguishable from Ebola virus disease (EVD). Marburg virus disease (MVD) is the official name listed in the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10 (ICD-10) for the human disease caused by any of the two marburgviruses Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). In the scientific literature, Marburg"
"Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius Haemophilus influenzae"" biogroup ""aegyptius (""Hae"") is a causative agent of acute and often purulent conjunctivitis, more commonly known as pink eye. It was discovered independently by Koch and Weeks in the 1880s. During the mid-1980s to early 1990s, a highly virulent clonal group of ""Haemophilus aegyptius"", localized in and around the São Paulo State of Brazil, was found to be responsible for Brazilian purpuric fever, an acute septicemic fulminant illness affecting children. ""Haemophilus aegyptius"" was first observed by Koch in 1883. Under the German Cholera Commission of Egypt, Koch studied 50 patients in Egypt who were"
"blood, hence the Spanish name for yellow fever, ""vómito negro"" (""black vomit""). There may also be kidney failure, hiccups, and delirium. The toxic phase is fatal in about 20% to 50% of cases, making the overall fatality rate for the disease about 3.0 to 7.5%. However, the fatality rate of those with the toxic phase of the disease may exceed 50%. Surviving the infection provides lifelong immunity, and normally no permanent organ damage results. Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, a 40– to 50--wide enveloped RNA virus, the type species and namesake of the family ""Flaviviridae"". It"
"North America. Diseases such as blackleg, blacktongue, bluetongue, mycotic stomatitis or hemorrhagic septicemia were thought to have been the cause of many of these die-offs. After further analysis the true causative agent was never confirmed. After further review of the case history and other telltale signs and lesions, seasonal occurrence, and lack of a bacterial agent suggests that they might have been EHD. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a hemorrhagic disease of white-tailed deer (""Odocoileus virginianus"") caused by an infection of a virus from the genus ""Orbivirus"". It is an infectious, and sometimes fatal, virus that is"
"filament-like viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever, and include ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. Marburg virus, first discovered in 1967, attracted widespread press attention in April 2005 for an outbreak in Angola. Ebola Virus Disease has also caused intermittent outbreaks with high mortality rates since 1976 when it was first identified. The worst and most recent one is the West Africa epidemic. Viruses are an established cause of cancer in humans and other species. Viral cancers occur only in a minority of infected persons (or animals). Cancer viruses come from a range of virus families, including both RNA and DNA viruses, and"
"found to carry antibodies. In Europe three hantaviruses - Puumala, Dobrava and Saaremaa viruses - are known to cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Puumala usually causes a generally mild disease - nephropathia epidemica - which typically presents with fever, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, impaired renal function and blurred vision. Dobrava infections while similar often also have haemorrhagic complications. There are few reports of confirmed Saaremaa infections but these appear to be similar to those caused by Puumala and less pathogenic than Dobrava. Puumala virus is carried by its rodent host, the bank vole (""Clethrionomys glareolus"") and is present through most"
"nose bleeds, and bleeding gums. No treatment or cure has been discovered yet. Chapare virus Chapare virus causes hemorrhagic fever and is a member of the arenavirus family of viruses. It causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever. The only known outbreak of Chapare virus infection occurred in the village of Samuzabeti, Chapare Province, Bolivia, in January 2003. A small number of people were infected. One person died. The specific transmission vector is not known, but is suspected to be a rodent, in keeping with other members of the arenavirus family, which includes the Lassa virus. In December 2003, an outbreak of the"
"Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a zoonotic human illness first identified in 1989. The disease is most prevalent in several rural areas of central Venezuela and is caused by the Guanarito virus (GTOV) which belongs to the Arenaviridae family. The short-tailed cane mouse (""Zygodontomys brevicauda"") is the main host for GTOV which is spread mostly by inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, urine, or blood from infected rodents. Person-to-person spread is possible, but uncommon. From September 1989 through December 2006, the State of Portuguesa recorded 618 cases of VHF. Nearly all of the cases were"
"years, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in November and December 1995. It causes a type of tick-borne hemorrhagic fever with the symptoms including fever, headache, joint pain, muscle pain, vomiting and thrombocytopenia which lead to hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis which can result in death. Camels and sheep are the natural hosts of this virus but it is not yet known if other mammals are also involved in its life cycle. There appears to be more than one possible route of transmission seen in people who have become infected with this virus. These are a bite by an infected tick, ingestion of"
"infected, Ribavirin, an anti-viral drug given intravenously, is one way to treat VHF. Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a zoonotic human illness first identified in 1989. The disease is most prevalent in several rural areas of central Venezuela and is caused by the Guanarito virus (GTOV) which belongs to the Arenaviridae family. The short-tailed cane mouse (""Zygodontomys brevicauda"") is the main host for GTOV which is spread mostly by inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, urine, or blood from infected rodents. Person-to-person spread is possible, but uncommon. From September 1989 through December 2006, the State"
"these viruses must occur with a Biosafety level 4 laboratory. They are also the cause of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Hanta virus or Hantavirus Hemorrhagic fever, common in Korea, Scandinavia, Russia, and western North America, is associated with high fever, lung edema and pulmonary failure. Mortality is around 55%. The antibody reaction plays an important role in decreasing levels of viremia. There are currently about 330 viruses recognised in this order. The order ""Bunyavirales"" contains a number of families: Another genus in this order is Coguvirus. Plants can host Bunyaviruses from the Tospoviridae and Fimoviridae families (tomato, pigeonpea, melon,"
"Bovine malignant catarrhal fever Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (BMCF) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease caused by a group of ruminant gamma herpes viruses including Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) and Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) These viruses cause unapparent infection in their reservoir hosts (sheep with OvHV-2 and wildebeest with AlHV-1), but are usually fatal in cattle and other ungulates such as deer, antelope, and buffalo. In Southern Africa the disease is known as ""snotsiekte"", from the Afrikaans. BMCF is an important disease where reservoir and susceptible animals mix. There is a particular problem with Bali cattle in Indonesia, bison in the"
"Brazilian purpuric fever Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is an illness of children caused by the bacterium ""Haemophilus influenzae"" biogroup aegyptius which is ultimately fatal due to sepsis. BPF was first recognized in the São Paulo state of Brazil in 1984. At this time, young children between the ages of 3 months and 10 years were contracting a strange illness which was characterized by high fever and purpuric lesions on the body. These cases were all fatal, and originally thought to be due to meningitis. It was not until the autopsies were conducted that the cause of these deaths was confirmed"
"Amur virus Amur virus (AMRV) is a zoonotic negative sense single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Orthohantavirus. It has been identified as a causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The complete genome sequence Amur virus has been isolated from a sample obtained in the Apodemus peninsulae in Northeastern China. AMRV strains from China and Far East and Soochong virus (SOOV) (especially SOO-1/2 strains from Northeastern Korea) were found to share high identities of nucleotide sequences and were monophyletic distinct from Apodemus agrarius HTNV. Two genetic sublineages of SOOV exist, but findings suggest that AMRV and SOOV are different"