"Gibberish Gibberish, alternatively jibberish, jibber-jabber, or gobbledygook, is language that is (or appears to be) nonsense. It may include speech sounds that are not actual words, or language games and specialized jargon that seems nonsensical to outsiders. Gibberish should not be confused with literary nonsense such as that used in the poem ""Jabberwocky"" by Lewis Carroll. The word ""gibberish"" is more commonly applied to informal speech, while ""gobbledygook"" (sometimes ""gobbledegook"", ""gobbledigook"" or ""gobbledegoo"") is more often applied to writing or language that is meaningless or is made unintelligible by excessive use of abstruse technical terms. ""Officialese"", ""legalese"", or ""bureaucratese"" are"
"Troll-Derisive"" by James Whitcomb Riley; The first four lines of ""The Mayor of Scuttleton"" by Mary Mapes Dodge; ""Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly"" by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz; a creation of Douglas Adams In the philosophy of language and the philosophy of science, nonsense refers to a lack of sense or meaning. Different technical definitions of meaning delineate sense from nonsense. In Ludwig Wittgenstein's writings, the word ""nonsense"" carries a special technical meaning which differs significantly from the normal use of the word. In this sense, ""nonsense"" does not refer to meaningless gibberish, but rather to the lack of sense in the context"
"and its variant probabilistic CKY. Chomsky normal form In formal language theory, a context-free grammar ""G"" is said to be in Chomsky normal form (first described by Noam Chomsky) if all of its production rules are of the form: where ""A"", ""B"", and ""C"" are nonterminal symbols, ""a"" is a terminal symbol (a symbol that represents a constant value), ""S"" is the start symbol, and ε denotes the empty string. Also, neither ""B"" nor ""C"" may be the start symbol, and the third production rule can only appear if ε is in ""L""(""G""), the language produced by the context-free grammar"
"Useless rules In theoretical computer science, in particular in the theory of formal languages, useless rules of a formal grammar are those rules of symbol production that are unreachable or unproductive, that is, that can or need never be applied. Given a context-free grammar, a nonterminal symbol ""X"" is called productive, or generating, if there is a derivation ""X"" ⇒ ""w"" for some string ""w"" of terminal symbols. A nonterminal symbol ""X"" is called reachable if there is a derivation ""S"" ⇒ α""X""β for some strings α, β of non-terminal and terminal symbols, and where ""S"" denotes the grammar's start"
"Chomsky normal form In formal language theory, a context-free grammar ""G"" is said to be in Chomsky normal form (first described by Noam Chomsky) if all of its production rules are of the form: where ""A"", ""B"", and ""C"" are nonterminal symbols, ""a"" is a terminal symbol (a symbol that represents a constant value), ""S"" is the start symbol, and ε denotes the empty string. Also, neither ""B"" nor ""C"" may be the start symbol, and the third production rule can only appear if ε is in ""L""(""G""), the language produced by the context-free grammar ""G"". Every grammar in Chomsky"
"symbol. A rule with an unproductive or unreachable symbol on its left-hand side can be deleted from the grammar without changing the accepted (a.k.a. generated) language. Likewise, an alternative containing such a symbol can be deleted from the right-hand side of a rule without changing the language. Such rules and alternatives are called useless. For formal grammars that are not context-free, similar definitions apply. Denoting nonterminal and terminal symbols by upper- and lower-case letters, respectively, in the following regular grammar with start symbol ""S"" the nonterminal ""D"" is unreachable, and ""E"" is unproductive. Hence, omitting the last two rules doesn't"
"G G (named ""gee"" ) is the 7th letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The letter 'G' was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced from voiceless . The recorded originator of 'G' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, who taught around 230 BCE. At this time, 'K' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both and before open vowels, had come to express in all environments. Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that alphabetic order related to the letters' values as"
"set of all finite lists of boolean values, that is, ""L""(""G"") happens to equal ""T"". The grammar ""G"" corresponds to the algebraic data type declarations (in the Standard ML programming language): Every member of ""L""(""G"") corresponds to a Standard-ML value of type BList. For another example, let ""G"" = (""N"",Σ,""BList1"",""P"" ∪ ""P""), using the nonterminal set and the alphabet from above, but extending the production set by ""P"", consisting of the following productions: The language ""L""(""G"") is the set of all finite lists of boolean values that contain ""true"" at least once. The set ""L""(""G"") has no datatype counterpart in"
"""Welcome, welcome"" and ""Goodbye, goodbye"" speeches at the annual Ig Nobel Awards ceremonies. Gleason devised the Wug Test as part of her earliest research (1958), which used nonsense words to gauge children's acquisition of morphological rulesfor example, the ""default"" rule that most English plurals are formed by adding an , or sounds, e.g., "" "" A child is shown simple pictures of an imaginary creature or activity, with a nonsense name, and prompted to complete a statement about it: A critical attribute of the test is that the ""target"" word be a made-up (but plausible-sounding) pseudoword, so that the child"
"Nonsense Nonsense is a communication, via speech, writing, or any other symbolic system, that lacks any coherent meaning. Sometimes in ordinary usage, nonsense is synonymous with absurdity or the ridiculous. Many poets, novelists and songwriters have used nonsense in their works, often creating entire works using it for reasons ranging from pure comic amusement or satire, to illustrating a point about language or reasoning. In the philosophy of language and philosophy of science, nonsense is distinguished from sense or meaningfulness, and attempts have been made to come up with a coherent and consistent method of distinguishing sense from nonsense. It"
"complex analysis to this equation, the number formula_8 of words of length ""n"" generated by ""G"" can be estimated, as ""n"" grows large. In this case, one obtains formula_25 but formula_26 for each formula_27. See for a detailed exposition. In classical formal language theory, the theorem can be used to prove that certain context-free languages are inherently ambiguous. For example, the ""Goldstine language"" formula_28 over the alphabet formula_29 consists of the words formula_30 with formula_31, formula_32 for formula_33, and formula_34 for some formula_35. It is comparably easy to show that the language formula_28 is context-free . The harder part is"
"pretentious language marked by circumlocutions and long words. Observation of these behaviors has led to a branching of different types of jargon. ""Neologistic Jargon"" is the production of language containing non-existent words that are not related to what the person is attempting to convey. ""Phonemic Jargon"" is the production of language containing inappropriate words that are phonemically related to what the person is attempting to convey. ""Semantic Jargon"" is the production of language which is devoid of content and consists of real words that are inappropriate given the context of the situation. All of these types of jargon are seen"
"critics, however, support Gates and the term Signifyin(g), noting its ""subversive"" nature and ability to bring about change to a system. Signifyin' Signifyin' (sometimes written ""signifyin(g)"") (vernacular), is a wordplay. It is a practice in African-American culture involving a verbal strategy of indirection that exploits the gap between the denotative and figurative meanings of words. A simple example would be insulting someone to show affection. Other names for signifyin' include: ""Dropping lugs, joaning, sounding, capping, snapping, dissing, busting, bagging, janking, ranking, toasting, woofing, putting on, or cracking."" Signifyin' directs attention to the connotative, context-bound significance of words, which is accessible"
"Pseudoword A pseudoword or non-word is a unit of speech or text that appears to be an actual word in a certain language, while in fact it has no meaning in the lexicon. It is a kind of non-lexical vocable. Such words without a meaning in a certain language or no occurrence in any text corpus or dictionary can be the result of (the interpretation of) a truly random signal, there will usually be an underlying deterministic source as is the case for: When nonsensical words are strung together, gibberish may arise. Word salad in contrast may contain legible and"
"intension of some sort, a word has no meaning. For instance, the terms ""rantans"" or ""brillig"" have no intension and hence no meaning. Such terms may be suggestive, but a term can be ""suggestive"" without being meaningful. For instance, ""ran tan"" is an archaic onomatopoeia for chaotic noise or din and may suggest to English speakers a din or meaningless noise, and ""brillig"" though made up by Lewis Carroll may be suggestive of 'brilliant' or 'frigid'. Such terms, it may be argued, are always intensional since they connote the property 'meaningless term', but this is only an apparent paradox and"
"Gostak Gostak is a meaningless noun that is used in the phrase ""the gostak distims the doshes"", which is an example of how it is possible to derive meaning from the syntax of a sentence even if the referents of the terms are entirely unknown. The phrase was coined in 1903 by Andrew Ingraham but is best known through its quotation in 1923 by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards in their book ""The Meaning of Meaning"", and has been since referred to in a number of cultural contexts. Coined in 1903 by Andrew Ingraham, the sentence became more"
"with Chomsky's second meaningless sentence and discusses the Vietnam War. Another approach is to create a syntactically-correct, easily parsable sentence using nonsense words; a famous such example is ""The gostak distims the doshes"". Lewis Carroll's Jabberwocky is also famous for using this technique, although in this case for literary purposes; similar sentences used in neuroscience experiments are called Jabberwocky sentences. In Russian schools of linguistics, the ""glokaya kuzdra"" example has similar characteristics. Other arguably ""meaningless"" utterances are ones that make sense, are grammatical, but have no reference to the present state of the world, such as Russell's ""The present King"
"Beard is Half Constructed"", proved to have been the product of heavy human editing of the program's output. Nonsense Nonsense is a communication, via speech, writing, or any other symbolic system, that lacks any coherent meaning. Sometimes in ordinary usage, nonsense is synonymous with absurdity or the ridiculous. Many poets, novelists and songwriters have used nonsense in their works, often creating entire works using it for reasons ranging from pure comic amusement or satire, to illustrating a point about language or reasoning. In the philosophy of language and philosophy of science, nonsense is distinguished from sense or meaningfulness, and attempts"
"The piece is in the collection of the Knight Library of the University of Oregon. Gostak Gostak is a meaningless noun that is used in the phrase ""the gostak distims the doshes"", which is an example of how it is possible to derive meaning from the syntax of a sentence even if the referents of the terms are entirely unknown. The phrase was coined in 1903 by Andrew Ingraham but is best known through its quotation in 1923 by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards in their book ""The Meaning of Meaning"", and has been since referred to in"
"properties. Linear grammar In computer science, a linear grammar is a context-free grammar that has at most one nonterminal in the right hand side of each of its productions. A linear language is a language generated by some linear grammar. A simple linear grammar is ""G"" with ""N"" = {S}, Σ = {a, b}, ""P"" with start symbol ""S"" and rules It generates the language formula_1. Two special types of linear grammars are the following: Collectively, these two special types of linear grammars are known as the regular grammars; both can describe exactly the regular languages. Another special type of"
"at a consensus of definitions of signifyin(g)."" Bernard W. Bell defines it as an ""elaborate, indirect form of goading or insult generally making use of profanity"". Roger D. Abrahams writes that to signify is ""to imply, goad, beg, boast by indirect verbal or gestural means"". Signifyin(g) is a homonym with the concept of signification put forth by Semiotician Ferdinand de Saussure wherein the signifier (sound image) interacts with the signified (concept) to form one whole linguistic sign. Gates plays off this homonym and incorporates the linguistic concept of signifier and signified with the vernacular concept of signifyin(g). Gates defines two"
"context-free grammars. A visibly pushdown grammar ""G"" is defined by the 4-tuple: formula_105 where Here, the asterisk represents the Kleene star operation and formula_131 is the empty word. The problem whether a word of length formula_1 is accepted by a given nested word automaton can be solved by uniform boolean circuits of depth formula_133. Regular languages over nested words are exactly the set of languages described by Monadic second-order logic with two unary predicates ""call"" and ""return"", linear successor and the matching relation ↝. Nested word In computer science, more specifically in automata and formal language theory, nested words are"
"he was trying to emphasize the distinction between weak [generative] and strong [structural] equivalence; in his 1959 work he had used ""type 1 grammar"" to denote a context-sensitive grammar and ""type 2"" for context-free. This grammar, with the start symbol ""S"", generates the language which is not context-free due to the pumping lemma. A context-sensitive grammar for the same language is shown below. Every noncontracting grammar (""N"", Σ, ""P"", ""S"") can be transformed into a context-sensitive grammar (""N""’, Σ, ""P""’, ""S"") as follows: For example, the above noncontracting grammar for { ""a""""b""""c"" | ""n"" ≥ 1 } leads to the"
"Generalized context-free grammar Generalized Context-free Grammar (GCFG) is a grammar formalism that expands on context-free grammars by adding potentially non-context free composition functions to rewrite rules. Head grammar (and its weak equivalents) is an instance of such a GCFG which is known to be especially adept at handling a wide variety of non-CF properties of natural language. A GCFG consists of two components: a set of composition functions that combine string tuples, and a set of rewrite rules. The composition functions all have the form formula_1, where formula_2 is either a single string tuple, or some use of a (potentially"
"Linear grammar In computer science, a linear grammar is a context-free grammar that has at most one nonterminal in the right hand side of each of its productions. A linear language is a language generated by some linear grammar. A simple linear grammar is ""G"" with ""N"" = {S}, Σ = {a, b}, ""P"" with start symbol ""S"" and rules It generates the language formula_1. Two special types of linear grammars are the following: Collectively, these two special types of linear grammars are known as the regular grammars; both can describe exactly the regular languages. Another special type of linear"
"""L""(""G"")=∅ ?) is undecidable. The LuZc parser is a working example of a program which can parse Context-sensitive grammars. Savitch has proven the following theoretical result, on which he bases his criticism of CSGs as basis for natural language: for any recursively enumerable set ""R"", there exists a context-sensitive language/grammar ""G"" which can be used as a sort of proxy to test membership in ""R"" in the following way: given a string ""s"", ""s"" is in ""R"" if and only if there exists a positive integer ""n"" for which ""sc"" is in G, where ""c"" is an arbitrary symbol not"
"A formal grammar ""G"" = (""N"", Σ, ""P"", ""S""), where ""N"" is a set of nonterminal symbols, Σ is a set of terminal symbols, ""P"" is a set of production rules, and ""S"" is the start symbol, is context-sensitive if all rules in ""P"" are of the form where ""A"" ∈ ""N"", α,β ∈ (""N""∪Σ) and γ ∈ (""N""∪Σ). A string ""u"" ∈ (""N""∪Σ) directly yields, or directly derives to, a string ""v"" ∈ (""N""∪Σ), denoted as ""u"" ⇒ ""v"", if ""u"" can be written as ""l""α""A""β""r"", and ""v"" can be written as ""l""αγβ""r"", for some production rule (α""A""β→αγβ) ∈"
"The language used in these fields may contain complex sentences and specialized jargon or buzzwords, making it difficult for those outside the field to understand. Speakers or writers of officialese or legalese may recognize that it is confusing or even meaningless to outsiders, but view its use as appropriate within their organization or group. Bafflegab is a synonym, a slang term referring to confusing or a generally unintelligible use of jargon. Gibberish Gibberish, alternatively jibberish, jibber-jabber, or gobbledygook, is language that is (or appears to be) nonsense. It may include speech sounds that are not actual words, or language games"
"superset of the Linearly Indexed languages. Indexed grammar Indexed grammars are a generalization of context-free grammars in that nonterminals are equipped with lists of ""flags"", or ""index symbols"". The language produced by an indexed grammar is called an indexed language. In contemporary publications following Hopcroft and Ullman (1979), an indexed grammar is formally defined a 5-tuple ""G"" = ⟨""N"",""T"",""F"",""P"",""S""⟩ where In productions as well as in derivations of indexed grammars, a string (""stack"") ""σ"" ∈ ""F"" of index symbols is attached to every nonterminal symbol ""A"" ∈ ""N"", denoted by ""A""[""σ""]. Terminal symbols may not be followed by index stacks."
"a context-free grammar is of the form ""V"" → ""w"" where ""V"" is a ""single"" nonterminal symbol, and ""w"" is a string of terminals and/or nonterminals; ""w"" can be empty. If the possibility of adding the empty string to a language is added to the strings recognized by the noncontracting grammars (which can never include the empty string) then the languages in these two definitions are identical. The left-context- and right-context-sensitive grammars are defined by restricting the rules to just the form α""A"" → αγ and to just ""A""β → γβ, respectively. The languages generated by these grammars are also"
"meaningless definition to another. One's search for meaning would be ungrounded. In contrast, the meaning of the words in one's head—those words one ""does"" understand—are ""grounded"". That mental grounding of the meanings of words mediates between the words on any external page one reads (and understands) and the external objects to which those words refer. Another symbol system is natural language (Fodor 1975). On paper or in a computer, language, too, is just a formal symbol system, manipulable by rules based on the arbitrary shapes of words. But in the brain, meaningless strings of squiggles become meaningful thoughts. Harnad has"
"change the language accepted by the grammar, nor does omitting the alternative ""| ""Ee"""" from the right-hand side of the rule for ""S"". Hopcroft, et al. give an algorithm to eliminate useless rules from a context-free grammar. Aiken and Murphy give a fixpoint algorithm to detect which nonterminals of a given regular tree grammar are unproductive. Useless rules In theoretical computer science, in particular in the theory of formal languages, useless rules of a formal grammar are those rules of symbol production that are unreachable or unproductive, that is, that can or need never be applied. Given a context-free grammar,"
"Indexed grammar Indexed grammars are a generalization of context-free grammars in that nonterminals are equipped with lists of ""flags"", or ""index symbols"". The language produced by an indexed grammar is called an indexed language. In contemporary publications following Hopcroft and Ullman (1979), an indexed grammar is formally defined a 5-tuple ""G"" = ⟨""N"",""T"",""F"",""P"",""S""⟩ where In productions as well as in derivations of indexed grammars, a string (""stack"") ""σ"" ∈ ""F"" of index symbols is attached to every nonterminal symbol ""A"" ∈ ""N"", denoted by ""A""[""σ""]. Terminal symbols may not be followed by index stacks. For an index stack ""σ"" ∈"