"Andrei Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights. He became renowned as the designer of the Soviet Union's RDS-37, a codename for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons. Sakharov later became an advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union, for which he faced state persecution; these efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his"
"Khrushchev. Her husband was rehabilitated posthumously. When her daughter Yelena and her son-in-law Andrei Sakharov were exiled to Gorky in 1980, she was allowed to move to the United States to be with her grandchildren. She returned to Moscow in June 1987 to live with her daughter, whose exile had been lifted by Mikhail Gorbachev in December 1986. She died in Moscow on 25 December 1987, aged 87. Ruth Bonner Ruf Grigorievna Bonner (; 1900 — 25 December 1987), also known as Ruth Bonner, was a Soviet Communist activist and who spent eight years in a labor camp during Joseph"
"Ilya Frank Ilya Mikhailovich Frank () (23 October 1908 – 22 June 1990) was a Soviet winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union. He received the award for his work in explaining the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation. He received the Stalin prize in 1946 and 1953 and the USSR state prize in 1971. Ilya Frank was born on 23 October 1908 in St. Petersburg. His father, , was a talented mathematician descended from a Jewish family, while his mother Yelizaveta Mikhailovna Gratsianova, was a"
"a hijacked plane. Under pressure from Sakharov, the Soviet regime permitted Yelena Bonner to travel to the West in 1975, 1977 and 1979 for treatment of her wartime eye injury. When Sakharov, awarded the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize, was barred from travel by the Soviet authorities, Bonner, in Italy for treatment, represented him at the ceremony in Oslo. Bonner became a founding member of the Moscow Helsinki Group in 1976. When in January 1980 Sakharov was exiled to Gorky, a city closed to foreigners, the harassed and publicly denounced Bonner became his lifeline, traveling between Gorky and Moscow to bring"
"the United States, home to her two children, five grandchildren, one great-granddaughter, and one great-grandson. She died on 18 June 2011 of heart failure in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 88, according to her daughter, Tatiana Yankelevich. She had been hospitalized since 21 February. Bonner was the author of ""Alone Together"" (Knopf 1987), and ""Mothers and Daughters"" (Knopf 1992), and wrote frequently on Russia and human rights. She was a recipient of many international human rights awards, including the Rafto Prize, the European Parliament’s Robert Schuman Medal, the awards of International Humanist and Ethical Union, the World Women's Alliance, the Adelaida Ristori"
"Foundation, the U.S. National Endowment for Democracy, the Lithuanian Commemorative Medal of 13 January, the Czech Republic Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, and others. She was also awarded the Giuseppe Motta Medal in 2004 for protection of human rights. In 2005 Bonner participated in ""They Chose Freedom"", a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement. Bonner was on the Board of Advancing Human Rights (NGO). Bonner was portrayed by Glenda Jackson in the 1984 film ""Sakharov"". Yelena Bonner Yelena Georgievna Bonner (; 15 February 1923 – 18 June 2011) was a human rights activist in the"
"of strict political control of the life of society and who advocated the establishment of more democratic principles in the country. The Soviet authorities, after recognizing Soyfer's participation in this activity, first removed him from his position as Scientific Director of his institute in 1976, then dismissed him from his chairmanship of his Laboratory a year later. From 1978, he became jobless. In 1981, he became a member of the USSR branch of “Amnesty International” (1985-1988 was a chairman of this organization). Together with writer Georgi Vladimov, Andrei Sakharov’s wife, Yelena Bonner, USSR Chess champion Boris Gulko, he signed many"
"of Nuclear Physics. He carried out educational work at Novosibirsk State University for almost 20 years and retired in 1972. Rumer died on 1 February 1985 in Akademgorodok, he was buried at the Yuzhnoye Cemetery. The scientist was survived by his second wife Olga Mikhailova (1921–2011), son Mikhail Mikhailov and daughter Tatyana Mikhailova. Rumer and Mikhailova met in 1946 while working together in Taganrog, and married soon after that. Their both children became scientists. Yuri Rumer Yuri Borisovich Rumer (, 28 April 1901 – 1 February 1985) was a Soviet theoretical physicist, who mostly worked in the fields of quantum"
"1957, Frank also become director of the Laboratory of Neutron Physics at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. The laboratory was based on the neutron fast-pulse reactor (IBR) then under construction at the site. Under Frank's supervision the reactor was used in the development of neutron spectroscopy techniques. Frank married the noted historian, Ella Abramovna Beilikhis, in 1937. Their son, Alexander, was born in the same year, and would continue much of the studies of his father as a physicist. Ilya Frank Ilya Mikhailovich Frank () (23 October 1908 – 22 June 1990) was a Soviet winner of the Nobel"
"out his writings. Her arrest in April 1984 for ""anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda"" and sentence to five years of exile in Gorky disrupted their lives again. Sakharov’s several long and painful hunger strikes forced the new Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev to let her travel to the U.S. in 1985 for sextuple bypass heart surgery. Prior to that, in 1981, Bonner and Sakharov went on a dangerous but ultimately successful hunger strike to get Soviet officials to allow their daughter-in-law, Yelizaveta Konstantinovna (""Lisa"") Alexeyeva, an exit visa to join her husband, Bonner's son Alexei Semyonov, in the United States. In December"
"Bonner resigned from Yeltsin's Human Rights Commission and was an outspoken opponent to Russian armed involvement in Chechnya and critical of the Kremlin for allegedly returning to KGB-style authoritarianism under Vladimir Putin. She was also critical of the international ""quartet"" two-state solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict and has expressed fears about the rise of anti-semitism in Europe. In 1999, Yelena Bonner received the Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom. Bonner was among the 34 first signatories of the online anti-Putin manifesto ""Putin must go"", published 10 March 2010. Her signature was the first. From 2006, Bonner divided her time between Moscow and"
"the Academy in 1958. In 1963 he was appointed head of the Nuclear Physics Department of the Academy. In 1965, Veksler established the journal ""Nuclear Physics"" (""Yadernaya Fizika"") and became its first editor-in-chief. He received numerous honours, including the Stalin Prize in 1951, the American Atoms for Peace Award in 1963 and the Lenin Prize in 1959. Streets in Dubna, Odessa, Zhytomyr and CERN are named in his honour. Vladimir Veksler Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler (; March 4, 1907 in Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine) – September 22, 1966 in Moscow, USSR) was a prominent Russian experimental physicist. Veksler's family moved from"
"Yelena Bonner, were censored. She lives in New York. Her son is Lev Sviridov, born 1982. Alexandra Sviridova Alexandra Sviridova (, alternate spellings: Alexandra Sviridov, Aleksandra Sviridov, and Aleksandra Sviridova) is a writer, journalist and filmmaker from Moscow, Russia. Her great-grandfather was the famous Rabbi Finkelstein of Czarist Russia. Alexandra Sviridova was born in the Soviet city Kherson. In 1976 having been student of she graduated from the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography aka VGIK and started working as a TV screenwriter. In 1993 she immigrated from the post Soviet Russia to America, with her son Lev Sviridov (who later won"
"a long illness on July 31, 2012, at the age of 71. Iryna Kalynets Iryna Onufriyivna Kalynets (, , 6 December 1940, Lviv – 31 July 2012, Lviv) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, activist and Soviet dissident during the 1970s. Kalynets was the wife of another leading Soviet dissident, Ihor Kalynets. Kalynets graduated from Lviv University with a degree in philology. She taught courses in Ukrainian literature and language before joining a human rights group called ""shistdesyatnyky."" Kalynets was the publisher of a banned human rights journal, ""Український Вісник."" She also publicly protested the detention of other dissidents, including Nina"
"1930s, Bonner was a health official in the Communist Party committee of Moscow while her second husband, Gevork Alikhanyan, aka Georgy Alikhanov, was a director at the Comintern. As part of Stalin's mass purges in 1937, her husband was arrested on charges of espionage and sentenced to death. Bonner was arrested a few days after her husband and spent the next eight years in the Gulag near Karaganda, Kazakhstan. After her release she spent another nine years in internal exile. In 1954 she was one of the first of Stalin's victims to be rehabilitated under the new Soviet leader Nikita"
"in battle in 1944. Her daughter Ariadna spent 16 years in Soviet prison camps and exile and was released in 1955. Ariadna wrote a memoir of her family; an English-language edition was published in 2009. She died in 1975. In the town of Yelabuga, the Tsvetaeva house is now a museum and a monument stands to her. Much of her poetry was republished in the Soviet Union after 1961, and her passionate, articulate and precise work, with its daring linguistic experimentation, brought her increasing recognition as a major poet. A minor planet, 3511 Tsvetaeva, discovered in 1982 by Soviet astronomer"
"Apollinariya Yakubova Apollinariya Yakubova (Аполлинария Александровна Якубова, died 1913 or 1917) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and, with Vladimir Lenin, one of the founders of the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. Yakubova was the daughter of a priest, and studied physics and mathematics in St. Petersburg. After escaping a prison camp in Siberia where she had been held for her revolutionary activity, Yakubova and her husband fled to London around 1900, where she was active in organizing debates on communist doctrine. She became close friends with Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya and also associated closely with"
"Eduard Steinberg Eduard Arkadevich Steinberg (; 3 March 1937 – 28 March 2012) was a Russian painter, philosopher and activist. Steinberg was born in Moscow, the son of poet, translator and artist . He had residences in Tarusa (Kaluga region) and Paris. His wife, Galina Iosifovna Manevich, is a Russian art critic, author and essayist. Steinberg began his career drawing live models and landscapes and later switched to ""metaphysical still lifes"". In the 1960–1980s Steinberg participated in the dissident movement in the USSR, which supported freedom of expression in arts and basic human rights. Steinberg became Honorary Members of the"
"of Sciences Leopoldina. Tamm was a student of Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam in science and life. On Tamm's religious views, he was an atheist. Tamm died in Moscow, Soviet Union, now Russia. The Lunar crater Tamm is named after him. Igor Tamm Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (; 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation. According to Russian sources, Tamm had German noble descent on his father's side. His grandfather Theodor Tamm emigrated from Thuringia"
"to leave the Soviet Union to collect the prize. His wife Yelena Bonner read his speech at the ceremony in Oslo, Norway. On the day the prize was awarded, Sakharov was in Vilnius, where human rights activist Sergei Kovalev was being tried. In his Nobel lecture, titled ""Peace, Progress, Human Rights"", Sakharov called for an end to the arms race, greater respect for the environment, international cooperation, and universal respect for human rights. He included a list of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners in the USSR, stating that he shares the prize with them. By 1976 the head of"
"Ilya Prigogine Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (; ; 28 May 2003) was a physical chemist and Nobel laureate noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility. Prigogine was born in Moscow a few months before the Russian Revolution of 1917, into a Jewish family. His father, Roman (Ruvim Abramovich) Prigogine, was a chemical engineer at the Imperial Moscow Technical School; his mother, Yulia Vikhman, was a pianist. Because the family was critical of the new Soviet system, they left Russia in 1921. They first went to Germany and in 1929, to Belgium, where Prigogine received Belgian nationality"
"of the politically connected anti-Mendelian agronomist Trofim Lysenko, thus allowing modern genetic science to return to the USSR. In 1937, Ginzburg married Olga Zamsha. In 1946, he married his second wife, Nina Ginzburg (""nee"" Yermakova), who had spent more than a year in custody on fabricated charges of plotting to assassinate the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Ginzburg was the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal ""Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk"". He also headed the Academic Department of Physics and Astrophysics Problems, which Ginzburg founded at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1968. Ginzburg identified as a secular Jew, and following the"
"the southern hemisphere. Giaever is currently a science advisor with American conservative and libertarian think tank, The Heartland Institute. Giaever married his childhood sweetheart Inger Skramstad in 1952. They have four children: John, Anne, Guri and Trine. Giaever is an atheist. Ivar Giaever Ivar Giaever (, ; born April 5, 1929) is a Norwegian-American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson ""for their discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in solids"". Giaever's share of the prize was specifically for his ""experimental discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in superconductors"". Giaever is a professor emeritus at"
"part in defending the ""White House"". However, she was terribly depressed later by dissolution of the Soviet Union and publications critical of the Soviet system. She committed suicide on November 21, 1991. She was buried next to her husband, Alexei Kapler at the Starokrymskoe cemetery in Stary Krym. A minor planet 3804 Drunina, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh in 1969 is named after her. Yulia Drunina Yulia Vladimirovna Drunina (, May 10, 1924 – November 21, 1991) was a Soviet poet who wrote in the Russian language. She was a nurse and a combat medic during World War II"
"on 11 November in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, the resting place of many famous politicians, writers and scientists of Russia. Vitaly Ginzburg Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, (; 4 October 1916 – 8 November 2009) was a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences and one of the fathers of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. He was the successor to Igor Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN), and an outspoken atheist. Vitaly Ginzburg was born to"
"was married to Mariya Speranskaya (1916–1977); they had three sons: Boris (b. 1939), Aleksandr (b. 1945) and Mikhail (b. 1955). Boris became a notable physicist; he moved to the United States in 1989 and besides his scientific research published a series of historical books related to Andrei Sakharov, his father and the Soviet atomic bomb project. Lev Altshuler Lev Vladimirovitch Altshuler (, 9 November 1913 – 23 December 2003) was a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of the study of solids under extremely high pressures and temperatures and a member of the Soviet atomic bomb project. Altshuler was born"
"wrote appeals on behalf of more than two hundred individual prisoners, and continued to write essays about the need for democratization. In 1970 Sakharov was among the three founding members of the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR along with Valery Chalidze and Andrei Tverdokhlebov. The Committee wrote appeals, collected signatures for petitions and succeeded in affiliating with several international human rights organizations. Its work was the subject of many KGB reports and brought Sakharov under increasing pressure from the government. Sakharvov married a fellow human rights activist, Yelena Bonner, in 1972. By 1973 Sakharov was meeting regularly with"
"Alexander Korchak and Vitaly Rubin. Pyotr Grigorenko was stripped of his Soviet citizenship in November 1977 while seeking medical treatment abroad. By the early 1980s, the members of the Moscow Helsinki Group were scattered between prisons, camps and exile in the USSR, while others lived abroad. At the end of 1981 only Elena Bonner, Sofia Kalistratova and Naum Meiman remained free. The dissolution of the Moscow Helsinki Group was officially announced by Elena Bonner on 8 September 1982. According to Sergei Grigoryants, Elena Bonner announced the dissolution of the Helsinki Group not only because of the direct threat of an"
"Nina Vedeneyeva Nina Vedeneyeva (, 1 December 1882 – 31 December 1955) was a Russian physicist involved in the study of mineral crystals and their coloration. Heading numerous departments at such institutions as the All-USSR Institute of Mineral Resources, the Institute of Geological Sciences and the Institute of Crystallography, she conducted research into color variants of clay minerals and classifying clays which occurred in organic dyes. She was noted for development and design of instruments to improve the methods of optical crystallography. She was the last partner-muse of the poet Sophia Parnok and was awarded the Stalin Prize and Order"
"Pavel Cherenkov Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov ( , July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934. Cherenkov was born in 1904 to Alexey Cherenkov and Mariya Cherenkova in the small village of Novaya Chigla. This town is in present-day Voronezh Oblast, Russia. In 1928, he graduated from the Department of Physics and Mathematics of Voronezh State University. In 1930, he took a post as a senior researcher in the Lebedev Physical Institute. That same"
"Russian Academy of Arts. Taking from the hands of Zurab Tsereteli a medal on a red ribbon, Steinberg said: He also was Chevalier of the Order of Friendship (2008). Steinberg died at his home in Paris from pneumonia on 28 March 2012. Eduard Steinberg Eduard Arkadevich Steinberg (; 3 March 1937 – 28 March 2012) was a Russian painter, philosopher and activist. Steinberg was born in Moscow, the son of poet, translator and artist . He had residences in Tarusa (Kaluga region) and Paris. His wife, Galina Iosifovna Manevich, is a Russian art critic, author and essayist. Steinberg began his"
"Shajncommemorates him. The icebreaker """" originally bore the name ""Otto Yulyevich Schmidt"". Otto Schmidt Otto Yulyevich Schmidt (; – 7 September 1956) was a Soviet scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, academician, Hero of the USSR (27 June 1937), and member of the Communist Party. He was born in Mogilev, Russian Empire (now Belarus). His father was a descendant of German settlers in Courland, while his mother was a Latvian. In 1912-13 while in university he published a number of mathematical works on group theory which laid foundation for Krull–Schmidt theorem. In 1913, Schmidt married Vera Yanitskaia and graduated from the"
"Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist) Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (, 13 February 1903, Tarascha – 3 February 1994, Moscow), also known as A.P Alaexandrov, was a Russian physicist, director of the Kurchatov Institute, academician (from 1953) and president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1975–1986). By the end of his life he had become the third most decorated man in the Soviet Union. Anatoly Alexandrov was born on 13 February 1903 into the family of a prominent judge in the town of Tarascha, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now located in modern-day Ukraine). After his graduation in 1930, he was invited by"