"Just-noticeable difference In the branch of experimental psychology focused on sense, sensation, and perception, which is called psychophysics, a just-noticeable difference or JND is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time (absolute threshold). This limen is also known as the difference limen, differential threshold, or least perceptible difference. For many sensory modalities, over a wide range of stimulus magnitudes sufficiently far from the upper and lower limits of perception, the 'JND' is a fixed proportion of the reference sensory level, and so the ratio of the JND/reference"
"""there exists at least one individual in the domain of discourse having the property ""P""."" Peano, who was much better known than Peirce, in effect diffused the latter's thinking throughout Europe. Peano's notation was adopted by the ""Principia Mathematica"" of Whitehead and Russell, Quine, and Alonzo Church. In 1935, Gentzen introduced the ∀ symbol, by analogy with Peano's ∃ symbol. ∀ did not become canonical until the 1960s. Around 1895, Peirce began developing his existential graphs, whose variables can be seen as tacitly quantified. Whether the shallowest instance of a variable is even or odd determines whether that variable's quantification"
"P P (named ""pee"" ) is the 16th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English orthography and most other European languages, represents the sound . A common digraph in English is , which represents the sound , and can be used to transliterate ""phi"" in loanwords from Greek. In German, the digraph is common, representing a labial affricate . Most English words beginning with are of foreign origin, primarily French, Latin, Greek, and Slavic; these languages preserve Proto-Indo-European initial *p. Native English cognates of such words often start with , since English is"
"with a thing – perception) and ""erkennen"" (knowing as understanding a thing – even if non-observable). This linguistic distinction may explain Carnap’s decision to divide the vocabulary into two artificial categories: a vocabulary of non-observable (""theoretical"") terms (hereafter ""V""): i.e., terms we know of but are not acquainted with (erkennen), and a vocabulary of observable terms (""V""), those terms we are acquainted with (kennen) and will accept arbitrarily. Accordingly, the terms thus distinguished were incorporated into comparable sentence structures: T-terms into theoretical sentences (T-sentences); O-terms into observational sentences (O-sentences). The next step for Carnap was to connect these separate concepts"
"Pilcrow The pilcrow (¶), also called the paragraph mark, paragraph sign, paraph, alinea (Latin: ""a lineā"", ""off the line""), or blind P, is a typographical character for individual paragraphs. It is present in Unicode as . The pilcrow can be used as an indent for separate paragraphs or to designate a new paragraph in one long piece of copy, as Eric Gill did in his 1930s book ""An Essay on Typography"". The pilcrow was a type of rubrication used in the Middle Ages to mark a new train of thought, before the convention of visually discrete paragraphs was commonplace. The"
"truths such as ""I am A"" and ""now is B"", the truth of physicalism is knowable a priori. Let ""P"" stand for the conjunction of all physical truths and laws, ""T"" for a that's-all truth, ""I"" for the indexical ""centering"" truths, and ""N"" for any [presumably non-physical] truth at the actual world. We can then, using the material conditional ""→"", represent a priori physicalism as the thesis that PTI → N is knowable a priori. An important wrinkle here is that the concepts in N must be possessed non-deferentially in order for PTI → N to be knowable a priori."
"4.1 in 2005, while the majuscule was added to version 5.0 in 2006. P with stroke Ᵽ (minuscule: ᵽ) or ""p with stroke"" is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from P with the addition of a stroke, usually through the bowl but sometimes through the descender. It is used in some phonetic transcription systems, such as the Americanist phonetic notation, to represent a fricative . In 1987 ᵽ was adopted for writing the Tanimuca-Retuarã language, where it represents either a fricative or a stop depending on the dialect. PotCoin uses a design of the P with stroke as"
"P with stroke Ᵽ (minuscule: ᵽ) or ""p with stroke"" is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from P with the addition of a stroke, usually through the bowl but sometimes through the descender. It is used in some phonetic transcription systems, such as the Americanist phonetic notation, to represent a fricative . In 1987 ᵽ was adopted for writing the Tanimuca-Retuarã language, where it represents either a fricative or a stop depending on the dialect. PotCoin uses a design of the P with stroke as a symbol of its digital cryptocurrency. The minuscule form, was added to Unicode"
"of denoting the functions and the corresponding information aspects that they process. Text-based notation systems also enjoy use online, such as Victor Gulenko's 8 Latin letters ('P' for Pragmatism, 'E' for Emotions, 'F' for Force, 'I' for Ideas, 'L' for Laws, 'R' for Relation, 'S' for Senses, and 'T' for Time, correspondingly). Among western enthusiasts, Myers-Briggs notation (Te, Fe, Se, Ne, Ti, Fi, Si, and Ni, correspondingly) is also popular. Socionics divides people into 16 different types, called sociotypes. They are most commonly referred to by their two strongest functions, which in socionics are called the ""leading"" function (Jung's dominant)"
"""""optical"""", """"to notice with the eyes"""", """"see (look)"""", """"perceive (with the eyes)"""", or """"to peep"""". Phrases, the basic unit of recognizable meaning in Glosa, follow a Subject–Verb–(Object) order and noun phrases are ""substantive final"", which means that they start with the least important word, and are followed by additional words combining progressively to extend the meaning of the substantive, which comes last. Glosa words can often serve as more than one part of speech. Thus part of speech is a role that the word plays in a sentence, not a tightly-bound property of a word. Do note that Glosa, unlike"
"Pathognomonic Pathognomonic (rarely spelled ""pathognomic"" and sometimes misspelled as ""pathomnemonic"") is a term, often used in medicine, that means ""characteristic for a particular disease"". A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. Labelling a sign or symptom ""pathognomonic"" represents a marked intensification of a ""diagnostic"" sign or symptom. The word is an adjective of Greek origin derived from πάθος ""pathos"" ""disease"" and γνώμων ""gnomon"" ""indicator"" (from γιγνώσκω ""gignosko"" ""I know, I recognize""). While some findings may be classic, typical or highly suggestive in a certain condition, they may not"
"characteristic. The criterion above leads to the quick conclusion that if ""P"" is irreducible and not separable, then ""D P""(""X"")=0. Thus we must have for some polynomial ""Q"" over ""K"", where the prime number ""p"" is the characteristic. With this clue we can construct an example: with ""K"" the field of rational functions in the indeterminate ""T"" over the finite field with ""p"" elements. Here one can prove directly that ""P""(""X"") is irreducible, and not separable. This is actually a typical example of why ""inseparability"" matters; in geometric terms ""P"" represents the mapping on the projective line over the finite"
"Nota bene Nota bene (, or ; plural form notate bene) is a Latin phrase meaning 'note well'. The phrase first appeared in English writing . Often abbreviated as NB, n.b., or with the ligature , the phrase is Latin for ""note well"" and comes from the Latin roots (""to note"") and (""well""). It is in the singular imperative mood, instructing one individual to note well the matter at hand, i.e., to take notice of or pay special attention to it. In Modern English, it is used, particularly in legal papers, to draw the attention of the reader to a"
"property of being ‘rides a unicycle’ (x)” we may say salva veritate: (x)(Fx). These elements have been called semantic primitives or semantic markers/features. Each primitive may in turn form part of a propositional statement, which in turn could be represented by an abstract figure e.g. ‘P’. The primitives themselves play a crucial role in categorizing and classifying objects and concepts. The meaningful relations between ideas and concepts expressed between and within the propositions are in part dealt with through the general laws of inference. One of the most common of these is Modus Ponens Ponendum (MPP), which is a simple"
"P convention The ""-P Convention"" or ""P Question"" refers to the act of making a statement into a question by appending ""P."" When spoken aloud, the ""P"" is literally pronounced as a separate syllable ""Pee."" This practice originated among users of the Lisp programming language, in which there is the convention of appending the letter ""P"" on elements to denote a predicate (a yes or no question). It is most commonly used at MIT and the University of California, Berkeley, or among computer scientists working in Artificial intelligence (which frequently uses Lisp). This usage was immortalized in the Jargon File"
"The attributions of painted pottery were an important project to the History of Ancient Art and Classical Archeology (Ancient Greece and South Italy). Two specialists were the most important authorities in archaeological connoisseurship: John Davidson Beazley (1885-1970) and Arthur Dale Trendall (1909-1995). Connoisseur is also used in the context of gastronomy, i.e. in connection with fine food, beer, wine, tea and many other products whose consumption can be pleasing to the senses. Connoisseur A connoisseur (French traditional (pre-1835) spelling of ""connaisseur"", from Middle-French ""connoistre"", then ""connaître"" meaning ""to be acquainted with"" or ""to know somebody/something."") is a person who has"
"Notability in the English Wikipedia In the English version of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, notability is a criterion to determine whether a topic merits a separate Wikipedia article. It is described in the guideline """". In general, notability is an attempt to assess whether the topic has ""gained sufficiently significant attention by the world at large and over a period of time as evidenced by significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic."" The notability guideline was introduced in 2006 and has since been subject to various controversies. The language of the criterion was modified and"
"Connoisseur A connoisseur (French traditional (pre-1835) spelling of ""connaisseur"", from Middle-French ""connoistre"", then ""connaître"" meaning ""to be acquainted with"" or ""to know somebody/something."") is a person who has a great deal of knowledge about the fine arts, cuisines, or an expert judge in matters of taste. In many areas the term now has an air of pretension, and may be used in a partly ironic sense, but in the art trade connoisseurship remains a crucial skill for the identification and attribution to individual artists of works by the style and technique, where documentary evidence of provenance is lacking. The situation"
"of the name relation. Notability Notability is the property of being worthy of notice, having fame, or being considered to be of a high degree of interest, significance, or distinction. It also refers to the capacity to be such. Persons who are notable due to public responsibility, accomplishments, or, even, mere participation in the celebrity industry are said to have a public profile. The concept arises in the philosophy of aesthetics regarding aesthetic appraisal. There are criticism of art galleries determining monetary valuation, or valuation so as to determine what or what not to display, being based on notability of"
"Loewenheim, Thoralf Skolem, and Polish logicians into the 1950s. Most notably, it is the notation of Kurt Gödel's landmark 1930 paper on the completeness of first-order logic, and 1931 paper on the incompleteness of Peano arithmetic. Peirce's approach to quantification also influenced William Ernest Johnson and Giuseppe Peano, who invented yet another notation, namely (""x"") for the universal quantification of ""x"" and (in 1897) ∃""x"" for the existential quantification of ""x"". Hence for decades, the canonical notation in philosophy and mathematical logic was (""x"")""P"" to express ""all individuals in the domain of discourse have the property ""P"","" and ""(∃""x"")""P"""" for"
"a name as one of Italy's leading connoisseurs. His work recataloguing and adding to the Medici collections, first of drawings and then of paintings, was groundbreaking, using new ideas about organisation and completeness to make these the most modern collections of the time—collections in large part the foundation of the Uffizi's art holdings. This meticulous work was based on an ability to distinguish between the hands of different painters—an idea then new and untested, and one that opened up the field of connoisseurship that enabled the attributions of Italian drawings, which are generally unsigned. In his ""Vocabolario"", the first dictionary"
"and N to denote residuosity and non-residuosity, respectively; Although this notation is compact and convenient for some purposes, a more useful notation is the Legendre symbol, also called the quadratic character, which is defined for all integers ""a"" and positive odd prime numbers ""p"" as There are two reasons why numbers ≡ 0 (mod ""p"") are treated specially. As we have seen, it makes many formulas and theorems easier to state. The other (related) reason is that the quadratic character is a homomorphism from the multiplicative group of nonzero congruence classes modulo ""p"" to the complex numbers under multiplication. Setting"
"Perspicacity Perspicacity (also called perspicaciousness) is a penetrating discernment (from the Latin perspicācitās, meaning sharpsightedness, discrimination)—a clarity of vision or intellect which provides a deep understanding and insight. In 17th-century Europe, René Descartes devised systematic rules for clear thinking in his work ""Regulæ ad directionem ingenii"" (Rules for the direction of natural intelligence). In Descartes' scheme, intelligence consisted of two faculties: perspicacity, which provided an understanding or intuition of distinct detail; and sagacity, which enabled reasoning about the details in order to make deductions. Rule 9 was ""De Perspicacitate Intuitionis"" (On the Perspicacity of Intuition). He summarised the rule as"
"Notability Notability is the property of being worthy of notice, having fame, or being considered to be of a high degree of interest, significance, or distinction. It also refers to the capacity to be such. Persons who are notable due to public responsibility, accomplishments, or, even, mere participation in the celebrity industry are said to have a public profile. The concept arises in the philosophy of aesthetics regarding aesthetic appraisal. There are criticism of art galleries determining monetary valuation, or valuation so as to determine what or what not to display, being based on notability of the artist, rather than"
"two modern conventions for rendering sentence structure, first in terms of the constituency relation of phrase structure grammars and then in terms of the dependency relation of dependency grammars. The following labels are used on the nodes in the trees: Adv = adverb, N = nominal (noun or pronoun), P = preposition/postposition, and PP = pre/postpositional phrase: These phrases are identified as prepositional phrases by the placement of PP at the top of the constituency trees and of P at the top of the dependency trees. English also has a number of two-part prepositional phrases, i.e. phrases that can be"
"specifically for digamma/stigma, or as a generic term for the whole group of extra-alphabetic numeral signs (digamma, koppa and sampi). The Greek word """", from (""epi-"", ""on"") and (""sēma"", ""sign""), literally means ""a distinguishing mark"", ""a badge"", but is also the neuter form of the related adjective """" (""distinguished"", ""remarkable""). This word was connected to the number ""six"" through early Christian mystical numerology. According to an account of the teachings of the heretic Marcus given by the church father Irenaeus, the number six was regarded as a symbol of Christ, and was hence called """" (""the outstanding number""); likewise, the"
"Definiteness In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases (NPs), distinguishing between referents/entities that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases). In English, for example, definite noun phrases preclude asking ""which one?"" There is considerable variation in the expression of definiteness across languages and some languages do not express it at all. For example, in English definiteness is usually marked by the selection of determiner. Certain determiners, such as ""a/an, many, any, either"", and ""some"" typically mark an NP as indefinite. Others, including ""the, this, every"", and ""both"""
"things. Immediately, a problem arises: neither the German nor the English language naturally distinguish predicate terms on the basis of an observational categorization. As Carnap admitted, ""The line separating observable from non-observable is highly arbitrary."" For example, the predicate ""hot"" can be perceived by touching a hand to a lighted coal. But ""hot"" might take place at such a microlevel (e.g., the theoretical ""heat"" generated by the production of proteins in a eukaryotic cell) that it is virtually non-observable (at present). Physicist-philosopher Moritz Schlick characterized the difference linguistically, as the difference between the German verbs ""kennen"" (knowing as being acquainted"
"observed; notable people who defied social convention and used the honorary prefix include: Doctor (title) Doctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb """" 'to teach'. It has been used as an academic title in Europe since the 13th century, when the first Doctorates were awarded at the University of Bologna and the University of Paris. Having become established in European universities, this usage spread around the world. Contracted ""Dr"" or ""Dr."", it is used as a designation for a"
"refer to any occurrence worthy of note and investigation, typically an untoward or unusual event, person or fact that is of special significance or otherwise notable."" Phenomenon A phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενον, ""phainómenon"", from the verb ""phainein"", to show, shine, appear, to be manifest or manifest itself, plural phenomena) is any thing which manifests itself. Phenomena are often, but not always, understood as ""things that appear"" or ""experiences"" for a sentient being, or in principle may be so. The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon. In contrast to a phenomenon, a"
"that have their head adjective on the right side of the phrase: The labels on the nodes in the trees are acronyms: A = adjective, Adv = adverb, AP = adjective phrase, N = noun/pronoun, P = preposition, PP = prepositional phrase. The constituency trees identify these phrases as adjective phrases by labeling the top node with AP, and the dependency trees accomplish the same thing by positioning the A node at the top of the tree. The following trees illustrate the structure of head-initial adjective phrases, i.e. adjective phrases that have their head on the left side of the"
"linguistic entity (as in """"Charles"" has seven letters""). Such a classification scheme is the precursor of modern distinctions between use and mention, and between language and metalanguage. There is a tradition called speculative grammar which existed from the 11th to the 13th century. Leading scholars included, among others, Martin of Dace and Thomas of Erfurth. Linguists of the Renaissance and Baroque periods such as Johannes Goropius Becanus, Athanasius Kircher and John Wilkins were infatuated with the idea of a philosophical language reversing the confusion of tongues, influenced by the gradual discovery of Chinese characters and Egyptian hieroglyphs (""Hieroglyphica""). This thought"
"Alliteration In literature, alliteration is the conspicuous repetition of identical initial consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables within a group of words, even those spelled differently. As a method of linking words for effect, alliteration is also called head rhyme or initial rhyme. For example, """"h""umble ""h""ouse,"" or """"p""otential ""p""ower ""p""lay."" A familiar example is """"P""eter ""P""iper ""p""icked a ""p""eck of ""p""ickled ""p""eppers"". ""Alliteration"" is from the Latin word ""littera"", meaning ""letter of the alphabet""; it was first coined in a Latin dialogue by the Italian humanist Giovanni Pontano in the 15th century. Some literary experts accept as"