"a steep slope was given to the weathering (mainly on the outer side), and began at the top with an astragal; in the Decorated style there were two or three sets off; and in the later Perpendicular Period these assumed a wavy section, and the coping mouldings continued round the sides, as well as at top and bottom, mitring at the angles, as in many of the colleges at Oxford. Coping (architecture) Coping (from ""cope"", Latin ""capa"") consists of the capping or covering of a wall. A splayed or wedge coping slopes in a single direction; a saddle coping slopes"
"Canopy (building) A canopy is an overhead roof or else a structure over which a fabric or metal covering is attached, able to provide shade or shelter from weather conditions such as sun, hail, snow and rain. A canopy can also be a tent, generally without a floor. The word comes from the Ancient Greek ""κωνώπειον"" (""konópeion"", ""cover to keep insects off""), from ""κώνωψ"" (""kónops"", ""cone-face""), which is a bahuvrihi compound meaning ""mosquito"". The first 'o' changing into 'a' may be due to influence from the place name Canopus, Egypt thought of as a place of luxuries. Architectural canopies include"
"Soffit A soffit is an exterior or interior architectural feature, generally the underside of any construction element. A structure to fill the space between the ceiling and the top of cabinets mounted on the wall is called a soffit, as is the material connecting an exterior wall to the edge of the roof under the eaves. Soffit is from , formed as a ceiling; and directly from ""suffictus"" for ""suffixus"", , to fix underneath). In architecture, soffit is the underside of any construction element. Examples of soffits include: In popular use, ""soffit"" most often refers to the material forming a"
"Window capping In construction, capping or window capping (window cladding, window wrapping) refers to the application of aluminum or vinyl sheeting cut and formed with a brake to fit over the exterior, wood trim of a building. The aluminum is intended to make aging trim with peeling paint look better, reduce future paint maintenance, and provide a weather-proof layer to control the infiltration of water. The capping application must direct water away from the original under-lying wood material and prevent infiltration of water into the structure. Cladding applied to exterior window and door casing (brick-moulding) and their associated parts is"
"Cupola In architecture, a cupola is a relatively small, most often dome-like, tall structure on top of a building. Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air, it usually crowns a larger roof or dome. The word derives, via Italian, from the lower Latin ""cupula"" (classical Latin ""cupella"" from the Greek κύπελλον ""kupellon"") ""small cup"" (Latin ""cupa"") indicating a vault resembling an upside down cup. The cupola is a development during the Renaissance of the oculus, an ancient device found in Roman architecture, but being weatherproof was superior for the wetter climates of northern Europe. The"
"the soffit is called a soffit vent. A soffit joist is also a related piece. Soffit A soffit is an exterior or interior architectural feature, generally the underside of any construction element. A structure to fill the space between the ceiling and the top of cabinets mounted on the wall is called a soffit, as is the material connecting an exterior wall to the edge of the roof under the eaves. Soffit is from , formed as a ceiling; and directly from ""suffictus"" for ""suffixus"", , to fix underneath). In architecture, soffit is the underside of any construction element. Examples"
"economical and attractive products. Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) Division 10 MasterFormat 2004 Edition: CSI MasterFormat 1995 Edition: Canopy (building) A canopy is an overhead roof or else a structure over which a fabric or metal covering is attached, able to provide shade or shelter from weather conditions such as sun, hail, snow and rain. A canopy can also be a tent, generally without a floor. The word comes from the Ancient Greek ""κωνώπειον"" (""konópeion"", ""cover to keep insects off""), from ""κώνωψ"" (""kónops"", ""cone-face""), which is a bahuvrihi compound meaning ""mosquito"". The first 'o' changing into 'a' may be due to"
"Pile cap A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story building, structure or support base for heavy equipment. The cast concrete pile cap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A similar structure to a pile cap is a ""raft"", which is a concrete foundation floor resting directly onto soft soil which may be liable to subsidence. The mat is made of concrete"
"doorway, different and separate from the wall surface. The horizontal ""fascia board"" which caps the end of rafters outside a building may be used to hold the rain gutter. The finished surface below the fascia and rafters is called the soffit or eave. In classical architecture, the fascia is the plain, wide band across the bottom of the entablature, directly above the columns. The ""guttae"" or drip edge was mounted on the fascia in the Doric order, below the triglyph. Fascia (architecture) Fascia () is an architectural term for a vertical frieze or band under a roof edge, or which"
"Roof A roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, wind and sunlight. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering. The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof"
"not common in plumbing. One cross fitting is more expensive than two tees. Caps, usually liquid- or gas-tight, cover the otherwise open end of a pipe. A cap attaches to the exterior of a pipe, and may have a solvent-weld socket end or a female-threaded interior. The exterior of an industrial cap may be round, square, rectangular, U- or I-shaped, or may have a handgrip. If a solvent-weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several inches of pipe must be left before the cap; when the cap is cut off for the future connection, enough pipe"
"Clapboard (architecture) Clapboard or clabbard, also called bevel siding, lap siding, and weatherboard, with regional variation in the definition of these terms, is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards, often overlapping. ""Clapboard"" in modern American usage is a word for long, thin boards used to cover walls and (formerly) roofs of buildings. Historically, it has also been called ""clawboard"" and ""cloboard"". In Australia and New Zealand, the term ""weatherboard"" is always used. An older meaning of clapboard is small, split pieces of oak imported from Germany for use as barrel staves, and the name is"
"Cresting (architecture) Cresting, in architecture, is ornamentation attached to the ridge of a roof, cornice, coping or parapet, usually made of a metal such as iron or copper. Cresting is associated with Second Empire architecture, where such decoration stands out against the sharp lines of the mansard roof. It became popular in the late 19th century, with mass-produced sheet metal cresting patterns available by the 1890s. Cresting is typically attached to the roof by bolts, and is often installed during construction of the roof, with sealants applied to the roof directly covering the bolts to prevent wear in these areas."
"Cresting (architecture) Cresting, in architecture, is ornamentation attached to the ridge of a roof, cornice, coping or parapet, usually made of a metal such as iron or copper. Cresting is associated with Second Empire architecture, where such decoration stands out against the sharp lines of the mansard roof. It became popular in the late 19th century, with mass-produced sheet metal cresting patterns available by the 1890s. Cresting is typically attached to the roof by bolts, and is often installed during construction of the roof, with sealants applied to the roof directly covering the bolts to prevent wear in these areas."
"Topping out In building construction, topping out (sometimes referred to as topping off) is a builders' rite traditionally held when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed atop a structure during its construction. Nowadays, the ceremony is often parlayed into a media event for public relations purposes. It has since come to mean more generally finishing the structure of the building, whether there is a ceremony or not. The practice of ""topping out"" a new building can be traced to the ancient Scandinavian religious rite of placing a tree atop a new building to appease the tree-dwelling spirits displaced"
"Newer, cheaper designs often imitate the form of clapboard construction as ""siding"" made of vinyl (uPVC), aluminum, fiber cement, or other man-made materials. Clapboard (architecture) Clapboard or clabbard, also called bevel siding, lap siding, and weatherboard, with regional variation in the definition of these terms, is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards, often overlapping. ""Clapboard"" in modern American usage is a word for long, thin boards used to cover walls and (formerly) roofs of buildings. Historically, it has also been called ""clawboard"" and ""cloboard"". In Australia and New Zealand, the term ""weatherboard"" is always used."
"Capital (architecture) In architecture the capital (from the Latin ""caput"", or ""head"") or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column (or a pilaster). It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of the column's supporting surface. The capital, projecting on each side as it rises to support the abacus, joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the column. The capital may be convex, as in the Doric order; concave, as in the inverted bell of the Corinthian order; or scrolling out, as in the Ionic order. These form"
"Finial A finial or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture it is a decorative device, typically carved in stone, employed to emphasize the apex of a dome, spire, tower, roof, or gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure. Where there are several such elements they may be called pinnacles. Smaller finials in materials such as metal or wood are used as a decorative ornament on the tops or ends of poles or rods such"
"Overhang (architecture) An overhang in architecture is a protruding structure which may provide protection for lower levels. Overhangs on two sides of Pennsylvania Dutch barns protect doors, windows, and other lower level structure. Overhangs on all four sides of barns is common in Swiss architecture. An overhanging eave is the edge of a roof, protruding outwards, beyond the side of the building generally to provide weather protection. Overhangs are also common in medieval Indian architecture, especially the Mughal architecture (16th -18th century), where it is known as ""Chhajja"", often supported by an ornate corbel and seen in Hindu temple architecture"
"Eaves The eaves are the edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and, normally, project beyond the side of a building. The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be highly decorated as part of an architectural style, such as the Chinese dougong bracket systems. ""Eaves"" is derived from Old English meaning ""edge"". According to the ""Oxford English Dictionary"", ""eaves"" is both the singular and plural form of the word. However, the Merriam-Webster website lists the word as ""eave"" and states that it is ""usually used in plural"". The word"
"architecture, the cornice is the topmost element of the entablature which consists (from top to bottom) of the cornice, the frieze, and the architrave. A ""rake"" is an architectural term for an eave or cornice which runs along the gable of the roof of a modern residential structure. It may also be called a ""sloping cornice"", a ""raking cornice"". The trim and rafters at this edge are called ""rake-"", ""verge-"", or ""barge-board"" or ""verge-"" or ""barge-rafter"". It is a sloped timber on the outside facing edge of a roof running between the ridge and the eave. On a typical house,"
"Pinnacle A pinnacle is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, but afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations. The pinnacle looks like a small spire. It was mainly used in Gothic architecture. The pinnacle had two purposes: The accounts of Jesus' temptations in Matthew's and Luke's gospels both suggest that the Second Temple in Jerusalem had one or more pinnacles (): Some have stated that there were no pinnacles in the Romanesque style, but conical caps to circular buttresses, with finial terminations, are not"
"and the triangular wall to cave in. Gable A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used, which reflects climate, material availability, and aesthetic concerns. A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall, including the gable and the wall below it. A parapet made of a series of curves (""Dutch gable"") or horizontal steps (""crow-stepped gable"") may hide the diagonal lines of the roof. Gable ends of more recent buildings are"
"The final layer on the top of the wall also consists of large stones, called ""capstones"", ""coping stones"" or ""copes"". As with the tie stones, the capstones span the entire width of the wall and prevent it breaking apart. In some areas, such as South Wales, there is a tradition of placing the coping stones on a final layer of flat stones slightly wider than the top of the wall proper (""coverbands""). In addition to gates a wall may contain smaller purposely built gaps for the passage or control of wildlife and livestock such as sheep. The smaller holes usually"
"decks has led to the rise of high performance decking products with protective shells, often referred to as “capped composite decking.” Capped composite decks have a high performance finish with the addition of the shell that is often called a “cap-stock.” This shell covers either all four sides of the composite board or just the top and sides, depending on the brand. Manufacturers apply the cap to the board using a process called co-extrusion. Most capped composite decking comes with some kind of warranty against stains and fading. Composite construction Composite construction is a generic term to describe any building"
"architecture. Conical roof A conical roof or cone roof is a roof shape, that is circular on plan and rises to terminate in a point, the whole forming a regular cone in shape. They are frequently found on top of towers in medieval town fortifications and castles, where they may either sit directly on the outer wall of the tower (sometimes projecting beyond it to form eaves) or form a superstructure above the fighting platform or terrace of the tower. The latter necessitated the use of spouts to lead the water away over the top of the walls (e.g. as"
"low-slope roofing, the horizontal trim located at the perimeter of a building is usually a border for the low-slope roof system. Soffit (from French soffite, formed as a ceiling; directly from suffictus for suffixus, Latin suffigere, to fix underneath), in architecture, describes the underside of any construction element. In popular use, soffit most often refers to the material forming a ceiling from the top of an exterior house wall to the outer edge of the roof, i.e., bridging the gap between a home's siding and the roofline, otherwise known as the eaves. When so constructed, the soffit material is typically"
"Gable A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used, which reflects climate, material availability, and aesthetic concerns. A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall, including the gable and the wall below it. A parapet made of a series of curves (""Dutch gable"") or horizontal steps (""crow-stepped gable"") may hide the diagonal lines of the roof. Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as"
"Coffer A coffer (or coffering) in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels was often used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault, also called ""caissons"" ('boxes""), or ""lacunaria"" (""spaces, openings""), so that a coffered ceiling can be called a ""lacunar"" ceiling: the strength of the structure is in the framework of the coffers. The stone coffers of the ancient Greeks and Romans are the earliest surviving examples, but a seventh-century BC Etruscan chamber tomb in the necropolis"
"Parapet A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. The word comes ultimately from the Italian ""parapetto"" (""parare"" ""to cover/defend"" and ""petto"" ""breast""). The German equivalent ""Brustwehr"" has the same meaning. Where extending above a roof, a parapet may simply be the portion of an exterior wall that continues above the line of the roof surface, or may be a continuation of a vertical feature beneath the roof such as a fire wall or party wall. Parapets were originally used to defend buildings from"
"Ceiling A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a storey above. Ceilings can be decorated to taste, and there are many fine examples of frescoes and artwork on ceilings especially in religious buildings. The most common type of ceiling is the dropped ceiling, which is suspended from structural elements above. Panels of drywall are fastened either directly to the ceiling joists or to a few layers of moisture-proof plywood"
"Antefix An antefix (from Latin ""antefigere"", to fasten before) is a vertical block which terminates the covering tiles of a tiled roof. In grand buildings the face of each stone ante-fix was richly carved, often with the anthemion ornament. In less grand buildings moulded ceramic ante-fixes, usually terracotta, might be decorated with figures or other ornament, especially in the Roman period. By this time they were found on many large buildings, including private houses. From Latin ""antefixa"", pl. of ""antefixum"", something fastened in front, from ""antefixus"", fastened in front: ""ante-"", ""ante-"" and ""fixus"", fastened, past participle of ""figere"", to ""fasten""."
"Antefix An antefix (from Latin ""antefigere"", to fasten before) is a vertical block which terminates the covering tiles of a tiled roof. In grand buildings the face of each stone ante-fix was richly carved, often with the anthemion ornament. In less grand buildings moulded ceramic ante-fixes, usually terracotta, might be decorated with figures or other ornament, especially in the Roman period. By this time they were found on many large buildings, including private houses. From Latin ""antefixa"", pl. of ""antefixum"", something fastened in front, from ""antefixus"", fastened in front: ""ante-"", ""ante-"" and ""fixus"", fastened, past participle of ""figere"", to ""fasten""."