"play back the Violin G#2 sample at its original pitch. If the note received is G2 the sampler will shift the sample down a semitone while the note A2 will play it back a semitone tone higher. If the next note (Bb2) is input the sampler will select the Violin B2 sample, playing it a semitone lower than its center pitch of B2. In general, samplers can play back any kind of recorded audio. Most samplers offer editing tools that allow the user to modify and process the audio and apply a wide range of effects. This makes the sampler"
"conical bore (as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets). As a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. The highest note is a semitone lower than the nominally highest note of the B clarinet. Since the clarinet has a wider range, the lowest note of the B clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe. Music for the standard oboe is written in concert pitch (i.e., it is not a transposing instrument), and the instrument has a soprano range, usually from B to G. Orchestras tune"
"Orff's ""Carmina Burana"", which calls for three octaves and a perfect fourth). The upper limit of this range is extended a great deal for 20th- and 21st-century orchestral parts (e.g., Prokofiev's ""Lieutenant Kijé Suite"" (1933) bass solo, which calls for notes as high as D and E). The upper range a virtuoso solo player can achieve using natural and artificial harmonics is hard to define, as it depends on the skill of the particular player. The high harmonic in the range illustration found at the head of this article may be taken as representative rather than normative. Five-string instruments have"
"same time. Typically, even though the instruments are playing the same note names, the violins will play very high-register notes, the violas and cellos will play lower-register notes, and the double basses will play the deepest, lowest pitches. As well, the woodwinds and brass instruments can effectively carry a melody, depending on the effect the composer/orchestrator desires. The trumpets can perform a melody in a powerful, high register. Alternatively, if the trombones play a melody, the pitch will be lower than the trumpet, and the tone will be heavier, which may change the musical effect that is created. While the"
"Altissimo Altissimo (Italian for ""very high"") is the uppermost register on woodwind instruments. For clarinets, which overblow on odd harmonics, the altissimo notes are those based on the fifth, seventh, and higher harmonics. For other woodwinds, the altissimo notes are those based on the third, fourth, and higher harmonics. The altissimo register is also known as the ""high register"". On the Boehm system flute, the first altissimo note, D<nowiki>6</nowiki>, is played using the third harmonic of G<nowiki>4</nowiki>. Fourth harmonics are used for D#<nowiki>6</nowiki> through G#<nowiki>6</nowiki>, and notes from A<nowiki>6</nowiki> through C<nowiki>7</nowiki> are played with fifth or sixth harmonics. A careful"
"range is defined by the keywork on each instrument, standard keywork schemes allowing a low E on the common B clarinet. The lowest concert pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument in question. The nominal highest note of the B clarinet is a semitone higher than the highest note of the oboe. Since the clarinet has a wider range of notes, the lowest note of the B clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor or major sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe. Nearly all soprano and piccolo clarinets have keywork enabling them to play the E below middle"
"with the lower teeth. Altissimo Altissimo (Italian for ""very high"") is the uppermost register on woodwind instruments. For clarinets, which overblow on odd harmonics, the altissimo notes are those based on the fifth, seventh, and higher harmonics. For other woodwinds, the altissimo notes are those based on the third, fourth, and higher harmonics. The altissimo register is also known as the ""high register"". On the Boehm system flute, the first altissimo note, D<nowiki>6</nowiki>, is played using the third harmonic of G<nowiki>4</nowiki>. Fourth harmonics are used for D#<nowiki>6</nowiki> through G#<nowiki>6</nowiki>, and notes from A<nowiki>6</nowiki> through C<nowiki>7</nowiki> are played with fifth or"
"Seventh octave The seventh octave is the highest octave of a piano. Using middle C (C4) as a guide, the next higher C is C5 or tenor C. The next C is C6 or soprano high C. The next C, C7 or double high C, is again one octave higher. C7 is eight steps away from the last note on the 88-key piano: C8. C7 is also the highest note on most other keyboard instruments. The seventh octave is the range of notes between C7 and C8. It is easier for very high coloratura sopranos to sing in this octave,"
"lowest to highest are called ""great bass"", ""bass"", ""basset"", ""tenor"", ""alto"", and ""soprano"". Potential sizes include: great bass in F; bass in B or C; basset in F or G; tenor in C or D; alto in F, G or A; and soprano in C or D. The alto in F is the standard recorder of the Baroque, although there is a small repertoire written for other sizes. In 17th-century England, smaller recorders were named for their relationship to the alto and notated as transposing instruments with respect to it: third flute (A), fifth flute (soprano; C), sixth flute (D),"
"cases C). Modern flutes may have a longer foot joint, a ""B-foot"", with an extra key to reach B. From high to low, the members of the concert flute family include: Each of the above instruments has its own range. The piccolo reads music in C (like the standard flute), but sounds one octave higher. The alto flute is in the key of G, and the low register extends to the G below middle C; its highest note is a high G (4 ledger lines above the treble staff). The bass flute is an octave lower than the concert flute,"
"cornet, vibraphone, xylophone, mandolin, recorder; it is also used for the guitar, which sounds an octave lower than written, as well as the euphonium and baritone horn, both of which sound a major ninth lower. Treble clef is the upper stave of the grand stave used for harp and keyboard instruments. It is also sometimes used, along with tenor clef, for the highest notes played by bass-clef instruments such as the cello, double bass (which sounds an octave lower), bassoon, and trombone. The viola also sometimes uses treble clef for very high notes. Treble clef is used for the soprano,"
"Members of the western concert flute family The western concert flute family has a wide range of instruments. The piccolo is the highest-pitched member of the flute family, with a range an octave above that of the concert flute. It is usually the highest-pitched instrument within orchestras and bands. The piccolo has a stereotype for being difficult to play in tune; its small size makes it difficult to construct an evenly tuned scale. The treble flute is pitched in the key of G, a fifth above the concert flute. The instrument is rare today, only occasionally found in flute choirs"
"lowest note is D4 (the first one below the treble clef staff) and the highest one is A5 (on the first additional line above the treble clef staff). In order to find the actual concert note pitches (in C) in a score for dolçaina, one must transpose them up a perfect fifth, as for the cor anglais (English Horn). Unless specifically stated otherwise, in the following sections, when there is a reference to notes or keys, one must think on the ones that are used by dolçaina players (in G) and not to the actual pitch (in C). The dolçaina"
"instrument is ""fagotto"", in Spanish and Romanian it is ""fagot"", and in German ""fagott"". Fagot is an Old French word meaning a bundle of sticks. The range of the bassoon begins at B (the first one below the bass staff) and extends upward over three octaves, roughly to the G above the treble staff (G). Higher notes are possible but difficult to produce, and rarely called for: orchestral and concert band parts rarely go higher than C or D. Even Stravinsky's famously difficult opening solo in ""The Rite of Spring"" only ascends to D. A is possible with a special"
"piece ""Lincolnshire Posy"". An important orchestral example is Igor Stravinsky's ""Threni"", which calls for an instrument in F instead of the usual E, and with extension keys to fingered low C (therefore indistinguishable from a basset horn). Stravinsky calls for the usual alto clarinet in E in the ""Elegy for J.F.K."" (1964). Joseph Holbrooke seems to have liked the instrument. He wrote an elaborate part for alto clarinet in his Symphony No. 2 ""Apollo and the Seaman"". In the wind band and clarinet choir the alto clarinet can add tonal strength to the ensemble, not only because it can play"
"The wood is usually African Blackwood. The standard concert flute is pitched in C and has a range of three octaves starting from middle C or one half step lower when a B foot is attached. This means the concert flute is one of the highest common orchestra and concert band instruments. The piccolo plays an octave higher than the regular treble flute. Lower members of the flute family include the G alto and C bass flutes that are used occasionally, and are pitched a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute, respectively. The contrabass, double contrabass, and"
"the instrument. The instrument is notated an octave above sounding pitch in bass clef, with tenor or even (rarely) treble clef called for in high passages. Tonally, it sounds much like the bassoon except for a distinctive organ pedal quality in the lowest octave of its range which provides a solid underpinning to the orchestra or concert band. The lowest range, in comparison with the bassoon, can be played more quietly than the bassoon can. Although the instrument can have a distinct 'buzz', which becomes almost a clatter in the extreme low range, this is nothing more than a variance"
"using an electronic tone generator. When playing with fixed-pitch instruments such as the piano, the orchestra will generally tune to them—a piano will normally have been tuned to the orchestra's normal pitch. Overall, it is thought that the general trend since the middle of the 20th century has been for standard pitch to rise, though it has been rising far more slowly than it has in the past. Some orchestras like the Berlin Philharmonic now use a slightly lower pitch (443 Hz) than their highest previous standard (445 Hz). Many modern ensembles which specialize in the performance of Baroque music"
"uniformly, since the fundamental is chromatically discontinuous with the lowest 2nd harmonic reachable on a three-valve instrument or via the seven-position slide on a trombone. Trombone and tuba in particular are often called upon to play pedal notes (fundamental notes) and so-called ""false harmonics"" and ""false tones"" below their normal range. The modern standard orchestral horn is a double B/F horn. The player can switch between the two modes using a thumb-operated fourth valve. The fundamental pitch of the F horn is near that of the tuba. Horn notation is a complex subject beyond the scope of this article, but"
"assigns MIDI note 0 to C (five octaves below C or Middle C; lowest note on the two largest organs of the world; about one octave below the human hearing threshold: its overtones, however, are audible), MIDI note 21 to A (the bottom key of an 88-key piano), MIDI note 60 to C (Middle C), MIDI note 69 to A (A440), MIDI note 108 to C (the top key of an 88-key piano), and MIDI note 127 to G (beyond the piano; one octave above the highest note on some keyboard glockenspiels; some notes above the highest-pitched organ pipes). This"
"but some people who are capable of singing in the bass range (like singers Adam Lopez or Nicola Sedda) can do it. While notes in the sixth octave, between soprano high C and C7, can have enough color to sound flutey or canary-like, the squeaky, whistly tones in the seventh octave help give the whistle register its name, as do the piercing qualities of notes in this octave. Seventh octave The seventh octave is the highest octave of a piano. Using middle C (C4) as a guide, the next higher C is C5 or tenor C. The next C is"
"written C6 for horn in Bflat alto. That sounds as concert Bflat5, not 6. The latter is the highest horn note in the standard orchestral repertoire. Symphony No. 51 (Haydn) The Symphony No. 51 in B major, Hoboken I/51, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn, written in either 1773 or 1774, although the exact dating remains ambiguous. Scored for 2 oboes, 2 horns (B alto, E), bassoon and strings. The work is in four movements: Sometimes described as ""a concertante piece featuring the two horns, which are given parts of staggering difficulty."" The second, slow, movement contains high notes for"
"were the most celebrated makers of this period. The baroque recorder produces a most brilliant and projecting sound is in the second octave, which is more facile and extended than that of earlier recorders, while the lowest notes in its range are relatively weak. Composers such as Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi exploit this property in their concertos for the instrument. Measured from its lowest to its highest playable note, the baroque alto recorder has a range of at most two octaves and a fifth with many instruments having a smaller range. Even the most developed instruments of the period, however,"
"a solo instrument, primarily in 18th century Vienna. Modern composers have rediscovered the instrument and the alto trombone has begun making more appearances in modern small-scale compositions like the chamber opera ""The Burning Fiery Furnace"" written by Britten in 1966. Today, first-chair professional orchestral tenor trombonists are expected to play the alto trombone when required. Notable orchestral, choral, and large operatic works scored for this instrument include: The soprano trombone is usually pitched in B an octave above the tenor. Logically, the instrument must have been invented as the alto and bass trombones came too. Whether the soprano trombone ever"
"ninth harmonics are used beyond that. For bassoons, the altissimo notes bear complicated harmonic relationships to the fundamental register. Saxophone altissimo is generally considered to be any note that is higher than written high F which is considered to be the highest note in the saxophone's regular range. Altissimo is produced by the player using various voicing techniques such as air stream, tongue, throat and embouchure variations to disturb the fundamental of a note which results in one of the higher overtones dominating. In classical music, altissimo playing is considered a necessary skill for saxophonists, and much of the modern"
"ascends into heaven. ""Giovanna d'Arco"" is scored for piccolo (briefly doubling second flute), flute, two oboes (second doubling cor anglais), two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, six or nine offstage trumpets, three trombones, cimbasso, timpani, snare drum, bass drum and cymbals (""cassa""), cymbals (""piatti""), triangle, bell, cannon, wind band, wind band of brass instruments only, offstage band, bass drum for band, harp, harmonium, strings. Few scholars regard the quality of the music very highly. David Kimball writes: ""For modern ears no opera illustrates more disconcertingly than ""Giovanna d'Arco"" the chasm between Verdi's best and worst music."" He praises"
"Flat major"""". Also, the alto saxophone is part of the standard instrumentation of concert bands and saxophone quartets. The alto saxophone is also occasionally used in orchestral compositions. Several orchestral examples are listed below. Alto saxophone The alto saxophone, also referred to as the alto sax, is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented by Belgian instrument designer Adolphe Sax in the 1840s, and patented in 1846. It is pitched in E, and is smaller than the tenor, but larger than the soprano. The alto sax is the most common saxophone and is commonly used in concert"
"1st & 2nd alto, 1st & 2nd tenor, baritone and bass) choir. Octet (music) In music, an octet is a musical ensemble consisting of eight instruments or voices, or a musical composition written for such an ensemble. Octets in classical music are one of the largest groupings of chamber music. Although eight-part scoring was fairly common for serenades and divertimenti in the 18th century, the word ""octet"" only first appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, as the title of a composition by Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, whose Octet op. 12 (published posthumously in 1808) features the piano,"
"The same design principle was used by Hutchins to design a complete family of eight stringed instruments, commonly called the violin octet, of which the vertical viola has been the most successful. Since all of the instruments are designed based on the violin, Hutchins gave the name ""alto violin"" to her vertical viola design. Hutchins's instrument has attracted admiration for its power and beauty of tone. The cellist Yo-Yo Ma has employed a Hutchins vertical viola to perform and record Béla Bartók's Viola Concerto. Vertical viola The vertical viola, or alto violin, is a stringed instrument with the range of"
"violin, the soprano by the second, the viola reinforces the tenor and occasionally the alto. At times, the first violin unites with the canto, in order that the leading highest part may stand out more clearly. The support of the alto voice by the highest stringed instrument, mostly in the higher octave, makes the alto stand out clearly in the harmony against the soprano. During his stay in Paris, Mozart was also able to perform concerts at the court of Louis XV due to the influence of the German writer Friedrich Melchior von Grimm. Kyrie in F major, K. 33"
"Vertical viola The vertical viola, or alto violin, is a stringed instrument with the range of a viola that is played vertically in the manner of a cello. It is the fourth-highest member of the violin octet (after the treble, soprano, and mezzo violins). The standard viola is about as big as can conveniently be played under the chin. The physicist/instrument maker Carleen Hutchins, working during the 1960s, reasoned that a viola played vertically could be made larger, and that a larger viola might produce a better sound. Based on principles of instrument design she had observed in top-quality existing"
"highest note) G,D,A,E. However, during the height of blues violin recordings 440 Hz for A was a far less commonly used concert pitch. Concert pitch apparently varied from ensemble to ensemble, from one recording session to the next, and quite likely from day to day, or from one climate to the next. Groups such as Jack Kelly and his South Memphis Jug Band and the Mississippi Sheiks, tuned as much as a minor third, or three semi-tones low for various recordings. Although the keys of C, G, and D appear frequently, blues fiddle, is very often played in keys more"
"natural trumpets. In conventional (non-period) orchestras, the highest baroque trumpet parts are usually played on the modern piccolo trumpet, an instrument that provides firm support of range, attack and intonation, while producing a brighter sound—very different from the natural trumpet the composers had in mind. The natural trumpet is differentiated from another valveless brass instrument, the bugle, in that it is nearly twice the length. This places the higher harmonics (from the 8th harmonic up, which are closer together in pitch) in a playable range, enabling the performance of diatonic melodies. The bugle, by contrast, is only useful for performing"