"provides an alternative unit of mass: one slug is the mass that will accelerate by one foot per second squared when acted on by one pound-force. An alternative unit of force in a different foot-pound-second system, the absolute fps system, is the poundal, defined as the force required to accelerate a one-pound mass at a rate of one foot per second squared. The units of slug and poundal are designed to avoid a constant of proportionality in Newton's Second Law. The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force"
"Poundal The poundal (symbol: pdl) is a unit of force that is part of the foot–pound–second system of units, in Imperial units introduced in 1877, and is from the specialized subsystem of English absolute (a coherent system). The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate 1 pound-mass at 1 foot per second per second. 1 pdl = exactly. English units require re-scaling of either force or mass to eliminate a numerical proportionality constant in the equation ""F = ma"". The poundal represents one choice, which is to rescale units of force. Since a pound of ""force"" (pound force)"
"Dyne The dyne (symbol dyn, from Greek δύναμις, ""dynamis"", meaning power, force) is a derived unit of force specified in the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI. The name dyne was first proposed as a C.G.S. unit of force in 1873 by a Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The dyne is defined as ""the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimetre per second per second"". An equivalent definition of the dyne is ""that force which, acting for one second, will produce a"
"the ""mass"" unit is rescaled by a factor of roughly 32. That is, one pound-force will accelerate one pound-mass at 32 feet per second squared; we can scale ""up"" the unit of ""mass"" to compensate, which will be accelerated by 1 ft/s (rather than 32 ft/s) given the application of one pound force; this gives us a unit of mass called the slug, which is about 32 pounds mass. Using this system (slugs and pounds-force), the above expression could be expressed as: Note: Slugs (32.174 049 lb) and poundals (1/32.174 049 lbf) are never used in the same system, since"
"accelerates a pound of ""mass"" (pound mass) at 32.174 049 ft/s (9.80665 m/s; the acceleration of gravity, ""g""), we can scale down the unit of force to compensate, giving us one that accelerates 1 pound mass at 1 ft/s rather than at 32.174 049 ft/s; and that is the poundal, which is approximately of a pound force. For example, a force of 1200 poundals is required to accelerate a person of 150 pounds mass at 8 feet per second squared: The poundal-as-force, pound-as-mass system is contrasted with an alternative system in which pounds are used as ""force"" (pounds-force), and instead,"
"customary units, the pound can be either a unit of force or a unit of mass. Related units used in some distinct, separate subsystems of units include the poundal and the slug. The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate an object of one-pound ""mass"" at 1 ft/s, and is equivalent to about 1/32.2 of a pound-""force"". The slug is defined as the amount of mass that accelerates at 1 ft/s when one pound-force is exerted on it, and is equivalent to about 32.2 pounds (mass). The kilogram-force is a non-SI unit of force, defined as the force"
"the moon or in deep space as poundals, lb⋅ft/s or lbf = slug⋅ft/s, avoids the constant tied to acceleration of gravity on earth. Slug (unit) Poundal The poundal (symbol: pdl) is a unit of force that is part of the foot–pound–second system of units, in Imperial units introduced in 1877, and is from the specialized subsystem of English absolute (a coherent system). The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate 1 pound-mass at 1 foot per second per second. 1 pdl = exactly. English units require re-scaling of either force or mass to eliminate a numerical proportionality constant"
"Acceleration In physics, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time. An object's acceleration is the net result of all forces acting on the object, as described by Newton's Second Law. The SI unit for acceleration is metre per second squared Accelerations are vector quantities (they have magnitude and direction) and add according to the parallelogram law. The vector of the net force acting on a body has the same direction as the vector of the body's acceleration, and its magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the acceleration, with the object's mass"
"This definition can be rephrased in terms of the slug. A slug has a mass of 32.174049 lb. A pound-force is the amount of force required to accelerate a slug at a rate of , so: In some contexts, the term ""pound"" is used almost exclusively to refer to the unit of force and not the unit of mass. In those applications, the preferred unit of mass is the slug, i.e. lbf⋅s/ft. In other contexts, the unit ""pound"" refers to a unit of mass. The international standard symbol for the pound as a unit of mass is lb. In the"
"which follows the tradition of pound-force (lbf). In other, international contexts the special name ""pond"" (p) or ""kilopond"" (kp) respectively is more frequent. The hyl, metric slug (mug), or TME (German: technische Masseneinheit, technical mass unit), is the mass that accelerates at 1 m/s under a force of 1 kgf. The hyl has also been used as the unit of mass in a metre–gram-force–second (mgfs) system. The (only) gravitational unit of pressure is the technical atmosphere (at). It is the gravitational force of one kilogram, i.e. 1 kgf, exerted on an area of one square centimetre. There is no dedicated"
"produce g-forces on the rocket and passengers. The unit of measure of acceleration in the International System of Units (SI) is m/s. However, to distinguish acceleration relative to free fall from simple acceleration (rate of change of velocity), the unit g (or g) is often used. One ""g"" is the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface and is the standard gravity (symbol: ""g""), defined as metres per second squared, or equivalently newtons of force per kilogram of mass. Note that the ""unit definition"" does not vary with location—the g-force when standing on the moon is about 0.181 g."
"to define the ""metric horsepower"" (PS) as 75 metre-kiloponds per second. In addition, kilograms force is the standard unit used for Vickers hardness testing. The tonne-force, metric ton-force, megagram-force, and megapond (Mp) are each 1000 kilograms-force. The decanewton or dekanewton (daN), exactly 10 N, is used in some fields as an approximation to the kilogram-force, because it is close to the 9.80665 N of 1 kgf. Kilogram-force The kilogram-force (kgf or kg), or kilopond (kp, from Latin ""pondus"" meaning ""weight""), is a gravitational metric unit of force. It is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram"
"the acceleration of gravity is 32 feet per second per second and the initial upward speed is 500 feet per second. It is not even necessary for ""t"" to be in ""seconds"". For example, suppose ""t"" = 0.01 minutes. Then the first term would be The value of a dimensional physical quantity ""Z"" is written as the product of a unit [""Z""] within the dimension and a dimensionless numerical factor, ""n"". When like-dimensioned quantities are added or subtracted or compared, it is convenient to express them in consistent units so that the numerical values of these quantities may be directly"
"Mass flow rate In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the mass of a substance which passes per unit of time. Its unit is kilogram per second in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units. The common symbol is formula_1 (ṁ, pronounced ""m-dot""), although sometimes ""μ"" (Greek lowercase mu) is used. Sometimes, mass flow rate is termed ""mass flux"" or ""mass current"", see for example ""Fluid Mechanics, Schaum's et al"". In this article, the (more intuitive) definition is used. Mass flow rate is defined by the limit: The reason for the dot"
"Specific force Specific force is defined as the non-gravitational force per unit mass. Specific force (also called g-force and mass-specific force) is measured in meters/second² (m·s) which is the units for acceleration. Thus, specific force is not actually a force, but a type of acceleration. However, the (mass-)specific force is not a coordinate-acceleration, but rather a proper acceleration, which is the acceleration relative to free-fall. Forces, specific forces, and proper accelerations are the same in all reference frames, but coordinate accelerations are frame-dependent. For free bodies, the specific force is the cause of, and a measure of, the body's proper"
"Kilogram-force The kilogram-force (kgf or kg), or kilopond (kp, from Latin ""pondus"" meaning ""weight""), is a gravitational metric unit of force. It is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram of mass in a gravitational field (standard gravity, a conventional value approximating the average magnitude of gravity on Earth). Therefore, one kilogram-force is by definition equal to . Similarly, a gram-force is , and a milligram-force is . One kilogram-force is approximately 2.204622 pound-force. Kilogram-force is a non-standard unit and is classified in SI Metric System as a unit that is unacceptable for use with SI."
"exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is"
"gm. A unit force is therefore 1 cm/sec multiplied by 1 gm."" These are independent statements. The first is a definition; the second is not. The first implies that the constant of proportionality in the force law has a magnitude of one; the second implies that it is dimensionless. Asimov uses them both together to prove that it is the pure number one. Asimov's conclusion is not the only possible one. In a system that uses the units foot (ft) for length, second (s) for time, pound (lb) for mass, and pound-force (lbf) for force, the law relating force (""F""),"
"the Earth's surface are subject to a gravitational acceleration of approximately 9.8 m/s. The General Conference on Weights and Measures fixed the value of standard gravity at precisely 9.80665 m/s so that disciplines such as metrology would have a standard value for converting units of defined mass into defined forces and pressures. Thus the kilogram-force is defined as precisely 9.80665 newtons. In reality, gravitational acceleration (symbol: ""g"") varies slightly with latitude, elevation and subsurface density; these variations are typically only a few tenths of a percent. See also ""Gravimetry"". Engineers and scientists understand the distinctions between mass, force, and weight."
"the ""gravity"" field, and formula_8 that of the centrifugal force field. The centrifugal force -- per unit of mass, i.e., acceleration -- is given by where is the vector pointing to the point considered straight from the Earth's rotational axis. It can be shown that this pseudo-force field, in a reference frame co-rotating with the Earth, has a potential associated with it that looks like this: This can be verified by taking the gradient (formula_12) operator of this expression. Here, formula_13, formula_14 and formula_15 are geocentric coordinates. Gravity is commonly measured in units of m·s (metres per second squared). This"
"Metre per second squared The metre per second squared is the unit of acceleration in the International System of Units (SI). As a derived unit, it is composed from the SI base units of length, the metre, and time, the second. Its symbol is written in several forms as m/s, m·s or m s, or less commonly, as m/s/s. As acceleration, the unit is interpreted physically as change in velocity or speed per time interval, i.e. metre per second per second and is treated as a vector quantity. An object experiences a constant acceleration of one metre per second squared"
"foot per second = (exactly) 1 mile per hour = (exactly) 1 km/h = (exactly) 1 kilometre per second is equivalent to: The benz, named in honour of Karl Benz, has been proposed as a name for one metre per second. Although it has seen some support as a practical unit, primarily from German sources, it was rejected as the SI unit of velocity and has not seen widespread use or acceptance. Metre per second Metre per second (American English: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector quantity which specifies both magnitude"
"N·kg, or N/kg. Thus, the Earth's gravitational field (near ground level) can be quoted as 9.8 metres per second squared, or the equivalent 9.8 N/kg. Acceleration can be measured in ratios to gravity, such as g-force, and peak ground acceleration in earthquakes. Metre per second squared The metre per second squared is the unit of acceleration in the International System of Units (SI). As a derived unit, it is composed from the SI base units of length, the metre, and time, the second. Its symbol is written in several forms as m/s, m·s or m s, or less commonly, as"
"(s) are base units; then the kilometer (km) and the hour (h) are noncoherent derived units. The meter per second (mps) is defined as the velocity of an object that travels one meter in one second, and the kilometer per hour (kmph) is defined as the velocity of an object that travels one kilometer in one hour. Substituting from the definitions of the units into the defining equation of velocity we obtain, 1 mps = ""k"" m/s and 1 kmph = ""k"" km/h = 1/3.6 ""k"" m/s = 1/3.6 mps. Now choose ""k"" = 1; then the meter per second"
"formula_1). The unit for this value is seconds. Because the weight on Earth of the reaction mass is often unimportant when discussing vehicles in space, specific impulse can also be discussed in terms of impulse per unit mass. This alternate form of specific impulse uses the same units as velocity (e.g. m/s), and in fact it is equal to the effective exhaust velocity of the engine (typically designated formula_2). Confusingly, both values are sometimes called specific impulse. The two values differ by a factor of ""g"", the standard acceleration due to gravity 9.80665 m/s² (formula_3). A rocket with a high"
"equivalent to 1000 lbf. See also Ton-force. See force gauge, spring scale, load cell Force In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F. The original form of"
"of Units (SI), the kilogram is the basic unit of mass, and the newton is the basic unit of force. The non-SI kilogram-force is also a unit of force typically used in the measure of weight. Similarly, the avoirdupois pound, used in both the Imperial system and U.S. customary units, is a unit of mass, and its related unit of force is the pound-force. When an object's weight (its gravitational force) is expressed in ""kilograms"", this actually refers to the kilogram-force (kgf or kg-f), also known as the ""kilopond"" (kp), which is a non-SI unit of force. All objects on"
"Slug (unit) The slug is a derived unit of mass in the weight-based system of measures, most notably within the British Imperial measurement system and in the United States customary measures system. Systems of measure either define mass and derive force or define a base force and derive a mass unit. A slug is defined as the mass that is accelerated by 1 ft/s when a force of one pound (lbf) is exerted on it. One slug has a mass of based on standard gravity, the international foot, and the avoirdupois pound. At the Earth's surface, an object with a"
"Mass Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied. The object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies. The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). In physics, mass is not the same as weight, even though mass is often determined by measuring the object's weight using a spring scale, rather than balance scale comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does"
"velocity is in meters per second then the momentum is in kilogram meters per second (kg⋅m/s). In cgs units, if the mass is in grams and the velocity in centimeters per second, then the momentum is in gram centimeters per second (g⋅cm/s). Being a vector, momentum has magnitude and direction. For example, a 1 kg model airplane, traveling due north at 1 m/s in straight and level flight, has a momentum of 1 kg⋅m/s due north measured with reference to the ground. The momentum of a system of particles is the vector sum of their momenta. If two particles have"
"18th century, the unit has been used in low-precision measurements, for which small changes in Earth's gravity (which varies from place to place by up to half a percent) can safely be neglected. The 20th century, however, brought the need for a more precise definition. A standardized value for acceleration due to gravity was therefore needed. The pound-force is the product of one avoirdupois pound (exactly ) and the standard acceleration due to gravity, (about ). The standard values of acceleration of the standard gravitational field (""g"") and the international avoirdupois pound (lb) result in a pound-force equal to :"
"Kilogram-force per square centimetre A kilogram-force per centimetre square (kgf/cm), often just kilogram per square centimetre (kg/cm), or kilopond per centimetre square is a deprecated unit of pressure using metric units. It is not a part of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system. 1 kgf/cm equals 98.0665 kPa (kilopascals). kg/cm remains active as a measurement of force primarily due to older torque measurement devices still in use. This use of the unit of pressure provides an intuitive understanding for how a body's ""mass"" can apply ""force"" to a scale's ""surface area"" i.e.kilogram-force per square (centi-)metre. In"
"(1891) ""Dictionary of Measures"" contains ""celo"" (acceleration), ""vel"" or ""velo"" (velocity) and ""pulse"" (momentum) as proposed names for FPS absolute units. The technical or gravitational FPS system, is a coherent variant of the FPS system that is most common among engineers in the United States. It takes the pound-force as a fundamental unit of force instead of the pound as a fundamental unit of mass. In this sub-system, the unit of mass is a derived unit known as the slug. In the context of the gravitational FPS system, the pound-force (lbf) is sometimes referred to as the pound (lb). Another"