"machine, and it attempted but failed to break the cipher. In December 1932, the Polish Cipher Bureau tasked Marian Rejewski with breaking the Enigma cipher machine. A French spy had obtained some material about the Enigma, and the French had provided the material to the Polish Cipher Bureau. By that time, the commercial Enigma had been extended to use a plugboard. Rejewski made rapid progress and was able to determine the wiring of the military Enigma. The Bureau modified its commercial Enigma rotors, reflector, and internal wiring to match the military Enigma. The commercial Enigma did not have a plugboard,"
"Schlüsselgerät 39 Schlüsselgerät 39 was an electrically operated rotor cipher machine, invented by the German Fritz Menzer during World War II. The device was the evolution of the Enigma rotors coupled with three Hagelin pin wheels to provide variable stepping of the rotors. All three wheels stepped once with each encipherment. Rotors stepped according to normal Enigma rules, except that an active pin at the reading station for a pin wheel prevented the coupled rotor from stepping. The cycle for a normal Enigma was 17,576 characters. When the Schlüsselgerät 39 was correctly configured, its cycle length was formula_1 characters, which"
"I"" (with plugboard) appeared in June 1930. The Enigma I used by the German military in the 1930s was a 3-rotor machine. Initially, there were only three rotors labeled ""I"", ""II"", and ""III"", but they could be arranged in any order when placed in the machine. Rejewski identified the rotor permutations by , , and ; the encipherment produced by the rotors altered as each character was encrypted. The rightmost permutation () changed with each character. In addition, there was a plugboard that did some additional scrambling. The number of possible different rotor wirings is: The number of possible different"
"Siemens and Halske T52 The Siemens & Halske T52, also known as the Geheimschreiber (""secret teleprinter""), or ""Schlüsselfernschreibmaschine"" (SFM), was a World War II German cipher machine and teleprinter produced by the electrical engineering firm Siemens & Halske. The instrument and its traffic were codenamed ""Sturgeon"" by British cryptanalysts. While the Enigma machine was generally used by field units, the T52 was an online machine used by Luftwaffe and German Navy units, which could support the heavy machine, teletypewriter and attendant fixed circuits. It fulfilled a similar role to the Lorenz cipher machines in the German Army. The British cryptanalysts"
"Hebern rotor machine The Hebern Rotor Machine was an electro-mechanical encryption machine built by combining the mechanical parts of a standard typewriter with the electrical parts of an electric typewriter, connecting the two through a scrambler. It is the first example (though just barely) of a class of machines known as rotor machines that would become the primary form of encryption during World War II and for some time after, and which included such famous examples as the German Enigma. Edward Hugh Hebern was a building contractor who was jailed in 1908 for stealing a horse. It is claimed that,"
"1945, The German Enigma used a combination key to control the operation of the machine: rotor order, which rotors to install, which ring setting for each rotor, which initial setting for each rotor, and the settings of the ""stecker"" plugboard. The rotor settings were trigrams (for example, ""NJR"") to indicate the way the operator was to set the machine. German Enigma operators were issued lists of these keys, one key for each day. For added security, however, each individual message was encrypted using an additional key modification. The operator randomly selected a trigram rotor setting for each message (for example,"
"to find their perceived weaknesses, they never constructed any themselves. The chief German cryptological machine was the Enigma machine. It was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I, was regarded as antiquated and was considered secure only when used properly, which was generally not the case later in the war. Director Fenner was instrumental in getting them introduced into use. One item alone, the variable-notch rotor () would have made the Enigma secure after 1942. The Siemens and Halske T52-E (German:Geheimschreiber) i.e. the G-Schreiber was considered a secure teleprinter. It was considered modern"
"the T52 was by far the most complex cipher of the three, but also because the Luftwaffe very often retransmitted Sturgeon messages using easier-to-attack (or already broken) ciphers, making it unnecessary to attack Sturgeon. Siemens and Halske T52 The Siemens & Halske T52, also known as the Geheimschreiber (""secret teleprinter""), or ""Schlüsselfernschreibmaschine"" (SFM), was a World War II German cipher machine and teleprinter produced by the electrical engineering firm Siemens & Halske. The instrument and its traffic were codenamed ""Sturgeon"" by British cryptanalysts. While the Enigma machine was generally used by field units, the T52 was an online machine used"
"reflector wirings is: The number of possible different plugboard wirings (for six cables) is: To encrypt or decrypt, the operator made the following machine key settings: In the early 1930s, the Germans distributed a secret monthly list of all the daily machine settings. The Germans knew that it would be foolish to encrypt the day's traffic using the same key, so each message had its own ""message key"". This message key was the sender-chosen initial rotor positions (e.g., YEK). The message key had to be conveyed to the recipient operator, so the Germans decided to encrypt it using the day's"
"and the SIGABA (American). During the War the Swiss began development on an Enigma improvement which became the NEMA machine which was put into service after World War II. There was even a Japanese developed variant of the Enigma in which the rotors sat horizontally; it was apparently never put into service. The Japanese PURPLE machine was not a rotor machine, being built around electrical stepping switches, but was conceptually similar. Rotor machines continued to be used even in the computer age. The KL-7 (ADONIS), an encryption machine with 8 rotors, was widely used by the U.S. and its allies"
"to estimate how many bombe stops would be expected according to the number of letters in the menu and the number of loops. Some of his results are given in the following table. Recent bombe simulations have shown similar results. The German military Enigma included a plugboard (""Steckerbrett"" in German) which swapped letters (indicated here by ) before and after the main scrambler's change (indicated by ). The plugboard connections were known to the cryptanalysts as Stecker values. If there had been no plugboard, it would have been relatively straightforward to test a rotor setting; a Typex machine modified to"
"was more that 15000 times longer than a standard Enigma. The Schlüsselgerät 39 was fully automatic, in that when a key was pressed, the plain and cipher letters were printed on separate paper tapes, divided into five-digit groups. The Schlüsselgerät 39 was abandoned by German forces in favour of the Schlüsselgerät 41. Note: Otto Buggisch gave the technical description of the cipher unit as part of TICOM ""homework"". Gerät 39 is an electrically operated cipher machine. The cipher technique is derived from the Enigma cipher machine. A direct current passes through 3 or 4 wheels, with 26 positions, I, II,"
"from the 1950s until the 1980s. The last Canadian message encrypted with a KL-7 was sent on June 30, 1983. The Soviet Union and its allies used a 10-rotor machine called Fialka well into the 1970s. A unique rotor machine was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands-based Tatjana van Vark. This unusual device is inspired by Enigma, but makes use of 40-point rotors, allowing letters, numbers and some punctuation; each rotor contains 509 parts. A software implementation of a rotor machine was used in the crypt command that was part of early UNIX operating systems. It was among the first software"
"soon adopted by the ""Reichsmarine"" (German Navy). The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor. Enigma without a plugboard (known as ""unsteckered Enigma"") can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods; these techniques are generally defeated by the plugboard, driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve it. A cable placed onto the plugboard connected letters in pairs; for example, ""E"" and ""Q"" might be a steckered pair. The effect was to swap those letters before and after the main rotor scrambling unit. For example, when an operator presses ""E"", the signal was diverted to ""Q"" before"
"mind and adopted a modified version of the Enigma machine in 1926, followed by the German army in 1928, and the German air force in 1935”. Combining three rotors from a set of five, the rotor settings with 26 positions, and the plug board with ten pairs of letters connected, the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 (nearly 159 quintillion) different settings. Arthur Scherbius Dr. Arthur Scherbius (30 October 1878 – 13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer, inventor and pioneer who invented the famous mechanical cipher Enigma machine. He patented the invention, and later sold the machine under the brand"
"Between circa World War I and the widespread availability of computers (for some governments this was approximately the 1950s or 1960s; for other organizations it was a decade or more later; for individuals it was no earlier than 1975), mechanical implementations of polyalphabetic substitution ciphers were widely used. Several inventors had similar ideas about the same time, and rotor cipher machines were patented four times in 1919. The most important of the resulting machines was the Enigma, especially in the versions used by the German military from approximately 1930. The Allies also developed and used rotor machines (e.g., SIGABA and"
"Lorenz cipher The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II. They were developed by C. Lorenz AG in Berlin. The model name ""SZ"" was derived from ""Schlüssel-Zusatz"", meaning ""cipher attachment"". The instruments implemented a Vernam stream cipher. British cryptanalysts, who referred to encrypted German teleprinter traffic as ""Fish"", dubbed the machine and its traffic Tunny (meaning tunafish) and deduced its logical structure three years before they saw a machine. The SZ machines were in-line attachments to standard teleprinters. An experimental link using SZ40 machines was started in"
"panel ""Fernlesegerät"". For machines equipped with the extra panel, the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel. A lamp panel version could be connected afterwards, but that required, as with the ""Schreibmax"", that the lamp panel and lightbulbs be removed. The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it. In 1944, the ""Luftwaffe"" introduced a plugboard switch, called the ""Uhr"" (clock), a small box containing a switch with 40 positions. It replaced the standard plugs. After connecting the plugs, as determined in the daily"
"Bureau's mathematician-cryptologist Marian Rejewski in December 1932 deduced the wiring in the German Enigma rotor cipher machine, AVA produced Enigma ""doubles"" and all the electro-mechanical equipment that was designed at the Cipher Bureau to facilitate decryption of the German ciphers. The Poles' reading of German ciphers laid the foundation for the western Allies' Ultra cipher-breaking operations, beginning seven years later, during World War II. Before the war, AVA also produced the Cipher Bureau-designed Lacida rotor cipher machine. After the invasion of Poland in 1939, Fokczyński was one of the essential Cipher Bureau and AVA personnel who made it to France"
"300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory. However, its paper card writer/reader was unreliable and the regenerative drum contact system was mechanical. The machine's special-purpose nature and lack of changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers. During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park (40 miles north of London) achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. Women often operated these bombe machines. They ruled out possible Enigma settings by performing chains of logical"
"(literally, ""no special occurrences""—perhaps better translated as ""nothing to report""), with a section of ciphertext, might produce the following: The mechanism of the Enigma consisted of a keyboard connected to a battery and a current entry plate or wheel (German: ""Eintrittswalze""), at the right hand end of the scrambler (usually via a plugboard in the military versions). This contained a set of 26 contacts that made electrical connection with the set of 26 spring-loaded pins on the right hand rotor. The internal wiring of the core of each rotor provided an electrical pathway from the pins on one side to"
"the addition of a plugboard to swap pairs of letters, greatly increasing cryptographic strength. Other differences included the use of a fixed reflector and the relocation of the stepping notches from the rotor body to the movable letter rings. The machine measured and weighed around . In August 1935, the Air Force introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for their communications. By 1930, the Reichswehr had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine, citing the benefits of increased security (with the plugboard) and easier interservice communications. The Reichsmarine eventually agreed and in 1934 brought into service the Navy version of the Army"
"on display at the Bletchley Park museum. In March 2009 it won an Engineering Heritage Award. The Bombe rebuild was relocated to The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park in May 2018, the new gallery officially re-opening on the 23rd of June 2018 Bombe The bombe () is an electro-mechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. The US Navy and US Army later produced their own machines to the same functional specification, albeit engineered differently both from each other and from the British Bombe itself. The initial design of"
"but unlike Enigma, was not a rotor machine, being built around electrical stepping switches. It was broken by the US Army Signal Intelligence Service and disseminated as ""Magic"". Detailed reports by the Japanese ambassador to Germany were encrypted on the Purple machine. His reports included reviews of German assessments of the military situation, reviews of strategy and intentions, reports on direct inspections by the ambassador (in one case, of Normandy beach defences), and reports of long interviews with Hitler. The chief fleet communications code system used by the Imperial Japanese Navy was called JN-25 by the Americans and by early"
"(not publicly known, and reinvented independently by Bazeries around 1900). Many mechanical encryption/decryption devices were invented early in the 20th century, and several patented, among them rotor machines—famously including the Enigma machine used by the German government and military from the late 1920s and during World War II. The ciphers implemented by better quality examples of these machine designs brought about a substantial increase in cryptanalytic difficulty after WWI. Cryptanalysis of the new mechanical devices proved to be both difficult and laborious. In the United Kingdom, cryptanalytic efforts at Bletchley Park during WWII spurred the development of more efficient means"
"of cipher machinery used by Germany. These were the Enigma cipher machine and those of Hagelin type cryptographic machinery. In the latter, all wheels stepped once with each encipherment with the cycle was extended by the use of different ""length"" wheels. For the Enigma, motion was of the odometer-type, with the only variation being the starting point of the cycle on each rotors. Fritz Menzer's inventions were designed to make such motions unpredictable. Fritz Menzer Ostwin Fritz Menzer (* 6 April 1908 in Herrndorf near Niederschöna in Saxony between Chemnitz and Dresden † died 25 October 2005 in Bad Homburg"
"a garden shed in Southend-on-Sea. It was found to be the World War II military version, was refurbished and in May 2016 installed next to the SZ42 machine in the museum's ""Tunny"" gallery. Lorenz cipher The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II. They were developed by C. Lorenz AG in Berlin. The model name ""SZ"" was derived from ""Schlüssel-Zusatz"", meaning ""cipher attachment"". The instruments implemented a Vernam stream cipher. British cryptanalysts, who referred to encrypted German teleprinter traffic as ""Fish"", dubbed the machine and its traffic"
"additional security feature, a plugboard (""Steckerbrett"" in German; each plug is a ""Stecker"") that further scrambled the letters. The Enigma encryption is a self inverse: it swapped letters in pairs: if A is transformed into R then R is transformed into A. The plugboard maintained the self inverse, but the plugboard transformation, unlike the rotor transformation, does not change during the encryption. This regularity was exploited by Welchman's ""diagonal board"" enhancement to the bombe, which vastly increased its efficiency. With six plug leads in use (leaving 14 letters ""unsteckered"") this gives 100,391,791,500 possible ways of setting up the plugboard. An"
"permutations for the rotor selection. The machine was offered for sale during the 1960s. OMI cryptograph The OMI cryptograph was a rotor cipher machine produced and sold by Italian firm Ottico Meccanica Italiana (OMI) in Rome. The machine had seven rotors, including a reflecting rotor. The rotors stepped regularly. Each rotor could be assembled from two sections with different wiring: one section consisted of a ""frame"" containing ratchet notches, as well as some wiring, while the other section consisted of a ""slug"" with a separate wiring. The slug section fitted into the frame section, and different slugs and frames could"
"LCD at Cadix. In 1974, Rejewski explained that the LCD had two serious flaws. It lacked a commutator (""plugboard""), which was one of the strong points of the German military Enigma machine. The LCD's other weakness involved the reflector and wiring. These shortcomings did not imply that the LCD, somewhat larger than the Enigma and more complicated (e.g., it had a switch for resetting to deciphering), was easy to solve. Indeed, the likelihood of its being broken by the German ""E-Dienst"" was judged slight. Theoretically it did exist, however. Lacida The Lacida (or LCD) was a Polish rotor cipher machine."
"Fialka In cryptography, Fialka (M-125) is the name of a Cold War-era Soviet cipher machine. A rotor machine, the device uses 10 rotors, each with 30 contacts along with mechanical pins to control stepping. It also makes use of a punched card mechanism. ""Fialka"" means ""violet"" in Russian. Information regarding the machine was quite scarce until c. 2005 because the device had been kept secret. Fialka contains a five-level paper tape reader on the right hand side at the front of the machine, and a paper tape punch and tape printing mechanism on top. The punched-card input for keying the"
"A third version, ""Umkehrwalze C"" was used briefly in 1940, possibly by mistake, and was solved by Hut 6. The fourth version, first observed on 2 January 1944, had a rewireable reflector, called ""Umkehrwalze D"", nick-named Uncle Dick by the British, allowing the Enigma operator to alter the connections as part of the key settings. The plugboard (""Steckerbrett"" in German) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator (visible on the front panel of Figure 1; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid). It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930, and was"
"key sheet, the operator turned the switch into one of the 40 positions, each producing a different combination of plug wiring. Most of these plug connections were, unlike the default plugs, not pair-wise. In one switch position, the ""Uhr"" did not swap letters, but simply emulated the 13 stecker wires with plugs. The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified mathematically as a product of permutations. Assuming a three-rotor German Army/Air Force Enigma, let formula_1 denote the plugboard transformation, formula_2 denote that of the reflector, and formula_3 denote those of the left, middle and right rotors respectively. Then the"