"grows on calcareous and siliceous substrates with neutral pH and average soil moisture. It occurs at altitudes of above sea level. Geranium nodosum Geranium nodosum, the knotted crane's-bill, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Geraniaceae family. ""Geranium nodosum"" is a rhizomatous geophyte, a plant that propagates by means of a rhizome, a reproductive structure in the form of a horizontal stem which produces the stem and the roots below the soil surface. During the winter the plant has no aboveground herbage, having become reduced to the rhizome. The plant generally reaches in height, with a maximum of ."
"example through their haustorium or feeding part having dug into the tree, such as Mistletoe) have subaerial roots (for example some Ficus species). Subaerial stems are the stems that do not rise up but grow just above the ground. As a type of asexual propagation, these subaerial stolons, also called ""runners"", often develop roots and leaves from their nodes. Some pond plants have subaerial leaves as well as their submerged ones (water plantain, flowering rush...). Subaerial In natural science, subaerial (literally ""under the air""), has been used since 1833, notably in geology and botany, to describe events or features that"
"Hypogeal germination Hypogeal germination (from Ancient Greek [] 'below ground', from [] 'below' and [] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place below the ground. An example of a plant with hypogeal germination is the pea (""Pisum sativum""). The opposite of hypogeal is epigeal (above-ground germination). Hypogeal germination implies that the cotyledons stay below the ground. The epicotyl (part of the stem above the cotyledon) grows, while the hypocotyl (part of the stem below the cotyledon) stays the same length. In this way, the epicotyl pushes the plumule above the ground. Normally,"
"Hypocotyl The hypocotyl (short for ""hypocotyledonous stem"", meaning ""below seed leaf"") is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root). As the plant embryo grows at germination, it sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes the primary root, and then penetrates down into the soil. After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip (usually including the seed coat) above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves (called cotyledons), and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves. The hypocotyl is the primary organ"
"Epigeal germination Epigeal germination (Ancient Greek [] 'above ground', from [] 'on' and [] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place above the ground. An example of a plant with epigeal germination is the common bean (""Phaseolus vulgaris""). The opposite of epigeal is hypogeal (underground germination). Epigeal is also not the same as hypogeal germination; both epigeal and hypogeal plants will grow differently. Epigeal germination implies that the cotyledons are pushed above ground. The hypocotyl (part of the stem below the cotyledon) elongates while the epicotyl (part of the stem above the"
"stony soils, on steep slopes, cliffs and rocky steppes of dry valleys, at an altitude of above sea level. Campanula spicata Campanula spicata, common name the spiked bellflower, is a herbaceous biennial or perennial plant of the genus ""Campanula"" belonging to the family Campanulaceae. The genus Latin name (“campanula”), meaning small bell, refers to the bell-shape of the flower, while the specific epithet (“spicata”) refers to the spike-shaped inflorescence. ""Campanula spicata"" has its overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte) and a stalk growing directly from the ground (scapose). This plant reaches on average in height. The stem"
"Stolon In biology, stolons (from Latin stolō ""branch""), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons. In botany, stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Stolons are often called runners. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons. Plants with stolons are called"
"leaves and roots. Stems: Fern stems are often referred to as rhizomes, even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping stolons (e.g., Polypodiaceae), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g., Cyatheaceae). These can reach up to tall in a few species (e.g., ""Cyathea brownii"" on Norfolk Island and ""Cyathea medullaris"" in New Zealand). Leaf: The green, photosynthetic part of the plant is technically a and in ferns, it is often referred to as a ""frond"". New leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a"
"and biologists producing plants grown from rhizomes more easily cultivate and grow better plants. Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some ""Iris"" species, and ferns, whose spreading stems are rhizomes. Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers, bamboo, the Venus flytrap, Chinese lantern, western poison-oak, hops, and Alstroemeria, and the weeds Johnson grass, Bermuda grass, and purple nut sedge. Rhizomes generally form a single layer, but in giant horsetails, can be multi-tiered. Many rhizomes have culinary value, and some, such as ""zhe'ergen"", are commonly consumed raw. Rhizome In botany and dendrology,"
"more than 25 cm above the soil surface, (e.g., bilberry and periwinkle). Buds at or near the soil surface, e.g. daisy, dandelion. Below ground or under water - with resting buds lying either beneath the surface of the ground as a rhizome, bulb, corm, etc., or a resting bud submerged under water. Cryptophytes are divided into 3 groups: Annual plants which complete their life-cycle rapidly under favorable conditions and survive the unfavorable cold or dry season in the form of seed. Many desert plants are by necessity therophytes. Epiphytes were originally placed in Phanerophytes (above) but then separated because of"
"areas, since the stems do not have to be supported or strong, less energy and resources are needed to produce these stems and often these plants have more mass under ground than above ground. Different forms of underground stems include: A number of underground stems are consumed by people including; onion, potato, ginger, yam and taro. A geophyte (earth+plant) is a plant with an underground storage organ including true bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, enlarged hypocotyls, and rhizomes. Most plants with underground stems are geophytes but not all plants that are geophytes have underground stems. Geophytes are often physiologically active"
"Root In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. Roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or especially above water. Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see rhizome). Therefore, the root is best defined as the non-leaf, non-nodes bearing parts of the plant's body. However, important internal structural differences between stems and roots exist. The fossil record of roots—or rather, infilled voids where roots rotted after death—spans back to the late Silurian, about 430 million years"
"Groundcover Groundcover or ground cover is any plant that grows over an area of ground. Groundcover provides protection of the topsoil from erosion and drought. In an ecosystem, the ground cover forms the layer of vegetation below the shrub layer known as the herbaceous layer. The most widespread ground covers are grasses of various types. In ecology, groundcover is a difficult subject to address because it is known by several different names and is classified in several different ways. The term groundcover could also be referring to “the herbaceous layer,” “regenerative layer"", “ground flora” or even ""step over."" In agriculture,"
"roots and shoots from its nodes. Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some ""Iris"" species. Usually, rhizomes have short internodes; they send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes. Examples of plants that grow in this way include irises, lily of the valley (""Convallaria majalis"") and cannas. A stem tuber may form from thickened rhizomes or stolons. The tops or sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves, and the undersides produce roots. Such"
"forests and wasteland, mainly in shady and cool places and in moist soils, at an altitude of above sea level. The main described subspecies are the following: In ""Arisarum vulgare"" subsp. ""simorrhinum"" the flower stem is much shorter than the petioles. Bract and spadix are erect. The latter is thickened at the tip. Arisarum vulgare Arisarum vulgare, common name the friar's cowl or larus, is an herbaceous, perennial, with an underground rhizome plant in the genus Arisarum belonging to the family Araceae. ""Arisarum vulgare"" reaches on average of height. The leaves of this geophyte plant are basal only, wide, ovate"
"ground are phylloids, stolons, runners, or spurs. Modified stems located below ground are corms, rhizomes, and tubers. There are also many wild edible plant stems. In North America, these include the shoots of woodsorrel (usually eaten along with the leaves), chickweeds, galinsoga, common purslane, Japanese knotweed, winter cress and other wild mustards, thistles (de-thorned), stinging nettles (cooked), bellworts, violets, amaranth and slippery elm, among many others. Also, some wild plants with edible rhizomes (underground, horizontal stems) can be found, such as arrowhead or cattail. Wild edible stems, like their domestic relatives, are usually only good when young and growing. Many"
"Herbaceous plant Herbaceous plants (in botanical use frequently simply herbs) are plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground. The term is mainly applied to perennials, but in botany it may also refer to annuals or biennials, and include both forbs and graminoids. Annual herbaceous plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and they then grow again from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant survive under or close to the ground from"
"soil, or beginning as a terrestrial plant that climbs a tree and then sends roots back to the soil. In rare cases they are terrestrial rheophytes (plants that grow in fast-flowing water). Their bast fibers have typically abundant, long and slender trichosclereids, merging with the fibers of the sclerenchyma. If the blade of the leaf is torn, many hairs become apparent. The leaf stalks bend abruptly at their top. The leaf margin is entire. The leaves are pinnatifid to pinnatisect (cut with deep opposite lobing). The leaf venation is parallel (with veins running parallel for the length of the leaf),"
"bushes or small trees may grow in suspended soils up trees (typically in a rot-hole). Epiphytes however, can generally be categorized into holo-epiphytes or hemi-epiphytes. A holo-epiphyte is a plant that spends its whole life cycle without contact with the ground and a hemi-epiphyte is a plant that spends only half of its life without the ground before the roots can reach or make contact with the ground. Orchids are a common example of holo-epiphytes and Strangler Figs are an example of hemi-epiphytes. Epiphytes are not connected to the soil, and consequently must get nutrients from other sources, such as"
"Rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (, from ""mass of roots"", from ""cause to strike root"") is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards. A rhizome is the main stem of the plant. A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but a stolon sprouts from an existing stem, has long internodes, and generates new shoots at the end, such as in the"
"Terrestrial plant A terrestrial plant is a plant that grows on, in, or from land. Other types of plants are aquatic (living in water), epiphytic (living on trees) and lithophytic (living in or on rocks). The distinction between aquatic and terrestrial plants is often blurred because many terrestrial plants are able to tolerate periodic submersion and many aquatic species have both submersed and emersed forms. There are relatively few obligate submersed aquatic plants (species that cannot tolerate emersion for even relatively short periods), but some examples include members of Hydrocharitaceae and Cabombaceae, ""Ceratophyllum"", and ""Aldrovanda"", and most macroalgae (e.g. ""Chara"""
"Geoxyle A geoxyle is a plant in which an enlarged, woody structure occurs beneath the surface of the ground. Such plants have developed independently in various plant lineages, mostly evolving in the Pliocene and subsequently diverging within the last two million years. In contrast to their close relatives, these plants have developed in areas with both high rainfall and a high frequency of fires. They are sometimes known as underground trees, and the areas where they grow as underground forests. The geoxylic growth forms of woody subshrubs is characterised by massive lignotubers or underground woody axes from which emerge aerial"
"soil during the freezing process while the fruit is still attached to the plant itself. Geocarpy is most frequent in tropical or semi-desert areas, and geocarpic species may be found in the families Araceae, Begoniaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Callitrichaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Loganiaceae, Moraceae and Rubiaceae. The best-known example is the peanut, ""Arachis hypogaea"". Geocarpy Geocarpy is ""an extremely rare means of plant reproduction"", in which plants produce diaspores within the soil. This may occur with subterranean flowers (protogeocarpy), or from aerial flowers, which penetrate the soil after flowering (hysterocarpy). It has evolved as an effective means of ensuring a"
"in color and is mined near Leadville. This species is a small perennial herb growing from a taproot and underground branching caudex unit. Underground stem branches may root and sprout up as new plants, so what appear to be two separate plants may actually be one individual sprouting up twice. This underground stem has sometimes been called a rhizome, or at least rhizome-like. The herbage is coated in hairs, making it look ashy or silvery. The leaves are compound, made up of up to 25 leaflets which may be folded. The flowers are purple, pinkish purple, or purple-striped white. Flowering"
"studies showing that stolon and rhizome growth are affected by the amount of shady light the plant receives with increased production and branching from plants exposed to mixed shade and sun, while plants in all day sun or all shade produce fewer stolons. A number of plants have soil-level or above-ground rhizomes, including ""Iris"" species and many orchid species. T. Holm (1929) restricted the term rhizome to a horizontal, usually subterranean, stem that produces roots from its lower surface and green leaves from its apex, developed directly from the plumule of the embryo. He recognized stolons as axillary, subterranean branches"
"used for fossorial (burrowing) and troglobitic (or stygobitic) cave-living organisms. The opposite terms are epigean and epigeic. The term hypogeous is used for fungi with underground fruiting bodies - for example, truffles. The opposite term is epigeous. Hypogeal Hypogeal, hypogean, hypogeic and hypogeous are biological terms describing an organism's activity below the soil surface. In botany, a seed is described as showing hypogeal germination when the cotyledons of the germinating seed remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground. The converse, where the cotyledons expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground, is epigeal germination."
"at elevations between and above sea level. Hylotelephium erythrostictum Hylotelephium erythrostictum, commonly known as garden stonecrop, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the genus ""Hylotelephium"", belonging to the Crassulaceae family. ""Hylotelephium erythrostictum"" reaches on average a height of . The stem is simple and the leaves are opposite, sessile, oblong, and succulent, about long. The flat cymes bear many white or pale pink tiny flowers of about of diameter, with lanceolate petals. The flowering period extends from September through October in the Northern Hemisphere. It is native to Japan, Korea, Russia and China. This plant grows in grasslands, meadows, hillsides"
"dry places, at an altitude of above sea level. Carlina corymbosa Carlina corymbosa, common name clustered carline thistle, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the genus ""Carlina"", belonging to the family Asteraceae. ""Carlina corymbosa"" reaches on average in height. This plant has rhizomatous roots, overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte) and an almost leafless stalk growing directly from the ground (scapose). The stem is green to whitish, thick and erect. The leaves are alternate, sessile or amplexicaul and lobed with spines on the margins. The yellow flowers are terminal, in diameter and surrounded by thorny bracts. The"
"Hypogeal Hypogeal, hypogean, hypogeic and hypogeous are biological terms describing an organism's activity below the soil surface. In botany, a seed is described as showing hypogeal germination when the cotyledons of the germinating seed remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground. The converse, where the cotyledons expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground, is epigeal germination. In water purification works, the hypogeal (or Schmutzdecke) layer is a biological film just below the surface of slow sand filters. It contains microorganisms that remove bacteria and trap contaminant particles. The terms hypogean and hypogeic are"
"Epigeal Epigeal, epigean, epigeic and epigeous are biological terms describing an organism's activity above the soil surface. In botany, a seed is described as showing epigeal germination when the cotyledons of the germinating seed expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground. The opposite kind, where the cotyledons remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground, is hypogeal germination. The terms epigean, epigeic or epigeous are used for organisms that crawl (epigean), creep like a vine (epigeal), or grow (epigeous) on the soil surface: they are also used more generally for animals that neither burrow"
"the terms cryptocotylar and phanerocotylar as synonyms for hypogeal and epigeal respectively, because he didn't consider these terms etymologically correct. Later, it was discovered that there are rare cases of species where the germination is epigeal and cryptocotylar. Therefore, divisions have been proposed that take both factors into account. Hypogeal germination Hypogeal germination (from Ancient Greek [] 'below ground', from [] 'below' and [] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place below the ground. An example of a plant with hypogeal germination is the pea (""Pisum sativum""). The opposite of hypogeal is"
"tree are injured, the branches and leaves on that same side of the tree may die or wilt. For some trees however, such as the maple family, the effect of a root injury may show itself anywhere in the tree canopy. Stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground and form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons. Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous. Stolons are often called runners. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil"
"Trifolium subterraneum Trifolium subterraneum, the subterranean clover (often shortened to sub clover), subterranean trefoil, is a species of clover native to northwestern Europe, from Ireland east to Belgium. The plant's name comes from its underground seed development (geocarpy), a characteristic not possessed by other clovers. It can thrive in poor-quality soil where other clovers cannot survive, and is grown commercially for animal fodder. There are three distinct subspecies used in agriculture, each with its own ideal climate and soil type, allowing for wide distribution of the plant over varied environments. Some systematists consider the three plants to be separate species."