"& Hawkes notations below. Examples for different notations for the same orchestration: An example of another approach, particularly useful where there may be extensive versatility required from doubling players, is given here for ""The Phantom of the Opera"" for a 45 piece orchestra, taken from the Chester/Novello Hire Library: Note the standard sequence of Woodwind, Brass, Percussion etc., and String groupings, and the sequences within these groups, and the means here of showing the doublings against each numbered member of the woodwind group. Shorthand for orchestra instrumentation The shorthand for the orchestration of a classical symphony orchestra (and other similar"
"Stenotype A stenotype, stenotype machine, shorthand machine or steno writer is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225 words per minute (wpm) at very high accuracy in the categories of literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively. Some stenographers can reach 300 words per minute. The website of the California Official Court Reporters Association gives the official record for American English as 375 wpm. The stenotype keyboard has far"
"the minimum required for dispatch positions and other time-sensitive typing jobs), and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm. Two-finger typists, sometimes also referred to as ""hunt and peck"" typists, commonly reach sustained speeds of about 37 wpm for memorized text and 27 wpm when copying text, but in bursts may be able to reach much higher speeds. From the 1920s through the 1970s, typing speed (along with shorthand speed) was an important secretarial qualification and typing contests were popular and often publicized by typewriter companies as promotional tools. Stenotype keyboards enable the trained user to input text"
"Heinrich Roller Christian Heinrich Roller (10 March 1839 – 6 September 1916), better known as Heinrich Roller and also known by his pen name Roland vom Hochplateau, was the inventor of a German shorthand system. Roller was also a writer of humorist texts and a professor at the ""Journalistische Hochschule"" in Berlin. Roller was considered a talented child in school and was the best of his class, yet, being the child of poor parents, he was not able to attend a higher-level school. Instead, although against his wishes, he began an apprenticeship to become a carpenter. In 1859, he became"
"Typing Typing is the process of writing or inputting text by pressing keys on a typewriter, computer keyboard, cell phone, or calculator. It can be distinguished from other means of text input, such as handwriting and speech recognition. Text can be in the form of letters, numbers and other symbols. The world's first typist was Lillian Sholes from Wisconsin, the daughter of Christopher Sholes, who invented the first practical typewriter. User interface features such as spell checker and autocomplete serve to facilitate and speed up typing and to prevent or correct errors the typist may make. The basic technique stands"
"Copy typist A copy typist is someone who specialises in typing text from a source which they read. Copy typists learn to touch type at a high speed, which means they can look at the copy they are typing and do not need to look at the keyboard they are typing on. The source, or original document is called the copy. They have the document to be typed in front of them and the copy is often held in a copyholder. The adjustable arm on the copyholder aids legibility and maximises the typing speed. There could also be an adjustable"
"which was typed up was often signed by the secretary with a pp or was otherwise given back to the sender to sign before dispatch. A copy typist or a secretary with this skill will quote their speed in words per minute (abbreviated to wpm) on their curriculum vitae and may be asked to demonstrate their speed and accuracy of this skill as part of the interview or application process. Copy typist A copy typist is someone who specialises in typing text from a source which they read. Copy typists learn to touch type at a high speed, which means"
"but do not use home row either are referred to as hybrid typists.) Both two-handed touch typing and one-handed touch typing are possible. Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah who taught typing classes, reportedly invented home row touch typing in 1888. On a standard QWERTY keyboard for English speakers the home row keys are: ""ASDF"" for the left hand and ""JKL;"" for the right hand. Most modern computer keyboards have a raised dot or bar on the home keys for the index fingers to help touch typists maintain and rediscover the correct position on the"
"Bob Fingerman Bob Fingerman (born August 25, 1964) is an American comic book writer/artist born in Queens, New York, who is best known for his comic series ""Minimum Wage"" (Fantagraphics Books). In 1984, while still a student at New York City’s School of Visual Arts, he produced work for Harvey Kurtzman's short-lived young readers anthology ""Nuts!"" and signed a contract to produce a series of comical parodies of the Italian comic series ""RanXerox"" exclusively for the European market, including France’s ""L'Écho des savanes"" and ""Comics USA"" and Spain’s ""El Vibora"". After he made friends with guys working at Forbidden Planet"
"at the University of Chicago. Birdie Reeve Kay Birdie Reeve Kay, born Birdie Reeve (January 16, 1907 - May 31, 1996), was an American champion typist who performed in the 1920s in vaudeville. She reached speeds of over 200 words, or 800 letters, per minute, and was billed as the ""World's Fastest Typist"". She used only two fingers of each hand, spread out in a V formation, in a typing system reportedly invented by her father Thomas Reeve. She explained that she achieved her speed by ""studying words and not the typewriter"", classifying words by their endings, and was reported"
"arms of calligraphy given him, which are ""azure, a pen or"" (blue with a gold pen). Bales died about the year 1610. Peter Bales Peter Bales (1547–1610?) was an English calligrapher and one of the inventors of shorthand writing. He was born in London in 1547, and is described by Anthony Wood as a ""most dexterous person in his profession, to the great wonder of scholars and others"". We are also informed that ""he spent several years in sciences among Oxonians, particularly, as it seems, in Gloucester Hall; but that study, which he used for a diversion only, proved at"
"Birdie Reeve Kay Birdie Reeve Kay, born Birdie Reeve (January 16, 1907 - May 31, 1996), was an American champion typist who performed in the 1920s in vaudeville. She reached speeds of over 200 words, or 800 letters, per minute, and was billed as the ""World's Fastest Typist"". She used only two fingers of each hand, spread out in a V formation, in a typing system reportedly invented by her father Thomas Reeve. She explained that she achieved her speed by ""studying words and not the typewriter"", classifying words by their endings, and was reported to have a vocabulary of"
"""moderate"" and ""slow"" groups, the average speeds were 40 wpm, 35 wpm, and 23 wpm respectively. An average professional typist reaches 50 to 80 wpm, while some positions can require 80 to 95 wpm (usually the minimum required for dispatch positions and other typing jobs), and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm. Two-finger typists, sometimes also referred to as ""hunt and peck"" typists, commonly reach sustained speeds of about 37 wpm for memorized text and 27 wpm when copying text, but in bursts may be able to reach speeds of 60 to 70 wpm. From the 1920s"
"Speedwriting Speedwriting is the trademark under which three versions of a shorthand system were marketed during the 20th century. The original version was designed so that it could be written with a pen or typed on a typewriter. At the peak of its popularity, Speedwriting was taught in more than 400 vocational schools and its advertisements were ubiquitous in popular American magazines. The original version of Speedwriting uses letters of the alphabet and a few punctuation marks to represent the sounds of English. There are abbreviations for common prefixes and suffixes; for example, uppercase N represents enter- or inter- so"
"his tomb stone is one of only few that remain there until today. On 25 November 1925 the Heinersdorfer Straße (1866–1925) in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg was renamed to Heinrich-Roller-Straße to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his invention. Heinrich Roller Christian Heinrich Roller (10 March 1839 – 6 September 1916), better known as Heinrich Roller and also known by his pen name Roland vom Hochplateau, was the inventor of a German shorthand system. Roller was also a writer of humorist texts and a professor at the ""Journalistische Hochschule"" in Berlin. Roller was considered a talented child in school and was the best"
"narrow (3-inch or 4-inch) paper that was as deep as the length of the story. A professional known variously as a paste-up artist, layout artist, mechanical artist, production artist, or compositor would cut the type into sections and arrange it carefully across multiple columns. For example, a 15 inch strip could be cut into 3 5-inch sections. Headlines and other typographic elements were often created and supplied separately by the typesetter, leaving it to the paste up artist to determine their final position on the page. Adhesive was then applied to the back side of these strips, either by applying"
"Benjamin Pitman Benjamin Pitman (July 24, 1822 – December 28, 1910), also known as Benn Pitman, was an English-born author and popularizer in the United States of Pitman shorthand, a form of what was then called phonography (shorthand). He was also active in the arts and crafts movement in the United States. He was born at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England. He received a good elementary education there at home, and at a parish school supervised by George Crabbe, a poet. In 1837, he assisted his brother, Isaac Pitman, in perfecting the latter's system of shorthand. From 1843 until 1852, he lectured"
"Peter Bales Peter Bales (1547–1610?) was an English calligrapher and one of the inventors of shorthand writing. He was born in London in 1547, and is described by Anthony Wood as a ""most dexterous person in his profession, to the great wonder of scholars and others"". We are also informed that ""he spent several years in sciences among Oxonians, particularly, as it seems, in Gloucester Hall; but that study, which he used for a diversion only, proved at length an employment of profit."" He is mentioned for his skill in micrography in ""Holinshed's Chronicle"". John Evelyn wrote: Bales was likewise"
"Handstyle Handstyle or hand style is a term in graffiti culture denoting the unique handwriting or signature of an artist, also known as a writer. Handstyle can also be shortened to ""hand."" Much like fonts on one's computer or calligraphy there are many different handstyles. Writers, crews, or cities, can be said to have a unique handstyle. The concept of a unique and expressive handstyle developed over time. In the New York and Philadelphia in the 70s, a tag's style was the writer's personal handwriting. Over time, the concept of a handstyle emerged through the stylizing of these tags. Handstyles"
"cannot be copyrighted. “There is no literary merit in a mere system of condensing written words into less than the number of letters usually used to spell them out. Copyrightable material is found, if at all, in the explanation of how to do it.” Speedwriting Speedwriting is the trademark under which three versions of a shorthand system were marketed during the 20th century. The original version was designed so that it could be written with a pen or typed on a typewriter. At the peak of its popularity, Speedwriting was taught in more than 400 vocational schools and its advertisements"
"Edward Rondthaler Edward Rondthaler (June 9, 1905 – August 19, 2009) was a typographer as well as a simplified spelling champion and chairman of the American Literacy Council. He was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. A longtime resident of the village of Croton-on-Hudson, New York, Rondthaler became a centenarian in 2005. Rondthaler received his first small printing press at the age of 5, thus starting his career in the graphic arts. Working in New York in the 1930s, he associated with Harold Horman of the Rutherford Machinery Co. Together they adapted a step-and-repeat machine (for texture and metal printing) for photographic"
"on others and preferred ""Speck"" was called a ""Speckjäger"" (Speck hunter). Speck (printing) Speck (figuratively for German speck or bacon) in the German typesetting tradition describes a manuscript that is printed with low effort. The term is still used in electronic publishing. The usage is related to printing paid for as piece work. Manuscripts with a low amount of text, high amount of pictures, free space or halftitles and preset sections were described with the term. They were more easily finished, but allowed the typesetter to earn the same amount as complicated pages with a large amount of new letters."
"United States, the United Kingdom, France, Australia and Japan. Sewing professional is the most general term for those who make their living by sewing, teaching, writing about sewing, or retailing sewing supplies. They may work out of their home, a studio, or retail shop, and may work part-time or full-time. They may be any or all or the following sub-specialties: The profession's denomination, ""Tailor"", is a common surname in many languages: ""Taylor"" (English), ""Couturier"" (French), ""Schroeder"", ""Schneider"", and ""Schneiderman"" (German), ""Sarti"" (Italian), ""Siuvejas"" (Lithuanian), ""Szabó"" (Hungarian), ""Croitoru"" (Romanian), ""Sastre"" (Spanish), ""Krawiec"" (""Kravitz"") (Polish), ""Portnoy"" (Russian), ""Krejčí"" (Czech), ""Darzi"" (Hindi/Urdu), ""Snijder"","
"through the 1970s, typing speed (along with shorthand speed) was an important secretarial qualification and typing contests were popular and often publicized by typewriter companies as promotional tools. A less common measure of the speed of a typist, CPM is used to identify the number of characters typed per minute. This is a common measurement for typing programs, or typing tutors, as it can give a more accurate measure of a person's typing speed without having to type for a prolonged period of time. The common conversion factor between WPM and CPM is 5. It is also used occasionally for"
"be sold as a manual to those wishing to learn shorthand. Lloyd died on January 19, 1827 and was buried in the cemetery of St. Augustine Church which is located on Fourth, near Vine, in Philadelphia. He was survived by three daughters and Maria Daly Shea who was raised in his household and eventually became the heir of the Lloyd family papers. Tinling, Marion. ""Thomas Lloyd's Reports on the First Federal Congress."" The William and Mary Quarterly Vol 18 : 4 (Oct 1961), pp. 519–545. Thomas Lloyd (stenographer) Thomas Lloyd (1756–1827), known as the ""Father of American Shorthand,"" was born"
"called ""The Type-Writer"" in 1874. The word stayed hyphenated until the 1880s. William Ozmun Wyckoff, president of the New York State Shorthand Reporters' Association in 1886, and founder of the Remington Typewriter Company, publicized the unhyphenated name ""typewriter"". It became very well known, and the public finally accepted this as one word by 1919. Eventually, Burt's typographer was called a typewriter. French authors, Henri Dupont and C. Senechal in their book """"Les machines a écrire: historique, avantages, descriptions et traité complet de dactylographie ou art d'écrire a la machine"""" in 1906 described the facts about Burt's typographer machine as has"
"several books of art. Paul Smith (artist) Paul Smith (September 21, 1921 – June 25, 2007) was an American typewriter artist. Smith was born in 1921 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He suffered from severe spastic cerebral palsy from an early age. The loss of fine motor control of his face and hands made it impossible for him to attend school—or even eat, clothe, or bathe himself—and also made it difficult for him to express himself. Early in life Paul discovered the typewriter and a technique for using it to create pictures. He was able to use one hand to steady the"
"descended from gang writing in Chicano neighborhoods in the 60s and 70s, although they trace some elements back to hand-painted gang lettering in the 40s. The handstyle can be described as ""elegant, single-line scripts."" The style has been popularized by writers such as Chaz Bjorquez, CRYPTIK, DEFER, SLEEPS, PRIME. The L.A. handstyle has reached global significance, especially within the art world through galleries, exhibitions, and collections. Handstyle Handstyle or hand style is a term in graffiti culture denoting the unique handwriting or signature of an artist, also known as a writer. Handstyle can also be shortened to ""hand."" Much like"
"Elias Molee Elias Molee (January 3, 1845 – September 27, 1928) was an American journalist, philologist and linguist. Elias Molee was born in Muskego, Wisconsin, the son of John Evenson Molie and Anne Jacobson Einong. The original spelling of the family name was Molie. His father emigrated from Tinn in the province of Telemark, Norway in 1839 and was an early farmer in Muskego. in 1906, while publishing his second book on teutonish, he lived in Tacoma, Washington. Elias Molee is known as the creator of the language Tutonish. He also invented a system of shorthand and used only lower"
"in the early days of computer-aided transcription. At that time, the shorthand transcripts produced by court reporters were translated into plain English on minicomputers belonging to courthouses or reporting firms. These computers had small green screens that displayed only six or eight lines of text at a time and resembled an oscilloscope. The screen became known as a ""scope""; as a result, the people who worked at the ""scope"" to monitor the translation of the transcript became known as ""scopists."" Most scopists are freelancers, working from home, receiving court reporters’ transcripts and other materials electronically, via email and internet sites."
"proposed by Randall Munroe on the xkcd-blog. Using a standard keyboard, the one-handed typist must move from side to side to cover all the keys. Ideally, this typist should keep their main hand on fghj, but they will inevitably be forced to leave the home keys or stretch like a concert pianist to reach all the letters. Without using a second hand as an aid (for example, the right shift key), most capital letters require a time-consuming excursion to one side or the other. This reduces efficiency and frustrates the typist. Some single-hand keyboard layouts exist, such as ""one-handed Dvorak"""
"American Typewriter American Typewriter is a slab serif typeface created in 1974 by Joel Kaden and Tony Stan for International Typeface Corporation. It is based on the slab serif style of typewriters; however, unlike most true typewriter fonts, it is a proportional design: the characters do not all have the same width. American Typewriter is often used to suggest an old-fashioned or industrial image. It was originally released in cold type (photocomposition) before being released digitally. Like many ITC fonts, it has a range of four weights from light to bold (with matching italics) and separate condensed styles. Some releases"
"slightly upward to the keyboard; fingers should be curved slightly and rest on the home row. Many touch typists also use keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys when typing on a computer. This allows them to edit their document without having to take their hands off the keyboard to use a mouse. An example of a keyboard shortcut is pressing the key plus the key to save a document as they type, or the key plus the key to undo a mistake. Many experienced typists can feel or sense when they have made an error and can hit the key and make"