"late 1970s and into the 1980s (and presumably much earlier, given the town's age and predominantly English/Irish settlers) by the children of the Primary School of the town (typically 4th and 5th graders). Leicester's seat of government (""town hall"") was a dual use building, serving as both town hall and school. There is a large horse chestnut tree located on the town's common (and adjacent to town hall) that was used as a source for the chestnuts. The Leiecester variant on the name for the game was ""Horse Cobblers""(presumably a variant of ""Horse Conkers""). In 2000 a survey of British"
"releasing a mist of pollen. The cones at the top of the tree open their scales for wind-borne pollen to enter. Within the cone, the pollen fertilizes a seed which is released in September. The quantity and quality of seed production varies year-to-year but a particularly effective crop is produced about every 10 years. Less than 0.1% of seeds survive Douglas squirrels, dark-eyed juncos, and other seed-eating animals. Over the centuries, the tree grows thicker and taller as successive rings develop around its trunk and new buds grow on the branches. The tree becomes part of an old growth forest"
"called white chestnut or red chestnut. In Britain, they are sometimes called conker trees because of their link with the game of conkers, played with the seeds, also called conkers. ""Aesculus"" species have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds; opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large—to across in the Japanese horse chestnut ""Ae. turbinata"". Species are deciduous or evergreen. Flowers are showy, insect- or bird-pollinated, with four or five petals fused into a lobed corolla tube, arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110 growing degree days. The fruit matures to a capsule, commonly known as a catjacket,"
"most likely. Precipitation ranges from 20 to 60 inches a year, depending on the locale. The conifers are serotinous, meaning they release seeds in response to an environmental trigger. Seed release in the forest relies on fire and shoot death. Shoot death is when death of a stem signals cones to release seeds. One example of serotiny due to shoot death is cupressaceae. Although shoot death can be caused by fire, there are other sources of stem death. Closed-cone forests rely on predictable, infrequent fires. The fires are stand-replacing crown fires. One example of serotiny due to fire is Pinacae"
"resin blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting resin, thought to be a defence against squirrel predation. Cone maturation takes one year, with pollination in autumn and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. The pollen cones are slender ovoid, 3–8 cm long, produced in late summer, and shedding pollen in autumn. Cedars share a very similar cone structure with the firs (""Abies"") and were traditionally thought to be most closely related to them, but molecular evidence supports a basal position in the family. The five taxa of ""Cedrus"" are assigned according to taxonomic opinion to between one and four different"
"seeds ripen from June through September. All plant parts are poisonous in large doses, especially the seeds, that contain up to 1.4% of alkaloids. Consolida regalis Consolida regalis, with the common names forking larkspur, rocket-larkspur, and field larkspur, is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the genus ""Consolida"" of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). ""Consolida regalis"" is native to: The plant is found growing on sandy or chalky soils. It is present at an altitude of above sea level. It is common in dry weedy places and roadside ditches, and in cereal crop fields. The plant has become quite rare in"
"cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth. Trees are either evergreen, having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year, or deciduous, shedding their leaves at the end of the growing season and then having a dormant period without foliage. Most conifers are evergreens, but larches (""Larix"" and ""Pseudolarix"") are deciduous, dropping their needles each autumn, and some species of cypress (""Glyptostrobus"", ""Metasequoia"" and ""Taxodium"") shed small leafy shoots annually in a process"
"Conocarpus Conocarpus is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Combretaceae, native to tropical regions of the world. One of the species is a widespread mangrove species, the other is restricted to a small area around the southern Red Sea coasts, where it grows alongside seasonal rivers. They are dense multiple-trunked shrubs or small to medium-sized trees from 1 to 20 m tall. The generic name is derived from the Greek words κονος (""konos""), meaning ""cone,"" and καρπος (""karpos""), meaning ""fruit."" ""Conocarpus"" species are native to the silt shores of coasts and islands of Florida, including"
"among the citrus trees in that area. Conifer Collection: Conifers are a group of shrubs or trees that are gymnosperms that bear cones, although there are a few conifers that bear a fleshy, fruit-like structure. Conifers can be found throughout the Gardens and include the dawn redwood and many different kinds of pine, cypress, junipers, podocarpus, araucarias and yew. Cottage: This building was originally a three-car garage built by Mr. Woodward and is currently used for meetings and classes. Crepe Myrtle Collection: Crepe myrtles are among the most commonly seen flowering shrubs and trees in Central Florida and belong to"
"recently burned areas. ""Morchella galilaea"", and occasionally ""Morchella rufobrunnea"", appear to fruit in the autumn or winter months rather than spring, which is the typical fruiting season for morels. Tree species associated with ""Morchela"" vary greatly depending on the individual species, continent, or region. Trees commonly associated with morels in Europe and across the Mediterranean include ""Abies"" (fir), ""Pinus"" (pine), ""Populus"" (poplar), ""Ulmus"" (elm), ""Quercus"" (oak), ""Arbutus"" (strawberry trees), ""Castanea"" (chestnut), ""Alnus"" (alder), ""Olea"" (olive trees), ""Malus"" (apple trees) and ""Fraxinus"" (ash). In western North America morels are often found in coniferous forests, including species of ""Pinus"" (pine), ""Abies"" (fir),"
"Conifer cone A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which produces seeds. The male cones, which produce pollen, are usually herbaceous and much less conspicuous even at full maturity. The name ""cone"" derives from the fact that the shape in some species resembles a geometric cone. The individual plates of a cone are known as ""scales"". The male cone (microstrobilus or pollen cone) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly"
"female cones (strobili) occur on the same tree. Cone buds usually open from mid-May to early June. Female cones are borne mostly in the top few feet of the crown and on the distal ends of branches. Male cones are borne below female cones, but mostly in the upper half of the crown. Seed production may begin when trees are 15 years old. Seeds germinate well on mineral soil, moss, peat, decaying stumps and logs, and even on detritus or litter that is sufficiently moist. ""Abies fraseri"" is restricted to the southeastern Appalachian Mountains in southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina"
"parallel venation. Like other conifers, they produce cones. Each tree can have both male and female cones (monoecious) or they can have only male or female cones (dioecious). Male cones are among the largest among all conifer cones, on average. They are cylindrical and drooping, somewhat resembling catkins. They are borne singly on the tips of branches or the axils of leaves. They contain numerous sporophylls arranged in whorls or spirals. Each has four to 20 elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower surface at one end. The pollen grains are round and do not possess wings or air sacs."
"classified as riparian woodland or gallery forest. There are 124 native tree species, including 17 varieties of oak, as well as black walnut, sycamore, and tulip tree (yellow poplar), the state tree. Fruit trees—apple, cherry, peach, and pear—are common. Common native mammals are the red fox, common cottontail, muskrat, raccoon, opossum, and several types of squirrel. Connersville gets 41 inches of rain per year. Snowfall is 22 inches. About 1/3 of days have measurable precipitation.About half the days are sunny. The July high averages 84 degrees, and the January low averages 16. The hottest month is August, the coolest February,"
"million years ago. Conifers of the southern hemisphere family Araucariaceae are the characteristic tree species. In the northern section of the ecoregion, Kauri commonly form the forest canopy, with ""Agathis robusta"" most common at lower elevations, and ""A. microstachya"" and ""A. atropurpurea"" predominant at higher elevations. In the southern sections, ""Araucaria cunninghamii"" is predominant, with ""Araucaria bidwillii"" dominant in two small areas. Conifers in the family Podocarpaceae are also present, including genera ""Podocarpus"" and ""Sundacarpus"". The forests are thick with vines, ferns, epiphytes, and palms. These forests are limited to areas of high rainfall and good soils. In waterlogged soils,"
"Landuse and climate models predict that the remaining population will further have declined by 50% around 2025. The cones with their papery bracts, that look like spruce cones and are known as “sabulosum cones”, are sometimes gathered and used in potpourri. Leucadendron coniferum Leucadendron coniferum, also known at the dune conebush, is an evergreen, dioecious shrub or small tree of up to 4 m (13 ft) high, that has been assigned to the Proteaceae family. It has a whorl of conspicuous yellow leaves subtending the flowerheads. The flowers can be found in August and September. It grows in sandy soils"
"may be stored in closed cones for up to 60–80 years, being released only when a fire kills the parent tree. In the families Podocarpaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Taxaceae, and one Cupressaceae genus (""Juniperus""), the scales are soft, fleshy, sweet and brightly colored, and are eaten by fruit-eating birds, which then pass the seeds in their droppings. These fleshy scales are (except in ""Juniperus"") known as arils. In some of these conifers (e.g. most Podocarpaceae), the cone consists of several fused scales, while in others (e.g. Taxaceae), the cone is reduced to just one seed scale or (e.g. Cephalotaxaceae) the several scales"
"Ages, when mean annual temperatures in the Smokies were too cold to support a hardwood forest. While the rise in temperatures between 12,500 and 6,000 years ago allowed the hardwoods to return, the spruce-fir forest has managed to survive on the harsh mountain tops, typically above . About of the spruce-fir forest are old-growth. The spruce-fir forest consists primarily of two conifer species—red spruce (""Picea rubens"") and Fraser fir (""Abies fraseri""). The Fraser Firs, which are native to Southern Appalachia, once dominated elevations above in the Great Smokies. Most of these firs were killed, however, by an infestation of the"
"and then turn upwards and branch out at the end, giving the tree an appearance sometimes compared to a chandelier. Male and female cones are produced on the same tree but on different branches, with branches at the top of the tree tending to produce female cones, while branches lower down make male cones. The cones stay on the tree for 2–3 years while the seeds ripen, which are around 3 cm long when mature. It is a slow-growing plant with slow regeneration capabilities, though in its natural environment it is tolerant of both very dry conditions and high winds"
"conks can be large, as much as two feet long, hoof-shaped or columnar. They are soft, yellow-white when young, soon becoming white and chalky throughout. The decay is brown, cubically cracked, with thick white felts in large cracks. The taste of both conks and felts is bitter and distinct for this species. A single conk usually indicates complete cull. Infected trees can be habitat for snag-nesting species. ""L. officinalis"" was used by the Ancient Greeks to treat consumption (tuberculosis) according to the writings of Pedanius Dioscorides in 65 AD, and by some indigenous people to treat smallpox. The presence of"
"oak acorns, hickory nuts, seeds of sugar (""Acer saccharum"") and black maple (""Acer nigrum""), grains, insects, and unripe corn. Fall foods consist mainly of acorns, hickory nuts, beechnuts, walnuts, butternuts (""Juglans cinerea""), and hazelnuts. Caches of acorns and hickory nuts are heavily used in winter. Fox squirrels are strictly diurnal, non-territorial, and spend more of their time on the ground than most other tree squirrels. They are still, however, agile climbers. They construct two types of homes called ""dreys"", depending on the season. Summer dreys are often little more than platforms of sticks high in the branches of trees, while"
"a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light glaucous green, 2–5 cm long; they turn bright yellow to orange before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pinkish-brown shoots bare until the next spring. The cones are erect, ovoid-conic and 2–3.5 cm long, with 30–50 reflexed seed scales; they are green when immature, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4–6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull grey-black. It grows at altitudes up to 2,900 m on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground. The scientific name honours Engelbert"
"Conospermum triplinervium Conospermum triplinervium, commonly known as the tree smokebush or elk smokebush, is a tree or shrub endemic to Western Australia. The tree or shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between August and January producing cream-white flowers. It has an upright habit and produces about 50 flowering stems per plant which produce white hairy flowers mostly during summer between August and November. It has a number of forms with broad leaves and several habits from weeping to strong upright stems. The species was first formally described by the botanist Robert Brown in 1830 as part"
"size ranges from tall, and a trunk diameter up to . The trunk is vertical and branches horizontal to upcurved. The leaves are needle-like, in bundles of three, glaucous gray-green, long and stout, thick. The outstanding characteristic of this tree is the large, spiny cones which are long, and weigh when fresh. Coulter pines produce the largest cones of any pine tree species (people are actually advised to wear hardhats when working in Coulter pine groves), although the slender cones of the sugar pine are longer. The large size of the cones has earned them the nickname ""widowmakers"" among locals."
"the bears become drunk from eating the fruits. The tree is mentioned by Roman poet Ovid, in Book I: 89–112 ""The Golden Age"" of his ""Metamorphoses"": ""Contented with food that grew without cultivation, they collected mountain strawberries and the fruit of the strawberry tree, wild cherries, blackberries clinging to the tough brambles, and acorns fallen from Jupiter’s spreading oak-tree."" The name of the Italian promontory Mount Conero, situated directly south of the port of Ancona on the Adriatic Sea, derives from the Greek name κόμαρος (komaròs) indicating the strawberry tree which is common on the slopes of the mountain. Mount"
"eating spruce buds and needles, mushrooms, willow (""Salix"" sp.) leaves, poplar (""Populus"" sp.) buds and catkins, bearberry (""Arctostaphylos"" sp.) flowers and berries, and animal material such as bird eggs or even snowshoe hare leverets (young). White spruce cones mature in late July and are harvested by red squirrels in August and September. These harvested cones are stored in a central cache and provide energy and nutrients for survival over the winter and reproduction the following spring. The fallen scales from consumed seed cones can collect in piles, called middens, more than a meter across. White spruce exhibits two- to six-year"
"""Alnus"": Trees with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) but stay closed over winter, pollinating in late winter or early spring, about 15–25 species, including: Subgenus ""Clethropsis"". Trees or shrubs with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) and expanding and pollinating then, three species: Subgenus ""Alnobetula"". Shrubs with shoot buds not stalked, male and female catkins produced in late spring (after leaves appear) and expanding and pollinating then, one to four species: Alder Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants (Alnus) belonging to the birch family"
"Connaraceae Connaraceae is a pan-tropical plant family of 19 genera and more than 180 species of largely evergreen trees, woody shrubs and climbers. Connaraceae is a tropical family, the most important genera of which, ""Connarus"" (approximately 80 species) and ""Rourea"" (40-70 species) have a pan-tropical distribution.. Their habitat is generally lowland tropical rain forest and savanna. Connaraceae are typically evergreen trees, shrubs or climbers. ""Connarus"" is represented by species in all three lifeforms, while ""Rourea"" species are climbers. Their leaves are pinnate, trifoliate or rarely entire, alternate, without stipules and with a pulvinus at the base of the petiole. ""Connarus"
"Consolida Consolida is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. The common name, larkspur, referring to the spur-shaped calyx, is shared with the closely related perennial delphinium. ""Consolida"" differs from ""Delphinium"" in the flower structure, with the flowers in an open, loose, often branched spike, rather than the dense column of flowers found in ""Delphinium"", and in the fruit, which comprises a single follicle, instead of a cluster of several together. It is a popular garden plant and cut flower, grown from seed every year,"
"Bombax ceiba Bombax ceiba, like other trees of the genus ""Bombax"", is commonly known as cotton tree. More specifically, it is sometimes known as red silk-cotton; red cotton tree; or ambiguously as silk-cotton or kapok, both of which may also refer to ""Ceiba pentandra"". This Asian tropical tree has a straight tall trunk and its leaves are deciduous in winter. Red flowers with 5 petals appear in the spring before the new foliage. It produces a capsule which, when ripe, contains white fibres like cotton. Its trunk bears spikes to deter attacks by animals. Although its stout trunk suggests that"
"are the dominant plants over large areas of land, most notably the taiga of the Northern Hemisphere, but also in similar cool climates in mountains further south. Boreal conifers have many wintertime adaptations. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, help them shed snow. Many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing. While tropical rainforests have more biodiversity and turnover, the immense conifer forests of the world represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink. Conifers are of great economic value for softwood lumber and paper production. The earliest conifers in the"
"Coulter pine The Coulter pine or big-cone pine, Pinus coulteri, is a native of the coastal mountains of Southern California and northern Baja California (Mexico). Isolated groves are found as far north as the San Francisco Bay Area in Mt. Diablo State Park and Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. The species is named after Thomas Coulter, an Irish botanist and physician. The Coulter pine produces the heaviest cone of any pine tree. Although it has a limited range in the wild, it is a popular ornamental tree. ""Pinus coulteri"" is a substantial coniferous evergreen tree in the genus ""Pinus"". The"
"are lost to fire or breakage. A large tree may have as many as 11,000 cones. Cone production is greatest in the upper portion of the canopy. A mature giant sequoia disperses an estimated 300–400 thousand seeds annually. The winged seeds may fly as far as from the parent tree. Lower branches die readily from being shaded, but trees younger than 100 years retain most of their dead branches. Trunks of mature trees in groves are generally free of branches to a height of , but solitary trees retain lower branches. Because of its size, the tree has been studied"