"the Companion on November 9, 1885, for her work in Hawaiian hospitals and the Hansens Disease (Leprosy) settlement of Kalaupapa. Dr. Eduard Arning, British-German bacteriologist, was awarded the Companion in 1886 for research in Hansens Disease. Royal Order of Kapiolani The Royal Order of Kapiolani (Kapiolani e Hookanaka) was instituted on August 30, 1880 by King Kalākaua to recognize services in the cause of humanity, for merit in Science and the Arts, or for special services rendered to the Kingdom of Hawaii. He named the Order in honor of his wife, Queen Kapiolani, who was the namesake of Chiefess Kapiolani,"
"Leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" or ""Mycobacterium lepromatosis"". Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present. Leprosy is spread between people and possibly from armadillos. This is thought to"
"completely eradicated, with no new outbreaks. The WHO stopped providing vaccinations and by 1986, vaccination was no longer necessary to anyone in the world except in the event of future outbreak. Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s Disease, is caused by a bacillus, ""Mycobacterium leprae"". It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Symptoms often include irritation or erosion of the skin, and effects on the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. The most common sign of leprosy are pale reddish spots on the skin that lack sensation. Leprosy probably originated"
"lives of many of the patients who suffer from Hansen's Disease. Damien House Damien House is a non-profit organization that provides support for over 100 Hansen’s Disease patients, especially those at a hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Hansen's disease is a bacterial disease also known as leprosy, and is very similar to tuberculosis. The hospital in Guayaquil treats a roster of around 700 outpatients. Quality medical care is provided seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. With the help of donations to the US-based Damien House organization, the staff is also able to provide patients with dental care, physical therapy,"
"""M. leprae"" multiplied in macrophages at the site of inoculation and lymph nodes. Leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" or ""Mycobacterium lepromatosis"". Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present."
"Gerhard Armauer Hansen Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (29 July 1841 – 12 February 1912) was a Norwegian physician, remembered for his identification of the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" in 1873 as the causative agent of leprosy. Hansen was born in Bergen, Norway and attended the Bergen Cathedral School. He worked at Rikshospitalet in Christiania (now Oslo) and as a doctor in Lofoten. In 1868 Hansen returned to Bergen to study leprosy while working at Lungegård Hospital (""Lungegårdshospitalet"") with Daniel Cornelius Danielssen, a noted expert. Leprosy was regarded as largely hereditary or otherwise miasmic in origin. Hansen concluded on the basis of"
"that the leprosy acts of 1877 and 1885 were passed, leading to a steady decline of the disease in Norway from 1,800 known cases in 1875 to just 575 cases in 1901. His distinguished work was recognized at the International Leprosy Congress held at Bergen in 1909. Hansen had suffered from syphilis since the 1860s but died of heart disease. He was an atheist. Gerhard Armauer Hansen Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (29 July 1841 – 12 February 1912) was a Norwegian physician, remembered for his identification of the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" in 1873 as the causative agent of leprosy. Hansen"
"Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome (HHS) is a very rare multisystem X-linked recessive disorder characterized by excessively short telomeres and is considered a severe form of dyskeratosis congenita. Being an X-linked disorder, HHS primarily affects males. Patients with HHS typically present in early childhood with cerebellar hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, progressive bone marrow failure, and intrauterine growth retardation. The primary cause of death in HHS is bone marrow failure, but mortality from cancer and pulmonary fibrosis is also significant. The currently recognized features of HHS are cerebellar hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, progressive bone marrow failure, and intrauterine growth retardation. HHS patients also commonly exhibit symptoms"
"Mozambique, Tanzania and Nepal as having 90% of Hansen's disease cases. According to recent figures from the WHO, new cases detected worldwide have decreased by approximately 107,000 cases (or 21%) from 2003 to 2004. This decreasing trend has been consistent for the past three years. In addition, the global registered prevalence of HD was 286,063 cases; 407,791 new cases were detected during 2004. In the United States, Hansen's disease is tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with a total of 92 cases being reported in 2002. Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, pockets"
"16 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. About 200 cases are reported per year in the United States. Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the Greek word (""léprā""), from (""lepís""; ""scale""), while the term ""Hansen's disease"" is named after the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen. Separating people by placing them in leper colonies still occurs in places such as India, China, and Africa. However, most colonies have closed, since leprosy is not very contagious. Social stigma has been associated with leprosy for much of history, which continues to be a"
"Louisiana; via a payment to a Hawaii in-patient program; or at any of 11 regional outpatient clinics under contract to the agency. The programs also support scientific research and training for health professionals at the world’s largest and most comprehensive laboratory dedicated to Hansen’s Disease. The programs are the only dedicated source of expertise, treatment and continuing education on the disease in the United States. Though Hansen's disease is very rare in the United States (there are currently only 6500 cases) there is still a widely held stigma because of the history of the disease. With current treatment methods patients"
"Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) or hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) is a condition used to describe any of the types of this disease which inhibit sensation. They are less common than Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Five different clinical entities have been described under hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies – all characterized by progressive loss of function that predominantly affects the peripheral sensory nerves. Their incidence has been estimated to be about 1 in 25,000. Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 is a condition characterized by nerve abnormalities in the legs and feet (peripheral neuropathy). Many people with"
"Heck's disease Heck's disease (also known as focal or multifocal epithelial hyperplasia) is an asymptomatic, benign neoplastic condition characterized by multiple white to pinkish papules that occur diffusely in the oral cavity. Can present with slightly pale, smooth or roughened surface morphology. It is caused by the human papilloma virus types 13 and 32. It exhibits surface cells with vacuolated cytoplasm around irregular, pyknotic nuclei and occasional cells with mitosis-like changes within otherwise mature and well-differentiated epithelium. A distinguishing histologic feature is elongated rete ridges with mitosoid bodies present. It was first identified in the Aboriginal population of North America."
"Damien House Damien House is a non-profit organization that provides support for over 100 Hansen’s Disease patients, especially those at a hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Hansen's disease is a bacterial disease also known as leprosy, and is very similar to tuberculosis. The hospital in Guayaquil treats a roster of around 700 outpatients. Quality medical care is provided seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. With the help of donations to the US-based Damien House organization, the staff is also able to provide patients with dental care, physical therapy, sanitary services, medication, and three well-balanced hot meals every day. Additionally,"
"populations of 1,000 to 2,700 people living on the peninsula, in the valleys, and in the villages"" but by 1853, there were only about 140 people remaining after epidemics of Eurasian diseases. In 1865 the Kingdom legislature passed a law to try to prevent transmission of leprosy, now known as Hansen's disease after the scientist who discovered the bacterium. The disease had been introduced to the islands about 1830 by foreign workers. At the time it was incurable. Sugar planters had brought pressure on the government as they were worried about the labor supply. The government arranged for Native Hawaiian"
"Leprosy stigma Leprosy stigma is a type of social stigma, a strong negative feeling towards a person with leprosy relating to their moral status in society. It is also referred to as leprosy-related stigma, leprostigma, and stigma of leprosy. Since ancient times leprosy instilled the practice of fear and avoidance in many societies because of the associated physical disfigurement and lack of understanding behind its cause. Because of the historical trauma the word ""leprosy"" invokes, the disease is now referred to as Hansen's disease, named after Gerhard Armauer Hansen who discovered ""Mycobacterium leprae"", the bacterial agent that causes Hansen's disease."
"Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) is a viral disease of penaeid shrimp that causes mass mortality (up to 90%) among the Western blue shrimp (""Penaeus stylirostris"") and severe deformations in the Pacific white shrimp (""P. vannamei""). It occurs in Pacific farmed and wild shrimp, but not in wild shrimp on the Atlantic coast of the Americas. The shrimp-farming industry has developed several broodstocks of both ""P. stylirostris"" and ""P. vannamei"" that are resistant against IHHN infection. The disease is caused by a single-stranded DNA virus simply called ""IHHN virus"", the smallest of the known"
"be treated and limit the physical damage, as well as control contagion. In the twenty-first century, effective, free treatment of dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine was available through WHO. However, in many parts of the world, lay people still believe the disease to be incurable. The multi-drug therapy provided free to countries where the disease is endemic provides a reliable cure for leprosy. The misconception also stems from the discontinuity between science and government policy. Although the medical community has agreed for decades that Hansen’s disease is only mildly contagious, it still remains on the list of “communicable diseases of public"
"is found in patients in other parts of Europe and the United States. It is named after Øystein Aagenæs, a Norwegian paediatrician. It is also called cholestasis-lymphedema syndrome (CLS). Aagenaes syndrome Aagenaes syndrome is a syndrome characterised by congenital hypoplasia of lymph vessels, which causes lymphedema of the legs and recurrent cholestasis in infancy, and slow progress to hepatic cirrhosis and giant cell hepatitis with fibrosis of the portal tracts. The genetic cause is unknown, but it is autosomal recessively inherited and the gene is located to chromosome 15q. A common feature of the condition is a generalised lymphatic anomaly,"
"Howel–Evans syndrome Howel–Evans syndrome is an extremely rare condition involving thickening of the skin in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet (hyperkeratosis). This familial disease is associated with a high lifetime risk of esophageal cancer. For this reason, it is sometimes known as tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC). The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, and it has been linked to a mutation in the ""RHBDF2"" gene. It was first described in 1958. This condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant syndrome and characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma, oral precursor lesions particularly on the"
"transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, and occurs in one in 5,000 people. The disease carries the names of Sir William Osler, Henri Jules Louis Marie Rendu, and Frederick Parkes Weber, who described it in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Telangiectasia (small vascular malformations) may occur in the skin and mucosal linings of the nose and gastrointestinal tract. The most common problem is nosebleeds (epistaxis), which happen frequently from childhood and affect about 90–95% of people with HHT. Lesions on the skin and in the mouth bleed less often but may be considered cosmetically displeasing; they affect about"
"the doctor's personal residence in the Summer of 2017. Hansen House (Jerusalem) Hansen House is a historic building in Jerusalem. It is located in the city's affluent Talbiya neighbourhood, diagonally opposite from the Jerusalem Theatre. In the late 19th century it was a hospital for Hansen's disease (leprosy). Later, it served as an outpatient clinic and housed the National Center for Hansen's Disease. The hospital building and 40 acre lot were declared an Israel heritage site. Hansen House was established in 1887 to care for patients with leprosy, then an incurable disease. The two-story building was designed by Conrad Schick,"
"Eugene Kellersberger of the American Leprosy Mission, who had had the vision for establishing such a multifaceted center and had been the main promoter of the project. ALERT (medical facility) ALERT is a medical facility on the edge of Addis Ababa, specializing in Hansen’s disease, also known as “leprosy”. It was originally the All Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center (hence the acronym), but the official name is now expanded to include tuberculosis: All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Centre. ALERT’s activities focus on its hospital, rehabilitation of leprosy patients, training programs for leprosy personnel from around the world,"
"tuberculosis. During the 20th century, tuberculosis killed approximately 100 million people. TB is still one of the most important health problems in the developing world. Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by a bacillus, ""Mycobacterium leprae"". It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Since 1985, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. Historically, leprosy has affected people since at least 600 BC. Leprosy outbreaks began to occur in Western Europe around 1000 AD. Numerous ""leprosaria"", or leper hospitals, sprang up in the Middle Ages; Matthew Paris estimated that in"
"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Heřmanský–Pudlák syndrome (often written Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome or abbreviated HPS) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder which results in oculocutaneous albinism (decreased pigmentation), bleeding problems due to a platelet abnormality (platelet storage pool defect), and storage of an abnormal fat-protein compound (lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin). It is considered to affect around 1 in 500,000 people worldwide, with a significantly higher occurrence in Puerto Ricans, with a prevalence of 1 in 1800. Many of the clinical research studies on the disease have been conducted in Puerto Rico. There are eight classic forms of the disorder, based on the"
"the death rate fell and discharges increased. There had only been three discharges of Hansen's disease patients from Fantome Island from 1940 the end of 1948; compared to 22 discharges from 1949 to the end of 1952. In March 1950 Abraham Fryberg, Cilento's successor as Director-General of Health and Medical Services, recommended that Peel Island patients be moved to the mainland, and Queensland's Premier, Ned Hanlon, noted that the disease of leprosy would now be known as Hansen's disease. About the same time that Hansen's disease patients were finally receiving effective treatment, there was increased public pressure to end the"
"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), also known as haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (British spelling), and hemophagocytic or haemophagocytic syndrome, is an uncommon hematologic disorder seen more often in children than in adults. It is a life-threatening disease of severe hyperinflammation caused by uncontrolled proliferation of activated lymphocytes and macrophages, characterised by proliferation of morphologically benign lymphocytes and macrophages that secrete high amounts of inflammatory cytokines. It is classified as one of the cytokine storm syndromes. Primary HLH, also known as familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) or familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder found to be more prevalent with parental consanguinity."
"or 60%) of these new cases were reported in California, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New York, and Texas. Epidemiology of leprosy Worldwide, two to three million people are estimated to be permanently disabled because of leprosy. India has the greatest number of cases, with Brazil second and Indonesia third. In 1999, the world incidence of Hansen's disease was estimated to be 640,000. In 2000, 738,284 cases were identified. In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed 91 countries in which Hansen's disease is endemic. India, Myanmar and Nepal contained 70% of cases. India reports over 50% of the world's leprosy cases. In"
"ancient Indian text, the ""Atharava Veda"", as early as 2000 BC. Another Indian text, the ""Manusmriti"" (1500 BC), prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. Biblically speaking, the Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע,—tsaw-rah'—to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός—lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc.…) as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of"
"in unstained tissue sections. The rods were not soluble in potassium lye, and they were acid- and alcohol-fast. In 1879, he stained these organisms with Ziehl's method and noted the similarities with Koch's bacillus (""Mycobacterium tuberculosis""). There were three significant differences between these organisms: (1) the rods in the leprosy lesions were extremely numerous, (2) they formed characteristic intracellular collections (""globii""), and (3) the rods had a variety of shapes with branching and swelling. These differences suggested that leprosy was caused by an organism related to but distinct from ""Mycobacterium tuberculosis"". Hansen worked at ""St. Jørgens Hospital"" in Bergen, founded"
"Hansen House (Jerusalem) Hansen House is a historic building in Jerusalem. It is located in the city's affluent Talbiya neighbourhood, diagonally opposite from the Jerusalem Theatre. In the late 19th century it was a hospital for Hansen's disease (leprosy). Later, it served as an outpatient clinic and housed the National Center for Hansen's Disease. The hospital building and 40 acre lot were declared an Israel heritage site. Hansen House was established in 1887 to care for patients with leprosy, then an incurable disease. The two-story building was designed by Conrad Schick, a German missionary and self-taught architect. It was set"
"Hydrolethalus syndrome Hydrolethalus syndrome (HLS), less commonly referred to as Salonen-Herva-Norio syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that causes improper fetal development, resulting in birth defects and, most commonly, stillbirth. HLS is associated with HYLS1 mutations. The gene encoding HYLS1 is responsible for proper cilial development within the human body. Cilia are microscopic projections that allow sensory input and signalling output within cells, as well as cell motility. Dysfunction results in a range of abnormalities that are often the result of improper cell signalling. A variant form, HLS2, with additional mutations to the ""KIF7"" gene, is less common. ""KIF7"" also"
"system. Prevalent smoking aggravates its spread. Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, was officially eliminated at the national level in China by 1982, meaning prevalence is lower than 1 in 100,000. There are 3,510 active cases today. Though leprosy has been brought under control in general, the situation in some areas is worsening, according to China’s Ministry of Health. 100 million Chinese people have mental illnesses that are varying degrees of intensity. Currently, dilemmas such as human rights versus political control, community integration versus community control, diversity versus centrally, huge demand but inadequate services seem to challenge the further development"