"Odd-toed ungulate Members of the order Perissodactyla, also known as odd-toed ungulates, are mammals characterized by an odd number of toes and by hindgut fermentation with somewhat simple stomachs. ""Perissodactyla"" comes from the Ancient Greek περισσός (""perissós"", ""uneven"") and δάκτυλος (""dáktylos"", ""finger, toe""). Unlike the even-toed ungulates, they digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers. The order includes three extant families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs), with a total of about 17 species. Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in the 19th century"
"Sloth Sloths are arboreal mammals noted for slowness of movement and for spending most of their lives hanging upside down in the trees of the tropical rainforests of South America and Central America. The six species are in two families: two-toed sloths and three-toed sloths. In spite of this traditional naming, all sloths actually have three toes. The two-toed sloths have two digits, or fingers, on each forelimb. The sloth is so named because of its very low metabolism and deliberate movements, ""sloth"" being related to the word ""slow"". This is an evolutionary adaptation to their low-energy diet of leaves,"
"and the manatee, which have only six. Three-toed sloth The three-toed sloths are tree-living mammals from South and Central America. They are the only members of the genus Bradypus and the family Bradypodidae. The four living species of three-toed sloths are the brown-throated sloth, the maned sloth, the pale-throated sloth, and the pygmy three-toed sloth. A study of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequences suggests that ""B. torquatus"" diverged from ""B. variegatus"" and ""B. tridactylus"" about 12 million years ago, while the latter two split 5 to 6 million years ago. The diversification of ""B. variegatus"" lineages was estimated"
"Three-toed sloth The three-toed sloths are tree-living mammals from South and Central America. They are the only members of the genus Bradypus and the family Bradypodidae. The four living species of three-toed sloths are the brown-throated sloth, the maned sloth, the pale-throated sloth, and the pygmy three-toed sloth. A study of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequences suggests that ""B. torquatus"" diverged from ""B. variegatus"" and ""B. tridactylus"" about 12 million years ago, while the latter two split 5 to 6 million years ago. The diversification of ""B. variegatus"" lineages was estimated to have started 4 to 5 million"
"New World monkey New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Central and South America and Mexico: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea, the only extant superfamily in the parvorder Platyrrhini. Platyrrhini means flat-nosed, and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family Atelidae, such as the spider monkey, are the only primates to have prehensile tails. New World monkeys' closest relatives are the other simians, the Catarrhini (""down-nosed,"" comprising Old World monkeys and"
"Tylopoda Tylopoda (meaning ""calloused foot"") is a suborder of terrestrial herbivorous even-toed ungulates belonging to the order Artiodactyla. They are found in the wild in their native ranges of South America and Asia, while Australian feral camels are introduced. The group has a long fossil history in North America and Europe. Tylopoda appeared during the Eocene around 46.2 million years ago. Tylopoda has only one extant family, Camelidae, which includes camels, llamas, guanacos, alpacas and vicuñas. This group was much more diverse in the past, containing a number of extinct families in addition to the ancestors of living camelids (see"
"Scolomys melanops Scolomys melanops, also known as the short-nosed scolomys, South American spiny mouse, Ecuadorian spiny mouse, or gray spiny mouse, is a species of rodent in the genus ""Scolomys"" of family Cricetidae. It is a forest mouse and was thought to be endemic to Ecuador but it is now known to have a wider distribution, being also present in part of Peru. The South American spiny mouse has a total length of between including a tail of . It has a short, broad head, a small body and a nearly naked tail. The dorsal pelage is short and dense"
"Atelinae The Atelinae are a subfamily of New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, and includes the various spider and woolly monkeys. The primary distinguishing feature of the atelines is their long prehensile tails, which can support their entire body weight. Atelines live on the American continent from southern Mexico through central Brazil and Bolivia. Diurnal and arboreal, they move speedily and acrobatically through the trees using their tails. Atelines, along with the related howler monkeys, are the largest of the New World monkeys. They live in groups, show amicable intergroup relations, and can coalesce into large aggregations for extended"
"Chinchillidae The family Chinchillidae is in the order Rodentia and consists of the chinchillas, the viscachas, and their fossil relatives. This family is restricted to southern and western South America, mostly living in mountainous regions of the Andes but one species living on plains. They are medium to large-sized rodents, weighing from to , with strong hind legs and large ears and a bushy tail. All species have thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some cultures. Members of the family Chinchillidae are somewhat rabbit or squirrel-like rodents varying in weight from . They have large eyes, medium-sized ears,"
"Long-toed salamander The long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) is a mole salamander in the family Ambystomatidae. This species, typically long when mature, is characterized by its mottled black, brown, and yellow pigmentation, and its long outer fourth toe on the hind limbs. Analysis of fossil records, genetics, and biogeography suggest ""A. macrodactylum"" and ""A. laterale"" are descended from a common ancestor that gained access to the western Cordillera with the loss of the mid-continental seaway toward the Paleocene. The distribution of the long-toed salamander is primarily in the Pacific Northwest, with an altitudinal range of up to . It lives in"
"Spider monkey Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles, part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus contains seven species, all of which are under threat; the black-headed spider monkey and brown spider monkey are critically endangered. Disproportionately long limbs and long prehensile tails make them one of the largest New World monkeys and give rise to their common name. Spider monkeys live in the upper layers of the rainforest, and forage in the high canopy,"
"range. Bearded wood partridge The bearded wood partridge (""Dendrortyx barbatus"") is a species of bird in the Odontophoridae family. It is medium-sized with a long tail. It is distributed in the temperate forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) mountain range in Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and plantations. The Santo Domingo River in northern Oaxaca and western slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental, act as a biogeographic barriers and mark the distribution limits between these species. It is threatened by habitat loss. Defining it's national risk category requires further knowledge of their current"
"habitats, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of ""least concern"". Southern climbing mouse The southern climbing mouse (""Rhipidomys austrinus"") is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia in forested valleys and on slopes on the eastern side of the Andes Mountains. The southern climbing mouse grows to a head-and-body length of about , with a tail some 110 to 135% longer than this. There is a clear demarcation line between the dorsal and ventral pelage; the dorsal fur is dense and varies in"
"Cotinga The cotingas are a large family, Cotingidae, of suboscine passerine birds found in Central America and tropical South America. Cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges, that are primary frugivorous. They all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings, and strong legs. They range in size from of the fiery-throated fruiteater (""Pipreola chlorolepidota"") up to of the Amazonian umbrellabird (""Cephalopterus ornatus""). Cotingas vary widely in social structure. There is a roughly 50/50 divide in the family between species with biparental care, and those in which the males play no part in raising the young. The purple-throated fruitcrow"
"Family Phrynosomatidae Phrynosomatidae The Phrynosomatidae are a diverse family of lizards, sometimes classified as a subfamily (Phrynosomatinae), found from Panama to the extreme south of Canada. Many members of the group are adapted to life in hot, sandy deserts, although the spiny lizards prefer rocky deserts or even relatively moist forest edges, and the short-horned lizard lives in prairie or sagebrush environments. The group includes both egg-laying and viviparous species, with the latter being more common in species living at high elevations. The 136 species are organised into 9 genera in this subfamily. The earless taxa (""Cophosaurus"" and ""Holbrookia"") are"
"as they have a wide range and are locally abundant in some areas. Three extant and three fossil genera are currently recognized: Chinchillidae The family Chinchillidae is in the order Rodentia and consists of the chinchillas, the viscachas, and their fossil relatives. This family is restricted to southern and western South America, mostly living in mountainous regions of the Andes but one species living on plains. They are medium to large-sized rodents, weighing from to , with strong hind legs and large ears and a bushy tail. All species have thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some cultures."
"Elephant The elephants are the large mammals forming the family Elephantidae in the order Proboscidea. Three species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant (""Loxodonta africana""), the African forest elephant (""L. cyclotis""), and the Asian elephant (""Elephas maximus""). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; other, now extinct, members of the order include deinotheres, gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons. All elephants have several distinctive features, the most notable of which is a long trunk (also called a proboscis), used for many purposes, particularly breathing, lifting water, and"
"Long-nosed caenolestid The long-nosed caenolestid (""Rhyncholestes raphanurus""), also known as the Chilean shrew opossum or long-nosed shrew opossum, is a shrew opossum that occurs in temperate forests of Argentina and southern Chile. It was first described by American zoologist Wilfred Hudson Osgood in 1924. The long-nosed caenolestid resembles ""Caenolestes"" species in morphology. It is characterized by a long, pointed snout, small eyes and ears, and one claw on a digit of each of the thin limbs. Little is known of its behavior; it appears to be terrestrial (lives on land), nocturnal (active mainly at night) and omnivorous. It prefers cool,"
"Four-toed salamander The four-toed salamander (""Hemidactylium scutatum"") is a lungless salamander native to eastern North America. It is a species of the monotypic genus Hemidactylium. (In Francophone Canada, it is called the salamandre à quatre orteils.) The four-toed salamander can be recognized by its white underbelly sprinkled with black dots. Its back varies from orange-brownish to red-brownish; its flanks are grayish. The body and the limbs are elongated. The snout is short, and the eyes are prominent. The tail color is usually brighter than the back, and you can observe a constriction at the body/tail junction. The posterior limbs have"
"Xerobdellidae Xerobdellidae are a small family of ""jawed leeches"". The latter might be (but probably are not) a natural, monophyletic group of hirudiniform proboscisless leeches. Xerobdellidae have three jaws and five pairs of eyes, the fourth and fifth being separated by one or two eyeless segments. One each of the mere three genera placed herein occurs in Chile (""Mesobdella"") and Europe (""Xerobdella""). ""Diestecostoma"" is more widespread and found in Central and northern South America. This peculiar distribution strongly suggests they are a relict Pangaean group, which had already been present by the start of the Jurassic 250 million years ago."
"foramina and nasal regions. Pikas, also known as conies, are entirely represented by the family Ochotonidae and are small mammals native to mountainous regions of western North America, and Central Asia. They are mostly about long and have greyish-brown, silky fur, small rounded ears, and almost no tail. Their four legs are nearly equal in length. Some species live in scree, making their homes in the crevices between broken rocks, while others construct burrows in upland areas. The rock-dwelling species are typically long-lived and solitary, have one or two litters of a small number of young each year and have"
"Bearded wood partridge The bearded wood partridge (""Dendrortyx barbatus"") is a species of bird in the Odontophoridae family. It is medium-sized with a long tail. It is distributed in the temperate forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) mountain range in Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and plantations. The Santo Domingo River in northern Oaxaca and western slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental, act as a biogeographic barriers and mark the distribution limits between these species. It is threatened by habitat loss. Defining it's national risk category requires further knowledge of their current distribution"
"Cebidae The Cebidae are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Extant members are the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. These species are found throughout tropical and subtropical South and Central America. Cebid monkeys are arboreal animals that only rarely travel on the ground. They are generally small monkeys, ranging in size up to that of the brown capuchin, with a body length of 33 to 56 cm, and a weight of 2.5 to 3.9 kilograms. They are somewhat variable in form and coloration, but all have the wide, flat, noses typical of New World monkeys."
"Moose The moose (North America) or elk (Eurasia), ""Alces alces"" is a member of the New World deer subfamily and is the largest and heaviest extant species in the Deer family. Moose are distinguished by the broad, palmate (""open-hand shaped"") antlers of the males; other members of the deer family have antlers with a dendritic (""twig-like"") configuration. Moose typically inhabit boreal forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates. Hunting and other human activities have caused a reduction in the size of the moose's range over time. Moose have been reintroduced to"
"Gartered trogon The gartered trogon (""Trogon caligatus""), also known as the northern violaceous trogon, is a near passerine bird in the trogon family, Trogonidae. It is found in forests in east-central Mexico, south through Central America, to north-western South America (west or north of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela). It was formerly treated as a subspecies of the violaceous trogon. It nests in a wasp, ant or termite nest or a hole in a rotten tree, with a typical clutch of two or three white eggs. Gartered trogons feed on insects and small fruit, and their broad bills"
"have a large total population. It faces no particular threats, but deforestation may affect it locally. It lives in both primary and secondary forests and is present in several protected areas, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of ""least concern"". Scolomys melanops Scolomys melanops, also known as the short-nosed scolomys, South American spiny mouse, Ecuadorian spiny mouse, or gray spiny mouse, is a species of rodent in the genus ""Scolomys"" of family Cricetidae. It is a forest mouse and was thought to be endemic to Ecuador but it is now known"
"that this contact zone is between two different subspecies lineages because the ""A. m. columbianum"" lineage is geographically isolated and restricted to the central Oregon Mountains. Long-toed salamander The long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) is a mole salamander in the family Ambystomatidae. This species, typically long when mature, is characterized by its mottled black, brown, and yellow pigmentation, and its long outer fourth toe on the hind limbs. Analysis of fossil records, genetics, and biogeography suggest ""A. macrodactylum"" and ""A. laterale"" are descended from a common ancestor that gained access to the western Cordillera with the loss of the mid-continental seaway"
"Slender-billed parakeet The slender-billed parakeet also called the long-billed parakeet (""Enicognathus leptorhynchus""), is a medium size South American parrot. It belongs to the smaller long-tailed Arinae (macaws and parakeets). It is known by the local common name ""choroy"". It is endemic to southern Chile; its natural habitat is temperate forests, and its range stretches from central Chile at the level of Mt Aconcagua down to the island of Chiloe and the continental section of the country. The birds are social and flock together in large numbers; they are not especially afraid of humans and the sighting of flocks in urban"
"behaviors; screaming, biting, splashing, etc. Mitred parakeet The mitred parakeet (""Psittacara mitratus""), also known as the mitred conure in aviculture, is a species of green and red parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is native to the forests and woodlands in the Andes from north-central Peru, south through Bolivia, to north-western Argentina, with introduced populations in California, Florida and Hawaii. It may constitute a cryptic species complex. A relatively long-tailed species with a total length of . Adults are mainly green with varying amounts of red to the face and thighs, a relatively conspicuous bare white eye-ring, and a heavy,"
"Mesonychidae Mesonychidae (meaning ""middle claws"") is an extinct family of small to large-sized omnivorous-carnivorous mammals closely related to cetartiodactyls (even-toed ungulates & cetaceans) which were endemic to North America and Eurasia during the Early Paleocene to the Early Oligocene. The mesonychids were an unusual group of condylarths with a specialized dentition featuring tri-cuspid upper molars and high-crowned lower molars with shearing surfaces. They were once viewed as primitive carnivores, like the Paleocene family ""Arctocyonidae"", and their diet probably included meat and fish. In contrast to this other family of early mammals, the mesonychids had only four digits furnished with hooves"
"would periodically pop-up and make a joke or comment on user actions or system events. Moose The moose (North America) or elk (Eurasia), ""Alces alces"" is a member of the New World deer subfamily and is the largest and heaviest extant species in the Deer family. Moose are distinguished by the broad, palmate (""open-hand shaped"") antlers of the males; other members of the deer family have antlers with a dendritic (""twig-like"") configuration. Moose typically inhabit boreal forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates. Hunting and other human activities have caused a"
"Camelid Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The extant members of this group are: dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Camelids are even-toed ungulates classified in the order Cetartiodactyla, along with pigs, whales, deer, cattle, antelope, and many others. Camelids are large, strictly herbivorous animals with slender necks and long legs. They differ from ruminants in a number of ways. Their dentition show traces of vestigial central incisors in the incisive bone, and the third incisors have developed into canine-like tusks. Camelids also"
"Boidae The Boidae (Common names: boas, boids) are a family of nonvenomous snakes primarily found in the Americas, although also existing in Africa, Madagascar, Europe, Asia, and some Pacific Islands. Relatively primitive snakes, adults are medium to large in size, with females usually larger than the males. Five subfamilies, comprising 12 genera and 49 species, are currently recognized. Like the pythons, boas have elongated supratemporal bones. The quadrate bones are also elongated, but not as much, while both are capable of moving freely so when they swing sideways to their maximum extent, the distance between the hinges of the lower"