"it again widens a little to below the middle of the body, and then narrows to its lower extremity. In adults the sternum is on average about 17 cm, longer in the male than in the female. The manubrium () is the broad upper part of the sternum. It has a quadrangular shape, narrowing from the top, which gives it four borders. The suprasternal notch (jugular notch) is located in the middle at the upper broadest part of the manubrium. This notch can be felt between the two clavicles. On either side of this notch are the right and left"
"Lateral extensions of a tergite are known as paranota (Greek for ""alongside the back"") or ""carinae"" (Latin for ""keel""), exemplified by the flat-backed millipedes of the order Polydesmida. In crustaceans, the tergum is known as a ""pleuron"" when it overhangs the insertion of the limb on each side as a free plate. In contrast to the tergum, the ventral portion of a segment is called the sternum. Tergum A tergum (Latin for ""the back""; plural terga, associated adjective tergal) is the dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The anterior edge is called the ""base"" and"
"Sternal fracture A sternal fracture is a fracture of the sternum (the breastbone), located in the center of the chest. The injury, which occurs in 5–8% of people who experience significant blunt chest trauma, may occur in vehicle accidents, when the still-moving chest strikes a steering wheel or dashboard or is injured by a seatbelt. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), has also been known to cause thoracic injury, including sternum and rib fractures. Sternal fractures may also occur as a pathological fracture, in people who have weakened bone in their sternum, due to another disease process. Sternal fracture can interfere with breathing"
"(or ""notum"") to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron) and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum, are used. The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11–12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each"
"Sternomancy Sternomancy, from the Greek sternon (chest) is a divination practice involving reading the markings or bumps on the chest or breast bone (or the area ""from the breast to the belly"", according to some sources). Sternomancy may have been commonly practiced on victims of sacrifice, including human sacrifice. Sternomancy may also include speaking through the chest (believed to be an early form of ventriloquism). The size and shape of the sternum bone are taken into consideration, as well as the way in which the bone burns when placed into a fire. The old holiday custom of the breaking of"
"The abdomen is the section behind the metathorax, made up of a series of rings, each with a hole for breathing and respiration, called a spiracle, composing three different segmented sclerites: the tergum, pleura, and the sternum. The tergum in almost all species is membranous, or usually soft and concealed by the wings and elytra when not in flight. The pleura are usually small or hidden in some species, with each pleuron having a single spiracle. The sternum is the most widely visible part of the abdomen, being a more or less sclerotized segment. The abdomen itself does not have"
"hook or tuft on the forewing (the retinaculum) to join the wings together. Frenulum A frenulum (or frenum, plural: frenula or frena, from the Latin ""frēnulum"", ""little bridle"", the diminutive of ""frēnum"") is a small fold of tissue that secures or restricts the motion of a mobile organ in the body. Frenula on the human body include several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia. An overly short oral or genital frenulum may require a frenulectomy or frenuloplasty to achieve normal mobility. The word frenulum also refers to a bristle present at"
"sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the organs of the thorax except the lungs. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck. The mediastinum can be divided into an upper (or superior) and lower (or inferior) part: Anatomists, surgeons, and clinical radiologists compartmentalize the mediastinum differently. For instance, in the radiological scheme of Felson, there are only three compartments (anterior, middle, and posterior), and the heart is part of the anterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum is bounded: A number of structures occur at the level of the thoracic plane, which divides the"
"Xiphoid process The xiphoid process , or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower (inferior) part of the sternum, which is usually ossified in the adult human. It may also be referred to as the ensiform process. Both the Greek derived ""xiphoid"" and its Latin equivalent ""ensiform"" mean 'swordlike'. The xiphoid process is considered to be at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra and the T6 dermatome. In newborns and young (especially slender) infants, the tip of the xiphoid process may be both seen and felt as a lump just below the sternal notch."
"Sternal angle The sternal angle (also known as the angle of Louis or manubriosternal junction) is the synarthrotic joint formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. The sternal angle is a palpable clinical landmark in surface anatomy. The sternal angle, which varies around 162 degrees in males, marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages, which attach to the second ribs, and the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5. In clinical applications, the sternal angle can be palpated at the T4 vertebral level. The sternal angle is used"
"to heal. Traditionally, thoracic surgery performed for diagnosis or treatment of chest conditions has required access to the chest through thoracotomy or sternotomy incisions. Sternotomy requires the use of a sternal saw to divide the sternum and requires spreading of the divided portions of the sternum with a sternal retractor to allow for visualization of the thoracic structures, passage of instruments into the chest, and removal of specimens. Thoracotomy, as most commonly performed, requires division of one or more major muscles of the chest wall including the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis or serratus muscles, along with spreading of the ribs with"
"an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum) to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron), and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, there is also the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum. The tergal plates of the thorax are simple structures"
"the tergum; if the tergum bears any sclerites, those are called ""tergites"". The ventral region is called the sternum, which commonly bears sternites. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular pleurum) and any sclerites they bear are called pleurites. Within entomology, the term ""glabrous"" is used to refer to those parts of an insect's body lacking in setae (bristles) or scales. Chemically, chitin is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, which is a derivative of glucose. The polymer bonds between the glucose units are β(1→4) links, the same as in cellulose. In its unmodified form, chitin is translucent,"
"humeri. In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum. Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the"
"Frenulum A frenulum (or frenum, plural: frenula or frena, from the Latin ""frēnulum"", ""little bridle"", the diminutive of ""frēnum"") is a small fold of tissue that secures or restricts the motion of a mobile organ in the body. Frenula on the human body include several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia. An overly short oral or genital frenulum may require a frenulectomy or frenuloplasty to achieve normal mobility. The word frenulum also refers to a bristle present at the root of the hindwing of most moths which engages with a small"
"reason for that name was lost. Once thought to be after Antoine Louis or Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig, it is now believed to be after Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. Sternal angle The sternal angle (also known as the angle of Louis or manubriosternal junction) is the synarthrotic joint formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. The sternal angle is a palpable clinical landmark in surface anatomy. The sternal angle, which varies around 162 degrees in males, marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages, which attach to the second ribs, and"
"Median sternotomy Median sternotomy is a type of surgical procedure in which a vertical inline incision is made along the sternum, after which the sternum itself is divided, or ""cracked"". This procedure provides access to the heart and lungs for surgical procedures such as heart transplant, corrective surgery for congenital heart defects, or coronary artery bypass surgery. Median sternotomy is often mistakenly referred to as open heart surgery, in which it is a preliminary step. However, open heart additionally involves incision of the pericardium, and many median sternotomy procedures do not require this. Open heart usually involves the use of"
"description of the coronal plane applies to most animals as well as humans even though humans walk upright and the various planes are usually shown in the vertical orientation. The sternal plane (""planum sternale"") is a coronal plane which transects the front of the sternum. The term is derived from Latin corona (“garland, crown”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korōnē, “garland, wreath”). Coronal plane A coronal plane (also known as the frontal plane) is any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections. It is one of the three main planes of the body used"
"Tergum A tergum (Latin for ""the back""; plural terga, associated adjective tergal) is the dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The anterior edge is called the ""base"" and posterior edge is called the ""apex"" or ""margin"". A given tergum may be divided into hardened plates or sclerites commonly referred to as tergites. For a detailed explanation of the terminology, see Kinorhynchs have tergal and sternal plates too, though seemingly not homologous with those of arthropods. So, for example, in a thoracic segment, the tergum may be divided into an anterior notum and a posterior scutellum."
"Stereom Stereom is a calcium carbonate material that makes up the internal skeletons found in sea urchins, and all other echinoderms, both living and fossilized forms. It is a sponge-like porous structure which, in a sea urchin may be 50% by volume living cells, and the rest being a matrix of calcite crystals. The size of openings in stereom varies in different species and in different places within the same organism. When an echinoderm becomes a fossil, microscopic examination is used to reveal the structure and such examination is often an important tool to classify the fossil as an echinoderm"
"a cardiopulmonary bypass, also known as a heart-lung machine. Should this procedure be performed upon an individual more than once, each subsequent sternotomy may be referred to as a ""resternotomy"". <BR> Median sternotomy Median sternotomy is a type of surgical procedure in which a vertical inline incision is made along the sternum, after which the sternum itself is divided, or ""cracked"". This procedure provides access to the heart and lungs for surgical procedures such as heart transplant, corrective surgery for congenital heart defects, or coronary artery bypass surgery. Median sternotomy is often mistakenly referred to as open heart surgery, in"
"disease, if it is unknown. Treatment of any underlying disease, such as chemotherapy if indicated for bone cancer, may help to improve the pain of a sternal fracture. In 1864, E. Guilt published a handbook recording sternal fractures as a rare injury found in severe trauma. The injury became more common with the introduction and wide use of automobiles and the subsequent rise in traffic accidents. A rise in sternal fractures has also been seen with an increase in the frequency of laws requiring that seat belts be worn. Sternal fracture A sternal fracture is a fracture of the sternum"
"and thoracicus"" depending on studies""."" Sternalis muscle The sternalis muscle is an anatomical variation that lies in front of the sternal end of the pectoralis major parallel to the margin of the sternum. The sternalis muscle may be a variation of the pectoralis major or of the rectus abdominis. The sternalis is a muscle that runs along the anterior aspect of the body of the sternum. It lies superficially and parallel to the sternum. Its origin and insertion are variable. The sternalis muscle often originates from the upper part of the sternum and can display varying insertions such as the"
"the sternum, rests on the pericardium, and is separated from the aortic arch and great vessels by a layer of fascia. The left brachiocephalic vein may even be embedded within the thymus. In the neck, it lies on the front and sides of the trachea, behind the sternohyoidei and sternothyreoidei. The thymus consists of two lobes, merged in the middle, surrounded by a capsule that extends with blood vessels into the interior. The lobes consist of a dense outer and an inner less dense . The lobes are divided into smaller lobules 0.5-2mm diameter, between which extrude radiating insertions from"
"lobes is called the genu (""knee""). The genu curves downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum, diminishing greatly in thickness. The lower much thinner part is the rostrum and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramina to the recess at the base of the optic stalk. The rostrum is named for its resemblance to a bird's beak. The end part of the corpus callosum, towards the cerebellum, is called the splenium. This is the thickest part, and overlaps the tela choroidea of the third ventricle and the midbrain, and ends in a"
"Sternocleidomastoid muscle The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve. It is given the name ""sternocleidomastoid"" because it originates at the manubrium of the sternum (""sterno-"") and the clavicle (""cleido-""), and has an insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates from two locations: the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle. It travels obliquely across the side of"
"However, there is a potential benefit of the muscle as it can be used as a flap in a reconstructive surgery of the head and neck and the anterior chest wall. The sternalis was first reported by Carbolius in 1604 and the name was first given by Turner in 1867. Different terminologies have been given to the sternalis due to its highly varied morphology and the disagreement on its embryonic origin. The sternalis was referred to as the ""rectus sternalis,"" ""sternalis brutorum, musculus sternalis, episternalis, parasternalis, presternalis, rectus sterni, rectus thoracis, rectus thoracicus superficialis, superficial rectus abdominis, sternalis brutorum, japonicas,"
"Sternalis muscle The sternalis muscle is an anatomical variation that lies in front of the sternal end of the pectoralis major parallel to the margin of the sternum. The sternalis muscle may be a variation of the pectoralis major or of the rectus abdominis. The sternalis is a muscle that runs along the anterior aspect of the body of the sternum. It lies superficially and parallel to the sternum. Its origin and insertion are variable. The sternalis muscle often originates from the upper part of the sternum and can display varying insertions such as the pectoral fascia, lower ribs, costal"
"→ ""entelegyne"" Heart mark: A narrow marking along the top of the ""abdomen"" roughly corresponding to the location of the heart Labio-sternum mound: A mound separating the ""labium"" from the ""sternum"", found in found in some tarantulas, where it can be a diagnostic feature Labium (plural labia): A hardened plate (sclerite) between the ""maxillae"" at the front of the ""sternum""; see also Arthropod mouthparts: Labium Labrum (plural labra): A component (the ""upper lip"") of the mouthparts, concealed by the ""chelicerae""; see also Arthropod mouthparts: Labrum Lateral (applied to appendages): Viewed from above or below, the sides of the leg or"
"occurs when the sternum separates from the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint. Sternoclavicular separations (dislocation and subluxation) are rare and generally caused by accident. If the clavicle is separated posteriorly (i.e. the clavicle separates and goes behind the sternum) the situation can be dangerous and the clavicle can cause damage to interior arteries, veins or organs. An X-ray or CT Scan may be necessary to accurately diagnose a sternoclavicular separation. Treatment consists of the standard use of plenty of rest, icing, NSAIDs and a sling. The joint may need to be reduced (i.e. put back in place), especially after posterior"
"result from birth trauma that gives rise to a mass or tumor that can be palpated within the muscle. It is given the name ""sternocleidomastoid"" because it originates at the manubrium of the sternum (""sterno-"") and the clavicle (""cleido-""), and has an insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. Sternocleidomastoid muscle The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve. It is given"
"Greek ἀστέριον (""astērion""), meaning ""star"" or ""starry"". The ""Mercedes point"" is an alternative term for the asterion, for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo. Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient"
"writings of the Greek physician Galen refer to ""Os xyphoides"" a translation of ξιφοειδές ὀστοῦν. Classical Latin ""os"" and Ancient Greek ὀστοῦν both mean bone, while ξιφοειδές means sword-shaped. Xiphoid process The xiphoid process , or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower (inferior) part of the sternum, which is usually ossified in the adult human. It may also be referred to as the ensiform process. Both the Greek derived ""xiphoid"" and its Latin equivalent ""ensiform"" mean 'swordlike'. The xiphoid process is considered to be at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra and the"