"Murine norovirus Murine norovirus (MNV) is a species of norovirus affecting mice. It was first identified in 2003. Like all noroviruses, MNV has a linear, non-segmented, positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kbp, encoding a large polyprotein which is cleaved into six smaller non-structural proteins (NS1/2 to NS7) by the viral 3C-like protease (NS6), a major structural protein (VP1) of about 58~60 kDa and a minor capsid protein (VP2). In addition to these proteins, MNV is unique amongst the noroviruses in possessing an additional fourth open reading frame overlapping the VP1 coding sequence. This additional reading frame encodes a virulence"
"Murinae The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. Members of this subfamily are called murines. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae and Muridae, and is larger than all mammal orders except the bats and the remainder of the rodents. Murinae is the modern name for Mures. The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia. They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica, and are serious pest animals. This"
"Muridae The Muridae, or murids, are the largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing over 700 species found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. The name Muridae comes from the Latin ' (genitive '), meaning ""mouse"". Murids are found nearly everywhere in the world, though many subfamilies have narrower ranges. Murids are not found in Antarctica or many oceanic islands. Although none of them is native to the Americas, a few species, notably the house mouse and black rat, have been introduced worldwide. Murids occupy a broad range of ecosystems from tropical forests to tundras. Fossorial, arboreal, and semiaquatic"
"Muroidea The Muroidea are a large superfamily of rodents, including mice, rats, voles, hamsters, gerbils, and many other relatives. They occupy a vast variety of habitats on every continent except Antarctica. Some authorities have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae, due to difficulties in determining how the subfamilies are related to one another. The following taxonomy is based on recent well-supported molecular phylogenies. The muroids are classified in six families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera, and at least 1750 species. 5 main clades are recognized by Jansa & Weksler (2004). Together, Muroidea and its sister"
"species as placed by Harding & Smith (2009). The genetic studies on which the scheme was based did not include the genus ""Lyncodon"", which is therefore unplaced, but it is probably allied with ""Mustela"" and ""Neovison"". Mustelidae The Mustelidae (; from Latin ""mustela"", weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, martens, mink, and wolverines, among others. Mustelids are diverse and the largest family in the order Carnivora, suborder caniform. The internal classification is still disputed, with rival proposals containing between two and eight subfamilies. One study, published in 2008, questions the long-accepted Mustelinae subfamily, and suggests"
"During the 19th century, the definition of ""Murex"" was restricted by Lamarck and his contemporaries first to species in the family Muricidae, and then was limited even further to the subfamilies Muricinae and Ocenebrinae. Malacologists of the 19th century including Kiener, Reeve, Küster & Kobelt and Sowerby treated all muricoid forms as belonging to ""Murex"". This is the main reason why ""Murex"" has so many synonyms. The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), lists the following species and subspecies with accepted names within the genus ""Murex"". Murex Murex is a genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails."
"is particularly true in island communities where they have contributed to the endangerment and extinction of many native animals. Two prominent murine human commensals have become vital laboratory animals. The brown rat and house mouse are both used as medical subjects. The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents. The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus ""Antemus"". ""Antemus"" is thought to derive directly from ""Potwarmus"", which has a more"
"Gymnure The gymnure, also called a hairy hedgehog or moonrat, is a type of mammal belonging to the subfamily Galericinae, in the family Erinaceidae and the order Eulipotyphla. Gymnures resemble rats but are not closely related as they are not rodents: they are instead closely related to hedgehogs. They are thought to have appeared in Eastern Asia before their closest relatives, and changed little from the original ancestor, which is thought to have been also the ancestor of the shrews. Although the gymnures are more closely related to the hedgehogs, full grown gymnures superficially resemble large rats or shrews, or"
"Wolverine The wolverine () (also spelled wolverene), ""Gulo gulo"" (""Gulo"" is Latin for ""glutton""), also referred to as the glutton, carcajou, skunk bear, or quickhatch, is the largest land-dwelling species of the family Mustelidae. It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more closely resembling a small bear than other mustelids. A solitary animal, it has a reputation for ferocity and strength out of proportion to its size, with the documented ability to kill prey many times larger than itself. The wolverine is found primarily in remote reaches of the Northern boreal forests and subarctic and alpine tundra of the Northern"
"relationships"" of this family. The presence of fin spines clearly indicates membership in the superorder Acanthopterygii, and in the 1960s, they were classed as primitive perciforms, while others have grouped them in Atheriniformes. They are classified as an order, Mugiliformes, within the subseries Ovalentaria of the clade Percomorpha in the 5th Edition of ""Fishes of the World"". In North America, ""mullet"" by itself usually refers to Mugilidae. In Europe, the word ""mullet"" is usually qualified, the ""grey mullets"" being Mugilidae and the ""red mullets"" or ""surmullets"" being Mullidae, notably members of the genus ""Mullus"", the red mullets. Outside Europe, the"
"Mustelidae The Mustelidae (; from Latin ""mustela"", weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, martens, mink, and wolverines, among others. Mustelids are diverse and the largest family in the order Carnivora, suborder caniform. The internal classification is still disputed, with rival proposals containing between two and eight subfamilies. One study, published in 2008, questions the long-accepted Mustelinae subfamily, and suggests that the Mustelidae consist of four major clades and three much smaller lineages. Mustelids vary greatly in size and behaviour. The least weasel can be under a foot in length, while the giant otter can measure"
"and Australasia. As of 2005, the Murinae contained 129 genera in 584 species. Musser and Carleton (2005) divided the Murinae into 29 genus divisions. They treated the Otomyinae as a separate subfamily, but all molecular analyses conducted to date have supported their inclusion in the Murinae as relatives of African genera . In a recent expedition in the Philippines, seven more ""Apomys"" mice were added and the genus was proposed to split into two subgenera - ""Apomys"" and ""Megapomys"", based on morphological and cytochrome b DNA sequences. SUBFAMILY MURINAE - Old World rats and mice Murinae The Old World rats"
"Primate A primate ( ) is a mammal of the order Primates. In taxonomy, primates include two distinct lineages, strepsirrhines and haplorhines. Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging environment. Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal. With the exception of humans, who inhabit every continent, most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa and Asia. They range in typical size from Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs only , to the eastern gorilla, weighing over . Based on fossil"
"not wild-colored. Mink Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera ""Neovison"" and ""Mustela"", and part of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets. There are two extant species referred to as ""mink"": the American mink and the European mink. The extinct sea mink is related to the American mink, but was much larger. The American mink is larger and more adaptable than the European mink but, due to variations in size, an individual mink usually cannot be determined as European or American with certainty without looking at the skeleton; however, all European mink have a"
"Thick-billed murre The thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot (""Uria lomvia"") is a bird in the auk family (Alcidae). This bird is named after the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich. The very deeply black North Pacific subspecies ""Uria lomvia arra"" is also called Pallas' murre after its describer. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ""ouria"", a waterbird mentioned by Athenaeus. The species term ""lomvia"" is a Swedish word for an auk or diver. The English ""guillemot"" is from French ""guillemot"" probably derived from ""Guillaume"", ""William"". ""Murre"" is of uncertain origins, but may imitate the call of the common guillemot. Murres"
"story, the rest being ""beast-fables"". Among Aesop's Fables are ""The Cat and the Mice"" and ""The Frog and the Mouse"". In James Herbert's first novel, ""The Rats"", (1974), a vagrant is attacked and eaten alive by a pack of giant rats; further attacks follow. Muridae The Muridae, or murids, are the largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing over 700 species found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. The name Muridae comes from the Latin ' (genitive '), meaning ""mouse"". Murids are found nearly everywhere in the world, though many subfamilies have narrower ranges. Murids are not found in"
"Mullet (fish) The mullets or grey mullets are a family (Mugilidae) of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and some species in fresh water. Mullets have served as an important source of food in Mediterranean Europe since Roman times. The family includes about 78 species in 20 genera. Mullets are distinguished by the presence of two separate dorsal fins, small triangular mouths, and the absence of a lateral line organ. They feed on detritus, and most species have unusually muscular stomachs and a complex pharynx to help in digestion. A common noticeable behavior in mullet is"
"the ""ros marus"", probably a Latinization of ""morž"", and this was adopted by Linnaeus in his binomial nomenclature. The coincidental similarity between ""morse"" and the Latin word ""morsus"" (""a bite"") supposedly contributed to the walrus's reputation as a ""terrible monster"". The compound ""Odobenus"" comes from ""odous"" (Greek for 'tooth') and ""baino"" (Greek for 'walk'), based on observations of walruses using their tusks to pull themselves out of the water. The term ""divergens"" in Latin means 'turning apart', referring to their tusks. The walrus is a mammal in the order Carnivora. It is the sole surviving member of the family Odobenidae,"
"Mink Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera ""Neovison"" and ""Mustela"", and part of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets. There are two extant species referred to as ""mink"": the American mink and the European mink. The extinct sea mink is related to the American mink, but was much larger. The American mink is larger and more adaptable than the European mink but, due to variations in size, an individual mink usually cannot be determined as European or American with certainty without looking at the skeleton; however, all European mink have a large white"
"Banded hare-wallaby The banded hare-wallaby, mernine, or munning (""Lagostrophus fasciatus"") is a marsupial that is currently found on the Islands of Bernier and Dorre off western Australia. A small population has recently been established on Faure Island and it appears to have been successful. It has also been reintroduced to Wadderin Sanctuary, near Narembeen in the central wheatbelt, in 2013. Evidence suggested that the mernine was the only living member of the sthenurine subfamily, and a recent osteology-based phylogeny of macropodids found that the banded hare-wallaby was indeed a bastion of an ancient lineage, agreeing with other (molecular) appraisals of"
"Murex Murex is a genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails. These are carnivorous marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, commonly called ""murexes"" or ""rock snails"". The common name murex is still used for a large number of species in the family Muricidae which were originally given the Latin generic name ""Murex"" in the past, but have more recently been regrouped into different newer genera. The word ""murex"" was used by Aristotle in reference to these kinds of snails, thus making it one of the oldest classical seashell names still in use by the scientific community."
"Suinae Suinae is a subfamily of artiodactyl mammals that includes several of the extant members of Suidae and their closest relatives—the domestic pig and related species, such as babirusas. Several extinct species within the Suidae are classified in subfamilies other than Suinae. However, the classification of the extinct members of the Suoidea-the larger group that includes the Suidae, the peccary family (Tayassuidae), and related extinct species—is controversial, and different classifications vary in the number of subfamilies within Suidae and their contents. Some classifications, such as the one proposed by paleontologist Jan van der Made in 2010, even exclude from Suinae"
"Muricinae Muricinae is a taxonomic subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the large family Muricidae, the murex snails and rock snails. The Muricinae represent approximately 780 valid names of fossil (378) and recent (400) species (Merle et al. 2011). This subfamily contains the true ""Murex"", and many other closely related genera. The subdivision of the Muricidae into ten subfamilies is mainly based on the work of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), who combined morphological and molecular data in order to define the Muricinae. However, based on latest knowledge this subfamily might represent a polyphyletic group. Traditional the Muricinae"
"Uria Uria is a genus of seabirds in the auk family known in Britain as guillemots, in most of North America as murres, and in Newfoundland and Labrador as turr. These are medium-sized birds with mainly brown or black plumage in the breeding season. They breed on the coasts of the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There are two species: ""Uria"" auks are relatives of the razorbill, little auk and the extinct great auk and together make up the tribe Alcini. Despite the similar British common names, they are not so closely related to the ""Cepphus"" guillemots, which form the"
"Mule A mule is the offspring of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare). Horses and donkeys are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes. Of the two F1 hybrids (first generation hybrids) between these two species, a mule is easier to obtain than a hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey (jenny) and a male horse (stallion). The size of a mule and work to which it is put depend largely on the breeding of the mule's female parent (dam). Mules can be lightweight, medium weight or when produced from draft horse mares, of moderately"
"European pine marten The European pine marten (""Martes martes""), known most commonly as the pine marten in Anglophone Europe, and less commonly also known as pineten, baum marten, or sweet marten, is an animal native to Northern Europe belonging to the mustelid family, which also includes mink, otter, badger, wolverine, and weasel. Their bodies are up to in length, and their bushy tails can be . Males are slightly larger than females; typically, martens weigh around - . Their fur is usually light to dark brown and grows longer and silkier during the winter, while being short and coarse in"
"Muraena Muraena is a genus of twelve species of large eels in the family Muraenidae. This genus is common in the Mediterranean, and is abundantly represented in tropical and subtropical seas, especially in rocky parts or on coral reefs. In the majority, a long fin runs from the head along the back, round the tail to the vent, but all are destitute of pectoral and ventral fins. The skin is scaleless and smooth, in many species ornamented with varied and bright colours. The mouth is wide, the jaws strong and armed with formidable, generally sharply pointed, teeth, which enable the"
"shrews). In addition, the family contains the extinct subfamilies Limnoecinae, Crocidosoricinae, Allosoricinae and Heterosoricinae (although Heterosoricinae is also commonly considered a separate family). Shrew The shrew (family Soricidae) is a small mole-like mammal classified in the order Eulipotyphla. True shrews are not to be confused with treeshrews, otter shrews, elephant shrews, or the extinct West Indies shrews, which belong to different families or orders. Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are. It is in fact a much closer relative of hedgehogs and moles, and shrews are related"
"Suina The suborder Suina (also known as Suiformes) is a lineage of omnivorous non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals that includes the pigs and peccaries of the families Suidae and Tayassuidae and their fossil kin. Hippopotamidae had historically been classified among the Suina for morphological reasons, but is now more often classified as the sister group of the whales, or Cetacea. The suborder Suina includes Suidae (pig family) and Tayassuidae (peccary family). The Merycoidodonts, or ""oreodonts"", a branch of the tylopoda, were often considered suines due to the popular, though inaccurate, description of them as ""ruminating hogs"". Oreodonts were not suines, they were"
"seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, Linnaeus adapted the term ""lemur"" for these nocturnal primates. However, Dunkel ""et al."" noted in 2012 that it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost-like appearance, reflective eyes, and ghostly cries of lemurs. It has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors, but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India, according to Dunkel ""et al"". Lemurs are primates belonging to the"
"Shrew The shrew (family Soricidae) is a small mole-like mammal classified in the order Eulipotyphla. True shrews are not to be confused with treeshrews, otter shrews, elephant shrews, or the extinct West Indies shrews, which belong to different families or orders. Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are. It is in fact a much closer relative of hedgehogs and moles, and shrews are related to rodents only to the extent that both belong to the Boreoeutheria Magnorder – together with humans, monkeys, cats, dogs, horses, rhinos, cows,"
"Mole (animal) Moles are small mammals adapted to a subterranean lifestyle (i.e., fossorial). They have cylindrical bodies; velvety fur; very small, inconspicuous ears and eyes; reduced hindlimbs; and short, powerful forelimbs with large paws adapted for digging. The term ""mole"" is especially and most properly used for ""true moles"" of the Talpidae family in the order Eulipotyphla found in most parts of North America, Asia, and Europe; although it may also refer to other unrelated mammals of Australia and southern Africa which have similarly evolved the mole body plan. The term is not applied to all talpids; e.g. desmans and"
"Mammal Mammals ( from Latin ""mamma"" ""breast"") are vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia, and characterized by the presence of mammary glands, which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young; a neocortex (a region of the brain); hair; and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which they diverged in the late Triassic. There are around 5,450 species of mammals. The largest orders are the rodents, bats and Soricomorpha (shrews and allies). The next three are the Primates (apes, monkeys, and allies), the Cetartiodactyla (whales and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats,"