"Caseous necrosis Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass. Frequently, caseous necrosis is encountered in the foci of tuberculosis infections. It can also be caused by syphilis and certain fungi. A similar appearance can be associated with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and coccidioidomycosis. In caseous necrosis no histological architecture is preserved. On microscopic examination with H&E staining, it is characterized by acellular pink areas of necrosis surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory process. When the hilar lymph node for instance is"
"Essive case The essive case, or similaris case (abbreviated ) is one example of a grammatical case, an inflectional morphological process by which a form is altered or marked to indicate its grammatical function. The essive case on a noun can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action was completed. It can also denote a form as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time. The latter meaning is often referred to as the equivalent of the English phrase ""as"
"like the paradigmatic case ought to be treated likewise; cases unlike the paradigm ought to be treated differently. Thus, a man is properly charged with premeditated murder if the circumstances surrounding his case closely resemble the exemplary premeditated murder case. The less a given case is like the paradigm, the weaker the justification is for treating that case ""like"" the paradigmatic case. Casuistry is a ""method"" of case reasoning especially useful in treating cases that involve moral dilemmas. It is a branch of applied ethics. It is also criticized for the use of inconsistent—or outright specious—application of rule to instance."
"elative case, or the nominative case. Essive case The essive case, or similaris case (abbreviated ) is one example of a grammatical case, an inflectional morphological process by which a form is altered or marked to indicate its grammatical function. The essive case on a noun can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action was completed. It can also denote a form as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time. The latter meaning is often referred to as the"
"Corner case In engineering, a corner case (or pathological case) involves a problem or situation that occurs only outside of normal operating parameters—specifically one that manifests itself when multiple environmental variables or conditions are simultaneously at extreme levels, even though each parameter is within the specified range for that parameter. For example, a loudspeaker might distort audio, but only when played at maximum volume, maximum bass, and in a high-humidity environment. Or a computer server may be unreliable, but only with the maximum complement of 64 processors, 512 GB of memory, and 10,000 signed-on users. Contrast a corner case with"
"Case (goods) A case of some merchandise is a collection of items packaged together. A case is not a strict unit of measure. For consumer foodstuffs such as canned goods, soda, cereal, and such, a case is typically 24 items, however cases may range from 12 to 36, typically in multiples of six. For larger bottles such as gallon jugs, a case is typically 4. The term ""case binding"" in the book manufacturing industry refers to a collection of pages contained in a ""case"" which is attached to it. (There are also cases for books e.g. slipcases which merely enclose"
"Grammatical case Case is a special grammatical category of a noun, pronoun, adjective, participle or numeral whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by that word in a phrase, clause or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners, participles, prepositions, numerals, articles and their modifiers take different inflected forms, depending on their case. As a language evolves, cases can merge (for instance, in Ancient Greek, the locative case merged with the dative case), a phenomenon formally called syncretism. English has largely lost its case system although personal pronouns still have three cases, which are simplified forms of the nominative,"
"Comparative case The comparative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case used in languages such as Mari and Chechen to mark a likeness to something. It is not to be confused with the comparative degree, a much more widely used paradigm used to signify heightening of adjectives and adverbs. In Mari, the comparative case is marked with the suffix -ла ('-la') For example, if something were to taste like fish (кол - 'kol'), the form used would be колла - 'kolla'). It is also used in regard to languages, when denoting the language a person is speaking, writing, or hearing."
"a Jesuit, has criticised ""the practice of setting general laws on the basis of exceptional cases"" as casuistry. Casuistry Casuistry () is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (as in sophistry). Casuistry describes either a form of reasoning that is presumed to be acceptable, or a form"
"a book.) The original ""case"" is often now called simply the ""binding"", although the integrated manufacturing process still uses the term ""case"" to refer to the hard cover and spine. Case (goods) A case of some merchandise is a collection of items packaged together. A case is not a strict unit of measure. For consumer foodstuffs such as canned goods, soda, cereal, and such, a case is typically 24 items, however cases may range from 12 to 36, typically in multiples of six. For larger bottles such as gallon jugs, a case is typically 4. The term ""case binding"" in"
"Casuistry takes a relentlessly practical approach to morality. Rather than using theories as starting points, casuistry begins with an examination of cases. By drawing parallels between paradigms, or so-called ""pure cases"", and the case at hand, a casuist tries to determine a moral response appropriate to a particular case. Casuistry has been described as ""theory modest"" (Arras, see below). One of the strengths of casuistry is that it does not begin with, nor does it overemphasize, theoretical issues. It does not require practitioners to agree about ethical theories or evaluations before making policy. Instead, they can agree that certain paradigms"
"the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument. Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called ""type cases"" or ""paradigm cases,"" without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed"
"meaning. These are less common events. Serendipity represents causal events grouped by meaning. These are rare events. Synchronicity represents acausal events grouped by meaning. These events are unlikely to occur by chance and may represent an outlier effect. A causality example is to strike a cue ball with a pool stick to make it move. The result is expected and has no meaning. A coincidence example is two friends from the same town finding each other at the same time in the town's library without any planning. The result is unexpected, yet has no meaning (significance). A serendipity example is"
"be dismissed as pathological could in fact occur (as seen in the first test flight of the Ariane 5). A similar but distinct phenomenon is that of exceptional objects (and exceptional isomorphisms), which occurs when there are a ""small"" number of exceptions to a general pattern—quantitatively, a finite set of exceptions to an otherwise infinite rule. By contrast, in cases of pathology, often most or almost all instances of a phenomenon are pathological, as discussed in prevalence, above—e.g., almost all real numbers are irrational. Subjectively, exceptional objects (such as the icosahedron or sporadic simple groups) are generally considered ""beautiful"", unexpected"
"Index case The index case is the first documented patient in the onset of an epidemiological investigation, or more generally, the first case of a condition or syndrome (not necessarily contagious) to be described in the medical literature, whether or not the patient is thought to be the first person affected. An index case will sometimes achieve the status of a ""classic"" case study in the literature, as did Phineas Gage, the first known person to exhibit a definitive personality change as a result of a brain injury. The index case may or may not indicate the source of the"
"cases. For example, Tsez, a Northeast Caucasian language, has 64 cases. The original version of John Quijada's constructed language Ithkuil has 81 noun cases, and its descendent Ilaksh and Ithkuil after the 2011 revision both have 96 noun cases. The lemma form of words, which is the form chosen by convention as the canonical form of a word, is usually the most unmarked or basic case, which is typically the nominative, trigger, or absolutive case, whichever a language may have. Grammatical case Case is a special grammatical category of a noun, pronoun, adjective, participle or numeral whose value reflects the"
"Case stated In law, a case stated is a procedure by which a court or tribunal can ask another court for its opinion on a point of law. There are two kinds: consultative case stated and appeal by way of case stated. A consultative case stated is made at the discretion of a judge before he or she determines the case before the court. An appeal by way of case stated is made at the request of a party to the proceedings to the judge after the conclusion of a case. On the hearing of a case stated, the higher"
"variables, which would put users at a ""corner"" of a multidimensional configuration space. Corner case In engineering, a corner case (or pathological case) involves a problem or situation that occurs only outside of normal operating parameters—specifically one that manifests itself when multiple environmental variables or conditions are simultaneously at extreme levels, even though each parameter is within the specified range for that parameter. For example, a loudspeaker might distort audio, but only when played at maximum volume, maximum bass, and in a high-humidity environment. Or a computer server may be unreliable, but only with the maximum complement of 64 processors,"
"Case theory (in law) A case theory (aka 'theory of case', 'theory of a case', or 'theory of the case') is “a detailed, coherent, accurate story of what occurred"" involving both a legal theory (i.e., claims/causes of action or affirmative defenses) and a factual theory (i.e., an explanation of how a particular course of events could have happened). That is, a case theory is a logical description of events that the attorney wants the judge or jury to adopt as their own perception of the underlying situation. The theory is often expressed in a story that should be compellingly probable."
"Case law Case law is a set of past rulings by tribunals that meet their respective jurisdictions' rules to be cited as precedent. These interpretations are distinguished from statutory law, which are the statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies, and regulatory law, which are regulations established by executive agencies based on statutes. The term ""case law"" is applied to any set of previous rulings by an adjudicatory tribunal that guides future rulings; for example, patent office case law. In common law countries the term is used for judicial decisions of selected appellate courts, courts of first instance, agency tribunals,"
"Case hierarchy In linguistic typology, the case hierarchy is a particular order of cases where languages that lack a particular case are unlikely to have any of the cases listed after it in the hierarchy. Equivalently, languages that do have a particular case will usually have at least one case from each position on its left. It was developed by the Australian linguist Barry Blake. The hierarchy is as follows: This is only a general tendency, however. Many forms of Central German such as Colognian or Luxembourgish have a dative case but lack a genitive. In Irish nouns, the nominative"
"an affirmative's argument, the term ""case"" can be used to cover the entirety of the affirmative argument more broadly, referring, for instance, to additional advantages, counter-arguments, or rebuttal evidence that might be introduced in later speeches (if at all). The case is a form of on topic debate and can also be referred to as C, if done in the standard way C is a very effective way to win a case. The case is generally organized into sections called ""observations"" or ""contentions"", with advantages attached to the link or link break. A typical case includes between two and four"
"Essive-modal case The essive-modal case is a case in the Hungarian language that expresses either the state, capacity, task in which somebody is or which somebody has (Essive case, e.g. ""as a reward"", ""for example""), or the manner in which an action is carried out, an event happens, or the language which somebody knows (Modal case, e.g. ""sloppily"", ""unexpectedly"", ""speak ""German""""). An example of this would be in the sentence ""Beszélek magyarul."" (I speak Hungarian.) The sentence denotes the ability of being able to speak the Hungarian language. According to vowel harmony rules, ul becomes ül in cases such as"
"perhaps originally) applied to a quibbling or evasive way of dealing with difficult cases of duty."" Its textual references, except for certain technical usages, are consistently pejorative (e.g., ""Casuistry destroys by distinctions and exceptions, all morality, and effaces the essential difference between right and wrong""). The word ""casuistry"" derives from the Latin noun ""casus"" (""case"" or ""occurrence""). While a principle-based approach might claim that lying is always morally wrong, the casuist would argue that, depending upon the details of the case, lying might or might not be illegal or unethical. The casuist might conclude that a person is wrong to"
"Partitive case The partitive case (abbreviated or more ambiguously ) is a grammatical case which denotes ""partialness"", ""without result"", or ""without specific identity"". It is also used in contexts where a subgroup is selected from a larger group, or with numbers. In the Finnic languages, such as Finnish and Estonian, this case is often used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. For example, it is found in the following circumstances, with the characteristic ending of ""-a"" or ""-ta"": Where not mentioned, the accusative case would be ungrammatical. For example, the partitive must always be used after singular numerals. As"
"Edge case An edge case is a problem or situation that occurs only at an extreme (maximum or minimum) operating parameter. For example, a stereo speaker might noticeably distort audio when played at maximum volume, even in the absence of any other extreme setting or condition. An edge case can be expected or unexpected. In engineering, the process of planning for and gracefully addressing edge cases can be a significant task, and yet this task may be overlooked or underestimated. Non-trivial edge cases can result in the failure of an object that is being engineered. They may not have been"
"Causerie Causerie (from French, ""talk, chat"") is a literary style of short informal essays mostly unknown in the English-speaking world. A causerie is generally short, light and humorous and is often published as a newspaper column (although it is not defined by its format). Often the causerie is a current-opinion piece, but it contains more verbal acrobatics and humor than a regular opinion or column. In English, causerie is commonly known as ""personal story"", ""talk of the town"", ""funny story"" or ""column"" instead. The causerie style is characterized by a personal approach to the reader; the writer ""babbles"" to the"
"'Case theory' is distinguished from jurisprudence (aka 'legal theory') as general theory of law not specific to a case. Case theory (in law) A case theory (aka 'theory of case', 'theory of a case', or 'theory of the case') is “a detailed, coherent, accurate story of what occurred"" involving both a legal theory (i.e., claims/causes of action or affirmative defenses) and a factual theory (i.e., an explanation of how a particular course of events could have happened). That is, a case theory is a logical description of events that the attorney wants the judge or jury to adopt as their"
"Case generally being marked on the determiner. However, for the genitive form German marks the noun with a morphologically overt Case form (this case form is retained on noun phrases in modern English, surfacing as -'s). The following table illustrates the masculine Case forms of German. As discussed in Linguistic typology of Morphological Case, there can be a number of cases found within a single language. If we look at a sample of case systems, we find that they indeed appear in a particular order- i.e. a hierarchy emerges. This specific ordering is called the case hierarchy. Nominative/Absolutive → Accusative/Ergative"
"Benefactive case The benefactive case (abbreviated , or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used where English would use ""for"", ""for the benefit of"", or ""intended for"", e.g. ""She opened the door ""for Tom"""" or ""This book is ""for Bob"""". The benefactive case expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause. This meaning is often incorporated in a dative case. In Latin this type of dative is called the ""dativus commodi"". An example of a language with a benefactive case is Basque, which has"
"except when an article is not used and it becomes instead. Note that this is not a different case from the accusative. Below is an example with the dative case of the word (city): Cases in Japanese are marked by particles placed after the nouns. A distinctive feature of Japanese is the presence of two cases, which are roughly equivalent to the nominative case in other languages: one representing the sentence topic, the other representing the subject. The most important case markers are the following: Cases in Korean are marked by particles placed after the nouns, similar to Japanese. Like"
"that were based in tradition, custom and precedent. The form of reasoning used in common law is known as casuistry or case-based reasoning. The common law, as applied in civil cases (as distinct from criminal cases), was devised as a means of compensating someone for wrongful acts known as torts, including both intentional torts and torts caused by negligence, and as developing the body of law recognizing and regulating contracts. The type of procedure practiced in common law courts is known as the adversarial system; this is also a development of the common law. The early development of case-law in"
"cases when a case that had been originally ruled an accident or suicide is re-designated as a murder when new evidence emerges. The John Christie murders is a notable case, when Timothy Evans was wrongly executed for the alleged murders of his wife and child. Many other bodies were later found in the house where they lived with Christie, and he was then executed for the crimes. The case helped a campaign against capital punishment in Britain. A case is considered unsolved until a suspect has been identified, charged, and tried for the crime. A case that goes to trial"