"contains calcium atoms coordinated by 6 oxygen atoms, in aragonite they are coordinated by 9 oxygen atoms. The vaterite structure is not fully understood. Magnesium carbonate MgCO has the calcite structure, whereas strontium and barium carbonate (SrCO and BaCO) adopt the aragonite structure, reflecting their larger ionic radii. Calcite, aragonite and vaterite are pure calcium carbonate minerals. Industrially important source rocks which are predominantly calcium carbonate include limestone, chalk, marble and travertine. Eggshells, snail shells and most seashells are predominantly calcium carbonate and can be used as industrial sources of that chemical. Oyster shells have enjoyed recent recognition as a"
"Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale. It is medicinally used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous."
"Calcium bicarbonate Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, has a chemical formula Ca(HCO). The term does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in aqueous solution containing the calcium (Ca), bicarbonate (), and carbonate () ions, together with dissolved carbon dioxide (CO). The relative concentrations of these carbon-containing species depend on the pH; bicarbonate predominates within the range 6.36–10.25 in fresh water. All waters in contact with the atmosphere absorb carbon dioxide, and as these waters come into contact with rocks and sediments they acquire metal ions, most commonly calcium and magnesium, so most natural waters"
"Calcium looping Calcium looping (CaL), or the regenerative calcium cycle (RCC), is a second-generation carbon capture technology. It is the most developed form of carbonate looping, where a metal (M) is reversibly reacted between its carbonate form (MCO) and its oxide form (MO) to separate carbon dioxide from other gases coming from either power generation or an industrial plant. In the calcium looping process, the two species are calcium carbonate (CaCO) and calcium oxide (CaO). The captured carbon dioxide can then be transported to a storage site, used in enhanced oil recovery or used as a chemical feedstock. Calcium oxide"
"Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates. Notably, Calcium carbonate will react with water that is saturated with carbon dioxide to form the soluble calcium bicarbonate. This reaction is important in the erosion of carbonate rock, forming caverns, and leads to hard water in many regions. An unusual form of calcium carbonate is the hexahydrate, ikaite, CaCO·6HO. Ikaite is stable only below 8 °C. The vast majority of calcium carbonate used in industry is extracted by mining or quarrying. Pure calcium carbonate (e.g. for food or pharmaceutical use), can be produced from a pure quarried source (usually marble)."
"concentrations. Magnesium carbonate is also used in taxidermy for whitening skulls. It can be mixed with hydrogen peroxide to create a paste, which is then spread on the skull to give it a white finish. As a matte white coating for projection screens. Magnesium carbonate is non-toxic. Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate, MgCO (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals. The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called ""magnesite"" (MgCO) and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as ""barringtonite"" (MgCO·2"
"rainwater. This form of weathering is called carbonation. In medicine, calcium bicarbonate is sometimes administered intravenously to immediately correct the cardiac depressor effects of hypokalemia by increasing calcium concentration in serum, and at the same time, correcting the acid usually present. Calcium bicarbonate Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, has a chemical formula Ca(HCO). The term does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in aqueous solution containing the calcium (Ca), bicarbonate (), and carbonate () ions, together with dissolved carbon dioxide (CO). The relative concentrations of these carbon-containing species depend on the pH; bicarbonate predominates"
"Calcium oxide Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room temperature. The broadly used term ""lime"" connotes calcium-containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, and iron predominate. By contrast, ""quicklime"" specifically applies to the single chemical compound calcium oxide. Calcium oxide that survives processing without reacting in building products such as cement is called free lime. Quicklime is relatively inexpensive. Both it and a chemical derivative (calcium hydroxide, of which quicklime is the base anhydride)"
"Alternatively, calcium carbonate is prepared from calcium oxide. Water is added to give calcium hydroxide then carbon dioxide is passed through this solution to precipitate the desired calcium carbonate, referred to in the industry as precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC): The thermodynamically stable form of CaCO under normal conditions is hexagonal β-CaCO, (the mineral calcite). Other forms can be prepared, the denser,(2.83 g/cc) orthorhombic λ-CaCO ( the mineral aragonite) and μ-CaCO, occurring as the mineral vaterite. The aragonite form can be prepared by precipitation at temperatures above 85 °C, the vaterite form can be prepared by precipitation at 60 °C. Calcite"
"Calcium acetate/magnesium carbonate Calcium acetate/magnesium carbonate is a fixed-dose combination drug that contains 110 mg calcium and 60 mg magnesium ions and is indicated as a phosphate binder for dialysis patients suffering from hyperphosphataemia (abnormal high serum phosphorus levels). It is registered by Fresenius Medical Care under the trade names Renepho (Belgium) and OsvaRen (a number of other European countries). Phosphorus is contained in food with high protein content as well as in processed food. It is absorbed by the small intestine. Healthy kidneys remove excess phosphorus from the body. One of the consequences of renal failure is inadequate removal"
"Calcite Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO). The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 3 as ""calcite"". Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300°C, and vaterite is even less stable. Calcite is derived from the German ""Calcit"", a term coined in the 19th century from the Latin word for lime, ""calx"" (genitive calcis) with the suffix -ite used to name minerals. It is thus etymologically related to"
"Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate, , (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline decahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate. Pure sodium carbonate is a white, odorless powder that is hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air). It has a strongly alkaline taste, and forms a moderately basic solution in water. Sodium carbonate is well known domestically for its everyday use as a water softener. Historically it was extracted from the ashes"
"Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate, MgCO (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals. The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called ""magnesite"" (MgCO) and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as ""barringtonite"" (MgCO·2 HO), ""nesquehonite"" (MgCO·3 HO), and ""lansfordite"" (MgCO·5 HO), respectively. Some basic forms such as ""artinite"" (MgCO·Mg(OH)·3 HO), ""hydromagnesite"" (4 MgCO·Mg(OH)·4 HO), and ""dypingite"" (4 MgCO· Mg(OH)·5 HO) also occur as minerals. Magnesite consists of white trigonal crystals. The anhydrous salt is practically insoluble in water, acetone, and"
"Calcium Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The"
"made from calcium carbonate and deionized water can be used to clean tarnish on silver. Calcium carbonate is widely used medicinally as an inexpensive dietary calcium supplement for gastric antacid (e.g., Tums). It may be used as a phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia (primarily in patients with chronic renal failure). It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as an inert filler for tablets and other pharmaceuticals. Calcium carbonate is used in the production of calcium oxide as well as toothpaste and has seen a resurgence as a food preservative and color retainer, when used in or with"
"Carbonatation Carbonatation is a chemical reaction in which calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate: The process of forming a carbonate is sometimes referred to as ""carbonation"", although this term usually refers to the process of dissolving carbon dioxide in water. Carbonatation is a slow process that occurs in concrete where lime (CaO, or Ca(OH)) in the cement reacts with carbon dioxide (CO) from the air and forms calcium carbonate. The water in the pores of Portland cement concrete is normally alkaline with a pH in the range of 12.5 to 13.5. This highly alkaline environment"
"Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH). It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is obtained when calcium oxide (called ""lime"" or ""quicklime"") is mixed, or slaked with water. It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slack lime, cal, or pickling lime. Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation, where it has been identified as E number E526. Limewater is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide is relatively insoluble in water, with a solubility product"
"acid to ""dissolve"" the calcium carbonate. where [A] = [HPO] + [HPO] + [HPO] + [PO] is the total acid concentration. Thus phosphoric acid is more efficient than a monoacid since at the final almost neutral pH, the second dissociated state concentration [HPO] is not negligible (see phosphoric acid). Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component of pearls and the shells"
"mineralogy, the term ""carbonate"" can refer both to carbonate minerals and carbonate rock (which is made of chiefly carbonate minerals), and both are dominated by the carbonate ion, . Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically precipitated sedimentary rock. The most common are calcite or calcium carbonate, CaCO, the chief constituent of limestone (as well as the main component of mollusc shells and coral skeletons); dolomite, a calcium-magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO); and siderite, or iron(II) carbonate, FeCO, an important iron ore. Sodium carbonate (""soda"" or ""natron"") and potassium carbonate (""potash"") have been used since antiquity for cleaning and preservation,"
"Calcium silicate Calcium silicate is the chemical compound CaSiO, also known as calcium orthosilicate and is sometimes formulated as 2CaO·SiO. It is also referred to by the shortened trade name Cal-Sil or Calsil. Calcium silicate is a white free-flowing powder. It can be derived from naturally occurring limestone and diatomaceous earth, a siliceous sedimentary rock. It is one of a group of compounds that can be produced by reacting calcium oxide and silica in various ratios e.g. 3CaO·SiO, CaSiO; 2CaO·SiO, CaSiO; 3CaO·2SiO, CaSiO and CaO·SiO, CaSiO. It has a low bulk density and high physical water absorption. Calcium silicate is"
"both Gusev and Meridiani Planum. Carbonate In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (HCO), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of . The name may also mean refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–). The term is also used as a verb, to describe carbonation: the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water to produce carbonated water and other carbonated beverageseither by the addition of carbon dioxide gas under pressure, or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into"
"Calcium sulfite Calcium sulfite, or calcium sulphite, is a chemical compound, the calcium salt of sulfite with the formula CaSO·x(HO). Two crystalline forms are known, the hemihydrate and the tetrahydrate, respectively CaSO·½(HO) and CaSO·4(HO</sub>). All forms are white solids. It is most notable as the product of flue-gas desulfurization. It is produced on a large scale by flue gas desulfurization (FGD). When coal or other fossil fuel is burned, the byproduct is known as flue gas. Flue gas often contains SO, whose emission is often regulated to prevent acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is scrubbed before the remaining gases are emitted"
"Carbonate rock Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone, which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO) and dolostone, which is composed of the mineral dolomite (CaMg(CO)). Calcite can be either dissolved by groundwater or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the"
"generally matched to the diffusion scheme; juice from RT diffusers being processed by the RT carbonatation. The clear juice from carbonatation is generally known as ""thin juice"". it may undergo pH adjustment with soda ash and addition of sulfur (""sulfitation"") prior to the next stage which is concentration by multiple effect evaporation. The carbonatation reaction takes place during lime softening (Clark's process) in water softening. Carbonatation Carbonatation is a chemical reaction in which calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate: The process of forming a carbonate is sometimes referred to as ""carbonation"", although this term usually"
"Calcium borate Calcium borate (Ca(BO)), also called Gerstley borate, is a bluish white crystal with a very defined structure. It can be prepared by reacting calcium metal with boric acid. The resulting precipitate is calcium borate. A hydrated form occurs naturally as the minerals colemanite, nobleite and priceite. One of its uses is as a binder in some grades of hexagonal boron nitride for hot pressing. Other uses are e.g. flame retardant in epoxy molding compounds, a ceramic flux in some ceramic glazes, reactive self-sealing binders in hazardous waste management, additive for insect-resistant polystyrene, fertilizer, and production of boron glasses."
"Calcium borate Calcium borate (Ca(BO)), also called Gerstley borate, is a bluish white crystal with a very defined structure. It can be prepared by reacting calcium metal with boric acid. The resulting precipitate is calcium borate. A hydrated form occurs naturally as the minerals colemanite, nobleite and priceite. One of its uses is as a binder in some grades of hexagonal boron nitride for hot pressing. Other uses are e.g. flame retardant in epoxy molding compounds, a ceramic flux in some ceramic glazes, reactive self-sealing binders in hazardous waste management, additive for insect-resistant polystyrene, fertilizer, and production of boron glasses."
"Calcium phosphide Calcium phosphide (CP) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaP. It is one of several phosphides of calcium, being described as the salt-like material composed of Ca and P. Other, more exotic calcium phosphides have the formula CaP, CaP, CaP, and CaP. CaP has the appearance of red-brown crystalline powder or grey lumps. Its trade name is Photophor for the incendiary use or Polytanol for the use as rodenticide. It may be formed by reaction of the elements, but it is more commonly prepared by carbothermal reduction of calcium phosphate: The structure of the room temperature form"
"Calcium phosphide Calcium phosphide (CP) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaP. It is one of several phosphides of calcium, being described as the salt-like material composed of Ca and P. Other, more exotic calcium phosphides have the formula CaP, CaP, CaP, and CaP. CaP has the appearance of red-brown crystalline powder or grey lumps. Its trade name is Photophor for the incendiary use or Polytanol for the use as rodenticide. It may be formed by reaction of the elements, but it is more commonly prepared by carbothermal reduction of calcium phosphate: The structure of the room temperature form"
"Calcium chloride Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical formula CaCl. It is a white coloured crystalline solid at room temperature, highly soluble in water. Calcium chloride is commonly encountered as a hydrated solid with generic formula CaCl(HO), where ""x"" = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6. These compounds are mainly used for de-icing and dust control. Because the anhydrous salt is hygroscopic, it is used as a desiccant. By depressing the freezing point of water, calcium chloride is used to prevent ice formation and is used to de-ice. This application consumes the greatest amount of"
"Basic copper carbonate Basic copper carbonate is a chemical compound, more properly called copper(II) carbonate hydroxide. It is an ionic compound (a salt) consisting of the ions copper(II) , carbonate , and hydroxide . The name most commonly refers to the compound with formula (). It is a green crystalline solid that occurs in nature as the mineral malachite. It has been used since antiquity as a pigment, and it is still used as such in artist paints, sometimes called verditer, green bice, or mountain green. Sometimes the name is used for ()(), a blue crystalline solid also known as"
"Barium carbonate Barium carbonate (BaCO), also known as witherite, is a chemical compound used in rat poison, bricks, ceramic glazes and cement. Witherite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The crystals are invariably twinned together in groups of three, giving rise to pseudo-hexagonal forms somewhat resembling bipyramidal crystals of quartz, the faces are usually rough and striated horizontally. It transforms into an hexagonal phase at 1084 K that changes into a cubic phase at 1254 K. The mineral is named after William Withering, who in 1784 recognized it to be chemically distinct from barytes. It occurs in veins of lead ore"
"name derives from Latin ""calx"" ""lime"", which was obtained from heating limestone. Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for calcium supplementation, in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity; still, in"
"Potassium carbonate Potassium carbonate (KCO) is a white salt, which is soluble in water (insoluble in ethanol) and forms a strongly alkaline solution. It can be made as the product of potassium hydroxide's absorbent reaction with carbon dioxide. It is deliquescent, often appearing a damp or wet solid. Potassium carbonate is used in the production of soap and glass. Potassium carbonate is the primary component of potash and the more refined pearl ash or salts of tartar. Historically, pearl ash was created by baking potash in a kiln to remove impurities. The fine, white powder remaining was the pearl ash."