"and other neuropathic pain as a successor to Neurontin (gabapentin). High doses of anticonvulsant medicines—used to block nerve firing— and tricyclic antidepressants are generally effective in treating neuralgia. If medication fails to relieve pain or produces intolerable side effects, surgical treatment may be recommended. Neural augmentative surgeries are used to stimulate the affected nerve. By stimulating the nerve the brain can be ""fooled"" into thinking it is receiving normal input. Electrodes are carefully placed in the dorsal root and subcutaneous nerve stimulation is used to stimulate the targeted nerve pathway. A technician can create different electrical distributions in the nerve"
"Allodynia Allodynia (Ancient Greek ""άλλος"" ""állos"" ""other"" and ""οδύνη"" ""odúnē"" ""pain"") refers to central pain sensitization (increased response of neurons) following normally non-painful, often repetitive, stimulation. Allodynia can lead to the triggering of a pain response from stimuli which do not normally provoke pain. Temperature or physical stimuli can provoke allodynia, which may feel like a burning sensation, and it often occurs after injury to a site. Allodynia is different from hyperalgesia, an extreme, exaggerated reaction to a stimulus which is normally painful. There are different kinds or types of allodynia: Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful conditions,"
"Hyperalgesia Hyperalgesia ( or ; 'hyper' from Greek ὑπέρ (huper, “over”), '-algesia' from Greek algos, ἄλγος (pain)) is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves and can cause hypersensitivity to stimulus, stimuli which would normally not be cause for a pain reaction (ex/ eyes or brain having a painful reaction to daylight). Prostaglandins E and F are largely responsible for sensitizing the nociceptors. Temporary increased sensitivity to pain also occurs as part of sickness behavior, the evolved response to infection. Hyperalgesia can be experienced in focal, discrete areas, or as a"
"which remains in the initial area is known as primary hyperalgesia, and hyperalgesia which extends to a large area is secondary hyperalgesia. Primary hyperalgesia probably relies on a central mechanism. It is argued that MIAs, or C-MiHi primary afferents, are crucial to the initiation of primary hyperalgesia because they have a significant response to capsaicin, which is a chemical commonly used to induce hyperalgesia. Secondary hyperalgesia is believed to be caused by a magnified spinal response to nociceptor stimulation. It is argued that heat sensitive Aδ nociceptors are responsible for secondary hyperalgesia. Allodynia is pain resulting from an otherwise nonpainful"
"Arthralgia Arthralgia (from Greek ""arthro-"", joint + ""-algos"", pain) literally means ""joint pain""; it is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication. According to MeSH, the term ""arthralgia"" should only be used when the condition is non-inflammatory, and the term ""arthritis"" should be used when the condition is inflammatory. The causes of ""arthralgia"" are varied and range, from a joints perspective, from degenerative and destructive processes such as osteoarthritis and sports injuries to inflammation of tissues surrounding the joints, such as bursitis. These might be triggered by other things, such as infections"
"electrical stimulation (NMES) which utilizes low-level electrical currents to target muscle fibers from an external source (electrodes placed on the surface of the skin in strategic places to target muscles and nerves needed during the swallowing process). Aphagia Aphagia is the inability or refusal to swallow. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek prefix α, meaning ""not"" or ""without,"" and the suffix φαγία, derived from the verb φαγεῖν, meaning ""to eat."" It is related to dysphagia which is difficulty swallowing (Greek prefix δυσ, ""dys"", meaning difficult, or defective), and odynophagia, painful swallowing (from ὀδύνη, ""odyn(o)"", meaning ""pain""). Aphagia may"
"Aphagia Aphagia is the inability or refusal to swallow. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek prefix α, meaning ""not"" or ""without,"" and the suffix φαγία, derived from the verb φαγεῖν, meaning ""to eat."" It is related to dysphagia which is difficulty swallowing (Greek prefix δυσ, ""dys"", meaning difficult, or defective), and odynophagia, painful swallowing (from ὀδύνη, ""odyn(o)"", meaning ""pain""). Aphagia may be temporary or long term, depending on the affected organ. It is an extreme, life-threatening case of dysphagia. Depending on the cause, untreated dysphagia may develop into aphagia. The following behavioural classifications result from studies performed on"
"to a detector of non-noxious stimuli. The result is that low intensity stimuli from regular activity, initiates a painful sensation. This is commonly known as hyperalgesia. Inflammation is one common cause that results in the sensitization of nociceptors. Normally hyperalgesia ceases when inflammation goes down, however, sometimes genetic defects and/or repeated injury can result in allodynia: a completely non-noxious stimulus like light touch causes extreme pain. Allodynia can also be caused when a nociceptor is damaged in the peripheral nerves. This can result in deafferentation, which means the development of different central processes from the surviving afferent nerve. With this"
"Alogia In psychology, alogia (Greek ἀ-, “without”, and λόγος, “speech”), or poverty of speech, is a general lack of additional, unprompted content seen in normal speech. As a symptom, it is commonly seen in patients suffering from schizophrenia, and is considered a negative symptom. It can complicate psychotherapy severely because of the considerable difficulty in holding a fluent conversation. Alogia is often considered a form of aphasia, which is a general impairment in linguistic ability. It often occurs with intellectual disability and dementia as a result of damage to the left hemisphere of the brain. People can revert to alogia"
"another example of a cause of facial pain. Neuralgia refers to pain in the distribution of a nerve (or nerves), and commonly implies paroxysmal (sudden) pain, although the accepted IASP definition specifies that the term should not be restricted to mean paroxysmal pain. Classic trigeminal neuralgia refers to sudden, shooting pain in the face, which is usually short lived and brought on by accidental stimulation of trigger points on the face, as may occur when washing. Trigeminal neuralgia has been described as one of the most painful conditions possible. Trigeminal neuralgia and AFP are traditionally considered separate, since AFP typically"
"examples of neuropathic pain. It is thought that the activation of specialized neuronal nociceptors are responsible for hyperalgesia. Studies suggest that hyperalgesia and allodynia are set off and sustained by certain groups of mechanosensitive sensory neurons. There is a general consensus among the scientific community that neuropeptides and NMDA receptors are crucial to the initiation of sensitization states such as hyperalgesia and allodynia. Hyperalgesia is extreme sensitivity to pain. Hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli extends to a large area around the initial location of the stimulus, while hyperalgesia to thermal stimuli remains in the same location as the initial stimulus. Hyperalgesia"
"Solastalgia Solastalgia () is a neologism that describes a form of mental or existential distress caused by environmental change. In many cases this is in reference to global climate change, but more localized events such as volcanic eruptions, drought or destructive mining techniques can cause solastalgia as well. Coined by philosopher Glenn Albrecht in 2003, it was formed by the combination of the Latin words ""sōlācium"" (comfort) and the Greek root ""-algia"" (pain). Differing from homesickness, solastalgia refers to the distress specifically caused by environmental change. In 2015, the medical journal ""The Lancet"" included solastalgia as a contributing concept to"
"entire body from the noxious stimulus and thereby avoids further (potential) injury. However, a characteristic of pain (in mammals at least) is that pain can result in hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to noxious stimuli) and allodynia (a heightened sensitivity to non-noxious stimuli). When this heightened sensitisation occurs, the adaptive value is less clear. First, the pain arising from the heightened sensitisation can be disproportionate to the actual tissue damage caused. Second, the heightened sensitisation may also become chronic, persisting well beyond the tissues healing. This can mean that rather than the actual tissue damage causing pain, it is the pain"
"Hypoalgesia Hypoalgesia or hypalgesia denotes a decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli. Hypoalgesia occurs when nociceptive (painful) stimuli are interrupted or decreased somewhere along the path between the input (nociceptors), and the places where they are processed and recognized as pain in the conscious mind. Hypoalgesic effects can be mild, such as massaging a stubbed toe to make it hurt less or taking aspirin to decrease a headache, or they can be severe, like being under strong anesthesia. Hypoalgesia can be caused by exogenous chemicals such as opioids, as well as by chemicals produced by the body in phenomena such as"
"has been produced by chronic high doses of opioids, reducing the dose may result in improved pain management. However, as with other forms of nerve dysfunction associated pain, treatment of hyperalgesia can be clinically challenging, and finding a suitable drug or drug combination that is effective for a particular patient may require trial and error. The use of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device has been shown to alleviate hyperalgesia. Hyperalgesia Hyperalgesia ( or ; 'hyper' from Greek ὑπέρ (huper, “over”), '-algesia' from Greek algos, ἄλγος (pain)) is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to"
"Nostalgia Nostalgia is a sentimentality for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations. The word ""nostalgia"" is learned formation of a Greek compound, consisting of (""nóstos""), meaning ""homecoming"", a Homeric word, and (""álgos""), meaning ""pain"" or ""ache"", and was coined by a 17th-century medical student to describe the anxieties displayed by Swiss mercenaries fighting away from home. Described as a medical condition—a form of melancholy—in the Early Modern period, it became an important trope in Romanticism. Nostalgia is associated with a yearning for the past, its personalities, and events, especially the ""good old days"" or"
"allodynia (a heightened sensitivity to non-noxious stimuli). When this heightened sensitisation occurs, the adaptive value is less clear. First, the pain arising from the heightened sensitisation can be disproportionate to the actual tissue damage caused. Second, the heightened sensitisation may also become chronic, persisting well beyond the tissues healing. This can mean that rather than the actual tissue damage causing pain, it is the pain due to the heightened sensitisation that becomes the concern. This means the sensitisation process is sometimes termed maladaptive. It is often suggested hyperalgesia and allodynia assist organisms to protect themselves during healing, but experimental evidence"
"painful syndrome characterized by an abnormally painful reaction to a stimulus, ""especially a repetitive stimulus, as well as an increased threshold."" The definition also complies with a note which is: ""It may occur with allodynia, hyperesthesia, hyperalgesia, or dysesthesia. Faulty identification and localization of the stimulus, delay, radiating sensation, and after-sensation may be present, and the pain is often explosive in character. The changes in this note are the specification of allodynia and the inclusion of hyperalgesia explicitly. Previously hyperalgesia was implied, since hyperesthesia was mentioned in the previous note and hyperalgesia is a special case of hyperesthesia"". Hyperpathia Hyperpathia"
"not all BDSM activities. There is little ongoing research, with most neurophysiologists concentrating on neuropathological reasons for such reactions. Algolagnia Algolagnia (; from , ""álgos"", ""pain"", and , ""lagneía"", ""lust"") is a sexual tendency which is defined by deriving sexual pleasure and stimulation from physical pain, often involving an erogenous zone. Studies conducted indicate differences in how the brains of those with algolagnia interpret nerve input. In 1892, Albert von Schrenck-Notzing introduced the term algolagnia to describe ""sexual"" masochism, to differentiate it from Charles Féré's earlier term called ""algophilia""; Schrenck-Notzing's interpretation was that algolagnia involved ""lust"", not ""love"" as Fere"
"is characterized by the deterioration of myelin in neurons. However, in regions of grey matter, large dense aggregates of myelin are present. Ulegyria affected neurons also display metabolic disorders which could be linked to the disease phenylketonuria and disruptions in the urea cycle. Hypoglycemia and hypoxia are also thought to accompany the symptoms of ulegyria-affected neurons as well. Ulegyria develops as a result of a brain injury called cerebral ischemia surrounding the time of an infant’s birth. Oftentimes, fetal hypoxic-ischemic brain injuries occur as a result of a pregnancy complications such as placental abruption, cord accident, or cardiovascular stress due"
"ongoing pain with little or no stimuli. Allodynia is pain from a stimulus that would normally not cause pain. For example, there is a patient who experiences unrelenting pain when a breeze touches his skin. Most patients experiencing allodynia, experience pain with touch and pressure, however some can be hypersensitive to temperature. Dysaesthesia is defined as pain due to thalamic lesioning. This form of neuropathic pain can be any combination of itching, tingling, burning, or searing experienced spontaneously or from stimuli. Allodynia and dysaesthesia replace numbness between one week and a few months after a thalamic stroke. In general, once"
"Alpha privative An alpha privative or, rarely, privative a (from Latin """", from Ancient Greek ) is the prefix ""a-"" or ""an-"" (before vowels) that is used in Greek and in words borrowed from Greek to express negation or absence, for example the English words ""atypical"", ""anesthetic"", and ""analgesic"". It is derived from a Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasal *', the zero ablaut grade of the negation *', i.e. /n/ used as a vowel. For this reason, it usually appears as ' before vowels (e.g. ""an-alphabetism"", ""an-esthesia"", ""an-archy""). It shares the same root with the Greek prefix ' or ', in Greek"
"Algolagnia Algolagnia (; from , ""álgos"", ""pain"", and , ""lagneía"", ""lust"") is a sexual tendency which is defined by deriving sexual pleasure and stimulation from physical pain, often involving an erogenous zone. Studies conducted indicate differences in how the brains of those with algolagnia interpret nerve input. In 1892, Albert von Schrenck-Notzing introduced the term algolagnia to describe ""sexual"" masochism, to differentiate it from Charles Féré's earlier term called ""algophilia""; Schrenck-Notzing's interpretation was that algolagnia involved ""lust"", not ""love"" as Fere interpreted the phenomenon. (It should be cautioned, though, that the definitions regarding sadism and masochism as medical terms have"
"Cephalalgiaphobia Cephalalgiaphobia is fear of headaches or getting a headache. Cephalalgia is a Latin-based term for a headache, cephalic meaning head, and algia meaning pain. Harvey Featherstone introduced this phobia in the mid-1980s as a fear of having headache or migraine pain during a pain-free period Patients with this phobia overuse analgesic medication to avoid headaches. Patients who experience these fears have a history of frequent migraines. To avoid a future headache or migraine a patient will intake analgesic medication to improve their headache. However, doctors do not prescribe pain medications but psychiatric medication to deal with the phobia itself."
"Coxalgia Coxalgia [kok sáljə] also known as coxodynia (koks'ō-din'ē-ă) from coxa – hip (L) and -algia / odyne (G) pain and is defined as pain in the hip or disease-related pain of the hip. Coxalgia refers to general sensation of pain in the hip area, including the muscles surrounding the hip – Sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, ilio-tibial banding and the sensation of the tissue surrounding bones. Coxalgia will have an underlying cause- in adults this is most commonly osteoarthritis, degeneration of hip joints or bursitis (inflammation of the bursae-fluid sacs) of the joints. Coxalgia may precede diagnosis or identification of"
"Allochiria Allochiria (from the Greek meaning ""other hand"") is a neurological disorder in which the patient responds to stimuli presented to one side of their body as if the stimuli had been presented at the opposite side. It is associated with spatial transpositions, usually symmetrical, of stimuli from one side of the body (or of the space) to the opposite one. Thus a touch to the left side of the body will be reported as a touch to the right side, which is also known as somatosensory allochiria. If the auditory or visual senses are affected, sounds (a person's voice"
"Alliesthesia Alliesthesia ( (allós) - other, and (aísthēsis) - sensation, perception ; ""French"" : ""alliesthésie"", ""German"" : ""Alliästhesie"") is a psychophysiological phenomenon (not to be confused with the pathologic symptom of allesthesia) that describes the dependent relationship between the internal state of an organism and the perceived pleasure or displeasure of stimuli . The internal state of an organism is in constant change, and any stimulus that can help to correct an error or need will be pleasantly perceived. For example, food will be more pleasant when hungry compared to when an organism is satiated. The sensation aroused therefore depends"
"Plexus A plexus (from the Latin for ""braid"") is a branching network of the vessels or nerves. The vessels may be blood vessels (veins, capillaries) or lymphatic vessels. The nerves are typically axons outside the central nervous system. Although many medical words ending in ""-us"" that came to English from Latin have the plural suffix ""-i"" (and the plural form plexi indeed does exist in Latin), English does not use the ""-us/-i"" pattern for this particular term; the standard plural form in English is plexuses. The plexus is the characteristic form of nervous system in the coelenterates and persists with"
"often during a surgical procedure. Morton's neuroma affects the foot. Neuromas can be painful, or sometimes, as in the case of acoustic neuromas, can give rise to other symptoms. Some of the benign varieties of neuroma, in the broadest sense of the term, are not neoplasms. The stem ""neuro-"" originates from the Greek word for ""nerve"" (νεῦρον), while the suffix ""-oma"" (-ωμα) denotes ""swelling"". The stem does not imply that neuromas necessarily arise from neurons; neuromas generally arise from non-neuronal nerve tissues. The word was originally used to refer to any nerve tumor, but its meaning has evolved. Neuroma A"
"Meralgia paraesthetica Meralgia paresthetica or meralgia paraesthetica (or Bernhardt-Roth syndrome), is numbness or pain in the outer thigh not caused by injury to the thigh, but by injury to a nerve that extends from the spinal column to the thigh. This chronic neurological disorder involves a single nerve—the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, which is also called the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (and hence the syndrome lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy). The term ""meralgia paraesthetica"" combines four Greek roots to mean ""thigh pain with anomalous perception"". The disorder has also been nicknamed skinny pants syndrome, in reference to a rise"
"obvious; an organism detecting a noxious stimulus immediately withdraws the limb, appendage or entire body from the noxious stimulus and thereby avoids further (potential) injury. However, a characteristic of pain (in mammals at least) is that pain can result in hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to noxious stimuli) and allodynia (a heightened sensitivity to non-noxious stimuli). When this heightened sensitisation occurs, the adaptive value is less clear. First, the pain arising from the heightened sensitisation can be disproportionate to the actual tissue damage caused. Second, the heightened sensitisation may also become chronic, persisting well beyond the tissues healing. This can mean"
"minimising the angles and strains of the hip joint and enabling peri-operative recovery. These include, modified toilet seats, cushions for optimum 'sitting angle' and aids for reaching and manoeuvring through the symptoms without causing harm. Coxalgia Coxalgia [kok sáljə] also known as coxodynia (koks'ō-din'ē-ă) from coxa – hip (L) and -algia / odyne (G) pain and is defined as pain in the hip or disease-related pain of the hip. Coxalgia refers to general sensation of pain in the hip area, including the muscles surrounding the hip – Sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, ilio-tibial banding and the sensation of the tissue surrounding"
"Agraphia Agraphia is an acquired neurological disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing, either due to some form of motor dysfunction or an inability to spell. The loss of writing ability may present with other language or neurological disorders; disorders appearing commonly with agraphia are alexia, aphasia, dysarthria, agnosia, and apraxia. The study of individuals with agraphia may provide more information about the pathways involved in writing, both language related and motoric. Agraphia cannot be directly treated, but individuals can learn techniques to help regain and rehabilitate some of their previous writing abilities. These techniques differ"