"with a lowercase ""thermos,"" while Thermos, then called The King-Seeley Thermos Company, retained the uppercase usage. Invented in 1892 by Sir James Dewar, a scientist at Oxford University, the ""vacuum flask"" was not manufactured for commercial use until 1904, when two German glass blowers, ""Reinhold Burger"" and ""Albert Aschenbrenner,"" formed Thermos GmbH. They held a contest to name the ""vacuum flask"" and a resident of Munich submitted ""Thermos,"" which came from the Greek word ""therme,"" meaning ""heat."" The thermos is commonly called the Dewar flask among chemists in recognition of its inventor, James Dewar. Dewar did not register a patent"
"related to meteorites; about the same time, he also obtained oxygen in the solid state. By 1891, he had designed and built, at the Royal Institution, machinery which yielded liquid oxygen in industrial quantities, and towards the end of that year, he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are strongly attracted by a magnet. About 1892, the idea occurred to him of using vacuum-jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases – the Dewar flask (otherwise known as a Thermos or vacuum flask) – the invention for which he became most famous. The vacuum flask was so efficient"
"William Crookes Sir William Crookes (; 17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube which was made in 1875. In 1913, Crookes invented 100% ultraviolet blocking sunglass lens. Crookes was the inventor of the Crookes radiometer, which today is made and sold as a novelty item. Late in life, he became interested in spiritualism, and became the president of the Society for Psychical Research. Crookes made a career of being a"
"William Inglis Clark William Inglis Clark FRSE (4 June 1855-21 December 1932) was a Scottish pharmaceutical chemist. He is also remembered as a keen amateur mountaineer. Clark invented a neutral encapsulation of foul-tasting medicines. As a chemist and keen amateur photographer he also invented an early colour photographic process in 1909, his subject matter usually stemming from his love of mountains. His early colour photographs appeared from 1909 in the Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal. He was born in Bombay in India on 4 June 1855 to Margaret Grace Inglis and Reverend Thomas Grieve Clark, minister of the Scots Church. His"
"Thomas Thomson (chemist) Thomas Thomson (12 April 1773 – 2 August 1852) was a Scottish chemist and mineralogist whose writings contributed to the early spread of Dalton's atomic theory. His scientific accomplishments include the invention of the saccharometer and he gave silicon its current name. He served as president of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Thomson was the father of the botanist Thomas Thomson, and the uncle and father-in-law of the Medical Officer of Health Robert Thomson. Thomas Thomson was born in Crieff in Perthshire, on 12 April 1773 the son of John Thomson and his wife, Elizabeth Ewan. He"
"Schlenk flask A Schlenk flask, or Schlenk tube is a reaction vessel typically used in air-sensitive chemistry, invented by Wilhelm Schlenk. It has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock, which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gases (usually inert gases like nitrogen or argon). These flasks are often connected to Schlenk lines, which allow both operations to be done easily. Schlenk flasks and Schlenk tubes, like most laboratory glassware, are made from borosilicate glass such as Pyrex. Schlenk flasks are round-bottomed, while Schlenk tubes are elongated. They may be purchased off-the-shelf from"
"which he was president from 1907 to 1912. In 1890 he was initiated into the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. William Crookes Sir William Crookes (; 17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube which was made in 1875. In 1913, Crookes invented 100% ultraviolet blocking sunglass lens. Crookes was the inventor of the Crookes radiometer, which today is made and sold as a novelty item. Late in life, he"
"John Ambrose Fleming Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS (29 November 1849 – 18 April 1945), an English electrical engineer and physicist, invented the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube, designed the radio transmitter with which the first transatlantic radio transmission was made, and also established the right-hand rule used in physics. He was the eldest of seven children of James Fleming DD (died 1879), a Congregational minister, and his wife Mary Ann, at Lancaster, Lancashire, and baptised on 11 February 1850. A devout Christian, he once preached at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London on evidence for the resurrection. In 1932, he"
"1672 and February 1673 (Schneider p. 127). Otto von Guericke Otto von Guericke (; spelled Gericke until 1666, ; November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician. His major scientific achievements were the establishment of the physics of vacuums, the discovery of an experimental method for clearly demonstrating electrostatic repulsion, and his advocacy for the reality of ""action at a distance"" and of ""absolute space"". He was also a very spiritual man in the Dionysiac tradition, as were many scientists of the Enlightenment,"
"Robert Boyle Robert Boyle (; 25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system. Among his works, ""The Sceptical Chymist"" is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. He"
"Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, CH, FRS (14 February 1869 – 15 November 1959) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cloud chamber. Wilson was born in the parish of Glencorse, Midlothian to Annie Clark Harper and John Wilson, a sheep farmer. After his father died in 1873, he moved with his family to Manchester. With financial support from his step-brother he studied biology at Owens College, now the University of Manchester, with the intent of becoming a doctor. In 1887, he graduated from the College"
"Otto von Guericke Otto von Guericke (; spelled Gericke until 1666, ; November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician. His major scientific achievements were the establishment of the physics of vacuums, the discovery of an experimental method for clearly demonstrating electrostatic repulsion, and his advocacy for the reality of ""action at a distance"" and of ""absolute space"". He was also a very spiritual man in the Dionysiac tradition, as were many scientists of the Enlightenment, and connected the vacuum of space to"
"the flask while the residue remains on the filter paper in the funnel. The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus or vice versa. It is commonly thought to be named after the Nobel Laureate Eduard Buchner, but it is actually named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner. It is also known as a Kitasato flask in honor of Kitasato Shibasaburō. Büchner flask A Büchner flask, also known as a vacuum"
"John Leslie (physicist) Sir John Leslie, FRSE KH (10 April 1766 – 3 November 1832) was a Scottish mathematician and physicist best remembered for his research into heat. Leslie gave the first modern account of capillary action in 1802 and froze water using an air-pump in 1810, the first artificial production of ice. In 1804, he experimented with radiant heat using a cubical vessel filled with boiling water. One side of the cube is composed of highly polished metal, two of dull metal (copper) and one side painted black. He showed that radiation was greatest from the black side and"
"at Roslin Institute in Edinburgh), became a celebrity in the 1990s. Other famous scientists, engineers, theorists and inventors from the UK include Sir Francis Bacon, Richard Trevithick (Train), Thomas Henry Huxley, Francis Crick (DNA), Rosalind Franklin (Photo 51), Robert Boyle (Boyle's Law), Robert Hooke, Thomas Young, Humphry Davy (discovered ""laughing gas"" (nitrous oxide), isolated many elements (such as calcium), invented Davy lamp), Robert Watson-Watt (radar), J. J. Thomson (discovered Electron), James Chadwick (discovered Neutron), Frederick Soddy (discovered Isotope), John Cockcroft, Henry Bessemer, Edmond Halley (Halley's comet), Sir William Herschel (discovered Uranus), Charles Parsons (Steam turbine), Alan Blumlein (Stereo sound), John"
"William Ramsay Sir William Ramsay, (; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 ""in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air"" (along with his collaborator, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for their discovery of argon). After the two men identified argon, Ramsay investigated other atmospheric gases. His work in isolating argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon led to the development of a new section"
"William Ramsay Sir William Ramsay, (; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 ""in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air"" (along with his collaborator, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for their discovery of argon). After the two men identified argon, Ramsay investigated other atmospheric gases. His work in isolating argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon led to the development of a new section"
"his honour. Francis William Aston Francis William Aston FRS (1 September 1877 – 20 November 1945) was an English chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole number rule. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Francis Aston was born in Harborne, now part of Birmingham, on 1 September 1877. He was the third child and second son of William Aston and Fanny Charlotte Hollis."
"Anton Büchner (28 July 1887 – 27 August 1985), the first biographer of the Büchner siblings. Ernst Büchner Ernst Büchner (18 March 1850 – 25 April 1924) was the German industrial chemist after whom the Büchner flask and Büchner funnel are named. The patent for his two inventions was published in 1888. His father was the pharmacist, chemist, industrialist and politician Wilhelm Büchner. Ernst was also the nephew of the playwright Georg Büchner and the philosopher, physiologist and physician Ludwig Büchner. Büchner studied chemistry in Tübingen. In his dissertation, he addressed the issue of separation of Chlorbromanilins. In 1882, Ernst"
"Robert Boyle. The following are some of the more important of his works: Among his religious and philosophical writings were: Robert Boyle Robert Boyle (; 25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a"
"and Chemical Engineer, August 2018. Francis Simon Sir Francis Simon, (2 July 1893 – 31 October 1956), was a German and later British physical chemist and physicist who devised the gaseous diffusion method, and confirmed its feasibility, of separating the isotope Uranium-235 and thus made a major contribution to the creation of the atomic bomb. He was born Franz Eugen Simon to a Jewish family in Berlin and won the Iron Cross First Class during World War I. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin, working in the research group of Walther Nernst on low-temperature physics related"
"Joseph Black Joseph Black (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766, teaching and lecturing there for more than 30 years. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black. Black was born in Bordeaux, France, the sixth of the 12 children"
"Dalton (Colour blindness), James Dewar (vacuum flask/Dewar flask), Alexander Parkes (celluloid), Sir John Randall (cavity magnetron), Ada Lovelace, Peter Durand, Alcock & Brown (first non-stop transatlantic flight), Henry Cavendish (discovered Hydrogen), Francis Galton, James Y. Simpson (chloroform as an anaesthetic), Sir Joseph Swan (Incandescent light bulb). Sir William Gull (Anorexia nervosa), George Everest, Edward Whymper (first ascent of Matterhorn), Daniel Rutherford, Arthur Eddington (luminosity of stars), Lord Rayleigh (why sky is blue), Norman Lockyer (discovered Helium), Sir Julian Huxley (formed WWF), Adam Smith (pioneer of modern economics and capitalism), John Maynard Keynes (Keynesian economics), Charles K. Kao (fiber optics), Harry"
"1984. He died in St Andrews in Fife. John F. Allen John Frank 'Jack' Allen, FRS FRSE (May 5, 1908 – April 22, 2001) was a Canadian-born physicist. Along with Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and Don Misener, Allen discovered the superfluid phase of matter in 1937 using liquid helium in the Royal Society Mond Laboratory in Cambridge, England. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1949. Born in Winnipeg, he was also known as Jack Allen. He was professor of physics at the University of St Andrews, Scotland from 1947 to 1978, and then emeritus professor until"
"Francis Simon Sir Francis Simon, (2 July 1893 – 31 October 1956), was a German and later British physical chemist and physicist who devised the gaseous diffusion method, and confirmed its feasibility, of separating the isotope Uranium-235 and thus made a major contribution to the creation of the atomic bomb. He was born Franz Eugen Simon to a Jewish family in Berlin and won the Iron Cross First Class during World War I. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin, working in the research group of Walther Nernst on low-temperature physics related to the Nernst Heat Theorem"
"Francis William Aston Francis William Aston FRS (1 September 1877 – 20 November 1945) was an English chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole number rule. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Francis Aston was born in Harborne, now part of Birmingham, on 1 September 1877. He was the third child and second son of William Aston and Fanny Charlotte Hollis. He was"
"Thomas Clark (chemist) Thomas Clark (1801–1867) was a Scottish chemist. He became known for the discovery of the phosphate of soda, and the process of lime softening of hard water the 'Clark process'. A ""Clark degree (°Clark)"" of water hardness is defined as one grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres) of water, equivalent to 14.254 ppm. And 10^5 parts of water Clark was born at Ayr, the son of a shipmaster and a needleworker. He went to school at the Ayr Academy, and then was placed in the counting-house of Charles Macintosh in Glasgow. After a"
"an archaeological dig at the University of Edinburgh. Joseph Black Joseph Black (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766, teaching and lecturing there for more than 30 years. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black. Black was born in"
"moves to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, where he uses a method of electromagnetic focusing to invent the mass spectrograph, which rapidly allows him to identify no fewer than 212 of the 287 naturally occurring isotopes. His work on isotopes also leads to his formulation of the Whole Number Rule, which is later used extensively in the development of nuclear energy. In 1922 he wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of the mass spectrometer. 1905: A manually powered domestic vacuum cleaner is invented by manufacturer Walter Griffiths of 72, Conybere Street, Highgate. It is originally patented as"
"John F. Allen John Frank 'Jack' Allen, FRS FRSE (May 5, 1908 – April 22, 2001) was a Canadian-born physicist. Along with Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and Don Misener, Allen discovered the superfluid phase of matter in 1937 using liquid helium in the Royal Society Mond Laboratory in Cambridge, England. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1949. Born in Winnipeg, he was also known as Jack Allen. He was professor of physics at the University of St Andrews, Scotland from 1947 to 1978, and then emeritus professor until his death. Allen also used a movie camera"
"drink, Ramune, which is produced in a wide variety of flavours by Shirakiku. Hiram Codd Hiram Codd (10 January 1838 – 18 February 1887) was an English engineer. In 1872, he patented a bottle filled under gas pressure which pushed a marble against a rubber washer in the neck, creating a perfect seal. This became known as the Codd-neck bottle. Codd was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England, the son of Edwin Codd, a carpenter, who died in 1846 when Codd was 8 years old. He had two older brothers and an older sister. On 5 February 1856, at"
"Charles Macintosh Charles Macintosh FRS (29 December 1766 – 25 July 1843) was a Scottish chemist and the inventor of waterproof fabric. The Mackintosh raincoat (the variant spelling is now standard) is named after him. Macintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of George Macintosh and Mary Moore, and was first employed as a clerk. Charles devoted his spare time to science, particularly chemistry, and before he was 20 resigned his clerkship to take up the manufacture of chemicals. In this he was highly successful and invented various new processes. His experiments with naphtha (one of the byproducts of"
"Stevenson Macadam Stevenson Macadam FRSE FIC FCS FSSA (27 April 1829 – 24 January 1901) was a Scottish scientist, analytical chemist, lecturer, and academic author. He was a founding member of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain (now the Royal Society of Chemistry) and a founding member of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was also a President of the Royal Scottish Society of the Arts. He was a prominent lecturer in chemistry at institutions in Edinburgh, including Edinburgh University and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh veterinary colleges. He also had a large analytical"