"is often used. The term in Spanish, ""reja"" can also refer to metal fences. If the screen is made from cutouts of wood, the term Fretwork is also used. Grillwork Grillwork is decorative grating of metal, wood, stone, or other material used as a screen, divider, barrier, or as a purely decorative element. It may function as a window, either with or without glazing. Grillwork may also refer to grilles, decorative front ends of motor vehicles. Grillwork is sometimes referred to as simply as a ""grill"" or as ""grille"", but the latter terms do not convey a decorative quality. These"
"multiplexing devices, optical pulse compressing devices, and many other optical instruments. Ordinary pressed CD and DVD media are every-day examples of diffraction gratings and can be used to demonstrate the effect by reflecting sunlight off them onto a white wall. This is a side effect of their manufacture, as one surface of a CD has many small pits in the plastic, arranged in a spiral; that surface has a thin layer of metal applied to make the pits more visible. The structure of a DVD is optically similar, although it may have more than one pitted surface, and all pitted"
"Diffraction grating In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical component with a periodic structure that splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions. The emerging coloration is a form of structural coloration. The directions of these beams depend on the spacing of the grating and the wavelength of the light so that the grating acts as the dispersive element. Because of this, gratings are commonly used in monochromators and spectrometers. For practical applications, gratings generally have ridges or ""rulings"" on their surface rather than dark lines. Such gratings can be either transmissive or reflective. Gratings that"
"occurring along coronal rings when the particles in the clouds are all uniform in size. Diffraction grating In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical component with a periodic structure that splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions. The emerging coloration is a form of structural coloration. The directions of these beams depend on the spacing of the grating and the wavelength of the light so that the grating acts as the dispersive element. Because of this, gratings are commonly used in monochromators and spectrometers. For practical applications, gratings generally have ridges or ""rulings"" on their"
"Grating A grating is any regularly spaced collection of essentially identical, parallel, elongated elements. Gratings usually consist of a single set of elongated elements, but can consist of two sets, in which case the second set is usually perpendicular to the first (as illustrated). When the two sets are perpendicular, this is also known as a grid or a mesh. Grating can also come in or x panels which are often used for decks on bridges, footbridges and catwalks. Other panel sizes may also be available. Grating can be made of different materials like steel, aluminum, fiberglass. Fiberglass grating is"
"of mathematics dealing with this part of optics is Fourier analysis. Gratings are also used extensively in research into visual perception. Campbell and Robson promoted using sine-wave gratings by arguing that the human visual performs a Fourier analysis on retinal images. Grating A grating is any regularly spaced collection of essentially identical, parallel, elongated elements. Gratings usually consist of a single set of elongated elements, but can consist of two sets, in which case the second set is usually perpendicular to the first (as illustrated). When the two sets are perpendicular, this is also known as a grid or a"
"dental instruments, equipment, furniture, photographs, archives, fine and decorative art. The museum is maintained as a national resource for the dental profession, dental industry, researchers and members of the public and aims to promote an appreciation of dentistry today through an understanding of its past. The museum is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. The museum also offers an enquiry and research service for individuals wanting to learn more about the history of dentistry or whether their ancestors were dentists. On several occasions the museum has also been used as a professional consultant on television series"
"combination with divided-light windows and doors when glazing porches or other large areas. Mullion A mullion is a vertical or horizontal element that forms a division between units of a window or screen, or is used decoratively. When dividing adjacent window units its primary purpose is a rigid support to the glazing of the window. Its secondary purpose is to provide structural support to an arch or lintel above the window opening. Horizontal elements separating the head of a door from a window above are both a head jamb and horizontal mullion and are called ""transoms"". Stone mullions were used"
"restaurants, corporate offices and convention centers. Room divider A room divider is a screen or piece of furniture placed in a way that divides a room into separate areas. Room dividers are used by interior designers and architects as means to divide space into separate distinct areas. There are a number of different types of room dividers such as cubicle partitions, pipe and drape screens, shoji screens, and walls. Room dividers can be made from many materials, including wood, fabric, plexiglass, framed cotton canvas, pleated fabric or mirrors. Plants, shelves or railings might also be used as dividers. Portable room"
"also known as FRP grating. A grating covering a drain (as illustrated) can be a collection of iron bars (the identical, elongated elements) held together (to ensure the bars are parallel and regularly spaced) by a lighter iron frame. Gratings over drains and air vents are used as filters, to block movement of large particles (such as leaves) and to allow movement of small particles (such as water or air). Grating can also be a diffraction grating: a reflecting or transparent optical component on which there are many fine, parallel, equally spaced grooves. A grating can also be a picture"
"of using ""smart"" materials in dentistry has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Conventional glass-ionomer (GI) cements have a large number of applications in dentistry. They are biocompatible with the dental pulp to some extent. Clinically, this material was initially used as a biomaterial to replace the lost osseous tissues in the human body. These fillings are a mixture of glass and an organic acid. Although they are tooth-colored, glass ionomers vary in translucency. Although glass ionomers can be used to achieve an aesthetic result, their aesthetic potential does not measure up to that provided by composite resins."
"Fixed orthodontic appliances aid tooth movement, and are used when a 3-D movement of the tooth is required in the mouth and multiple tooth movement is necessary. Ceramic fixed appliances can be used which more closely mimic the tooth colour than the metal brackets. Some manufacturers offer self-litigating fixed appliances where the metal wires are held by an integral clip on the bracket themselves. These can be supplied as either metal or ceramic. The surfaces of the teeth are etched, and brackets are attached to the teeth with an adhesive that is durable enough to withstand the orthodontic forces, but"
"interocclusal space available for restorations. A male, 18 year old patient with heavy wear on the palatal aspect of his dentition and no interproximal contacts in the anterior teeth was the subject of the experiment. A removable cobalt chromium platform was worn, which covered the upper palatal surface of the anterior teeth, while being held in place by clasps in the canine and premolar region. The appliance was worn for 24 hours each day over a 12 month period except for cleaning after every meal. This caused the premolars and molars of the patient to be propped open with the"
"formation. Ceramic can also be abrasive to opposing tooth surfaces upon mastication. Resin composite is widely used in dentistry as a direct and indirect restorative material. It comes in different compositions, variable in content and size of filler particles. Composite inlays and onlays offer great aesthetics, as a combination of different shades and opacities can be used in a layering technique, equalling or surpassing the aesthetically pleasing all-ceramic restoration. It can be easily repaired or modified as composite can bond to existing material. Using composite as a direct restoration can have a relatively high polymerisation shrinkage, but this can be"
"field of dentistry, a variety of cleaning tools are used including piezoelectric and sonic scalers, and ultrasonic scalers and cleaners. While a majority of the tools do not exceed 75 dBA, prolonged exposure over many years can lead to hearing loss or complaints of tinnitus. Few dentists have reported using personal hearing protective devices, which could offset any potential hearing loss or tinnitus. Dentistry Dentistry, also known as Dental and Oral Medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but"
"Glazing (window) Glazing, which derives from the Middle English for 'glass', is a part of a wall or window, made of glass. Glazing also describes the work done by a professional ""glazier"". Glazing is also less commonly used to describe the insertion of ophthalmic lenses into an eyeglass frame. Common types of glazing that are used in architectural applications include clear and tinted float glass, tempered glass, and laminated glass as well as a variety of coated glasses, all of which can be glazed singly or as double, or even triple, glazing units. Ordinary clear glass has a slight green"
"metals, porcelain, or a combination of the two. Crowns made of Zirkonia Oxide are being made more popular due to its high translucency and durability as opposed to chipping disadvantages of porcelain crowns. A bridge is used to span, or bridge, an edentulous area (space where teeth are missing), usually by connecting to fixed restorations on adjacent teeth. The teeth used to support the bridge are called abutments. A bridge may also refer to a single-piece multiple unit fixed partial denture (numerous single-unit crowns either cast or fused together). The part of the bridge which replaces a missing tooth and"
"becomes ""radio-opaque"", just as metal restorations are, blocking x-rays. Only alumina, lithium disilicate and some composite resin materials are ""radio-lucent"", allowing dentists to track potential decay. Zirconia, conventional porcelain-to-metal, and traditional gold and other all-metal crowns block x-ray radiation, disallowing evaluation over time. Crowns and bridges require an extremely precise fit on tooth abutments or stumps. Fit accuracy varies according to the CAD/CAD system utilized and from user to user. Some systems are designed to attain higher standards of accuracy than others and some users are more skilled than others. CAD/CAM dentistry CAD/CAM dentistry is a field of dentistry and"
"parts. Cermets are also used in dentistry as a material for fillings and prostheses. Ceramic parts have been used in conjunction with metal parts as friction materials for brakes and clutches. The United States Army and British Army have had extensive research in the development of cermets. These include the development of lightweight ceramic projectile-proof armor for soldiers and also Chobham armor. Cermets are also used in machining on cutting tools. Cermets are also used as the ring material in high-quality line guides for fishing rods. A cermet of depleted fissiable material (e.g. uranium, plutonium) and sodalite has been researched"
"uses of articulating paper include: Articulating paper Articulating paper is a diagnostic tool used in dentistry to highlight occlusal contacts and the distribution of occlusal forces. That is, it marks those points on the teeth where the teeth contact during biting and grinding. Articulating paper is made of a thin, non-adhesive paper strip covered in fluorescent ink or dye-containing wax. A strip of articulating paper is placed between the teeth while the desired mandibular movements are performed. Articulating paper is manufactured as ""books"" of many leaves which are torn out and used when required. These can be rectangular or dental-arch"
"glass glazing unit, and not stuck to the outsides of it. Double- or triple-layer insulated glass can be used in place of ordinary single panes in a window divided by muntins, though this reduces the effectiveness of the insulation. Other insulating glass arrangements include insertion of a decorative grid of simulated metal, wooden or plastic muntins sandwiched between two large panels of glass, sometimes adding another grid of simulated wood muntins facing the interior to produce a more convincing divided light appearance. In furniture, a ""muntin"" is the central vertical member of the framework of a piece of furniture, the"
"General and industrial heavy duty models are available for gyratory equipment, with wooden frames for general models aiming to save cost. Industrial heavy duty models are constructed with carbon steel or stainless steel. Screen capacities vary with model sizes over a huge range to satisfy individual application requirements such as material size, bulk density, moisture contamination, etc. Models consist up to seven decks with screenings up to 325 meshes, allowing it to perform accurate separations for the finest materials. This feature comes in handy in the powder processing industry where fine powders with relatively close sizes are involved. Screens openings"
"vertical dimension. This gives them a closed or shorter look to their face and smile. By opening up their bite, a qualified professional can reclaim their vertical dimension. In the past, dental fillings and other tooth restorations were made of gold, amalgam and other metals—some of which were veneered with porcelain. Now, dental work can be made entirely of porcelain or composite materials that more closely mimic the appearance of natural tooth structure. These tooth colored materials are bonded to the underlying tooth structure with resin adhesives. Unlike silver fillings (amalgams) they are entirely free of mercury. Cosmetic dentistry has"
"individual bracket has a different shape, function and built in features for each particular tooth. Chair-side fitted appliances include Edgewise, Begg, Lingual, Self-ligating bracket systems. Laboratory fabricated appliances include Herbst, Quadhelix and MIA, Lingual and Transpalatal arches and RME screw appliances. The most commonly used appliance today is the Pre-adjusted Edgewise Appliance. Brackets The main parts of a bracket are: Brackets can be made from stainless steel or porcelain. Brackets can be luted onto teeth using either a direct or indirect technique. Direct techniques involve conventional acid etch and chemical or light cured composites. The indirect technique involves the appliance's"
"beam propagating in the direction parallel to the gratings, which is a major distinction from photonic crystal or distributed Bragg reflector. In 2010, planar, single-layer lenses and focusing reflectors with high focusing power using a high contrast grating with spatially varying grating dimensions were proposed and demonstrated. Some literatures quote the high contrast gratings as photonic crystal slabs or photonic crystal membranes. Fully rigorous electromagnetic solutions exist for gratings, which tends to involve heavy mathematical formulism. A simple analytical formulism to explain the various properties of high contrast grating has been developed. A computational program based on this analytical solution"
"Aperture grille An aperture grille is one of two major technologies used to manufacture color cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions and computer displays; the other is shadow mask. Fine vertical wires behind the front glass of the display screen separate the different colors of phosphors into strips. These wires are positioned such that an electron beam from one of three guns at the rear of the tube is only able to strike phosphors of the appropriate color. That is, the blue electron gun will strike blue phosphors, but will find a wire blocks the path to red and green phosphors."
"Dappen glass A dappen glass (also called Dappen Dish) is a small, dense glass or ceramic vessel which has each end ground or hollowed out to provide a bowl for mixing substances. Generally these dishes have ten equal walls (decagon) with a large bowl on one side and a smaller bowl ground out on the other. Dappen glasses are most commonly used in dentistry, as vessels for mixing dental medicaments or fillings, though they have also come to be used by artists (for mixing inks or paints), the cosmetics/beauty industry for holding small quantities of nail product or dyes, and"
"sculpts the gum line. The procedure involves reshaping the tissue and/or underlying bones to create the appearance of longer or more symmetrical teeth. Invisalign treatment is being used as an alternative to traditional metal braces. Invisalign helps in treating spacing, crowding, and overlapping teeth to create the smile patients desire. This system has treated hundreds of thousands of patients and has been around for over a decade. Clear aligners are comfortable, invisible and easy to clean. Bite reclamation is for patients who have had years of excessive wear to their teeth due to grinding or acid reflux can alter their"
"the coronal tooth surfaces (Mesial, Distal, Facial, Lingual and Occlusal)"". Laminate veneer, on the other hand, is a thin layer that covers only the surface of the tooth and generally used for aesthetic purposes. Veneers are a prosthetic device, by prescription only, used by the cosmetic dentist. A dentist may use one veneer to restore a single tooth that may have been fractured or discolored, or in most cases multiple teeth on the upper arch to create a big bright ""Hollywood"" type of smile makeover. Many people have small teeth resulting in spaces that may not be easily closed by"
"this case, a holographic grating has virtually the same efficiency as the ruled version. Holographic master gratings are replicated by a process identical to that used for ruled gratings. Holographic grating A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating formed by an interference-fringe field of two laser beams whose standing-wave pattern is exposed to a polished substrate coated with photoresist. Processing of the exposed medium results in a pattern of straight lines with a sinusoidal cross section. Holographic gratings may exhibit less scattered light than ruled gratings. Due to their sinusoidal groove profile, holographic gratings cannot be easily blazed"
"openwork designs allow looking out, but not looking in. For gates and other types of screens, security is required, but visibility may also be wanted. In architecture openwork takes many forms, including tracery, balustrades and parapets, as well as screens of many kinds. A variety of screen types especially common in the Islamic world include stone jali and equivalents in wood such as mashrabiya. Belfries and bell-towers normally include open or semi-open elements to allow the sound to be heard at distance, and these are often turned to decorative use. In Gothic architecture some entire spires are openwork. The later"
"passing through. Finer particle sizes (>40 µm) are able to be separated with the gyratory separator than with a trommel screen. The size of the gyratory screen separator can be adjusted through removable trays, whereas the trommel screen is usually fixed. Gyratory separators can also separate dry and wet materials like trommel screens. However, it is common for the gyratory separators to separate either dry or wet materials only. This is because there are different parameters for the gyratory screen to have the best separation efficiency. Therefore, two separators would be required for the separation of dry and wet materials,"
"in this article. A diffraction grating is a structure with a repeating pattern. A simple example is a metal plate with slits cut at regular intervals. A light wave that is incident on a grating is split into several waves; the direction of these diffracted waves is determined by the grating spacing and the wavelength of the light. A simple hologram can be made by superimposing two plane waves from the same light source on a holographic recording medium. The two waves interfere, giving a straight-line fringe pattern whose intensity varies sinusoidally across the medium. The spacing of the fringe"