"very little sign of illness. This has been the case of children who get the vaccine in their early childhood and later have contact with children with chickenpox. Some of these children may develop a mild chickenpox also known as breakthrough disease. Another vaccine, known as zoster vaccine, is simply a larger-than-normal dose of the same vaccine used against chickenpox, and is used in older adults to reduce the risk of shingles (also called herpes zoster) and postherpetic neuralgia, which are caused by the same virus. The long-term duration of protection from varicella vaccine is unknown, but there are now"
"the most common being variola major and variola minor. Symptoms of the disease including hemorrhaging, blindness, back ache, vomiting, which generally occur shortly after the 12- to 17-day incubation period. The virus begins to attack skin cells, and eventually leads to an eruption of pimples that cover the whole body. As the disease progresses, the pimples fill up with pus or merge. This merging results in a sheet that can detach the bottom layer from the top layer of skin. The disease is easily transmitted through airborne pathways (coughing, sneezing, and breathing), as well as through contaminated bedding, clothing or"
"before disease transmission occurs. Dermacentor variabilis Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia (""Francisella tularensis""). It is one of the most well-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms. Though ""D. variabilis"" may be exposed to ""Borrelia burgdorferi"", the causative agent of Lyme disease, these ticks are not competent vectors for the transmission of"
"Dermacentor variabilis Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia (""Francisella tularensis""). It is one of the most well-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms. Though ""D. variabilis"" may be exposed to ""Borrelia burgdorferi"", the causative agent of Lyme disease, these ticks are not competent vectors for the transmission of this disease. The primary"
"has increased, due to the HIV epidemic and the increased use of immunosuppressive therapies. Varicella is a particular problem in hospitals, when there are patients with immune systems weakened by drugs (e.g., high-dose steroids) or HIV. Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions, manifesting as impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas, is the most common complication in healthy children. Disseminated primary varicella infection usually seen in the immunocompromised may have high morbidity. Ninety percent of cases of varicella pneumonia occur in the adult population. Rarer complications of disseminated chickenpox include myocarditis, hepatitis, and glomerulonephritis. Hemorrhagic complications are more common in the immunocompromised or"
"at the Vector Institute from 1976 to 1986, then at Obolensk until 1992, when he defected to the West. He later divulged much of the Soviet biological weapons program and settled in the United States. Legionella The genus Legionella is a pathogenic group of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the species ""L. pneumophila"", causing legionellosis (all illnesses caused by ""Legionella"") including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. ""Legionella"" may be visualized with a silver stain or cultured in cysteine-containing media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It is common in many environments,"
"historians place its emergence in the New World, arguing that the crews of Columbus’s ships first brought the disease to Europe. The first recorded case of syphilis occurred in Naples in 1495, after King Charles VIII of France besieged the city of Naples, Italy. The soldiers, and the prostitutes who followed their camps, came from all corners of Europe. When they went home, they took the disease with them and spread it across the continent. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the Variola virus. There are four variations of smallpox; variola major, variola minor, haemorrhagic, and malignant, with"
"Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans (PVA), sometimes referred to as parapsoriasis variegata or parapsoriasis lichenoides is a cutaneous condition (skin disease) characterized by hypo- or hyperpigmentation (diminished or heightened skin pigmentation, respectively), telangiectasia and skin atrophy. Other names for the condition include prereticulotic poikiloderma and atrophic parapsoriasis. The condition was first described by pioneer American pediatrician Abraham Jacobi in 1906. PVA causes areas of affected skin to appear speckled red and inflamed, yellowish and/or brown, gray or grayish-black, with scaling and a thinness that may be described as ""cigarette paper"". On the surface of the skin, these areas may"
"Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini coined the term ""vibrions"" in a paper he published during the third Cholera pandemic arguing that they were the main agents causing cholera. He drew his conclusion from his observations of the thin, wormlike bacteria present in the blood and stool of cholera patients, especially characteristic of late-stage infections. The ""Vibrio cholerae"" identified by Pacini were rediscovered by Robert Koch in 1884, who was unaware of Pacini's work; he called them “Comma Bacillus” and received worldwide fame as a result of his discovery. The term “vibrion” was subsequently used by Louis Pasteur in 1861 in naming"
"Legionella The genus Legionella is a pathogenic group of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the species ""L. pneumophila"", causing legionellosis (all illnesses caused by ""Legionella"") including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. ""Legionella"" may be visualized with a silver stain or cultured in cysteine-containing media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It is common in many environments, including soil and aquatic systems, with at least 50 species and 70 serogroups identified. These bacteria, however, are not transmissible from person to person; furthermore, most people exposed to the bacteria do not become ill."
"(variola), to bring about a manageable and recoverable infection that would provide later immunity. By the beginning of the 18th century, the Royal Society in England was discussing the practice of inoculation, and the smallpox epidemic in 1713 spurred further interest. It was not until 1721, however, that England recorded its first case of inoculation. Smallpox was a serious threat in colonial America, most devastating to Native Americans, but also to Anglo-American settlers. New England suffered smallpox epidemics in 1677, 1689–90, and 1702. It was highly contagious, and mortality could reach as high as 30 percent. Boston had been plagued"
"Varicosavirus The genus Varicosavirus is a group of related plant viruses associated with the swelling in plant vein tissues. They are negative single stranded RNA viruses. Infection occurs through soil by the spores of the fungus ""Olpidium brassicae"". The genome of the only member of the only species of this genus (lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV)) consists of a bi-segmented linear, single-stranded negative sense RNA. The first segment is about 6350–7000 nucleotides in length; the second, about 5630–6500 nucleotides in length. Virions consist of a non-enveloped rod-shaped capsid, having a helical symmetry of 120–360 nm in length, and a width"
"Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (bacillus), pathogenic bacteria of the genus ""Vibrio"". Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, ""V. vulnificus"" is related to """"V. cholerae"""", the causative agent of cholera. Infection with ""V. vulnificus"" leads to rapidly expanding cellulitis or sepsis. It was first isolated as a source of disease in 1976. The capsule, made of polysaccharides, is thought to protect against phagocytosis. The observed association of the infection with liver disease (associated with increased serum iron) might be due to the capability of more virulent strains"
"Brucellosis Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. It is also known as undulant fever, Malta fever and Mediterranean fever. ""Brucella"" species are small, gram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped (coccobacilli) bacteria. They function as facultative intracellular parasites, causing chronic disease, which usually persists for life. Four species infect humans: ""B. abortus"", ""B. canis"", ""B. melitensis"", and ""B. suis"". ""B. abortus"" is less virulent than ""B. melitensis"" and is primarily a disease of cattle. ""B. canis"" affects dogs. ""B. melitensis"" is the most virulent and"
"Visceral leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (), black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus ""Leishmania"". The parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen (hence ""visceral""), and bone marrow, and, if left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Of particular concern, according to the World"
"of Zulia, Americo Negrette, showed a film at a medical conference about this community, where the condition was known as 'El mal'. Negrette had become aware of this condition in the area in 1955. In 1979, Wexler's daughter Nancy set up a research project there to study its transmission and to collect DNA from those with the disease and from those who had escaped it. Her work there earned her the nickname 'La Catira' (the Blonde) among the villagers. This project is still ongoing. The origin of the disease was eventually traced back to a single woman, María Concepción, who"
"Alastrim Alastrim, also known as variola minor, was the milder strain of the variola virus that caused smallpox. The last known case of variola minor was in Somalia, Africa in 1977. Smallpox was formally declared eradicated in May 1980. Variola minor is of the genus orthopoxvirus, which are DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of the affected cell, rather than in its nucleus. Like variola major, alastrim was spread through inhalation of the virus in the air, which could occur through face-to-face contact or through fomites. Infection with variola minor conferred immunity against the more dangerous variola major. Variola"
"Varroa Varroa is a genus of parasitic mites associated with honey bees, placed in its own family, Varroidae. The genus was named for Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and beekeeper. The condition of a honeybee colony being infested with ""Varroa"" mites is called varroosis (also, incorrectly, varroatosis). ""Varroa"" mites are recognised as the biggest pest to honeybees worldwide due to their ability to transmit diseases such as deformed wing virus (or dwv) to larval or pupating bees, resulting in death or severe deformity of the pupae. ""Varroa"" mites feed off the bodily fluids of adult, pupal, and larval honey"
"homeless. Outbreaks have been documented, for example, in Seattle and Baltimore in the United States among injection drug users and in Marseille, France, and Burundi. Trench fever is also called Wolhynia fever, shin bone fever, Meuse fever, His disease and His–Werner disease (after Wilhelm His Jr. and Heinrich Werner). The disease is caused by the bacterium ""Bartonella quintana"" (older names: ""Rochalimea quintana"", ""Rickettsia quintana""), found in the stomach walls of the body louse. ""Bartonella quintana"" is closely related to ""Bartonella henselae"", the agent of cat scratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis. The disease is classically a five-day fever of the relapsing"
"canine reservoirs of the disease. Carrion’s disease, also known as bartonellosis, is a disease caused by the blood-borne bacteria, ""Bartonella bacilliformis"". The disease is transmitted by the sand fly species ""Lutzomyia verracarum"", as well as lice and fleas, and is found in areas of Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. The lifecycle of the bacteria within ""Lutzomyia"" sand flies remain largely unknown, with speculation that the bacteria are spread between sandflies sharing the same breeding grounds and water supplies. The existence of bartonellosis transmission in areas not inhabited by ""Lutzomyia verracarum"" suggests that secondary vectors, and potentially other ""Lutzomyia"" species, are important"
"Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) is a disease of the immune system. It is the more severe version of pityriasis lichenoides chronica. The disease is characterized by rashes and small lesions on the skin. The disease is more common in males and usually occurs in young adulthood, although it has been seen in every age group and every race. It is possible for the disease to go into remission for short periods of time or forever. There is no known cause of this disease; There is some evidence associating it with Parvovirus B19. It"
"the announcement, said there was no chance it would be eradicated worldwide before 2020. Rubella is the third disease to be eliminated from the western hemisphere with vaccination after smallpox and polio. The name ""rubella"" is sometimes confused with ""rubeola"", an alternative name for measles in English-speaking countries; the diseases are unrelated. In some other European languages, like Spanish, ""rubella"" and ""rubeola"" are synonyms, and ""rubeola"" is not an alternative name for measles. Thus, in Spanish, ""rubeola"" refers to rubella and ""sarampión"" refers to measles. Rubella Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by"
"known as Mucha–Habermann disease. It is named for Rudolf Habermann (1884–1941), a German dermatologist, and Viktor Mucha, an Austrian dermatologist. Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) is a disease of the immune system. It is the more severe version of pityriasis lichenoides chronica. The disease is characterized by rashes and small lesions on the skin. The disease is more common in males and usually occurs in young adulthood, although it has been seen in every age group and every race. It is possible for the disease to go into remission for short periods of time"
"attacked skin cells, causing the characteristic pimples (called macules) associated with the disease. A rash developed on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous membranes appeared. Typically the macules first appeared on the forehead, then rapidly spread to the whole face, proximal portions of extremities, the trunk, and lastly to distal portions of extremities. The process takes no more than 24 to 36 hours, after which no new lesions appear. At this point variola major infection could take several very different courses, resulting in four types of smallpox disease based on the Rao classification: ordinary, modified,"
"studies by German physician David Bardens, Lanka did not accept the findings, forcing Bardens to appeal in court. The legal case ended with the ruling that Lanka was to pay the prize. The case received wide international coverage that prompted many to comment on it, including neurologist, well-known skeptic and science-based medicine advocate Steven Novella, who called Lanka ""a crank"". Other names include morbilli, rubeola, red measles, and English measles. In May 2015, the journal ""Science"", published a report in which researchers found that the measles infection can leave a population at increased risk for mortality from other diseases for"
"Viremia Viremia (UK: viraemia) is a medical condition where viruses enter the bloodstream and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to ""bacteremia"", a condition where bacteria enter the bloodstream. The name comes from combining the word ""virus"" with the Greek word for ""blood"" (""haima""). It usually lasts for 4 to 5 days in the primary condition. Primary viremia refers to the initial spread of virus in the blood from the first site of infection. Secondary viremia occurs when primary viremia has resulted in infection of additional tissues via bloodstream, in which the virus has"
"symptoms to appear. Viruses can also infect the host with virulent DNA, which can affect normal cell processes (transcription, translation, etc.), protein folding, or evading the immune response. One of the first pathogens observed by scientists was ""Vibrio cholera"", described in detail by Filippo Pacini in 1854. His initial findings were just drawings of the bacteria, but up until 1880, he published many other papers concerning the bacteria. He described how it causes diarrhea as well as developed effective treatments against it. Most of these findings went unnoticed until Robert Koch rediscovered the organism in 1884 and linked it to"
"Usage of the entire term ""poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans"" may also be reserved to indicate it as the primary condition affecting the skin in cases where the disorder associated with it is secondary. Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans (PVA), sometimes referred to as parapsoriasis variegata or parapsoriasis lichenoides is a cutaneous condition (skin disease) characterized by hypo- or hyperpigmentation (diminished or heightened skin pigmentation, respectively), telangiectasia and skin atrophy. Other names for the condition include prereticulotic poikiloderma and atrophic parapsoriasis. The condition was first described by pioneer American pediatrician Abraham Jacobi in 1906. PVA causes areas of affected skin to"
"was identified in 1897 by Sir Albert Cook, a British physician, at Mengo Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. The disease was named after Buruli County in Uganda (now called Nakasongola District), because of the many cases that occurred there in the 1960s. The incidence of the disease has recently been rising in tropical Africa and in certain parts of Australia. A detailed description of the disease was written in 1948 by Professor Peter MacCallum and his colleagues, who were treating patients from the Bairnsdale district, in the Gippsland region in eastern Victoria, Australia. MacCallum and his team were the first to"
"Variola Vera Variola Vera is a 1982 Yugoslav film directed by Goran Marković. The subject of the film is the 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia, more specifically the events related to the epidemic and the subsequent quarantine at Belgrade's ""General Hospital"". Although inspired by the real events, the movie features elements of horror. The film follows the journey of a Kosovar pilgrim on his way back to Belgrade from the Middle East. While at a bazaar, the pilgrim buys a flute from a man who is visibly ill. Upon his return to Belgrade, the pilgrim starts to show signs"
"Fifth disease Erythema infectiosum or fifth disease is one of several possible manifestations of infection by parvovirus B19. The name ""fifth disease"" comes from its place on the standard list of rash-causing childhood diseases, which also includes measles (first), scarlet fever (second), rubella (third), Dukes' disease (fourth, but is no longer widely accepted as distinct), and roseola (sixth). Fifth disease starts with a low-grade fever, headache, rash, and cold-like symptoms, such as a runny or stuffy nose. These symptoms pass, then a few days later, the rash appears. The bright red rash most commonly appears in the face, particularly the"
"host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Humans and mammals serve as the natural host. Only one member of the Varicellovirus genus, Varicella zoster virus (HHV-3) infects ""Homo sapiens"" (humans). Varicellovirus Varicellovirus (var′i-sel′ō-vi′rŭs) is a genus of viruses belonging to subfamily ""Alphaherpesvirinae"", a member of family ""Herpesviridae"". Humans and mammals serve as natural hosts. There are currently 17 species in this genus including the type species Varicella zoster virus (VZV) also known as Human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3). Diseases associated with this genus include: HHV-3—chickenpox (varicella) and shingles; BoHV-1—infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV); SuHV-1 (also known as pseudorabies virus)—Aujesky's"
"Borrelia Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. It causes borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted primarily by ticks and by lice, depending on the species. The genus is named after the French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936). There are 52 known species of ""Borrelia"". 21 are members of the Lyme disease group, 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a third group. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on"