"fields, the kilopascal (1000 pascals) is used instead. Pascal (unit) The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. It is defined as one newton per square metre. It is named after the French polymath Blaise Pascal. Common multiple units of the pascal are the hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa) which is equal to one millibar, and the kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa) which is equal to one centibar. The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as . Meteorological reports typically"
"André-Marie Ampère André-Marie Ampère (; ; 20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as ""electrodynamics"". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. An autodidact, Ampère was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after him. His name is also one of the"
"Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré (; ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as ""The Last Universalist,"" since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime. As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. He was responsible for formulating the Poincaré conjecture, which was one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003"
"He thought that the attraction and repulsion were due to different kinds of fluids. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; ; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist. He is best known for developing what is now known as Coulomb's law, the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on friction. The SI unit of electric charge, the coulomb, was named in his honour in 1908. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born in Angoulême, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, an inspector of the royal demesne"
"Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him. Becquerel was born in Paris into a wealthy family which produced four generations of physicists: Becquerel's grandfather (Antoine César Becquerel), father (Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel), and son (Jean Becquerel). Henri started off his education by attending the Lycée Louis-le-Grand school, a"
"Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; ; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist. He is best known for developing what is now known as Coulomb's law, the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on friction. The SI unit of electric charge, the coulomb, was named in his honour in 1908. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born in Angoulême, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, an inspector of the royal demesne originally from Montpellier, and Catherine Bajet. He was baptised at the parish church of"
"the Academy, Sauveur presented his own ""monocorde"" for tuning harpsichords (it was based on an octave divided into equal units composed of the tiny, precise units of his ""new system""); and he contrasted his invention with Loulié's ""sonomètre"", approved by the Academy in 1699, which replicated the unequal intervals actually being in used in France. Sauveur, whom a contemporary described as ""over-obliging, gentle, and humorless"", was declared a ""pensioned veteran"" of the Academy in on March 4, 1699. He died in 1716. Joseph Sauveur Joseph Sauveur (24 March 1653 – 9 July 1716) was a French mathematician and physicist. He"
"crater named Becquerel on Mars. The uranium-based mineral becquerelite was named after Henri. Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him. Becquerel was born in Paris into a wealthy family which produced four generations of physicists: Becquerel's grandfather (Antoine César Becquerel), father (Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel), and son (Jean"
"(CGPM), it was revised and it extended the scope and responsibilities of the BIPM to other fields in physics. In 1960, at the 11th meetings of the CGPM, the system of units it had established was named the International System of Units, with the abbreviation SI. Before the French Revolution, which started in 1789, French units of measurement were based on the Carolingian system, introduced by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (800 – 814 AD) which in turn were based on ancient Roman measures. Charlemagne brought a consistent system of measures across the entire empire. However, after his death,"
"Siméon Denis Poisson Baron Siméon Denis Poisson FRS FRSE (; 21 June 1781 – 25 April 1840) was a French mathematician, engineer, and physicist, who made several scientific advances. Within the elite Académie des Sciences he was a leading opponent of the wave theory of light, eventually being proven wrong by Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Poisson was born in Pithiviers, Loiret district in France, the son of Siméon Poisson, an officer in the French army. In 1798, he entered the École Polytechnique in Paris as first in his year, and immediately began to attract the notice of the professors of the school,"
"that led to the death of Bailly. He was forced to endure the freezing rain and the insults of a howling mob. When a scoffer shouted, """"Tu trembles, Bailly?"""" (""Do you tremble, Bailly?""), he stoically responded, """"Oui, mais c'est seulement de froid."""" (""Yes, but it is only the cold."") In the words of the 1911 ""Encyclopædia Britannica"", ""He met his death with patient dignity; having, indeed, disastrously shared the enthusiasms of his age, but taken no share in its crimes."" Jean Sylvain Bailly Jean Sylvain Bailly (; 15 September 1736 – 12 November 1793) was a French astronomer, mathematician, freemason,"
"Jean-Pierre Christin Jean-Pierre Christin (May 31, 1683 – January 19, 1755) was a French physicist, mathematician, astronomer and musician. His proposal in 1743 to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale (from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees, to where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water) was widely accepted and is still in use today. Christin was born in Lyon. He was a founding member of the """" and served as its Permanent Secretary from 1713 until 1755. His thermometer was known in France before the Revolution as"
"a resisting medium. Pierre Fatou Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou (28 February 1878 – 09 August 1929) was a French mathematician and astronomer. He is known for major contributions to several branches of analysis. The Fatou lemma and the Fatou set are named after him. Pierre Fatou's parents were Prosper Ernest Fatou (1832-1891) and Louise Eulalie Courbet (1844-1911), both of which were in the military. Pierre's family would have liked for him to enter the military as well, but his health was not sufficiently good for him to pursue this type of career. Fatou entered the École Normale Supérieure in Paris"
"""Traité des différences et des séries"" by Lacroix. Marc-Antoine Parseval Marc-Antoine Parseval des Chênes (27 April 1755 – 16 August 1836) was a French mathematician, most famous for what is now known as Parseval's theorem, which presaged the unitarity of the Fourier transform. He was born in Rosières-aux-Salines, in France, into an aristocratic French family, and married Ursule Guerillot in 1795, but divorced her soon thereafter. A monarchist opposed to the French revolution, imprisoned in 1792, Parseval later fled the country for publishing poetry critical of the government of Napoleon. Later, he was nominated to the French Academy of Sciences"
"16th arrondissement in Paris is named after Villarceau. Yvon Villarceau Antoine-Joseph Yvon Villarceau (15 January 1813 – 23 December 1883) was a French astronomer, mathematician, and engineer. He constructed an equatorial meridian-instrument and an isochronometric regulator for the Paris Observatory. He wrote ""Mécanique Céleste. Expose des Méthodes de Wronski et Composantes des Forces Perturbatrices suivant les Axes Mobiles"" (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1881) and ""Sur l'établissement des arches de pont, envisagé au point de vue de la plus grande stabilité"" (Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1853). He is the eponym of Villarceau circles, which are two circular sections of a torus other than the"
"Georges Giraud Georges Julien Giraud (22 July 1889 – 16 March 1943) was a French mathematician, working in potential theory, partial differential equations, singular integrals and singular integral equations: he is mainly known for his solution of the regular oblique derivative problem and also for his extension to –dimensional () singular integral equations of the concept of symbol of a singular integral, previously introduced by Solomon Mikhlin. The scientific work of Georges Giraud was widely acknowledged and earned him several prizes, mainly, but not exclusively, awarded him by the French Academy of Sciences: he was seven times recipient of academy"
"Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain (; 1 April 1776 – 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library including ones by Leonhard Euler and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because"
"Augustin-Louis Cauchy Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy (; ; 21 August 178923 May 1857) was a French mathematician, engineer and physicist who made pioneering contributions to several branches of mathematics, including mathematical analysis and continuum mechanics. He was one of the first to state and rigorously prove theorems of calculus, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors; Hans Freudenthal stated: ""More concepts and theorems have been named for Cauchy"
"Victor Puiseux Victor Alexandre Puiseux (; 16 April 1820 – 9 September 1883) was a French mathematician and astronomer. Puiseux series are named after him, as is in part the Bertrand–Diquet–Puiseux theorem. His work on algebraic functions and uniformization makes him a direct precursor of Bernhard Riemann, for what concerns the latter's work on this subject and his introduction of Riemann surfaces. He was also an accomplished amateur mountaineer. A peak in the French alps, which he climbed in 1848, is named after him. A species of Israeli gecko, ""Ptyodactylus puiseuxi"", is named in his honor. He was born in"
"Louis XIII and Louis XIV, in roles such as Superintendent of Fortifications. He died in Lagny-sur-Marne in 1677. Pierre Petit (engineer) Pierre Petit (8 December 1594 – 20 August 1677) was a French astronomer, physicist, mathematician and instrument maker. Petit was born in Montluçon. He succeeded his father in his municipal office (""Contrôleur de l'élection""), but went to Paris in 1633 to dedicate himself to the sciences. He was a member of the circle around Marin Mersenne, and knew Etienne Pascal, Blaise Pascal, and René Descartes. Later he was a member of the Academy of Montmor. On 4 April 1667"
"Jules Antoine Lissajous Jules Antoine Lissajous () (March 4, 1822 in Versailles – June 24, 1880 in Plombières-les-Dijon) was a French physicist, after whom Lissajous figures are named. Among other innovations, Lissajous invented the Lissajous apparatus, a device that creates the figures that bear his name. In it, a beam of light is bounced off a mirror attached to a vibrating tuning fork, and then reflected off a second mirror attached to a perpendicularly oriented vibrating tuning fork (usually of a different pitch, creating a specific harmonic interval), onto a wall, resulting in a Lissajous figure. This led to the"
"deals with electrodynamics, and volume 6 with elasticity. The asteroid 27947 Emilemathieu was named in his honour. Émile Léonard Mathieu Émile Léonard Mathieu (; 15 May 1835, Metz – 19 October 1890, Nancy) was a French mathematician. He is most famous for his work in group theory and mathematical physics. He has given his name to the Mathieu functions, Mathieu groups and Mathieu transformation. He authored a treatise of mathematical physics in 6 volumes. Volume 1 is an exposition of the techniques to solve the differential equations of mathematical physics, and contains an account of the applications of Mathieu functions"
"Marc-Antoine Parseval Marc-Antoine Parseval des Chênes (27 April 1755 – 16 August 1836) was a French mathematician, most famous for what is now known as Parseval's theorem, which presaged the unitarity of the Fourier transform. He was born in Rosières-aux-Salines, in France, into an aristocratic French family, and married Ursule Guerillot in 1795, but divorced her soon thereafter. A monarchist opposed to the French revolution, imprisoned in 1792, Parseval later fled the country for publishing poetry critical of the government of Napoleon. Later, he was nominated to the French Academy of Sciences five times, from 1796 to 1828, but was"
"Pierre Curie Pierre Curie (; ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, ""in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"". Born in Paris on 15 May 1859, Pierre Curie was the son of Eugene Curie (28 August 1827 – 25 February 1910), a doctor of Alsatian Protestant origin, and Sophie-Claire Depouilly Curie (15 January 1832 –"
"Joseph-Louis Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lagrange ( or ; ; born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier, 25 January 1736 – 10 April 1813; also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia) was an Italian Enlightenment Era mathematician and astronomer. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics. In 1766, on the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Prussia, where he stayed for over twenty years, producing volumes of work and winning several prizes"
"clothing. Had Pierre Curie not been killed as he was, it is likely that he would have eventually died of the effects of radiation, as did his wife, their daughter, Irène, and her husband, Frédéric Joliot. In April 1995, Pierre and Marie Curie were moved from their original resting place, a family cemetery, and enshrined in the crypt of the Panthéon in Paris. Marie Curie was the first woman to be honored in this way ""for her own merits"". Pierre Curie Pierre Curie (; ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography,"
"invention of other apparatus such as the harmonograph. Jules Antoine Lissajous Jules Antoine Lissajous () (March 4, 1822 in Versailles – June 24, 1880 in Plombières-les-Dijon) was a French physicist, after whom Lissajous figures are named. Among other innovations, Lissajous invented the Lissajous apparatus, a device that creates the figures that bear his name. In it, a beam of light is bounced off a mirror attached to a vibrating tuning fork, and then reflected off a second mirror attached to a perpendicularly oriented vibrating tuning fork (usually of a different pitch, creating a specific harmonic interval), onto a wall, resulting"
"Émile Léonard Mathieu Émile Léonard Mathieu (; 15 May 1835, Metz – 19 October 1890, Nancy) was a French mathematician. He is most famous for his work in group theory and mathematical physics. He has given his name to the Mathieu functions, Mathieu groups and Mathieu transformation. He authored a treatise of mathematical physics in 6 volumes. Volume 1 is an exposition of the techniques to solve the differential equations of mathematical physics, and contains an account of the applications of Mathieu functions to electrostatics. Volume 2 deals with capillarity. Volumes 3 and 4 with electrostatics and magnetostatics. Volume 5"
"Henri Brocard Pierre René Jean Baptiste Henri Brocard (12 May 1845 – 16 January 1922) was a French meteorologist and mathematician, in particular a geometer. His best-known achievement is the invention and discovery of the properties of the Brocard points, the Brocard circle, and the Brocard triangle, all bearing his name. Contemporary mathematician Nathan Court wrote that he, along with Émile Lemoine and Joseph Neuberg, was one of the three co-founders of modern triangle geometry. He is listed as an Emeritus at the International Academy of Science, was awarded the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and was an officer of the"
"the thermometer of Lyon. One of these thermometers was kept at the Science Museum in London. Jean-Pierre Christin Jean-Pierre Christin (May 31, 1683 – January 19, 1755) was a French physicist, mathematician, astronomer and musician. His proposal in 1743 to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale (from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees, to where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water) was widely accepted and is still in use today. Christin was born in Lyon. He was a founding member of the """" and served as its"
"1820 in Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise. He occupied the chair of celestial mechanics at the Sorbonne. Excelling in mathematical analysis, he introduced new methods in his account of algebraic functions, and by his contributions to celestial mechanics advanced knowledge in that direction. In 1871, he was unanimously elected to the French Academy. One of his sons, Pierre Henri Puiseux, was a famous astronomer. He died in 1883 in Frontenay, France. Victor Puiseux Victor Alexandre Puiseux (; 16 April 1820 – 9 September 1883) was a French mathematician and astronomer. Puiseux series are named after him, as is in part the Bertrand–Diquet–Puiseux theorem."
"André Blondel André-Eugène Blondel (28 August 1863 – 15 November 1938) was a French engineer and physicist. He is the inventor of the electromechanical oscillograph and a system of photometric units of measurement. Blondel was born in Chaumont, Haute-Marne, France. His father was a magistrate from an old family in the town of Dijon. He was the best student from the town in his year. He went on to attend the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (School of Bridges and Roadways) and graduated first in his class in 1888. He was employed as an engineer by the Lighthouses and"
"Pierre Gassendi Pierre Gassendi (; also ""Pierre Gassend"", ""Petrus Gassendi""; 22 January 1592 – 24 October 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, astronomer, and mathematician. While he held a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him. He wrote numerous philosophical works, and some of the positions he worked out are considered significant, finding a way between skepticism and"