"Dead Ahead: The Exxon Valdez Disaster Dead Ahead: The Exxon Valdez Disaster is a 1992 movie depicting the ""Exxon Valdez"" oil spill disaster off the coast of Alaska. Directed by Paul Seed, it stars Christopher Lloyd, John Heard, Rip Torn and Michael Murphy. Most of the film was shot in Vancouver, Richmond and Steveston, British Columbia, but it also utilizes archival film clips of the actual disaster and cleanup efforts. On March 24, 1989, the ""Exxon Valdez"" oil tanker struck a reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. It was the worst oil spill of its time, releasing over of crude"
"a number of recommendations, such as changes to the work patterns of Exxon crew in order to address the causes of the accident. In response to the spill, the United States Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). The legislation included a clause that prohibits any vessel that, after March 22, 1989, has caused an oil spill of more than in any marine area, from operating in Prince William Sound. In April 1998, the company argued in a legal action against the Federal government that the ship should be allowed back into Alaskan waters. Exxon claimed OPA was"
"damage from foot traffic. The grounding of the oil tanker ""Exxon Valdez"" in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, produced extensive contamination of the Kenai Fjords coastline. By early April, Park Service personnel established oil containment boom lines across the mouths of salmon streams and conducted preliminary inventories of plants and animals that might be affected by the oil. The first oil arrived on April 10. In time, about of coastline was oiled, amounting to about 4% of the total coastline. Headlands were the most affected areas. The oil did not reach the fjords, repelled by heavy spring water"
"the navigation bridge and was in his stateroom at the time of the accident. He left Third Mate Gregory Cousins in charge of the navigation bridge and Able Seaman Robert Kagan at the helm with instructions from the third mate to return to the southbound traffic lane in the TSS at a prearranged point. ""Exxon Valdez"" failed to return to the shipping lanes and struck Bligh Reef at around 12:04 a.m. March 24, 1989. The accident resulted in the discharge of around 11 million gallons of oil, 20% of the cargo, into Prince William Sound. During Hazelwood's trial following the"
"Sport and subsistence hunting is prohibited in Katmai National Park but allowed in the preserve. The grounding of the oil tanker ""Exxon Valdez"" in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, produced extensive contamination of the Katmai coastline. By early April, oil had reached Kenai Fjords National Park. Oil reached Cape Douglas in Katmai on April 26 and points southwards in the following week. In early May, a variety of dredges and skimmer vessels were working in the Shelikof Strait, but 90% of the Katmai coastline was oiled. The worst-hit areas were Cape Chiniak and Chiniak Lagoon, Hallo Bay Beach"
"million tires. These tires were mostly used on the Ford Explorer, the world's top-selling sport utility vehicle (SUV). The two companies committed three major blunders early on, say crisis experts. First, they blamed consumers for not inflating their tires properly. Then they blamed each other for faulty tires and faulty vehicle design. Then they said very little about what they were doing to solve a problem that had caused more than 100 deaths—until they got called to Washington to testify before Congress. On 24 March 1989, a tanker belonging to the Exxon Corporation ran aground in the Prince William Sound"
"of volume released. Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and severely taxed existing response plans. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field, eventually covered of coastline, and of ocean. According to official reports, the ship was carrying 53,094,510 gallons (1,264,155 barrels) of oil, of which about were spilled into the Prince William Sound. An approximate figure of was a commonly accepted estimate of the spill's volume and has been used by the"
"Valdez oil spill resulted in the discharge of approximately of oil into Prince William Sound, oiling of the remote Alaskan coastline. The Valdez spill is 36th worst oil spill in history in terms of sheer volume. The State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council stated that the spill ""is widely considered the number one spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment"". Carcasses were found of over 35,000 birds and 1,000 sea otters. Because carcasses typically sink to the seafloor, it is estimated the death toll may be 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250"
"tanker from operating in that area. In 1996, SeaRiver sought to put the ""S/R Mediterranean"" back into Prince William Sound by arguing that the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was unconstitutional. The Act prohibits any vessel that has spilled more than a million gallons of oil from operating in Prince William Sound. SeaRiver claimed the act was retroactively being applied to the ""S/R Mediterranean"". In 1998, a judge ruled against SeaRiver. The company currently operates three tankers engaged in the Alaska-West Coast crude oil trade. In July 2011, the company ordered two new crude oil tankers to be built at"
"Prince William Sound to Hinchinbrook Entrance. As the plan evolved in the 1990s, one of the two routine tugboats was replaced with a Escort Response Vehicle (ERV). Tankers at Valdez are no longer single-hulled. Congress enacted legislation requiring all tankers to be double-hulled as of 2015. In 1991, following the collapse of the local marine population (particularly clams, herring and seals) the Chugach Alaska Corporation, an Alaska Native Corporation, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. It has since recovered. According to several studies funded by the state of Alaska, the spill had both short-term and long-term economic effects. These included"
"limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was"
"1991; however, it has declined significantly with stricter law enforcement and better economic conditions. The most significant threat to sea otters is oil spills, to which they are particularly vulnerable, since they rely on their fur to keep warm. When their fur is soaked with oil, it loses its ability to retain air, and the animals can quickly die from hypothermia. The liver, kidneys, and lungs of sea otters also become damaged after they inhale oil or ingest it when grooming. The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 24 March 1989 killed thousands of sea otters in Prince William Sound, and"
"incident-in particular the geno-toxic impacts of oil (and compounds found in oil) and dispersants as they work their way up the trophic food chain. The long-term effects are believed by many to be far more significant than the short-term effects, a belief corroborated by on-going research in the Gulf of Mexico and the fact that the impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill (which occurred in 1985 in Prince William Sound, Alaska) are still being studied over 25 years after the initial accident. In terms of total discharge of oil, this spill was approximately one tenth of the Deepwater Horizon spill."
"1989 Narragansett Bay oil spill On June 23, 1989, several hundred thousand gallons of fuel oil were spilled at the mouth of the Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island after the tanker MV ""World Prodigy"" ran aground on a reef near Aquidneck Island. ""World Prodigy"", a long ship operated by Ballard Shipping under the Greek flag, was inbound to Providence and Tiverton, Rhode Island when at about 16:40 local time she ran aground on Brenton Reef, about offshore from Brenton Point State Park, after passing the wrong side of a buoy marking the channel. She had a cargo of about 8.1"
"destroyed by radioactive contamination, exploring Kopachi, a nearby village that was demolished due to high contamination levels, and finally coming within 1000 feet of the remains of the number four reactor. These tours are met with some controversy because despite that SoloEast Travel claims that publicly accessible areas surrounding the power plant contain low levels of radiation and are deemed safe, a number of third party scientists disagree. In 1989, the ""Exxon Valdez"" oil tanker struck Alaska's Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound and leaked crude oil into the sound. The amount of oil spilled is currently estimated to be"
"were taken back to Honolulu on ""Mellon"". In October 1980, ""Mellon"" assisted in the rescue of over 400 passengers and crew of the MS ""Prinsendam"", a luxury liner in distress in the Gulf Of Alaska. After the rescue operations were completed, the Mellon remained on scene in a futile attempt to fight the fire, that had originated in the Prinsendam engine room and progressed throughout the ship. While the Prinsendam was under tow by salvage tugs, and escorted by ""Mellon"" the burning ship suddenly listed hard over to Port and sank within a few minutes. ""Mellon"" was modernized from 1985"
"to pay $25 million compensation. Totals costs for cleaning up after the spill reached $34 million. MV Pacific Mariner MV ""Pacific Mariner, formerly MV ""Pacific Adventurer, is a 1123 TEU geared multi-purpose container ship that gained notoriety after causing Queensland's largest oil spill on the east coast of Australia in March 2009. The ship is owned by Swire Shipping and registered in Hong Kong. She has also sailed under the names, Pacific Challenger, and Changsa. As MV ""Pacific Adventurer"", the vessel was sailing from Newscastle to the Port of Brisbane. During rough seas created by Cyclone Hamish 230 tonnes of"
"company. In 1995, ConAgra sold most of its interest to Trident's original private owners. A leader in the consolidation of the seafood industry since the 1990s, the company has made numerous acquisitions, increasing its operations and market presence. Some of these acquisitions with their associated brands are: In 1991, Trident Seafoods and six other Seattle-based fish processors finalized a secret deal with Exxon over damages from the 1989 ""Exxon Valdez"" oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The agreement between Exxon and the so-called Seattle Seven came to light after Anchorage-based attorney David W. Oesting, the lead plaintiffs' counsel in"
"Valdez, has said his community felt betrayed by Exxon's inadequate response to the crisis. More than 11,000 Alaska residents, along with some Exxon employees, worked throughout the region to try to restore the environment. Because Prince William Sound contained many rocky coves where the oil collected, the decision was made to displace it with high-pressure hot water. However, this also displaced and destroyed the microbial populations on the shoreline; many of these organisms (e.g. plankton) are the basis of the coastal marine food chain, and others (e.g. certain bacteria and fungi) are capable of facilitating the biodegradation of oil. At"
"renamed ""Frixos"". It was decommissioned in 2010. Its final resting place was the Gadani ship-breaking yard northwest of Karachi, Pakistan. </div> Port Bonython oil spill The Port Bonython oil spill occurred on 30 August 1992, when the fuel tank of the tanker ""Era"" was pierced by the bow of the tugboat ""Turmoil"" during berthing operations in upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Wind and swell were high and 296 tonnes of bunker fuel were released into Spencer Gulf. The incident resulted in 500 oiled birds and damage to 15 km of mangrove and seagrass habitat south-west of Port Pirie. The spill"
"Port Bonython oil spill The Port Bonython oil spill occurred on 30 August 1992, when the fuel tank of the tanker ""Era"" was pierced by the bow of the tugboat ""Turmoil"" during berthing operations in upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Wind and swell were high and 296 tonnes of bunker fuel were released into Spencer Gulf. The incident resulted in 500 oiled birds and damage to 15 km of mangrove and seagrass habitat south-west of Port Pirie. The spill occurred at 10.52am, as the ""Era ""was berthing at the Port Bonython wharf in rough seas. The vessel had arrived to"
"State of Alaska's ""Exxon Valdez"" Oil Spill Trustee Council, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club. Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident: Captain Joseph Hazelwood, who was widely reported to have been drinking heavily that night, was not at the controls when the ship struck the reef. However, as the senior officer, he was in command of the ship even though he was asleep in his bunk. In light of the other findings, investigative reporter Greg Palast stated in 2008, ""Forget the drunken skipper fable. As to"
"entered a rehabilitation program in 1985 at South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York. Following rehabilitation he received 90 days of leave to attend Alcoholics Anonymous. ""Exxon Valdez"" departed the port of Valdez, Alaska at 9:12 p.m. March 23, 1989 with 53 million gallons of crude oil bound for California. A harbor pilot guided the ship through the Valdez Narrows before departing the ship and returning control to Hazelwood, the ship's master. The ship maneuvered out of the outbound traffic lane in the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) to avoid icebergs. Following the maneuver and sometime after 11 p.m., Hazelwood departed"
"the assistance of icebreakers. Instead shore workers rigged a temporary fuel line over the ice pack to discharge the ship's cargo. The ship pumped more than of fuel to storage facilities at McMurdo. Officials balance the potential for fuel spills inherent in such operations against the critical need to keep McMurdo Station supplied with oil. A fuel tank spill in an unrelated onshore incident in 2003 spilled roughly of Diesel fuel at a helicopter pad at McMurdo Station. The 1989 grounding of the Argentinean ship ""Bahia Paraiso"" and subsequent spillage of of oil into the sea near the Antarctic Peninsula"
"planned, had not taken on a harbor pilot, and shortly before she ran aground, Captain Georgudis had sent both his first officer and watchman away from the bridge to work on other tasks, which the NTSB judged left the ship ""without a qualified deck watch officer for several minutes prior to the grounding."" 1989 Narragansett Bay oil spill On June 23, 1989, several hundred thousand gallons of fuel oil were spilled at the mouth of the Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island after the tanker MV ""World Prodigy"" ran aground on a reef near Aquidneck Island. ""World Prodigy"", a long ship"
"forces for operations against American cruisers. On 24 July 1987, United States naval forces escorted the Kuwaiti oil tanker ""al-Rekkah"" in the Persian Gulf. Al-Rekkah changed to a United States's flag and also changed its name to ""Bridgeton"". The escort mission was assigned to three cruisers of the United States Navy, USS ""Crommelin"", USS ""Fox"", and USS ""Kidd"". The escorted caravan arrived 13 miles west of the Iranian Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf, and hit underwater mines. Nader Mahdavi's mission was preventing ""Bridgeton""s movement. A mine explosion caused a 43 square metre dent in the body of the oil"
"over 30 million gallons. Oil from the spill would eventually contaminate more than 11,000 square-miles of ocean and 1300 miles of coastline. The spill killed hundreds of sea otters, harbor seals, and eagles and hundreds of thousands of seabird in the days following the spill. Despite that it is not the world's largest oil spill, the ""Exxon Valdez"" oil spill is typically considered the most notorious in American history. Having been among the first responders, the family-run Stan Stephens Cruises operates glacier tours out of Prince William Sound that highlight the history surrounding the Exxon Valdez spill and its aftermath."
"on Prince William Sound. Alyeska then went on to operate and maintain TAPS. The first oil flowed into the pipeline on June 20, 1977 and the first tanker load departed from Valdez on August 1, 1977. The Alyeska Pipeline Service Company was partially responsible for helping to respond to the ""Exxon Valdez"" oil spill. However, Aleyska Pipeline was unprepared for the events, and consequently slow to respond with cleanup crews and equipment. Additionally, shortly before the ""Exxon Valdez"" spill, Aleyska had persuaded the Coast Guard that some safety equipment was not necessary on tankers---equipment that may have reduced the scale"
"on the Italian island of Lampedusa, in retaliation for the American bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi. However, the missiles passed over the island, landing in the sea, and caused no damage. As a result of the attack, the Coast Guard station was commissioned as a NATO base, including security hardening and an armory, as well as an Italian security detail stationed nearby. In March 1989, the oil tanker ""Exxon Valdez"" struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef and spilled 260,000 to 750,000 barrels (41,000 to 119,000 m3) of crude oil. Because the incident took place in navigational waters, the Coast Guard"
"1960s. Then stocks of harbor seals and Steller sea lions experienced massive declines in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively, which may have forced orcas to seek smaller prey. The theory that orca predation has been responsible for these declines remains controversial, and so far there has been no direct evidence that orcas prey on sea otters to any significant extent. The March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill devastated the sea otter population in Prince William Sound. Over 1,000 oiled sea otter carcasses were recovered, with the actual number of deaths estimated to be several times that number. Approximately 350 oiled"
"as they corrode. The pipeline has at times been damaged due to sabotage, human error, maintenance failures, and natural disasters. By law, Alyeska is required to report significant oil spills to regulatory authorities. The ""Exxon Valdez"" oil spill is the best-known accident involving Alaska oil, but it did not involve the pipeline itself. Following the spill, Alyeska created a rapid response force that is paid for by the oil companies, including ExxonMobil, which was found liable for the spill. An explosion on July 8, 1977, Pump Station No. 8, killed one worker, injured five others, and destroyed the pump station."
"MV Pacific Mariner MV ""Pacific Mariner, formerly MV ""Pacific Adventurer, is a 1123 TEU geared multi-purpose container ship that gained notoriety after causing Queensland's largest oil spill on the east coast of Australia in March 2009. The ship is owned by Swire Shipping and registered in Hong Kong. She has also sailed under the names, Pacific Challenger, and Changsa. As MV ""Pacific Adventurer"", the vessel was sailing from Newscastle to the Port of Brisbane. During rough seas created by Cyclone Hamish 230 tonnes of fuel oil, 30 tonnes of other fuel and 31 shipping containers (620 tonnes) of ammonium nitrate"
"Joseph Hazelwood Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood (born September 24, 1946) is an American sailor. He was the captain of ""Exxon Valdez"" during its 1989 oil spill. He was accused of being intoxicated which contributed to the disaster, but was cleared of this charge at his 1990 trial after witnesses testified that he was sober around the time of the accident. Hazelwood was convicted of a lesser charge, negligent discharge of oil (a misdemeanor), fined $50,000, and sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service. Hazelwood was born in Hawkinsville, Georgia, but was raised in Huntington, Long Island, New York. His father, Joseph"