"illustrations in Boston in 1743 and was not only amazed but amused. He then acted as Spencer's agent when he came to Philadelphia in 1744 for his lectures, selling tickets and advertising them. Advertisement were run in the ""Pennsylvania Gazette"". The Leyden jar capacitor for high-voltage storage was invented in 1746 by Pieter van Musschenbroek, whom Franklin would meet later. Then Spencer's Philadelphia lecture demonstrations on science included more electrical demonstrations and became elaborate with showmanship static electricity illustrations using the Leyden jar. In 1746 Franklin bought all of Spencer's electrical equipment for his own personal use and experimentation. Spencer"
"in Europe by 1740. In 1745, German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek discovered independently that the electric charge from these machines could be stored in a Leyden jar, named after the city of Leiden in the Netherlands. In 1745, Peter Collinson, a businessman from London who corresponded with American and European scientists, donated a German ""glass tube"" along with instructions how to make static electricity, to Franklin's Library Company of Philadelphia. Collinson was the library's London agent and provided the latest technology news from Europe. Franklin wrote a letter to Collinson on March 28,"
"became professor in astronomy. Musschenbroek's ""Elementa Physica"" (1726) played an important part in the transmission of Isaac Newton's ideas in physics to Europe. In November 1734 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1739, he returned to Leiden, where he succeeded Jacobus Wittichius as professor. Already during his studies at Leiden University Van Musschenbroek became interested in electrostatics. At that time, transient electrical energy could be generated by friction machines but there was no way to store it. Musschenbroek and his student Andreas Cunaeus discovered that the energy could be stored, in work that also involved Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien"
"a discharge of static electricity was equivalent to an electric current. Capacitance was first observed by Von Kleist of Leyden in 1754. Von Kleist happened to hold, near his electric machine, a small bottle, in the neck of which there was an iron nail. Touching the iron nail accidentally with his other hand he received a severe electric shock. In much the same way Musschenbroeck assisted by Cunaens received a more severe shock from a somewhat similar glass bottle. Sir William Watson of England greatly improved this device, by covering the bottle, or jar, outside and in with tinfoil. This"
"Leiden accumulator The Leiden accumulator, created in 1745 was the first device that produced electric shock for medical purposes. Electricity was known to the Greeks, but it was after the Charterhouse schoolteacher Stephen Gray electrified a boy, probably one of his pupils, in 1730 that experimentation with electricity became popular all over Europe, eventually producing the accumulator. In France, several experiments were made on soldiers, and a community of monks, all holding onto a chain, and given an electric shock which made them fall """"like a set of dominoes"""". Electric shock therapy was supposed to cure paralysis, gout, haemorrhoids, epilepsy."
"apply the name ""Leyden jar"" to the first device for storing electricity. Nollet's invention was replaced by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure's electrometer in 1766. By the 1740s, William Watson had conducted several experiments to determine the speed of electricity. The general belief at the time was that electricity was faster than sound, but no accurate test had been devised to measure the velocity of a current. Watson, in the fields north of London, laid out a line of wire supported by dry sticks and silk which ran for 12,276 feet (3.7 km). Even at this length, the velocity of electricity seemed"
"11 October 1745 he independently invented the Kleistian jar which could store electricity in large quantities. He communicated this discovery to a group of Berlin scientists in late 1745, and the news was transferred in a confused form to Leyden University where it was further investigated. This became more commonly known as the Leyden jar after graduate student Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leyden. Ewald Georg von Kleist Ewald Georg von Kleist (10 June 1700 – 11 December 1748) was a German jurist, Lutheran cleric, and physicist. A member of the von Kleist family, Ewald was born in Vietzow (Wicewo) in"
"Leyden jar A Leyden jar (or Leiden jar) stores a high-voltage electric charge (from an external source) between electrical conductors on the inside and outside of a glass jar. A Leyden jar typically consists of a glass jar with metal foil cemented to the inside and the outside surfaces, and a metal terminal projecting vertically through the jar lid to make contact with the inner foil. It was the original form of the capacitor (also called ""condenser""). Its invention was a discovery made independently by German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist on 11 October 1745 and by Dutch scientist Pieter"
"an insulated stand, not realising that was the standard practice, thus making himself part of the circuit. He reported his procedure and experience to Allamand, Musschenbroek's colleague. Allamand and Musschenbroek also received severe shocks. Musschenbroek communicated the experiment in a letter from 20 January 1746 to René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, who was Musschenbroek's appointed correspondent at the Paris Academy. Abbé Nollet read this report, confirmed the experiment, and then read Musschenbroek's letter in a public meeting of the Paris Academy in April 1746 (translating from Latin to French). Musschenbroek's outlet in France for the sale of his company's 'cabinet'"
"1781, to build the (at that time) largest glass plate electrostatic generator in existence for the Teylers Tweede Genootschap of the Teylers Stichting. It had disks with a diameter of and was connected to a battery of Leyden jars to store the charge produced. With this machine a 61 cm (2 ft) spark could be produced of, which comes down to roughly 330.000 Volt. Van Marum believed that with larger machines, currents and charges more scientific progress could be made. The machine was based on a smaller model produced by Jonathan Cuthbertson shortly before, but with some significant changes, such"
"decreasing in length, can be obtained at intervals. This effect is caused by dielectric absorption. In 1747–1748, Benjamin Franklin experimented with charging Leyden jars in series. Leyden jar A Leyden jar (or Leiden jar) stores a high-voltage electric charge (from an external source) between electrical conductors on the inside and outside of a glass jar. A Leyden jar typically consists of a glass jar with metal foil cemented to the inside and the outside surfaces, and a metal terminal projecting vertically through the jar lid to make contact with the inner foil. It was the original form of the capacitor"
"machines, this consisting of an iron rod held in the hand of a person whose body was insulated by standing on a block of resin. In 1746, William Watson's machine had a large wheel turning several glass globes, with a sword and a gun barrel suspended from silk cords for its prime conductors. Johann Heinrich Winckler, professor of physics at Leipzig, substituted a leather cushion for the hand. During 1746, Jan Ingenhousz invented electric machines made of plate glass. Experiments with the electric machine were largely aided by the discovery of the Leyden Jar. This early form of the capacitor,"
"of Linnaeus and Boerhaave. Also 18th-century models and scientific measuring instruments: models that demonstrate basic physics principles, and instruments: several antique thermometers, a barometer, a theodolite and several pyrometers. Also two antique globes (one showing the heavens, one earth) and two mirror telescopes. The room is conamed after the brothers van Mussenbroeck: Pieter a professor, credited with the invention of the first capacitor in 1746: the Leyden jar, and Jan a famous instrument maker, who shipped his hand crafted precision thermometers all over Europe. Over 30 antique microscopes are shown, most from the 18th century, in a large variety, with"
"physics and for scientific gentlemen keen to establish their own 'cabinets' of curiosities and instruments. Like Kleist, Musschenbroek was also interested in and attempting to repeat Bose's experiment. During this time, Andreas Cunaeus, a lawyer, came to learn about this experiment from visiting Musschenbroek's laboratory and Cunaeus attempted to duplicate the experiment at home with household items. Using a glass of beer, Cunaeus was unable to make it work. Cunaeus was the first to discover that the experimental setup could deliver a severe shock when he held his jar in his hand while charging it rather than placing it on"
"from about 1731 to 1735. In the period from 1731-1733, Nollet assisted Du Fay, especially with electrical experiments, and travelled with du Fay in 1734 to meet physicists in England and in 1736 to the Netherlands. He was a member of the Royal Society of London from 1734. He is reputed to have given the name to the Leyden jar after it was invented by Pieter van Musschenbroek. To finance his own experimental instruments, Nollet started building and selling duplicate instruments in 1735. From at least 1743, the Royal Academy of Sciences identified Nollet as the person who was particularly"
"jar made with a metal foil lining both inside and outside, dropping the use of water. Early experimenters (such as Benjamin Wilson in 1746) reported that the thinner the dielectric and the greater the surface, the greater the charge that could be accumulated. Further developments in electrostatics revealed that the dielectric material was not essential, but increased the storage capability (capacitance) and prevented arcing between the plates. Two plates separated by a small distance also act as a capacitor, even in a vacuum. It was initially believed that the charge was stored in the water in early Leyden jars. In"
"London – donated (in 1746) a Leyden jar battery, a glass tube, and an account of new German experiments in electricity to the Library Company of Philadelphia (founded by Franklin). The account described how to make electricity from the glass tube. Franklin first experimented with static electricity in the middle of 1747, referring to it as ""these new wonders."" In conducting his initial electrical research, Franklin made use of the unique battery and glass tube provided by Collinson. Thomas Penn, son of William Penn, made an electrostatic machine that supplemented Collinson's equipment. To these Franklin added an electrostatic generating machine"
"Large electrostatic generator (Teylers) The large electrostatic generator (Dutch: ""Van Marum electriseermachine"") is a large handcrafted electromechanical instrument designed by Martin van Marum and built by John Cuthbertson in 1784 for the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, where it forms the centerpiece of the instrument room. The concept of an electrostatic generator was new, and the battery (array) of leiden jars was the largest ever built (only one of the 4 sets of leiden jars is on display to conserve space). The two glass disks of the generator are 1.65 meters in diameter, and the machine is capable of generating a"
"Leyden jar, other electrical researchers were making and experimenting with their own Leyden jars. One interest was to see if the total possible charge could be increased. Johann Heinrich Winckler, whose first experience with a single Leyden jar was reported in a letter to the Royal Society on 29 May 1746, had connected three Leyden jars together in a kind of electrostatic battery on 28 July 1746. Daniel Gralath reported in 1747 that in 1746 he had conducted experiments with connecting two or three jars, probably in series. In 1748, Benjamin Franklin developed a system involving 11 panes of glass"
"to electricity such as ""plus,"" ""minus,"" ""positive,"" ""negative,"" ""charge,"" ""discharge,"" ""armature,"" ""electric shock,"" ""electrician,"" ""condenser,"" ""conductor,"" and ""battery."" Franklin's first experiments explained in this first set of letters to Collinson that the Leyden jar, a type of capacitor, had equal and opposite charges on the inner and outer conductors. This was shown in illustrations in his book. The significant Franklin theory introduced to Collinson in a letter dated April 29, 1747, was the concept of the ""dissectible condenser."" Today we call this distribution of charges in a device, a capacitor. He observed that a charge was built up on both"
"with thin lead plates glued on each side, and then connected together. He used the term ""electrical battery"" to describe his electrostatic battery in a 1749 letter about his electrical research in 1748, It is possible that Franklin's choice of the word ""battery"" was inspired by the humorous wordplay at the conclusion of his letter, where he wrote, among other things, about a salute to electrical researchers from a battery of guns. This is the first recorded use of the term ""electrical battery"". The multiple and rapid developments for connecting Leyden jars during the period 1746–1748 resulted in a variety"
"All of the jars in the series could be charged simultaneously, which multiplied the electrical effect. A similar apparatus had been created earlier by Daniel Gralath. Franklin was the first to call the device an ""electrical battery"". At that time, the word ""battery"" was a military term for a group of cannons. Franklin was the first to use ""positive"" and ""negative"" as applied to electricity which is sometimes referred to as ""plus"" and ""minus"". Through his research, Franklin was among first to prove the electrical principal of conservation of charge in 1747: a similar discovery was made independently in 1746"
"using insulating silk cords, and electrified, causing his body to accumulate charge. Objects were attracted to him, and close proximity of another person could lead to sparks. In 1746 Nollet gathered about two hundred monks into a circle about a mile (1.6 km) in circumference, with pieces of iron wire connecting them. He then discharged a battery of Leyden jars through the human chain and observed that each man reacted at substantially the same time to the electric shock, showing that the speed of electricity's propagation was very high. In 1748 he discovered the phenomenon of osmosis in natural membranes."
"form of the penetration of butter by a wooden stick subjected to impact by a wooden sphere). Pieter van Musschenbroek was born on 14 March 1692 in Leiden, Holland, Dutch Republic. His father was Johannes van Musschenbroek and his mother was Margaretha van Straaten. The Van Musschenbroeks, originally from Flanders, had lived in the city of Leiden since circa 1600. His father was an instrument maker, who made scientific instruments such as air pumps, microscopes, and telescopes. Van Musschenbroek attended Latin school until 1708, where he studied Greek, Latin, French, English, High German, Italian, and Spanish. He studied medicine at"
"in fact, an early form of capacitor. When a Leyden jar is discharged by allowing a spark to jump between the electrodes, the discharge is oscillatory. This was not suspected until 1826, when Felix Savary in France, and later (1842) Joseph Henry in the US noted that a steel needle placed close to the discharge does not always magnetise in the same direction. They both independently drew the conclusion that there was a transient oscillation dying with time. Hermann von Helmholtz in 1847 published his important work on conservation of energy in part of which he used those principles to"
"(invented by Bose) suspended above his friction machine. Kleist was convinced that a substantial electric charge could be collected and held within the glass which he knew would provide an obstacle to the escape of the 'fluid'. He received a significant shock from the device when he accidentally touched the nail through the cork while still cradling the bottle in his other hand. He communicated his results to at least five different electrical experimenters, in several letters from November 1745 to March 1746, but did not receive any confirmation that they had repeated his results, until April 1746. Daniel Gralath"
"if there's a Sunday involved) and includes parades, a hutspot feast, historical reenactments, a funfair and other events. The city has recently started to host the Leiden International Film Festival, the fastest growing festival of its type in the Netherlands. Leiden has important functions as a shopping and trade centre for communities around the city. The University of Leiden is famous for its many discoveries including Snells law (by Willebrord Snellius), the famous Leyden jar, a capacitor made from a glass jar, invented in Leiden by Pieter van Musschenbroek in 1746. Another development was in cryogenics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913"
"continuously since 1840, is thought to be powered by a pair of Zamboni piles. Zamboni pile The Zamboni pile (also referred to as a ""Duluc Dry Pile"") is an early electric battery, invented by Giuseppe Zamboni in 1812. A Zamboni pile is an ""electrostatic battery"" and is constructed from discs of silver foil, zinc foil, and paper. Alternatively, discs of ""silver paper"" (paper with a thin layer of zinc on one side) gilded on one side or silver paper smeared with manganese oxide and honey might be used. Discs of approximately 20 mm diameter are assembled in stacks, which may"
"piece of electrical apparatus will be easily recognized as the well-known Leyden jar, so called by the Abbot Nollet of Paris, after the place of its discovery. In 1741, John Ellicott ""proposed to measure the strength of electrification by its power to raise a weight in one scale of a balance while the other was held over the electrified body and pulled to it by its attractive power"". As early as 1746, Jean-Antoine Nollet (1700–1770) had performed experiments on the propagation speed of electricity. By involving 200 monks connected from hand to hand by a 7-m iron wire so as"
"spaces between the plates (the troughs) were filled with dilute sulfuric acid. So long as the box was not knocked about, there was no risk of electrolyte spillage. Trough battery The trough battery was a variant of Alessandro Volta's Voltaic Pile and was invented by William Cruickshank c. 1800. Volta's battery consisted of brine-soaked pieces of cloth sandwiched between zinc and copper discs, piled in a stack. This resulted in electrolyte leakage as the weight of the discs squeezed the electrolyte out of the cloth. Cruickshank solved this problem by laying the battery on its side in a rectangular box."
"his iron scalpel, the leg twitched. Galvani believed the energy that drove this contraction came from the leg itself, and called it ""animal electricity"". However, Alessandro Volta, a friend and fellow scientist, disagreed, believing this phenomenon was caused by two different metals joined together by a moist intermediary. He verified this hypothesis through experiment, and published the results in 1791. In 1800, Volta invented the first true battery, which came to be known as the voltaic pile. The voltaic pile consisted of pairs of copper and zinc discs piled on top of each other, separated by a layer of cloth"
"The founder of Methodism, John Wesley, was a great believer of the treatment, which became so popular, that he eventually opened three clinics dedicated to it. By the second third of the century, orthodox medical profession was using it, the Middlesex Hospital purchased an accumulator in 1767. The method was an early forerunner of electroconvulsive therapy. Leiden accumulator The Leiden accumulator, created in 1745 was the first device that produced electric shock for medical purposes. Electricity was known to the Greeks, but it was after the Charterhouse schoolteacher Stephen Gray electrified a boy, probably one of his pupils, in 1730"
"were used for recharging are exhibited in the Fram Museum in Oslo, Norway. In 1898, an Electric Storage battery provided the submerged power for the USS Holland (SS-1), and Electric Storage remained a significant supplier of US Navy submarine batteries at least through World War II. Isaac Rice, president of Electric Storage in 1899, was instrumental in founding the Electric Boat Company as a bailout of the Holland Torpedo Boat Company. In 1899, a Fulmen battery equipped the “La Jamais Contente” electric car – the first car in the world to exceed 100 km/h (62 mph). In 1900, the Electric"