"English word vermin. The name originated because it had a similar color to the natural red dye made from an insect, the ""Kermes vermilio"", which was widely used in Europe. The words for the color in Portuguese (""vermelho""), Galician (""vermello"") and Catalan (""vermell"") have the same origin. The first recorded use of ""vermilion"" as a color name in English was in 1289. The term cinnabar was used interchangeably with vermilion until the 17th century, when vermilion became the more common name. By the late 18th century 'cinnabar' applied to the unground natural mineral only. Vermilion is a dense, opaque pigment"
"paint the walls of some of the most luxurious villas in Pompeii, including the Villa of the Mysteries. Pliny reported that the painters of that villa stole a large portion of the expensive pigment by frequently washing their brushes and saving the wash water. In the Byzantine Empire, the use of cinnabar and the vermilion color was reserved for the use of the Imperial family and administrators; official letters and imperial decrees were written in vermilion ink, made with cinnabar. Vermilion was also used by the peoples of North and South America, to paint ceramics, figurines, murals, and for the"
"to break up or refine the cinnabar on the spot. They send it to Rome in its natural condition, under seal, to the extent of some ten thousand pounds a year. The sales price is fixed by law to keep it from becoming impossibly expensive, and the price fixed is seventy sesterces a pound. In Rome, the precious pigment was used to paint frescoes, decorate statues, and even as a cosmetic. In Roman triumphs, the victors had their faces covered with vermilion powder, and the face of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill was also colored vermilion. Cinnabar was used to"
"of approximately 8.1. The color and properties derive from a structure that is a hexagonal crystalline lattice belonging to the trigonal crystal system, crystals that sometimes exhibit twinning. Cinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in the Near East, including as a rouge-type cosmetic, in the New World since the Olmec culture, and in China since as early as the Yangshao culture, where it was used in coloring stoneware. Associated modern precautions for use and handling of cinnabar arise from the toxicity of the mercury component, which was recognized as early as ancient Rome. The name comes from"
"Viridian Viridian is a blue-green pigment, a hydrated chromium(III) oxide, of medium saturation and relatively dark in value. It is composed more of green than blue. Specifically, it is a dark shade of spring green, so it is the color between green and teal on the color wheel, or, in paint, a tertiary blue–green color. Viridian takes its name from the Latin ""viridis"", meaning ""green"". The first recorded use of ""viridian"" as a color name in English was in the 1860s (exact year uncertain). Paolo Veronese green is the color that is called ""Verde Verones"" in the ""Guía de coloraciones"""
"Sindhuram (1985), ""Sindoor"" (1987), and ""Sindoor Tere Naam Ka"" (series, 2005–2007). Sindoor Sindoor or Sindooram is a traditional vermilion red or orange-red colored cosmetic powder from Indian Subcontinent, usually worn by married women along the part of their hair. In Hindu communities the use of sindoor indicates a woman is married and ceasing to wear it usually implies widowhood. The main component of traditional sindooram is usually cinnabar, turmeric and lime. Some commercial sindoor products contain synthetic ingredients, some of which are not manufactured to proper standards and may contain mercury and lead. Sindoor is traditionally applied at the beginning"
"of reds and blacks. John's red robe is composed from cinnabar and vermilion made from rubia and insect dyes. Some of the reds are mixed with earth colours not susceptible to the effects of light, and have thus survived close to their original appearance. The black pigments are generally bone blacks but in places from charcoal. The blacks are mixed with chalk in areas, producing a red to brownish 'earthy' appearance. The cloth support is visible in areas where the paint was thinly applied. Rusty nail holes can be seen in the lower border and across the top of the"
"his palette consisted of vermilion, white, naples yellow, two different yellow ochres, two red ochres, raw sienna, light red, burnt sienna, crimson lake, Prussian blue, peach black, ivory black, cassel earth and bitumen. Bitumen has a velvety, lustrous appearance when first painted, but over a period of time discolours to a black treacle, while contracting and thus creating a wrinkled surface, which cannot be renovated. As a result of this, details in large areas of the work can hardly be discerned today. Géricault drew an outline sketch of the composition onto the canvas. He then posed models one at a"
"Sindoor Sindoor or Sindooram is a traditional vermilion red or orange-red colored cosmetic powder from Indian Subcontinent, usually worn by married women along the part of their hair. In Hindu communities the use of sindoor indicates a woman is married and ceasing to wear it usually implies widowhood. The main component of traditional sindooram is usually cinnabar, turmeric and lime. Some commercial sindoor products contain synthetic ingredients, some of which are not manufactured to proper standards and may contain mercury and lead. Sindoor is traditionally applied at the beginning or completely along the parting-line of a woman’s hair (also called"
"a single inlay. Only ivory was used for openwork. After carving the surfaces were smoothed and lightly polished. Traces of colour survive, showing the use of alternating red and blue pigments, and the highlighting of plain backgrounds with red or black. The mineral pigment vermilion and the organic colorant indigo have been identified. The inlays were attached to what have been identified as chairs and footstools by copper alloy rivets, through pre-drilled holes. The woodwork itself has disintegrated, preventing identification of the species and source of the timber, but metal nails and clamps survive. Organic materials such as ivory and"
"Carnelian Carnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker (the difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably). Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration. It is most common in Brazil, India, Siberia and Germany. The red variety of chalcedony is known as beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. The first faceted (with"
"Beryl Beryl ( ) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate with the chemical formula BeAlSiO. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring, hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, red (the rarest), and white. Beryl is also an ore source of beryllium. The name ""beryl"" is derived (via , , and ) from Greek βήρυλλος ""beryllos"" which referred to a ""precious blue-green color-of-sea-water stone""; akin to Prakrit"
"of the stem can be covered with tufts of fine hairs that are pressed against the surface, to fibrillose to almost smooth. The stem color is white with a slight blue to lilac tinge at the top that later disappears, slightly yellowish-cream below, changing to completely pale yellowish-ochre when old. The cortina (a cobweb-like partial veil made of silky fibrils) is and white, but later becomes cinnamon when the mushroom drops its spores. The flesh is firm, finely and compactly fleshy, white in the cap, later with a faint yellow tinge, undulatingly fibrillose in the stem and with a faint"
"right is displayed the color uranian blue of Uranus. Blue (Crayola) is the color called ""blue"" in Crayola crayons. ""Blue"" was one of the original Crayola crayons formulated in 1903. In this section, the term shade is used in its technical sense as used in color theory, meaning a blueish color mixed with black or dark gray. The colors arranged in order of their value (brightness) (V in the HSV code), the brighter colors toward the top and the darker colors toward the bottom. Displayed at right is the web color medium blue. It is a shade of the standard"
"transformation of these substances through roasting or burning) gave the final substance a spiritual value. It possesses a superior essence when compared to natural gold. (Cooper, 1990. Pg. 65) Gold and cinnabar (Jindan in Chinese) were the most sought-after substances to manipulate and ingest. They were believed to have longevity and could elongate the life of the consumer. Cinnabar is a mineral with a reddish-brown colour and is the most common source of mercury in nature. It was used in the search for immortality because of the special significance of its colour, and the difficulty with which it was refined."
"to the stipe. They are somewhat closely spaced. Initially deep vinaceous, they become brownish with a reddish tinge after the spores mature. The stipe measures long by thick, and the same width throughout its length, or slightly thicker at the base. It has a fibrillose surface texture, and, in mature specimens, faint longitudinal grooves. It is wine-red with a whitish base. Young individuals have a silky white partial veil that later becomes fibrillose (as if made of threadlike fibers) and vinaceous in color. The flesh is reddish brown and lacks any discernible odor. The spore print is cinnamon brown. Due"
"Venetian red Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet, derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (FeO) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide. Historically, Venetian red was a red earth color often used in Italian Renaissance paintings. It was also called sinopia, because the best-quality pigment came from the port of Sinop in northern Turkey. It was the major ingredient in the pigment called ', described by the 15th-century Italian painter and writer in his handbook on painting, '. Cennini recommended mixing Venetian"
"The blue color is photosensitive and fades with time if exposed to too much light and heat. Larimar Larimar, also called ""Stefilia's Stone"", is a rare blue variety of the silicate mineral pectolite found only in the Dominican Republic, in the Caribbean. Its coloration varies from white, light-blue, green-blue to deep blue. The Dominican Republic's Ministry of Mining records show that Father Miguel Domingo Fuertes Loren of the Barahona Parish requested permission on 22 November 1916 to explore and exploit the mine of a certain blue rock that he had discovered. Pectolites were not yet known in the Dominican Republic,"
"published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm. The first recorded use of ""tangerine"" as a color name in English was in 1899. ""Pumpkin"" is a color that resembles pumpkins. The first recorded use of ""pumpkin"" as a color name in English was in 1922. Pumpkin or orange is used with black for Halloween decorations. The color ""Giants orange"" is displayed at right. This is the color that symbolizes, along with black and cream, the San Francisco Giants baseball team. ""Vermilion"" is a color that originates from the pigment found in the mineral cinnabar. Vermilion is also"
"Crimson Crimson is a strong, red color, inclining to purple. It originally meant the color of the kermes dye produced from a scale insect, ""Kermes vermilio"", but the name is now sometimes also used as a generic term for slightly bluish-red colors that are between red and rose. Crimson (NR4) is produced using the dried bodies of the kermes insect, which were gathered commercially in Mediterranean countries, where they live on the kermes oak, and sold throughout Europe. Kermes dyes have been found in burial wrappings in Anglo-Scandinavian York. They fell out of use with the introduction of cochineal, because"
"Cinnamyl alcohol Cinnamyl alcohol or styron is an organic compound that is found in esterified form in storax, Balsam of Peru, and cinnamon leaves. It forms a white crystalline solid when pure, or a yellow oil when even slightly impure. It can be produced by the hydrolysis of storax. Cinnamyl alcohol has a distinctive odour described as ""sweet, balsam, hyacinth, spicy, green, powdery, cinnamic"" and is used in perfumery and as a deodorant. Cinnamyl alcohol is naturally occurrent only in small amount, so its industrial demand is usually fulfilled by chemical synthesis starting from cinnamaldehyde. The compound is a solid"
"Cerulean Cerulean (), also spelled caerulean, is a shade of blue ranging between azure and a darker sky blue. The first recorded use of ""cerulean"" as a colour name in English was in 1590. The word is derived from the Latin word ""caeruleus"", ""dark blue, blue, or blue-green"", which in turn probably derives from ""caerulum"", diminutive of ""caelum"", ""heaven, sky"". ""Cerulean blue"" is the name of a pigment. The pigment was discovered in the late eighteenth century and designated as cerulean blue in the nineteenth century. At right is displayed the colour cerulean blue. In classical times, the word ""caerulum"""
"long periods at elevated temperatures. It reverts to the elements upon heating near 400 °C, as was demonstrated by Joseph Priestley in an early synthesis of pure oxygen. Hydroxides of mercury are poorly characterized, as they are for its neighbors gold and silver. Being a soft metal, mercury forms very stable derivatives with the heavier chalcogens. Preeminent is mercury(II) sulfide, HgS, which occurs in nature as the ore cinnabar and is the brilliant pigment vermillion. Like ZnS, HgS crystallizes in two forms, the reddish cubic form and the black zinc blende form. The latter sometimes occurs naturally as metacinnabar. Mercury(II)"
"extent, and the suffusion of body colour present to a small degree in the non-Opaline is intensified in the Opaline. Most Opalines show a brighter body colour than the corresponding non-Opaline, particularly in nest feather and particularly in the rump area. This is due to a reduction in the melanin content of the barbules of the contour feathers. The final characteristic of the Opaline (and the Cinnamon) is the colour of the down feathers of the young nestling. These are white instead of the usual grey, and this allows Opalines to be identified at a very early age. In 1933"
"known for his frequent use of the very expensive ultramarine (""The Milkmaid""), and also lead-tin-yellow (""A Lady Writing a Letter""), madder lake (""Christ in the House of Martha and Mary""), and vermilion. He also painted with ochres, bone black and azurite. The claim that he utilized Indian yellow in ""Woman Holding a Balance"" has been disproven by later pigment analysis. In Vermeer’s oeuvre, only about 20 pigments have been detected. Of these 20 pigments, seven principal pigments which Vermeer commonly employed include lead white, yellow ochre, vermilion, madder lake, green earth, raw umber, and ivory or bone black. Vermeer's painting"
"poisoning, and gradually declined until the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Chinese compound ""wàidān"" combines the common word ""wài"" 外 ""outside; exterior; external"" with ""dān"" 丹 ""cinnabar; vermillion; elixir; alchemy"". The antonym of ""wài"" is ""nèi"" 內 meaning ""inside; inner; internal"", and the term ""wàidān"" 外丹 ""external elixir/alchemy"" was coined in connection with the complementary term ""nèidān"" ""internal elixir/alchemy"". The sinologist and expert on Chinese alchemy Fabrizio Pregadio lists four generally accepted meanings of ""dan"": ""The color cinnabar, scarlet, or light scarlet"", ""The mineral cinnabar, defined as 'a red stone formed by the combination of quicksilver and sulphur'"", ""Sincerity (corresponding to"
"the cap develops irregular yellowish spots, or becomes yellowish in the center. Gills are attached to the stem and packed together closely. They are lilac to violet when young, but become rusty brown to grayish cinnamon when the spores mature. The stem measures long by thick, and is nearly equal in width throughout other than a somewhat bulbous base. It is solid (i.e., not hollow), slimy, smooth, and has violet or purplish colors that are usually lighter than the cap; sometimes, the stem base is more or less white. The cobweb-like, pale violet partial veil leaves a zone of thin,"
"Umber Umber is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide. Umber is darker than the other similar earth pigments, ochre and sienna. In its natural form, it is called raw umber. When heated (calcinated), the color becomes more intense, and then becomes known as burnt umber. The name comes from ""terra d'ombra"", or earth of Umbria, the Italian name of the pigment. Umbria is a mountainous region in central Italy where the pigment was originally extracted. The word also may be related to the Latin word ""Umbra"". Umber is not one precise color,"
"the Latin word for green, so using the word ""viridian"" sounds more elegant than simply referring to the Old English word ""green"". Viridian Viridian is a blue-green pigment, a hydrated chromium(III) oxide, of medium saturation and relatively dark in value. It is composed more of green than blue. Specifically, it is a dark shade of spring green, so it is the color between green and teal on the color wheel, or, in paint, a tertiary blue–green color. Viridian takes its name from the Latin ""viridis"", meaning ""green"". The first recorded use of ""viridian"" as a color name in English was"
"Smoky quartz Smoky quartz is a grey, translucent variety of quartz that ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to an almost-opaque brownish-gray or black crystal. Like other quartz gems, it is a silicon dioxide crystal. The smoky colour results from free silicon formed from the silicon dioxide by natural irradiation. A very dark brown to black opaque variety is known as morion. Morion is the German, Danish, Spanish and Polish synonym for smoky quartz. The name is from a misreading of ""mormorion"" in Pliny the Elder. It has a density of 5.4. Cairngorm is a variety of smoky quartz"
"phase along fractures or within near-surface miarolitic cavities of the rhyolite. Associated minerals include bixbyite, quartz, orthoclase, topaz, spessartine, pseudobrookite and hematite. Beryl Beryl ( ) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate with the chemical formula BeAlSiO. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring, hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, red (the rarest), and white. Beryl is also an ore source of beryllium. The name ""beryl"""
"collector Enric Batlló, for whom the piece is now named. It was also the same family that commissioned the construction of Casa Batlló in 1877 Barcelona, Catalonia. At the time of its first arrival at the museum, it was covered with a thick coating of varnish that obscured but helped preserve its bright colors, which have now been restored. Recent studies have revealed the pigments used to produce the colors: the red from cinnabar and the blue from lapis lazuli. Both pigments were very expensive and the sculpture is believed to have come from a studio of some importance perhaps"
"The flowers, which are arranged in panicles, have a greenish color and a distinct odor. The fruit is a purple 1-cm drupe containing a single seed. There are several different cultivars of ""Cinnamomum verum"" based on the taste of bark: Cinnamomum verum Cinnamomum verum, called true cinnamon tree or Ceylon cinnamon tree is a small evergreen tree belonging to the family Lauraceae, native to Sri Lanka. Among other species, its inner bark is used to make cinnamon. The old botanical synonym for the tree, ""Cinnamomum zeylanicum"", is derived from Sri Lanka's former name, Ceylon. Sri Lanka still produces 80–90% of"