"In the nineteenth century large collections of Lepidoptera were amongst the natural history specimens then flooding into Europe.Most of the largest and most specimens of new species are in Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (Belgian Congo), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (French colonial empire), Museum für Naturkunde (German colonial empire), British Museum (Natural History) (British colonial Empire) and Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (Dutch Empire).Museum lepidopterists include Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven.Francis Walker, Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer, František Antonín Nickerl, Lionel de Nicéville, Carl Heinrich Hopffer and Arthur Gardiner Butler. Some notable lepidopterists are:– As the chief mode of study of butterflies was"
"Lepidopterology Lepidopterology (from Ancient Greek (scale) and (wing); and ""-logia"".), is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies. Someone that studies in this field is a lepidopterist or, archaically, an aurelian. Post-Renaissance, the rise of the ""lepidopterist"" can be attributed to the expanding interest in science, nature and the surroundings. When Linnaeus wrote the tenth edition of the ""Systema Naturae"" in 1758, there was already ""a substantial body of published work on Lepidopteran natural history"" (Kristensen, 1999). These included: 1758-1900 was the era of the gentleman scientist. Following Linnaeus' descriptions in"
"a hard skin, usually with no cocoon. Once the pupa has completed its metamorphosis, a sexually mature adult emerges. The Lepidoptera have, over millions of years, evolved a wide range of wing patterns and coloration ranging from drab moths akin to the related order Trichoptera, to the brightly colored and complex-patterned butterflies. Accordingly, this is the most recognized and popular of insect orders with many people involved in the observation, study, collection, rearing of, and commerce in these insects. A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a lepidopterist. Butterflies and moths play an important role"
"offer a major in herpetology at the undergraduate or even the graduate level. Instead, persons interested in herpetology select a major in the biological sciences. The knowledge learned about all aspects of the biology of animals is then applied to an individual study of herpetology. Herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ""herpetón"", meaning ""reptile"" or ""creeping animal"") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the"
"Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, 10 per cent of the total described species of living organisms. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most speciose orders, along with"
"divisions are sometimes further divided into more specific specialties. For example, within arachnology, acarology is the study of mites and ticks; within entomology, lepidoptery is the study of butterflies and moths, myrmecology is the study of ants and so on. In the period starting in the late 16th century, invertebrate zoology saw growth in the number of publications made and improvement in the experimental practices associated with the field. One of the major works to be published in the area of zoology was Conrad Gessner's Historia animalium, which was published in numerous editions from 1551 to 1587. Though it was"
"Herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ""herpetón"", meaning ""reptile"" or ""creeping animal"") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology. Thus, the definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of ectothermic (cold-blooded) tetrapods. Under this definition ""herps"" (or sometimes ""herptiles"" or ""herpetofauna"") exclude fish, but it is not uncommon for herpetological and"
"discovered the passion at the age of seven. He would later write about butterflies, collect, and illustrate them. Nabokov volunteered at Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology in the Entomology Department, where he would organize specimens for as much as 14 hours a day. Lepidopterists are served by a number of national and international scientific societies. They promote research in lepidopterology and dissemination of the findings through conferences such as the biennial European Congresses of Lepidopterology or the TILS Leps Talk. These societies include: Lepidopterology Lepidopterology (from Ancient Greek (scale) and (wing); and ""-logia"".), is a branch of entomology concerning the"
"Lepidoptera genitalia The study of the genitalia of Lepidoptera is important for Lepidoptera taxonomy in addition to development, anatomy and natural history. The genitalia are complex and provide the basis for species discrimination in most families and also in family identification. The genitalia are attached onto the tenth or most distal segment of the abdomen. Lepidoptera have some of the most complex genital structures in the insect groups with a wide variety of complex spines, setae, scales and tufts in males, claspers of different shapes and different modifications of the ductus bursae in females. The arrangement of genitalia is important"
"variation of frenate type but where the frenulum and retinaculum are completely lost. The wings of Lepidoptera are minutely scaled, which gives the name to this order; the name ""Lepidoptera"" was coined in 1735 by Carl Linnaeus for the group of ""insects with four scaly wings"". It is derived from Ancient Greek ""lepidos"" or λεπίδος (scale), itself originating from the Greek ""lepis"" (female genitive singular form ""lepidos"") meaning ""(fish) scale"" (and related to ""lepein"" ""to peel"") and ""pteron"" or πτερόν (wing). Scales also cover the head, parts of the thorax and abdomen as well as parts of the genitalia. The"
"Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera The insect order Lepidoptera consists of moths (42 superfamilies), most of which are night-flying, and a derived group, mainly day-flying, called butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea). Within Lepidoptera as a whole, the groups listed below before Glossata contain a few basal families accounting for less than 200 species; the bulk of Lepidoptera are in the Glossata. Similarly, within the Glossata, there are a few basal groups listed first, with the bulk of species in the Heteroneura. Basal groups within Heteroneura cannot be defined with as much confidence, as there are still some disputes concerning the proper relations among"
"Coleopterology Coleopterology (from Coleoptera and Greek , ""-logia"") is a branch of entomology, the scientific study of beetles of the order Coleoptera. Practitioners are termed coleopterists. Coleopterists have formed organizations to facilitate the study of beetles. Among these is The Coleopterists Society, an international organization based in the United States. Such organizations may have both professionals and amateurs as members, interested in beetles. When speaking informally, coleopterists sometimes refer to their study as ""beetling"". Research in this field is often published in peer-reviewed journals specific to the field of coleopterology, though journals dealing with general entomology also publish many papers"
"on various aspects of beetle biology. Some of the journals specific to beetle research are: Coleopterology Coleopterology (from Coleoptera and Greek , ""-logia"") is a branch of entomology, the scientific study of beetles of the order Coleoptera. Practitioners are termed coleopterists. Coleopterists have formed organizations to facilitate the study of beetles. Among these is The Coleopterists Society, an international organization based in the United States. Such organizations may have both professionals and amateurs as members, interested in beetles. When speaking informally, coleopterists sometimes refer to their study as ""beetling"". Research in this field is often published in peer-reviewed journals specific"
"these groups. At the family level, however, most groups are well defined, and the families are commonly used by hobbyists and scientists alike. Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera The insect order Lepidoptera consists of moths (42 superfamilies), most of which are night-flying, and a derived group, mainly day-flying, called butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea). Within Lepidoptera as a whole, the groups listed below before Glossata contain a few basal families accounting for less than 200 species; the bulk of Lepidoptera are in the Glossata. Similarly, within the Glossata, there are a few basal groups listed first, with the bulk of species in the"
"and over 9000 species of reptiles. In spite of its modern taxonomic irrelevance, the term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of non-avian reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. The field of herpetology contains specialists in particular groups of reptiles and/or amphibians. Career options in the field of herpetology include, but are not limited to lab research, field studies and survey, zoological staff, museum staff and college teaching. In modern academic science, it is rare for individuals to consider themselves a herpetologist first and foremost. Most individuals"
"which are more adapted to boring and living in sand (e. g., Prodoxidae and Nepticulidae, respectively). The wings, head, and parts of the thorax and abdomen of Lepidoptera are covered with minute scales, a feature from which the order derives its name. Most scales are lamellar, or blade-like and attached with a pedicel, while other forms may be hair-like or specialized as secondary sexual characteristics. The lumen or surface of the lamella has a complex structure. It gives color either by colored pigments it contains, or through structural coloration with mechanisms that include photonic crystals and diffraction gratings. Scales function"
"for carnivorous animals, and in medicine for debridement to clean wounds. Fruit flies are used as model organisms in research. In culture, the subject of flies appears in religion, literature, cinema, and music. Dipterans are endopterygotes, insects that undergo radical metamorphosis. They belong to the Mecopterida, alongside the Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Lepidoptera and Trichoptera. The possession of a single pair of wings distinguishes most true flies from other insects with ""fly"" in their names. However, some true flies such as Hippoboscidae (louse flies) have become secondarily wingless. The cladogram represents the current consensus view. The first true dipterans known are from"
"Wilson. There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance, such as Sophie Lutterlough at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and dragonflies being the most popular. Most insects can easily be recognized to order such as Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) or Coleoptera (beetles). However, insects other than Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are typically identifiable to genus or species only through the use of Identification keys and Monographs. Because the class Insecta contains a very large number of species (over 330,000 species"
"The findings were reported in 2018 in the journal Science Advances. The authors of the study proposed that lepidopterans evolved a proboscis as an adaptation to drink from droplets and thin films of water for maintaining their fluid balance in the hot and arid climate of the Triassic. The earliest described lepidopteran taxon is ""Archaeolepis mane"", a primitive moth-like species from the Jurassic, dated back to around , and known only from three wings found in Dorset, UK. The wings show scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and a characteristic wing venation pattern shared with Trichoptera (caddisflies)."
"a forewing and a hindwing on both the left and the right side of the thorax and, like all insects, have three pairs of legs. The morphological characteristics which distinguish the order Lepidoptera from other insect orders are: The chief characteristics used to classify lepidopteran species, genera, and families are: The morphological characteristics of caterpillars and pupae used for classification are completely different from that of adults; different classification schemes are sometimes provided separately for classifying adults, larvae, and pupae. The characteristics of immature stages are increasingly used for taxonomic purposes as they provide insights into systematics and phylogenies of"
"the Papilionoidea (butterflies), Hesperioidea (skippers), and the Hedyloidea (moth-butterflies), are the most recently evolved. There is quite a good fossil record for this group, with the oldest skipper dating from . Taxonomy is the classification of species in selected taxa, the process of naming being called nomenclature. There are over 120 families in Lepidoptera, in 45 to 48 superfamilies. Lepidoptera have always been, historically, classified in five suborders, one of which is of primitive moths that never lost the morphological features of its ancestors. The rest of the moths and butterflies make up ninety-eight percent of the other taxa, making"
"conspicuous animals with a wingspan greater than 25 centimetres, such as the Queen Alexandra's birdwing and Atlas moth. Lepidopterans undergo a four-stage life cycle: egg; larva or caterpillar; pupa or chrysalis; and imago (plural: imagines) / adult and show many variations of the basic body structure, which give these animals advantages for diverse lifestyles and environments. The head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found. Like the adult, the larva also has a toughened, or sclerotized head capsule. Here, two compound eyes, and ""chaetosema"", raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to Lepidoptera, occur, though"
"His main research focus was morphology based systematics of amphibians and reptiles worldwide with emphasis on Texas, USA, Mexico, Central America, and South America, although bibliographies, conservation, ecology, life history and zoogeography have all been the subjects of his extensive publications. A genus of lizards, ""Dixonius"" , leaf-toed geckos from Southeast Asia, was named in his honor as well as several species of reptiles and amphibians, e.g., the white-lipped peeping frog, ""Eleutherodactylus dixoni"" (= ""Eleutherodactylus albolabris"" ); the gray checkered whiptail, ""Cnemidophorus dixoni"" (= ""Aspidoscelis tesselatus"" ); Dixon's leaf-toed gecko, """" ; and the large-eyed snake, ""Thamnodynastes dixoni"" . Dixon"
"External morphology of Lepidoptera The external morphology of Lepidoptera is the physiological structure of the bodies of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera, also known as butterflies and moths. Lepidoptera are distinguished from other orders by the presence of scales on the external parts of the body and appendages, especially the wings. Butterflies and moths vary in size from microlepidoptera only a few millimetres long, to a wingspan of many inches such as the Atlas moth. Comprising over 160,000 described species, the Lepidoptera possess variations of the basic body structure which has evolved to gain advantages in adaptation and distribution."
"the Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scales that cover the bodies, wings, and a proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened ""hairs"", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. Mating and the laying of eggs are carried out by adults, normally near or on host plants for the larvae. Like most other insects, butterflies and moths are holometabolous, meaning they"
"ecology and conservation biology. It similarly comprises a large proportion of the European ""amateur specialists"", whose contributions to the knowledge about this group of insects continues to be of paramount significance. For many SEL members Lepidoptera collecting is a major interest, and the society has a clear stand on this issue. The Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica promotes research in lepidopterology and dissemination of the findings primarily through the arrangement of the biennial European Congresses of Lepidopterology and through the publication of the scientific journal ""Nota lepidopterologica"". A newsletter, ""SELepidoptera News — Nouvelles — Nachrichten"", serves the society. The society was founded"
"from the horns of cattle. The larva of ""Zenodochium coccivorella"" is an internal parasite of the coccid ""Kermes"" species. Many species have been recorded as breeding in natural materials or refuse such as owl pellets, bat caves, honeycombs or diseased fruit. As of 2007, there was roughly 174,250 lepidopteran species described, with butterflies and skippers estimated to comprise around 17,950, and moths making up the rest. The vast majority of Lepidoptera are to be found in the tropics, but substantial diversity exists on most continents. North America has over 700 species of butterflies and over 11,000 species of moths, while"
"Gardiner. The specific name, ""guppyi"", is in honor of British naturalist Henry Brougham Guppy. The specific name, ""herrei"", is in honor of American ichthyologist Albert William Herre. The specific name, ""manni"", is in honor of American entomologist William Montana Mann. The specific name, ""oorti"", is in honor of Dutch ornithologist Eduard Daniël van Oort. The specific name, ""woodfordi"", is in honor of British naturalist Charles Morris Woodford. Lepidodactylus Lepidodactylus is a large genus of small geckos, commonly known as scaly-toed geckos. Species in the genus ""Lepidodactylus"" are found from Southeast Asia to Indo-Australia and Oceania. There are 34 described species"
"bred from the horns of cattle. The larva of ""Zenodochium coccivorella"" is an internal parasite of the coccid ""Kermes"" species. Many species have been recorded as breeding in natural materials or refuse such as owl pellets, bat caves, honey-combs or diseased fruit. Of the approximately 174,250 lepidopteran species described until 2007, butterflies and skippers are estimated to comprise approximately 17,950, with moths making up the rest. The vast majority of Lepidoptera are to be found in the tropics, but substantial diversity exists on most continents. North America has over 700 species of butterflies and over 11,000 species of moths, while"
"systematics of diurnal birds of prey (hawks, eagles, falcons, vultures) in the orders Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Cathartiformes. His work, funded by both U.S. National Science Foundation and The Peregrine Fund, includes assessment of the genetic distinctiveness and diversity of many poorly known groups of diurnal raptors, and resolution of taxonomic uncertainties. David Mindell David P. Mindell is an American evolutionary biologist and author. He is currently a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Mindell's work is focused on the systematics, conservation and molecular evolution of birds, especially birds of prey. He is known for"
"focus on a particular field such as ecology, evolution, taxonomy, physiology, or molecular biology, and within that field ask questions pertaining to or best answered by examining reptiles and amphibians. For example, an evolutionary biologist who is also a herpetologist may choose to work on an issue such as the evolution of warning coloration in coral snakes. Modern herpetological writers include Mark O'Shea and Philip Purser. Modern herpetological showmen include Jeff Corwin, Steve Irwin, popularly known as the ""Crocodile Hunter"", and the star Austin Stevens, popularly known as ""AustinSnakeman"" in the TV series """". Most colleges or universities do not"
"for distinguishing between the taxa as also the genera and families. The terminology is based on the Comstock-Needham system which gives the morphological description of insect wing venation. In the basal Lepidoptera, the venation of the forewing is similar to that of the hindwing; a condition referred to as ""homoneurous"". The Micropterigidae (Zeugloptera) have venation that resembles the most primitive caddisflies (Trichoptera). All other Lepidoptera, the vast majority (around 98%), are ""heteroneurous"", the venation of the hindwing differing from that from the forewing and being sometimes reduced. Moths of the families Nepticulidae, Opostegidae, Gracillariidae, Tischeriidae, and Bucculatricidae, amongst others, often"
"Larval food plants of Lepidoptera Caterpillars (larvae) of Lepidoptera species (i.e. of butterflies and moths) are mostly (though not exclusively) herbivores, often oligophagous, i.e. feeding on a narrow variety of plant species (mostly on their leaves, but sometimes on fruit or other parts. Lepidopteran larvae often require specific species of food plants. It also makes some of them important pests in agriculture or forestry. The host plants have yet to be determined for some species. There is not always consensus among lepidopterists over the listing of suitable plants. Adult females normally lay their eggs on or near specific food plants"