"Vietnam War. Speech error A speech error, commonly referred to as a slip of the tongue (Latin: lapsus linguae, or occasionally self-demonstratingly, lipsus languae) or misspeaking, is a deviation (conscious or unconscious) from the apparently intended form of an utterance. They can be subdivided into spontaneously and inadvertently produced speech errors and intentionally produced word-plays or puns. Another distinction can be drawn between production and comprehension errors. Errors in speech production and perception are also called performance errors. Some examples of speech error include sound exchange or sound anticipation errors. In sound exchange errors the order of two individual morphemes"
"Favete linguis! “Favete linguis!” is a Latin phrase, which translated means “""Facilitate [the ritual acts] with your tongues""” (""tongues"" as the organ of speech). In other words, ""hold your tongue"" or “""Facilitate the ritual acts by being silent""”. The phrase is used by Cicero, Ovid, Horace, Pliny the Elder and Seneca. Northrop Frye used the term in reference to the way that the philosophy of ""new criticism"" proscribes a limitation on the use of interdisciplinary criticism, suggesting that, for those who wish to dabble with a text by using tools from outside the literary tradition (i.e. using the critical techniques"
"begins with the following passage: Latin Latin (Latin: , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet. Latin was originally spoken in the area surrounding Rome, known as Latium. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, initially in Italy and subsequently throughout the western Roman Empire. Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Greek, and French have contributed many words to the English"
"the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples are: ""liverwurst"" (< German ""Leberwurst""), ""apple strudel"" (< German ""Apfelstrudel""). The common English phrase ""flea market"" is a phraseological calque of the French """"marché aux puces"""" (""market with fleas""). Other national variations include: An example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation in a multitude of languages is that of the English word ""skyscraper"": The Latin word ""translatio"" (""a transferring"") derives from ""trans"", ""across"" + ""latus"", ""borne"". (""Latus"" is the past participle of ""ferre"", ""to carry"".) The Germanic languages and some Slavic languages calqued"
"end of each chapter is a section called ""Latina Est Gaudium — Et Utilis!"", which means ""Latin Is Fun — And Useful!"" This section introduces phrases that can be used in conversation (such as ""Quid agis hodie?"", meaning ""How are you today?""), and in particular comments on English words and their relation to Latin. Originally published in 1956 in the Barnes & Noble College Outline Series, the textbook is currently in its seventh edition. The 6th edition has been translated into Korean (2005), with a Korean translation of the 7th edition pending; the 7th edition has been translated into Chinese"
"normally ""moose"" or ""mooses"" — or even of ""mouse"". Some words have irregular plurals that do not fit any of the types given here. English has borrowed a great many words from Classical Latin and Classical Greek. The general trend with loanwords is toward what is called ""Anglicization"" or ""naturalization"", that is, the re-formation of the word and its inflections as normal English words. Many nouns have settled on, or acquired a modern form from the original (usually Latin). Other nouns have become Anglicized, taking on the normal ""s"" ending. In some cases, both forms are still competing. The choice"
"genuine constructed language, based on (but expanding greatly upon) the magical words of power that first saw use in """", as well as the mantras for each of the Shrines of Virtue, which had remained consistent since """". The lexicon mostly comprises deformed or truncated Latinate stems (""flam"" ""fire"" ← Latin ""flamma""; ""lap"" ""stone"" ← Latin ""lapis""; ""leg"" ""to read"" ← Latin ""legō""), but other origins are also apparent (""uis"" ""wisdom"" ← English ""wise""; ""kas"" ""helmet"" ← French ""casque""). But the grammar is ""de novo"" and bears little resemblance to Latin, being largely analytic in structure instead. Gargish uses suffixes"
"Pāgus is a native Latin word from a root pāg-, a lengthened grade of Indo-European *pag-, a verbal root, ""fasten"" (English peg), which in the word may be translated as ""boundary staked out on the ground"". In semantics, *pag- used in pāgus is a stative verb with an unmarked lexical aspect of state resulting from completed action: ""it is having been staked out"", converted into a noun by -us, a type recognizable in English adjectives such as surveyed, defined, noted, etc. English does not use the noun: ""the surveyed"", but Latin characteristically does. Considering that the ancients marked out municipal"
"it as an analogy with those who refused to accept that ""Novum Instrumentum omne"", his edition of the Greek New Testament, corrected errors in the Latin Vulgate. The English diplomat Richard Pace (1482–1536) included a variant in his 1517 work ""De Fructu qui ex Doctrina Percipitur"", where the priest was English and had been saying ""mumpsimus"" for thirty years when corrected. While Pace's book (written in Latin) is credited by the first edition of the ""Oxford English Dictionary"" as the origin of ""mumpsimus"", Pace acknowledged his borrowing in a 1517 letter to Erasmus. ""Mumpsimus and sumpsimus"" became proverbial among Protestants"
"the English language as one of the causes contributing to the South African Wars (1879–1915); or the adoption of English as a personal, preferred language in countries where that language is not native, but has become for historical reasons the language of government, commerce, and instruction.) Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Changing grammatical endings is especially common. The Latin word ""obscenus"" has been imported into English in the modified form ""obscene"" . The plural form of a foreign word may be modified to more conveniently fit English"
"Langue and parole Langue (French, meaning ""language"") and parole (meaning ""speaking"") are linguistic terms distinguished by Ferdinand de Saussure in his ""Course in General Linguistics"". ""Langue"" encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system; it is independent of, and pre-exists, individual users. ""Langue"" involves the principles of language, without which no meaningful utterance, ""parole"", would be possible. ""Parole"" refers to the concrete instances of the use of ""langue"". This is the individual, personal phenomenon of language as a series of speech acts made by a linguistic subject. Saussure did not concern himself overly with ""parole""; however, the"
"""translation"". Instead, they simply adapted the second of the two alternative Latin words, traductio. Thus, Aragonese: ; Catalan: ; French: ; Italian: ; Portuguese: ; Romanian: ; and Spanish: . The English verb ""to translate"" similarly derives from the Latin ""translatio"", itself derived from ""transferre"", ""to transfer"": in this case, ""transferred"" (""translatus"") from one language to another. Were the English verb ""translate"" calqued, it would be ""overset"", akin to the calques in other Germanic languages. Following are the Germanic- and Slavic-language calques for ""translation"": The computer mouse was named in English for its resemblance to the animal. Many other languages"
"and England. In 1715 Laurence Echard's ""Classical Geographical Dictionary"" was published. In 1736 Robert Ainsworth's ""Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendarius"" turned English words and expressions into ""proper and classical Latin."" In 1768 David Ruhnken (""Critical History of the Greek Orators"") recast the mold of the view of the classical by applying the word canon to the ""pinakes"" of orators, after the Biblical canon or list of authentic books of the Bible. Ruhnken had a kind of secular catechism in mind. In 1870 Wilhelm Sigismund Teuffel in ""Geschichte der Römischen Literatur"" (""A History of Roman Literature"") innovated the definitive philological classification of"
"Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis(English: ""Sing, tongue, the battle of glorious combat"") is a sixth-century Latin hymn generally credited to the Christian poet St. Venantius Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers, celebrating the Passion of Christ. In the Catholic Church, the first five stanzas are used at Matins during Passiontide in the Divine Office, with the remaining stanzas (beginning with ""Lustra sex"") sung at Lauds. Both parts are chanted during the Adoration of the Cross on Good Friday. This hymn later inspired Thomas Aquinas to write the hymn ""Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium"" for the Feast of"
"Mello, besides the writers Lêdo Ivo and Graciliano Ramos. The Latin ""lacus"", ""reservoir, lake"" is the origin, in the primitive vocabulary heritage, of the Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian ""lago"", French ""lac"", one of its derivatives, the Latin ""lacuna"", ""pitfall, hole"", ""lack, want, neglect"", explains the Spanish and Italian ""laguna"". But the Portuguese ""lagoa"", coincidentally with the Spanish ""lagona"" and Mirandese ""llagona"", suggests a change in suffix, already documented in a 938 document from Valencia, under the spelling ""lacona"", and in another from 1094, in Sahagún, under the spelling ""lagona"". The Portuguese ""lagoa"" under the spelling ""lagona"" (perhaps ""lagõna""), is documented"
"from Middle Latin ""missa"". The Latin word was adopted in Old English as ""mæsse"" (via a Vulgar Latin form ""*messa""), and was sometimes glossed as ""sendnes"" (i.e. ""a sending, dismission""). The Latin term ""missa"" itself was in use by the 6th century. It is most likely derived from the concluding formula ""Ite, missa est"" (""Go; the dismissal is made""); ""missa"" here is a Late Latin substantive corresponding to classical ""missio"". Historically, however, there have been other explanations of the noun ""missa"", i.e. as not derived from the formula ""ite, missa est"". Fortescue (1910) cites older, ""fanciful"" etymological explanations, notably a"
"the English language. Scientists generally use ""platypuses"" or simply ""platypus"". Colloquially, the term ""platypi"" is also used for the plural, although this is technically incorrect and a form of pseudo-Latin; the correct Greek plural would be ""platypodes"". Early British settlers called it by many names, such as ""watermole"", ""duckbill"", and ""duckmole"". The name ""platypus"" is occasionally prefixed with the adjective ""duck-billed"" to form ""duck-billed platypus"". In David Collins's account of the new colony 1788–1801, he describes coming across as ""an amphibious animal, of the mole species"". His account includes a drawing of the animal. The body and the broad, flat"
"The English word lavender is generally thought to be derived from Old French ""lavandre"", ultimately from the Latin ""lavare"" (to wash), referring to the use of infusions of the plants. The botanic name ""Lavandula"" as used by Linnaeus is considered to be derived from this and other European vernacular names for the plants. However it is suggested that this explanation may be apocryphal, and that the name may actually be derived from Latin ""livere"", ""blueish"". The names widely used for some of the species, ""English lavender"", ""French lavender"" and ""Spanish lavender"" are all imprecisely applied. ""English lavender"" is commonly used"
"Latin manuscripts both ""fētus"" and ""foetus"" are used"". The Ancient Greek diphthongs <αι> and <οι> were transliterated into Latin as <ae> and <oe>. The ligatures æ and œ were introduced when the sounds became monophthongs, and later applied to words not of Greek origin, in both Latin (for example, ""cœli"") and French (for example, ""œuvre""). In English, which has adopted words from all three languages, it is now usual to replace ""Æ/æ"" with ""Ae/ae"" and ""Œ/œ"" with ""Oe/oe"". In many words, the digraph has been reduced to a lone ""e"" in all varieties of English: for example, oeconomics"", ""praemium"", and"
"mottos, for example ""Nemo Me Impune Lacessit"", legal terminology (""Ultimus haeres"" and ""condictio causa data causa non secuta""), and various ceremonial contexts. Latin abbreviations can also be seen on British coins and in mottos etc. The use of Latin has declined greatly in recent years. At one time, Latin and Ancient Greek were commonly taught in Scottish schools (and were required for entrance to the ancient universities until 1919, for Greek, and the 1960s, for Latin), and Scottish Highers are still available in both subjects. Latin's presence is almost two thousand years old in Scotland, but it has rarely been"
"the hymn ""Of the Glorious Body Telling"", to the same tune as the Latin. The opening words recall another famous Latin sequence, from which this hymn is derived: ""Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis"" by Venantius Fortunatus. There are many English translations, of varying rhyme scheme and metre. The following has the Latin text with a doxology in the first column, and an English translation by Edward Caswall in the second. The third column is a more literal rendering. There are two plainchant settings of the Pange lingua hymn. The better known is a Phrygian mode tune from the Roman liturgy,"
"English Bible translations, going back to at least the late 10th century (Wessex Gospels), and is retained in Wycliffe's Bible and Tyndale's Bible as well as in the King James Version. By contrast, Luther is translating Luke's Κρανίον, as German """" (""place of skull(s)""). The Latinism is also current in various other languages within the Latin sphere of influence, including Spanish and Italian ""Calvario"", French ""Calvaire"", Polish ""Kalwaria"", Lithuanian ""Kalvarijos"". The church fathers offer different interpretations for the name; either deriving it from a topographic feature resembling a cranium (Pseudo-Tertullian), or alternatively as the site where the skull of Adam"
"of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated. Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. More recently, the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated ""language localization"". The English word ""translation"" derives from the Latin word ""translatio"", which comes from """", ""across"" + """", ""to carry"" or ""to bring"" (""-latio"" in turn coming from ""latus"", the past participle of ""ferre""). Thus ""translatio"" is"
"hymn is often sung in English with either the original Mode III tune or the tune FORTUNATUS NEW. <nowiki>The hymn was also loosely adapted into English as '</nowiki>""<nowiki>Praise the Savior'</nowiki>"" by the nineteenth-century Swedish minister Johan Wallin and set to the tune ""UPP, MIN TUNGA"". Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis(English: ""Sing, tongue, the battle of glorious combat"") is a sixth-century Latin hymn generally credited to the Christian poet St. Venantius Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers, celebrating the Passion of Christ. In the Catholic Church, the first five stanzas are used at Matins during Passiontide in the"
"an intermediate language. In English this is most common in borrowings from Latin, and borrowings from French that are themselves from Latin; less commonly from Greek directly and through Latin. In case of borrowing cognate terms, rather than descendents, most simply an existing doublet can be borrowed: two contemporary twin terms can be borrowed. More remotely, cognate terms from different languages can be borrowed, such as ""sauce"" (Old French) and ""salsa"" (Spanish), both ultimately from Latin, or ""tea"" (Dutch """") and ""chai"" (Hindi), both ultimately from Chinese. This last pair reflects the history of how tea has entered English via"
"or ""the vault of heaven"". In mediaeval Latin, orthographic variants like ""coelum"" for classical Latin ""caelum"" and ""cerulans"" for classical Latin ""caerulans"" can be spotted. In English, the color adjective ""cerulean"" is derived from Latin ""caeruleus"". In addition, ""ceiling"" is ultimately derived from Latin ""caelum"" as well. The official Latin nomenclature, ""Nomina Anatomica"" as ratified in Basel in 1895 and in Jena in 1935 contained the orthographic correct form ""locus caeruleus"". The ""Nomina Anatomica"" published in 1955 inadvertently introduced the incorrect spelling ""locus coeruleus"", without any further explanation. The subsequent edition monophthongized the diphthong, resulting in ""locus ceruleus"", as they"
"Lucius. ""Princeps"" is the root and Latin rendering of modern words as the English title and generic term ""prince"" (see that article, also for various equivalents in other languages), as the Byzantine version of Roman law was the basis for the legal terminology developed in feudal (and later absolutist) Europe. ""Princeps"" is also the name of an obsolete genus of Swallowtail butterflies (now merged with the genus Papilio). Princeps Princeps (plural: principes) is a Latin word meaning ""first in time or order; the first, foremost, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble; the first man, first person"". As a title,"
"Prescriptivists consider these forms incorrect, but descriptivists may simply describe them as a natural evolution of language. In Latin, most second declension masculine nouns in ""-us"" form their plural in ""-i"". However, some Latin nouns ending in ""-us"" are not second declension (""cf."" Latin grammar). For example, third declension neuter nouns such as ""opus"" and ""corpus"" have plurals ""opera"" and ""corpora"", and fourth declension masculine and feminine nouns such as ""sinus"" and ""tribus"" have plurals ' and '. Some English words derive from Latin idiosyncratically. For example, ""bus"" is a shortened form of ""omnibus"" 'for everyone', the dative plural of"
"primarily derived from Latin and Greek words, the Greek being filtered through the Latin. Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole. Latin law principles have survived partly in a long list of Latin legal terms. A few international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin. Interlingua is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the language. Latino sine Flexione, popular in the early 20th century, is Latin with its inflections stripped away, among other grammatical changes. One study analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing phonology, inflection, discourse,"
"horse; učitel - teacher; otec - father; předseda - chairman; turista - tourist; cyklista - cyclist; kolega - colleague; soudce - judge; mluvčí -speaker, spokesman"" ""hrad - castle; les - forest; zámek - chateau, lock; stroj - machine; stupeň - degree"" Latin words ending ""-us"" are declined according to the paradigm ""pán"" (animate) or ""hrad"" (inanimate) as if there were no ""-us"" ending in the nominative: Brutus, Bruta, Brutovi, Bruta, Brute, Brutovi, Brutem ""žena – woman; škola – school; husa - goose; sukně - skirt; ulice - street; růže – rose; píseň – song; postel - bed; dveře - door;"
"Jones. A Latin Dictionary A Latin Dictionary (or Harpers' Latin Dictionary, often referred to as Lewis and Short or L&S) is a popular English-language lexicographical work of the Latin language, published by Harper and Brothers of New York in 1879 and printed simultaneously in the United Kingdom by Oxford University Press. The work is usually referred to as Lewis and Short after the names of its editors, Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. It was derived from the 1850 English translation by Ethan Allen Andrews of an earlier Latin-German dictionary, ""Wörterbuch der Lateinischen Sprache"", by the German philologist Wilhelm Freund,"
"Latin Latin (Latin: , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet. Latin was originally spoken in the area surrounding Rome, known as Latium. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, initially in Italy and subsequently throughout the western Roman Empire. Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Greek, and French have contributed many words to the English language. In particular, Latin and"
"in a striking new manner that attracts attention. Latin authors became masters of this art of variety. Latin is a highly ""inflected"" language, with many grammatical forms for various words. As a result, it can be used with a pithiness and brevity unknown in English. It also lends itself to elaboration, because its tight syntax holds even the longest and most complex sentence together as a logical unit. Latin can be used with striking conciseness, as in the works of Sallust and Tacitus. Or it can have wide, sweeping phrases, as in the works of Livy and the speeches of"