"in the English stenographic tradition. Taylor's system was superseded by Pitman shorthand, first introduced in 1837 by English teacher Sir Isaac Pitman, and improved many times since. Pitman's system has been used all over the English-speaking world and has been adapted to many other languages, including Latin. Pitman's system uses a phonemic orthography. For this reason, it is sometimes known as ""phonography"", meaning ""sound writing"" in Greek. One of the reasons this system allows fast transcription is that vowel sounds are optional when only consonants are needed to determine a word. The availability of a full range of vowel symbols,"
"""Tiro then combined these mixed signs like notes in a score to record not just phrases, but, as Cicero marvels in a letter to Atticus, 'whole sentences'"". Dio Cassius attributes the invention of shorthand to Maecenas, and states that he employed his freedman Aquila in teaching the system to numerous others. Isidore of Seville, however, details another version of the early history of the system, ascribing the invention of the art to Quintus Ennius, who he says invented 1100 marks (). Isidore states that Tiro brought the practice to Rome, but only used Tironian notes for prepositions. According to Plutarch"
"Heinrich Roller Christian Heinrich Roller (10 March 1839 – 6 September 1916), better known as Heinrich Roller and also known by his pen name Roland vom Hochplateau, was the inventor of a German shorthand system. Roller was also a writer of humorist texts and a professor at the ""Journalistische Hochschule"" in Berlin. Roller was considered a talented child in school and was the best of his class, yet, being the child of poor parents, he was not able to attend a higher-level school. Instead, although against his wishes, he began an apprenticeship to become a carpenter. In 1859, he became"
"Aulay Macaulay Aulay Macaulay (died 1788) was an 18th-century English tea-dealer, based in Manchester, who invented a system of shorthand which could be used in English and many other languages. He died on 19 March 1788, in Manchester. In the 18th century Macaulay invented a system of shorthand, which he named ""Polygraphy"". His system was documented in a self-printed book titled ""Polygraphy or Shorthand Made Easy to the Meanest Capacity Being an Universal Character Fitted to All Languages Which may be learnt by this Book without the help of a Master"", published in 1747. In order to ward off possible"
"Thomas Natural Shorthand Thomas Natural Shorthand is an English shorthand system created by Charles A. Thomas which was first published in 1935. Thomas described his system as ""designed to meet the existing need for a simple, legible shorthand that is based on already familiar writing lines, and that is written with a minimum number of rules."" The system has fallen into disuse with the decline of pen shorthand in the later 20th century, but the spirit of the system lives on in Teeline shorthand, with which it shares a number of characteristics (although the symbols used in each system are"
"to business, as well as the already established infrastructure of Pitman shorthand. Current Shorthand Current Shorthand was developed beginning in 1884 and published in 1892 by Dr. Henry Sweet. It shares some similarities with the Gregg system, with which Current is contemporary. It uses more ink than classical systems, and whether or not it is fit like them for sustained verbatim reporting has never been established. Sweet wished to produce a shorthand system which could replace longhand in most situations. For this reason Sweet proceeded to develop a shorthand which is a pure script which is easily written with any"
"Stenoscript Stenoscript or ""Stenoscript ABC Shorthand"" is a shorthand system invented by Manuel C. Avancena (1923-1987) and first published in 1950. Encyclopædia Britannica, perhaps erroneously, claims the system was originally published in London in 1607. An unrelated project also called Stenoscript was written by George A.S. Oliver and published in London in 1934. According to a profile published in ""The News"" (the daily newspaper in Frederick, Maryland, 8 April 1968), Avencena was attending law school at George Washington University in the late 1940s. He objected to the steep learning curve of Gregg shorthand and dropped the shorthand class in order"
"Current Shorthand Current Shorthand was developed beginning in 1884 and published in 1892 by Dr. Henry Sweet. It shares some similarities with the Gregg system, with which Current is contemporary. It uses more ink than classical systems, and whether or not it is fit like them for sustained verbatim reporting has never been established. Sweet wished to produce a shorthand system which could replace longhand in most situations. For this reason Sweet proceeded to develop a shorthand which is a pure script which is easily written with any slant comfortable yet does not sacrifice legibility. The system has two styles:"
"Taylor shorthand The system of geometric shorthand published in Britain by Samuel Taylor in 1786, under the title ""An essay intended to establish a standard for an universal system of Stenography, or Short-hand writing"", was the first shorthand system to be used across the English-speaking world. Taylor shorthand uses an alphabet of 19 letters of simplified shape. His book was translated and published in France by Théodore-Pierre Bertin in 1792 under the title ""Système universel et complet de Stenographie ou Manière abrégée d'écrire applicable à tous les idiomes"". Vowels are omitted except at the beginning and end of a word,"
"Simson Shorthand Simson Shorthand is a system of shorthand invented by James Simson, originally published in his 1881 book, ""Compend of Syllabic Shorthand: Being a Synopsis of the System,"" and in more detail in his books, ""Syllabic Shorthand"" (1883). At least three versions of the latter were published; the third edition being published in 1885 under the title ""Manual of Syllabic Shorthand."" The 1885 book describes the system on its title page as ""A system of brief writing by syllabic characters, based on the common alphabet, and written according to the sounds of spoken language."" The syllabic nature would make"
"Shorthand Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek ""stenos"" (narrow) and ""graphein"" (to write). It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek ""brachys"" (short) and tachygraphy, from Greek ""tachys"" (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the system to"
"his tomb stone is one of only few that remain there until today. On 25 November 1925 the Heinersdorfer Straße (1866–1925) in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg was renamed to Heinrich-Roller-Straße to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his invention. Heinrich Roller Christian Heinrich Roller (10 March 1839 – 6 September 1916), better known as Heinrich Roller and also known by his pen name Roland vom Hochplateau, was the inventor of a German shorthand system. Roller was also a writer of humorist texts and a professor at the ""Journalistische Hochschule"" in Berlin. Roller was considered a talented child in school and was the best"
"arms of calligraphy given him, which are ""azure, a pen or"" (blue with a gold pen). Bales died about the year 1610. Peter Bales Peter Bales (1547–1610?) was an English calligrapher and one of the inventors of shorthand writing. He was born in London in 1547, and is described by Anthony Wood as a ""most dexterous person in his profession, to the great wonder of scholars and others"". We are also informed that ""he spent several years in sciences among Oxonians, particularly, as it seems, in Gloucester Hall; but that study, which he used for a diversion only, proved at"
"Carl W. Salser, C. Theo Yerian, and Mark R. Salser. Personal Shorthand Personal Shorthand, originally known as Briefhand in the 1950s, is a completely alphabetic shorthand. There are three basic categories of written shorthand. Best known are pure ""symbol"" (stenographic) shorthand systems (e.g., Gregg, Pitman). Because the complexity of symbol shorthands made them time-consuming to learn, a variety of newer, ""alphabetic"" shorthands were created, with the goal of being easier to learn– e.g., Speedwriting, Stenoscript, Stenospeed, and Forkner shorthand. These systems used normally written letters of the alphabet, but also some number of symbols, alphabetic characters changed in shape or"
"""-ship"" (as ""sh""). Taylor shorthand The system of geometric shorthand published in Britain by Samuel Taylor in 1786, under the title ""An essay intended to establish a standard for an universal system of Stenography, or Short-hand writing"", was the first shorthand system to be used across the English-speaking world. Taylor shorthand uses an alphabet of 19 letters of simplified shape. His book was translated and published in France by Théodore-Pierre Bertin in 1792 under the title ""Système universel et complet de Stenographie ou Manière abrégée d'écrire applicable à tous les idiomes"". Vowels are omitted except at the beginning and end"
"but he decided that his abilities were insufficient to pursue a medical career and resolved to teach his shorthand system instead. Shortly after coming into his family inheritance in 1740, he patented his ""New Universal Shorthand"". This system of shorthand, officially taught at both Oxford and Cambridge Universities, was used by the clerk of the House of Lords. On 16 June 1742, His Majesty George II secured to John Byrom, M.A., the sole right of publishing for a certain term of years (21) the art and method of shorthand invented by him. His system of shorthand was posthumously published as"
"it has the distinct advantage of being decipherable to people not experienced in the system once applied in context. For example I ak . cl-n com-m I acknowledge the client (s) comment Stenoscript Stenoscript or ""Stenoscript ABC Shorthand"" is a shorthand system invented by Manuel C. Avancena (1923-1987) and first published in 1950. Encyclopædia Britannica, perhaps erroneously, claims the system was originally published in London in 1607. An unrelated project also called Stenoscript was written by George A.S. Oliver and published in London in 1934. According to a profile published in ""The News"" (the daily newspaper in Frederick, Maryland, 8"
"Charles Aloysius Ramsay Charles Aloysius Ramsay (fl.1677–1680) was a Scottish-Prussian writer on stenography and translator. He spent his time on the continent of Europe, and his shorthand system, which owed much to Thomas Shelton's, became popular in France during the 1680s. He was probably, like his father, Charles (Carl) Ramsay (died 1669), born at Elbing in the Duchy of Prussia. He received a liberal education, and studied chemistry and medicine. He was living in Frankfurt in 1677 and in Paris in 1680. Ramsay became known as the publisher and publicist of a system of shorthand, no earlier than 1678. In"
"on auction and second-hand book sites. Forkner shorthand Forkner Shorthand is an alphabetic shorthand created by Hamden L. Forkner and first published in 1955. Its popularity grew through the 1980s as those who needed shorthand every day (such as secretaries) began to favor the easier learning curve of alphabetic systems to the more difficult (but potentially faster) symbol-based ones. Forkner was taught in high-schools and colleges throughout North America along with comparable shorthands such as AlphaHand, Speedwriting, Stenoscript and Personal Shorthand. Forkner is written with a handful of special symbols mixed with simplified versions of cursive longhand letters. A long"
"Merrill Shorthand Merrill Shorthand is a shorthand system invented by Albert H. Merrill, published in 1942. The system is described in Merrill's book as ""A shorthand system built on an original principle of connecting consonant-indicating positions by vowel-indicating curves and straight lines."" The system differs from Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand, which is another system which attempts to use a syllabic basis, in a number of ways: The vowels are grouped into five sets: (Oddly, in all but the last case, the vowels grouped together sound somewhat similar; however, the last group has three similar sounds, but a fourth very unlike the"
"Jargon) writing system. ""Script"" shorthands are based on the motions of ordinary handwriting. The first system of this type was published under the title ""Cadmus Britanicus"" by Simon Bordley, in 1787. However, the first practical system was the German Gabelsberger shorthand of 1834. This class of system is now common in all more recent German shorthand systems, as well as in Austria, Italy, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Russia, other Eastern European countries, and elsewhere. ""Script-geometric"", or ""semi-script"", shorthands are based on the ellipse. Semi-script can be considered a compromise between the ""geometric"" systems and the ""script"" systems. The first such system"
"arc across the page than in a straight line; this would improve speed. Eclectic shorthand Eclectic shorthand (sometimes called ""Cross shorthand"" or ""Eclectic-Cross shorthand"" after its founder, J. G. Cross) is an English shorthand system of the 19th century. Although it has fallen into disuse, it is nonetheless noteworthy as one of the most compact (and complex) systems of writing ever devised. While most later responses to Pitman shorthand aimed for greater simplicity and an elimination of such characteristics as shading and positional writing (cf Gregg shorthand), Cross took his system in the opposite direction. Noting that English spelling is"
"Isaac Pitman Sir Isaac Pitman (4 January 1813 – 22 January 1897), was a teacher of the :English language who developed the most widely used system of shorthand, known now as Pitman shorthand. He first proposed this in ""Stenographic Soundhand"" in 1837. He was also the vice-president of the Vegetarian Society. Pitman was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1894. Pitman was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire in England. One of his cousins was Abraham Laverton. In 1831 he had five months' training at the Training College of the British and Foreign School Society, which was sufficient to qualify him as a"
"Eclectic shorthand Eclectic shorthand (sometimes called ""Cross shorthand"" or ""Eclectic-Cross shorthand"" after its founder, J. G. Cross) is an English shorthand system of the 19th century. Although it has fallen into disuse, it is nonetheless noteworthy as one of the most compact (and complex) systems of writing ever devised. While most later responses to Pitman shorthand aimed for greater simplicity and an elimination of such characteristics as shading and positional writing (cf Gregg shorthand), Cross took his system in the opposite direction. Noting that English spelling is able to express all its many vowel sounds using only five vowel symbols,"
"Reginald J. G. Dutton Reginald John Garfield Dutton (1886–1970) was the inventor of the auxiliary language and stenographic system known as Dutton Speedwords. Dutton was born in Nottingham, England, and the eldest son of George H. J. Dutton. Dutton studied Pitman Shorthand and other shorthand systems as an aid to his work as a newspaper correspondent. He invented his own system, published in 1916 under the title ""Shorthand in Three Days"". He made minor improvements but settled on a final form by 1919 and republished his work as ""Dutton One Week Shorthand"" as the 12 lessons could be mastered in"
"Forkner shorthand Forkner Shorthand is an alphabetic shorthand created by Hamden L. Forkner and first published in 1955. Its popularity grew through the 1980s as those who needed shorthand every day (such as secretaries) began to favor the easier learning curve of alphabetic systems to the more difficult (but potentially faster) symbol-based ones. Forkner was taught in high-schools and colleges throughout North America along with comparable shorthands such as AlphaHand, Speedwriting, Stenoscript and Personal Shorthand. Forkner is written with a handful of special symbols mixed with simplified versions of cursive longhand letters. A long horizontal stroke replaces ""m"" and a"
"Peter Bales Peter Bales (1547–1610?) was an English calligrapher and one of the inventors of shorthand writing. He was born in London in 1547, and is described by Anthony Wood as a ""most dexterous person in his profession, to the great wonder of scholars and others"". We are also informed that ""he spent several years in sciences among Oxonians, particularly, as it seems, in Gloucester Hall; but that study, which he used for a diversion only, proved at length an employment of profit."" He is mentioned for his skill in micrography in ""Holinshed's Chronicle"". John Evelyn wrote: Bales was likewise"
"a few small modifications. Lowercase 't' is written as a simple vertical line and 'l' must be written with a distinctive loop; specific shapes for various letters are prescribed in the textbook. With twelve weeks of training, students could achieve speeds of 80 to 100 words per minute writing with a pen. The inventor of the system was able to type notes on a typewriter as fast as anyone could speak, therefore she believed Speedwriting could eliminate the need for stenotype machines in most applications. Emma B. Dearborn (February 1, 1875 - July 28, 1937) worked as a shorthand instructor"
"Times"" (London), he attributed his lifelong excellent health and his ability to work long hours. Isaac Pitman is the grandfather of Sir James Pitman, who developed the Initial Teaching Alphabet. His great-grandson John Hugh Pitman was appointed an OBE in 2010 for services to Vocational Training. Isaac Pitman Sir Isaac Pitman (4 January 1813 – 22 January 1897), was a teacher of the :English language who developed the most widely used system of shorthand, known now as Pitman shorthand. He first proposed this in ""Stenographic Soundhand"" in 1837. He was also the vice-president of the Vegetarian Society. Pitman was knighted"
"Tironian notes Tironian notes (; or Tironian shorthand) is a system of shorthand invented by Tiro (94 4 BC), Marcus Tullius Cicero's slave and personal secretary, and later his freedman. Tiro's system consisted of about 4,000 symbols that were extended in classical times to 5,000 signs. During the medieval period, Tiro's notation system was taught in European monasteries and was extended to about 13,000 signs. Tironian notes declined after 1100 but were still in some use in the 17th century, and a very few are still used today. Tironian notes can be themselves composites (ligatures) of simpler Tironian notes, the"
"Olof Melin Olof Melin (""Olof Werling Melin"") (b. 3 August 1861, Göteborg, Sweden – d. 15 January 1940, Stockholm, Sweden) was a Swedish colonel and the creator of Melin Shorthand, the dominant shorthand system in Sweden. Melin taught the Gabelsberger shorthand system in the Swedish army. Being dissatisfied with it, he created an alternative system subsequently called Melin Shorthand. This system quickly became the dominant shorthand system in Sweden. Olof Melin also published several books. The most notable among them are ""Stenografiens histora, första delen"" and ""Stenografiens historia, andra delen"" (""The history of shorthand – Part I and Part II""),"
"Gregg shorthand Gregg shorthand is a form of shorthand that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States; its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America. With the invention of dictation machines, shorthand machines, and the practice of executives writing their own letters on their personal computers, the use of shorthand has gradually declined in the business and reporting world. However, Gregg shorthand is still in use today. There is"
"however, makes complete accuracy possible. Isaac's brother Benn Pitman, who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, was responsible for introducing the method to America. The record for fast writing with Pitman shorthand is 350 wpm during a two-minute test by Nathan Behrin in 1922. Nathan Behrin wrote on Pitman shorthand in 1914: The seeker after high speed should devote himself to obtaining a thorough mastery of the principles of his system of shorthand. Not until the ability to write shorthand without mental hesitation has been acquired, should speed practice begin. A student observing the note-taking of an experienced stenographer will be struck"