"Cause célèbre A cause célèbre (, , , ""famous case""; plural causes célèbres, pronounced like singular) is an issue or incident arousing widespread controversy, outside campaigning, and heated public debate. The term continues in the media in all senses. It is sometimes used positively for celebrated legal cases for their precedent value (each locus classicus or ""case-in-point"") and more often negatively for infamous ones, whether for scale, outrage, scandal or conspiracy theories. The term is a French phrase in common usage in English. Since it has been fully adopted into English and is included unitalicized in English dictionaries, it is"
"not normally italicized despite its French origin. In French, ""cause"" means, here, a legal case, and ""célèbre"" means ""famous"". The phrase originated with the 37-volume ""Nouvelles Causes Célèbres"", published in 1763, which was a collection of reports of well-known French court decisions from the 17th and 18th centuries. While English speakers had used the phrase for many years, it came into much more common usage after the 1894 conviction of Alfred Dreyfus for espionage during the cementing of a period of deep cultural ties with a political tie between England and France, the Entente Cordiale. Both attracted worldwide interest and"
"the period of closeness or ""rapprochement"" officially broadened the English language. It has been noted that the public attention given to a particular case or event can obscure the facts rather than clarify them. As one observer states, ""The true story of many a cause célèbre is never made manifest in the evidence given or in the advocates' orations, but might be recovered from these old papers when the dust of ages has rendered them immune from scandal"". Cause célèbre A cause célèbre (, , , ""famous case""; plural causes célèbres, pronounced like singular) is an issue or incident arousing"
"Pitaval A Pitaval is a collection of causes célèbres. The name derived from the French advocate François Gayot de Pitaval (1673–1743), who published several volumes of ""causes célèbres et intéressantes"" between 1734 and 1743. Early works were mainly written for legal professionals but later Pitavals also became popular amongst other readers. In the 19th and early 20th century the idea of publishing criminal cases quickly spread in Europe. Pitavals became a well-known literary genre, which was often imitated. Examples for Pitavals are ""Merkwürdige Rechtsfälle"" (1808/11) by Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach, ""Der neue Pitaval"" (1842–1890) by Julius Eduard Hitzig and"
"and a non-disjunctive nominative case as the subject. Old French had a nominative case and an oblique case, called ' and ' respectively. In Modern French, the two cases have mostly merged and the ""cas régime"" has survived for the majority of nouns. For example, the word """"conte"" (tale)"": In some cases, both the ""cas sujet"" and ""cas régime"" of one noun have survived but produced two nouns in Modern French with different meanings. Example today's ' means ""friend"" and ' is ""companion"", but in Old French these were different declensions of the same noun. Hindustani has an oblique case"
"Controversy Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin ""controversia"", as a composite of ""controversus"" – ""turned in an opposite direction,"" from ""contra"" – ""against"" – and ""vertere"" – to turn, or ""versus"" (see verse), hence, ""to turn against."" In the theory of law, a controversy differs from a legal case; while legal cases include all suits, criminal as well as civil, a controversy is a purely civil proceeding. For example, the Case or Controversy Clause of Article Three of"
"Small Pitaval From A Large City"" based on true crime cases in Prague, too. Pitaval A Pitaval is a collection of causes célèbres. The name derived from the French advocate François Gayot de Pitaval (1673–1743), who published several volumes of ""causes célèbres et intéressantes"" between 1734 and 1743. Early works were mainly written for legal professionals but later Pitavals also became popular amongst other readers. In the 19th and early 20th century the idea of publishing criminal cases quickly spread in Europe. Pitavals became a well-known literary genre, which was often imitated. Examples for Pitavals are ""Merkwürdige Rechtsfälle"" (1808/11) by"
"Succès de scandale Succès de scandale (French for ""success from scandal"") is a term for any artistic work whose success is attributed, in whole or in part, to public controversy surrounding the work. In some cases the controversy causes audiences to seek out the work for its titillating content, while in others it simply heightens public curiosity. This concept is echoed by the phrase, ""there is no such thing as bad publicity"". The ""Belle Époque"" ('beautiful era') in Paris, roughly from 1871–1914, was notable for many ""succès de scandale"". This was also where and when the term originated. In the"
"occur in the later stages of Law French, such as the famous defendant who ""ject un brickbat a le dit Justice, que narrowly mist"" (""threw a at the said Justice, which narrowly missed""). Another example in English literature is found in ""Henry V"" by William Shakespeare. A French princess is trying to learn English, but unfortunately, ""foot"" as pronounced by her maid sounds too much like (vulgar French for 'semen', or 'to have sexual intercourse' when used as a verb) and ""gown"" like (French for 'cunt', also used to mean 'idiot'). She decides English is too obscene a language. A"
"""What elephant?"" was a regular show-stopper. Durante reprises the piece in the 1962 film version of the play, ""Billy Rose's Jumbo"". The term refers to a question, problem, solution, or controversial issue which is obvious to everyone who knows about the situation, but which is deliberately ignored because to do otherwise would cause great embarrassment, sadness, or arguments, or is simply taboo. The idiom can imply a value judgment that the issue ought to be discussed openly, or it can simply be an acknowledgment that the issue is there and not going to go away by itself. The term is"
"the French Court was ""Lujans v Yarrabee Coal Company Pty Ltd"" (2008), a case dealing with a motor vehicle accident. One of the most notable judgments handed down by the French Court was ""Pape v Commissioner of Taxation"" (2009), a constitutional law case concerning the existence of the Commonwealth's so-called ""appropriation power"" and the scope of its executive and taxation powers. Susan Kiefel was appointed Chief Justice in January 2017. The Kiefel court has decided two important constitutional cases: in ""Brown v Tasmania"", its members adopted a conflicting variety of approaches to the implied freedom of political communication; while in"
"generated an international media circus, centered in the 16th arrondissement during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The focal point of the case was French doctor Marcel Petiot, who in 1941 bought a house at 21 Rue le Sueur in ""the heart of Paris's fashionable 16th arrondissement"". On 11 March 1944, Petiot's neighbors complained to police of a foul stench in the area and of large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house. Fearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house and found a roaring fire in a coal stove"
"to clear his good name and reputation. In 1786 the Sanois Affair (""Affaire Sanois"") erupted into an extremely tense social climate which transformed what would otherwise have been a banal private case into a headline-grabbing lawsuit. There was huge public indignation over the principle of the ""lettre de cachet"", a symbol of despotism, and there was sympathy for the unfortunate old man whom his unnatural wife had had thrown into Charenton. The business thus lent itself to media exploitation by ambitious and talented lawyers like Pierre Louis de Lacretelle, the new champion of individual freedoms. De Lacretelle dashed off his"
"into a case) is an English coinage. The French linguistic term ""mot-valise"", literally a ""suitcase-word"", is a relatively recent back-translation from English, attested only since 1970. Although French of France is regulated by the Académie française (which has had a conservative attitude to neologisms) it produced a number of portmanteau words such as ""franglais"" (frenglish) or ""courriel"" (""courrier électronique"" = email) and has used the technique in literature (Boris Vian) or to create brands: ""Transilien"" (""Transports franciliens"" = Île-de-France transportation system). French in Canada has a second regulatory body, named OQLF, an agency of the Government of Quebec, which is"
"appears in the 1761 work ""Julie, or the New Heloise"" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Precursors of the phrase in English include William Temple's ""general opinion"" (appearing in his 1672 work ""On the Original and Nature of Government"") and John Locke's ""law of opinion"" (appearing in his 1689 work ""An Essay Concerning Human Understanding""). The emergence of public opinion as a significant force in the political realm can be dated to the late 17th century. However, opinion had been regarded as having singular importance since far earlier. Medieval ""fama publica"" or ""vox et fama communis"" had great legal and social importance from"
"of political speech, the likelihood of negative publicity is magnified. The infamous ""McLibel case"" is often cited as a warning against spending vast sums and ending up with bad publicity and an uncollectible judgment. The ""Civil Code of Quebec"" has different parameters for liability which the Supreme Court of Canada applies in appeals from Quebec. In Quebec, defamation was originally grounded in the law inherited from France. After Quebec, then called New France, became part of the British Empire, the French civil law was preserved. However, by the mid-nineteenth century, judges in what by then had come to be called"
"a German edition appearing in 1884–1885, and a French edition in 1883-1887. It displays much judgment and acumen, though some of the doctrines which it defends by no means command universal assent. More openly biased in character are such treatises as: In the delicate questions raised in some of these works Martens stated his case with learning and ability, even when it was obvious that he was arguing as a special pleader. Martens was repeatedly chosen to act in international arbitrations. Among the controversies which he sat as judge or arbitrator were: the ""Pious Fund Affair"", between Mexico and the"
"Twiqbal Twiqbal is a colloquial term in American law (civil procedure), referring to two separate US Supreme Court cases that together made it more difficult to sue in federal court, by requiring that plaintiffs demonstrate that their claims are ""plausible"", rather than simply describing the case in sufficient detail to put the defendant on notice. The two cases are ""Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly"", 550 U.S. 544 (2007) and ""Ashcroft v. Iqbal"", 556 U.S. 662 (2009), and ""Twiqbal"" is a portmanteau of Twombly and Iqbal. Because the two cases together have wrought a significant change in American civil procedure, the"
"person's honor or reputation"", whereas slanderous defamation (""συκοφαντική δυσφήμηση"") is when the fact is a lie, and the person who claims or spreads it knows that. The first case is punishable with up to 2 years' imprisonment or a fine, whereas slanderous defamation is punishable with at least 3 months' imprisonment and a fine. The word ""sycophant"" entered the English and French languages in the mid-16th century, and originally had the same meaning in English and French (""sycophante"") as in Greek, a false accuser. Today, in Greek and French it retains the original meaning. The meaning in English has changed"
"in the evolution of the Latin ""causa"" (""judicial lawsuit"") to modern French ""chose"", Spanish/Italian/Catalan ""cosa"", and Portuguese ""coisa"" (all meaning ""object"" or ""thing""). A word with similar meaning, the cognate to English ""sake"" (purpose), ""sak"" in Norwegian and Swedish, ""sag"" in Danish, ""zaak"" in Dutch, and ""Sache"" in German, still retains the meaning ""affair, matter"" alongside ""thing, object"". In English the term is attested from 685 to 686 CE in the older meaning ""assembly""; later it referred to a being, entity or matter (sometime before 899), and then also an act, deed, or event (from about 1000). The early sense"
"Lists of landmark court decisions Landmark court decisions, in present-day common law legal systems, establish precedents that determine a significant new legal principle or concept, or otherwise substantially affect the interpretation of existing law. ""Leading case"" is commonly used in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth jurisdictions instead of ""landmark case"" as used in the United States. In Commonwealth countries, a reported decision is said to be a ""leading decision"" when it has come to be generally regarded as settling the law of the question involved. In 1914, Canadian jurist Augustus Henry Frazer Lefroy said ""a 'leading case' [is] one"
"""All texts in French."" About-Picard law The 2001 About-Picard law [abu pika:r] (named after French parliament members Nicolas About and Catherine Picard), a controversial piece of French legislation, broadly speaking, makes it possible to act against organisations (legal entities) when such organisations have become involved in certain crimes. The law, in its own words, aimed at movements deemed cultic (""mouvements sectaires"") that ""undermine human rights and fundamental freedoms"". The law has caused controversy internationally, with some commentators alleging that it infringes religious freedom while proponents content it reinforces religious freedom. Freedom of religion and separation of church and state have"
"In addition, the preferences of the agent (the particular rewards that they value) also cause the beliefs formed to change – this explains the biased assimilation (also known as confirmation bias) shown above. This model allows the production of controversy to be seen as a consequence of a decision maker optimized for single-step decision making, rather than as a result of limited reasoning in the bounded rationality of Daniel Kahneman. Controversy Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin ""controversia"","
"""Memoir for the Comte de Sanois"" which denounces in passing the abusive use of the ""lettre de cachet"". Exempt from censorship, the legal memoir (""mémoire judiciaire"" or ""factum"") had become a fashionable literary genre. Initially a straightforward working document written by lawyers for the judges, it had now become a means of communication of frightening power which circulated among the salons and the coffee houses. Thanks to this currency of the legal memoir, readers could easily become engaged in famous cases such as the Affair of the Diamond Necklace or the . The press also played a decisive part in"
"spoken tongue. It was still used for case-reports and legal text-books until almost the end of the century, but only in an anglicized form. A frequently quoted example of this change comes from one of Chief Justice Sir George Treby's marginal notes in an annotated edition of ""Dyer's Reports"", published 1688: The post-positive adjectives in many legal noun phrases in English—""attorney general, fee simple"" — are a heritage from Law French. Native speakers of French may not understand certain Law French terms not used in modern French or replaced by other terms. For example, the current French word for ""mortgage"""
"Nominative case The nominative case (abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun ""that is doing something"" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries. Nominative comes from Latin ""cāsus nominātīvus"" ""case for naming"", which was translated from Ancient Greek ὀνομαστικὴ πτῶσις, ""onomastikḗ ptôsis"" ""inflection for naming"", from ""onomázō"" ""call by name"","
"related to the affair are on display in the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme in Paris. Book or article used as a source for writing this article Dreyfus affair The Dreyfus Affair (, ) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. The affair is often seen as a modern and universal symbol of injustice, and it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex miscarriage of justice and antisemitism. The major role played by the press and public opinion proved influential in the lasting social conflict. The"
"politicians often produces controversy. Some events include: In April 1997, clothing retailer French Connection began branding their clothes ""fcuk"" (usually written in lowercase), stating it was an acronym for ""French Connection United Kingdom"". Its similarity to the word ""fuck"" caused controversy. French Connection produced a range of T-shirts with messages such as ""fcuk this"", ""hot as fcuk"", ""mile high fcuk"", ""fcuk me"", etc. In 2009, the European Union's OHIM trade marks agency disallowed a German brewery to market a beer called ""Fucking Hell"". They sued, and on 26 March 2010 got permission to market the beer. They claim that it"
"oblique argument. Japanese, Turkish and Mongolian are examples of languages with the causative voice. The following are examples from Japanese: The causal or causative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case that indicates that the marked noun is the cause or reason for something. It is found in the Dravidian language Telugu and the Native South American language Quechua. It is also found in Tocharian B, an Indo-European language. The causal-final is a grammatical case in Hungarian (and Chuvash) expressing the meaning 'for the purpose of, for the reason that', and denoting price asked of or paid for goods. It"
"Tonkin Affair The Tonkin Affair, () named after the French colony and protectorate of Tonkin, or ""Đông Kinh"", of March 1885 was a major French political crisis that erupted in the closing weeks of the Sino-French War. It effectively destroyed the political career of the French prime minister, Jules Ferry, and abruptly ended the string of Republican governments inaugurated several years earlier by Léon Gambetta. The suspicion by the French public and political classes that French troops were being sent to their deaths far from home for little measurable gain, both in Tonkin and elsewhere, also discredited French colonial expansion"
"Controversia A controversia is an exercise in rhetoric; a form of declamation in which the student speaks for one side in a notional legal case such as treason or poisoning. The facts of the matter and relevant law are presented in a persuasive manner, in the style of a legal counsel. The exercise was used in ancient Rome, where it was, with the ""suasoria"", the final stage of a course in rhetoric at an academy. The ""controversia"" is distinguished from this rhetorical practice because of the complexity of its structural system of argument and the greater range of situations and"
"English phrases into French by students unaware of the Canadian French term. For example, a hot dog is sometimes called ""un chien chaud"" when in fact the French term is simply . (However, the Quebec government has itself promoted using expressions such as for 'hot dog', and for 'hamburger', neither of which has gained widespread acceptance.) In some ways, confusion over which expression is more correct, and the emphasis many immersion schools place on eliminating anglicisms from students' vocabulary, has promoted the use of Franglais. Franglais can also slowly creep into use from mispronunciation and misspelling by many bilingual Canadians."
"Grammatical cases were first recognized by the Stoics and from some philosophers of the Peripatetic school. The advancements of those philosophers were later employed by the philologists of the Alexandrian school. The English word ""case"" used in this sense comes from the Latin , which is derived from the verb , ""to fall"", from the Proto-Indo-European root """". The Latin word is a calque of the Greek , , lit. ""falling, fall"". The sense is that all other cases are considered to have ""fallen"" away from the nominative. This picture is also reflected in the word ""declension"", from Latin ,"