"National Fruit Collection The United Kingdom's National Fruit Collection is one of the largest collections of fruit trees and plants in the world. Over 2,040 varieties of apple, 502 of pear, 350 of plum, 322 of cherry and smaller collections of bush fruits, nuts and grapes are grown, in of orchards. It has been curated and maintained at Brogdale Farm, Brogdale, Kent since 1952 and is owned by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). The University of Reading took over day-to-day maintenance of the collection in 2008. The collection includes two trees or bushes of each variety,"
"Cerinthe Cerinthe is a poorly studied genus of vascular plants in the family Boraginaceae, known as ""honeyworts"". The genus is characterised by a calyx made up of separate, rather than fused, sepals, a tubular corolla, and the schizocarpic fruit that divides into two parts at maturity, unlike most members of the family, where the fruit splits into four nutlets. The genus has a circum-Mediterranean distribution, ranging from the Irano-Turanian Region in the east to Morocco in the west. Cerinthe has been known since ancient times, an early reference to it is in John Gerard's The Herbal, published in 1597, describing"
"Cornales The Cornales are an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Cornales were in the superorder Corniflorae (also called Cornanae). Under the APG IV system, the Cornales order includes these families: The oldest fossils assigned with confidence to the order are ""Hironoia fusiformis"", described from Coniacian age Japanese coalified fruits, and ""Suciacarpa starrii"" described from American permineralized fruits of Campanian age. The Cornales order is sister to the remainder of"
"Tangerine The tangerine (""Citrus tangerina"") is a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange (""Citrus reticulata""). The name was first used for fruit coming from Tangier, Morocco, described as a mandarin variety. Under the Tanaka classification system, ""Citrus tangerina"" is considered a separate species. Under the Swingle system, tangerines are considered to be a group of mandarin (""C. reticulata"") varieties. Genetic study has shown tangerines to be mandarin orange hybrids containing some pomelo DNA. Some differ only in disease resistance. The term is currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including"
"Lime (fruit) A lime (from French ""lime"", from Arabic ""līma"", from Persian ""līmū"", ""lemon"") is a hybrid citrus fruit, which is typically round, green in color, in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles. There are several species of citrus trees whose fruits are called limes, including the Key lime (""Citrus aurantifolia""), Persian lime, kaffir lime, and desert lime. Limes are a rich source of vitamin C, sour and are often used to accent the flavours of foods and beverages. They are grown year-round. Plants with fruit called ""limes"" have diverse genetic origins; limes do not form a monophyletic group. The"
"have a ring on the stipe. Other species in the section include ""T. rufofulva"", ""T. vinicolor"", ""T. confragosa"", ""T. bispora"", and ""T. serrulata"". The Latin specific epithet ""punicea"" means ""reddish-purple"". Fruit bodies have caps that are initially hemispherical to convex, but later become flattened, sometimes developing a low, broad umbo; the cap diameter is . Its surface is dry, and its color vinaceous, with lighter margins. The cap margin is curved downward, and has faint radial grooves. It may be irregular in instances where fruit bodies have grown together in clusters. The gills have an adnate to somewhat decurrent attachment"
"and may be toxic. According to some traditions, a blackberry's deep purple color represents Christ's blood and the crown of thorns was made of brambles, although other thorny plants, such as ""Crataegus"" (hawthorn) and ""Euphorbia milii"" (crown of thorns plant), have been proposed as the material for the crown. Blackberry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ""Rubus"" in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus ""Rubus"", and hybrids between the subgenera ""Rubus"" and ""Idaeobatus"". The taxonomy of the blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that"
"Silique A silique or siliqua (plural ""siliques"" or ""siliquae"") is a type of fruit (seed capsule) having two fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width. When the length is less than three times the width of the dried fruit it is referred to as a silicle. The outer walls of the ovary (the ""valves"") usually separate when ripe, then being named ""dehiscent"", and leaving a persistent partition (the ""replum""). ""Siliques"" are present in many members of the mustard family, Brassicaceae, but some species have ""silicles"" instead. Some species closely related to plants with true ""siliques"""
"other types and hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and cultivars, and bud mutations have also been selected, citrus taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing or inconsistent. The fruit of any citrus tree is considered a hesperidium, a kind of modified berry; it is covered by a rind originated by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall. Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus. ""Orange"" applies primarily to the sweet orange – ""Citrus sinensis"" (L.) Osbeck. The orange tree is an evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of"
"is called a tumble fruit or diaspore. An example is ""Anemone virginiana"". A caryopsis or grain is a type of fruit that closely resembles an achene, but differs in that the pericarp is fused to the thin seed coat in the grain. An utricle is like an achene, but the fruit is bladder-like or inflated. Fruits of sedges are sometimes considered achenes although their one-locule ovary is a compound ovary. The fruit of the family Asteraceae is also so similar to an achene that it is often considered to be one, although it derives from a compound inferior ovary (with"
"folk taxonomy, are: All of these hybrids have in turn been bred back with their parent stocks or with other pure or hybrid citrus to form a broad array of fruits. Naming of these is inconsistent, with some bearing a variant of the name of one of the parents or simply another citrus with superficially-similar fruit, a distinct name, or a portmanteau of ancestral species. The Ponderosa lemon (""Citrus limon"" × ""medica"") and Florentine citron (""Citrus x limonimedica"") are both true lemon/citron hybrids, the Bergamot orange is a sweet orange/lemon hybrid and the Oroblanco is a grapefruit/pomelo mix, while tangelos"
"Clementine A clementine (""Citrus × clementina"") is a tangor, a hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange (""C."" × ""deliciosa"") and a sweet orange (""C. × sinensis""), so named in 1902. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar to tangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with less acid than oranges. Their oils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostly limonene as well as myrcene, linalool, α-pinene and many complex aromatics. The clementine is a spontaneous citrus hybrid that arose"
"Cucurbitaceae, or gourd family (including pumpkins and melons); the Brassicaceae, or mustard plant family (including rapeseed and the innumerable varieties of the cabbage species ""Brassica oleracea""); and the Apiaceae, or parsley family. Many of our fruits come from the Rutaceae, or rue family (including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, etc.), and the Rosaceae, or rose family (including apples, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, etc.). In some parts of the world, certain single species assume paramount importance because of their variety of uses, for example the coconut (""Cocos nucifera"") on Pacific atolls, and the olive (""Olea europaea"") in the Mediterranean region. Flowering plants also"
"dietary fiber, total polyphenols, carotenoids, limonene and dietary minerals, such as potassium and magnesium. Orange (fruit) The orange is the fruit of the citrus species ""Citrus"" × ""sinensis"" in the family Rutaceae. It is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related ""Citrus × aurantium"", referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo (""Citrus maxima"") and mandarin (""Citrus reticulata""). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full"
"citrus among those studied. Of these, seven were native to Asia: pomelo (""Citrus maxima""), the 'pure' mandarins (""C. reticulata"" - most mandarin cultivars were hybrids of this species with pomelo), citrons (""C. medica""), micranthas (""C. micrantha""), the Ichang papeda (""C. ichangensis""), the mangshanyegan (""C. mangshanensis""), and the oval (Nagami) kumquat (""Fortunella margarita"" or ""C. japonica"" var. ""margarita""). In Australia three were identified: the desert lime (""C. glauca""), round lime (""C. australis"") and the finger lime (""C. australasica""). Many other cultivars previously identified as species were found to be closely related variants (subspecies or varieties) or hybrids of these species, though"
"Key lime The Key lime (""Citrus"" × ""aurantiifolia"") is a citrus hybrid (""C. micrantha"" x ""C. medica"") with a spherical fruit, in diameter. The Key lime is usually picked while it is still green but it becomes yellow when ripe. It is smaller and seedier, with a higher acidity, a stronger aroma, and a thinner rind, than that of the Persian lime (""Citrus × latifolia""). The Key lime is valued for its unique flavor compared to other limes. The name is derived from its association with the Florida Keys, where it is best known as the flavoring ingredient in Key"
"each side of the leaf, broadest near the middle, rounded at the apex, and finely serrated margins. The autumn colour is dull yellowish to grey-brown. The flowers are 15–20 mm diameter, with five white petals and 20 yellowish-white stamens; they are produced in corymbs 8–12 cm diameter in late spring. The fruit is an oval pome 15 mm long and 10 mm diameter, orange-red to red, maturing in mid autumn. The fruit is dryish, and eaten by thrushes and waxwings, which disperse the seeds. ""Sorbus intermedia"" is a triple hybrid between ""S. aucuparia"", ""S. torminalis"", and either ""S. aria"" or"
"relatively recent genomic analysis has revealed some hybrids assigned to the same species to be of quite distinct ancestry. No alternative system of grouping fruit in hybrid species has been adopted. While most citrus hybrids derive from the three core species, hybrids have also been derived from the micrantha, the Ichang papeda and the kumquat. The best known hybrid from micrantha is the Key lime (or Mexican lime), derived from the breeding of a male citron and a female micrantha. Several citrus varieties are Ichang papeda/mandarin crosses (for which Swingle coined the term ichandarin), including Sudachi and Yuzu (which also"
"available through the University of California Citrus Clonal Protection Program. One notable difference is that in temperate climates the fruit will turn a bright orange in response to colder temperatures when the fruits ripen. It is one among many citrus fruits from the region. These include the closely related yellow ""cam canh"" and reddish to yellow ""cam bo ha"" mandarin–pomelos hybrids; the orange-colored ""chun"" or ""sen"", yellow ""bak son"", and pink ""hong"" orange–mandarin hybrids or ""king mandarins"" (C. reticulata × C. sinensis); as well as at least three non-hybridized mandarin (""C. reticulata"") varietals. The term ""king mandarin"" is sometimes applied"
"Paniculate or corymbose cymes; bracts minute, nonmodified; fruits globose or subglobose, white, blue, or black: Umbellate cymes; bracts modified, non-petaloid; fruits oblong, red; stone walls filled with cavities: Capitular cymes: Minute corymbose cymes; bracts 4, petaloid; fruit globose, red; rhizomatous herb: ""Cornus"" × ""rutgersensis"" (Hybrid: ""C. florida"" × ""C. kousa""). Horticulturally developed. The inflorescence (""flower"") of the Pacific dogwood ""(Cornus nuttallii)"" is the official flower of the province of British Columbia. The flowering dogwood (""Cornus florida"") and its inflorescence are the state tree and the state flower respectively for the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia. It is also the state tree"
"Citrange The citrange is a citrus hybrid of the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange. The purpose of this cross was to attempt to create a cold hardy citrus tree (which is the nature of a trifoliate), with delicious fruit like those of the sweet orange. However, citranges are generally bitter. Citrange is used as a rootstock for citrus in Morocco, but does not prevent dry root rot or exocortis disease. There are several named citrange cultivars, including the 'Carrizo' citrange and the 'Troyer' citrange. Both resulted from a hybrid between the trifoliate orange and the Washington navel orange. There"
"Orange (fruit) The orange is the fruit of the citrus species ""Citrus"" × ""sinensis"" in the family Rutaceae. It is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related ""Citrus × aurantium"", referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo (""Citrus maxima"") and mandarin (""Citrus reticulata""). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced. Sweet oranges were mentioned in Chinese literature in 314 BC. , orange"
"a complex floral anatomy that gives rise to more complex fruit. These core species, and to a lesser extent other citrus, have given rise to a wide variety of hybrids for which the naming is inconsistent. The same common names may be given to different species, citrus hybrids or mutations. For example, citrus with green fruit tend to be called 'limes' independent of their origin: Australian limes, Musk limes, Key limes, kaffir limes, Rangpur limes, sweet limes and wild limes are all genetically distinct. Fruit with similar ancestry may be quite different in name and traits (e.g. grapefruit, common oranges,"
"""Pyracantha"", quince, rowan, toyon, and whitebeam. Some pomes may have a mealy texture (e.g., some apples); others (e.g., ""Amelanchier"", ""Aronia"") are berry-like with juicy flesh and a core that is not very noticeable. Pome In botany, a pome (derived from Latin ""pōmum"", meaning ""fruit"") is a type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae. The word ""pome"" entered English in the late 14th century, and referred to an apple or an apple-shaped object. It derived from the Old French word ""pome"" ""apple"" (12th century; modern French is ""pomme""), which in turn derived from"
"Citron The citron (""Citrus medica"") is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed through natural hybrid speciation or artificial hybridization. Though citron cultivars take on a wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is used widely in Asian cuisine, and also in traditional medicines, perfume, and for religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially prominent, notably lemons and many limes. The fruit's English name ""citron"" derives ultimately from Latin, ""citrus"", which is also"
"is also a cultivar called 'Rusk' which resulted from a cross between a Ruby orange and a trifoliate orange. Citrange The citrange is a citrus hybrid of the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange. The purpose of this cross was to attempt to create a cold hardy citrus tree (which is the nature of a trifoliate), with delicious fruit like those of the sweet orange. However, citranges are generally bitter. Citrange is used as a rootstock for citrus in Morocco, but does not prevent dry root rot or exocortis disease. There are several named citrange cultivars, including the 'Carrizo' citrange"
"as thick as those in the surrounding subcortex. Using light microscopy, the spores of ""Calvatia craniiformis"" are generally indistinguishable from those of ""C. rubroflava"" and ""C. gigantea""; electron microscopy reveals that each has distinctive spore ornamentation. ""C. craniiformis"" features small, well-separated verrucae (wartlike projections) up to 0.2 μm tall with rounded tips. In comparison, ""C. gigantea"" has larger verrucae (up to 0.4 μm tall) that are more irregularly arranged. Fruit bodies arise from the tips or the lateral branches or rhizomorphs. New fruit bodies are made of an exterior of thick hyphae similar to those found in the rhizomorph core;"
"Citrus × deliciosa Citrus"" × ""deliciosa (thorny (Australia), amarillo, beladi, ""Willowleaf Mandarin"", ""Mediterranean Mandarin"") is a citrus hybrid mandarin orange with just under 6 % pumelo ancestry. It is related to the ponkan. It has been widely grown around the Mediterranean since it appeared in Italy (between 1810 and 1818), but was not found in the orient until it was exported there. It is one of the most commercially important citrus. Its sweet fruit is eaten, its rind oil is used to flavour food and drinks, and petitgrain oil is extracted from the pruned leaves. Flower (particularly petals) are also"
"has suggested that other genera previously split off from ""Citrus"" may likewise belong within this expanded phylogenetic concept of the ""Citrus"" genus, including ""Clymenia"", ""Oxanthera"" and more controversially ""Poncirus"", along with a genus not previously recognized as a close citrus relative, ""Feroniella"". There remains a lack of consensus as to which wild plants and hybrids merit distinct species status, a phenomenon exacerbated by the prior failure to correctly identify the genetically pure citrus strains and distinguish them from hybrids. Most commercial varieties are descended from one or more of the 'core species', citrons, mandarins, and pomelos, which share in common"
"and pomelo. The fruit is of medium size and its shape is round to slightly oblong. When ripe, it turns a light yellow. Its flesh is juicy and sweet with a slightly sour taste. It is usually eaten cut up, sprinkled with sugar and with most of its rather thick pith intact. The fruit's oil is higher than other citrus fruits in trans-β-farnesene, l-carvone, and has a higher number of ketones. Hyuganatsu Hyuganatsu (""Citrus tamurana"", Japanese: 日向夏) is a citrus fruit and plant grown in Japan. The name comes from Hyūga, the ancient name of Miyazaki Prefecture in Kyushu, where"
"difficulty in identifying exactly which species of fruit are called lime in different parts of the English-speaking world (and the same problem applies to homonyms in other European languages) is increased by the botanical complexity of the citrus genus itself, to which the majority of limes belong. Species of this genus hybridise readily, and it is only recently that genetic studies have started to throw light on the structure of the genus. The majority of cultivated species are in reality hybrids, produced from the citron (""Citrus medica""), the mandarin orange (""Citrus reticulata""), the pomelo (""Citrus maxima"") and in particular with"
"Multiple fruit Multiple fruits, also called collective fruits, are fruiting bodies formed from a cluster of fruiting flowers, the ""inflorescence"". Each flower in the inflorescence produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass in which each flower has produced a true fruit. After flowering the mass is called an infructescence. Examples are the fig, pineapple, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. In languages other than English, the meanings of multiple and aggregate fruit are reversed, so that multiple fruits merge several pistils within a single flower. In the photograph on the left, stages of flowering and fruit development in the"
"and are more persistent and petiolate. The leaves and stems are generally covered with silvery silky hairs but are scarcely glandular. The inflorescence consists of several short panicles, tightly packed, at the end of the stem, resembling a bottle-brush. The dark blue to purple bell-shaped corolla is 4–6 mm across. It is hairy inside and out but not glandular. The filaments are two to three times as long as the corolla and give the inflorescence a fuzzy appearance. The anthers are bright yellow or orange and the style is shortly cleft. The fruit consists of two-chambered capsules with 8 to"