"Twopence (British pre-decimal coin) The pre-decimal twopence (2d) was a coin worth one one-hundred-and-twentieth of a pound sterling, or two pence. It was a short-lived denomination, only being minted in 1797 by Matthew Boulton's Soho Mint. Before Decimal Day in 1971, two hundred and forty pence equaled one pound sterling. Twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. Values less than a pound were usually written in terms of shillings and pence, e.g. forty-two pence would be three shillings and six pence (3/6), pronounced ""three and six"". Values of less than a shilling were simply written in"
"Groat (coin) The groat is the traditional name of a long-defunct English and Irish silver coin worth four pence, and also a Scottish coin originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and one shilling. The name has also been applied to any thick or large coin, such as the ""Groschen"" (""grosso""), a silver coin issued by Tyrol in 1271 and Venice in the 13th century, which was the first of this general size to circulate in the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The immediate ancestor to the groat was the French ""gros tournois"" or"
"coin in circulation from the 8th century until the 13th century. Although some fractions of the penny were struck (see farthing and halfpenny), it was more common to find pennies cut into halves and quarters to provide smaller change. Very few gold coins were struck, with the gold penny (worth 20 silver pence) a rare example. However, in 1279, the ""groat"", worth 4d, was introduced, with the half groat following in 1344. 1344 also saw the establishment of a gold coinage with the introduction (after the failed gold florin) of the ""noble"" worth six shillings and eight pence (6/8) (i.e."
"Fourpence (British coin) The pre-decimal fourpence (4d), sometimes known as a groat (from Dutch ""grootpennig"" = ""big penny"") or fourpenny bit, was a coin worth one sixtieth of a pound sterling, or four pence. The coin was also known as a joey after the MP Joseph Hume, who spoke in favour of its introduction. It was a revival of the pre-Union coin. Before Decimal Day in 1971 there were two hundred and forty pence in one pound sterling. Twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. Values less than a pound were usually written in terms of"
"Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin) The British pre-decimal halfpenny (d) coin, usually simply known as a halfpenny (pronounced ), historically occasionally also as the obol, was a unit of currency that equalled half of a penny or of a pound sterling. Originally the halfpenny was minted in copper, but after 1860 it was minted in bronze. It ceased to be legal tender in 1969, in the run-up to decimalisation. The halfpenny featured two different designs on its reverse during its years in circulation. From 1672 until 1936 the image of Britannia appeared on the reverse, and from 1937 onwards the image"
"Some groats continued to circulate in Scotland until the 20th century. At times in the past, silver twopenny coins have been called ""half-groats"". The groat ceased to be minted in the United Kingdom in 1856, but in 1888 a special request was made for a colonial variety to be minted for use in British Guiana and the British West Indies. The groat remained in circulation in British Guiana right up until that territory adopted the decimal system in 1955. In the 1600s and 1700s, chaplains were employed in English Navy ships of war by the captain, and paid out of"
"not used in the monetary system of his fictional world of Westeros, author George R. R. Martin uses the term to refer to things of little worth in his series, ""A Song of Ice and Fire"". For example, in the fourth book, ""A Feast for Crows"", Cersei Lannister, in reference to Margaery Tyrell, thinks: ""For half a groat she would have slapped the blushing bride right there upon the dais, in view of half the court."" Groats are the currency in the 1992 game ""Lure of the Temptress"", and were used by the common folk of the town Turnvale. Groat"
"""groat"", although the coin of that name was withdrawn in the 19th century. A sixpenny bit was a ""tanner"", known in Australia as a ""zack"". One shilling was a ""bob"", and a pound a ""nicker"" or a ""quid"". The term ""quid"" is said to originate from the Latin phrase quid pro quo. A pound note was also sometimes called simply ""a note"" (e.g., ""You owe me 50 notes""). A ten-shilling note was sometimes known as ""half a bar"". A two-shillings-and-sixpence piece, in use until the introduction of decimal currency, was known as ""half a crown"" or ""a half crown"". Crown"
"early reign of Elizabeth II, bearing the inscription in 1953, and thereafter. wikt:ha'porth: Northern British English, from British English ""half-penny’s worth"", often used in the phrase ""daft ha’porth"". Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin) The British pre-decimal halfpenny (d) coin, usually simply known as a halfpenny (pronounced ), historically occasionally also as the obol, was a unit of currency that equalled half of a penny or of a pound sterling. Originally the halfpenny was minted in copper, but after 1860 it was minted in bronze. It ceased to be legal tender in 1969, in the run-up to decimalisation. The halfpenny featured two"
"two grooves were for fractional counting. The abacus was made of a metal plate where the beads ran in slots. The size was such that it could fit in a modern shirt pocket. The lower groove marked I indicates units, X tens, and so on up to millions. The beads in the upper shorter grooves denote fives—five units, five tens, ""etc."", essentially in a bi-quinary coded decimal place value system. Computations are made by means of beads which would probably have been slid up and down the grooves to indicate the value of each column. The upper slots contained a"
"Proof mintages are indicated in ""italics"". Half crown (British coin) The half crown was a denomination of British money, equivalent to two shillings and sixpence, or one-eighth of a pound. The half crown was first issued in 1549, in the reign of Edward VI. No half crowns were issued in the reign of Mary, but from the reign of Elizabeth I half crowns were issued in every reign except Edward VIII, until the coins were discontinued in 1967. The half crown was demonetised (ahead of other pre-decimal coins) on 1 January 1970, the year before the United Kingdom adopted decimal"
"Half dime The half dime, or half disme, was a silver coin, valued at five cents, formerly minted in the United States. Some numismatists consider the denomination to be the first coin minted by the United States Mint under the Coinage Act of 1792, with production beginning on or about July 1792. However, others consider the 1792 half dime to be nothing more than a pattern coin, or ""test piece"", and this matter continues to be subject to debate. These coins were much smaller than dimes in diameter and thickness, appearing to be ""half dimes"". In the 1860s, powerful nickel"
"outgoing 'Bit' coin which was equal to one quarter of a guilder. When the groat coin ceased to circulate in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a special request was made in 1888 for groats to be struck for use in the British West Indies and British Guiana. These were first struck in 1891. From 1917 they were struck exclusively for use in British Guiana. Spanish, Mexican, and Colombian silver dollars continued to circulate alongside the British sterling coinage until 1876 when these dollar coins were demonetised. The Spanish dollar unit should not be confused"
"Half crown (British coin) The half crown was a denomination of British money, equivalent to two shillings and sixpence, or one-eighth of a pound. The half crown was first issued in 1549, in the reign of Edward VI. No half crowns were issued in the reign of Mary, but from the reign of Elizabeth I half crowns were issued in every reign except Edward VIII, until the coins were discontinued in 1967. The half crown was demonetised (ahead of other pre-decimal coins) on 1 January 1970, the year before the United Kingdom adopted decimal currency on Decimal Day. During the"
"time included półgrosz (½ grosz), dwojak (2 groszes), trojak (3 groszes), czworak (4) and szóstak (6). Półtorak Półtorak (lit. ""one-and-a-halfer"") was a small coin equal to 1½ grosz struck in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century, during the reign of Sigismund III Vasa and John II Casimir Vasa. Initially a silver coin, with time its value deteriorated and the coin went out of use. Augustus III of Poland unsuccessfully tried to reintroduce it as a copper coin. The name stems from the Polish word ""półtora"" meaning ""one and a half"". The coin was introduced in 1614 due to the need"
"counted as 5p (five new pence) instead of 12d (twelve old pennies). The pre-decimalisation sixpence, also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece, was equivalent to p, but was demonetised in 1980. Some pre-decimalisation coins or denominations became commonly known by colloquial and slang terms, perhaps the most well known being ""bob"" for a shilling, and ""quid"" for a pound. A farthing was a ""mag"", a silver threepence was a ""joey"" and the later nickel-brass threepence was called a ""threepenny bit"" ( or bit, i.e. thrup'ny or threp'ny bit – the apostrophe was pronounced on a scale from full"
"Halfpenny (British decimal coin) The British decimal halfpenny (p) coin was introduced in February 1971, at the time of decimalisation, and was worth one two-hundredth of a pound sterling. It was ignored in banking transactions, which were carried out in units of 1p. The decimal halfpenny had the same value as 1.2 pre-decimal pence, and was introduced to enable the prices of some low-value items to be more accurately translated to the new decimal currency. The possibility of setting prices including an odd half penny also made it more practical to retain the pre-decimal sixpence in circulation (with a value"
"Half crown (Irish coin) The half crown (2s 6d) () coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound. The half crown was commonly called ""two and six"" due to its value of two shillings and sixpence (indicated on the coin itself as '2s 6d'). The original minting of the coin from 1928 to 1943 contained 75% silver, a higher content than the equivalent British coin. The silver coins were quite distinguishable as they had a whiter appearance than the later cupronickel variety minted from 1951. The silver coins wore less well. The subsequent cupronickel coin"
"the Troy units of weight—the troy ounce used to this day for weighting precious metals. Edward I (1272–1307) broke the link between a coin's value and its weight when he debased the English coinage by introducing a groat (four pence) which weighed of 89 grains rather than the expected 96 grains. The groat was further devalued in the 1350s when its weight was reduced to 72 grains. During Saxon times land was measured both in terms of its economic value and in terms of its size. The Domesday Book used the hide, an economic unit of measure. In other references"
"groat was first minted under King Edward I. Scots groats were not issued until the reign of David II. Scots groats were originally also worth fourpence, but later issues were valued at eightpence and a shilling. Irish groats were minted first in 1425 and the last ones were minted under the reign of Elizabeth I of England. There were also two more issues, both emergency coinage. While strictly speaking, the English groat should have contained four pennyweights or 96 grains (6.2 grams) of sterling silver, the first ones issued weighed 89 grains (5.8 g) and later issues became progressively lighter."
"and it was withdrawn on 1 January 1970. Half crown (Irish coin) The half crown (2s 6d) () coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound. The half crown was commonly called ""two and six"" due to its value of two shillings and sixpence (indicated on the coin itself as '2s 6d'). The original minting of the coin from 1928 to 1943 contained 75% silver, a higher content than the equivalent British coin. The silver coins were quite distinguishable as they had a whiter appearance than the later cupronickel variety minted from 1951. The silver"
"than 50 cents, less than half of the contemporary Western semitone of 100 cents. In the ancient Greek enharmonic genus, the tetrachord contained a semitone of varying sizes (approximately 100 cents) divided into two equal intervals called dieses (single ""diesis"", δίεσις); in conjunction with a larger interval of roughly 400 cents, these intervals comprised the perfect fourth (approximately 498 cents, or the ratio of 4/3 in just intonation) . Theoretics usually described several diatonic and chromatic genera (some as chroai, ""coloration"" of one specific intervallic type), but the enarmonic genus was always the only one (argumented as one with the"
"pieces in 1922. Half dime The half dime, or half disme, was a silver coin, valued at five cents, formerly minted in the United States. Some numismatists consider the denomination to be the first coin minted by the United States Mint under the Coinage Act of 1792, with production beginning on or about July 1792. However, others consider the 1792 half dime to be nothing more than a pattern coin, or ""test piece"", and this matter continues to be subject to debate. These coins were much smaller than dimes in diameter and thickness, appearing to be ""half dimes"". In the"
"the Ottoman Empire, lira and kuruş were super units at some point before becoming the main unit. A decimal currency is a currency where the ratio between the main unit and the subunit is an integral power of 10. Non-decimal currencies are now rare but had some advantages in daily life transactions. For example, 1 South German Gulden = 60 Kreuzer. 60 can be divided into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20 or 30 parts that are still integers, making pricing easy. This advantage (in an age without mechanical or electronic calculators) and the lack of widespread"
"the Prague groschen; the idea of ""kopa"" came from the Czechs as well. A grzywna was worth 48 groszy; a kopa cost 60 groszy. The złoty (golden) is a traditional Polish currency unit dating back to the late Middle Ages. Initially, in the 14th and 15th centuries, the name was used for all kinds of foreign gold coins used in Poland, most notably Venetian and Hungarian ducats, (however, in provinces Volyn & Galych the name for them were the ""золотий""(zolotyii) - golden). One złoty at the very beginning of their introduction cost 12–14 groszy; however, grosz had less and less"
"has been relatively stable, with an exchange rate fluctuating between 3 and 4 złoty for a United States dollar. The predecessors of the złoty were the Polish mark (""grzywna"") and a ""kopa"". Grzywna was a currency that was equivalent to approximately 210 g of silver, in the 11th century. It was used until sometime in the 14th century, when it gave way to the Kraków grzywna (approximately 198 g of silver). At the same time, first as the complement to grzywna, and then as the main currency, came a grosz and a kopa. Poland made ""grosz"" as the imitation of"
"twelfth of a ""deben"" weighing 7.6 grams. It was frequently used to denote value of goods, by comparing their worth to a weight of metal, generally silver or copper. It has been speculated that pieces of metal weighing a deben were kept in boxes, taken to markets, and were used as a means of exchange. Archaeologists have been unable to find any such standardized pieces of precious metal. On the other hand, it is documented that ""debens"" served to compare values. In the 19th Dynasty, a slave girl priced four deben and one kite of silver was paid for with"
"Half farthing The British half farthing (d) coin, usually simply known as a half farthing, was a unit of currency equaling of a pound sterling, or one eighth of a penny. It was minted in copper for use in Ceylon, but in 1842 they were declared legal tender in the United Kingdom. Two different obverses were used. Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse. Before Decimal Day in 1971 there were two hundred and forty pence in one pound sterling. There were four farthings in a penny. Twelve pence made a shilling, and"
"was not of so minuscule a value as (middle-class) writers of the day (1844) might imagine. The entire denomination was demonetised from 1 January 1870. Half farthing The British half farthing (d) coin, usually simply known as a half farthing, was a unit of currency equaling of a pound sterling, or one eighth of a penny. It was minted in copper for use in Ceylon, but in 1842 they were declared legal tender in the United Kingdom. Two different obverses were used. Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse. Before Decimal Day in"
"Semis The semis literally meaning half was a small Roman bronze coin that was valued at half an as. During the Roman Republic, the semis was distinguished by an 'S' (indicating semis) or 6 dots (indicating a theoretical weight of 6 uncia). Some of the coins featured a bust of Saturn on the obverse, and the prow of a ship on the reverse. Initially a cast coin, like the rest of Roman Republican bronzes, it began to be struck from dies shortly before the Second Punic War 218-201 BC. The coin was issued infrequently during the Roman Empire, and ceased"
"then 250 of them are male. An increase of $0.15 on a price of $2.50 is an increase by a fraction of = 0.06. Expressed as a percentage, this is a 6% increase. While many percentage values are between 0 and 100, there is no mathematical restriction and percentages may take on other values. For example, it is common to refer to 111% or −35%, especially for percent changes and comparisons. In Ancient Rome, long before the existence of the decimal system, computations were often made in fractions which were multiples of . For example, Augustus levied a tax of"
"as a half disme) (five cents), Dime (also known as a disme) (10 cents), Quarter (25 cents), Half Dollar (50 cents), Dollar, Quarter Eagle ($2.50), Half Eagle ($5), and Eagle ($10). The first coin minted under the act, and therefore the first official coin of the United States, was the half disme. According to legend these first half disme coins were minted from Martha Washington's silverware. The half cent and cent were made of pure copper, the half dime, dime, quarter, half, and dollar in 90% silver, and the quarter, half and full eagle in .9167 gold (later changed to"
"shilling coin was a ""shilling"", a half crown coin (worth two shillings and sixpence) was ""half-a-crown"" – but anything valued at more than a unit could attract the suffix ""bit"". Although earlier there had been other values in circulation such as the ""fourpenny bit"" or ""groat"", the ""bit"" coins still in use in the United Kingdom up to decimalisation in 1971 were the two-shilling bit (or ""florin"") (often ""two-bob bit""), the sixpenny bit (or ""tanner""), and the threepenny bit. In the UK, use of the term ""bit"" largely disappeared with the arrival of decimal coinage and the loss of the"