"who had theorized on the existence of the large trans-Neptunian object Planet X, and Tombaugh been searching for Planet X when he found Pluto. Almost immediately after its discovery, however, astronomers questioned whether Pluto could be Planet X. Willy Ley wrote a column in 1956 titled ""The Demotion of Pluto"", stating that it ""simply failed to live up to the advance publicity it received as 'Planet X' before its discovery. It has been a disappointment all along, for it did not turn out to be what one could reasonably have expected"". In 1978, Pluto's moon Charon was discovered. By measuring"
"18 February 1930. When Pluto was first discovered, it was initially known as Planet X. Astronomers had been searching for another planet past Neptune, hoping to solve the dilemma of its rather irregular orbit. It is now known, however, that the perceived irregular orbit of Neptune was the result of a mathematical error because Pluto, being a planetoid smaller than our own Moon, was far too small to affect any type of gravitational pull on the gas giant. Pluto is very much a 20th-century planet and refers to the two world wars, and weapons of mass destruction, nuclear power, and"
"letters. The name Pluto was officially adopted on May 1, 1930. Following the discovery, starting in the 1990s, of other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto began to be seen not as a planet orbiting alone at 40 AU, but as the largest of a group of icy bodies in that region of space. After it was shown that at least one such body was more massive than Pluto, on August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) reclassified Pluto, grouping it with two similarly sized ""dwarf planets"" rather than with the eight ""classical planets"". Tombaugh's widow Patricia stated after the IAU's"
"connection between the search program and the reports of so-called flying saucers."" At a meteor conference in Los Angeles in 1957, Tombaugh reiterated that his four-year search for ""natural satellites"" had been unsuccessful. In 1959, Tombaugh was to issue a final report stating that nothing had been found in his search. His personal 16-inch telescope was reassembled and dedicated on September 17, 2009 at Rancho Hidalgo, New Mexico (near Animas, New Mexico), adjacent to ""Astronomy"" 's new observatory. Clyde Tombaugh Clyde William Tombaugh (; February 4, 1906January 17, 1997) was an American astronomer. He discovered Pluto in 1930, the first"
"the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of Neptune. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month. The name ""Pluto"" was suggested by an 11-year-old English schoolgirl, Venetia Burney. It won out over numerous other suggestions because it was the name of the Roman god of the underworld, who was able to render himself invisible, and because Percival Lowell's initials PL formed the first 2"
"Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. The symbol, a monogram of the letters PL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory's search for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. The zodiac symbols have several astronomical interpretations. Depending on context, a zodiac symbol may denote either a constellation, or a point or interval on the ecliptic plane. Lists of astronomical phenomena published by almanacs sometimes included conjunctions of stars and planets or the Moon; rather than print the full name of the star,"
"object , which he co-discovered at CTIO in 2002. The main-belt asteroid 3193 Elliot, discovered by astronomer Edward Bowell at Anderson Mesa Station in 1983, was named in his honor. The crater ""Elliot"" on Pluto is also named in his honor. James L. Elliot James Ludlow Elliot (17 June 1943 – 3 March 2011) was an American astronomer and scientist who, as part of a team, discovered the rings around the planet Uranus. Elliot was also part of a team that observed global warming on Triton, the largest moon of Neptune. Elliot was born in 1943 in Columbus, Ohio and"
"of more than 40 minor planets. The inner main-belt asteroid 6434 Jewitt, discovered by Edward Bowell in 1981, was named in his honor. Naming citation was published on 1 July 1996 (). A selection of his recent publications includes: David C. Jewitt David C. Jewitt (born 1958) is an English astronomer and professor of astronomy at UCLA's Earth, Planetary, and Space Science Department in California. He is best known for having discovered the first body beyond Pluto in the Kuiper belt. He was born in 1958 in England, and is a 1979 graduate of University College, London (UCL). Jewitt received"
"1930 Lucifer 1930 Lucifer, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1964, by American astronomer Elizabeth Roemer at the Flagstaff station (NOFS) of the United States Naval Observatory (USNO). It is named after Lucifer, the ""shining one"" or ""light-bearer"" form the Hebrew Bible. ""Lucifer"" orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,802 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 14° with respect to"
"name Pluto in the 1930s as a girl, and she was given a plaque related to this naming in December, 2006. Venetia suggested the name Pluto after the discovery of the new planet by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 at Lowell Observatory. The name Pluto was selected in a vote by the observatory's astronomers. In 2006 , the NH Principal Investigator was able to present Venetia with plaque about the naming of the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter after her. Previously the instrument was called the ""Student Dust Counter"". Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter The Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (VBSDC)"
"1604 Tombaugh 1604 Tombaugh, provisional designation , is a rare-type Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1931, by American astronomer Carl Otto Lampland at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. It was named after the discoverer of Pluto, Clyde Tombaugh. ""Tombaugh"" is a member of the Eos family that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,920 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of"
"of planets had reached 23, astronomers started using the word asteroid for the smaller bodies and then stopped naming or classifying them as planets. With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (asteroids and comets). For almost 50 years Pluto was thought to be larger than Mercury, but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon Charon, it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates. It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury,"
"Venetia Burney Venetia Katharine Douglas Burney (married name Phair, 11 July 1918 – 30 April 2009) was an English girl credited by Clyde Tombaugh with first suggesting the name Pluto for the planet he discovered in 1930. At the time, she was 11 years old and lived in Oxford, England. As an adult she worked as an accountant and a teacher. Venetia Burney was the daughter of Rev. Charles Fox Burney, Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture at Oxford, and his wife Ethel Wordsworth Burney (née Madan). She was the granddaughter of Falconer Madan (1851–1935), Librarian of the"
"monogram of the letters ""PL"" (which could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for astronomer Percival Lowell), was announced with the name of the new planet by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. Another symbol, which was popularized in Paul Clancy's astrological publications, is based on the symbol for Mercury, with the circle and arc of Mercury trading positions. This symbol is described by Dane Rudhyar as ""suggest[ing] the planetary character of the Pluto mind by the circle, floating above the open cup."" Although, this meaning is readily debatable due to Blavatskian origins, rather than a properly traditional understanding,"
"job. Tombaugh worked there from 1929 to 1945. Following his discovery of Pluto, Tombaugh earned bachelor's and master's degrees in astronomy from the University of Kansas in 1936 and 1938. During World War II he taught naval personnel navigation at Northern Arizona University. He worked at White Sands Missile Range in the early 1950s, and taught astronomy at New Mexico State University from 1955 until his retirement in 1973. The asteroid 1604 Tombaugh, discovered in 1931, is named after him. He discovered hundreds of asteroids, beginning with 2839 Annette in 1929, mostly as a by-product of his search for Pluto"
"yet another planet, ""Planet X"", must lie beyond Neptune. After his death, his Lowell Observatory conducted a search that ultimately led to Clyde Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto in 1930. Pluto was, however, found to be too small to have disrupted the orbits of the outer planets, and its discovery was therefore coincidental. Like Ceres, it was initially considered to be a planet, but after the discovery of many other similarly sized objects in its vicinity it was reclassified in 2006 as a dwarf planet by the IAU. In 1992, the first evidence of a planetary system other than our own"
"first discovered the dwarf planet Pluto in 1930. Tombaugh Cliffs Tombaugh Cliffs () is a group of ice-free cliffs which stand at the north side of the mouth of Pluto Glacier and face towards the George VI Ice Shelf which occupies George VI Sound, on the east side of Alexander Island, Antarctica. Photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947–48; surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey from 1948 to 1950. The naming by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee continues the astronomy related or celestial theme displayed in the toponymy of this area. Clyde Tombaugh (1906-1997),"
"the movement. After the observatory obtained further confirmatory photographs, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory on March 13, 1930. The discovery made headlines around the globe. Lowell Observatory, which had the right to name the new object, received more than 1,000 suggestions from all over the world, ranging from Atlas to Zymal. Tombaugh urged Slipher to suggest a name for the new object quickly before someone else did. Constance Lowell proposed ""Zeus"", then ""Percival"" and finally ""Constance"". These suggestions were disregarded. The name Pluto, after the god of the underworld, was proposed by Venetia Burney"
"Pluto was massive enough to perturb planets, they assumed that its albedo could be no less than 0.07 (meaning that it reflected only 7% of the light that hit it); about as dark as asphalt and similar to that of Mercury, the least reflective planet known. This would give Pluto an estimated mass of no more than 70% that of Earth. Observations also revealed that Pluto's orbit was very elliptical, far more than that of any other planet. Almost immediately, some astronomers questioned Pluto's status as a planet. Barely a month after its discovery was announced, on April 14, 1930,"
"is to suppose that flying machines could be used to drop dynamite on the enemy in time of war"". In 1919, he predicted the existence and position of a Planet X based on anomalies in the positions of Uranus and Neptune but a search of Mount Wilson Observatory photographs failed to find the predicted planet. Pluto was later discovered at Flagstaff by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, but in any case it is now known that Pluto's mass is far too small to have appreciable gravitational effects on Uranus or Neptune, and the anomalies are accounted for when today's much more"
"To fund construction, Putnam persuaded his uncle, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, to provide $10,000 for the new telescope. To save money, Putnam ordered the mounting to be built on-site in the observatory workshop rather than by a contractor. Observatory Director V.M. Slipher designed the telescope. When one of the lens components was ground too thin, a new component had to be built. Putnam paid the $6,000 replacement cost out of his own funds. The new telescope was used by Clyde Tombaugh in the search for ""Planet X."" On February 18, 1930, Tombaugh discovered a new planet—which was named Pluto on May"
"Lowell Observatory Lowell Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. Lowell Observatory was established in 1894, placing it among the oldest observatories in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In 2011, the Observatory was named one of ""The World's 100 Most Important Places"" by TIME. It was at the Lowell Observatory that the dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh. The observatory was founded by astronomer Percival Lowell of Boston's Lowell family and is overseen by a sole trustee, a position historically handed down through the family. The"
"planets"", or ""small planets"", though it took the first four asteroids longer to be grouped as such. To this day, ""minor planet"" remains the official designation for all small bodies in orbit around the Sun, and each new discovery is numbered accordingly in the IAU's Minor Planet Catalogue. The long road from planethood to reconsideration undergone by Ceres is mirrored in the story of Pluto, which was named a planet soon after its discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. Uranus and Neptune had been declared planets based on their circular orbits, large masses and proximity to the ecliptic plane. None"
"3000 Leonardo 3000 Leonardo, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 2 March 1981, by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. The B-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.5 hours. It was named for the Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci. ""Leonardo"" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,317 days; semi-major axis of"
"In 1930, Walt Disney was apparently inspired by it when he introduced for Mickey Mouse a canine companion named Pluto, although Disney animator Ben Sharpsteen could not confirm why the name was given. In 1941, Glenn T. Seaborg named the newly created element plutonium after Pluto, in keeping with the tradition of naming elements after newly discovered planets, following uranium, which was named after Uranus, and neptunium, which was named after Neptune. Most languages use the name ""Pluto"" in various transliterations. In Japanese, Houei Nojiri suggested the translation , and this was borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese (which instead"
"How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming is the 2010 memoir by Mike Brown, the American astronomer most responsible for the reclassification of the former planet Pluto from planet to dwarf planet. The memoir is an account of the events surrounding the redefinition of the term ""planet"" that eventually changed the status of Pluto. It chronicles the discovery of Eris, a dwarf planet then mistakenly thought to be larger than Pluto, located within the scattered disc, beyond Neptune's orbit. The replaying of events includes the adversarial challenging"
"including the AstDyS database, gave another concurring period of 13.0536 hours and found a pole of (32.0°,17.0°). Lutz D. Schmadel's ""Dictionary of Minor Planet Names"" reads ""Named for the proud, rebellious archangel, identified with Satan, who was expelled from heaven"". The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (). 1930 Lucifer 1930 Lucifer, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1964, by American astronomer Elizabeth Roemer at the Flagstaff station (NOFS) of the United States"
"In September 2006, the IAU included Pluto, and Eris and its moon Dysnomia, in their Minor Planet Catalogue, giving them the official minor planet designations ""(134340) Pluto"", ""(136199) Eris"", and ""(136199) Eris I Dysnomia"". Had Pluto been included upon its discovery in 1930, it would have likely been designated 1164, following 1163 Saga, which was discovered a month earlier. There has been some resistance within the astronomical community toward the reclassification. Alan Stern, principal investigator with NASA's ""New Horizons"" mission to Pluto, derided the IAU resolution, stating that ""the definition stinks, for technical reasons"". Stern contended that, by the terms"
"Hermann Kobold (1858–1942), a German astronomer at the University of Kiel and long-time editor of the astronomy journal ""Astronomical Notes"" (, after which was named). The official naming citation was mentioned in ""The Names of the Minor Planets"" by Paul Herget in 1955 (). Were Pluto categorized as a minor planet when discovered in early 1930, shortly before , the number could have been assigned to Pluto. However, these assumptions are only speculative as there is generally only a slight correlation between the discovery date of a minor planet and its final number. Another proposed number for Pluto was ,"
"Soon after Pluto's discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, Leonard pondered whether it was ""not likely that in Pluto there has come to light the ""first"" of a ""series"" of ultra-Neptunian bodies, the remaining members of which still await discovery but which are destined eventually to be detected"". That same year, astronomer Armin O. Leuschner suggested that Pluto ""may be one of many long-period planetary objects yet to be discovered."" In 1943, in the ""Journal of the British Astronomical Association"", Kenneth Edgeworth hypothesized that, in the region beyond Neptune, the material within the primordial solar nebula was too widely spaced"
"is fondly thought of by many, especially in the United States since Pluto was found by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, and the general public could have been alienated from professional astronomers; there was considerable uproar when the media last suggested, in 1999, that Pluto might be demoted, which was a misunderstanding of a proposal to catalog all trans-Neptunian objects uniformly. The proposed definition was criticised as ambiguous: Astronomer Phil Plait and NCSE writer Nick Matzke both wrote about why they thought the definition was not, in general, a good one. It defined a planet as orbiting a star, which would"
"union was built on in 1926 as a campus community center. On February 18, 1930, future KU alumnus Clyde Tombaugh announced his discovery of the planet Pluto. Later in the year, present-day Snow Hall was completed and dedicated, replacing the old, deteriorated building. Two years later, one of KU's most prolific football and wrestling stars, Pete Mehringer, qualified for the 1932 Olympics. A major civil rights decision came on August 8, 1938. Under severe pressure from Kansas Governor Walter Huxman and several civil rights leaders, the Kansas Board of Regents voted to prohibit the practices which had prevented African American"
"due to the coal mine, as well as a major glass manufacturer and its status as a midwestern railroad hub. Today Streator's economy is led by heavy-equipment manufacturer Vactor, food distributor U.S. Foodservice and glass bottle manufacturer Owens-Illinois. The city is the hometown of Clyde Tombaugh, who in 1930 discovered the dwarf planet Pluto, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as the Kuiper belt; and George ""Honey Boy"" Evans, who wrote ""In the Good Old Summer Time."" Streator hosts annual events including Streator Park Fest; an Independence Day celebration, the Roamer Cruise Night and"