"was a survival or reintroduction of the archaic Greek letter San. It closely resembles, perhaps coincidentally, a letter of the Greek-based Carian alphabet which may have also stood for . The name ""sho"" was coined for the letter for purposes of modern computer encoding in 2002, on the basis of analogy with ""rho"" (ρ), the letter with which it seems to be graphically related. Ϸ was added to Unicode in version 4.0 (2003), in an uppercase and lowercase character designed for modern typography. Sho (letter) The letter (sometimes called sho or san) was a letter added to the Greek alphabet"
"prominent horizontal bar (Greek Π π > Cyrillic П п). Pe is not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter El (Л л; italics: ""Л л""), which has a hook on its left leg in some fonts (in others El resembles the Greek Lambda (Λ)). In italics and handwriting, capital Pe looks identical to the Greek capital Pi in these forms. The lowercase forms, however, differ among the languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet. Small italic Cyrillic Pe in the majority of fonts or handwritten styles looks like the small italic Latin N . In handwritten Serbian, however, it appears"
"Pi (letter) Pi (; uppercase Π, lowercase π and ϖ; ) is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound . In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 80. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Pe (). Letters that arose from pi include Cyrillic Pe (П, п), Coptic pi (Ⲡ, ⲡ), and Gothic pairthra (𐍀). The upper-case letter Π is used as a symbol for: The lower-case letter π is used as a symbol for: An early form of pi was , appearing almost like a gamma with a hook. Variant pi or"
"Psi (letter) Psi (; uppercase ', lowercase '; ""psi"" ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 700. In both Classical and Modern Greek, the letter indicates the combination /ps/ (as in English word ""lapse""). For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets, psi is usually transliterated as ""ps"". The letter's origin is uncertain. It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet. It appears in the 7th century BC, expressing /ps/ in the Eastern alphabets, but /kʰ/ in the Western alphabets (the sound expressed by Χ in the"
"P P (named ""pee"" ) is the 16th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English orthography and most other European languages, represents the sound . A common digraph in English is , which represents the sound , and can be used to transliterate ""phi"" in loanwords from Greek. In German, the digraph is common, representing a labial affricate . Most English words beginning with are of foreign origin, primarily French, Latin, Greek, and Slavic; these languages preserve Proto-Indo-European initial *p. Native English cognates of such words often start with , since English is"
"Pe (Cyrillic) Pe (П п; italics: П n) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the unaspirated voiceless bilabial plosive , like the pronunciation of in ""spin"". The Cyrillic letter Pe was derived from the Greek letter Pi (Π π). The name of Pe in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (""pokoi""), meaning ""peaceful state"". In the Cyrillic numeral system, Pe had a value of 80. The capital Cyrillic letter Pe looks exactly like the Greek capital Pi from which it is derived, and small Pe looks like a smaller version of the same, though with a less"
"Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities. Those Greek letters which have the same form as Latin letters are rarely used: capital A, B, E, Z, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, Y, X. Small ι, ο and υ are also rarely used, since they closely resemble the Latin letters i, o"
"Koppa (letter) Koppa or qoppa (; as a modern numeral sign: ) is a letter that was used in early forms of the Greek alphabet, derived from Phoenician qoph . It was originally used to denote the /k/ sound, but dropped out of use as an alphabetic character in favor of Kappa (Κ). It has remained in use as a numeral symbol (90) in the system of Greek numerals, although with a modified shape. Koppa is the source of Latin Q, as well as the Cyrillic numeral sign of the same name (Koppa). In Phoenician, qoph was pronounced ; in"
"the next letter starting from the middle, and some a combination of two small ""c""-like curves. Several of these shapes were later taken over into minuscule book hand. Of the various minuscule letter shapes, the inverted-3 form became the basis for lower-case Epsilon in Greek typography during the modern era. Despite its pronunciation as , in the International Phonetic Alphabet, the Latin epsilon represents open-mid front unrounded vowel, as in the English word ""pet"" . The uppercase Epsilon is not commonly used outside of the Greek language because of its similarity to the Latin letter E. The Greek lowercase epsilon"
"Alpha Alpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , ""álpha"", ""álfa"") is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 1. It was derived from the Phoenician and Hebrew letter aleph - an ox or leader. Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin A and the Cyrillic letter А. In English, the noun ""alpha"" is used as a synonym for ""beginning"", or ""first"" (in a series), reflecting its Greek roots. In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ([aː]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long"
"can be combined on a single vowel to indicate a stressed vowel after a hiatus, as in the verb (, ""to feed""). Although it is not a diacritic, the hypodiastole (comma) has in a similar way the function of a sound-changing diacritic in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing (, ""whatever"") from (, ""that""). The original Greek alphabet did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what is now known as capitals—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the"
"Anatolian alphabet, and 𐊷, which resembles Greek Β, has the similar sound /p/, which it shares with Greek-derived Lydian 𐤡. Adiego (2007) therefore suggests that the original Carian script was adopted from cursive Greek, and that it was later restructured, perhaps for monumental inscription, by imitating the form of the most graphically similar Greek print letters without considering their phonetic values. Thus a /t/, which in its cursive form may have had a curved top, was modeled after Greek ""qoppa"" (Ϙ) rather than its ancestral ""tau"" (Τ) to become 𐊭. Carian /m/, from archaic Greek 𐌌, would have been simplified"
"Kappa Kappa (uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive ϰ; , ""káppa"") is the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter kaph . Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman K and Cyrillic К. Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with ""c"" due to the Romans' transliterations into the Latin alphabet: Constantinople, Corinth, Crete. The cursive form is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but"
"Phi Phi (; uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; ""pheî"" ; ""fi"" ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Ancient Greek, it represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive (), which was the origin of its usual romanization as ""ph"". In modern Greek, it represents a voiceless labiodental fricative () and is correspondingly romanized as ""f"". Its origin is uncertain but it may be that phi originated as the letter qoppa and initially represented the sound before shifting to Classical Greek . In traditional Greek numerals, phi has a value of 500 () or 500,000 (). The Cyrillic"
"Omicron Omicron (uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, literally ""small o"": όμικρον < ὂ μικρόν - ""ò mikrón"", micron meaning 'small' in contrast to ""omega"") is the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 70. This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter ayin . In classical Greek, omicron represented the sound in contrast to ""omega"" and ""ου"" . In modern Greek, omicron represents the . Letters that arose from omicron include Roman O and Cyrillic O. The upper-case letter of omicron (O) was originally used in mathematics as a symbol for"
"Lambda Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase ', lowercase '; ""lám(b)da"") is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound /l/. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Latin L and the Cyrillic letter El (Л, л). The ancient grammarians and dramatists give evidence to the pronunciation as () in Classical Greek times. In Modern Greek the name of the letter, Λάμδα, is pronounced . In early Greek alphabets, the shape and orientation of lambda varied."
"Unicode calls it ""small letter open E"". The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are used for unmodified symbols. In Unicode, some of the symbols of Greek origin have Latin forms for use in IPA; the others use the symbols from the Greek section. Examples: Note The IPA standard includes some small capital letters, such as , although it is common to refer to these symbols as simply ""capital"" or ""cap"" letters, because the IPA standard does not include any full-size capital letters. A few letters have the forms of cursive or script letters. Examples: Note Ligatures are"
"Epsilon Epsilon (uppercase ', lowercase ' or lunate ; ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. The name of the letter was originally (), but the name was changed to (""e psilon"" ""simple e"") in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph , a former diphthong that had come"
"called Olympus µ[mju:] (known as Olympus Stylus in North America) In phonology, it often stands for mora. In syntax, μP (mu phrase) can be used as the name for a functional projection. These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Mu (letter) Mu (uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek , or μυ—both ) or my is the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 40. Mu was derived from the Egyptian"
"Rho Rho (; uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings. Rho is classed as a liquid consonant (together with lambda and sometimes the nasals mu and nu), which has important implications for morphology. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, it represents a trilled or tapped r. In polytonic orthography, a rho"
"Nu (letter) Nu (; uppercase Ν lowercase ν; ""ni"" ) or ny is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 50. It is derived from the ancient Phoenician language nun . Its Latin equivalent is N, though the lowercase resembles the Roman lowercase v (formula_1). The name of the letter is written in Ancient Greek and traditional Modern Greek polytonic orthography, while in Modern Greek it is written . The uppercase Nu is not used, because it is normally identical to Latin N. The lower-case letter ν is used"
"by the first 2 letters. The final letter in the sequence changes in Greek alphabetical order after 9,000 issued plates. For example, Patras plates are codice_2, where ΑΧ represents the Achaia prefecture of which Patras is the capital. When codice_3 is reached the plates turn to codice_4 and this continues until codice_5 is finished. Only the letters from the intersection between the Latin and Greek alphabets by glyph appearance are used, namely Α, Β, Ε, Ζ, Η, Ι, Κ, Μ, Ν, Ο, Ρ, Τ, Υ, Χ (in Greek alphabetical order). This is because Greece is a contracting party to the"
"(), as proposed by the typographer Yannis Haralambous. Other versions include large curved shapes (), or an upright large π-like glyph with a long descending curve (). The epigraphic ancient Ionian sampi is not normally rendered with the modern numeral character in print. In specialized epigraphical or palaeographic academic discussion, it is either represented by a glyph , or by a Latin capital serifed T as a makeshift replacement. As this character has in the past never been supported in normal Greek fonts, there is no typographical tradition for its uppercase and lowercase representation in the style of a normal"
"Upsilon Upsilon (; or ; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ""ýpsilon"" ) or ypsilon is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 400. It is derived from the Phoenician waw . The name of the letter was originally just “υ” (""y;"" also called ""hy"", hence ""hyoid"", meaning ""shaped like the letter υ""), but the name changed to “υ ψιλόν”, (""u psilon"", meaning 'simple u') to distinguish it from οι, which had come to have the same pronunciation. In early Greek it was pronounced like English ""oo"" . In Classical Greek, it"
"mapping between Greek and Latin letters, and digraphs are avoided, with occasional use of punctuation or numerals resembling Greek letters rather than Latin digraphs. While letters are in the first instance chosen for phonetic similarity, visual equivalence, and corresponding keyboard keys, are used when phonetically similar letters are exhausted. Thus, psi (ψ) may be written as ps, 4 or y; xi (ξ) as ks, x or 3; and theta (θ) as th or 8. In phonetic use, there is no concern to reproduce Greek orthography, and the Greeklish is a phonetic transcription (usually with English phonetic norms, sometimes with other"
"formatting to indicate the style of text. Omega Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/Isopsephy (Gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means ""great O"" (""ō mega"", mega meaning ""great""), as opposed to omicron, which means ""little O"" (""o mikron"", micron meaning ""little""). In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω is a long open-mid ""o"" , comparable to the vowel of British English ""raw"". In Modern Greek, Ω represents the , the same sound as omicron."
"neighboring (but otherwise ""red"") alphabet of Euboia: a form of that resembled a Latin ""L"" () and a form of that resembled a Latin ""S"" (). <nowiki>*</nowiki>Upsilon is also derived from waw (). The classical twenty-four-letter alphabet that is now used to represent the Greek language was originally the local alphabet of Ionia. By the late fifth century BC, it was commonly used by many Athenians. In 403 BC, at the suggestion of the archon Eucleides, the Athenian Assembly formally abandoned the Old Attic alphabet and adopted the Ionian alphabet as part of the democratic reforms after the overthrow of"
"Chi (letter) Chi (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; ) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced or in English. Its value in Ancient Greek was an aspirated velar stop (in the Western Greek alphabet: /ks/). In Koine Greek and later dialects it became a fricative (/) along with Θ and Φ. In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of high or front vowels ( or ) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative , as in German ""ich"" or like the ""h"" in some pronunciations of the English words ""hew"" and ""human"". In front of"
"F F (named ""ef"" ) is the sixth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The origin of 'F' is the Semitic letter ""vâv"" (or ""waw"") that represented a sound like or . Graphically it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club. It may have been based on a comparable Egyptian hieroglyph such as (transliterated as ḥ(dj)): T3 The Phoenician form of the letter was adopted into Greek as a vowel, ""upsilon"" (which resembled its descendant 'Y' but was also the ancestor of the Roman letters 'U', 'V', and 'W'); and, with another"
"only . Originally, Cyrillic had the shape identical to the capital Greek letter Eta . Later, the middle stroke was turned counterclockwise, resulting in the modern form resembling a mirrored capital Latin letter N (this is why is used in faux Cyrillic typography). But the style of the two letters is not fully identical: in roman fonts, has heavier vertical strokes and serifs on all four corners, whereas has a heavier diagonal stroke and lacks a serif on the bottom-right corner. In roman and oblique fonts, the lowercase letter has the same shape as the uppercase letter . In italic"
"epigraphic sampi separately. Sampi Sampi (modern: ϡ; ancient shapes: , ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It was used as an addition to the classical 24-letter alphabet in some eastern Ionic dialects of ancient Greek in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, to denote some type of a sibilant sound, probably or , and was abandoned when the sound disappeared from Greek. It later remained in use as a numeral symbol for 900 in the alphabetic (""Milesian"") system of Greek numerals. Its modern shape, which resembles a π inclining to the right with a longish curved cross-stroke,"
"the name ""upsilon"" (""Ypsilon"" in German, ""ípsilon"" in Portuguese) is used to refer to the Latin letter Y as well as the Greek letter. Upsilon is known as Pythagoras' letter, or the Samian letter, because Pythagoras used it as an emblem of the path of virtue or vice. As the Roman writer Persius wrote in ""Satire III"": Lactantius, an early Christian author (ca. 240 – ca. 320), refers to this: These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Upsilon Upsilon (;"
"Y Y (named ""wye"" , plural ""wyes"") is the 25th and penultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In the English writing system, it sometimes represents a vowel and sometimes a consonant. In Latin, Y was named ""I graeca"" (""Greek I""), since the classical Greek sound , similar to modern German ""ü"" or French ""u"", was not a native sound for Latin speakers, and the letter was initially only used to spell foreign words. This history has led to the standard modern names of the letter in Romance languages – ""i grego"" in Galician,"