"inspired by the JAXA's ""kawaii"" characters, whom portrayed a number of their spacecraft, such as ""Hayabusa2"" and ""Akatsuki"", with distinct anime-like personalities. The script for each episode of the series is written by science communicators at the European Space Research and Technology Centre, who kept close with mission operators and the producers at Design & Data. Canonically, ""Rosetta"" and ""Philae"" are depicted as siblings, with ""Rosetta"" being the older sister, inspired by the spacecraft's feminine name, of ""Philae"", her younger brother. The ""Giotto"" spacecraft is also depicted as the duo's grandfather, whereas others in the Halley Armada as well as"
"magnitude 19.6 comet. On 8 November 1985, Stephen Edberg (then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition. Although Halley's Comet's retrograde orbit and high inclination make it difficult to send a space probe to it, the 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to closely study the comet, and several probes were launched to do so. The Soviet Vega 1 started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986, and the first ever of its nucleus, and made"
"much farther the balloon traveled after the final communication. After their encounters, the Vegas' motherships used the gravity of Venus, also known as a gravity assist, to intercept Halley's Comet. Images started to be returned on March 4, 1986, and were used to help pinpoint Giotto's close flyby of the comet. The early images from Vega showed two bright areas on the comet, which were initially interpreted as a double nucleus. The bright areas would later turn out to be two jets emitting from the comet. The images also showed the nucleus to be dark, and the infrared spectrometer readings"
"a comet; in this case, to Halley's Comet during its 1985–86 journey through the inner Solar System. It was also the first massive international coordination of space probes on an interplanetary mission, with probes specifically launched by the Soviet (now Russian) Space Agency, European Space Agency, and Japan's ISAS (now integrated with NASDA to JAXA). Originally a solar observatory in the International Sun-Earth Explorer series, it was sent into solar orbit to make the first close observations of a comet, Comet Giacobini–Zinner, in 1985 as a prelude to studies of Halley's Comet. Two Russian/French spacecraft. They dropped landers and balloons"
"photographs of the nucleus at closest approach. ""Giotto""s trajectory was adjusted for an Earth flyby and its science instruments were turned off on 15 March 1986 at 02:00 UTC. ""Giotto"" was commanded to wake up on 2 July 1990 when it flew by Earth in order to sling shot to its next cometary encounter. The probe then flew by the Comet Grigg-Skjellerup on 10 July 1992 which it approached to a distance of about 200 km. Afterwards, Giotto was again switched off on 23 July 1992. In 1999 ""Giotto"" made another Earth flyby but was not reactivated. Images showed Halley's"
"Originally International Sun-Earth Explorer 3, the probe was renamed and freed from its Lagrangian point location in Earth's orbit to intercept comets 21P/Giacobini-Zinner and Halley. Two Space Shuttle missions—the ill-fated STS-51-L (ended by the ""Challenger"" disaster) and STS-61-E—were scheduled to observe Halley's Comet from low Earth orbit. STS-51-L carried the Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN-203) satellite, also called the Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable (HCED). STS-61-E was a ""Columbia"" mission scheduled for March 1986, carrying the ASTRO-1 platform to study the comet. Due to the suspension of America's manned space program after the ""Challenger"" explosion, the mission was canceled, and ASTRO-1"
"medieval European chroniclers, but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time. The comet's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley, after whom it is now named. During its 1986 apparition, Halley's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft, providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation. These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction, particularly Fred Whipple's ""dirty snowball"" model, which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture"
"Vega program The Vega program (Cyrillic: ВеГа) was a series of Venus missions that also took advantage of the appearance of comet 1P/Halley in 1986. ""Vega 1"" and ""Vega 2"" were unmanned spacecraft launched in a cooperative effort among the Soviet Union (who provided the spacecraft and launch vehicle) and Austria, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Federal Republic of Germany in December 1984. They had a two-part mission to investigate Venus and also flyby Halley's Comet. The flyby of Halley's Comet had been a late mission change in the Venera program following on from"
"Earth. This comet only can be seen from Earth every 76 years, and could be seen in 1986, named after the astronomer Edmond Halley. It was succeeded as Turkish representative at the 1987 contest by Seyyal Taner & Grup Lokomotif with ""Şarkım Sevgi Üstüne"". This article was based on information from: Diggiloo net Halley (song) ""Halley"" was the Turkish entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 in Bergen, Norway. It was sung by Klips ve Onlar in Turkish. On the night of the final, the song performed in the eighth position (following Netherlands's Frizzle Sizzle singing ""Alles heeft ritme"" and"
"space group realized the instrument mapping the sky in ultraviolet light from the European satellite TD-1A. This mapping led to catalogs containing new information on more than 30,000 hot stars. CSL studied and realized prototypes of some detectors of the Hubble Space Telescope. In the early 1980s, CSL participated in the development of the ""Halley Multicolour Camera"", which embarked aboard the spacecraft Giotto, photographed the nucleus of Halley's Comet in 1986. Since 1988, CSL has been prime contractor for the instrument ""Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope"" launched on the satellite NASA / ESA SOHO in 1995; it photographed the solar corona."
"fleet kept the shuttles on the ground for nearly three years. The returning Halley's comet is met by a fleet of five probes from Russia, Japan, and Europe. The most ambitious is the European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft, which flies through the comet's coma and photographs the nucleus. The Magellan probe, launched by NASA, arrives at Venus and spends three years mapping the planet with radar. Magellan is the first in a new wave of probes that include Galileo, which arrives at Jupiter in 1995, and Cassini which arrives at Saturn in 2004. The Hubble Space Telescope, the first large"
"on its side wedged into a dark crevice of the comet, explaining the lack of electrical power to establish proper communication with the orbiter. During the 1986 approach of Halley's Comet, international space probes were sent to explore the comet, most prominent among them being ESA's ""Giotto"". After the probes returned valuable scientific information, it became obvious that follow-ons were needed that would shed more light on cometary composition and answer new questions. Both ESA and NASA started cooperatively developing new probes. The NASA project was the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission. The ESA project was the follow-on Comet"
"Soviet Union's ""Vega 1"" and ""Vega 2"") that flew through the coma of Halley's Comet in 1986, photographed the nucleus, and observed jets of evaporating material. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on the dwarf planet Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory. The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to ""sprout jets and plumes"". According to one of the scientists, ""The lines are becoming more and more blurred between"
"the comet as it became more active. The last communication was on 9 July 2015, and mission controllers were unable to instruct ""Philae"" to carry out new investigations. Subsequently, ""Philae"" failed to respond to further commands, and by January 2016, controllers acknowledged no further communications were likely. On 27 July 2016, at 09:00 UTC, ESA switched off the Electrical Support System Processor Unit (ESS) onboard ""Rosetta"", making further communications with ""Philae"" impossible. The lander was located on 2 September 2016 by the narrow-angle camera aboard ""Rosetta"" as it was slowly making its descent to the comet. The search for the"
"7400 km. The probe continued to operate in the daytime until the final transmission was received at 00:38 UT on 17 June from 7.5 S, 76.3 E after a total traverse distance of 11,100 km. It is not known how much further the balloon traveled after the final communication. After their encounters, the Vegas' motherships were redirected by Venus' gravity to intercept Halley's Comet. The spacecraft initiated its encounter on March 7, 1986 by taking 100 photos of the comet from a distance of . Vega 2 made its closest approach at 07:20 UT on March 9, 1986 at ."
"jointly by the USSR and France, and an X-ray spectroscope on board. It could take UV spectra 150-350 nm. Placed into an orbit with an apogee of it could make observations outside the Earth's umbra and radiation belt. Among the most important observations by Astron were those of the SN 1987A supernova on March 4–12, 1987 and of Halley's Comet in December, 1985, that allowed a group of Soviet scientists to develop a model of the coma surrounding Halley's Comet. Astron (spacecraft) Astron was a Soviet spacecraft launched on 23 March 1983 at 12:45:06 UTC, using Proton launcher, which was"
"after which it would remain in a heliocentric orbit for later use as long as it was viable. ""Suisei"" began UV observations in November 1985, generating up to 6 images/day. The spacecraft encountered Comet Halley at 151,000 km on sunward side during March 8, 1986, suffering only 2 dust impacts. Fifteen burns of ""Suisei""s 3 N motors during the period of April 5–10, 1987, yielded a 65 m/s velocity increase for a 60,000 km Earth gravity assist swingby on August 20, 1992, although the craft was then lost behind the Sun for the summer. The hydrazine fuel was depleted on"
"1.1 AU. March 20, 1986 Flew within 12.3 million kilometers of Halley's Comet and monitored the interaction between the cometary hydrogen tail and the solar wind. It discovered He+ plasma produced by charge exchange of solar wind He++ with neutral cometary material. March 31, 1995 Tracked successfully. The spacecraft and one of the science instruments were still functioning. December 13, 1967 Launched at 14:08:00 UTC from Cape Canaveral into solar orbit with a mean distance of 1.1 AU from the Sun. August 22, 1996 The spacecraft commanded to switch to the backup TWT. Downlink signal was re-acquired, one of the"
"SSR. Both Vega 1 and 2 were three-axis stabilized spacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dual bumper shield for dust protection from Halley's Comet. The descent module arrived at Venus on 15 June 1985, two days after being released from the Vega 2 flyby probe. The module, a , 240 cm diameter sphere, contained a surface lander and a balloon explorer. The flyby probe performed a gravitational assist maneuver using Venus, and continued its mission to intercept the comet. The surface lander was identical to that of Vega 1 as well as the previous six ""Venera"" missions. The objective"
"with ""Stardust"" intercepting comet Tempel 1, a small Solar System body previously visited by ""Deep Impact"" in 2005. ""Stardust"" ceased operations in March 2011. On 14 August 2014, scientists announced the identification of possible interstellar dust particles from the ""Stardust"" capsule returned to Earth in 2006. Beginning in the 1980s, scientists began seeking a dedicated mission to study a comet. During the early 1990s, several missions to study comet Halley became the first successful missions to return close-up data. However, the US cometary mission, Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby, was canceled for budgetary reasons. In the mid-1990s, further support was given"
"Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Kazakh SSR. Both Vega 1 and 2 were three-axis stabilized spacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dual bumper shield for dust protection from Halley's comet. The descent module arrived at Venus on 11 June 1985, two days after being released from the Vega 1 flyby probe. The module, a 1500 kg, 240 cm diameter sphere, contained a surface lander and a balloon explorer. The flyby probe performed a gravitational assist maneuver using Venus, and continued its mission to intercept the comet. The surface lander was identical to that of Vega 2 as well as the previous"
"1758. While he had personally observed the comet around perihelion in September 1682, Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return. Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by Johann Georg Palitzsch, a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759, the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days. This effect was computed prior to its return (with a one-month error to 13 April) by a team of three French mathematicians, Alexis"
"had not been detected by earlier probe missions. After their encounters, the Vega motherships were redirected by Venus's gravity to intercept Comet Halley. Vega 1 made its closest approach on March 6, around 8,890 km from the nucleus, and ""Vega 2"" made its closest approach on March 9 at 8,030 km. The data intensive examination of the comet covered only the three hours around closest approach. They were intended to measure the physical parameters of the nucleus, such as dimensions, shape, temperature and surface properties, as well as to study the structure and dynamics of the coma, the gas composition"
"third comet past perihelion in 1986 (1986 III); and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 (provisional designation 1982i). The perihelion dates of each apparition are shown. The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects. Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the Julian calendar, while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the Gregorian calendar. Halley's Comet is visible from Earth every 74–79 years. Halley's Comet Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is"
"through its coma. In March 1986, ICE, along with Soviet probes ""Vega 1"" and ""Vega 2"", ISAS probes ""Sakigake"" and ""Suisei"" and ESA probe ""Giotto"" flew by the nucleus of Halley's Comet. In 1992, ""Giotto"" also visited another NEC, 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup. In November 2010, the NASA probe ""Deep Impact"" flew by the near-Earth comet 103P/Hartley. Earlier, in July 2005, this probe flew by the non-near-Earth comet Tempel 1, hitting it with a large copper mass. In August 2014, ESA probe ""Rosetta"" began orbiting near-Earth comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, while its lander ""Philae"" landed on its surface in November 2014. After the end of"
"Johann Georg Palitzsch Johann Georg Palitzsch (11 June 1723 – 21 February 1788) was a German astronomer who became famous for recovering Comet 1P/Halley (better known as Halley's Comet) on Christmas Day, 1758. The periodic nature of this comet had been deduced by its namesake Edmond Halley in 1705, but Halley had died before seeing if his prediction would come true. Raised to become a successful farmer under a strict stepfather, Palitzsch secretly studied as much astronomy as he could from the books he could afford. He learned contemporary astronomy from the book “Vorhof der Sternwissenschaft” (“The Forecourt of Astronomy”)"
"Johann Georg Palitzsch Johann Georg Palitzsch (11 June 1723 – 21 February 1788) was a German astronomer who became famous for recovering Comet 1P/Halley (better known as Halley's Comet) on Christmas Day, 1758. The periodic nature of this comet had been deduced by its namesake Edmond Halley in 1705, but Halley had died before seeing if his prediction would come true. Raised to become a successful farmer under a strict stepfather, Palitzsch secretly studied as much astronomy as he could from the books he could afford. He learned contemporary astronomy from the book “Vorhof der Sternwissenschaft” (“The Forecourt of Astronomy”)"
"After subsequent imaging sessions on 7 and 8 March 1986, Vega 1 headed out to deep space. In total Vega 1 and Vega 2 returned about 1500 images of Comet Halley. Vega 1 ran out of attitude control propellant on 30 January 1987, and contact with Vega 2 continued until 24 March 1987. Vega 1 is currently in heliocentric orbit, with perihelion of 0.70 AU, aphelion of 0.98 AU, eccentricity of 0.17, inclination of 2.3 degrees and orbital period of 281 days. Vega 1 Vega 1 (along with its twin Vega 2) is a Soviet space probe part of the"
"studied from Earth sometimes with centuries-worth of observations, only a few comets have been closely visited. In 1985, the ""International Cometary Explorer"" conducted the first comet fly-by (21P/Giacobini-Zinner) before joining the Halley Armada studying the famous comet. The ""Deep Impact"" probe smashed into 9P/Tempel to learn more about its structure and composition and the ""Stardust"" mission returned samples of another comet's tail. The ""Philae"" lander successfully landed on Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014 as part of the broader ""Rosetta"" mission. ""Hayabusa"" was an unmanned spacecraft developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to return a sample of material from the small"
"of Space and Astronautical Science for the National Space Development Agency (both of which are now part of the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA). It became a part of the Halley Armada together with Suisei, the Soviet/French Vega probes, the ESA Giotto and the NASA International Cometary Explorer, to explore Halley's Comet during its 1986 sojourn through the inner Solar System. Unlike its twin ""Suisei"", it carried no imaging instruments in its instrument payload. ""Sakigake"" was launched January 7, 1985 from Kagoshima Space Center by M-3SII-1 launch vehicle. It carried out a flyby of Halley's Comet on March 11,"
"these gases) for hydrogen and argon than for those gases on earth. These isotopic ratio differences have had large implications on models of the nature of the solar nebula and the formation of the present (secondary) atmospheres of the terrestrial planets. Hoffman was a member of the team who flew a mass spectrometer on the European Space Agency's Giotto mission to Halley's Comet in 1986. This instrument was developed by laboratories in four countries, three European and at UT Dallas. It measured both the neutral and ionized constituents of the comet's coma. The coma contains, besides water vapor and H30"
"for dust protection from Halley's comet. ""Vega 1"" arrived at Venus on June 11, 1985 and ""Vega 2"" on June 15, 1985, and each delivered a , 240 cm diameter spherical descent unit. The units were released some days before each arrived at Venus and entered the atmosphere without active inclination changes. Each contained a lander and a balloon explorer. The landers were identical to that of the previous five ""Venera"" missions and were to study the atmosphere and surface, each had instruments to study temperature, pressure, a UV spectrometer, a water concentration meter, a gas-phase chromatograph, an X-ray spectrometer,"
"International Halley Watch Halley's Comet, named after English astronomer Edmund Halley who first demonstrated its periodicity, returns to the vicinity of the Sun and Earth approximately every 76 years. Since comets are believed to be the most primordial objects in the solar system, their study is of great importance to planetary science. At the time of the 1986 return (technically, ""apparition"") of the comet, astronomical telescopes and related instrumentation were vastly more sensitive than for any previous apparition. Consequently, the International Halley Watch (IHW) was organized to stimulate, standardize, collect, and archive observations of the comet. The initial plans were"