"breathing during sleep. Usually, any medical condition where the airway is blocked during sleeping, like obstructive sleep apnea, may give rise to snoring. Snoring, when not associated with an obstructive phenomenon is known as primary snoring. Apart from the specific condition of obstructive sleep apnea, other causes of snoring include alcohol intake prior to sleeping, stuffy nose, sinusitis, obesity, long tongue or uvula, large tonsil or adenoid, smaller lower jaw, deviated nasal septum, asthma, smoking and sleeping on one's back. Primary snoring is also known as ""simple"" or ""benign"" snoring, and is not associated with sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea"
"comes from the name of his Latin counterpart, Somnus. (in- ""not"" + somnus ""sleep""), as well as a few less-common words such as ""somnolent"", meaning sleepy or tending to cause sleep and hypersomnia meaning excessive sleep, which can be caused by many conditions (known as secondary hypersomnia) or a rare sleep disorder causing excessive sleep with unknown cause, called Idiopathic Hypersomnia. 3D model of ""Bronze head of Hypnos"" via laser scan of a cast of British Museum's bronze. Hypnos In Greek mythology, Hypnos (; , ""sleep"") is the personification of sleep; the Roman equivalent is known as Somnus. In the"
"ventilatory support. Apnea testing carries the risk of arrhythmias, worsening hemodynamic instability, or metabolic acidosis beyond the level of recovery and can potentially make the patient unsuitable for organ donation. In this situation a confirmatory test is warranted as it is unsafe to perform the apnea test. The word ""apnea"" uses combining forms of ""a-"" + ""-pnea"", from Greek , from ἀ-, privative, πνέειν, to breathe. See pronunciation information at ""dyspnea"". Apnea Apnea or apnoea is the cessation of breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged."
"means ""speechlessness"", derived from ἄφατος ""aphatos"", ""speechless"" from ἀ- ""a-"", ""not, un"" and φημί ""phemi"", ""I speak"". Research is currently being done using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to witness the difference in how language is processed in normal brains vs aphasic brains. This will help researchers to understand exactly what the brain must go through in order to recover from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and how different areas of the brain respond after such an injury. Another intriguing approach being tested is that of drug therapy. Research is in progress that will hopefully uncover whether or not certain drugs"
"combining forms of ""ortho-"" + ""-pnea"", from Greek ""ortho"", straight, regular, + ""pnoia"", breath. See pronunciation information at ""dyspnea"". Orthopnea Orthopnea or orthopnoea is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair. It is commonly seen as a late manifestation of heart failure, resulting from fluid redistribution into the central circulation, causing an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure. It is also seen in cases of abdominal obesity or pulmonary disease. Orthopnea is the opposite of platypnea, shortness of breath that worsens when sitting"
"excessive daytime sleepiness, shift work sleep disorder, and others; and there are medical codes for somnolence as viewed as a disorder. Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, microsleeps may be experienced. In individuals deprived of sleep, somnolence may spontaneously dissipate for short periods of time; this phenomenon is the second wind, and results from the normal cycling of the circadian rhythm interfering with the processes the body carries out to prepare itself to rest. The word ""somnolence"" is derived from the Latin ""somnus"" meaning"
"cardiac arrest due to hypoxia. It is a cardinal feature of congestive heart failure. The term edema is from the Greek (oídēma, ""swelling""), from οἰδέω (oidéō, ""I swell""). The most common symptom of pulmonary edema is difficulty breathing, but may include other symptoms such as coughing up blood (classically seen as pink, frothy sputum), excessive sweating, anxiety, and pale skin. Shortness of breath can manifest as orthopnea (inability to lie down flat due to breathlessness) and/or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (episodes of severe sudden breathlessness at night). These are common presenting symptoms of chronic pulmonary edema due to left ventricular failure."
"Paroxysmal attack Paroxysmal attacks or paroxysms (from Greek παροξυσμός) are a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms, such as a spasm or seizure. These short, frequent, symptoms can be observed in various clinical conditions. They are usually associated with multiple sclerosis or pertussis, but they may also be observed in other disorders such as encephalitis, head trauma, stroke, asthma, trigeminal neuralgia, breath-holding spells, epilepsy, malaria, tabes dorsalis, and Behçet's disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It has also been noted as a symptom of gratification disorder in children. The word paroxysm means ""sudden attack, outburst"", and comes from the Greek παροξυσμός"
"Smooth breathing The smooth breathing (; ""psilí""; ) is a diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography. In ancient Greek, it marks the absence of the voiceless glottal fricative from the beginning of a word. Some authorities have interpreted it as representing a glottal stop, but a final vowel at the end of a word is regularly elided (removed) when the following word starts with a vowel and elision would not happen if the second word began with a glottal stop (or any other form of stop consonant). In his ""Vox Graeca"", W. Sidney Allen accordingly regards the glottal stop interpretation"
"Hypopnea Hypopnoea is overly shallow breathing or an abnormally low respiratory rate. Hypopnea is defined by some to be less severe than apnea (the complete cessation of breathing), while other researchers have discovered hypopnea to have a ""similar if not indistinguishable impact"" on the negative outcomes of sleep breathing disorders. In sleep clinics, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome is normally diagnosed based on the frequent presence of apneas and/or hypopneas rather than differentiating between the two phenomena. Hypopnea is typically defined by a decreased amount of air movement into the lungs and can cause oxygen levels"
"effective form of breathing, which maximizes air intake, and minimizes muscular effort. During eupnea, neural output to respiratory muscles is highly regular, with rhythmic bursts of activity during inspiration only to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. The word ""eupnea"" uses combining forms of ""eu-"" + ""-pnea"", from Greek ""eupnoia"", from ""eu-"", ""well"" + ""pnoia"", ""breath"". See pronunciation information at ""dyspnea"". Eupnea In the mammalian respiratory system, eupnea or eupnoea is normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as ""quiet breathing"" or ""resting respiratory rate"". In eupnea, expiration employs only the elastic recoil of the lungs. Eupnea is the natural breathing"
"plosion (a release burst). In English, for example, there are stops with no audible release, such as the in ""apt"". However, pulmonic stops do have plosion in other environments. In Ancient Greek, the term for stop was (""áphōnon""), which means ""unpronounceable"", ""voiceless"", or ""silent"", because stops could not be pronounced without a vowel. This term was calqued into Latin as , and from there borrowed into English as ""mute"". ""Mute"" was sometimes used instead for voiceless consonants, whether stops or fricatives, a usage that was later replaced with ""surd"", from Latin ""deaf"" or ""silent"", a term still occasionally seen in"
"evidence to recommend midazolam, nebulised opioids, the use of gas mixtures, or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Shortness of breath is the primary reason 3.5% of people present to the emergency department in the United States. Of these individuals, approximately 51% are admitted to the hospital and 13% are dead within a year. Some studies have suggested that up to 27% of people suffer from dyspnea, while in dying patients 75% will experience it. Acute shortness of breath is the most common reason people requiring palliative care visit an emergency department. English ""dyspnea"" comes from Latin ""dyspnoea"", from Greek ""dyspnoia"", from ""dyspnoos"", which"
"Apneustic respirations Apneustic respiration ( apneusis) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release. Accompanying signs and symptoms may include decerebrate posturing; fixed, dilated pupils; coma or profound stupor; quadriparesis; absent corneal reflex; negative oculocephalic reflex; and obliteration of the gag reflex. It is caused by damage to the pons or upper medulla caused by strokes or trauma. Specifically, concurrent removal of input from the vagus nerve and the pneumotaxic center causes this pattern of breathing. It is an ominous sign, with a generally poor"
"Neuroleptanalgesic The word neuroleptic originates from the Greek word lepsis (""seizure""). Antipsychotics ( neuroleptics or tranquilizers) were investigated by the anesthesiologists De Castro and Mundeleer who coined the term neuroleptanalgesia, an anesthetic process that involves combining a major neuroleptic tranquilizer/antipsychotic with a potent opioid analgesic to produce a detached, pain-free state. This technique was widely used from the 1960s onwards, initially using a combination of phenoperidine and haloperidol, which was subsequently replaced in the early 1980s by a combination of fentanyl and droperidol. Efforts were also made to develop compounds which combined both types of activity in a single molecule."
"as in trauma, prehospital care, robotic surgery or extreme environments). Anesthesia Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek ""without sensation"") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized. Anesthesia enables the painless performance of medical procedures that would otherwise cause severe or intolerable pain to an unanesthetized patient, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. Three broad categories of anesthesia exist:"
"sensations in other parts of the body. Many of the patients with BMS met the classification of restless leg syndrome (RLS). About half of these patients also had a family history of RLS. These results suggest that some BMS symptoms may be caused by the same pathway as RLS in some patients, indicating that dopaminergic drugs regularly used to treat RLS may be effective in treating BMS as well. Dysesthesia Dysesthesia (or dysaesthesia) comes from the Greek word ""dys"", meaning ""not-normal"" and ""aesthesis"", which means ""sensation"" (abnormal sensation). It is defined as an unpleasant, abnormal sense of touch. It often"
"Sleep paralysis Sleep paralysis is when, during awakening or falling asleep, a person is aware but unable to move or speak. During an episode, one may hallucinate (hear, feel, or see things that are not there), which often result in fear. Episodes generally last less than a couple of minutes. It may occur as a single episode or be recurrent. The condition may occur in those who are otherwise healthy, those with narcolepsy, or may run in families as a result of specific genetic changes. The condition can be triggered by sleep deprivation, psychological stress, or abnormal sleep cycles. The"
"of breath holding at the risk of shallow water blackout (which is a significant cause of drowning) as while air hunger is reduced the oxygen levels are not increased, in fact hypocapnia reduces the oxygen levels available to the brain due to the elevated affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin (Bohr effect) hence highly increasing the chances of blackout. Hypocapnia Hypocapnia or hypocapnea (from the Greek words υπό meaning ""below normal"" and καπνός ""kapnós"" meaning ""smoke""), also known as hypocarbia, sometimes incorrectly called acapnia, is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia usually results from deep or rapid"
"Agonal respiration Agonal respiration, gasping respiration or agonal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex characterized by gasping, labored breathing, accompanied by strange vocalizations and myoclonus. Possible causes include cerebral ischemia, extreme hypoxia (inadequate oxygen supply to tissue) or even anoxia (total depletion of oxygen). Agonal breathing is an extremely serious medical sign requiring immediate medical attention, as the condition generally progresses to complete apnea and heralds death. The duration of agonal respiration can be as brief as two breaths or last up to several hours. The term is sometimes (inaccurately) used to refer to labored, gasping"
"being in the form of a beautiful maiden”, and epilepsy, from the Greek word ""epilepsis"", meaning “a seizure”. Though the root of nympholepsy implies a fit or seizure, according to Socrates, as presented in the writings of Plato, a person could experience nympholepsy without any “tearing of clothes, the biting of lips, or convulsions, or frenzies”. Plato implies in his writings that nympholepsy showed itself in others by “heightened awareness and eloquence”. Ancient Greece also had the word ""nymphleptos"", meaning “caught by nymphs”. Nymphs were known as female spirits of the natural world, and were minor goddesses of various aspects"
"Asystole Asystole (1860, from Modern Latin, from Greek privative a ""not, without"" + ""systolē"" ""contraction"") is the absence of ventricular contractions (note: this is in the context of a lethal heart arrhythmia, not an induced asystole on a cooled patient on a heart-lung machine and general anesthesia, during surgery necessitating stopping the heart). Asystole is the most serious form of cardiac arrest and is usually irreversible. A cardiac flatline is the state of total cessation of electrical activity from the heart, which means no tissue contraction from the heart muscle and therefore no blood flow to the rest of the"
"Anesthesia Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek ""without sensation"") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized. Anesthesia enables the painless performance of medical procedures that would otherwise cause severe or intolerable pain to an unanesthetized patient, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. Three broad categories of anesthesia exist: In preparing for a medical procedure, the clinician chooses one"
"Rough breathing In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing ( or ""daseîa""; ""dasía""; Latin ""spīritus asper""), is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an sound before a vowel, diphthong, or after rho. It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the Hellenistic period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language. In the monotonic orthography of Modern Greek phonology, in use since 1982, it is not used at all. The absence of an sound is marked by the smooth breathing. The rough breathing comes from the left-hand half of the letter H. In some"
"possession. The ""pneuma alalon"" is a speechless spirit who renders the possessed mute (Greek ""alalon,"" ""without speech""). It thus differs from most possessing demons, who are given to taunts and mockery (""diabolos"", the origin of both ""diabolic"" and ""Devil,"" means ""slanderer"" in Greek). relates that a boy is brought to Jesus for healing because he cannot speak; verse 25 adds that he cannot hear. This demonic possession manifests itself through symptoms that resemble epilepsy, as is suggested also by , who uses a form of the colloquial verb ""seleniazetai"" (""moonstruck"") for the condition. Although traditionally epilepsy was regarded as ""the"
"Egersis Egersis, in medical terminology, is an extreme state of alert wakefulness, often used in the context of insomnia. This Greek word is usually translated as a rousing up, a rising, and/or an excitation. In Christian theology it's a stand in for ""Resurrection"". The word ""egersis"" appears once in the Christian New Testament at Matthew 27:53. ""Egeiro"", a form of the same word meaning, appears a few times in the new testament. There has been some scholarly debate as to the exegetical interpretation of egersis with respect to the Christian resurrection. In the theology of the ancient Greeks, the egersis"
"Apnea Apnea or apnoea is the cessation of breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged. Depending on how blocked the airways are (patency), there may or may not be a flow of gas between the lungs and the environment; gas exchange within the lungs and cellular respiration is not affected. Voluntarily doing this is called holding one's breath. Apnea can be involuntarily achieved, drug-induced (such as opiate toxicity or tryptamine toxicity), mechanically induced (for example, by strangulation or choking), or it can occur as a consequence"
"Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) refers to attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night. It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. Though simple orthopnea may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs dangling, in those with PND, coughing and wheezing often persist in this position. PND is caused in part by the depression of the respiratory center during sleep, which may reduce arterial oxygen tension, particularly in patients with interstitial lung disease and reduced pulmonary compliance. Similar"
"Oneirophrenia Oneirophrenia (from the Greek words ""ὄνειρος"" (""oneiros"", ""dream"") and ""φρήν"" (""phrēn"", ""mind"")) is a hallucinatory, dream-like state caused by several conditions such as prolonged sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, or drugs (such as ibogaine). Oneirophrenia is often confused with an acute case of schizophrenia due to the onset of hallucinations. The severity of this condition can range from derealization to complete hallucinations and delusions. Oneirophrenia was described for the first time in the 1950s but was studied more in the 1960s. Although it is still cited in diagnostic manuals of psychiatry, such as DSM-IV and in the International Statistical Classification"
"made easier with well-categorized stimuli and helps to increase the availability or retrieval cues that in turn help to generate the to-be-remembered items. The phenomenon of hypermnesia is one that continues to be examined, particularly in terms of its generalization. The term ""hypnosis"" is derived from the Greek word ""hypnos"", which means ""sleep"". When in a state of hypnosis, otherwise known as a trance, one experiences deep relaxation and altered consciousness. This trance is particularly characterized by extreme suggestibility and heightened imagination. Within this state, individuals have complete free will and are indeed fully conscious, however they become hyperattentive to"
"Enuresis Enuresis (from the Ancient Greek ἐνούρησις ""enoúrēsis"") is a repeated inability to control urination. Use of the term is usually limited to describing people old enough to be expected to exercise such control. Involuntary urination is also known as urinary incontinence. Types of enuresis include: Classification Nocturnal enuresis usually presents with voiding of a lot urine during sleep in a child in whom it is difficult to awake. It also may be accompanied by bladder dysfunction during the day which is termed non-mono symptomatic enuresis. Day time enuresis also known as urinary incontinence may also be accompanied by bladder"
"Breather In physics, a breather is a nonlinear wave in which energy concentrates in a localized and oscillatory fashion. This contradicts with the expectations derived from the corresponding linear system for infinitesimal amplitudes, which tends towards an even distribution of initially localized energy. A discrete breather is a breather solution on a nonlinear lattice. The term breather originates from the characteristic that most breathers are localized in space and oscillate (breathe) in time. But also the opposite situation: oscillations in space and localized in time, is denoted as a breather. A breather is a localized periodic solution of either continuous"
"Asphyxia Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing. An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which affects primarily the tissues and organs. There are many circumstances that can induce asphyxia, all of which are characterized by an inability of an individual to acquire sufficient oxygen through breathing for an extended period of time. Asphyxia can cause coma or death. In 2015 about 9.8 million cases of unintentional suffocation occurred which resulted in 35,600 deaths. The word asphyxia is from Ancient Greek ""without"" and ,"