"and political processes occurring at the time. Francis Galton invented the term ""eugenics"" in 1883, building it from its Latin roots meaning ""good in birth"" or ""noble in heredity"". ""The science of eugenics was concerned with the improvement of the human standard and focused on the influence that would give 'the more suitable races or strain of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable'"". Eugenicists were concerned with managing the direction human evolution would take: natural selection, about which Galton's cousin Charles Darwin wrote, was insufficient to deal with the needs of modern society. If left"
"to geneticists seeing this as impractical pseudoscience. A shift from voluntary arrangements to ""negative"" eugenics included compulsory sterilisation laws in the United States, copied by Nazi Germany as the basis for Nazi eugenics based on virulent racism and ""racial hygiene"".() Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with"
"is superficially related to what would later be known as Social Darwinism. While both claimed intelligence was hereditary, eugenics asserted new policies were needed to actively change the status quo towards a more ""eugenic"" state, while the Social Darwinists argued society itself would naturally ""check"" the problem of ""dysgenics"" if no welfare policies were in place (for example, the poor might reproduce more but would have higher mortality rates). Charles Davenport (1866-1944), a scientist from the United States, stands out as one of history's leading eugenicists. He took eugenics from a scientific idea to a worldwide movement implemented in many"
"impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed land tenure; Despite the fact that Social Darwinism bears Charles Darwin's name, it is also linked today with others, notably Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus, and Francis Galton, the founder of eugenics. In fact, Spencer was not described as a social Darwinist until the 1930s, long after his death. The social Darwinism term first appeared in Europe in 1880, the journalist Emilie Gautier had coined the term with reference to a health conference in Berlin 1877. Around 1900 it was used by sociologists, some being opposed to the concept. The term"
"known. However, Gregor Mendel's work with inheritance patterns in peas had been rediscovered in 1900 and the eugenics movement, based on artificial selection, was well established. Huxley's family included a number of prominent biologists including Thomas Huxley, half-brother and Nobel Laureate Andrew Huxley, and his brother Julian Huxley who was a biologist and involved in the eugenics movement. Nonetheless, Huxley emphasises conditioning over breeding (nurture versus nature); human embryos and fetuses are conditioned through a carefully designed regimen of chemical (such as exposure to hormones and toxins), thermal (exposure to intense heat or cold, as one's future career would dictate),"
"has been claimed that Noyes coined the term two decades before Francis Galton created the term ""eugenics"". In 1904, Galton claimed that he had first come up with the term and ""deliberately changed it for eugenics,""<ref name =""http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm""></ref> a claim supported in print shortly thereafter by George Willis Cooke.<ref name =""https://books.google.com/books?id=OvcfAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1268&dq=stirpiculture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXs9Lcro_dAhVHL6wKHfquAoo4FBDoAQguMAE#v=onepage&q=stirpiculture&f=false""></ref> In his 1883 book Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development, Galton noted that his new term ""eugenics"" was a suitable replacement for the older term ""viriculture"" that he had invented, suggesting that he had confused the two terms ""viriculture"" and ""stripiculture."" Until the late 1860s, John Humphrey Noyes"
"Darwinists in suggesting that charity could exacerbate social problems. Another of these social interpretations of Darwin's biological views, later known as eugenics, was put forth by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, in 1865 and 1869. Galton argued that just as physical traits were clearly inherited among generations of people, the same could be said for mental qualities (genius and talent). Galton argued that social morals needed to change so that heredity was a conscious decision in order to avoid both the over-breeding by less fit members of society and the under-breeding of the more fit ones. In Galton's view, social institutions"
"this aspect of eugenics was tainted with scientific racism and pseudoscience. Early eugenists were mostly concerned with factors of perceived intelligence that often correlated strongly with social class. Some of these early eugenists include Karl Pearson and Walter Weldon, who worked on this at the University College London. Eugenics also had a place in medicine. In his lecture ""Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics"", Karl Pearson said that everything concerning eugenics fell into the field of medicine. He basically placed the two words as equivalents. He was supported in part by the fact that Francis Galton, the father of eugenics, also"
"The extinct organisms could then be observed in the fossil record, and their replacements were considered to be immutable. Darwin's extended family of Darwins and Wedgwoods was strongly Unitarian. One of his grandfathers, Erasmus Darwin, was a successful physician, and was followed in this by his sons Charles Darwin, who died while still a promising medical student at the University of Edinburgh in 1778, and Doctor Robert Darwin, Darwin's father, who named his son after his deceased brother. Erasmus was a freethinker who hypothesized that all warm-blooded animals sprang from a single living ""filament"" long, long ago. He further proposed"
"Leonard Darwin Major Leonard Darwin (15 January 1850 – 26 March 1943), a son of the English naturalist Charles Darwin, was variously a soldier, politician and economist. He was also a noted eugenicist and the mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher. Leonard Darwin was born in 1850 in Down House in Kent, England into the wealthy Darwin-Wedgwood family. He was the fourth son and eighth child of the naturalist Charles Darwin and his wife Emma (née Wedgwood), and the last of Darwin's immediate offspring to die. He considered himself the least intelligent of their children (brothers Frank,"
"Robert Darwin Robert Waring Darwin (30 May 1766 – 13 November 1848) was an English medical doctor, who today is best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin. He was a member of the influential Darwin-Wedgwood family. Darwin was born in Lichfield, the son of Erasmus Darwin and his first wife, Mary Howard. He was named after his uncle, Robert Waring Darwin of Elston (1724–1816), a bachelor. His mother died in 1770 and Mary Parker, the governess hired to look after him, became his father's mistress and bore Erasmus two illegitimate daughters. In 1783 Darwin began his studies"
"of the sincerest, truest and most modest of men"". He is buried in St Mary the Virgin Churchyard, Downe, Kent. Erasmus Alvey Darwin Erasmus Alvey Darwin (29 December 1804 – 26 August 1881), nicknamed ""Eras"" or ""Ras"", was the older brother of Charles Darwin, born five years earlier. They were brought up at the family home, The Mount House, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. He was the only other son besides Charles, the fourth of six children of Susannah (""née"" Wedgwood) and Robert Darwin, and the grandson of Erasmus Darwin and of Josiah Wedgwood, a family of the Unitarian church. He was"
"understand the social endurance of a nation or country, Social Darwinism commonly refers to ideas that predate Darwin's publication of ""On the Origin of Species"". Others whose ideas are given the label include the 18th century clergyman Thomas Malthus, and Darwin's cousin Francis Galton who founded eugenics towards the end of the 19th century. The expansion of the British Empire fitted in with the broader notion of social Darwinism used from the 1870s onwards to account for the remarkable and universal phenomenon of ""the Anglo-Saxon overflowing his boundaries"", as phrased by the late-Victorian sociologist Benjamin Kidd in ""Social Evolution"", published"
"Homo Sapiens 1900 Homo Sapiens 1900 is a 1998 documentary directed by Peter Cohen, about various eugenics methods that were in practice in Europe during the first part of the 20th century. Eugenics is to be the scientific credo of the 20th century. The man credited with its invention, Francis Galton, says it is based on the concept that the evolution of man is crippled by the ill-conceived - those unfit to breed. The study of eugenics thus would concern itself with distinguishing the weed from the good flowers. Eugenics offers two approaches: positive eugenics, and negative eugenics. Positive eugenics"
"of Schelling and Goethe which paved the way for a nature-centric understanding of evolution. Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin, was born in Nottinghamshire on 12 December 1731 and died on 18 April 1802. He was a successful physician, botanist, and poet who contributed heavily to evolution theory through his works as a writer-naturalist. Though he is most often linked to the Age of Enlightenment and was an enthusiastic proponent of Materialism, Erasmus Darwin's literary contributions popularized interest in the natural world, connecting him to the Romantic movement as well. In the late 1770s, Erasmus Darwin diverged from his work"
"Charles Darwin (1758-1778) by blood the uncle of his namesake Charles Darwin the naturalist, but dying before his birth. A bust of Duncan by Lawrence MacDonald is held at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Andrew Duncan, the elder Andrew Duncan, the elder (17 October 1744 – 5 July 1828) FRSE FRCPE FSA(Scot) was a British physician and professor at Edinburgh University. He was joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Duncan was the second son of Andrew Duncan, merchant and shipmaster, of Crail, afterwards of St. Andrews, his mother being a daughter of Professor ""William Vilant"", and"
"they named him after his uncle and father, both medical men, Charles Robert Darwin. While he was a child they called him ""Bobby"", but he became known simply as Charles Darwin, eclipsing the memory of the short life of his uncle of that name. Charles Darwin (medical student) Charles Darwin (3 September 1758 – 15 May 1778) was the oldest son of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) and Mary Howard (1740–70), and was the uncle of the famous naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (though dying before his nephew's birth). He showed considerable promise while studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but died"
"Erasmus Darwin Erasmus Darwin (12 December 173118 April 1802) was an English physician. One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor and poet. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. Darwin was a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers. He turned down an invitation of George III's to become"
"Erasmus Alvey Darwin Erasmus Alvey Darwin (29 December 1804 – 26 August 1881), nicknamed ""Eras"" or ""Ras"", was the older brother of Charles Darwin, born five years earlier. They were brought up at the family home, The Mount House, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. He was the only other son besides Charles, the fourth of six children of Susannah (""née"" Wedgwood) and Robert Darwin, and the grandson of Erasmus Darwin and of Josiah Wedgwood, a family of the Unitarian church. He was a member of the semi-secretive Cambridge Apostles society, a debating club largely reserved for the brightest students. He was educated"
"a young medical student at Edinburgh, Charles Darwin (1758–1778), ""Experiments establishing a criterion between mucaginous and purulent matter. And an account of the retrograde motions of the absorbent vessels of animal bodies in some diseases."" This Charles Darwin was the eldest son of Erasmus Darwin and not his more famous nephew, Charles Robert Darwin. Wollaston prophetically foretold that if once an accurate knowledge were gained of the relative weights of elementary atoms, philosophers would not rest satisfied with the determination of mere numbers, but would have to gain a geometrical conception of how the elementary particles were placed in space."
"the Advancement of Science in Oxford. The paper references the work of Charles Darwin. Daubeny has been described as an earlier supporter of natural selection. Charles Daubeny Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny (11 February 179512 December 1867) was an English chemist, botanist and geologist. Daubeny was born at Stratton near Cirencester in Gloucestershire, the son of the Rev. James Daubeny. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, under Dr. John Kidd. From 1815 to 1818 he studied medicine in London and Edinburgh. He took his M.D. degree at Oxford, and was a fellow of the College of Physicians. In 1819, in the"
"Charles Darwin (medical student) Charles Darwin (3 September 1758 – 15 May 1778) was the oldest son of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) and Mary Howard (1740–70), and was the uncle of the famous naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (though dying before his nephew's birth). He showed considerable promise while studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but died while still a student. A memoir by his father recalled young Charles Darwin as having a precocious interest in science, from infancy being: Like his father, he suffered from a stammer as a child. In an attempt to cure this by learning the French"
"Zoonomia Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life (1794) is a two-volume medical work by Erasmus Darwin dealing with pathology, anatomy, psychology, and the functioning of the body. The book incorporates early ideas relating to the theory of evolution that were later more fully developed by his grandson, Charles Darwin. English Romantic poet William Wordsworth used Darwin's ""Zoonomia"" as the source for ""Goody Blake and Harry Gill"", a poem published in the ""Lyrical Ballads"" (1798). From thus meditating on the great similarity of the structure of the warm-blooded animals, and at the same time of the great changes they undergo"
"Francis Darwin Sir Francis ""Frank"" Darwin, , FRSE LLD (16 August 1848 – 19 September 1925), was a son of the British naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin. He, like his father, was a botanist. He was a brother of George Howard Darwin, Horace Darwin, and Leonard Darwin. Francis Darwin was born in Down House, Downe, Kent in 1848. He was the third son and seventh child of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma Wedgwood. He was educated at Clapham Grammar School. He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge, first studying mathematics, then changing to natural sciences, graduating in 1870. He"
"Darwin's pangenesis to the germ theory of disease. Ross cites the work of both Darwin and Spencer as key to his application of pangenetic theory. Darwin's half-cousin Francis Galton conducted wide-ranging inquiries into heredity which led him to refute Charles Darwin's hypothetical theory of pangenesis. In consultation with Darwin, he set out to see if gemmules were transported in the blood. In a long series of experiments from 1869 to 1871, he transfused the blood between dissimilar breeds of rabbits, and examined the features of their offspring. He found no evidence of characters transmitted in the transfused blood. Galton was"
"Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective"
"in the 1911 census. Erasmus Darwin IV Erasmus Darwin MA (7 December 1881 – 24 April 1915), grandson of the naturalist Charles Darwin, was an English businessman and soldier, killed in the First World War. Darwin was born in The Orchard, Cambridge, the son of Horace Darwin and his wife Ida (née Farrer), daughter of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer. Erasmus was Charles and Emma Darwin's second grandson after the birth of Bernard Darwin 5 years earlier. Charles wrote to Horace to congratulate them on the birth. However, Charles was unable to travel from his home at Down House in"
"cells where they could pass on to the next generation the newly acquired characteristics of the parents. Darwin's half-cousin, Francis Galton, carried out experiments on rabbits, with Darwin's cooperation, in which he transfused the blood of one variety of rabbit into another variety in the expectation that its offspring would show some characteristics of the first. They did not, and Galton declared that he had disproved Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, but Darwin objected, in a letter to the scientific journal ""Nature"", that he had done nothing of the sort, since he had never mentioned blood in his writings. He pointed"
"Euphenics Euphenics, which literally means ""good appearance"" or ""normal appearing"", is the science of making phenotypic improvements to humans after birth, generally to affect a problematic genetic condition. In the early 1960s, Joshua Lederberg invented the term euphenics to differentiate the practice from eugenics, which was widely unpopular at the time. He emphasized that the genetic manipulation he described was intended to work on phenotype rather than genotype; he felt it was more feasible to positively change an individual's genetics rather than attempt to change the course of evolution as eugenics proposed. Theodosius Dobzhansky, an outspoken proponent of euphenics, argued"
"Robert Darwin of Elston Robert Darwin of Elston (12 August 1682 — 20 November 1754) was an English lawyer and physician. He was the father of English physician Erasmus Darwin, and a great-grandfather of the famous English naturalist and geologist Charles Robert Darwin, best known for his contributions to evolution. It is with Robert Darwin of Elston that many biographies of his great-grandson begin. In 1718 Darwin discovered the first remains of a Jurassic reptile to be found; a partly fossilised plesiosaur, about 3 m long. The stone plate came from a quarry at Fulbeck and had been used, with"
"time, Cattell's thought was influenced by belief in eugenics, defined as the ""applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population, usually referring to human populations."" Cattell's belief in eugenics was heavily influenced by the research of Charles Darwin, whose theory of evolution motivated Cattell’s emphasis on studying “the psychology of individual differences”. In connection with his eugencist beliefs, Cattell's own research found that men of science were likely to have fathers who were clergymen or professors. Incidentally, Cattell's father was both. Cattell believed that he had “inherited"
"and continued to advance his eugenic theories. Nevertheless, Rüdin pioneered and refined complex techniques for conducting studies of inheritance, was widely cited in the international literature for decades, and is still regarded as ""the father of psychiatric genetics"". Rüdin was influenced by his then brother-in-law, and long-time friend and colleague, Alfred Ploetz, who was considered the 'father' of racial hygiene and indeed had coined the term in 1895. This was a form of eugenics, inspired by social darwinism, which had gained some popularity internationally, as would the voluntary or compulsory sterilization of psychiatric patients, initially in America. Rüdin campaigned for"
"Breslau. He was an older brother to botanist Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck (1787-1837). Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (14 February 1776 – 16 March 1858) was a prolific German botanist, physician, zoologist, and natural philosopher. He was a contemporary of Goethe and was born within the lifetime of Linnaeus. He described approximately 7,000 plant species (almost as many as Linnaeus himself). His last official act as president of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina was to admit Charles Darwin as a member. He was the author of numerous monographs on"