"of the computer-generated imagery (CGI) industry's expanstion into television and feature films, as lighting director making commercials and TV programs for Pacific Data Images (later PDI/DreamWorks), until she joined Pixar in 1994, first as a lighting supervisor on ""Toy Story"" (1995). The first time Pixar used the title ""Director of Photography"" (DP) on a film was on Calahan's next project, ""A Bug's Life"", representing a recognition that the processes and thinking behind computer generated film production had more in common with live action film than with cel animation. At Pixar it became an established goal to make films that looked"
"use computer-generated graphics extensively, integrating the simulated dinosaurs almost seamlessly into live action scenes. This event transformed the film industry; in 1995, the film ""Toy Story"" was the first film to use only computer-generated images and by the new millennium computer generated graphics were the leading choice for special effects in films. The advent of virtual cinematography in the early 2000s (decade) has led to an explosion of movies that would have been impossible to shoot without it. Classic examples are the digital look-alikes of Neo, Smith and other characters in the Matrix sequels and the extensive use of physically"
"The film ""Titanic"" used computer effects in nearly every scene of its three-hour running time; one of the film's 11 Oscars was for special effects. While Disney had made the film ""Tron""—which extensively mixed live action, traditional animation, and CGI—in 1982, and introduced the CAPS system to enhance traditional animation in 1990s ""The Rescuers Down Under"", a completely computer-animated feature film had yet to be made. In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to produce ""Toy Story"", the first feature film made entirely using CGI. The film's success was so great that other studios looked into producing their own CGI films."
"(1995), ""Antz"" (1998), ""Shrek"", and ""Monsters, Inc."" (both 2001), and computer games such as ""Sims"". ""Casper"" (1995), a milestone in this decade, was the first movie in which a lead actor was produced exclusively using digital facial animation. The sophistication of the films increased after 2000. In ""The Matrix Reloaded"" and ""The Matrix Revolutions"", dense optical flow from several high-definition cameras was used to capture realistic facial movement at every point on the face. ""Polar Express (film)"" used a large Vicon system to capture upward of 150 points. Although these systems are automated, a large amount of manual clean-up effort"
"backgrounds are then combined, using software that allows for camera movements, multiplane effects, and other techniques—including compositing with 3D image material. The system's first feature film use was in ""The Little Mermaid"" (1989), for the ""farewell rainbow"" scene near the end, but the first full-scale use was for ""The Rescuers Down Under"" (1990), which therefore became the first traditionally animated film to be entirely produced on computer—or indeed, the first 100% digital feature film of any kind ever produced. The 1980s saw the appearance of many notable new commercial software products: The 1990s began with much of CGI technology now"
"use of large-scale miniatures. The release of ""Jurassic Park"" (1993) was a turning point in the use of computers to create effects for which physical miniatures would have previously been employed. While the use of computer generated imagery (CGI) has largely overtaken their use since then, they are still often employed, especially for projects requiring physical interaction with fire, explosions or water. ""Independence Day"" (1996), ""Titanic"" (1997), ""Godzilla"" (1998), The ""Star Wars"" prequel trilogy (1999-2005), ""The Lord of the Rings"" trilogy (2001-3), ""Casino Royale"" (2006), ""The Dark Knight"" (2008), ""Inception"" (2010), and ""Interstellar"" (2014) are examples of highly successful films"
"films """" and ""Jurassic Park"" included Oscar-winning special effects sequences which made extensive use of CGI. After decades of existing as related-but-separate industries, the barrier between ""animation"" and ""special effects"" was shattered by the popularization of computerized special effects—to the point where computer enhancement of Hollywood feature films became second-nature and often went unnoticed. The Academy Award-winning ""Forrest Gump"" (1994) depended heavily on computerized special effects to create the illusion of Tom Hanks shaking hands with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, and to make Gary Sinise convincingly appear to be a double amputee, winning a special-effects Oscar."
"digital feature film ever produced. Later films, including ""Beauty and the Beast"", ""Aladdin"", ""The Lion King"", and ""The Hunchback of Notre Dame"" took more advantage of CAPS’ 2D and 3D integration. In the early days of CAPS, Disney did not discuss the system in public, being afraid that the magic would go away if people found out computers were involved. Computer Graphics World magazine, in 1994, was the first to have a look at the process. In 1992, the team that developed CAPS won an Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Scientific and Engineering Award. They were: CAPS was"
"first fully computer animated feature film, ""Toy Story"", with software it designed in-house and whose computer animation films have since garnered 26 Academy Awards and critical acclaim. Industrial Light & Magic, which is based in the Presidio in San Francisco, was created in 1975 to help create visual effects for the ""Star Wars"" series has since been involved with creating visual effects for over three hundred Hollywood films. Throughout its recent history, the Bay Area has been home to several musical movements that left lasting influences on the genres they affected. San Francisco, in particular, was the center of the"
"in the creation of photo-realistic images of science-fiction and fantasy characters, settings, and objects. Images can be created in a computer using the techniques of animated cartoons and model animation. The Last Starfighter (1984) used computer generated spaceships instead of physical scale models. In 1993, stop-motion animators working on the realistic dinosaurs of Steven Spielberg's ""Jurassic Park"" were retrained in the use of computer input devices. By 1995, films such as ""Toy Story"" underscored that the distinction between live-action films and animated films was no longer clear. Other landmark examples include a character made up of broken pieces of a"
"co-star and many Oscar nominations later in a 2007 project (American Gangster). Gimel Everett Gimel Everett was an American producer specializing in the science-fiction and horror genres. Her films ""The Lawnmower Man"" and ""Virtuosity"" (1995) feature groundbreaking computer animation and visual effects. ""The Lawnmower Man"" is considered the first, seminal film to feature ""Virtual Reality"" as a cautionary tale becoming the number one commercially successful independent film of 1992, budgeted at just under $6 million and eventually earning over $150 million worldwide. Virtuosity became the first major film to feature nanotechnology set in a cyberpunk based future casting Russell Crowe"
"Before Christmas"" and ""James and the Giant Peach"". Sometimes even objects are used, such as with the films of Jan Švankmajer. Stop motion animation was also commonly used for special effects work in many live-action films, such as the 1914 Italian cult epic film ""Cabiria"", the 1933 version of ""King Kong"" and ""The 7th Voyage of Sinbad"". The first fully computer-animated feature film was Pixar's ""Toy Story"" (1995). The process of CGI animation is still very tedious and similar in that sense to traditional animation, and it still adheres to many of the same principles. A principal difference of CGI"
"field over the human face using the simplest of light stages. which was the last missing piece of the puzzle to make digital look-alikes of known actors. The first mainstream cinema film fully made with motion capture was the 2001 Japanese-American """" directed by Hironobu Sakaguchi, which was also the first to use photorealistic CGI characters. The film was not a box-office success. Some commentators have suggested this may be partly because the lead CGI characters had facial features which fell into the ""uncanny valley"". In 2002, Peter Jackson's """" was the first feature film to use a real-time motion"
"most or all of the film was done using the xerographic process which had been in place at Disney since the late 1950s. Spencer would win a technical Academy Award for this process, but the computer would soon render the APT process obsolete. ""The Black Cauldron"" is notable for being Disney's first animated feature film to incorporate computer-generated imagery in its animation for bubbles, a boat, a floating orb of light, and the cauldron itself. Despite ""The Black Cauldron"" being released a year before ""The Great Mouse Detective"", both films were in production simultaneously for some time and the computer"
"the most ambitious CGI project since the 1982 film ""Tron"". The other was Disney's ""Beauty and the Beast"", the second traditional 2D animated film to be entirely made using CAPS. The system also allowed easier combination of hand-drawn art with 3D CGI material, notably in the ""waltz sequence"", where Belle and Beast dance through a computer-generated ballroom as the camera ""dollies"" around them in simulated 3D space. Notably, ""Beauty and the Beast"" was the first animated film ever to be nominated for a Best Picture Academy Award. Another significant step came in 1993, with Steven Spielberg's ""Jurassic Park"", where 3D"
"film industry. The 1993 film ""Jurassic Park"" used a combination of computer-generated imagery in conjunction with life-sized animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston and his team. Winston's animatronic ""T. rex"" stood almost , appearance and natural movement on screen of a full-sized tyrannosaurus rex. Jack Horner called it ""the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur"". Critics referred to Spielberg's ""dinosaurs"" as ""breathtakingly — and terrifyingly — realistic"". The 1999 BBC miniseries ""Walking with Dinosaurs"" was produced using a combination of about 80% CGI and 20% animatronic models. The quality of computer imagery of the day was good, but"
"computer graphics in graphic design studios and businesses. Modern computer systems, dating from the 1980s and onwards, often use a graphical user interface (GUI) to present data and information with symbols, icons and pictures, rather than text. Graphics are one of the five key elements of multimedia technology. 3D graphics became more popular in the 1990s in gaming, multimedia and animation. In 1996, Quake, one of the first fully 3D games, was released. In 1995, Toy Story, the first full-length computer-generated animation film, was released in cinemas. Since then, computer graphics have become more accurate and detailed, due to more"
"of computer-generated imagery became more widespread in films during the 2000s. Documentary and mockumentary films, such as ""March of the Penguins"" and ""Super Size Me"", were popular in the 2000s. 2004's ""Fahrenheit 9/11"" by Michael Moore is the highest grossing documentary of all time. Online films became popular, and conversion to digital cinema started. December 2009's ""Avatar"", an American epic science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron, made extensive use of cutting edge motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats), and"
"feature-length film was impractical because the scanners and recorders were extremely slow and the image files were too large compared to computing power available. Instead, individual shots or short sequences were processed for special visual effects. In 1992, Visual Effects Supervisor/Producer Chris F. Woods broke through several ""techno-barriers"" in creating a digital studio to produce the visual effects for the 1993 release ""Super Mario Bros."" It was the first feature film project to digitally scan a large number of VFX plates (over 700) at 2K resolution. It was also the first film scanned and recorded at Kodak's just launched Cinesite"
"and Madagascar as well as numerous Pixar offerings like Finding Nemo dominating the box office in this field. The """", released in 2001, was the first fully computer-generated feature film to use photorealistic CGI characters and be fully made with motion capture. The film was not a box-office success, however. Some commentators have suggested this may be partly because the lead CGI characters had facial features which fell into the ""uncanny valley"". Other animated films like ""The Polar Express"" drew attention at this time as well. Star Wars also resurfaced with its prequel trilogy and the effects continued to set"
"example is Nelson Max's 1977 film ""Turning a sphere inside out"". The first cinema feature film to use this technique was the 1986 """", directed by Leonard Nimoy, with visual effects by George Lucas's company Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The movie includes a dream sequence where the crew travel back in time, and images of their faces transform into one another. To create it, ILM employed a new 3D scanning technology developed by Cyberware to digitize the cast members' heads, and used the resulting data for the computer models. Because each head model had the same number of key"
"before the costly full-scale production started. 3D computer graphics was relatively unheard of until the release of Steven Spielberg's ""Jurassic Park"" in 1993. It included revolutionary visual effects work by Industrial Light and Magic (winning them an Oscar), one of the few companies in the world at the time to use digital technology to create imagery. In Jurassic Park, Lightwave 3D was used for previsualization running on an Amiga computer with a Video Toaster card. As a result, computer graphics lent themselves to the design process, when visual effects supervisor (and Photoshop creator) John Knoll asked artist David Dozoretz to"
"CGI technology during the 1990s include such films as ""Twister"", ""Independence Day"", ""Daylight"", ""Dante's Peak"", ""Volcano"", ""Hard Rain"", ""Deep Impact"", and ""Armageddon"". In 1997, James Cameron produced, wrote and directed a version of the epic story, ""Titanic"". The film combined romance with intricate special effects and was a huge success, becoming the highest-grossing film (which it remained for twelve years) with over $2.1 billion worldwide, and winning 11 Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director. Movies from the disaster film genre are often based on novels. In many cases, the novels were bestsellers or critically acclaimed works. Three of"
"Gimel Everett Gimel Everett was an American producer specializing in the science-fiction and horror genres. Her films ""The Lawnmower Man"" and ""Virtuosity"" (1995) feature groundbreaking computer animation and visual effects. ""The Lawnmower Man"" is considered the first, seminal film to feature ""Virtual Reality"" as a cautionary tale becoming the number one commercially successful independent film of 1992, budgeted at just under $6 million and eventually earning over $150 million worldwide. Virtuosity became the first major film to feature nanotechnology set in a cyberpunk based future casting Russell Crowe and Denzel Washington together a full 12 years before they would again"
"Casper (film) Casper is a 1995 American live-action/computer-animated fantasy comedy film directed by Brad Silberling, based on the Harvey Comics cartoon character Casper the Friendly Ghost created by Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolo. The film stars Christina Ricci, Bill Pullman, Cathy Moriarty, Eric Idle, and Amy Brenneman, and also features the voices of Malachi Pearson in the title role as well as Joe Nipote, Joe Alaskey, and Brad Garrett. The film makes extensive use of computer-generated imagery to create the ghosts, and it is the first feature film to have a fully CGI character in the lead role. It goes"
"""Cleopatra"" (1963), would have cost $219 million in 1995 dollars. Despite the significant expenditure, the film had nearly recovered its budget prior to its release. Worldwide rights were sold for $65 million, video rights for $10 million, and television rights for $7 million. ""Terminator 2"" made extensive use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) to vivify the main two Terminators. The use of such technology was the most ambitious since the 1982 and 1984 science fiction films ""Tron"" and ""The Last Starfighter"" respectively, and would be integral to the critical success of the film. CGI was required particularly for the T-1000, a"
"(1930) is incomplete, and ""Sadie Thompson"" (1927) is incomplete and partially reconstructed with stills. The first nominees shot primarily on digital video were ""The Curious Case of Benjamin Button"" and ""Slumdog Millionaire"" in 2009, with ""Slumdog Millionaire"" the first winner. The following year ""Avatar"" was the first nominee and winner to be shot entirely on digital video. In 2018, Rachel Morrison became the first woman to receive a nomination. Prior to that it had been the last gender-neutral Academy Award category to never nominate a woman. Winners are listed first in colored row, followed by the other nominees. Academy Award"
"Among ILM's technical achievements was cinema's first entirely computer-generated sequence: the demonstration of the effects of the Genesis Device on a barren planet. The first concept for the shot took the form of a laboratory demonstration, where a rock would be placed in a chamber and turned into a flower. Veilleux suggested the sequence's scope be expanded to show the Genesis effect taking over a planet. While Paramount appreciated the more dramatic presentation, they also wanted the simulation to be more impressive than traditional animation. Having seen research done by Lucasfilm's Computer Graphics group, Veilleux offered them the task. Introducing"
"film and the first-ever full-length computer animated film, ""Toy Story"". A dedicated research and development team worked alongside the filmmakers to devise ways to get around the burdens of animating a human character, with an in-house simulator mimicking the natural movements of clothing on a character. Subdivision surfacing, a modeling technique pioneered by Catmull, was used to give the character natural movement and realistic skin textures. ""Geri's Game"" premiered on November 24, 1997, winning an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film the following year. It was later shown with the theatrical release of Pixar's second feature film, ""A Bug's"
"""Finite Elements"", made for the Atlas Lab itself in 1975. The first feature film to use digital image processing was the 1973 movie ""Westworld"", a science-fiction film written and directed by novelist Michael Crichton, in which humanoid robots live amongst the humans. John Whitney, Jr, and Gary Demos at Information International, Inc. digitally processed motion picture photography to appear pixelized in order to portray the Gunslinger android's point of view. The cinegraphic block portraiture was accomplished using the Technicolor Three-strip Process to color-separate each frame of the source images, then scanning them to convert into rectangular blocks according to its"
"flocking, and brought it to widespread attention by mentioning it in the actual script. Other early uses were the flocking bats in Tim Burton's ""Batman Returns"" (1992), and the wildebeest stampede in Disney's ""The Lion King"" (1994). With improving hardware, lower costs, and an ever-increasing range of software tools, CGI techniques were soon rapidly taken up in both film and television production. In 1993, J. Michael Straczynski's ""Babylon 5"" became the first major television series to use CGI as the primary method for their visual effects (rather than using hand-built models), followed later the same year by Rockne S. O'Bannon's"
"feature-length film to include a main character created using motion capture (that character being Jar Jar Binks played by Ahmed Best), and Indian-American film """" (2000) was the first feature-length film made primarily with motion capture, although many character animators also worked on the film, which had a very limited release. 2001's """" was the first widely released movie to be made primarily with motion capture technology. Despite its poor box-office intake, supporters of motion capture technology took notice. """" was the first feature film to utilize a real-time motion capture system. This method streamed the actions of actor Andy"
"with computer techniques in 1969. Most well-known of the early pioneers with this was artist Peter Foldes, who completed ""Metadata"" in 1971. This film comprised drawings animated by gradually changing from one image to the next, a technique known as ""interpolating"" (also known as ""inbetweening"" or ""morphing""), which also featured in a number of earlier art examples during the 1960s. In 1974, Foldes completed ""Hunger / La Faim"", which was one of the first films to show solid filled (raster scanned) rendering, and was awarded the Jury Prize in the short film category at 1974 Cannes Film Festival, as well"