"maintained order by terrorizing the populace and political opponents. 40,000 to 60,000 Haitians are estimated to have been killed during the reign of the Duvalier father and son. Haiti's brief tourism boom was wiped out by the rule of Papa Doc Duvalier and his unstable government. When his son Jean-Claude ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier succeeded him as ""President for Life"", tourism returned in the 1970s. ""Vive la différence"" has long been Haiti's national tourism slogan and its proximity to the United States made Haiti a hot attraction until the Duvalier regime was ousted in 1986. Papa Doc's son led the country"
"Duvalier was a physician by profession. His profession and expertise in the field acquired him the nickname ""PapaDoc"". He was unanimously ""re-elected"" in a 1961 election in which he was the only candidate. Afterwards, he consolidated his power step by step, culminating in 1964 when he declared himself as President for Life after another faulty election, and remained in power until he died in 1971. He was succeeded by his son, Jean‑Claude, who was nicknamed ""BabyDoc"". Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker His aunt, Madame Florestal, raised him."
"while serving as an administrator in a U.S.-funded anti-yaws campaign, François Duvalier (known as """"Papa Doc"""") soon established another dictatorship. His regime is regarded as one of the most repressive and corrupt of modern times, combining violence against political opponents with exploitation of Vodou to instill fear in the majority of the population. Duvalier's paramilitary police, officially the Volunteers for National Security (Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale – VSN) but more commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, named for a Vodou monster, carried out political murders, beatings, and intimidation. An estimated 30,000 Haitians were killed by his government. Duvalier employed"
"officer involved in a plot to kidnap his children, leading Bosch to publicly threaten to invade Haiti. However, the Dominican army, which distrusted Bosch's leftist leanings, expressed little support for an invasion, and the dispute was settled by OAS emissaries. In 1971, Papa Doc entered into a 99-year contract with Don Pierson representing Dupont Caribbean Inc. of Texas for a free port project on the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island located some off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola. On Duvalier's death in April 1971, power passed to his 19-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier (known as"
"the United States to escape the political and economic repression of the Duvalier presidencies under François Duvalier, ""Papa Doc,"" (1957–71) and Jean-Claude Duvalier, ""Baby Doc,"" (1971–86). This migration phenomenon known as ""the Haitian Diaspora"" has developed to describe the thousands of Haitian nationals living outside of their territory. Generally losing their Haitian citizenship, these long distance nationals have come to act like ""transborder citizens,"" members to some degree of both states. There are legal, political, and social repercussions to this ""transnationalism."" Dual citizenship is out of the question; Haitians living in a foreign country cannot get involved lest their ""Haitianism"""
"the ""Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale"" (Militia of National Security Volunteers). When Duvalier died in 1971, his son, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier took over (confirmed by the 1971 constitutional referendum) and the force continued throughout his regime and maintained the same violent presence. Widespread problems of starvation and unemployment soon grew rampant. On 23 May 1984, citizens in the city of Gonaïves began protests against Duvalier’s government calling it ""Operation Déchoukaj,"" () which consequently led to police officers publicly beating a pregnant woman, who soon died. Activists’ listed grievances under Duvalier’s regime, including general brutality against civilians and"
"During the early 1960s and the 1970s, many Haitians emigrated to the U.S. to escape the oppressive conditions during the dictatorships of François ""Papa Doc"" and his son Jean-Claude ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier. Political unrest, economic strains, and natural disasters have supplied additional reasons for people to emigrate. During the 18th century, the French colony of Saint-Domingue was the richest in the Caribbean, due to its massive production of sugar cane. This wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small minority of mostly French and European planters, who used slave labor from Sub-Saharan Africa to cultivate, harvest, and process their"
"luxury in a suburb of Port-au-Prince. By 30 January 2012, it was announced that the former president would face charges of corruption, but not of human rights abuses. After the former president failed to appear for three previously scheduled court hearings, a Haitian judge issued a warrant ordering him to appear before the court 28 February 2013. Duvalier did so and for the first time pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse. On 4 October 2014, Duvalier died of a heart attack at the age of 63. Jean-Claude Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier (), nicknamed “Baby Doc” ()"
"Upon the rise of this knowledge, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his administration claimed that the Haitian government had failed, and that Baby Doc had to move to France. This led Baby Doc to re-emerge in the streets of Haiti while referring to his strength as a monkey's tail. Jean Duvalier and his wife were well known for their expensive lifestyle during a time of struggle for most of Haiti. This is the story of three Haitian women trying to make it through a diploma class in America. The story falls backs on their pasts and futures. One of the"
"take him to his living room, while in reality he took him to his balcony. Tucci claims that the pontiff was ""furious"". Pope John Paul II visited Haiti on 9 March 1983, when the country was ruled by Jean-Claude ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier. He bluntly criticised the poverty of the country, directly addressing Baby Doc and his wife, Michèle Bennett in front of a large crowd of Haitians: Yours is a beautiful country, rich in human resources, but Christians cannot be unaware of the injustice, the excessive inequality, the degradation of the quality of life, the misery, the hunger, the fear"
"as ""Baby Doc"". In 1959, François Duvalier formed a paramilitary force known as the Tonton Macoute, named after a mythic Haitian character who kidnapped misbehaving children, carried them off in a bag and ate them for breakfast. Duvalier authorized more than 10,000 Tonton Macoute, organized in 500 sections across the country, to maintain complete control over the population. ""The macoutes were Papa Doc's version of brownshirts and the Waffen SS, except that their usual uniform was blue jeans, T-shirts, sunglasses, and they carried clubs or pistols,"" wrote journalist and author Herbert Gold in ""Best Nightmare on Earth: A Life in"
"modern times, large-scale emigration from Haiti is mostly because they have been steadily migrating in significant numbers to the United States since the late 1950s–early 1960s, soon after François Duvalier (""Papa Doc"") became the strongman of Haiti. The political repression that characterized Duvalier's regime forced large numbers of Haitians to seek safer harbor in the United States. Sustained political oppression, economic hardship, and lack of opportunity continued to drive contingents of Haitian immigrants out of their homeland throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s Haitian immigration persists to the present day, as evidenced in the numerous reports of major news networks,"
"military regime. The morgues filled with thousands of bodies, according to media reports. With ties to the army, Duvalier won a sham election and became head of state. His family's rule would last 29 years. In 1986, after the fall of Jean-Claude Duvalier, who succeeded his father, an ailing 73-year-old Fignolé returned from a long exile to Port-au-Prince. Scores of supporters welcomed him at the airport. He died a few months later. Daniel Fignolé Pierre-Eustache Daniel Fignolé (1913–1986) was a Haitian politician who became Haiti's provisional head of state for three weeks in 1957. He was one of the most"
"much of the liberation theology activism which led to his watershed election as the first democratically elected President of Haiti. During his exile post 1969, Adrien ministered to the Haitian community in New York, was active in organizations such as the Haitian Centers Council (HCC) in the 1980s and the National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR) but returned to Haiti after the fall of Jean-Claude Duvalier i.e. ""Baby Doc"", François Duvalier's son and successor. He coalesced with ""The Haitian Fathers"", the group of Holy Ghost priests who had been exiled along with him in 1969, at 333 Lincoln Place in"
"She liked to arm herself with an Uzi machine-gun. When Papa Doc died in 1971, and his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier succeeded him, he had Adolphe removed from her post as head of Fort Dimanche. By May 1972 she had been appointed mayor of which brought her attention to the city's sewage disposal. Prior to the end of the Duvalier dynasty in 1986, when the Duvaliers fled the capital, she said ""t seems Jean-Claude is leaving the country soon. All militia members will be in danger. Much blood will be shed."" Vengeful Haitians killed scores, if not hundreds of former militiamen"
"regime began soon after that. Duvalier responded with a 10%reduction in staple food prices, the closing of independent radio stations, a cabinet reshuffle, and a crackdown by police and army units, but these moves failed to dampen the momentum of the popular uprising. Jean‑Claude’s wife and advisers urged him to put down the rebellion in order to remain in office. In response to widening opposition to 28 years of Duvalier rule, on 7 February 1986, the Duvaliers fled the rioting country in an American plane accompanied by 19 other people. The governments of Greece, Spain, Switzerland, Gabon and Morocco all"
"in 22 September 1957."" Julme was eventually released but did not rejoin the regime. When Duvalier died and power was transferred to his son, Jean-Claude ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier, Julme himself was accused of organizing a coup-de-etat against the son landing him back at Fort Dimanche. Julme was discovered to be consigning weapons across Haiti. While in prison, he distributed photos of himself and said ""I still intend to become president."" Julme was later part of a Haitian political release program when UN member states put pressure on Haiti's government to stop political repression. In later UN reports, Julme is stated"
"Robinson states that the Guzmán government had no communists in their fairly elected government and that the real reason for the U.S. aggression in the area was to protect the interest of the American owned corporation, the United Fruit Company, (now called Chiquita Brands). Furthermore, Robinson says that the U.S. supported the Haitian dictators François Duvalier, and Jean-Claude Duvalier, Henri Namphy, Leslie Manigat, and Prosper Avril. François Duvalier killed an estimated 50,000 Haitians. He ruled from 1957 to 1971. Jean-Claude Duvalier took control after his father died in 1971 and continued the brutal dictatorship until February 1986. Military rulers overthrew"
"in Chicago, Joseph became fluent in Hebrew and Greek. A devout Christian, after graduation he returned to Haiti and created the first translation of the New Testament and Psalms into Haitian Creole. In 1957, the dictator François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier was elected President of Haiti, and Joseph became increasingly uncomfortable with the government. Joseph returned to the United States in 1961 and enrolled in the University of Chicago where he earned an MA in Social Anthropology in 1964. Joseph subsequently moved to New York and became a leader in the opposition movement against the Duvalier regime. Along with his brother,"
"Antonio Duvergé Antonio Duvergé Duval (1807–1855) was a Dominican general of French origin who famously served in the Dominican War of Independence. Antonio Duvergè Duvas was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico to a French man, Joseph Duverger, and a French-Dominican, Maria Duval. His grandfather, Alexander Duverger, had fought for the French against Haitian General Toussaint Louverture. After the invasion of Santo Domingo by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, he was exiled to Puerto Rico with his son Joseph Duverger and his wife Maria Duval. In 1808, when Antonio Duvergé was one year old, the family returned to Santo Domingo, settling in El Seibo"
"re-appropriating the culture from the changes that the American occupation and Duvalier’s dictatorship had brought about. By that time, the dictatorship had passed from Papa Doc to his son, Baby Doc. An exploitative sweatshop system had been established and the Haitian government had started sending its own citizens like slaves to work in sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic. Edwidge Danticat explains this in her introduction to Chauvet's ""Love, Anger, Madness"". Writers and intellectuals had begun leaving the country in throngs. Living in Haiti: Living in the US or Canada: Living in France: There are many hypotheses on the origins"
"Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1987. Under the regimes of Jean-Claude and his father, François Duvalier, the government appropriated for itself the authority of the ""Vodou"" religious traditions and made extensive use of religious leaders and traditions to assert its brutal authority and impose order over the population. When Jean-Claude Duvalier fled the country, a widespread ""dechoukaj"" uprooted the most oppressive elements of the former regime and liberated the ""Vodou"" religion from its entanglements with the government. Unable to do so under the Duvaliers, musicians were eager to adopt traditional ""Vodou"" folk music rhythms, lyrics, and instrumentation into a new sound that"
"Doc's widow Simone was expelled from Haiti. Baby Doc's kleptocracy left the regime vulnerable to unanticipated crises, exacerbated by endemic poverty, most notably the epidemic of African swine fever virus—which, at the insistence of USAID officials, led to the slaughter of the creole pigs, the principal source of income for most Haitians; and the widely publicized outbreak of AIDS in the early 1980s. Widespread discontent in Haiti began in 1983, when Pope John Paul II condemned the regime during a visit, finally provoking a rebellion, and in February 1986, after months of disorder, the army forced Duvalier to resign and"
"Duvaliers and their Legacy"". He later vocally defended Duvalier's changes to the Haitian constitution to make himself President-for-Life, representing Haiti at the OAS. In 1967, after bombs went off near the Presidential Palace, Julme was swept up in a purge and imprisoned along with other former members of Papa Doc's cabinet at Fort Dimanche. When he was released, Julme was re-offered his position but refused. Duvalier continued to send Julme letters in an attempt to seduce him to work with him again, saying things such as ""To my old comrade Jean M. Julme, in remembrance of the battles which ended"
"mother, Simone, while he lived as a playboy. He was initially well-liked, as his rule was seen as gentler and less formidable than his father. Foreign nations became more generous with economic assistance, and the United States restored its aid program to Haiti in 1971. However, endemic corruption continued as it had under his father. Much of the Duvalier family's hundreds of millions of dollars in personal wealth came from the ""Régie du Tabac"" (Tobacco Administration). Originally established as a tobacco monopoly, in practice it was used as a slush fund, and little to no records were kept of its"
"for Duvalier, but offered to assist with their departure. On 30 January 1986, Duvalier had initially accepted, and President Reagan actually announced his departure based on a report from the Haitian CIA Station Chief who saw Duvalier's car head for the airport. En route, there was gunfire and Duvalier's party returned to the palace unnoticed by the U.S. intelligence team. Duvalier declared ""we are as firm as a monkey tail."" He departed on 7 February 1986, flying to France in a U.S. Air Force aircraft. The Duvaliers settled in France. For a time they lived a luxurious life, but eventually"
"three sons: Gilbert Pasquet, Alix Pasquet Jr., and Bernard Pasquet.In 1973 his son, Alix, married Michèle Bennett, who later married Francois Duvalier's son, Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier. Alix Pasquet Alix Pasquet (unknown–1958) was a World War II fighter pilot, one of only five Haitian members of the Tuskegee Airmen, a soccer star, and a political revolutionary. He was killed while leading a coup attempt against Haitian President François Duvalier in 1958. In 1942, Haitian President Élie Lescot implemented an aviation corps program. and chose 3 men out of 42 corps members to receive pilot training in Tuskegee, Alabama. Alix Pasquet,"
"8.4% of the total immigration percentage of Quebec in 1973. The migration of Haitian immigrants between 1969 and 1974 can be understood through the political institutions in place within Haiti at the time. Haiti was governed by way of a dictatorship, led by Francois Duvalier. Duvalier had been contested by the left-leaning United Party of Haitian Communits, who failed in resisting Duvalier’s authoritarian regime. Duvalier’s death and the subsequent succession of his son Jean-Claude Duvalier led to the notion of “patriotic action”, a declaration of nationalism directed towards Haitian Canadian and Haitian American immigrants, as well as a call to"
"vote on 21 June and Duvalier was sworn in the following day. 1964 Haitian constitutional referendum A constitutional referendum was held in Haiti on 14 June 1964. The new constitution made President François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier President for Life, with absolute power and the right to name his successor. It also changed the country's flag from blue and red to black and red, with the black symbolising the country's ties to Africa. The referendum was rigged, with all ballots already marked yes, and no limit on how many times each person could vote. A total of 2.8 million people voted"
"for the National Palace (Palais National). They made their livings, instead, through extortion and petty crime. Rural members of the VSN, who wore blue denim uniforms, had received some training from the army, while the plainclothed members, with their dark glasses, served as Haiti's criminal-investigation force (see Public Order, this ch.). When Jean-Claude Duvalier (""Baby Doc"") came to power in 1971, the country's security forces became less abusive, but they still used some brutality. During Jean-Claude's regime, the balance between the VSN and the armed forces changed. The new regime sought to realign these competing power bases, if only to"
"himself through a series of fraudulent schemes. Much of the Duvaliers' wealth, amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars over the years, came from the Régie du Tabac (Tobacco Administration), a tobacco monopoly established by Estimé, which expanded to include the proceeds from all government enterprises and served as a slush fund for which no balance sheets were ever kept. His marriage, in 1980, to a beautiful mulatto divorcée, Michèle Bennett, in a $3 million ceremony, provoked widespread opposition, as it was seen as a betrayal of his father's antipathy towards the mulatto elite. At the request of Michèle, Papa"
"in the Dominican Republic, which has had several presidents, including Buenaventura Báez, Ramón Báez, José María Cabral, Marcos Cabral, and Donald Reid-Cabral. Her grandfather, Mario Fermín Cabral y Báez drafted the bill that in 1935 renamed the Dominican capital, Santo Domingo, for ""Trujillo City"" in honor of dictator Rafael Trujillo. In the late 1950s her father defected to Argentina and received political asylum, where the Cabral family lived for 17 years before returning to the Dominican Republic, except for a sister of Peggy who remained in Argentina. She married young to Diego Fidel Raúl Degaudenzi Rizzo, an Argentine of Italian"
"in Haiti and some of his relatives worked for the country's dictator, Duvalier. During his visit in 1982 he met Jean Bertrand Aristide, the priest who would become Haiti's first democratically elected President; he has said that he had high hopes for Aristide's term as president but that ""he turned out to be Papa Doc without the jokes"". He has cited his Haitian experience as being an influence on his writings and has said that until his visit in the 1990s he thought it to be an ""idyllic"" place. From that visit he has said: He was bullied as a"