"fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life."" Darwin responded positively to Alfred Russel Wallace's suggestion of using Spencer's new phrase ""survival of the fittest"" as an alternative to ""natural selection"", and adopted the phrase in ""The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication"" published in 1868. In ""On the Origin of Species"", he introduced the phrase in the fifth edition published in 1869, intending it to mean ""better designed for an immediate, local environment"". Herbert Spencer"
"Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races"" (1853–55), a founding text of ""biological racism"" that contrasts with Boulainvilliers (1658–1722)'s theory of races and provided an appendix with the latest results. Gobineau subsequently complained that Hotze's translation had ignored his comments on ""American decay generally and slaveholding in particular"". In 1857, Nott and Gliddon again co-edited a book, ""Indigenous Races of the Earth"". That book built upon the arguments in ""Types of Mankind"" that linked anthropology and ""scientific"" studies of race to establish a supposed natural hierarchy of the races. The book included chapters from Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury, J."
"the protection of the horse in 1850 and helped to pass the law that bears his name that year, prohibiting the deliberate abuse of animals. However, a debate arose in France at the end of the century regarding bullfighting (notably horse hernias), which were counter to the Grammont Law. In 1885 Leo Tolstoy published his story ""Strider"", narrated by a piebald horse named Surveyor. He recounts his castration, his start under the harness, and his racecourse abilities, until his bloody death at the hands of the knacker. There were more changes in the perception of equine welfare in the second"
"written and published as ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859, Darwin made his third chapter ""Struggle for Existence"" . After ""a few preliminary remarks"" relating it to natural selection, and acknowledgement that the ""elder De Candolle and Lyell have largely and philosophically shown that all organic beings are exposed to severe competition"", he wrote that: Darwin gradually included the idea that adaptations were not from birth, but rather from external pressures. This describes Darwin's change from teleological explanation to transmutationist thought which was influential the change in Darwin's understanding of nature from 1837 to the 1850s. From Malthus, Darwin"
"was published on 24 November 1859 to wide debate and controversy. The influential biologist Richard Owen wrote negative anonymous review of the book in the ""Edinburgh Review"", and also coached Wilberforce, who wrote an anonymous 17,000-word review in the ""Quarterly Review"". Thomas Huxley, who was one of the small group with whom Darwin had shared his theory before publication, emerged as the main champion of evolution. He wrote a favourable review of the ""Origin"" in ""The Times"" in December 1859, along with several other articles and a lecture at the Royal Institution in February 1860. The reaction of many orthodox"
"from agricultural to industrial—became popular among philosophers, including Friedrich Hegel, Immanuel Kant, and Auguste Comte. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction slavery and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the antebellum Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev. Richard Furman and Thomas R. Cobb, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery. Charles Darwin's influential 1859 book ""On the Origin of Species"" did not discuss human origins. The extended wording on the title page, which adds ""by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured"
"Races in the Struggle for Life"", uses the general term ""races"" as an alternative for ""varieties"" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races. The first use in the book refers to ""the several races, for instance, of the cabbage"" and proceeds to a discussion of ""the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants"". In ""The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"" (1871), Darwin examined the question of ""Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species"" and reported no racial distinctions that would indicate"
"The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons: To Which is Added a Brief Survey of the Conditions and Prospects of Colored Americans, or, in brief, ""The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution"", is an American history book written by William Cooper Nell, with an introduction by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It was published in 1855 by Robert F. Wallcut. It focuses on African-American soldiers during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. It details ""the services of the Colored Patriots of the revolution"". Among other patriots"
"W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919–1963 W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 is the second installment of historian David Levering Lewis's two-part biography of W.E.B. Du Bois published by Henry Holt and Company in 2000. The book deals with Du Bois's involvement in the Harlem Renaissance, his fight for equality and justice, and the Communist witch-hunts that ultimately left him rejected and exiled in Ghana. Like the first part of the Lewis's study, which won in 1994, the book won the Pulitzer Prize for"
"June 15, 1969, the ""New York Times"" was reporting that the National Office of SDS was calling ""for an all-out fight against 'white skin privileges'"". In 1974–1975, Allen extended his analysis of ""white privilege"", racial oppression, and social control to the colonial period with his ground-breaking ""Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race."" With continued research, he developed his ideas as his seminal two-volume ""The Invention of the White Race"" published in 1994 and 1997. For almost forty years, Allen offered a detailed historical analysis of the origin, maintenance, and functioning of ""white-skin"
"deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, ""An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species"", while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase ""survival of the fittest"", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his ""Principles of Biology"" (1864). In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's ""On the Genesis of Species"" listed detailed arguments against natural selection,"
"Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1960. The novel was published in 1966 and was joint winner of that year's Nebula Award for Best Novel (with ""Babel-17""). In the United States, books have also been challenged for attacking or disagreeing with religious beliefs. ""On the Origin of Species"" by Charles Darwin has been challenged and suppressed since its publication in 1859 due to its theories on Evolution, though not until 1925 in the US, when the Butler Act was enacted in Tennessee, banning the teaching of evolutionary theories statewide. Works, such as the Harry Potter series, have also been"
"their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated ""favoured races"" as ""perfected races"", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to ""Naturphilosophie"". In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor"
"he continued to work in politics and on various projects that supported his country and race. In 1890, Johnson wrote a children's textbook entitled ""A School History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1890,"" after the Raleigh School Superintendent convinced him that there was need for a history textbook for children about African American achievements. It was published in four editions until 1911 and was adopted by Virginia and North Carolina black schools. In 1899, Johnson wrote his second textbook entitled ""History of the Negro Soldiers in the Spanish American War and Other Items of Interest."" In"
"own people in American history and in the history of other cultures was being ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson realized the need for research into the neglected past of African Americans. Along with William D. Hartgrove, George Cleveland Hall, Alexander L. Jackson, and James E. Stamps, he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History on September 9, 1915, in Chicago. That was the year Woodson published ""The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861"". His other books followed: ""A Century of Negro Migration"" (1918) and ""The History of the Negro Church"" (1927). His work ""The"
"National Cyclopedia of the Colored Race The National Cyclopedia of the Colored Race (also known as the Cyclopedia of the Colored Race) was an encyclopedia about subjects of interest to African Americans published in 1919. Clement Richardson, a faculty member at Tuskegee Institute who became president of Lincoln Institute within a year or two of its publication, was the editor. Financed by a New Orleans based group of African Americans, it was published by the National Publishing Company of Montgomery, Alabama. A 1920 review in the Journal of African American History criticized a lack of details on its subjects but"
"titled ""Paths Of Glory"". After a second visit to France to cover the Great War, Cobb publicized the achievements of the unit known as the Harlem Hellfighters, most notably, Croix de Guerre recipients Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts. His article ""Young Black Joe,"" published on August 24, 1918, in ""The Saturday Evening Post"" and later republished in Cobb's book, ""The Glory of the Coming"", highlighted the discipline and courage displayed by black American soldiers fighting in Europe during World War I. The three-page article and half-page photograph reached a national audience of more than two million readers, and was widely"
"was read before the Royal Society; it was published in 1818. This was ""Two Essays... with some observations on the causes of the differences of colour and form between the white and negro races of men. By the Late W.C. Wells…with a Memoir of his life, written by himself."" Wells was clearly interested in how different races might have arisen. After some preliminary remarks on the different races of man, and of the selection of domesticated animals, he observes that: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were not aware of this work when they published their theory in 1858, but"
"copies. He disarmingly anticipated their reactions: to Asa Gray ""there are very many serious difficulties"", to the Revd. John Stevens Henslow ""I fear you will not approve of your pupil"", to Louis Agassiz ""[not sent in] a spirit of defiance or bravado"" and to Richard Owen ""it will seem 'an abomination'."", amongst others. For Wallace's copy he wrote ""God knows what the public will think"". ""On the Origin of Species"" was first published on 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on 22 November, and all available copies had"
"The Battle of Life The Battle of Life: A Love Story is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in 1846. It is the fourth of his five ""Christmas Books"", coming after ""The Cricket on the Hearth"" and followed by ""The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain"". The setting is an English village that stands on the site of an historic battle. Some characters refer to the battle as a metaphor for the struggles of life, hence the title. ""Battle"" is the only one of the five Christmas Books that has no supernatural or explicitly religious elements. (One scene takes"
"fee for his services. In 1873, Galton wrote a controversial letter to the Times titled 'Africa for the Chinese', where he argued that the Chinese, as a race capable of high civilisation and only temporarily stunted by the recent failures of Chinese dynasties, should be encouraged to immigrate to Africa and displace the supposedly inferior aboriginal blacks. The publication by his cousin Charles Darwin of ""The Origin of Species"" in 1859 was an event that changed Galton's life . He came to be gripped by the work, especially the first chapter on ""Variation under Domestication"", concerning animal breeding. Galton devoted"
"Biography or Autobiography in 2001, making Lewis the first author to win two Pulitzer Prizes for back-to-back volumes. W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919–1963 W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 is the second installment of historian David Levering Lewis's two-part biography of W.E.B. Du Bois published by Henry Holt and Company in 2000. The book deals with Du Bois's involvement in the Harlem Renaissance, his fight for equality and justice, and the Communist witch-hunts that ultimately left him rejected and exiled in Ghana. Like"
"presented in this book. As it stands, the New Milford Historical Society holds the majority of the resources for this research. Currently, there is research under way to study the sources that have made this book a mainstay in the education system. ""The Courage of Sarah Noble"" was published in 1954. Today there is controversy about the treatment of the Native Americans in this book. Some people feel that because the story is so widely used in school curriculum, the criticisms are ignored. The controversy surrounding the story was also linked to some dissatisfaction about a statue erected for Sarah"
"II, rather than World War I. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (novel) The Four Horsemen of The Apocalypse () is a novel by the Spanish author Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, first published in 1916, which tells a tangled tale of the French and German sons-in-law of an Argentinian land-owner who find themselves fighting on opposite sides in the First World War. Its 1918 English translation by Charlotte Brewster Jordan became the best-selling novel in the U.S in 1919 according to ""Publishers Weekly"", who hailed it as ""a superbly human story told by a genius"". The novel was included in the"
"greatest possible degree. In this view, Nature, instead of being cruel and oppressive, is highly generous and beneficent."" Erasmus Darwin in his ""Temple of Nature"" (published 1803) returned to Linnaean imagery, ""From Hunger's arms the shafts of Death are hurl'd; And one great Slaughter‐house the warring world!"" The term ""struggle for existence"" was already in use by this time. For example, in 1790 Jeremy Bentham proposed reformed elections as ""a contest for distinction, not a struggle for existence"", and in 1795 ""The Monthly Review"" used it to describe trees when discussing Thomas Cooper's ""Some Information Respecting America"". In a House"
"were not before the reader."" He recommended Lyell's suggestion that, to gain public agreement, rather than ""put forth the theory without the evidence"", the book should focus on observations upon pigeons, briefly stating how these illustrated Darwin's general principles and preparing the way for Darwin's larger work ""Natural Selection"" which was expected to follow soon: ""Every body is interested in pigeons."" Darwin responded that this was impractical, and his book retitled as ""On the Origin of Species"" was published on Thursday 24 November 1859. Whitwell Elwin Whitwell Elwin (26 February 1816 – 1 January 1900) was an English clergyman, critic"
"The First Walkabout The First Walkabout (1954) is a novel for children by Australian authors Norman B. Tindale & Harold Arthur Lindsay, illustrated by Madeleine Boyce. It won the in 1955. The book tells the story of the very earliest occupation of the continent of Australia by the Negrito people, a diminutive race that arrived in Australia before the present-day aborigines' ancestors. While covering a selection of possible Christmas book gifts for children in ""The Brisbane Telegraph"" in 1954, a reviewer noted: ""Mr. Tindale is ethnologist at the South Australian museum, and Mr. Lindsay is the well-known authority on the"
"new species was required. In 1844 the Scottish publisher Robert Chambers anonymously published an influential and extremely controversial book of popular science entitled ""Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"". This book proposed an evolutionary scenario for the origins of the solar system and life on earth. It claimed that the fossil record showed an ascent of animals with current animals being branches off a main line that leads progressively to humanity. It implied that the transmutations led to the unfolding of a preordained orthogenetic plan woven into the laws that governed the universe. In this sense it was less"
"Story of the Negro Story of the Negro by Arna Bontemps is a children's history book published by Knopf in 1948. It was the first African-American authored book to receive a Newbery Honor. The non-fiction book begins with a history of major African civilizations such as the Ghana and Mandingo Empires. The horrors of the Atlantic slave trade are described, together with the causes and conditions of slavery in America, the Haitian Slave Revolt, and the Underground Railroad. Several influential black leaders are examined, including Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and W. E. B. Du Bois. The first edition was illustrated"
"by Raymond Lufkin. Knopf, 1948. First edition. Knopf, 1955. Second edition, enlarged. Knopf, 1958. Third edition. Knopf, 1964. Fourth edition, enlarged. Knopf, 1969. Fifth edition. This edition included a new chapter on Black Power. Revised editions of the book extend the history through the late 1960s. Newbery Honor (1949) Jane Addams Children's Book Award (1956) Story of the Negro Story of the Negro by Arna Bontemps is a children's history book published by Knopf in 1948. It was the first African-American authored book to receive a Newbery Honor. The non-fiction book begins with a history of major African civilizations such"
"had called a war between competing plant species, competition well described by the botanist William Herbert. Darwin was struck by Thomas Robert Malthus' phrase ""struggle for existence"" used of warring human tribes. Several writers anticipated evolutionary aspects of Darwin's theory, and in the third edition of ""On the Origin of Species"" published in 1861 Darwin named those he knew about in an introductory appendix, ""An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species"", which he expanded in later editions. In 1813, William Charles Wells read before the Royal Society essays assuming that there had been"
"Race, Evolution, and Behavior Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective is a book by Canadian psychologist and author J. Philippe Rushton. He served as a professor of psychology at the University of Western Ontario for many years, and he also served, until his death from cancer on October 2, 2012, as the head of the Pioneer Fund. The first unabridged edition of the book came out in 1995, and the third, latest unabridged edition came out in 2000; abridged versions were also distributed. Rushton argues that race is a valid biological concept and that racial differences frequently arrange"
"1769, and reprinted in London as late as 1810. In 1754 he published at York ‘A Proposal to diminish the Progress of the Distemper among the Horned Cattle’ (2nd edition, Lond. 1755). His other writings are a ‘Dissertation on James's Fever Powder’ (Lond. 1760), and ‘Adhesions or Accretions of the Lungs to the Pleura’ (Lond. 1762), discussing the divergent views of Boerhaave and Haller as to the effects on the breathing. A disparaging criticism of this unimportant piece by a London reviewer caused him to issue the remainder of the impression with a ‘Vindication’ in 1763. Malcolm Flemyng Malcolm Flemyng,"