"from the appliance, over a bowl of water to prevent breakage if dropped. It is ideal for patients to carry a tooth brush with them during treatment to allow this level of cleaning to take place while at school or work. Orthodontics ""Orthodontics"" is derived from the Greek ""orthos"" (""correct"", ""straight"") and ""-odont-"" (""tooth""). The history of orthodontics has been intimately linked with the history of dentistry for more than 2000 years. Dentistry had its origins as a part of medicine. According to the American Association of Orthodontists, archaeologists have discovered mummified ancients with metal bands wrapped around individual teeth."
"once a subset of the specialty of periodontics, with many periodontists achieving board certification in oral medicine as well as periodontics. Oral medicine is concerned with clinical diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathologies affecting the orofacial region (the mouth and the lower face). Many systemic diseases have signs or symptoms that manifest in the orofacial region. Pathologically, the mouth may be afflicted by many cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. There is also the unique situation of hard tissues penetrating the epithelial continuity (hair and nails are intra-epithelial tissues). The biofilm that covers teeth therefore causes unique pathologic entities known as"
"Dentistry Dentistry, also known as Dental and Oral Medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area. Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public, the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temporomandibular joint and other supporting, muscular, lymphatic, nervous, vascular, and anatomical structures."
"Orthotics Orthotics () is a medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses. An (plural: ""orthoses"") is ""an externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system"". An orthotist is the primary medical clinician responsible for the prescription, manufacture and management of orthoses. An orthosis may be used to: Orthotics combines knowledge of anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, biomechanics and engineering. Patients who benefit from an orthosis may have a condition such as spina bifida or cerebral palsy, or have experienced a spinal cord injury or stroke. Equally, orthoses are"
"Oral medicine Oral medicine (sometimes termed dental medicine, oral and maxillofacial medicine or stomatology) is a specialty focused on the mouth and nearby structures. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. The specialty is defined within Europe under Directive 2001/19/EC. The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example, Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a ""barometer"" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed"
"Prosthodontics Prosthodontics, also known as dental prosthetics or prosthetic dentistry, is the area of dentistry that focuses on dental prostheses. It is one of nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association (ADA), Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons of Glasgow, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. The ADA defines it as ""the dental specialty pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of the oral function, comfort, appearance and health of patients with clinical"
"(unilateral, bilateral, trilateral, quadrilateral, etc.), or congenital malfunctioning of limbs or even replacing the missing limbs, etc. Similarly, orthotics is the study of prescribing, designing and fitting supportive devises to any part of human body with any neuromusculoskeletal disorders and one who is expert in this science is called as an orthotist. Sometime splints are referred as orthosis (the device); they are otherwise used for a short period. Some of the pathologies where orthotists play an important role are all type of paralysis patient (hemiplegics, paraplegics, etraplegivstrieics, quadriplegics, etc.), polio myelitis, muscular dystrophy, CTEV, Cerebral Palsy, Burn injury, fractures (mainly"
"Endodontics Endodontics (from the Greek roots ""endo-"" ""inside"" and ""odont-"" ""tooth"") is the dental specialty concerned with the study and treatment of the dental pulp. Endodontics encompasses the study and practice of the basic and clinical sciences involving the biology of the normal dental pulp. It also includes the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the dental pulp along with associated periradicular conditions. Endodontics has evolved tremendously in the past decade and its applications have immensely improved the quality of dental treatment. In clinical terms, endodontics involves either preserving part, or all of the dental pulp"
"muscle disorders are offered a full range of treatment options. According to the International Orthoptic Association, professional orthoptic practice involves the following: Orthoptics Orthoptics is a profession allied to eye care profession whose primary emphasis is the diagnosis and non-surgical management of strabismus (wandering eye), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders. The word ""orthoptics"" comes from the Greek words ὀρθός ""orthos"", ""straight"" and ὀπτικός ""optikοs"", ""relating to sight"" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns refraction and muscular eye control. Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment. With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be"
"Orthognathic surgery Orthognathic surgery (); also known as corrective jaw surgery or simply jaw surgery, is surgery designed to correct conditions of the jaw and face related to structure, growth, sleep apnea, TMJ disorders, malocclusion problems owing to skeletal disharmonies, or other orthodontic problems that cannot be easily treated with braces. Originally coined by Harold Hargis, this surgery is also used to treat congenital conditions such as cleft palate. Typically during oral surgery, bone is cut, moved, modified, and realigned to correct a dentofacial deformity. The word ""osteotomy"" means the division, or excision of bone. The dental osteotomy allows surgeons"
"Orthopedic surgery Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics, also spelled orthopaedics, is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders. Nicholas Andry coined the word in French as """", derived from the Ancient Greek words ὀρθός ""orthos"" (""correct"", ""straight"") and παιδίον ""paidion"" (""child""), even he published ""Orthopedie"" (translated as ""Orthopædia: Or the Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children"") in 1741. The word was assimilated into English as ""orthopædics""; the ligature ""æ"" was common in"
"with tooth movement is bone deposition. Bone deposition occurs in the distracted periodontal ligament. Without bone deposition, the tooth will loosen and voids will occur distal to the direction of tooth movement. Orthodontic services may be provided by any licensed dentist trained in orthodontics. In North America most orthodontic treatment is done by orthodontists, who are dentists in diagnosis and treatment of ""malocclusions""—malalignments of the teeth, jaws, or both. A dentist must complete 2–3 years of additional post-doctoral training to earn a specialty certificate in orthodontics. There are many general practitioners who also provide orthodontic services. The first step is"
"dental practice. The ADA has recently started a dental practice parameters for world class quality services. Oral medicine Oral medicine (sometimes termed dental medicine, oral and maxillofacial medicine or stomatology) is a specialty focused on the mouth and nearby structures. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. The specialty is defined within Europe under Directive 2001/19/EC. The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example, Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a ""barometer"" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However,"
"Dental anatomy Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of human tooth structures. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its purview. (The function of teeth as they contact one another falls elsewhere, under dental occlusion.) Tooth formation begins before birth, and the teeth's eventual morphology is dictated during this time. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomical science: it is concerned with the naming of teeth and the structures of which they are made, this information serving a practical purpose in dental treatment. Usually, there are 20 primary (""baby"") teeth and 28 to 32"
"through the following infrastructure: Head of the Department:Dr. Somnath Rout Prosthetics and orthotics science is now one of the world's fastest-growing area of research and development. Prosthetics is the study of prescribing, designing and fitting artificial replacements (may be any part of a normal human body) by biologically feasible materials, they may be internal (e.g., artificial body implants, internal knee joints used in knee joint replacement surgery, etc.) or external (artificial limbs, aesthetic fingers, etc.). One who is expert in this science is called as a prosthetist and mainly deals with the external replacements. A prosthetist deals with mainly amputees"
"Oral and maxillofacial surgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS or OMFS) specializes in treating many diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral (mouth) and maxillofacial (jaws and face) region. It is an internationally recognized surgical specialty. In countries such as the UK, Australia, New Zealand and most of Europe, it is recognized as both a specialty of medicine and dentistry, and a dual degree in medicine and dentistry is compulsory. In other countries including the United States, India, Canada, Brazil, and Sweden, it is a recognized specialty of"
"Orthopaedic sports medicine Orthopedic Sports Medicine is a subspecialty of orthopedic medicine and sports medicine. The word orthopaedic derives from “ortho” which is the Greek root for “straight” and “pais” which is the Greek root for child. During the early history of orthopaedic medicine, orthopaedists used braces, among other things, to make a child “straight.” Today, orthopaedists are making people of all ages “straight,” including athletes from all different kinds of sports. The phrase “sports medicine” is not specific to one career/profession. It instead, encompasses a group of professionals from various disciplines whose focus is the health of an athlete."
"results in Diplomate status in the American Board of Periodontology. Periodontology Periodontology or periodontics (from Greek περί ""peri"" ""around""; and ὀδούς ""odous"" ""tooth"", genitive ὀδόντος ""odontos"") is the specialty of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, as well as diseases and conditions that affect them. The supporting tissues are known as the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), alveolar bone, cementum, and the periodontal ligament. A person who practices this specialty is known as a periodontist. Periodontal diseases take on many different forms but are usually a result of a coalescence of bacterial plaque biofilm accumulation of the red"
"universities including Isfahan University of Medical Science, the Iran University of Medical Science and University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science also confer M.Sc. and Ph.D. New bachelor graduates are eligible to work as an orthotist and prosthetist after registration in the Medical Council of Iran. Orthotics Orthotics () is a medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses. An (plural: ""orthoses"") is ""an externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system"". An orthotist is the primary medical clinician responsible for the prescription, manufacture and management of orthoses."
"used, it may include bisphosphonates, Strontium ranelate, and hormone replacement therapy. Osteopathic medicine is a school of medical thought originally developed based on the idea of the link between the musculoskeletal system and overall health, but now very similar to mainstream medicine. , over 77,000 physicians in the United States are trained in osteopathic medical schools. The study of bones and teeth is referred to as osteology. It is frequently used in anthropology, archeology and forensic science for a variety of tasks. This can include determining the nutritional, health, age or injury status of the individual the bones were taken"
"Orthoptics Orthoptics is a profession allied to eye care profession whose primary emphasis is the diagnosis and non-surgical management of strabismus (wandering eye), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders. The word ""orthoptics"" comes from the Greek words ὀρθός ""orthos"", ""straight"" and ὀπτικός ""optikοs"", ""relating to sight"" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns refraction and muscular eye control. Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment. With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring of some forms of eye disease, such as glaucoma, cataract screening and diabetic retinopathy For children, there is evidence"
"consists of rigorous clinical and didactic preparation in the basic sciences, head and neck anatomy, biomedical sciences, biomaterial sciences, implant surgery, function of occlusion (bite), TMJ, and treatment planning and experience treating full-mouth reconstruction cases, and esthetics. Due to this extensive training, prosthodontists are required to treat complex cases, full-mouth rehabilitation, TMJ-related disorders, congenital disorders, and sleep apnea by planning and fabricating various prostheses. There are only 3,200 prosthodontists in comparison to 170,000 general dentists in the United States. Prosthodontists have been consistently ranked at 6th or 7th positions by Forbes among America's most competitive and highest salaried jobs. Board"
"extractions, biopsies, management of precancerous lesions, cyst etc along with ethical training. The department was approved for FCPS Oral & maxillofacial surgeries by CPSP in January 2015. Department of Orthodontics: The department of orthodontics primarily deals with diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws. The department provides educational andclinical services having full spectrum of Orthodontic treatments including Cleft lip and Palate, Orthognathic Surgery cases, Class I,II,III malocclusions, Growth modifications and Interceptive treatments etc.Department is recognized for FCPS training and is headed by Associate Professor Dr. Afeef umar zia. Department of Prosthodontics: Prosthodontics Department deals with all types of"
"Oral and maxillofacial pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology (also termed oral pathology, stomatognathic disease, dental disease, or mouth disease) refers to the diseases of the mouth (""oral cavity"" or ""stoma""), jaws (""maxillae"" or ""gnath"") and related structures such as salivary glands, temporomandibular joints, facial muscles and perioral skin (the skin around the mouth). The mouth is an important organ with many different functions. It is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders. The specialty oral and maxillofacial pathology is concerned with diagnosis and study of the causes and effects of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial region."
"Anthropometric cosmetology Anthropometric cosmetology (""Anthropometry"" from Greek Ανθρωπος, ""man"") is the medical practice science of correction and modification of deformities in the upper and lower extremities of the body. This is done in order to attain an aesthetically pleasing appearance or to eliminate physical and psychological discomforts. Anthropometric (orthopedic) cosmetology appeared in the 1990s based on traumatology, orthopedic, and aesthetic surgery. In 1965, Gavriil Ilizarov determined that bone fragments could be carefully pulled apart without disrupting their alignment. These bone fragments could then grow back to a complete form. This discovery was groundbreaking for the fields of traumatology orthopedics. In"
"opisthosoma or abdomen. Segmentation has almost entirely been lost and the prosoma and opisthosoma are fused, only the positioning of the limbs indicating the location of the segments. At the front of the body is the gnathosoma or capitulum. This is not a head and does not contain the eyes or the brain, but is a retractable feeding apparatus consisting of the chelicerae, the pedipalps and the oral cavity. It is covered above by an extension of the body carapace and is connected to the body by a flexible section of cuticle. The mouthparts differ between taxa depending on diet;"
"Periodontology Periodontology or periodontics (from Greek περί ""peri"" ""around""; and ὀδούς ""odous"" ""tooth"", genitive ὀδόντος ""odontos"") is the specialty of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, as well as diseases and conditions that affect them. The supporting tissues are known as the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), alveolar bone, cementum, and the periodontal ligament. A person who practices this specialty is known as a periodontist. Periodontal diseases take on many different forms but are usually a result of a coalescence of bacterial plaque biofilm accumulation of the red complex bacteria (e.g., P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola)"
"said that nearly 30% of the population present with malocclusions severe enough to benefit from orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic treatment can focus on dental displacement only, or deal with the control and modification of facial growth. In the latter case it is better defined as ""dentofacial orthopedics"". In severe malocclusions that can be a part of craniofacial abnormality, management often requires a combination of orthodontics with headgear or reverse pull facemask and / or jaw surgery or orthognathic surgery. This often requires additional training, in addition to the formal three-year specialty training. For instance, in the United States, orthodontists get at"
"Head and neck anatomy This article describes the anatomy of the head and neck of the human body, including the brain, bones, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, and throat. The head rests on the top part of the vertebral column, with the skull joining at C1 (the first cervical vertebra known as the atlas). The skeletal section of the head and neck forms the top part of the axial skeleton and is made up of the skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, and cervical spine. The skull can be further subdivided into: The occipital bone joins with"
"than 1 year and adults 85 years and older. Laminectomy was common among adults aged 18–84 years. Knee arthroplasty and hip replacement were in the top five OR procedures for adults aged 45 years and older. Orthopedic surgery Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics, also spelled orthopaedics, is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders. Nicholas Andry coined the word in French as """", derived from the Ancient Greek words ὀρθός ""orthos"" (""correct"", ""straight"") and"
"Otology Otology is a branch of medicine which studies normal and pathological anatomy and physiology of the ear (hearing and vestibular sensory systems and related structures and functions) as well as their diseases, diagnosis and treatment. Otologic surgery generally refers to surgery of the middle ear and mastoid related to chronic otitis media, such as tympanoplasty, or ear drum surgery, ossiculoplasty, or surgery of the hearing bones, and mastoidectomy. Otology also includes surgical treatment of conductive hearing loss, such as stapedectomy surgery for otosclerosis. Neurotology, a related field of medicine and subspecialty of Otolaryngology, is the study of diseases of"
"Vertex (anatomy) In arthropod and vertebrate anatomy, the vertex (or ""cranial vertex"") is the upper surface of the head. In humans, the vertex is formed by four bones of the skull: the frontal bone, the two parietal bones, and the occipital bone. These bones are connected by the coronal suture between the frontal and parietal bones, the sagittal suture between the two parietal bones, and the lambdoid suture between the parietal and occipital bones. ""Vertex baldness"" refers to a form of male pattern baldness in which the baldness is limited to the vertex, resembling a tonsure. In childbirth, ""vertex birth"""
"which allows for the attachment of elastic or rubber bands directly into the mouth area. These elastics are then hooked onto the child's braces (brackets and bands) or appliance fitted in his or her mouth. This creates a forward 'pulling' force to pull the upper jaw forward. Orthodontic technology Orthodontic technology is a specialty of dental technology that is concerned with the design and fabrication of dental appliances for the treatment of malocclusions, which may be a result of tooth irregularity, disproportionate jaw relationships, or both. There are three main types of orthodontic appliances: active, passive and functional. All these"