"The Female of the Species (poem) ""The Female of the Species"" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling originally published in 1911. The title and refrain have been used as a title for at least three other works (see The Female of the Species (disambiguation)). It begins with illustrations of the greater deadliness of the females of different species, the Himalayan bear, the cobra and the Native American, who frightened the Jesuits more than the men. It continues with the general thought that women, ""must be deadlier than the male"", as she is formed for the one purpose - motherhood. Woman,"
"The writer Richard Usborne sees the mass-murdering terrorist Peterson as ""quite a sympathetic character. Almost, in fact, a hero"", and wrote that ""authors ... fall in love with their big villains ... Sapper came to love Carl Peterson dearly, and so did Drummond"". The title of the fifth Bulldog Dummond book, ""The Female of the Species"" refers to Rudyard Kipling's line ""the female of the species is more deadly than the male"". Irma is described by Jonathon Green as ""the slinky epitome of a twenties 'vamp, and by Lawrence Treadwell as dark, sexy and from an oriental background, ""a true"
"""The female of the species must be deadlier than the male"", and also refers to Sapper's earlier Drummond book ""The Female of the Species"". ""Deadlier Than the Male"" was a minor hit spending six weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at #32. The single was released concurrently that December with the EP ""Solo John/Solo Scott"". The low sales of the single may have been hit by the label's strategy of releasing them both at once. The single is essentially a Scott Walker solo release as he sang lead vocals and wrote/co-wrote both tracks. Previously Scott had only contributed"
"Bateman's principle Bateman's principle, in evolutionary biology, is that in most species, variability in reproductive success (or reproductive variance) is greater in males than in females. It was first proposed by Angus John Bateman (1919–1996), an English geneticist. Bateman suggested that, since males are capable of producing millions of sperm cells with little effort, while females invest much higher levels of energy in order to nurture a relatively small number of eggs, the female plays a significantly larger role in their offspring's reproductive success. Bateman’s paradigm thus views females as the limiting factor of parental investment, over which males will"
"Survival of the fittest ""Survival of the fittest"" is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection. The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success. In Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as ""Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations."" Herbert Spencer first used the phrase, after reading Charles Darwin's ""On the Origin of Species"", in his ""Principles of Biology"" (1864), in which he drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones: ""This survival of the"
"""Female of the Species"". The title was again lifted in 2006 for Joanna Murray-Smith's satirical play ""The Female of the Species"". A 1946 novel by James Hadley Chase was titled ""More Deadly Than The Male"". Another novel, written by Mindy McGinnis, is titled “The Female of the Species.” In 1984, Off Centaur Publications released an audio tape cassette album titled ""The Horse-Tamer's Daughter"" featuring a song based on the poem, set to music by Leslie Fish and performed by Julia Ecklar. In 1998, the song was nominated for a Pegasus Award for ""Best Adaptation"" by a ballot of science fiction"
"principle, and with Robert Trivers's parental investment theory. Bateman's principle Bateman's principle, in evolutionary biology, is that in most species, variability in reproductive success (or reproductive variance) is greater in males than in females. It was first proposed by Angus John Bateman (1919–1996), an English geneticist. Bateman suggested that, since males are capable of producing millions of sperm cells with little effort, while females invest much higher levels of energy in order to nurture a relatively small number of eggs, the female plays a significantly larger role in their offspring's reproductive success. Bateman’s paradigm thus views females as the limiting"
"Female Sabotage Female sabotage is an evolutionary theory regarding the propensity of certain females to select ""burdened"" males of their species for mating. Soon after Charles Darwin published his theory of Natural Selection, he was faced with a puzzle. If natural selection suggests ""survival of the fittest,"" then why do some males have traits that detract from their survival? For instance, the peacock grows a colorful, cumbersome tail that not only attracts predators, but makes it difficult for him to escape those predators. Similarly, the buck grows enormous antlers which are heavy to carry and can easily become tangled in"
"debate in the late 1970s. In an interview with ""The Australian Women's Weekly"", he stated: ""I deplore married women putting themselves on the same level as men, and I’ll tell you why. They are 300 percent better than men. They are a better animal than man. Whoever got the idea that woman was a lesser animal? Whether we’re human animals or not, we’re still animals. I’ve bred birds and I’ve bred dogs, and I can tell you the worst kind of animal you can ever breed from is a masculine bitch. Or a hen that thinks she is a rooster"
"end, while women are more likely to view it as a loss of control. Campbell's 1999 'Staying Alive' paper proposed an evolutionary explanation for sex differences in aggression. She argued that, while competition is important for women as well as men, women's competition takes less direct and risky forms than men's because mothers are more critical to the survival of their offspring than fathers are. She went on to explore possible ways in which evolution might have shaped men's and women's psychology differently, in particular with regard to impulsivity and fear. In total, Campbell authored and co-authored more than 80"
"calls: croaking. The females then arrive and choose the males with the deepest croaks and best territories. Generalizing, males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to a group of fertile females. Females have a limited number of offspring they can have and they maximize the return on the energy they invest in reproduction. The concept was first articulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace who described it as driving species adaptations and that many organisms had evolved features whose function was deleterious to their individual survival, and then developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century. Sexual"
"husbands like that of the church"". Charles Darwin wrote on the subject female inferiority through the lens of human evolution. He noted in his book ""The Descent of Men"": ""young of both sexes resembled the adult female in most species"" which he extrapolated and further reasoned ""males were more evolutionarily advanced than females"". Darwin believed all savages, children and women had smaller brains and therefore led more by instinct and less by reason. Such ideas quickly spread to other scientists such as Professor Carl Vogt of natural sciences at the University of Geneva who argued ""the child, the female, and"
"same geological strata as trilobites, it would be evidence against natural selection. Survival of the fittest ""Survival of the fittest"" is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection. The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success. In Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as ""Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations."" Herbert Spencer first used the phrase, after reading Charles Darwin's ""On the Origin of Species"", in his ""Principles of Biology"" (1864), in which he drew parallels between"
"collectivist cultures had a higher prevalence of pathogens than individualist ones. Thornhill has also suggested that pathogen defense could help explain civil and ethnic warfare, homicide, patriarchal family structures, and social suppression of female sexuality. Randy Thornhill Randy Thornhill (born 1944) is an American entomologist and evolutionary biologist. He is a professor of biology at the University of New Mexico, and was president of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society from 2011 to 2013. He is known for his evolutionary explanation of rape as well as his work on insect mating systems and the parasite-stress theory. Thornhill was born in"
"developed in ""The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex"" (1871), as he felt that natural selection alone was unable to account for certain types of non-survival adaptations. He once wrote to a colleague that ""The sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!"" His work divided sexual selection into male-male competition and female choice. These views were to some extent opposed by Alfred Russel Wallace, mostly after Darwin's death. He accepted that sexual selection could occur, but argued that it was a relatively weak form of selection. He argued"
"""The slave is wholly lacking the deliberative element; the female has it but it lacks authority; the child has it but it is incomplete"". Cynthia Freeland wrote: ""Aristotle says that the courage of a man lies in commanding, a woman's lies in obeying; that 'matter yearns for form, as the female for the male and the ugly for the beautiful'; that women have fewer teeth than men; that a female is an incomplete male or 'as it were, a deformity'."" Aristotle believed that men and women naturally differed both physically and mentally. He claimed that women are ""more mischievous, less"
"formula_23 and formula_24, respectively. Then formula_25, and so Thus, the change in genotype formula_27's frequency depends crucially on the difference between its fitness and the fitness of genotype formula_28. Supposing that formula_27 is more fit than formula_28, and defining the selection coefficient formula_31 by formula_32, we obtain where the last approximation hold for formula_34. In other words, the fitter genotype's frequency grows approximately logistically. The British sociologist Herbert Spencer coined the phrase ""survival of the fittest"" in his 1864 work ""Principles of Biology"" to characterise what Charles Darwin had called natural selection. The British biologist J.B.S. Haldane was the first"
"Fisher's principle Fisher's principle is an evolutionary model that explains why the sex ratio of most species that produce offspring through sexual reproduction is approximately 1:1 between males and females. A. W. F. Edwards has remarked that it is ""probably the most celebrated argument in evolutionary biology"". Fisher's principle was famously outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1930 book ""The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"" (but has been incorrectly attributed to Fisher as original). Specifically, Fisher couched his argument in terms of parental expenditure, and predicted that parental expenditure on both sexes should be equal. Sex ratios that are 1:1"
"Consequently, co-evolutionary interactions, between host and parasite, for example, may select for sexual reproduction in hosts in order to reduce the risk of infection. Oscillations in genotype frequencies are observed between parasites and hosts in an antagonistic coevolutionary way without necessitating changes to the phenotype. In multi-host and multi-parasite coevolution, the Red Queen dynamics could affect what host and parasite types will become dominant or rare. The phenomenon's name is derived from a statement that the Red Queen made to Alice in Lewis Carroll's ""Through the Looking-Glass"" in her explanation of the nature of Looking-Glass Land: Van Valen coined the"
"male mortality, regardless of what mechanism drives females to mate with males carrying burdensome traits. Abraham, J.N. 1998. ""La Saboteuse: An Ecological Theory of Sexual Dimorphism in Animals."" ""Acta Biotheoretica"" 46:23-35. Female Sabotage Female sabotage is an evolutionary theory regarding the propensity of certain females to select ""burdened"" males of their species for mating. Soon after Charles Darwin published his theory of Natural Selection, he was faced with a puzzle. If natural selection suggests ""survival of the fittest,"" then why do some males have traits that detract from their survival? For instance, the peacock grows a colorful, cumbersome tail that"
"Brown, author of ""Dangerous Curves: Action Heroines, Gender, Fetishism, and Popular Culture"" (2011) noted ""The Killing Joke"" as an example of the ""inherent misogyny of the male-dominated comic book industry"" in light of the ""relatively unequal violence [female characters] are subjected to."" While male characters may be critically injured or killed, they are more than likely to be returned to their original conception, while female characters are more likely to receive permanent damage. Reid states that although speculation behind the editorial decision to allow the paralysis of the character to become permanent included the idea she had become outdated, ""if"
"widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century."" Spencer was ""the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century"" but his influence declined sharply after 1900: ""Who now reads Spencer?"" asked Talcott Parsons in 1937. Spencer is best known for the expression ""survival of the fittest"", which he coined in ""Principles of Biology"" (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's ""On the Origin of Species"". This term strongly suggests natural selection, yet as Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, he also made use of Lamarckism. Spencer was born in Derby,"
"the female for the male and the ugly for the beautiful'; that women have fewer teeth than men; that a female is an incomplete male or 'as it were, a deformity'. Aristotle believed that men and women naturally differed both physically and mentally. He claimed that women are ""more mischievous, less simple, more impulsive ... more compassionate[,] ... more easily moved to tears[,] ... more jealous, more querulous, more apt to scold and to strike[,] ... more prone to despondency and less hopeful[,] ... more void of shame or self-respect, more false of speech, more deceptive, of more retentive memory"
"well. The variability hypothesis originated in the early nineteenth century with Johann Meckel, who argued that males have a greater range of ability than females, especially in intelligence. In other words, he believed that most geniuses and most mentally impaired people are men. Because he considered males to be the ""superior animal,"" Meckel concluded that females' lack of variation was a sign of inferiority. Later that century the character of the variability hypothesis was altered to coincide better with Charles Darwin's emphasis on the importance of variation from the average for the evolutionary process. Following Darwin, the variability hypothesis was"
"a platform for emerging ideas of evolution. His assistant Mary Anne Evans brought together authors including Francis William Newman, W. R. Greg, Harriet Martineau and the young journalist Herbert Spencer, and later John Stuart Mill, William Carpenter, Robert Chambers, George Holyoake and Thomas Huxley. Herbert Spencer ""despaired of getting his sociological writings published until Chapman took him on. (It was he, not Darwin, who coined the phrase ""the survival of the fittest"".) Thomas Huxley, later famous as the most ardent supporter of Darwinism, calling himself Darwin's bulldog and cheerfully going into battle with bishops over ""On the Origin of Species"""
"plants in the same population, or have unisexual flowers and hermaphroditic flowers on the same plant. R.A. Fisher developed an explanation, known as Fisher's principle, of why sex ratios in many animals are 1:1. If there were 10 times more females in a population than males, a male would on average be able to mate with more partners than a female would. Parents who preferentially invested in producing male offspring would have a fitness advantage over those who preferentially produced females. This strategy would result in increasing numbers of males in the population, thus eliminating the original advantage of males."
"the institutions of savages today, the concepts inseparable from a matriarchate colour every custom and every idea: they show also that those primeval concepts still condition our own ways of thinking and doing things, so that ""the societal characters of the human mind"" all seem to go back ""to the functions of the female and not to those of the male."" Thus it appears that man, in his remote infancy, was by no means the lord of creation that he has since become."" Robert Briffault Robert Stephen Briffault (, 1874 – 11 December 1948) was a French surgeon who found"
"Gertrude Rachel Levy Gertrude Rachel Levy (5 November 1883 – October 1966) was an author and cultural historian writing about comparative mythology, matriarchy, epic poetry and archaeology. She published many of her works under the name ""G. Rachel Levy"". As did Alexander Marshack, but earlier, Levy made an observation to the effect that in the earliest known representations of humans and animals together, the humans are shown without weapons. To the theory of hero archetypes, she contributed in ""The Sword from the Rock"" a three-phase evolutionary pattern, considered neglected by Brown and Fishwick: creation narratives, then quest pattern, then fraternal"
"may have had more serious consequences for a child than if the father died in the ancestral environment since there is a tendency for greater parental investments and caring for children by females than by males. Greater caring for children also leads to difficulty leaving them in order to either fight or flee. Anne Campbell writes that females may thus avoid direct physical aggressiveness and instead use strategies such as ""friendship termination, gossiping, ostracism, and stigmatization"". Psychologist and professor Mark van Vugt, from VU University at Amsterdam, Netherlands, has argued that males have evolved more aggressive and group-oriented in order"
"biological difference occurs because women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases. In her extensive review of the existing literature, Kalben concluded that the fact that women live longer than men was observed at least as far back as 1750 and that, with relatively equal treatment, today males in all parts of the world experience greater mortality than females. Kalben's study, however, was restricted to data in Western Europe alone, where demographic transition occurred relatively early. In countries such as Hungary, Bulgaria, India and China, males continued to outlive females into the twentieth century. Of 72 selected causes of"
"females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop in order to maintain their dominance, sometimes going so far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, “During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.” These findings revolutionized contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee diet and feeding behaviors, and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a"
"be more selective when choosing a mate, and the less-investing sex will have intra-sexual competition for access to mates. This theory has been influential in explaining sex differences in sexual selection and mate preferences, throughout the animal kingdom and in humans. In 1859, Charles Darwin published ""On the Origin of Species"". This introduced the concept of natural selection to the world, as well as related theories such as sexual selection. For the first time, evolutionary theory was used to explain why females are ""coy"" and males are ""ardent"" and compete with each other for females' attention. In 1930, Ronald Fisher"
"Petrie multiplier The Petrie multiplier is a thought experiment or mathematical model invented by British computer scientist Karen Petrie, and first described by Ian Gent in 2013. The multiplier ""shows that if the percentage of men and women in the room who make questionable remarks to the other sex is equal and the percentage of women in the room is lower than the percentage of men, then the average woman experiences far more sexist comments than the average man."" Gent defined the multiplier in the following terms: The Petrie multiplier corresponds to Lanchester's square law in battle and predator–prey dynamics."