"Phonological history of English vowels In the history of English phonology, there have been many diachronic sound changes affecting vowels, especially involving phonemic splits and mergers. The Great Vowel Shift was a series of chain shifts that affected historical long vowels but left short vowels largely alone. It is one of the primary causes of the idiosyncrasies in English spelling. The shortening of ante-penultimate syllables in Middle English created many long–short pairs. The result can be seen in such words as, <nowiki>*</nowiki>Earlier Modern English merged with . Tense–lax neutralization refers to a neutralization, in a particular phonological context in a"
"score in the Upper Section is at least 45. In the Lower Section are seven scoring categories: One Word, Two Words (at the same turn), Three Words (at the same turn), All Consonants, All Vowels (the consonant Y is considered a vowel in this game), Yahtzee Word (a seven-letter-word), and Chance. Of course, a word has to be a valid Scrabble word before it is scored, except in the All Consonants, All Vowels and Chance categories, although the pronoun ""I"" and the indefinite article ""a"" are also considered words. Jackpot Yahtzee, which started marketing in 1980, uses dice bearing symbols"
"a ""Y"" it is worth 10 points, if a blank is used as a ""Z"" it is worth 15 points, and if a blank is used as a ""K"" it is worth 20 points. Each of those letters are so high in points, because they are used only in borrowed words. The score of 20 for a ""K"" is the highest known point value for any letter in any Scrabble score distribution worldwide. ""Y"" is absent in all sets except the paleographic extension of the first set because it is rare in Latin. ""K"" and ""Z"" are also absent in"
"board, covered with playing card symbols (diamonds, hearts, clubs, spades, jokers) and scrambled. Based on Coia's talk with the contestant about their hobbies, three words were chosen and stripped of their first two vowels. The contestant had eight chances to complete the words by uncovering the six vowels on the board. When a usable vowel was found, the contestant chose where to put it in the three words. At different times during the show's run, either cash or prizes would be at stake. When cash was offered, the contestant won £250 for completing each of the first two words, and"
"Scrabble Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles bearing a single letter onto a board divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words that, in crossword fashion, read left to right in rows or downward in columns, and be included in a standard dictionary or lexicon. The name is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada; outside these two countries it is a trademark of Mattel. The game is sold in 121 countries and is available in 29 languages; approximately 150 million sets"
"with that amount. From July 1996, although still referred to as dollars, the amounts on the wheel effectively were points which determined a player's score. A player who has sufficient banked cash during the current round may choose to buy a vowel prior to spinning the Wheel. The cost of the vowel, $50, is deducted from the player's score and all instances of the requested vowel in the puzzle are revealed, if any. The player's score is reduced by $50 regardless if the vowel is in the puzzle or the number of times the vowel appears. If the purchased vowel"
"of which around 119,000 are up to eight letters in length. By contrast, TWL holds approximately two thirds as many words in total. CSW is therefore substantially larger than TWL and has a more international flavour, including a number of local or dialect words from around the world. International Scrabble ratings have been maintained since their inception by Bob Jackman in Sydney, Australia, using a variant of the Australian ratings calculation system. All tournaments played to WESPA rules are able to be rated within the system, and regular updates are posted on the WESPA website. The first rated tournament in"
"correspond to points. Each side of every die is printed like a Scrabble tile with a letter and small subscripted number on the lower right corner. One side of one die is marked with a diamond, which acts like the blank tile in Scrabble (can represent any letter, but will have no value). The corresponding scoresheet, like the parent game, has an Upper and Lower Section. In the Upper Section, points are scored and marked for two- to six-letter words, with each word determined by the point values of its letters. The player is awarded 35 points if the total"
"English-language Scrabble English-language Scrabble is the original version of the popular word-based board game invented in 1938 by US architect Alfred Mosher Butts who based the game on the letter distribution in ""The New York Times"" in English. The Scrabble variant most popular in English is standard match play, where two players compete over a series of games. Duplicate Scrabble is not popular in English, and High score Scrabble is no longer practised. Although English is a worldwide language, the official list of allowable words and some tournament rules change between territories. The main Scrabble associations in North America are"
"placed on the descrambler board in its proper word, but in the order it was found, and the player is awarded points and a chance to unscramble the squares; consonants are worth 10 points, while vowels are worth 20. Once both players have found a letter during a round, they may ask for revealed letters to be placed in their proper positions for a cost of 10 or 20 points (consonants and vowels, respectively). All letters placed in this way are covered with a transparent yellow card, whether by spending points or finding a ""Placer"" (below). As the game is"
"a short vowel, the way for example P is doubled to indicate the difference between 'super' and 'supper'. However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as 'divvy up' and 'skivvies'. Like J, K, Q, X, and Z, V is not used very frequently in English. It is the sixth least frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 1.03% in words. V is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the Australian version of the game of Scrabble. C also cannot be used in the American version."
"Scribbage Scribbage is a classic dice word game published in 1959 by the E.S. Lowe Company. 13 dice are rolled which have various letters on each side. Each letter is given a point value depending on its frequency in the English language. A timer is flipped and the player has to put the dice into words either left-to-right or up-and-down. The words must connect with each other as in crossword puzzles or ""Scrabble"". The player must stop at the end of the time and points are counted. The player adds up the points of the letters used and subtracts the"
"the value multiplied by the number of times the letter appeared. A player was allowed to purchase a vowel for a flat rate of 250 points for any number of repetitions as long as that vowel appeared in the puzzle. The contestant would then spin the wheel again, but the contestant's turn would end if the contestant either (a) landed on a number but picked a letter that did not appear on the puzzle board, earning the contestant no points (but not deducting the number the contestant landed on); (b) bought a vowel that did not appear in the puzzle"
"at any time. Several online tools exist for counting tiles during friendly play. Diacritical marks (such as ""é"" in words borrowed from French) are ignored. English-language editions of Scrabble contain 100 letter tiles, in the following distribution: The total number of points is 187. When Alfred Butts invented the game, he initially experimented with different distributions of letters. A popular story claims that Butts created an elaborate chart by studying the front page of ""The New York Times"" to create his final choice of letter distributions. In 2004, Super Scrabble was launched. For international distribution outside the United States and"
"(without spinning) and buying vowels for $250. The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter (which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge) or solves the puzzle. The final round is always played at least in part in a ""speed-up"" format, in which the host spins the wheel; each consonant in that round is worth the value at the red contestant's arrow plus $1,000. Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants' scores in the speed-up round. The contestant in control calls one letter, and if it appears in the puzzle,"
"Scrabble® brand crossword game. An alternative by Scrabble3D has this distribution (no combinations): Irish-language sets use these 100 tiles: ""J"", ""K"", ""Q"", ""V"", ""W"", ""X"", ""Y"", and ""Z"" are absent since they are rarely used in the Irish language. An alternate set, proposed by Scrabble3D along with the official set, was proposed to have these 100 tiles: Note that ""H"" is not in this set because it is only used at the beginning of the words starting with vowels, which is against the rules there. Note: This set uses the old orthography. In the new orthography, the dotted letters are"
"the length of each word and the number of words made. Once a player reaches 2,500 points, all 13 dice are used; all words must now contain at least four letters. A player with at least 2,500 points is considered ""vulnerable""; at least 500 points must be scored in a turn, or 500 points are deducted from their score. The first player to reach 5,000 points is the winner. The dice are labeled as follows: In the ""Dick Van Dyke Show"" episode ""A Man's Teeth Are Not His Own,"" Rob & Laura play a game of Perquackey with their neighbors."
"Japan. English-language Scrabble English-language Scrabble is the original version of the popular word-based board game invented in 1938 by US architect Alfred Mosher Butts who based the game on the letter distribution in ""The New York Times"" in English. The Scrabble variant most popular in English is standard match play, where two players compete over a series of games. Duplicate Scrabble is not popular in English, and High score Scrabble is no longer practised. Although English is a worldwide language, the official list of allowable words and some tournament rules change between territories. The main Scrabble associations in North America"
"at club level in the UK. Tournaments follow a similar structure to American ones, usually at least 6 games but weekend tournaments where players play 12 to 16 games are not uncommon. The official Scrabble association the Association of British Scrabble players sanctions official tournaments with official ratings, ratings range from about 200 to about 60. The official dictionary is called SOWPODS. In contrast to American tournaments, players do not lose a move if they challenge a valid word, which in general means more words are challenged. There are only Scrabble competitions for primary and secondary school students in Hong"
"of Scrabble the company also produced the first Afrikaans language version of the game under the name Krabbel, a Afrikaans translation of ""Scrabble"". This language set of the game had the following 100 tiles: Absent in both the original and standard set of Afrikaans are the letters ""C"", ""Q"", ""X"", and ""Z"". The infrequent ""X"" and ""Z"" may still be represented by the use of a blank, yet the letters ""C"" and ""Q"", not used in Afrikaans but only in a few loanwords, may not be. The Anglo-Saxon editions use these 101 tiles: Anglo-Saxon uses the letter ""K"", but it"
"randomly revealing and hiding letters until someone solves the puzzle, worth €100. Values range from €25 to €200 (later €0 to €200, and from €100 to €800 on the ""Premium"" edition in 2011). The audience typically chants common rhythmic chants as the player spins it. It has a Lose a Turn (PIERDE TURNO) and Bankrupt (QUIEBRA). Vowels are worth a flat €50 (€100 on early shows and on the ""premium"" edition in 2011, €25 on November 24, 2017), and must be purchased prior to spinning the wheel. There is one mystery wedge on the wheel in Round 3. It either"
"Italian version acted like the US version's puzzle board in that letters would light up one at a time, and the hostess had to touch all letters. In 2002, the price for buying a vowel changed from ₤1,000,000 to €300. On the 2007 revival, each vowel cost €200. When the show was on 'Pentatlon' using Italian Lira as its currency, the 15-wedge wheel configuration ran from ₤100,000 to ₤1 Million. On the Odeon version, the number of wedges increased to 24, and amounts ranged from ₤50,000 to ₤1,000,000. In round 3, the amounts increased with ₤100,000 as the smallest and"
"replaced by the digraph of the letter without the dot followed by H. Shortly after, the Scrabble3D distribution underwent a major revision (still has 100 tiles): Note that ""H"" is not in this set because it is only used at the beginning of the words starting with vowels, which is against the rules there. Note: This set uses the old orthography. In the new orthography, the dotted letters are replaced by the digraph of the letter without the dot followed by H. Italian-language Scrabble (originally sold in Italy as ""Scarabeo"", but that became a different game) applied a special rule"
"World English-Language Scrabble Players' Association (WESPA) and the Association of British Scrabble Players (ABSP). He and fellow Scrabble player Ray Tate attempted to break the world record for most points scored in 24 hours of Scrabble in 2012, but the effort had to be shelved after Tate ""keeled over with dehydration after 15 hours of play"". The duo ""unofficially"" broke the record a year later, according to ""GazetteLive"". In May 2015, Beevers guest-wrote an oped for ""The Guardian"" titled ""As world Scrabble champion, I think new words are obvs lolz"", in response to the addition of some 6,500 new words"
"word LAVA would score . The hierarchy of letters is similar to that of Scrabble; Q and Z are the highest-scoring tiles (each 10) followed by X and J (each 8) and so on, the most notable variance is that here L is worth five as opposed to just one in Scrabble. The player starts with two minutes to find as many words as he can; if he manages to use Q, Z, X, or J in any word he is awarded a further 10 seconds. After each successful entry the letters used are discarded with the matrix replacing those"
"in stem-final positions. Some dialects do not contrast and in unstressed positions, so that ""rabbit"" and ""abbot"" rhyme and ""Lenin"" and ""Lennon"" are homophonous, a dialect feature called weak vowel merger. GA and are realised as an ""r""-coloured vowel , as in ""further"" (phonemically ), which in RP is realised as (phonemically ). An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in ""sprint"" , and end with up to four, as in ""texts"" . This gives"
"this round, one contestant is asked how many vowels s/he would like to be used in a randomly-generated 10-letter selection (each chosen unseen from all possible vowels or consonants). Specific letters may be drawn multiple times. The game used 7 letters originally, before steadily increasing to 8, and later 9 until 4 April 2010. Contestants previously selected letters alternatively by asking for a vowel or consonant one-by-one. The goal is to find the longest word using the available letters. The players have 30 seconds to study the board and find a word. The contestant with the longest word scores one"
"is not in the puzzle, the player loses his or her turn in addition to the aforementioned cost. Multiple vowels may be purchased until either the supply of vowels is exhausted or the player's bank falls below $50. At that time, the player must spin the wheel or try to solve the puzzle. From 1981 to 1996, money earned in each round was used to shop for prizes. Any remaining cash also counted towards the player's final score. When this was removed in July 1996, contestants were given a set prize upon solving a puzzle. By the end of the"
"cards, and so forth. Points are added at the end of each round. The game continues until the end of the eighth round. Depending on the number of players, the discard pile may need to be shuffled to resupply the draw pile. The player with the most points at the end of eight rounds wins.[1] Allowable words Edit Players should decide on an English dictionary to be used during the game. An allowable word must appear as an entry in that dictionary or as one of the listed inflected forms of an entry word. Words must also use at least"
"included as they are used for borrowed words, or in the case of ""7"", optionally at the beginning of a word. In the word game PinyinPal, a Pinyin version, these 100 tiles are used: The V is used to represent Ü. Polish-language editions of Scrabble use these 100 tiles. This set has been used since 2000. Before that year, a slightly different configuration was used: Ź was worth 7 points, F was worth 4 points, and there were 2 ""Fs"", and 8 ""As"". The letters ""Q"", ""V"" and ""X"" have always been absent (since they are used in foreign words),"
"version did not exist officially in standard German orthography prior to 2017. Instead, the character is substituted by SS. However, the umlauts Ä, Ö and Ü must not be replaced by AE, OE or UE when playing (as would usually be done in German crosswords where ß is also replaced by SS). Other diacritics, which may occur in some foreign words, are ignored (é = E, œ = OE etc.). Greek-language editions of Scrabble contain 104 tiles. Gwich'in-language editions of Scrabble contain 200 letter tiles, in the following distribution: Note that ""GHW"", ""ND"", ""NH"", ""NJ"", and ""RH"" are not included,"
"marks being playable with a blank). The marks are included to make the letter distribution smaller. Japanese Romaji Scrabble sets use these 102 tiles: ""L"", ""Q"" and ""X"" are absent as they do not exist in Japanese. ""V"" does not exist though, created to be used in loanwords, is absent because of its rare frequency, can be used for a blank with 20 points reward for each play. - represents long vowel. Romaji scrabble games consist of all 3 scripts used in Japanese language - Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji in romanized form. This version does not use the long vowel"
"Scrabble letter distributions Editions of the word board game Scrabble in different languages have differing letter distributions of the tiles, because the frequency of each letter of the alphabet is different for every language. As a general rule, the rarer the letter, the more points it is worth. Many languages use sets of 102 tiles, since the original distribution of one hundred tiles was later augmented with two blank tiles. In tournament play, while it is acceptable to pause the game to count the tiles remaining in the game, it is not acceptable to mention how many tiles are remaining"