"Fischer suggested this deity may be Bat, a goddess who was later depicted as a woman's face with inward-curling antennae, seemingly reflecting the curve of the cow horns. Lana Troy, however, has pointed out that a passage in the ""Pyramid Texts"" connect Hathor with the ""apron"" of the king, reminiscent of the goddess on Narmer's belt, and suggests the goddess on the Narmer Palette is Hathor rather than Bat. Once Hathor was firmly established in the Old Kingdom, she rose rapidly to prominence. She supplanted an early crocodile god who was worshipped at Dendera in Upper Egypt to become Dendera's"
"Hera by Zeus. Her archaic association was primarily with cattle, as a Cow Goddess, who was especially venerated in ""cattle-rich"" Euboea. On Cyprus, very early archaeological sites contain bull skulls that have been adapted for use as masks (see Bull (mythology)). Her familiar Homeric epithet ""Boôpis"", is always translated ""cow-eyed"". In this respect, Hera bears some resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian deity Hathor, a maternal goddess associated with cattle. Hera bore several epithets in the mythological tradition, including: Hera is known for her jealousy; even Zeus, who is known to fear nothing, feared her tantrums. Zeus fell in love with"
"a symbol of resurrection. Most deities were depicted in several ways. Hathor could be a cow, cobra, lioness, or a woman with bovine horns or ears. By depicting a given god in different ways, the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature. The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms, so they can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies. These forms include men and women (anthropomorphism), animals (zoomorphism), and, more rarely, inanimate objects. Combinations of forms, such as deities with human bodies and animal heads, are common. New forms and increasingly complex"
"Apis (deity) In ancient Egyptian religion, Apis or Hapis (, reconstructed as Old Egyptian with unknown final vowel > Middle Egyptian , ), alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh, was a sacred bull worshiped in the Memphis region, identified as the son of Hathor, a primary deity in the pantheon of Ancient Egypt. Initially, he was assigned a significant role in her worship, being sacrificed and reborn. Later, Apis also served as an intermediary between humans and other powerful deities (originally Ptah, later Osiris, then Atum). The Apis bull was an important sacred animal to the ancient Egyptians. As with the other sacred"
"Egypt. In two dimensional images, both goddesses often are depicted straight on, facing the onlooker and not in profile in accordance with the usual Egyptian convention. The significant difference in their depictions is that Bat's horns curve ""inward"" and Hathor's curve ""outward"" slightly. It is possible that this could be based in the different breeds of cattle herded at different times. Hathor's cult center was in the 6th Nome of Upper Egypt, adjacent to the 7th where Bat was the cow goddess, which may indicate that they were once the same goddess in Predynastic Egypt. By the Middle Kingdom, the"
"with cow ears and horns. By the time of the Middle Kingdom her identity and attributes were subsumed within the goddess Hathor. The worship of Bat dates to earliest times and may have its origins in Late Paleolithic cattle herding. Bat was the chief goddess of Seshesh, otherwise known as Hu or Diospolis Parva, the 7th nome of Upper Egypt. The imagery of Bat as a divine cow was remarkably similar to that of Hathor the parallel goddess from Lower Egypt. The significant difference in their depiction is that Bat's horns curve inward and Hathor's curve outward slightly. It is"
"Hathor Hathor was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky god Horus and the sun god Ra, both of whom were connected with kingship, and thus she was the symbolic mother of their earthly representatives, the pharaohs. She was one of several goddesses who acted as the Eye of Ra, Ra's feminine counterpart, and in this form she had a vengeful aspect that protected him from his enemies. Her contrasting, beneficent side represented music, dance, joy, love, sexuality, and maternal"
"Hathor is one of the main cattle deities as she is the mother of Horus and Ra and closely associated with the role of royalty and kingship. Hesat is one of Hathor's manifestations, usually portrayed as a white cow representing purity and the milk that she produces to give life to humanity. Other feminine bovine deities include Sekhat-Hor, Weryt, and Shedyt. Their masculine counterparts include Apis, Mnevis, Sema-wer, Ageb-wer. While there are not many images of Hesat that are recorded and published, there are a few representations on pieces that belong to major museums world wide. The Metropolitan Museum of"
"Wadjet, a tutelary deity of Lower Egypt who was closely associated with royal crowns and the protection of the king. Other Eye-associated cobra goddesses include the fertility deity Renenutet, the magician goddess Weret-hekau, and Meretseger, the divine protector of the burial grounds near the city of Thebes. The deities associated with the Eye were not restricted to feline and serpent forms. Hathor's usual animal form is a cow, as is that of the closely linked Eye goddess Mehet-Weret. Nekhbet, a vulture goddess, was closely connected with Wadjet, the Eye, and the crowns of Egypt. Many Eye goddesses appear mainly in"
"Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt The ancient Egyptian culture is full of rich traditions and practices that until today we keep on learning about. Wildlife in ancient Egypt used to be very different compared to the wildlife currently present in Egypt for several factors and variables. Animals like elephants, rhinoceros, crocodiles and hippopotamus used to live in different parts of Egypt, however these animals do not exist in Egypt today. Animals were very much appreciated and played a big deal in Egyptian history; even some gods were represented as animals; as Hathor the goddess of fertility, love and"
"sometimes found in a domestic context, depicted a woman with an elaborate headdress exposing her genitals, as Hathor did to cheer up Ra. The meaning of these figurines is not known, but they are often thought to represent Hathor or Isis combined with Aphrodite making a gesture that represented fertility or protection against evil. Hathor was one of a handful of deities, including Amun, Ptah, and Thoth, who were commonly prayed to for help with personal problems. Many Egyptians left offerings at temples or small shrines dedicated to the gods they prayed to. Most offerings to Hathor were used for"
"Apis as an incarnation of Osiris, ignoring the connection with Ptah. Apis was the most popular of three great bull cults of ancient Egypt, the others being the cults of Mnevis and Buchis. All are related to the worship of Hathor or Bat, similar primary goddesses separated by region until unification that eventually merged as Hathor. The worship of Apis was continued by the Greeks and after them by the Romans, and lasted until almost 400 CE. This animal was chosen because it symbolized the courageous heart, great strength, and fighting spirit of the king. Apis came to being considered"
"Ihy Ihy is a god in ancient Egyptian mythology who represents the ecstasy of playing the sistrum. His name may mean ""sistrum player"", referring to his function, or ""calf"". This is in allusion to his relationship with the cow goddess Hathor who was often said to be his mother. Other goddesses might be called his mother, however, including Isis, Sekhmet, and Neith. The god Horus is Ihy's father. Ihy was depicted as a child holding a sistrum or as a nude child with his finger in his mouth. He was worshiped alongside Horus and Hathor at Dendera. Hathor was his"
"Horned deity Deities depicted with horns or antlers are found in many different religions across the world. Hathor is commonly depicted as a cow goddess with head horns in which is set a sun disk with Uraeus. Twin feathers are also sometimes shown in later periods as well as a necklace. Hathor may be the cow goddess who is depicted from an early date on the Narmer Palette and on a stone urn dating from the 1st dynasty that suggests a role as sky-goddess and a relationship to Horus who, as a sun god, is ""housed"" in her. Hathor had"
"mother give birth. Behind them is the symbol of Hathor, a horned cow head perched upon a stick. Hathor is closely related to fertility and childbirth. The other four sides that have been somewhat preserved depict zoomorphic and anthropomorphic deities, which are also found on the magic wands. The symbols that were preserved enough to analyze include a serval and a couple of goddesses. The striding wildcat on the lower left corner of side E is one that is fully present on the brick. The cat is an iconic symbol of solar incarnation in Egypt. This again ties into the"
"contrast, the domestic cat, which was sometimes connected with Hathor, often represented the Eye goddess's pacified form. When portrayed as a sycomore tree, Hathor was usually shown with the upper body of her human form emerging from the trunk. Like other goddesses, Hathor might carry a stalk of papyrus as a staff, though she could instead hold a ""was"" staff, a symbol of power that was usually restricted to male deities. The only goddesses who used the ""was"" were those, like Hathor, who were linked with the Eye of Ra. She also commonly carried a sistrum or a ""menat"" necklace."
"sexual allure. One text compares this loss with Horus's loss of his divine Eye and Set's loss of his testicles during the struggle between the two gods, implying that the loss of Hathor's lock was as catastrophic for her as the maiming of Horus and Set was for them. Hathor was called ""mistress of love"", as an extension of her sexual aspect. In the series of love poems from Papyrus Chester Beatty I, from the Twentieth Dynasty (c. 1189–1077 BC), men and women ask Hathor to bring their lovers to them: ""I prayed to her [Hathor] and she heard my"
"a lotus flower, spawning a snake within, representing aspects of Egyptian mythology. In contrast to this interpretation, there is a fringe science suggestion that it is actually a representation of an Ancient Egyptian lightbulb. The ceiling of the Hathor Temple has recently been cleaned in a careful way that removed hundreds of years of black soot without harming the ancient paint underneath. Spectacular ceiling painting has been exposed in the main hall, and some of the most vibrant and colourful paintings dating from antiquity are now visible. The Dendera complex has long been one of the most tourist-accessible ancient Egyptian"
"Menat In ancient Egyptian religion, Menat (ancient Egyptian ""mnj.t"", modern Arabic منات) was a name of the goddess Hathor, and of a type of artifact closely associated with her, much like the sistrum was. The artifact, whose name was slightly different in hieroglyphic spelling than that of the goddess, was held in the hand by its counterpoise and used as a rattle by Hathor's priestesses. Often it was worn as a protective amulet, even by Apis bulls. Part of the ""menat"" was a plate called an ""aegis"" (Greek for ""shield""), worn on the chest, to which strands of beaded strings"
"Heqet Heqet (Egyptian ', also ' ""Heqtit"") is an Egyptian goddess of fertility, identified with Hathor, represented in the form of a frog. To the Egyptians, the frog was an ancient symbol of fertility, related to the annual flooding of the Nile. Heqet was originally the female counterpart of Khnemu, or the wife of Khnemu by whom she became the mother of Heru-ur. It has been proposed that her name is the origin of the name of Hecate, the Greek goddess of witchcraft. The name is written as ' with the determinative ""frog"" (I7). The phonetic spelling may use the"
"and in those circumstances, Hathor or Isis stood at his side instead. In the late periods of Egyptian history, the form of Hathor from Dendera and the form of Horus from Edfu were considered husband and wife and in different versions of the myth of the Distant Goddess, Hathor-Raettawy was the consort of Montu and Hathor-Tefnut the consort of Shu. Hathor's sexual side was seen in some short stories. In a cryptic fragment of a Middle Kingdom story, known as ""The Tale of the Herdsman"", a herdsman encounters a hairy, animal-like goddess in a marsh and reacts with terror. On"
"and in its measuring of time."" A cow, representing Hathor, who was the goddess of the sky, home of the great falcon. Behind is a standing female figure with the Eye of Horus depicted on her head and holding out a papyrus stem in her left hand. This image is similar to the one in the same panel from the hypocephalus of Tashenkhons. Joseph Smith's interpretation: ""Is called in Egyptian Enish-go-on-dosh; this is one of the governing planets also, and is said by the Egyptians to be the Sun, and to borrow its light from Kolob through the medium of"
"kingship. Hathor was the mother in many of these local triads of gods. At Dendera, the mature Horus of Edfu was the father and Hathor the mother, while their child was Ihy, a god whose name meant ""sistrum-player"" and who personified the jubilation associated with the instrument. Other children of Hathor included a minor deity from the town of Hu, named Neferhotep, and several child forms of Horus. The milky sap of the sycomore tree, which the Egyptians regarded as a symbol of life, was likened to Hathor's milk, and this tree was one of her symbols. The milk was"
"in Egypt, there was a religion that worshipped the sun directly, and was among the first monotheistic religions: Atenism. Sun worship was prevalent in ancient Egyptian religion. The earliest deities associated with the sun are all goddesses: Wadjet, Sekhmet, Hathor, Nut, Bast, Bat, and Menhit. First Hathor, and then Isis, give birth to and nurse Horus and Ra. Hathor the horned-cow is one of the 12 daughters of Ra, gifted with joy and is a wet-nurse to Horus. From at least the 4th Dynasty of ancient Egypt, the sun was worshipped as the deity Re (pronounced probably as Riya, meaning"
"a manifestation of the king, as bulls were symbols of strength and fertility, qualities that are closely linked with kingship. ""strong bull of his mother Hathor"" was a common title for Egyptian gods and male kings, being unused for women serving as king, such as Hatshepsut. As early as the time of the Narmer Palette, the king is depicted with a bovine tail on one side, and a bull is seen knocking down the walls of a city on the other. Occasionally, Apis was pictured with the sun-disk symbol of his mother, Hathor, between his horns, being one of few"
"jackal laying down with a feather. Probably the most notable example is that of the triad of Menkaure, Hathor and Anput. She was occasionally depicted as a woman with the head of a jackal, but this is very rare. Anput is a female counterpart of the god Anubis. She is also a goddess of the seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt. She is also considered the protector of Osiris' body. Anput Anput is a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. Her name is also rendered Anupet, Input, Inpewt and Yineput. Her name is written in hieroglyphs as ""inpwt"". Her name is the"
"from a wide variety of scholars. The translations by Miriam Lichtheim and William Kelly Simpson from the 1970s are both widely accepted versions. The story goes as follows: The king of Egypt was very sad that a son had not yet been born to him. The king prays to the gods, and that night his wife conceives a child. When the king's son is born the seven Hathors (goddesses, who pronounce the fate of each child at birth) foretell that he will die either by crocodile, snake or dog. His father, afraid for his son’s safety, builds his son an"
"ancient Egyptian term for ""midwife"" is known for certain—midwives often called themselves the ""Servants of Heqet"", and that her priestesses were trained in midwifery. Women often wore amulets of her during childbirth, which depicted Heqet as a frog, sitting in a lotus. Heqet Heqet (Egyptian ', also ' ""Heqtit"") is an Egyptian goddess of fertility, identified with Hathor, represented in the form of a frog. To the Egyptians, the frog was an ancient symbol of fertility, related to the annual flooding of the Nile. Heqet was originally the female counterpart of Khnemu, or the wife of Khnemu by whom she"
"herself to Ra, making him laugh and get up again to perform his duties as ruler of the gods. Life and order were thought to be dependent on Ra's activity, and the story implies that Hathor averted the disastrous consequences of his idleness. Her act may have lifted Ra's spirits partly because it sexually aroused him, although why he laughed is not fully understood. Hathor was praised for the beauty of her hair. Egyptian literature contains allusions to a myth that is not clearly described in any surviving text, in which Hathor lost a lock of hair that represented her"
"to Nefertari and Hathor of Ibshek. The dedication text on one of the buttresses states : While on other buttresses it says: The two colossal standing statues of Nefertari in front of the small temple are equal in size to those of Ramesses II. Nefertari is shown holding a sistrum. She wears a long sheet dress and she is depicted with a long wig, Hathoric cow horns, the solar disk, and tall feathers mounted on a modius. In the interior of the temple, Nefertari appears in a variety of scenes. She is shown for instance offering to a cow (Hathor)"
"the sun god each dawn. Hathor's name, ""ḥwt-ḥrw"" or ""ḥwt-ḥr"", may allude to this aspect of her character. The name is typically translated ""house of Horus"", referring to the falcon god Horus who, among other things, represented the sky or the sun, although it can also be rendered as ""my house is the sky"". The ""house"" may be the sky in which Horus lives or the goddess's womb, from which he, as a sun god, is born each day. Hathor was herself a solar deity, a feminine counterpart to sun gods like Horus and Ra, and she was a member"
"or often ""the"" Horned God and one or more goddesses. Deities such as Pan and Dionysus have had attributes of their worship imported into the Neopagan concept as have the Celtic Cernunnos and Gwynn ap Nudd, one of the mythological leaders of the Wild Hunt Horned deity Deities depicted with horns or antlers are found in many different religions across the world. Hathor is commonly depicted as a cow goddess with head horns in which is set a sun disk with Uraeus. Twin feathers are also sometimes shown in later periods as well as a necklace. Hathor may be the"
"signs that they had joined the retinues of those deities. Some burial goods that portray the deceased like goddesses may refer to this same belief, although whether the imagery refers to Hathor or Isis is not known. The link between Hathor and deceased women was maintained into the Roman Period, the last stage of ancient Egyptian religion before its extinction. Hathor Hathor was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky god Horus and the sun god Ra, both of whom"