"World War II, except for the Ossau Valley in Béarn. Evidence has been gathered also that with different names (such as ""salterio"") it was played along with the flute early in the 20th century in small areas of High Aragon. From the 1970s on, the instrument has shown renewed vitality. It is a very simple form of psaltery or box zither, made of a wooden sounding box, with strings stretched from end to end, lengthwise. Its construction is similar to that of the Aeolian harp or Appalachian dulcimer. The Pyrenean version of the instrument numbers 4 to 10 strings but"
"perform medieval music include the early flute, which was made of wood and which did not have any metal keys or pads. Flutes of this era could be made as a side-blown or end-blown instrument; the wooden recorder and the related instrument called the gemshorn; and the pan flute. Medieval music used many plucked string instruments like the lute, mandore, gittern and psaltery. The dulcimers, similar in structure to the psaltery and zither, were originally plucked, but became struck by hammers in the 14th century after the arrival of new technology that made metal strings possible. The bowed lyra of"
"Psalterium (instrument) A psalterium , or ""tambourin à cordes"", is a stringed musical instrument, the name of which is synonymous with the psaltery. In specific usage, this name denotes a form of long psaltery that is tuned to provide drone chords. Sometimes called a ""string drum,"" though not to be confused with a friction drum also called a ""string drum,"" it is usually used as rhythm accompaniment with a form of tabor pipe. It is also known as ""tambourin de Béarn"" or ""Tambourin de Gascogne"" in French, ""ttun-ttun"" (for the sound emitted) in Basque, ""salmo"" in Spanish, and ""chicotén"" in"
"Clavicymbalum The clavicymbalum (or clavisymbalum, clavisimbalum, etc.) is an early keyboard instrument and ancestor of the harpsichord. The instrument is described as a psaltery to which keys, but no dampers, have been attached, allowing the keys rather than the fingers to pluck the strings, which then ring until their sound fades out. (The illustration on this page does not show the clavicymbalum just described. Rather, it shows a much later instrument on which the strings were played by multiple revolving, round bows.) One of its earliest attestations is a 1323 work by Johannes de Muris, where it describes a ""monochordium"""
"extensively used during the Middle Ages in England, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. Although it had a distinctive name in each country, it was everywhere regarded as a kind of psalterium. The importance of the method of setting the strings in vibration by means of hammers, and its bearing on the acoustics of the instrument, were recognized only when the invention of the pianoforte had become a matter of history. It was then perceived that the psalterium in which the strings were plucked, and the dulcimer in which they were struck, when provided with keyboards, gave rise to"
"structure to the psaltery and zither, were originally plucked, but musicians began to strike the dulcimer with hammers in the 14th century after the arrival of new metal technology that made metal strings possible. The bowed lyra of the Byzantine Empire was the first recorded European bowed string instrument. Like the modern violin, a performer produced sound by moving a bow with tensioned hair over tensioned strings. The Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih of the 9th century (d. 911) cited the Byzantine lyra, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments as a bowed instrument equivalent to the Arab rabāb and typical instrument"
"lute and psaltery is sometimes credited to Francesco Landini, an Italian lutenist-composer during the trecento. Filippo Villani writes in his ""Liber de civitatis Florentiae"", ""...[Landini] invented a new sort of instrument, a cross between lute and psaltery, which he called the serena serenarum, an instrument that produces an exquisite sound when its strings are struck."" Rare iconographic evidence (by artists such as Alessandro Magnasco) reveals that such instruments were still in use in Italy ca. 1700. In the Hetman state in left-bank Ukraine, the bandura underwent significant transformations with the development of a professional class of itinerant blind musicians called"
"The cittern or cithren (Fr. cistre, It. cetra, Ger. zitter, zither, Sp. cistro, cedra, cítola)[1] is a stringed instrument dating from the Renaissance. Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is generally accepted that it is descended from the Medieval citole (or cytole). It looks much like the modern-day flat-back mandolin and the modern Irish bouzouki. Its flat-back design was simpler and cheaper to construct than the lute. It was also easier to play, smaller, less delicate and more portable. Played by all classes, the cittern was a premier instrument of casual music-making much as is the guitar today."
"in the 2010s. Medieval instruments include the flute, which was made of wood and could be made as a side-blown or end-blown instrument (it lacked the complex metal keys and airtight pads of 2010s-era metal flutes); the wooden recorder and the related instrument called the gemshorn; and the pan flute (a group of air columns attached together). Medieval music used many plucked string instruments like the lute, mandore, gittern and psaltery. The dulcimers, similar in structure to the psaltery and zither, were originally plucked, but became struck by hammers in the 14th century after the arrival of new technology that"
"in the Temple (1 Kgs. 10:12). Another stringed instrument of the harp class, and one also used by the ancient Greeks, was the lyre. A similar instrument was the lute, which had a large pear-shaped body, long neck, and fretted fingerboard with head screws for tuning. Coins displaying musical instruments, the Bar Kochba Revolt coinage, were issued by the Jews during the Second Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire of 132–135 AD. In addition to those, there was the psaltery, another stringed instrument which is referred to almost thirty times in Scripture. According to Josephus, it had twelve strings and"
"by the name ""canon"" from the Greek word κανών (""kanṓn""), which means ""rule"", ""principle"", and also ""mode"". The modern Greek folk instrument is called by its diminutive, ""kanonaki"". The instrument is usually small enough to be portable; its shape and range vary. From the 12th through the 15th centuries, psalteries are widely seen in manuscripts, paintings and sculpture throughout Europe . They vary widely in shape and the number of strings (which are often, like lutes, in courses of two or more strings). In the 19th century, several related zithers came into use, notably the guitar zither and the autoharp."
"earliest known representation of a harpsichord is a sculpture (see below) in an altarpiece of 1425 from Minden in north-west Germany."" Whoever invented the harpsichord did not have to proceed from scratch. The idea of controlling a musical instrument with a keyboard was already well worked out for the organ, an instrument that is far older than the harpsichord. Moreover, the psaltery was a widely used instrument of the Middle Ages. Like the later harpsichord, it had metal strings which were held at controlled tension with tuning pins and transmitted their vibrations through a bridge to a soundboard, rendering them"
"viola with five strings, one of which was a drone, popular amongst the jongleurs to accompany their singing and recitations; Organistrum, a three-stringed instrument similar to the vielle but played by the turning of a crank, with strings ‘stopped by a set rods instead of the player’s fingers); and Psaltery, a type of zither played by plucking or ‘striking’ the strings, which frequently appears in medieval art. The most common wind instruments included both recorder and transverse style flutes; the reeded Shawms, a precursor to the oboe; trumpets and Bagpipes. Drums, harps, recorders, and bagpipes were the instruments of choice"
"as an instrument ""with a keyboard of two octaves, of triangular form, with one of the three sides curved."" The work of Henri-Arnault de Zwolle (between 1438 and 1446) describes the clavicymbalum as one of the ""three types"" of keyboard instruments, along with the ""dulce melos"" (an early piano) and the clavicordium (clavichord). Clavicymbalum The clavicymbalum (or clavisymbalum, clavisimbalum, etc.) is an early keyboard instrument and ancestor of the harpsichord. The instrument is described as a psaltery to which keys, but no dampers, have been attached, allowing the keys rather than the fingers to pluck the strings, which then ring"
"3 sets of 2 (6 total) is the common arrangement. Psalterium (instrument) A psalterium , or ""tambourin à cordes"", is a stringed musical instrument, the name of which is synonymous with the psaltery. In specific usage, this name denotes a form of long psaltery that is tuned to provide drone chords. Sometimes called a ""string drum,"" though not to be confused with a friction drum also called a ""string drum,"" it is usually used as rhythm accompaniment with a form of tabor pipe. It is also known as ""tambourin de Béarn"" or ""Tambourin de Gascogne"" in French, ""ttun-ttun"" (for the"
"Byzantine lyra The Byzantine lyra or lira () was a medieval bowed string musical instrument in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. In its popular form the lyra was a pear-shaped instrument with three to five strings, held upright and played by stopping the strings from the side with fingernails. Remains of two actual examples of Byzantine lyras from the Middle ages have been found in excavations at Novgorod; one dated to 1190 AD. The first known depiction of the instrument is on a Byzantine ivory casket (900–1100 AD), preserved in the Bargello in Florence (""Museo Nazionale, Florence, Coll. Carrand, No.26"")."
"gemshorn is similar to the recorder as it has finger holes on its front, though it is actually a member of the ocarina family. One of the flute's predecessors, the pan flute, was popular in medieval times, and is possibly of Hellenic origin. This instrument's pipes were made of wood, and were graduated in length to produce different pitches. Medieval music used many plucked string instruments like the lute, a fretted instrument with a pear-shaped hollow body which is the predecessor to the modern guitar. Other plucked stringed instruments included the mandore, gittern, citole and psaltery. The dulcimers, similar in"
"in exile, earlier being part of the instruments used in the Temple (1 Kgs. 10:12). Another stringed instrument of the harp class, and one also used by the ancient Greeks, was the lyre. A similar instrument was the lute, which had a large pear-shaped body, long neck, and fretted fingerboard with head screws for tuning. Coins displaying musical instruments, Bar Kochba Revolt coinage, were issued by the Jews during the Second Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire of 132–135 AD In addition to those, there was the psaltery, another stringed instrument which is referred to almost thirty times in Scripture."
"Cittern The cittern or cithren (Fr. ""cistre"", It. ""cetra"", Ger. ""Cister,"" Sp. ""cistro, cedra, cítola"") is a stringed instrument dating from the Renaissance. Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is generally accepted that it is descended from the Medieval citole (or cytole). It looks much like the modern-day flat-back mandolin and the modern Irish bouzouki, and is descended from the English Guitar. Its flat-back design was simpler and cheaper to construct than the lute. It was also easier to play, smaller, less delicate and more portable. Played by all classes, the cittern was a premier instrument of casual"
"in 1476, the sambuca is described as a cithara, which in that century was generally glossed ""harp"": In ""Tristan und Isolde"" (bars 7563-72) when the knight is enumerating to King Marke all the instruments upon which he can play, the ""sambiut"" is the last mentioned: A Latin–French glossary has the equivalence Psalterium = . During the later Middle Ages was often translated ""sackbut"" in the vocabularies, whether merely from the phonetic similarity of the two words has not yet been established. The great Boulogne Psalter (11th Century) contains many fanciful instruments which are evidently intended to illustrate the equally vague"
"while in exile, earlier being part of the instruments used in the Temple (1 Kgs. 10:12). Another stringed instrument of the harp class, and one also used by the ancient Greeks, was the lyre. A similar instrument was the lute, which had a large pear-shaped body, long neck, and fretted fingerboard with head screws for tuning. Coins displaying musical instruments, the Bar Kochba Revolt coinage, were issued by the Jews during the Second Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire of 132–135 AD. In addition there was the psaltery, another stringed instrument which is referred to almost thirty times in Scripture."
"hold two bows in one hand to facilitate double-stopping. Besides bowing, the instrument may also be strummed or struck for additional tone colors. The strings are often too closely spaced for conventional finger picking, but may be plucked at the bowing end. Bowed psaltery The bowed psaltery is a type of psaltery or zither that is played with a bow. In contrast with the centuries-old plucked psaltery, the bowed psaltery appears to be a 20th-century invention. In 1925 a German patent was issued to the Clemens Neuber Company for a bowed psaltery which also included a set of strings arranged"
"Epigonion An epigonion () was an ancient stringed instrument mentioned in Athenaeus (183 AD), probably a psaltery. The epigonion was invented, or at least introduced into Greece, by Epigonus of Ambracia, a Greek musician of Ambracia in Epirus, who was admitted to citizenship at Sicyon as a recognition of his great musical ability and of his having been the first to pluck the strings with his fingers, instead of using the plectrum. The instrument, which Epigonus named after himself, had forty strings. It was undoubtedly a kind of harp or psaltery, since in an instrument of so many strings some"
"Epigonion An epigonion () was an ancient stringed instrument mentioned in Athenaeus (183 AD), probably a psaltery. The epigonion was invented, or at least introduced into Greece, by Epigonus of Ambracia, a Greek musician of Ambracia in Epirus, who was admitted to citizenship at Sicyon as a recognition of his great musical ability and of his having been the first to pluck the strings with his fingers, instead of using the plectrum. The instrument, which Epigonus named after himself, had forty strings. It was undoubtedly a kind of harp or psaltery, since in an instrument of so many strings some"
"by many as the predecessor of the contemporary violin. From the organological point of view, the Byzantine lyra is in fact an instrument belonging to the family of bowed lutes; however, the designation ""lyra"" (""Greek: λύρα ~ lūrā, English: lyre"") constitute of a terminological survival relating to the performing method of an ancient Greek instrument. The use of the term ""lyra"" for a bowed instrument was first recorded in the 9th century, probably as an application of the term lyre of the stringed musical instrument of classical antiquity to the new bowed string instrument. The Byzantine lyra is sometimes informally"
"made metal strings possible. Bowed strings were used as well. The bowed lyra of the Byzantine Empire was the first recorded European bowed string instrument. The Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih of the 9th century (d. 911) cited the Byzantine lyra as a bowed instrument equivalent to the Arab rabāb and typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the ""urghun"" (organ), ""shilyani"" (probably a type of harp or lyre) and the ""salandj"" (probably a bagpipe). The hurdy-gurdy was a mechanical violin using a rosined wooden wheel attached to a crank to ""bow"" its strings. Instruments without sound boxes like the jaw"
"Bowed psaltery The bowed psaltery is a type of psaltery or zither that is played with a bow. In contrast with the centuries-old plucked psaltery, the bowed psaltery appears to be a 20th-century invention. In 1925 a German patent was issued to the Clemens Neuber Company for a bowed psaltery which also included a set of strings arranged in chords, so that one could play the melody on the bowed psaltery strings, and strum accompaniment with the other hand. These are usually called ""violin zithers"". Similar instruments were being produced by American companies of the same time period, often with"
"9th century Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 911); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments cited the lyra (lūrā) as the typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the ""urghun"" (organ), ""shilyani"" (probably a type of harp or lyre) and the ""salandj"" (probably a bagpipe). The first of these, the early bowed stringed instrument known as the Byzantine lyra, would come to be called the ""lira da braccio"", in Venice, where it is considered by many to have been the predecessor of the contemporary violin, which later flourished there. The bowed ""lyra"" is still played in former Byzantine regions, where it"
"these clearly show what we today call the citole, including the citole from the ""Robert de Lisle Psalter"". Cythara The word cythara was used generically for a wide variety stringed instruments of medieval and Renaissance Europe, including not only the lyre and harp but also necked, string instruments. In fact, unless a medieval document gives an indication that it meant a necked instrument, then it likely was referring to a lyre. It was also spelled ""cithara"" or ""kithara"" and was Latin for the Greek lyre. However, lacking names for some stringed instruments from the medieval period, these have been referred"
"(in secular Latin, it is the term for a stringed instrument, from Greek ψαλτήριον ""psalterion""). The Book of Psalms contains the bulk of the Divine Office of the Roman Catholic Church. The other books associated with it were the Lectionary, the Antiphonary, and Responsoriale, and the Hymnary. In Late Modern English, ""psalter"" has mostly ceased to refer to the Book of Psalms (as the text of a book of the Bible) and mostly refers to the dedicated physical volumes containing this text. Dedicated psalters, as distinct from copies of the Psalms in other formats, e.g. as part of a full"
"Pandura The pandura (, ""pandoura"") was an ancient Greek string instrument belonging in the broad class of the lute and guitar instruments. Musical instruments of this class have been observed in ancient Greek artwork from the 3rd or 4th century BC onward. Lutes have been present in ancient Greece since the 4th century BC. The ancient Greek ""pandoura"" was a medium or long-necked lute with a small resonating chamber, used by the ancient Greeks. It commonly had three strings: such an instrument was also known as the ""trichordon"" (three-stringed) (τρίχορδον, McKinnon 1984:10). Its descendants still survive as the Greek tambouras"
"the Byzantine Empire was the first recorded European bowed string instrument. The Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih of the 9th century (d. 911) cited the Byzantine lyra as a bowed instrument equivalent to the Arab rabāb and typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the ""urghun"" (organ), ""shilyani"" (probably a type of harp or lyre) and the ""salandj"" (probably a bagpipe). The hurdy-gurdy was a mechanical violin using a rosined wooden wheel attached to a crank to ""bow"" its strings. Instruments without sound boxes like the jaw harp were also popular in the time. Early versions of the organ, fiddle (or"
"Cythara The word cythara was used generically for a wide variety stringed instruments of medieval and Renaissance Europe, including not only the lyre and harp but also necked, string instruments. In fact, unless a medieval document gives an indication that it meant a necked instrument, then it likely was referring to a lyre. It was also spelled ""cithara"" or ""kithara"" and was Latin for the Greek lyre. However, lacking names for some stringed instruments from the medieval period, these have been referred to as fiddles and citharas/cytharas, both by medieval people and by modern researchers. The instruments are important as"