"2017 Lesbos earthquake The 2017 Lesbos earthquake occurred at 12:28:39 UTC on 12 June. The earthquake's epicentre was 5 km south of Plomari on the Greek island of Lesbos off the Aegean coast of Turkey. It had a magnitude of 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of IX (""Violent"") on the Mercalli intensity scale. Extensive damage was caused on parts of southern Lesbos, where there was one fatality and 10 people were injured. The earthquake was also felt in Turkey but no significant damage or injuries were reported. Scientific Data on the 2017 Lesbos earthquake,"
"scale. It was later improved by Charles Richter, developer of the Richter scale. The scale is known today as the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI). Giuseppe Mercalli Giuseppe Mercalli (May 21, 1850 – March 19, 1914) was an Italian volcanologist and Catholic priest. He is best remembered for the Mercalli intensity scale for measuring earthquakes. Born in Milan, Mercalli was ordained a Roman Catholic priest and soon became a professor of the Natural Sciences at the seminary of Milan. The Italian government appointed him a professor at Domodossola, followed by a post at Reggio di Calabria. He was"
"Giuseppe Mercalli Giuseppe Mercalli (May 21, 1850 – March 19, 1914) was an Italian volcanologist and Catholic priest. He is best remembered for the Mercalli intensity scale for measuring earthquakes. Born in Milan, Mercalli was ordained a Roman Catholic priest and soon became a professor of the Natural Sciences at the seminary of Milan. The Italian government appointed him a professor at Domodossola, followed by a post at Reggio di Calabria. He was professor of geology at the University of Catania in the late 1880s and finally was given a post at the Naples University. He was also director of"
"and 7. The ""Shindo"" scale has been used in Japan from 1996 without change. The JMA Scale runs from 0 to 7, with 7 being the strongest. The Mercalli intensity scale is sometimes used together with the ""Shindo""; however this is not usual practice in Japan. Real-time earthquake reports are calculated automatically from measurements of ground acceleration. The JMA reports the earthquake level based on the ground acceleration, measured automatically with seismic intensity meters. There is no simple and linear relationship between Shindo Number and peak ground acceleration as Shindo Number also depends on duration, so the values of the"
"Mercalli intensity scale The Mercalli intensity scale is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. It measures the ""effects"" of an earthquake. It is distinct from the moment magnitude (""M"") usually reported for an earthquake, which is a measure of the ""energy"" released (sometimes misreported as the Richter magnitude, ""M""). The intensity of an earthquake is not entirely determined by its magnitude. It is not based on first physical principles, but is, instead, empirically based on observed effects. The Mercalli scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature,"
"German geophysicist August Heinrich Sieberg and became known as the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale. The Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg scale was later modified by Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann, and published in English in 1931 as the Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN) scale. It was later improved by Charles Richter, the father of the Richter magnitude scale. The scale is known today as the Modified Mercalli scale (MM) or Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MMI). The lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The higher numbers of the scale are based on observed"
"the Vesuvius Observatory until the time of his death. He is best remembered for the Mercalli intensity scale for measuring earthquakes which, in modified form, is still used today. Unlike the Richter magnitude scale, which measures the energy released by an earthquake, the Mercalli intensity scale measures the subjectively assessed effects of an earthquake. It is poorly suited for measuring earthquakes in sparsely populated areas but ideal for comparing damage done by various tremors, and is useful in earthquake engineering. The scale in use today assigns indices ranging from I - ""Not felt, except by a few under favorable conditions"","
"scale of Mercalli in Argentina according to . The first foreshock quake was recorded at 19:46 (local time) and 22:49 (UTC) on April 22, and had a magnitude of 4.8 M, with epicenter 32 km west of Valparaíso and 28.1 km deep. After the earthquake more than 1000 aftershocks were registered, the largest one had a magnitude of 6.0 M, with an epicenter 14 kilometers south of Valparaíso and 25.9 kilometers deep. The April 24, 2017 M6.9 earthquake west of Valparaiso, Chile, occurred as the result of thrust faulting on or near the subduction zone interface between the Nazca and"
"end of the fault zone, and many collapsed completely as a result of aftershocks. The authors of the 1968 Unesco report into the Mudurnu Valley earthquake felt that its Mercalli intensity was difficult to estimate accurately. In some places an implied level of XII (""Extreme"") was evident, whereas the vibrational effects were nearer VIII–IX (""Severe–Violent""). Although a large number of sites were independently assessed by up to six observers, variations of up to four degrees of the Mercalli scale indicated that an accurate figure was practically impossible to gauge. Considering the large surface wave magnitude (7.1) and widespread surface rupturing,"
"the Mercalli intensity scale. Many houses were damaged, and a brick church at Pūtiki was destroyed. There was extensive lateral spreading of the terrace margin to the Whanganui River, and a section of Shakespeare Cliff fell into the river. Two people were killed when their house was swept away by one of the landslides caused by the earthquake. 1843 Wanganui earthquake The 1843 Wanganui earthquake occurred on 8 July at 16:45 local time with an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the scale. The maximum perceived intensity was IX (""Violent"") on the Mercalli intensity scale' possibly reaching X (""Extreme""). The epicentre"
"3.27 (a magnitude of 3.5 on the Richter Scale, IV–V on the Mercalli intensity scale). The strongest tremor took place at 11.32 on Thursday 31 October 2002 in the area of lower Molise, which is situated in the north-east of the Province of Campobasso. It reached from the Frentani Mountains to the Fortore valley. It lasted for 60 seconds and could be felt distinctly in the centre of Molise, in the Capitanata, the Province of Chieti, and could be perceived in the Marche, Bari, Benevento, Matera, Brindisi, Rome, Naples, Potenza, Salerno, Taranto and Pescara. San Giuliano di Puglia was near"
"Mercalli intensity scale and occurred at 3:44 p.m. on April 14. Local fishermen reported seeing steam rising from the fjord. The earthquake expanded to several zones of the country. At 6:22 a.m. (local time) on April 22, an intense earthquake was felt in Santiago, reaching II (""Weak"") on the Mercalli intensity scale. According to ONEMI, the following cities and town in Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region were affected. The Roman numerals show the intensity on the Mercalli intensity scale. On the mountains around the fjord, the earthquake caused landslides that in turn created waves as high as"
"shake amplitude, shake frequency, peak velocity, or peak acceleration. Human-perceived shaking and building damages are best correlated with peak acceleration for lower-intensity events, and with peak velocity for higher-intensity events. The effects of any one earthquake can vary greatly from place to place, so there may be many Mercalli intensity values measured for the same earthquake. These values can be best displayed using a contoured map of equal intensity, known as an isoseismal map. However, each earthquake has only one magnitude. Sources Mercalli intensity scale The Mercalli intensity scale is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of"
"1868 Hawaii earthquake The 1868 Hawaii earthquake was the largest recorded in the history of Hawaii island, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter magnitude scale and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (""Extreme""). The earthquake occurred at 4 p.m. local time on April 2, 1868 and caused a landslide and tsunami that led to 77 deaths. The aftershock sequence for this event has continued up to the present day. The island of Hawaii (commonly called the ""Big Island"") is the currently active volcanic center of the Hawaiian Islands formed over the Hawaii hotspot. The two active volcanoes"
"2014 Murmuri earthquake The 2014 Murmuri earthquake occurred on August 18 in the Zagros Mountains of Iran with a moment magnitude of 6.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (""Severe""). The dip-slip shock injured 60–330 people and was followed by a number of high intensity aftershocks. The area had not seen a large seismic event since developments in Earth observation satellites allowed scientists to more precisely study earthquakes. Observations made using Interferometric synthetic aperture radar imply that different faults were ruptured by the mainshock and the largest aftershock, each leading to different surface deformations. Phone lines, water, and electricity"
"reported by the press as Richter values, even for earthquakes of magnitude over 8, when the Richter scale becomes meaningless. Anything above 5 is classified as a risk by the USGS. The Richter and MMS scales measure the energy released by an earthquake; another scale, the Mercalli intensity scale, classifies earthquakes by their ""effects"", from detectable by instruments but not noticeable, to catastrophic. The energy and effects are not necessarily strongly correlated; a shallow earthquake in a populated area with soil of certain types can be far more intense in effects than a much more energetic deep earthquake in an"
"now largely forgotten, had six degrees whereas the Rossi–Forel scale had ten. The second, now known as the Mercalli intensity scale, had ten degrees, and expanded on the descriptions in the Rossi–Forel scale. Italian physicist Adolfo Cancani expanded the ten-degree Mercalli scale with the addition of two degrees at the top of the scale: XI (catastrophe) and XII (enormous catastrophe). This was later completely rewritten by the German geophysicist August Heinrich Sieberg and became known as the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale. This was modified and published in English by Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931 as the Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN)"
"on the moment magnitude scale than the quake of September 2010, the intensity and violence of the ground shaking was measured to be VIII (""Severe"") on the Mercalli intensity scale and was among the strongest ever recorded globally in an urban area due to the shallowness and proximity of the epicentre. Early assessments indicated that approximately one third of buildings in the Central Business District would have to be demolished. In contrast to the September 2010 quake, the quake struck on a busy weekday afternoon. This, along with the strength of the quakes, and proximity to the city center resulted"
"shaking, and observed damage. There is correlation between these scales, but not always absolute agreement since experiences and damage can be affected by many other factors, including the quality of earthquake engineering. Generally speaking, The United States Geological Survey developed an Instrumental Intensity scale, which maps peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity on an intensity scale similar to the felt Mercalli scale. These values are used to create shake maps by seismologists around the world. In the 7-class Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, the highest intensity, Shindo 7, covers accelerations greater than 4 m/s² (0.41 ""g""). In India,"
"of .09""g"" on bedrock, and .24""g"" on an upper abutment. The day of the main event two aftershocks occurred (5.6 at 14:51 and 5.4 at 22:07) but the initial shock was V (""Moderate"") on the Mercalli intensity scale and the second event was felt only. Ten days following the mainshock on July 31, a stronger aftershock occurred with a local magnitude of 5.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (""Strong""). That aftershock was felt in California and western Nevada, broke windows and knocked items off shelves in Bishop, and light fixtures were damaged at the National Weather Service office."
"which are the earthquakes of Chile 1960 (the greatest earthquake ever instrumentally recorded) and Chile 2010 (the fifth in the scale of recorded worldwide mega-events) the tsunami-generating event of the Sumatra-Andaman islands of 2004 (third greatest event) and the event of Japan 2011 (fourth greatest event), allowing an absolute-amplitude comparison between these events. Grotta Gigante horizontal pendulums The Grotta Gigante horizontal pendulums are a pair of tiltmeters used for monitoring Earth movements, mounted in the Grotta Gigante in Italy. The horizontal pendulums, installed by the geodesist Antonio Marussi in 1959, are sensitive to deviations of the vertical, to rotations and"
"design basis earthquake ground motion (DBEGM) is often defined in terms of PGA. Unlike the Richter and moment magnitude scales, it is not a measure of the total energy (magnitude, or size) of an earthquake, but rather of how hard the earth shakes at a given geographic point. The Mercalli intensity scale uses personal reports and observations to measure earthquake intensity but PGA is measured by instruments, such as accelerographs. It can be correlated to macroseismic intensities on the Mercalli scale but these correlations are associated with large uncertainty. See also seismic scale. The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the"
"Plate, and is currently expanding in a north-south direction on a set of west-east trending normal faults. The current opening rate is estimated to be at least 1.1 mm per year. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 6.6 on the moment magnitude scale. The maximum perceived shaking was VII on the Mercalli intensity scale. The focal mechanism of the earthquake shows that it was the result of movement on a west-east trending normal fault, although the dip direction of the fault remains uncertain. A tsunami with a maximum height of 1.9 m was triggered by the earthquake and caused"
"magnitude of this earthquake has been estimated from contemporary reports of seismic intensity. Analysis of other subduction interface earthquakes along this margin suggest that the extent of shaking of VIII or greater on the Mercalli intensity scale matches well with the rupture extent for each event. This suggests that the 1787 rupture extended for about 450 km along the coast, providing an estimate of magnitude 8.6, based on scaling against other similar earthquakes. The tsunami triggered by the earthquake affected the Mexican Pacific coast for more than 500 km along the shores of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Chiapas. The maximum wave"
"1991 Uttarkashi earthquake The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake (also known as the Garhwal earthquake) occurred at with a moment magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (""Violent""). This thrust event was instrumentally recorded and occurred along the Main Central Thrust in the Uttarkashi and Gharwal regions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand (then still part of Uttar Pradesh). High intensity shaking resulted in the deaths of at least 768 people and the destruction of thousands of homes. The Garhwal division in northern India, flanked by the Tons River to the west and the Alaknanda River to the east,"
"with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (""Extreme""). The initial shock measured 7.3 and the second shock measured 6.9 . Damage to man-made structures was minimal because the region was sparsely populated at the time, but oblique-slip motion on a normal fault resulted in the appearance of large fault scarps. Fairview, Nevada Fairview is a ghost town in Churchill County, Nevada, in the United States of America. Discovery of silver in the area in 1905 led to several claims and the creation of a boom town in 1906. The community took its name from Fairview Peak.Fairview changed locations twice, once"
"was located closer to the city, and although lower on the moment magnitude scale than the previous earthquake, the intensity and violence of the ground shaking was measured to be IX (""Violent"") on the Mercalli intensity scale, and was among the strongest ever recorded globally in an urban area and in total 185 people were killed with nationals from more than 20 countries among the victims. ChristChurch Cathedral lost its spire and widespread damage was caused to city buildings already weakened by 4 September 2010 earthquake and its aftershocks. A large number of heritage buildings have been demolished since the"
"to the earthquake has been modeled by comparing synthetic seismograms with near-source strong motion recordings. This analysis showed that the rupture speed had at times exceeded the shear wave velocity, making this the first earthquake for which supershear rupture was inferred. The United States Geological Survey operates a series of strong motion stations in the Imperial Valley and while the majority of stations in the array recorded ground accelerations that were not unexpected, station number six registered an unusually high vertical component reading of 1.74g which, at the time, was the highest yet recorded as the result of an earthquake."
"difficult, but Ambraseys settled on a maximum value of VII–VIII (""Very strong""–""Damaging"") on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale for the event. That scale was used primarily in Europe and the Soviet Union up until the 1990s. A higher loss of life was probably seen as a result of the earthquake occurring on a winter evening, as most people were likely in their homes preparing dinner. Every house and the local church in the village of Jish was destroyed, and all the parishioners, totaling 135 people, were killed, with only the priest surviving the collapse of the vaulted stone roof there. The priest"
"cornices from municipal buildings in the 1960s as a result of Richter's awareness campaigns. After the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the city cited Richter's warnings as important in preventing many deaths. Richter had retired in 1970. At the time when Richter began a collaboration with Gutenberg, the only way to rate shocks was a scale developed in 1902 by the Italian priest and geologist Giuseppe Mercalli. The Mercalli scale uses Roman numerals and classifies earthquakes from I to XII, depending on how buildings and people responded to the tremor. A shock that set chandeliers swinging might rate as a I"
"of heart attacks in Quetta after the earthquake, about 330 km northeast of the epicenter, where the Mercalli intensity was IV (""Light""). Tremors after the earthquake reached neighboring countries including Bahrain, UAE, Oman, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. It was felt with a Mercali intensity of IV (""Light"") in Islamabad, Karachi, Muscat, Delhi, and III (""Weak"") in Kabul, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. 2011 Dalbandin earthquake The 2011 Dalbandin earthquake occurred on with a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (""Strong""). The shock occurred in a sparsely populated area of Balochistan, caused moderate damage, three deaths and"
"event. Mercalli intensity values for the greater Los Angeles area varied with ranges from VI (""Strong"") to VII (""Very strong""). Only Whittier experienced a level of VIII (""Severe""), the highest experienced during the event, with the historic uptown area suffering the greatest damage. A separate M5.2 strike-slip event occurred three days later and several kilometers to the northwest that also caused damage and one additional death. Because of the earthquake activity in the Los Angeles Metropolitan area, buildings and other public structures had been equipped with accelerometers, and both the mainshock and the primary aftershock provided additional data for seismologists"
"higher are listed. Shocks with magnitude 5.5 or higher are highlighted in light blue. The main shock with moment magnitude 6.9 M is highlighted in dark blue. 2010 Yushu earthquake The 2010 Yushu earthquake struck on April 14 and registered a magnitude of 6.9M (USGS, EMSC) or 7.1M (CEA, CENC). It had a maximum felt intensity of IX (""Violent"") on the Mercalli intensity scale. It originated in Yushu, Qinghai, China, at local time (23:49 April 13 UTC). According to the Xinhua News Agency, 2,698 people were confirmed dead, 270 missing and 12,135 injured, 1,434 of them severely. The epicenter was"