"and South America, with about 230 million people at risk. It results in US$8 billion of economic losses a year. It belongs to a group of diseases known as neglected tropical diseases. The bacterium has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days, after which the affected individual experiences symptoms of conjunctivitis, or irritation similar to ""pink eye"". Blinding endemic trachoma results from multiple episodes of reinfection that maintains the intense inflammation in the conjunctiva. Without reinfection, the inflammation will gradually subside. The conjunctival inflammation is called ""active trachoma"" and usually is seen in children, especially pre-school children. It is"
"Trachoma Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by bacterium ""Chlamydia trachomatis"". The infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. This roughening can lead to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and eventual blindness. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections can result in a form of permanent blindness when the eyelids turn inward. The bacteria that cause the disease can be spread by both direct and indirect contact with an affected person's eyes or nose. Indirect contact includes through clothing or flies that have come into contact with an affected person's"
"identifying and treating human and pig carriers. There are 21.4 million people infected with trachoma, of whom 2.2 million are partially blind and 1.2 million are blind. It is found in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, Middle East, and Australia. The disease disproportionately affects women and children. The mortality risk is very low, although multiple re-infections eventually lead to blindness. The symptoms are internally scarred eyelids, followed by eyelids turning inward. Trachoma is caused by a micro-organism that spreads through eye discharges (on hands, cloth, etc.) and by ""eye-seeking flies"". It is treated with antibiotics. The only known prevention"
"long-term effects are passed from one generation to the next. As of 2011, approximately 21 million people are actively affected by trachoma, with around 2.2 million people being permanently blind or severe visual impairment from trachoma. An additional 7.3 million people are reported to have trichiasis. 51 countries are currently classified as endemic for blinding trachoma. Of these, Africa is considered the worst affected area, with over 85% of all known active cases of trachoma. Within the continent, South Sudan and Ethiopia have the highest prevalence. In many of these communities, women are three times more likely than men to"
"regards to covering treatment costs and productivity losses as a result of increased visual impairment and in some cases, permanent blindness. The global estimated cost of trachoma is reported between $US 2.9-5.3 billion each year. By including the cost for trichiasis treatment, the estimated overall cost for the disease increases to approximately $US 8 billion. Trachoma Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by bacterium ""Chlamydia trachomatis"". The infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. This roughening can lead to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and eventual blindness."
"due to their tendency to get dirty easily, but the blinding effects or more severe symptoms are often not felt until adulthood. Blinding endemic trachoma occurs in areas with poor personal and family hygiene. Many factors are indirectly linked to the presence of trachoma including lack of water, absence of latrines or toilets, poverty in general, flies, close proximity to cattle, crowding, and so forth. However, the final common pathway seems to be the presence of dirty faces in children, facilitating the frequent exchange of infected ocular discharge from one child’s face to another. Most transmission of trachoma occurs within"
"to infection, the effects are often not felt until adulthood. Women, traditionally the caretakers of the home, are twice as likely as men to have the advanced stage of the disease, called trichiasis. An estimate 320 million people, mostly women and children, live in areas where they can be exposed to trachoma, a neglected tropical disease. International Coalition for Trachoma Control The International Coalition for Trachoma Control (ICTC) is a non-profit organization that was established in 2004 for the purpose of contributing to the global effort to eliminate blinding trachoma and to advocate and implement the SAFE strategy. The SAFE"
"a number of observer organizations, such as The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, the US Fund for UNICEF, and the World Health Organization. Global Strategic Plan 2020 INSight: The end in sight The ICTC's INSight global strategic plan lays out the current trachoma situation, and what needs to be done to achieve elimination of blinding trachoma by 2020. What is Trachoma? Trachoma is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which spreads through contact with an infected person. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections make the eyelashes turn inward, scratching the cornea. This causes excruciating pain. Although children are the most susceptible"
"although the exact relevance in prostatitis is difficult to ascertain due to possible contamination from urethritis. Chlamydia conjunctivitis or trachoma was once the most important cause of blindness worldwide, but its role diminished from 15% of blindness cases by trachoma in 1995 to 3.6% in 2002. The infection can be spread from eye to eye by fingers, shared towels or cloths, coughing and sneezing and eye-seeking flies. Newborns can also develop chlamydia eye infection through childbirth (see below). Using the SAFE strategy (acronym for surgery for in-growing or in-turned lashes, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvements), the World Health Organization"
"infectious agent associated with blindness (trachoma); about 84 million worldwide suffer ""C. trachomatis"" eye infections and 8 million are blinded as a result of the infection. Elementary bodies are generally present in the semen of infected men and vaginal secretions of infected women. When they come into contact with a new host cell, the elementary bodies bind to the cell via interaction between adhesins on their surface and several host receptor proteins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Once attached, the bacteria inject various effector proteins into the host cell using a type three secretion system. These effectors trigger the host cell"
"of the eyes that go without treatment can result in trachoma, a common cause of blindness in the developing world. Chlamydia can be spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. The eye infections may also be spread by personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in areas with poor sanitation. ""Chlamydia trachomatis"" only occurs in humans. Diagnosis is often by screening which is recommended yearly in sexually active women under the age of twenty five, others at higher risk, and at the first prenatal visit. Testing can be"
"the family. McCallan in 1908 divided the clinical course of trachoma into 4 stages The World Health Organization recommends a simplified grading system for trachoma. The Simplified WHO Grading System is summarized below: Trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF)—Five or more follicles of >0.5 mm on the upper tarsal conjunctiva Trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI)—Papillary hypertrophy and inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva obscuring more than half the deep tarsal vessels Trachomatous scarring (TS)—Presence of scarring in tarsal conjunctiva. Trachomatous trichiasis (TT)—At least one ingrown eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of epilation (eyelash removal) Corneal opacity (CO)—Corneal opacity blurring part of"
"Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia trachomatis (), commonly known as chlamydia, is a bacterium that can replicate only in human cells. It causes chlamydia, which can manifest in various ways, including: trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease. ""C. trachomatis"" is the most common infectious cause of blindness and the most common sexually transmitted bacterium. Different types of ""C. trachomatis"" cause different diseases. The most common strains cause disease in the genital tract, while other strains cause disease in the eye or lymph nodes. Like other ""Chlamydia"" species, the ""C. trachomatis"" life cycle consists of two morphologically distinct life"
"home. Stringent control measures were introduced and by the early 20th century, trachoma was essentially controlled in Europe, although cases were reported up until the 1950s. Today, most victims of trachoma live in underdeveloped and poverty-stricken countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control says ""No national or international surveillance [for trachoma] exists. Blindness due to trachoma has been eliminated from the United States. The last cases were found among Native American populations and in Appalachia, and those in the boxing, wrestling, and sawmill industries (prolonged exposure to combinations of sweat"
"in adults and children. Trachoma is the primary source of infectious blindness in some parts of rural Africa and Asia and is a neglected tropical disease that has been targeted by the World Health Organization for elimination by 2020. Treatment depends on the infection site, age of the patient, and whether another infection is present. Having a ""C. trachomatis"" and one or more other sexually transmitted infections at the same time is possible. Treatment is often done with both partners simultaneously to prevent reinfection. ""C. trachomatis"" may be treated with several antibiotic medications, including azithromycin, erythromycin, or ofloxacin. Azithromycin and"
"they are principally disliked because of their habit of settling on people's faces (particularly around the eyes) and on sweaty skin, seeking out bodily secretions and suppurating wounds. The bazaar fly is a vector for trachoma, a disease caused by the bacterium ""Chlamydia trachomatis"", which can result in blindness. Research in The Gambia suggests that young children are the main reservoir of the bacteria and that this fly is the principal insect vector of trachoma infection. Worldwide, trachoma results in the visual impairment of over two million people and the blindness of 1.2 million and is the main cause of"
"treated, because the infection area is limited to the skin, preventing the lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen from entering and destroying a vital organ. Without treatment, about 20% of cutaneous skin infection cases progress to toxemia and death. Respiratory infection in humans is relatively rare and presents as two stages. It infects the lymph nodes in the chest first, rather than the lungs themselves, a condition called hemorrhagic mediastinitis, causing bloody fluid to accumulate in the chest cavity, therefore causing shortness of breath. The first stage causes cold and flu-like symptoms. Symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, cough,"
"cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees. Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ ""thorax"" ""breastplate, cuirass, corslet"" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the"
"Mesothelioma Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops from the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs (known as the mesothelium). The most common area affected is the lining of the lungs and chest wall. Less commonly the lining of the abdomen and rarely the sac surrounding the heart, or the sac surrounding the testis may be affected. Signs and symptoms of mesothelioma may include shortness of breath due to fluid around the lung, a swollen abdomen, chest wall pain, cough, feeling tired, and weight loss. These symptoms typically come on slowly. More than 80%"
"skin, heart, joints, peripheral nervous system, and central nervous system. Many of the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease are a consequence of the immune response to the spirochete in those tissues. ""B. burgdorferi"" is injected into the skin by the bite of an infected ""Ixodes"" tick. Tick saliva, which accompanies the spirochete into the skin during the feeding process, contains substances that disrupt the immune response at the site of the bite. This provides a protective environment where the spirochete can establish infection. The spirochetes multiply and migrate outward within the dermis. The host inflammatory response to the bacteria"
"trachea. Segments of the duct and cysts that occur high in the neck are lined by stratified squamous epithelium, which is essentially identical to that covering the posterior portion of the tongue in the region of the foramen cecum. The disorders that occur in the lower neck more proximal to the thyroid gland are lined by epithelium resembling the thyroidal acinar epithelium. Characteristically, next to the lining epithelium, there is an intense lymphocytic infiltrate. Superimposed infection may convert these lesions into abscess cavities, and rarely, give rise to cancers. Another disorder is that of thyroid dysgenesis which can result in"
"They are most commonly seen in perineum and under arm pit. However, they can occur in any part of the body. The organism enters directly through the breakdown of mechanical defense barriers such as mucosa or skin. Conditions which lead to the development of an immunocompromised state make the patient more susceptible to ecthyma gangrenosum and septicemia. In case of septicemia, the bacteria reaches the skin via the bloodstream. Defective humoral or cellular immunity increases risk, as the organism is not cleared from the bloodstream as usual. The main mechanism of the organism that is causing the typical skin lesions"
"to this form of disease. Chloromas may occur in virtually any organ or tissue. The most common areas of involvement are the skin (also known as ""leukemia cutis"") and the gums. Skin involvement typically appears as violaceous, raised, nontender plaques or nodules, which on biopsy are found to be infiltrated with myeloblasts<ref name=""http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063639""> </ref> Note that leukemia cutis differs from Sweet's syndrome, in which the skin is infiltrated by mature neutrophils in a paraneoplastic process. Gum involvement (gingival hypertrophy) leads to swollen, sometimes painful gums which bleed easily with tooth brushing and other minor trauma. Other tissues which can be"
"as the rate of recurrence is higher in more advanced disease. Facial cleanliness: Children with grossly visible nasal discharge, ocular discharge, or flies on their faces are at least twice as likely to have active trachoma as children with clean faces. Intensive community-based health education programs to promote face-washing can significantly reduce the prevalence of active trachoma, especially intense trachoma (TI). If an individual is already infected washing one’s face is strongly encouraged, especially a child, in order to prevent re-infection. Some evidence exists that washing the face combined with topical tetracycline might be more effective in reducing severe trachoma"
"infected a single cell, their inclusions will fuse at this point to create a single large inclusion in the host cell. From 24 to 72 hours after infection, reticulate bodies transition to elementary bodies which are released either by lysis of the host cell or extrusion of the entire inclusion into the host genital tract. Most people infected with ""C. trachomatis"" are asymptomatic. However, the bacteria can present in one of three ways: genitourinary (genitals), pulmonary (lungs), and ocular (eyes). Genitourinary cases can include genital discharge, vaginal bleeding, itchiness (pruritus), painful urination (dysuria), among other symptoms. Often, symptoms are similar"
"Scleredema Scleredema, also known as Buschke disease, scleredema of Buschke, and scleredema adultorum, is a rare, self-limiting skin condition defined by progressive thickening and hardening of the skin, usually on the areas of the upper back, neck, shoulders and face. The skin may also change color to red or orange. The disease was discovered by Abraham Buschke. Although the cause of scleredema is unknown, it is usually associated with a disease, usually diabetes, a viral illness or strep throat. It is usually not fatal, but it may cause death if the disease spreads to the internal organs. It may also"
"be blinded by the disease, due to their roles as caregivers in the family. Approximately 158 million people are living in areas were trachoma is common. An additional 229 million live where trachoma is could potentially occur. Australia is the only developed country that has trachoma. In 2008, trachoma was found in half of Australia's very remote communities. In 1996, WHO launched the WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by the year 2020, and in 2006, the WHO officially set 2020 as the target to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. The International Coalition for Trachoma Control"
"of the cheeks of the face is called blushing. It may be caused by the emotions of anger or embarrassment. The illness of rosacea is a chronic vasocongestion condition of the face that primarily affects the cheeks and nose, but may include other areas such as the eyes and chin. Vasocongestion of the area around the human anus can lead to the formation of hemorrhoids. Vasocongestion is essential for sexual procreation in mammals since this is the force that causes the hardening of a penis during an erection. The same force leads to the hardening of the clitoris and vaginal"
"such as the shoulder. Although the disease can attack any bone, the shoulder is one of the most commonly involved areas, along with the skull and pelvic girdle. Spontaneous fractures are common and may be the first sign of the disease. A hallmark of the disease is the lack of bone healing following fracture. Lymphangiomatosis patients, families, and caregivers are encouraged to join the NIH Rare Lung Diseases Consortium Contact Registry. This is a privacy-protected site that provides up-to-date information for individuals interested in the latest scientific news, trials, and treatments related to rare lung diseases. Gorham's disease Gorham's disease"
"symptoms do not need treatment and are often undiagnosed. Tracheobronchomalacia Tracheobronchomalacia or TBM is a condition characterized by flaccidity of the tracheal support cartilage which leads to tracheal collapse. This condition can also affect the bronchi. There are two forms of this rare condition: primary TBM and secondary TBM. Primary TBM is congenital and starts as early as two years old. It is mainly linked to genetic causes. Secondary TBM is acquired and starts in adulthood. It is mainly developed after an accident or chronic inflammation. On 28 May 2013, it was reported that a cure had been developed via"
"of trypanosomiasis is usually unnoticed, although it may manifest itself as a localized swelling at the site of entry. The chronic form may develop 30 to 40 years after infection and affect internal organs (e.g., the heart, the oesophagus, the colon, and the peripheral nervous system). Affected people may die from heart failure. Acute cases are treated with nifurtimox and benznidazole, but no effective therapy for chronic cases is currently known. Researchers of Chagas’ disease have demonstrated several processes that occur with all cardiomyopathies. The first event is an inflammatory response. Following inflammation, cellular damage occurs. Finally, in the body’s"
"antibiotics and surgery. It is found in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Chagas disease is also known as American trypanosomiasis. There are approximately 15 million people infected with Chagas disease. The chance of morbidity is higher for immuno-compromised individuals, children, and elderly, but very low if treated early. Chagas disease does not kill victims rapidly, instead causing years of debilitating chronic symptoms. It is caused by a vector-borne protozoa and spread by contact with ""Trypanosoma cruzi"" infected feces of the triatomine (assassin) bug. The protozoan can enter the body via the bug's bite, skin breaks, or mucous membranes. Infection can"
"entire spine is involved or simply sacroiliitis if only the sacroiliac joint is involved. The symptoms of arthritis include painful, warm, swollen, stiff joints, and loss of joint mobility or function. Crohn's disease may also involve the skin, blood, and endocrine system. The most common type of skin manifestation, erythema nodosum, presents as raised, tender red nodules usually appearing on the shins. Erythema nodosum is due to inflammation of the underlying subcutaneous tissue, and is characterized by septal panniculitis. Another skin lesion, pyoderma gangrenosum, is typically a painful ulcerating nodule. Crohn's disease also increases the risk of blood clots; painful"