"are called viricides or antivirals. Antifungals, also known as an antimycotics, are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis (fungal infection). The widespread introduction of antiseptic surgical methods was initiated by the publishing of the paper ""Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery"" in 1867 by Joseph Lister, which was inspired by Louis Pasteur's germ theory of putrefaction. In this paper, Lister advocated the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by: After continued exposure to antibiotics, bacteria may evolve to the point where"
"Lewis Atterbury Stimson Lewis Atterbury Stimson (August 24, 1844 – September 17, 1917 ) was an American surgeon who was the first to perform a public operation in the United States using Joseph Lister's antiseptic technique. Stimson was born on August 24, 1844 in Paterson, New Jersey. His parents were Henry Clark Stimson (1813–1894) and Julia Maria (née Atterbury) Stimson (1819–1908). His siblings included Henry A. Stimson (1843–1936), Catherine Boudinot Stimson Weston (1846–1942), Mary Atterbury Stimson (1848–1928), John Ward Stimson (1850–1930), William Frank Stimson (1853–1872), Frederick Julian Stimson (1856–1926), and Julia Josephine Stimson (1861–1933), who was married to Dr. Henry"
"Joseph Lister Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, (5 April 182710 February 1912), known between 1883 and 1897 as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. He promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds. Applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery. He first suspected it would prove an adequate disinfectant because"
"present during a smallpox epidemic aboard a ship anchored in Québec, the Diligente, and thus was in charge of medical procedure surrounding the ordeal. While there was no treatment for smallpox, Sarrazin was successful in preventing the spread of disease and in alleviating the pain of his patients by administering cold baths for the fever and powder for the sores. On May 29, 1700, at the Hotel-Dieu of Québec, Sarrazin performed what seems to be the first mastectomy in North America. The surgery was performed on Sister Marie Barbier de l’Assomption, who had been Mother Superior of the Congregation Notre-Dame"
"with the Red Cross Society of Servia. Armed with green-lined parasols and Hartin's Crimson Salt disinfectant, they took care of wounded Servian soldiers who had been struggling against Turkish oppression. Upon returning to England, Emma and Louisa used their joint capital to set up one of London's only two private nursing homes. Their Medical and Surgical Home was located at 15 Fitzroy Square. That same year, 1877, the originator of antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister moved from Edinburgh to become Professor of Clinical Surgery at King's College Hospital, London, and immediately began placing private patients at the Medical and Surgical Home."
"was also a close friend of Giuseppe Garibaldi, with whom he shared a lot of ideals and political aims; in fact he participated in the “Expedition of the Thousand” in 1860. He also took part in the attempt to free Rome and during the “Aspromonte battle” on 29 August 1862 he was called upon to heal a severe wound on the foot of General Garibaldi. In 1865 he became director of the Civil Hospital of Palermo and he also founded a paediatric ward and antiseptic operating room, one of the first to follow Joseph Lister’s theories. Later in 1869 he"
"Ignaz Semmelweis Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (; ; 1 July 1818 – 13 August 1865) was a Hungarian physician of ethnic-German ancestry, now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Described as the ""saviour of mothers"", Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever (also known as ""childbed fever"") could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics. Puerperal fever was common in mid-19th-century hospitals and often fatal. Semmelweis proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions in 1847 while working in Vienna General Hospital's First Obstetrical Clinic, where doctors' wards had three times"
"obstetrical medicine. There he worked at the First Surgery Clinic of the University of Vienna with Karel Maydl. He practiced obstetrical medicine under the supervision of Eduard Albert, who from 1873–1881 was a professor of surgery in Innsbruck, where he introduced mandatory antiseptic treatment for wounds. In 1886, he became Chief of the Surgery Division at the City Hospital of Fiume. Grossich was among the first to use sterilisation of the operative field and in 1908 Tincture of iodine was introduced by Grossich as a way for rapid sterilization of the human skin in the surgical field. It was tested"
"a landmark operation because the posterior wall of the inguinal canal could be rebuilt and reinforced with only surgical sutures. It required no additional reinforcement or prosthesis. Despite the importance of the new surgical method, it didn't become known outside of Italy until 1890. Bassini is credited for the advocation of antiseptic practices into Italian surgery. He introduced the usage of carbolic acid and eucalyptus to increase the chances of a patient's recovery and survival. Bassini was buried in his family tomb, in the ""Cimitero Monumentale"" of Pavia, as well as other important Italian medical scientists, such as Camillo Golgi,"
"published in the Lancet, he had treated a total of eleven patients using his new antiseptic method. Of those, only one had died, and that was through a complication that was nothing to do with Lister's wound-dressing technique. Now, for the first time, patients with compound fractures were likely to leave the hospital with all their limbs intact Before antiseptic operations were introduced at the hospital, there were sixteen deaths in thirty-five surgical cases. Almost one in every two patients died. After antiseptic surgery was introduced in the summer of 1865, there were only six deaths in forty cases. The"
"not fully accepted or put into practice until after his death. Other pioneers include Danish physician Peter Anton Schleisner, who in 1849 related his work on the prevention of the epidemic of neonatal tetanus on the Vestmanna Islands in Iceland. Another important pioneer was Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis, who in 1847 brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by instituting a disinfection procedure. His findings were published in 1850, but his work was ill-received by his colleagues, who discontinued the procedure. Disinfection did not become widely practiced until British surgeon Joseph Lister 'discovered' antiseptics in 1865 in light of"
"countries. Upon his return from both journeys, he implemented and shared what he had learned, especially in surgery and everything related to it. The reforms he introduced in this area represented a significant advance in medical practice in Mexico. In October 1870, he made medical visits for several weeks to the National Palace, and collaborated with other physicians who were taking care of the President Benito Juarez.Years later, on July 18, 1872, he went with Gabino Barreda to see the president on his deathbed, although there was little they could do. That same day, Rafael Lucio, Gabino Barreda and Ignacio"
"modern antiseptic operating theatre in Ireland in 1898. Ball became the leading surgeon in Ireland working at this hospital from 1895 to 1916, and was amongst the first surgeons to perform extensive abdominal operations. A notable case which Ball operated is referred to as the ""chisel case"" in 1887, where a boy had perforated his stomach and abdominal vein with a chisel. Ball operated on the boy's abdomen with an abdominal section, suturing the wounds, and ultimately saving the boy's life. This was one of the earliest cases of successfully suturing a lesion of the alimentary canal. Amongst his patients"
"Abraham Groves Abraham Groves (1847–1935) was a physician and surgeon in Fergus, Ontario, who later established the town's first hospital. Abraham Groves was known for his pioneered work in the uses of sterilization and antiseptics. He was the first physician to perform a Appendectomy in North America. This was a very innovative process at the time, because people with known appendicitis would usually not survive. Groves graduated from Toronto School of Medicine in 1871. He practiced in the town of Fergus for a total of sixty years. In 1902, he established The Royal Alexandra, Fergus' first hospital and nursing school."
"Nabby was diagnosed with breast cancer. On October 8, 1811, a mastectomy was performed by John Warren. The operation was performed by Warren and several assistants without any anesthesia in an upstairs room of the Adams home. Her mother, husband, and daughter, Caroline, were also on hand to assist. The exact details of the surgery are not known but it was described as a typical 19th century operation. The instruments used during the surgery consisted of a large fork with a pair of six-inch prongs sharpened to a needle point, a wooden-handled razor, a small oven filled with heated coals,"
"common. Mastectomy for breast cancer was performed at least as early as AD 548, when it was proposed by the court physician Aetios of Amida to Theodora. It was not until doctors achieved greater understanding of the circulatory system in the 17th century that they could link breast cancer's spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit. The French surgeon Jean Louis Petit (1674–1750) performed total mastectomies which included removing the axillary lymph nodes, as he recognized that this reduced recurrence. Petit's work was built on by another French surgeon, Bernard Peyrilhe (1737–1804), who additionally removed the pectoral muscle underlying"
"more dangerous patient post-operative infections. The concept of infection was unknown until relatively modern times. The first progress in combating infection was made in 1847 by the Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis who noticed that medical students fresh from the dissecting room were causing excess maternal death compared to midwives. Semmelweis, despite ridicule and opposition, introduced compulsory handwashing for everyone entering the maternal wards and was rewarded with a plunge in maternal and fetal deaths; however, the Royal Society dismissed his advice. Until the pioneering work of British surgeon Joseph Lister in the 1860s, most medical men believed that chemical damage"
"directed the hospital gazette that became the main advertising medium of the hospital. Only after Gorgone’s death in 1868, he was called upon to take his place in the Chair of Clinical Surgery. In 1873 he committed himself to the foundation and organization of a hospital building for children, called “Ospizio Marino”, where diseases such as rickets, spondylitis and scrofula were treated. Enrico Albanese’s scientific activity was particularly intense. We can recall his studies in epidermal transplantation, blood transfusion, preventive haemostasis in surgery and also the surgical procedures that he experimented, such as Astragalectomie and shoulder resection. He died in"
"was named Professor of Clinical Surgery. Earlier in 1877, Roddick traveled to Edinburgh to witness Joseph Lister's medical antiseptic system. Roddick returned to Montreal later that year and introduced Joseph Lister's antiseptic system, primarily his 'carbolic spray,' revolutionizing the way medicine was practiced in Montreal's Hospitals. In 1894 Roddick, with the aid of fellow specialist James Bell, created the Department of Surgery and became the first chief surgeon of the Royal Victoria Hospital. However, by 1901 Roddick found himself no longer able to practice surgery, having become allergic to the new antiseptic replacing the carbolic acid he had introduced to"
"20th centuries that such surgery became common. Up until the use of anesthesia became established, surgeries involving healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced by the introduction of sterile techniques and disinfectants. The invention and use of antibiotics, beginning with sulfonamide and penicillin, was another step in making elective surgery possible. In 1793, François Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl"
"Philadelphia, and performed before that body an operation for hip disease. Joseph Lister, the founder of antiseptic surgery, was quoted as saying, ""I feel that this demonstration would of itself have been a sufficient reward for my voyage across the Atlantic."" The next year, 1877, he was sent by the American Medical Association to the meeting of the British Medical Association at Manchester, where he demonstrated his new treatment of diseases and deformities of the spine by suspension and the application of plaster-of-Paris bandages. Demonstrations were repeated at principal hospitals throughout England. Dr. Sayre was a voluminous writer, chiefly on"
"Henry Jacques Garrigues Henry Jacques Garrigues (June 6, 1831 July 7, 1913) was a Danish-born American doctor considered to have introduced antiseptic obstetrics to the United States. Henri Jacques Garrigues was born in Copenhagen, Denmark to the merchant of French Huguenot origin Jacques Louis Garrigue (1789-1854) and his wife Cecile Olivia Duntzfelt (1798-1863), daughter of Danish merchant Christian Vilhelm Duntzfelt (1763-1809) and maternal granddaughter of Dutch merchant Frédéric de Coninck. Charlotte Garrigue, the first lady of Czechoslovakia, was his niece. His first cousin was Malvine Garrigues, the noted soprano. Garrigues graduated from the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health Sciences"
"setting have had raised tables or chairs at the center for performing operations surrounded by several rows of seats for students and other spectators to observe the case in progress. The surgeons wore street clothes with an apron to protect them from blood stains, and they operated bare-handed with unsterilized instruments and supplies. In 1884 German surgeon Gustav Neuber implemented a comprehensive set of restrictions to ensure sterilization and aseptic operating conditions through the use of gowns, caps, and shoe covers, all of which were cleansed in his newly invented autoclave. In 1885 he designed and built a private hospital"
"Joseph Thomas Clover Joseph Thomas Clover (28 February 1825; baptised 7 May 1825 – 27 September 1882) was an English doctor and pioneer of anaesthesia. He invented a variety of pieces of apparatus to deliver anaesthetics including ether and chloroform safely and controllably. By 1871 he had administered anaesthetics 13,000 times without a fatality. Clover assisted at surgery of public figures including Napoleon III, Princess Alexandra of Denmark and her husband King Edward VII (then Prince of Wales), Sir Robert Peel, and Florence Nightingale. His inventions included the bulky 'Clover's chloroform apparatus' (1862), with which he was often photographed; and"
"admitted as M.R.C.S. the following year, obtaining an MD in Heidelberg, Germany in 1839, returning to Grahamstown in the same year and joining his father in practice. He carried out research in lung-sickness, horse-sickness and tick-borne fever and was in 1847 the first surgeon outside Europe and America to perform an amputation using an anaesthetic. This operation, on 16 June 1847, was performed on the Albany Deputy Sheriff, Mr F Carlisle, and was completely successful. On recovering from the anaesthetic, the patient said ""What? My leg is off? Impossible - I can't believe it!...It's the greatest discovery ever made"". In"
"1767 and export reached a peak in the mid-19th century. In 1871, there were 519 asheries in operation in Canada. Wood ash was also used in the home by colonials to make soap. Medical treatment at this time reflected techniques available in France and was provided by a barber-surgeon. The first in New France was Robert Giffard, who arrived in Quebec City in 1627 and ""practised"" at Hôtel-Dieu, Canada's first hospital, a very modest four-room structure founded by the church. The panacea was bleeding, which involved the use of a knife to cut open a blood vessel and drain away"
"inappropriate for the treatment of human tissue, Lister experimented with the third, spraying carbolic acid on his instruments. He found that this remarkably reduced the incidence of gangrene and he published his results in ""The Lancet"". Later, on 9 August 1867, he read a paper before the British Medical Association in Dublin, on the ""Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery"", which was reprinted in ""The British Medical Journal"". His work was groundbreaking and laid the foundations for a rapid advance in infection control that saw modern antiseptic operating theatres widely used within 50 years. Lister continued to develop improved"
"in 120 beds, with two patients sharing a bed by no means unusual. The main contractor for the new hospital was Lucas Brothers. It was one of the first hospitals to start nurse training, in 1856. Pioneer of aseptic surgery Joseph Lister performed the first major elective surgery under strict antiseptic conditions in 1877. He helped propel the hospital to have a surgical unit comparable with the best in Europe. In the first years of the 20th century, demographic changes saw a decrease in the number of patients requiring treatment in the centre of London, and an increase of patients"
"William Hunt in 1829 funded expansion for an additional hundred beds. Samuel Sharp (1709–78), a surgeon at Guy's Hospital, from 1733 to 1757, was internationally famous; his ""A Treatise on the Operations of Surgery"" (1st ed., 1739), was the first British study focused exclusively on operative technique. English physician Thomas Percival (1740–1804) wrote a comprehensive system of medical conduct, ""Medical Ethics; or, a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons"" (1803) that set the standard for many textbooks. In the Spanish Empire, the viceregal capital of Mexico City was a site of medical"
"August Bier August Karl Gustav Bier (24 November 1861 – 12 March 1949) was a German surgeon. He was the first to perform spinal anesthesia and intravenous regional anesthesia. After professorships in Greifswald and Bonn, Bier became Geheimrat Professor of Surgery and Chief Surgeon at the Charité - Universitätsmedizin in Berlin. On 16 August 1898, Bier performed the first operation under spinal anesthesia at the Royal Surgical Hospital of the University of Kiel. The patient was scheduled to undergo segmental resection of his left ankle, which was severely infected with tuberculosis, but he dreaded the prospect of general anesthesia because"
"is impossible not to be struck by the complete transformation that surgical instrument making has undergone in the past few years. This renovation of our instrumentation was the consequence of the revolution that antisepsis introduced in surgical practice; it has been necessary to create entirely new equipment that meets and exceeds the conditions that surgeons consider essential."""" Berger drew special attention to the various designs for scissor-like articulations that French instrument makers had devised so that they could easily be disassembled for cleaning. Berger is credited with being the first to don a surgical mask while operating in October 1897."
"Louisa McLaughlin (1836–1921) who shared the same wartime adventures. Later they jointly set up one of London's only two private nursing homes where they assisted the originator of antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister in many operations. Louisa co-authored with Emma two narratives of their battlefront experiences ""Our Adventures During the War of 1870"", and ""Service in Servia Under the Red Cross"". They also wrote a brief history of wartime nursing as a series of papers in the St. James’s Magazine, reprinted in book form in 1872 with the title ""Under the Red Cross."" The last two chapters document a multitude of"
"a noble Roman lady, named Agnes, while the Hospital for Men was under the direction of a monk known as Brother Gerard. In the First Crusade, during the siege of Jerusalem (1099), the Egyptian governor, Iftikhar ad Dawla, imprisoned Brother Gerard. When Jerusalem fell to Godfrey of Bouillon, he freed Brother Gerard, allowed him to resume his management of the Hospital for Men, and contributed resources to his work. Gerard adopted the policy of receiving all needy patients, irrespective of religion. While the Hospital for Women remained under the control of the Benedictines, Brother Gerard broke off from that Order,"