"represents a voiced dental fricative , like the ""th"" in ""that"" or ""this"". It is romanized as ""d"" or ""dh"". The uppercase letter Δ can be used to denote: The lowercase letter δ (or 𝛿) can be used to denote: These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Delta (letter) Delta (uppercase Δ, lowercase δ or 𝛿; ""délta"", ) is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 4. It was"
"square represents the ""vault of heaven."" The third, the Greek eta, represents Jacob's ladder itself and is connected to the complete idea of seven pillars. The fourth, the Greek theta, is either ""the all-seeing eye or the point within a circle."" The fifth letter, the Greek iota, represents a pillar and the temple. The sixth letter, the Greek sigma, is an incomplete hexagram, otherwise known as ""the blazing star or hexalpha"" to the Freemasons. The last, the Greek omega, represents a lyre and David as a poet. Smart, throughout his career, published many known works. Although his works are far"
"Alpha Alpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , ""álpha"", ""álfa"") is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 1. It was derived from the Phoenician and Hebrew letter aleph - an ox or leader. Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin A and the Cyrillic letter А. In English, the noun ""alpha"" is used as a synonym for ""beginning"", or ""first"" (in a series), reflecting its Greek roots. In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ([aː]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long"
"Most variants consisted of two straight strokes, one longer than the other, connected at their ends. The angle might be in the upper-left, lower-left (""Western"" alphabets), or top (""Eastern"" alphabets). Other variants had a vertical line with a horizontal or sloped stroke running to the right. With the general adoption of the Ionic alphabet, Greek settled on an angle at the top; the Romans put the angle at the lower-left. The HTML 4 character entity references for the Greek capital and small letter lambda are ""Λ"" and ""λ"", respectively. The Unicode code points for lambda are U+039B and U+03BB. Examples"
"with four strokes (), a three-stroke form resembling an angular Latin S () was commonly found, and was particularly characteristic of some mainland Greek varieties including Attic and several ""red"" alphabets. The C-like ""lunate"" form of that was later to become the standard form in late antiquity and Byzantine writing did not yet occur in the archaic alphabets. The letter had two principal variants: the classical straight vertical line, and a crooked form with three, four or more angular strokes ( ). The crooked type was the older form, and remained common in those varieties where it could not be"
"the next letter starting from the middle, and some a combination of two small ""c""-like curves. Several of these shapes were later taken over into minuscule book hand. Of the various minuscule letter shapes, the inverted-3 form became the basis for lower-case Epsilon in Greek typography during the modern era. Despite its pronunciation as , in the International Phonetic Alphabet, the Latin epsilon represents open-mid front unrounded vowel, as in the English word ""pet"" . The uppercase Epsilon is not commonly used outside of the Greek language because of its similarity to the Latin letter E. The Greek lowercase epsilon"
"Lambda Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase ', lowercase '; ""lám(b)da"") is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound /l/. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Latin L and the Cyrillic letter El (Л, л). The ancient grammarians and dramatists give evidence to the pronunciation as () in Classical Greek times. In Modern Greek the name of the letter, Λάμδα, is pronounced . In early Greek alphabets, the shape and orientation of lambda varied."
"by the first 2 letters. The final letter in the sequence changes in Greek alphabetical order after 9,000 issued plates. For example, Patras plates are codice_2, where ΑΧ represents the Achaia prefecture of which Patras is the capital. When codice_3 is reached the plates turn to codice_4 and this continues until codice_5 is finished. Only the letters from the intersection between the Latin and Greek alphabets by glyph appearance are used, namely Α, Β, Ε, Ζ, Η, Ι, Κ, Μ, Ν, Ο, Ρ, Τ, Υ, Χ (in Greek alphabetical order). This is because Greece is a contracting party to the"
"Upsilon Upsilon (; or ; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ""ýpsilon"" ) or ypsilon is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 400. It is derived from the Phoenician waw . The name of the letter was originally just “υ” (""y;"" also called ""hy"", hence ""hyoid"", meaning ""shaped like the letter υ""), but the name changed to “υ ψιλόν”, (""u psilon"", meaning 'simple u') to distinguish it from οι, which had come to have the same pronunciation. In early Greek it was pronounced like English ""oo"" . In Classical Greek, it"
"only . Originally, Cyrillic had the shape identical to the capital Greek letter Eta . Later, the middle stroke was turned counterclockwise, resulting in the modern form resembling a mirrored capital Latin letter N (this is why is used in faux Cyrillic typography). But the style of the two letters is not fully identical: in roman fonts, has heavier vertical strokes and serifs on all four corners, whereas has a heavier diagonal stroke and lacks a serif on the bottom-right corner. In roman and oblique fonts, the lowercase letter has the same shape as the uppercase letter . In italic"
"on its name, the letter has been interpreted as an abstract representation of a camel's neck, but this has been criticized as contrived, and it is more likely that the letter is derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph representing a club or throwing stick. In Archaic Greece, the shape of gamma was closer to a classical lambda (Λ), while lambda retained the Phoenician L-shape (). Letters that arose from the Greek gamma include Etruscan (Old Italic) 𐌂, Roman C and G, Runic ""kaunan"" , Gothic ""geuua"" , the Coptic Ⲅ, and the Cyrillic letters Г and Ґ. The Ancient Greek /g/"
"Roman square capitals Roman square capitals, also called capitalis monumentalis, inscriptional capitals, elegant capitals and capitalis quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. Square capitals were used to write inscriptions, and less often to supplement everyday handwriting. When written in documents this style is known as Latin book hand. For everyday writing the Romans used a current cursive hand known as Latin cursive. Notable examples of square capitals used for inscriptions are found on the Roman Pantheon, Trajan's Column, and the Arch of Titus, all in Rome. Square capitals are characterized by"
"(Λ̸) or 03BB (λ̸). Unicode uses the spelling ""lamda"" in character names, instead of ""lambda"", due to ""preferences expressed by the Greek National Body"". These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Lambda Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase ', lowercase '; ""lám(b)da"") is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound /l/. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from"
"Delta (letter) Delta (uppercase Δ, lowercase δ or 𝛿; ""délta"", ) is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 4. It was derived from the Phoenician letter dalet 𐤃, Letters that come from delta include Latin D and Cyrillic Д. A river delta (originally, the Nile River delta) is so named because its shape approximates the triangular uppercase letter delta. Despite a popular legend, this use of the word ""delta"" was not coined by Herodotus. In Ancient Greek, delta represented a voiced dental plosive . In Modern Greek, it"
"of these letters is a matter of some debate. Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape: the letter Ϻ (""san""), which had been in competition with Σ (""sigma"") denoting the same phoneme /s/; the letter Ϙ (""qoppa""), which was redundant with Κ (""kappa"") for /k/, and Ϝ (""digamma""), whose sound value /w/ dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period. Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left, just like Phoenician, but scribes could freely alternate between directions. For a time, a writing style with"
"Omicron Omicron (uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, literally ""small o"": όμικρον < ὂ μικρόν - ""ò mikrón"", micron meaning 'small' in contrast to ""omega"") is the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 70. This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter ayin . In classical Greek, omicron represented the sound in contrast to ""omega"" and ""ου"" . In modern Greek, omicron represents the . Letters that arose from omicron include Roman O and Cyrillic O. The upper-case letter of omicron (O) was originally used in mathematics as a symbol for"
"Psi (letter) Psi (; uppercase ', lowercase '; ""psi"" ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 700. In both Classical and Modern Greek, the letter indicates the combination /ps/ (as in English word ""lapse""). For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets, psi is usually transliterated as ""ps"". The letter's origin is uncertain. It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet. It appears in the 7th century BC, expressing /ps/ in the Eastern alphabets, but /kʰ/ in the Western alphabets (the sound expressed by Χ in the"
"can be combined on a single vowel to indicate a stressed vowel after a hiatus, as in the verb (, ""to feed""). Although it is not a diacritic, the hypodiastole (comma) has in a similar way the function of a sound-changing diacritic in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing (, ""whatever"") from (, ""that""). The original Greek alphabet did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what is now known as capitals—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the"
"prominent horizontal bar (Greek Π π > Cyrillic П п). Pe is not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter El (Л л; italics: ""Л л""), which has a hook on its left leg in some fonts (in others El resembles the Greek Lambda (Λ)). In italics and handwriting, capital Pe looks identical to the Greek capital Pi in these forms. The lowercase forms, however, differ among the languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet. Small italic Cyrillic Pe in the majority of fonts or handwritten styles looks like the small italic Latin N . In handwritten Serbian, however, it appears"
"letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; ""a"", ""b"", ""d"", and ""e"" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are proportionate to each other rather than varying wildly in size and placement on a line. The Greek alphabet has had several cursive forms in the course of its development. In antiquity, a cursive form of handwriting was used in writing on papyrus. It employed slanted and partly connected letter forms as well as many ligatures. Some features of this handwriting were later adopted into Greek minuscule, the dominant form of handwriting in the medieval and"
"some of them being characteristic of local varieties. The letter had the largest number of highly divergent local forms. Besides the standard form (either rounded or pointed, ), there were forms as varied as (Gortyn), and (Thera), (Argos), (Melos), (Corinth), (Megara, Byzantium), (Cyclades). , , and displayed little variation and few or no differences from their classical forms. All letters could additionally occur in a mirrored form, when text was written from right to left, as was frequently done in the earliest period. Athens, until the late 5th century BC, used a variant of the ""light blue"" alphabet, with for"
"as variables in mathematical formulas, a Greek letter appearing similar to the TeX rendering is more likely to be encountered in works involving mathematics. note: a symbol for the empty set, formula_23, resembles Φ but is not Φ Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities. Those Greek letters which have the same form as"
"Epsilon Epsilon (uppercase ', lowercase ' or lunate ; ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. The name of the letter was originally (), but the name was changed to (""e psilon"" ""simple e"") in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph , a former diphthong that had come"
"Likewise, the trigraph (""ngờ kép"" ""double ng"") also replaces the digraph in these positions. However, there still is which is considered a digraph on its own, even in the word ""gì"". In Modern Greek, which uses the Greek alphabet, the Greek letter ""gamma"" (uppercase: ; lowercase: ) – which is ancestral to the Roman letters and – has ""soft-type"" and ""hard-type"" pronunciations, though Greek speakers do not use such a terminology. The ""soft"" pronunciation (that is, the voiced palatal fricative ) occurs before and (both which represent ), and before , , , , and (which all represent ). In"
"similar and do not appear alongside each other in any alphabet. To differentiate between the two more clearly, the Oxford University Press and the Early English Text Society extend the uppermost tip of the 'yogh' into a little curvature upward. The capital ezh looks similar to the common form of the figure three (3). To differentiate between the two characters, Ezh includes the sharp zigzag of the letter z, while the number is usually curved. This still remains a problem though, as some clocks (among other things) use a figure identical to a capital ezh for three. Ezh looks similar"
"Theta Theta (, ; uppercase Θ or ϴ, lowercase θ (which resembles digit 0 with horizontal line) or ϑ; ""thē̂ta"" ; Modern: ""thī́ta"" ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals it has the value 9. In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or point in circle"
"uses, such as lower case epsilon (ε) for an arbitrarily small positive number, lower case pi (π) for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, capital sigma (Σ) for summation, and lower case sigma (σ) for standard deviation. Greek letters are used to denote the brighter stars within each of the eighty-eight constellations. In most constellations, the brightest star is designated Alpha and the next brightest Beta etc. For example, the brightest star in the constellation of Centaurus is known as Alpha Centauri. For historical reasons, the Greek designations of some constellations begin with a lower"
"Kappa Kappa (uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive ϰ; , ""káppa"") is the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter kaph . Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman K and Cyrillic К. Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with ""c"" due to the Romans' transliterations into the Latin alphabet: Constantinople, Corinth, Crete. The cursive form is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but"
"and was therefore closer in shape to Greek Ν than Μ when it was remodeled as 𐊪. Indeed, many of the regional variants of Carian letters parallel Greek variants: 𐊥 𐅝 are common graphic variants of digamma, 𐊨 ʘ of theta, 𐊬 Λ of both gamma and lambda, 𐌓 𐊯 𐌃 of rho, 𐊵 𐊜 of phi, 𐊴 𐊛 of chi, 𐊲 V of upsilon, and 𐋏 𐊺 parallel Η 𐌇 eta. This could also explain why one of the rarest letters, 𐊱, has the form of one of the most common Greek letters. However, no such proto-Carian cursive script"
"indicate text style. Theta Theta (, ; uppercase Θ or ϴ, lowercase θ (which resembles digit 0 with horizontal line) or ϑ; ""thē̂ta"" ; Modern: ""thī́ta"" ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals it has the value 9. In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or"
"the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Sigma Sigma (uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not all caps), the final form (ς) is used, e.g. (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end. The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from Phoenician shin 𐤔 . The name"
"traditionally believed to have been due to confusion during the adoption of the Greek alphabet from the Phoenician script, because Phoenician had more sibilant (s-like) sounds than Greek had. According to one theory, the distribution of the sibilant letters in Greek is due to pair-wise confusion between the sounds and alphabet positions of the four Phoenician sibilant signs: Greek Sigma got its shape and alphabetic position from Phoenician Šin (), but its name and sound value from Phoenician Samekh. Conversely, Greek Xi (Ξ) got its shape and position from Samekh (), but its name and sound value from Šin. The"
"cut motif consisting (as visible) of a letter A and another incomplete character on either side of a large diagonal cross; the whole may represent a common Christian symbol, a Christogram—the Greek alphabet letters Alpha and Omega flanking a large Greek letter Chi (written like a Roman X), the initial of ""Christos"" (Christ). Below this and to the left, but overlapping it slightly, is a smaller, more lightly incised inscription in Latin, reading: . This seems to have been repeated lower down and to the right; only the letters and , on two lines, can be seen on the fragment."