"History of Esperanto L. L. Zamenhof developed Esperanto in the 1870s and 80s and published the first publication about it, ""Unua Libro"", in 1887. The number of Esperanto speakers has grown gradually since then, although it has not had much support from governments and international organizations and has sometimes been outlawed or otherwise suppressed. Around 1880, while in Moscow and approximately simultaneously with working on Esperanto, Zamenhof made an aborted attempt to standardize Yiddish, based on his native Bialystok (Northeastern) dialect, as a unifying language for the Jews of the Russian Empire. He even used a Latin alphabet, with the"
"L. L. Zamenhof Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (; , ; – ), credited as L. L. Zamenhof and sometimes as the pseudonymous Dr. Esperanto, was a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist and the creator of Esperanto, the most successful constructed language in the world. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war and believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language, which he first developed in 1873 while still in school. Zamenhof was born on 15 December (3 December OS) 1859, the son of Markus Zamenhof (27 January 1837 - 29 November 1907) and"
"signatures, a mere 0.01% of his goal of 10 million. Nevertheless, the Esperanto movement continued onward. Among the early supporters were educated Russian and Polish Jews, Leo Tolstoy and his followers, Eastern European freemasons, and speakers of Volapük who had lost hope in their language. Unua Libro Dr. Esperanto's International Language, originally titled International Language () and commonly referred to as Unua Libro (English: ""First Book""), is an 1887 book by L. L. Zamenhof. First published on , ""Unua Libro"" is the first book in which Zamenhof introduced and described the constructed language Esperanto, then-called the international language, and its"
"this course to learn the international language. Esperanto is now one of 27 courses that Duolingo teaches through English, one of nine courses taught through Spanish and one of six courses taught through Portuguese. Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist from Białystok, part of the Russian Empire. According to Zamenhof, he created the language to reduce the ""time and labour we spend in learning foreign tongues"" and to foster harmony between people from different countries: ""Were there but an international language, all translations would be made into it alone"
"Unua Libro Dr. Esperanto's International Language, originally titled International Language () and commonly referred to as Unua Libro (English: ""First Book""), is an 1887 book by L. L. Zamenhof. First published on , ""Unua Libro"" is the first book in which Zamenhof introduced and described the constructed language Esperanto, then-called the international language, and its publication marks the formal beginning of the Esperanto movement. Zamenhof reproduced a significant portion of the content of ""Unua Libro"" in the 1905 ""Fundamento de Esperanto"", which he established as the sole obligatory authority over Esperanto in the Declaration of Boulogne, ratified by the first"
"February 12, 1913, `Abdu'l-Bahá gave a talk to the Paris Esperanto Society, Now, praise be to God that Dr. Zamenhof has invented the Esperanto language. It has all the potential qualities of becoming the international means of communication. All of us must be grateful and thankful to him for this noble effort; for in this way he has served his fellowmen well. With untiring effort and self-sacrifice on the part of its devotees Esperanto will become universal. Therefore every one of us must study this language and spread it as far as possible so that day by day it may"
"Leopold Einstein Leopold Einstein (born Löb in 1833, died 8 September 1890 in Nuremberg) was a Jewish teacher, vendor, and writer. He was one of the early proponents of Esperanto. He was the first chairperson of the ""Nürnberger Weltspracheverein"", a Volapük organization founded on 18 February 1885, and remained chairperson until his resignation due to poor health on 22 February 1888. He was a strong supporter of Volapük, and wrote about 200 German-language articles about it. In 1885, he published a German-language treatise about attempts at creating a world language from Leibniz to the present. When Einstein read L. L."
"Dua Libro Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia (English: Second Book of the International Language), usually referred to simply as Dua Libro, is an 1888 book by L. L. Zamenhof. It is the second book in which Zamenhof wrote about the constructed language Esperanto, following ""Unua Libro"" in 1887, and the first book to be written entirely in the language. ""Dua Libro"" consists primarily of translations, which Zamenhof provided as reading material for those who expressed interest in the language after the publication of ""Unua Libro"" the previous year. It also usually includes ""Aldono al la Dua Libro"" (""Supplement to"
"institutions of the Lingvo Internacia (Esperanto, as it is most commonly known today). In 1920 he created a derivative auxiliary language called Arlingo, based on Esperanto, which was never published. Vladimir Szmurlo Vladimír von Szmurlo (pronounced ""shmurlo""; 1865-1931) was a Russian Esperantist and railway engineer. He studied in Saint Petersburg. Before learning Esperanto, he spoke the earlier auxiliary language of Volapük, but was nonetheless very quick to adopt Esperanto. He launched the first Esperanto literature competition in Saint Petersburg in 1896. In 1905, following the Russian Revolution he moved to Stuttgart until 1908, when he moved to Riga, where he"
"the 12th century. But the idea did not catch on in large numbers until the language Volapük was created in 1879. Volapük was popular for some time and apparently had a few thousand users, but was later eclipsed by the popularity of Esperanto, which arose in 1887. Several other languages such as Latino sine Flexione and Idiom Neutral had also been put forward. It was during this time that French mathematician Louis Couturat formed the ""Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language"". This delegation made a formal request to the International Association of Academies in Vienna to select"
"octo, nono, desem."" There are no diacritics in the alphabet. Mundolinco Mundolinco is a constructed language created by the Dutch author J. Braakman in 1888. It is notable for apparently being the first Esperantido, i.e. the first Esperanto derivative. Major changes from Esperanto include combining the adjective and adverb with the grammatical ending ""-e"" (whereas Esperanto uses ""-a"" for adjectives and ""-e"" for adverbs), changes to the verb conjugations, an increase in the number of Latin roots, and new affixes such as the superlative suffix ""-osim-"" where Esperanto uses the particle ""plej."" It seems there was no accusative or adjectival"
"Esperanto phonology Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language. The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, illustrated Esperanto pronunciation by comparing its letters with their equivalents in several major European languages and declaring a principle of ""one letter, one sound"". With over a century of use, Esperanto has developed a phonological norm, including accepted details of phonetics, phonotactics, and intonation, so that it is now possible to speak of proper Esperanto pronunciation and properly formed words independently of the languages originally used to describe Esperanto. This norm diverges only minimally from the original ideal of ""one letter, one sound""; that"
"his name should be written in gold letters in the history of Esperanto. However, later, during the Esperanto reform period of 1894, Zamenhof complained that the reform movement had begun when the members of Einstein's Nuremberg club ""gave up Volapük and became Esperantists, with the condition that the necessary (in their opinions) reforms would be made to Esperanto."" On the 100th anniversary of Einstein's death, a plaque was hung in Nuremberg commemorating the house where he lived. Leopold Einstein Leopold Einstein (born Löb in 1833, died 8 September 1890 in Nuremberg) was a Jewish teacher, vendor, and writer. He was"
"Zamenhof Day Zamenhof Day (), also called Esperanto Book Day, is celebrated on 15 December, the birthday of Esperanto creator L. L. Zamenhof. It is the most widely celebrated day in Esperanto culture. On this day, Esperantists hold information sessions and cultural gatherings to promote literature in Esperanto. The history of celebrating Esperanto on Zamenhof's birthday can be traced back to 17 December 1878, when at a birthday party for his 19th birthday he presented to his friends his ""Lingwe uniwersala"", the first version of his international language. By 1887, this language had evolved into what is now recognized as"
"1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer; within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe. However, disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to schism, and by the mid-1890s it fell into obscurity, making way for Esperanto, proposed in 1887 by Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, and its descendants. Interlingua, the most recent auxlang to gain a significant number of speakers, emerged in 1951, when the International Auxiliary Language Association published its Interlingua–English Dictionary and an accompanying . The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie"
"Louis de Beaufront Louis Chevreux (3 October 1855, Paris – 8 January 1935, Thézy-Glimont), commonly known as Louis de Beaufront, was a major influence in the development of Ido, an international auxiliary language. Beaufront was initially an advocate of Esperanto and was largely responsible for its early diffusion in western Europe as well as one of its first French proponents. Beaufront first discovered Esperanto in 1888 and in 1889 founded Société Pour la Propagation de l'Espéranto (SPPE). In 1900, he wrote the ""Commentaire sur la grammaire espéranto"". He was chosen to represent unmodified Esperanto before the Committee of the Delegation"
"In the majority of such families, the parents had the same native language, though in many the parents had different native languages, and only Esperanto in common. Raising children in Esperanto occurred early in the history of the language, notably with the five children of Montagu Butler (1884–1970). Because of this, some families have passed Esperanto on to their children for several generations. A famous native speaker of Esperanto is businessman George Soros, son of Tivadar Soros, publisher and writer in Esperanto. Also notable are young Holocaust victim Petr Ginz, whose drawing of the planet Earth as viewed from the"
"of several modifications to be realized by the permanent Commission in the direction defined by the conclusions of the Report of the Secretaries [Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau] and by the Ido project"". Esperanto's inventor, L. L. Zamenhof, having heard a number of complaints, had suggested in 1894 a proposal for a Reformed Esperanto with several changes that Ido adopted and made it closer to French: eliminating the accented letters and the accusative case, changing the plural to an Italianesque ""-i"", and replacing the table of correlatives with more Latinate words. However, the Esperanto community voted and rejected Reformed Esperanto,"
"We, members of the worldwide movement for the promotion of Esperanto, address this manifesto to all governments, international organizations and people of good will; declare our unshakable commitment to the objectives set out here; and invite each and every organization and individual to join us in our effort. Launched in 1887 as a project for an auxiliary language for international communication and quickly developed into a rich living language in its own right, Esperanto has worked for more than a century to connect people across language and culture barriers. Meanwhile, the objectives of its speakers have not lost importance or"
"Mundolinco Mundolinco is a constructed language created by the Dutch author J. Braakman in 1888. It is notable for apparently being the first Esperantido, i.e. the first Esperanto derivative. Major changes from Esperanto include combining the adjective and adverb with the grammatical ending ""-e"" (whereas Esperanto uses ""-a"" for adjectives and ""-e"" for adverbs), changes to the verb conjugations, an increase in the number of Latin roots, and new affixes such as the superlative suffix ""-osim-"" where Esperanto uses the particle ""plej."" It seems there was no accusative or adjectival agreement. Numerals 1–10: ""un, du, tres, cvarto, cvinto, siso, septo,"
"Zamenhof's ""Unua Libro"" in 1888, he became an Esperantist and began corresponding with Zamenhof. He began to work hard for the Esperanto movement despite attacks of his Volapükist colleagues. His German-language brochures became the foundation for the Esperanto movement in Germany even as Esperanto was being suppressed in Russia for political reasons. Because of his influence, the Nürnberger Weltspracheverein became Esperantist in 1888. Einstein wrote the first real textbook on Esperanto, in which he presented the language's correlative pronouns and adverbs in a table. He also introduced changes to the language's many root words. After Einstein's death, Zamenhof wrote that"
"Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (born Ludwik Krzysztof Zamenhof, 23 January 1925) is a civil and marine engineer, specializing in the design of structural steel and concrete construction. He is a grandson of the Polish-Jewish L. L. Zamenhof, the originator of the international auxiliary language Esperanto. Since the 1960s he has lived in France. He was born in Warsaw. After his father Adam Zamenhof was arrested and shot to death by the Nazis occupying Poland, he and his mother Wanda barely escaped deportation to the Nazi death camp at Treblinka where his aunts Zofia Zamenhof and Lidia Zamenhof were murdered. The"
"his grandfather, and speculates as to the planned language's future prospects. The book has now been published in Polish, Esperanto, Lithuanian, Czech, Japanese, Portuguese, Slovakian, French and Korean. Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (born Ludwik Krzysztof Zamenhof, 23 January 1925) is a civil and marine engineer, specializing in the design of structural steel and concrete construction. He is a grandson of the Polish-Jewish L. L. Zamenhof, the originator of the international auxiliary language Esperanto. Since the 1960s he has lived in France. He was born in Warsaw. After his father Adam Zamenhof was arrested and shot to death by the Nazis"
"held in Boulogne-sur-Mer. Since then world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars. Esperanto has become ""the most outlandishly successful invented language ever"" and the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Esperanto is probably between the fifty languages which are most used internationally. In 1922 a proposal by Iran and several other countries in the League of Nations to have Esperanto taught in member nations' schools failed. Esperanto speakers were subject to persecution under Stalin's regime. In Germany under Hitler, in Spain under Franco for about a decade, in Portugal under"
"themes, in a style inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement. The walls were also decorated with mottos and other inscriptions written in Esperanto. Bicknell was an enthusiast for Esperanto, the universal language invented in 1878 by Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof. He learned to speak it, wrote and translated poems into Esperanto and taught the language at Bordighera. He attended the first International Esperanto Congress, held at Boulogne in 1905, at the end of which he was voted a member of the Esperanto Language Committee. He attended later annual congresses held at Geneva (1906), Cambridge (1907), Barcelona (1909), Cracow (1912) and"
"demonstration. On December 17, 1878 (about one year before the first publication of Volapük), Zamenhof celebrated his 19th birthday and the birth of the language with some friends, who liked the project. Zamenhof himself called his language ""Lingwe Uniwersala"" (Universal Language). ""W"" is used for ""v"". Otherwise, all modern Esperanto letters are attested apart from ""ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ"". Known verb forms are present ""-á"", imperative ""-ó"", infinitive ""-are"". Nouns were marked by ""-e"" in the singular and ""-es"" in the plural; the article was singular ""la"" and plural ""las"". It appears that there was no accusative case,"
"Esperanto Museum and Collection of Planned Languages The Esperanto Museum and Collection of Planned Languages (, ), commonly known as the Esperanto Museum, is a museum for Esperanto and other constructed languages in Vienna, Austria. It was founded in 1927 by Hofrat Hugo Steiner and was incorporated into the Austrian National Library as an independent collection in 1928. Today, it is a museum, library, documentation center, and archive. It accommodates the largest collection of constructed languages in the world and a linguistic research library for language planning. Since 2005, the museum has been located in the Baroque Palais Mollard-Clary. The"
"with other constructed languages) in countries under Nazi rule and never recovered. Regarding the success of this artificial language, the Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal wrote in the first edition of his ""Tonics of Willingness"", in 1898: However, some years later (1920), in the third edition of the same book, he added the following footnote to the former assertion: ""As it was presumable, nowadays -1920-, the brand new Volapük has been forgotten definitively. We forecast the same for Esperanto."" Large Volapük collections are held by the International Esperanto Museum in Vienna, Austria; the Centre de documentation et d'étude sur"
"to Esperanto literature. These attempted improvements were intended to replace Esperanto. Limited suggestions for improvement within the framework of Esperanto, such as orthographic reforms and riism, are not considered Esperantidos. ""Mundolinco"" (1888) was the first Esperantido, created in 1888. Changes from Esperanto include combining the adjective and adverb under the suffix ""-e"", loss of the accusative and adjectival agreement, changes to the verb conjugations, eliminating the diacritics, and bringing the vocabulary closer to Latin, for example with superlative ""-osim-"" to replace the Esperanto particle ""plej"" ""most"". Zamenhof himself proposed several changes in the language in 1894, which were rejected by"
"in Veisiejai and after 1886 as an ophthalmologist in Płock and Vienna. While healing people there he continued to work on his project of an international language. For two years he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language until he received the financial help from his future wife's father. In 1887, the book titled ""Международный язык. Предисловие и полный учебник"" (International language: Introduction and complete textbook) was published in Russian under the pseudonym ""Doktoro Esperanto"" (Doctor Hopeful). Zamenhof initially called his language ""Lingvo internacia"" (international language), but those who learned it began to call it ""Esperanto"""
"promised to do in ""Unua Libro"". In ""Aldono"", the only change Zamenhof made to the language is the spelling of the endings of the temporal correlative words (""when"", ""then"", ""sometime"", ""always"", and ""never"") from ""-ian"" to the current ""-iam"". He also discusses an initiative led by the American Philosophical Society to help perfect Esperanto and encourage its use; however, the initiative failed to actualize due to a lack of interest. Dua Libro Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia (English: Second Book of the International Language), usually referred to simply as Dua Libro, is an 1888 book by L. L. Zamenhof."
"communities has sometimes shown convergences despite divergent theory. One cannot ascribe a single outlook to all Esperantists or all Interlinguists; however, the contrasting views of L. L. Zamenhof and Alexander Gode remain influential among Esperantists and Interlinguists, respectively. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, was motivated by several strands of nineteenth-century idealism, ranging from Comtean positivism to utopian internationalism. Esperanto, in his view, was a theoretically neutral instrument for communication, which could serve as a vehicle for idealistic values, initially Zamenhof's philosophy of ""homaranismo"", later the ""interna ideo"" (internal idea) of achieving ""fraternity and justice among all people"" (Zamenhof) through the"
"wise) Slava-Esperanto aka Slovina or Slavina (which may be translated as Slavic Esperanto) created by Josef Konečný in 1912 in Prague. Sample: ""Hej, Slované, naši lepo slovanó rěč máme, dokud naše věrne serce pro náš národ dame."" Neposlava (Непослава) was created by Vsevolod Evgrafovich Cheshikhin (Всеволод Евграфович Чешихин) in 1915 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. In 1913 he created a system to construct zonal languages based on Esperanto affixes which are used with national roots and called it . Then in 1915 he created a nepo-language based on the Slavic lexicon - Neposlava (""Slavic Nepo""). He also used this system to"