"the sums of chemical potential of reactants and products are equal the system is at equilibrium and there is no tendency for the reaction to proceed in either the forward or backward direction. This explains why vinegar is acidic, because acetic acid dissociates to some extent, releasing hydrogen ions into the solution. Chemical potentials are important in many aspects of equilibrium chemistry, including melting, boiling, evaporation, solubility, osmosis, partition coefficient, liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography. In each case there is a characteristic constant which is a function of the chemical potentials of the species at equilibrium. In electrochemistry, ions do ""not"""
"CH3O The molecular formula CHO may refer to: The chemical name for CH3O is methoxide. It is a base formed from methanol by replacement of the hydroxyl hydrogen with a metal. A strong base and a good nucleophile. Methoxide contains one atom of carbon, three atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Methoxides are mainly organic salts and alkoxide. The organic salts are produced by a reaction between an organic acid (organic compound having acidic properties) and an inorganic base (a base that is composed of an inorganic compound). Alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol. An organic"
"Acetic acid Acetic acid , systematically named ethanoic acid , is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CHCOOH (also written as CHCOH or CHO). When undiluted, it is sometimes called ""glacial acetic acid"". Vinegar is no less than 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. In addition to household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. It is classified as a weak acid since it only partially dissociates in solution, but"
"Methional Methional is an organic compound with the formula CHSCHCHCHO. It is a colorless liquid that is a degradation product of methionine. It is a notable flavor in potato-based snacks, namely potato chips, one of the most popular foods containing methional. Traces of the compound can also be found in black tea and green tea based products. Methional contains both aldehyde and thioether functional groups. It is readily soluble in alcohol solvents, including propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol. In nature, methional is a thermally-induced volatile flavor compound. For instance, the heat-initiated Maillard reaction of reducing sugars and amino acids forms"
"Furfural Furfural is an organic compound with the formula CHOCHO. It is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples are often brown. It consists of a formyl group attached to the 2-position of furan. It is a product of the dehydration of sugars, as occur in a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. The name ""furfural"" comes from the Latin word , meaning bran, referring to its usual source. Aside from ethanol, acetic acid and sugar it is one of the oldest renewable chemicals. It is also found in many processed foods and beverages. Furfural was"
"group is bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom in an alkoxide. CH3O The molecular formula CHO may refer to: The chemical name for CH3O is methoxide. It is a base formed from methanol by replacement of the hydroxyl hydrogen with a metal. A strong base and a good nucleophile. Methoxide contains one atom of carbon, three atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Methoxides are mainly organic salts and alkoxide. The organic salts are produced by a reaction between an organic acid (organic compound having acidic properties) and an inorganic base (a base that is composed of an"
"mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for benzoic acid. Benzoic acid Benzoic acid , CHO (or CHCOOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as"
"Sorbic acid Sorbic acid, or 2,4-hexadienoic acid, is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative. It has the chemical formula CH(CH)COH. It is a colourless solid that is slightly soluble in water and sublimes readily. It was first isolated from the unripe berries of the ""Sorbus aucuparia"" (rowan tree), hence its name. The traditional route to sorbic acid involves condensation of malonic acid and trans-butenal. It can also be prepared from isomeric hexadienoic acids, which are available via a nickel-catalyzed reaction of allyl chloride, acetylene, and carbon monoxide. The route used commercially, however, is from crotonaldehyde and ketene."
"not covered above. Glucose, CHO, was originally thought of as C(HO) and described as a carbohydrate. Methanol is often sold as ""methyl hydrate"", implying the incorrect formula CHOH, while the correct formula is CH–OH. Hydrates are inorganic salts ""containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the crystal"" that are either bound to a metal center or that have crystallized with the metal complex. Such hydrates are also said to contain ""water of crystallization"" or ""water of hydration"". If the water is heavy water, where the hydrogen involved is the isotope deuterium, then the term"
"Diethanolamine Diethanolamine, often abbreviated as DEA or DEOA, is an organic compound with the formula HN(CHCHOH). Pure diethanolamine is a white solid at room temperature, but its tendency to absorb water and to supercool mean it is often encountered as a colorless, viscous liquid. Diethanolamine is polyfunctional, being a secondary amine and a diol. Like other organic amines, diethanolamine acts as a weak base. Reflecting the hydrophilic character of the secondary amine and hydroxyl groups, DEA is soluble in water. Amides prepared from DEA are often also hydrophilic. Recently, the chemical has been classified by the International Agency for Research"
"acid water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure OOC-CH()-()-COOH. It is encoded by the codons GAA or GAG. The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate OOC-CH()-()-COO. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation. This anion is also responsible for the savory flavor (umami) of certain foods, and used in glutamate flavorings such as MSG. It is marketed as food additive E620. In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion OOC-CH()-()-COO prevails."
"Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) acetate (Pb(CHCOO)), also known as lead acetate, lead diacetate, plumbous acetate, sugar of lead, lead sugar, salt of Saturn, or Goulard's powder, is a white crystalline chemical compound with a sweetish taste. It is made by treating lead(II) oxide with acetic acid. Like other lead compounds, it is toxic. Lead acetate is soluble in water and glycerin. With water it forms the trihydrate, Pb(CHCOO)·3HO, a colourless or white efflorescent monoclinic crystalline substance. The substance is used as a reagent to make other lead compounds and as a fixative for some dyes. In low concentrations, it is the"
"Acetoin Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxybutanone or acetyl methyl carbinol, with the molecular formula is CHO, is a colorless or pale yellow to green yellow liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. Acetoin is a chiral molecule. The form produced by bacteria is (""R"")-acetoin. Acetoin is a neutral, four-carbon molecule used as an external energy store by a number of fermentive bacteria. It is produced by the decarboxylation of alpha-acetolactate, a common precursor in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Owing to its neutral nature, production and excretion of acetoin during exponential growth prevents overacidification of the cytoplasm and the surrounding"
"alcohol. Its molecular formula is CHCHOH. An alternative notation is CH−CH−OH, which indicates that the carbon of a methyl group (CH−) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (−CH–), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (−OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl ether. Ethanol is sometimes abbreviated as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of representing the ethyl group (CH−) with Et. Ethanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor. It burns with a smokeless blue flame that is not always visible in normal light. The physical properties of"
"Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an organic compound with the formula (HOCHCH)O. It is a colorless, practically odorless, poisonous, and hygroscopic liquid with a sweetish taste. It is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethylene glycol. DEG is a widely used solvent. It can be a contaminant in consumer products; this has resulted in numerous epidemics of poisoning since the early 20th century. DEG is produced by the partial hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. Depending on the conditions, varying amounts of DEG and related glycols are produced. The resulting product is two ethylene glycol molecules joined by an ether"
"foods. Biologically, the enzyme aminotransferase acts on methionine to remove the amine and form an α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid. As catalyzed by α-keto acid decarboxylase, this ketomethylthiobutyric acid converts to methional. Methional Methional is an organic compound with the formula CHSCHCHCHO. It is a colorless liquid that is a degradation product of methionine. It is a notable flavor in potato-based snacks, namely potato chips, one of the most popular foods containing methional. Traces of the compound can also be found in black tea and green tea based products. Methional contains both aldehyde and thioether functional groups. It is readily soluble in alcohol"
"forms of glucose are colorless and easily soluble in water, acetic acid, and several other solvents. They are only sparingly soluble in methanol and ethanol. Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula CHO or H-(C=O)-(CHOH)-H, whose five hydroxyl (OH) groups are arranged in a specific way along its six-carbon back. Glucose is usually present in solid form as a monohydrate with a closed pyran ring (dextrose hydrate). In aqueous solution, on the other hand, it is has an open-chain to a small extent and is present predominantly as α- or β-pyranose, which partially mutually merge by mutarotation. From aqueous solutions, the"
"occurs, volatile chemicals such as diacetyl are released, producing the characteristic caramel flavor. Fructose, galactose, and glucose are all simple sugars, monosaccharides, with the general formula CHO. They have five hydroxyl groups (−OH) and a carbonyl group (C=O) and are cyclic when dissolved in water. They each exist as several isomers with dextro- and laevo-rotatory forms that cause polarized light to diverge to the right or the left. Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula CHO. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water."
"Methanediol Methanediol, also known as formaldehyde monohydrate or methylene glycol, is an organic compound with chemical formula CH(OH). It is the simplest geminal diol, and formally the second simplest carbohydrate (after formaldehyde). Methanediol is a product of the hydration of formaldehyde HC=O, and predominates in water solution: the equilibrium constant being about 10, and in a 5% by weight solution of formaldehyde in water, 80% is in the methanediol form. The compound is of some relevance to astrochemistry. Methanediol, rather than formaldehyde, is listed as one of the main ingredients of ""Brazilian blowout"", a hair-straightening formula marketed in the US."
"Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CHCHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me = methyl). It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants. It is also produced by the partial oxidation of ethanol by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and is a contributing cause of hangover after alcohol consumption. Pathways of exposure include air, water, land, or groundwater, as well as drink and smoke. Consumption"
"Methyl diethanolamine Methyl diethanolamine, also known as ""N""-methyl diethanolamine and more commonly as MDEA, is the organic compound with the formula CHN(CHOH). It is a, colorless liquid with an ammonia odor. It is miscible with water, alcohol and benzene. A tertiary amine, it is widely used as a sweetening agent in chemical, oil refinery, syngas production and natural gas. Similar compounds are monoethanolamine (MEA), a primary amine, and diethanolamine (DEA), a secondary amine, both of which are also used for amine gas treating. MDEA's defining characteristic when compared to these other amines is its ability to preferentially remove HS (and"
"281). Sodium propionate Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(CHCOO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air. It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS"
"as the taste/odor threshold for acetaldehyde. The level at which an average consumer could detect acetaldehyde is still considerably lower than any toxicity. Candida albicans in patients with potentially carcinogenic oral diseases has been shown to produce acetaldehyde in quantities sufficient to cause problems. Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CHCHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me = methyl). It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced"
"M-Cresol ""meta""-Cresol, also 3-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CHCH(OH). It is a colourless, viscous liquid that is used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is a derivative of phenol and is an isomer of ""p""-cresol and ""o""-cresol. Together with many other compounds, m-cresol is traditionally extracted from coal tar, the volatile materials obtained in the production of coke from (bituminous) coal. This residue contains a few percent by weight of phenol and isomeric cresols. In the cymene-cresol process, toluene is alkylated with propylene to give isomers of cymene, which can be oxidatively dealkylated"
"Cis-3-Methyl-4-octanolide cis""-3-Methyl-4-octanolide, also called cis""-β-methyl-γ-octalactone or 5-butyldihydro-4-methylfuran-2(3""H"")-one, is a chemical compound of the lactone family with formula . It exists in two optical isomers: 3""R"",4""R"" (""+"") and 3""S"",4""S"" (""-""). The 3""S"",4""S"" isomer, commonly known as whisky lactone or quercus lactone is an important ingredient in the aroma of whiskey (where it was first identified by Suomalainen and Nykänen in 1970) and other alcoholic beverages that have been aged in oak barrels. It is sometimes added to the liquor as a flavoring agent. It has a coconut, celery or fresh wood aroma, that can be detected by humans at the concentration"
"fructose corn syrup, whey (from milk), and less than 2% of: cocoa (alkali process), nonfat dry milk, natural and artificial flavors, sodium caseinate (from milk), corn syrup solids, calcium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, palm oil, guar gum, xanthan gum, mono and diglycerides, salt, spice, soy lecithin, niacinamide (vitamin B3), sucralose, vitamin A palmitate, riboflavin (vitamin B2), and vitamin D3. In May 2008, Cadbury-Schweppes split into the Cadbury candy business and the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group soft drink firm, with the latter taking over Yoo-hoo. An ABC News article mentioned that on a papal visit to Denver, a variety of sources reported"
"Choline chloride Choline chloride is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]Cl. It is bifunctional, containing both quaternary ammonium salt and an alcohol. The cation is choline, which occurs naturally. It is a white, water soluble salt used mainly in animal feed. In the laboratory, choline can be prepared by methylation of dimethylethanolamine with methyl chloride. Choline chloride is mass-produced with world production estimated at 160 000 tons in 1999. Industrially, it is produce by the reaction of ethylene oxide, hydrogen chloride, and trimethylamine, or from the pre-formed salt: It is an important additive in feed especially for chickens where"
"Sodium erythorbate Sodium erythorbate (CHNaO) is a food additive used predominantly in meats, poultry, and soft drinks. Chemically, it is the sodium salt of erythorbic acid. When used in processed meat such as hot dogs and beef sticks, it increases the rate at which nitrite reduces to nitric oxide, thus facilitating a faster cure and retaining the pink coloring. As an antioxidant structurally related to vitamin C, it helps improve flavor stability and prevents the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. When used as a food additive, its E number is E316. The use of erythorbic acid and sodium erythorbate as a"
"Diacetyl Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CHCO). It is a yellow or green liquid with an intensely buttery flavor. It is a vicinal diketone (two C=O groups, side-by-side) with the molecular formula CHO. Diacetyl occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages and is added to some foods to impart its buttery flavor. A distinctive feature of diacetyl (and other 1,2-diketones) is the long C–C bond linking the carbonyl centers. This bond distance is about 1.54 Å, compared to 1.45 Å for the corresponding C–C bond in 1,3-butadiene. The elongation is attributed to"
"Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the formula CHCH=CHCOOH. It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Classified as an unsaturated carboxylic acid, it occurs naturally in a number of plants. It exists as both a ""cis"" and a ""trans"" isomer, although the latter is more common. Cinnamic acid is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of myriad natural products include lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and phenylpropanoids. Its biosynthesis is performed by action of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase"
"Benzoic acid Benzoic acid , CHO (or CHCOOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates . Benzoic acid was discovered in the sixteenth century."
"Moreover, the bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol is existent in certain bacteria. Two other routes involve bioprocessing by certain micro-organisms: 1,3-Propanediol does not appear to pose a significant hazard via inhalation of either the vapor or a vapor/aerosol mixture. 1,3-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol is the organic compound with the formula CH(CHOH). This three-carbon diol is a colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water. It is mainly used as a building block in the production of polymers such as polytrimethylene terephthalate. 1,3-Propanediol can be formulated into a variety of industrial products including composites, adhesives, laminates, coatings, moldings, aliphatic polyesters, copolyesters. It is"
"resulting in different linear free energy relationships. Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the formula CHCH=CHCOOH. It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Classified as an unsaturated carboxylic acid, it occurs naturally in a number of plants. It exists as both a ""cis"" and a ""trans"" isomer, although the latter is more common. Cinnamic acid is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of myriad natural products include lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and phenylpropanoids. Its biosynthesis is performed"