"the Clovis peoples. Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the ""New World"", Native American population declined substantially, primarily due to the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity. There was limited contact between North American people and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes from the Norse or Vikings. Norse captain Leif Ericson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas. Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast"
"protected archaeological site. Eiríksstaðir Eiríksstaðir is the former homestead of Eiríkr Þorvaldsson, known as Erik the Red, in Haukadalur in the Dalasýsla region of Iceland. It was the birthplace of his son Leif Eiríksson, the first known European discoverer of the Americas. A site thought to be that of the original farm has been investigated by archaeologists and remains of two buildings dating to the 9th–10th centuries have been identified. An open-air museum has been established nearby. According to ""Landnámabók"" and the ""Saga of Erik the Red"", after first settling in Vestfyrðir, Eiríkr married Þjóðhildur Jǫrundardóttir and established the farm"
"Eiríksstaðir Eiríksstaðir is the former homestead of Eiríkr Þorvaldsson, known as Erik the Red, in Haukadalur in the Dalasýsla region of Iceland. It was the birthplace of his son Leif Eiríksson, the first known European discoverer of the Americas. A site thought to be that of the original farm has been investigated by archaeologists and remains of two buildings dating to the 9th–10th centuries have been identified. An open-air museum has been established nearby. According to ""Landnámabók"" and the ""Saga of Erik the Red"", after first settling in Vestfyrðir, Eiríkr married Þjóðhildur Jǫrundardóttir and established the farm of Eiríksstaðir near"
"Erik the Red Erik Thorvaldsson (; 950 – c. 1003), known as Erik the Red () was a Norse explorer, remembered in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first settlement in Greenland. According to Icelandic sagas, he was born in the Jæren district of Rogaland, Norway, as the son of Þorvald Ásvaldsson. He therefore also appears, patronymically, as Erik Thorvaldsson (""Eiríkr Þorvaldsson""). The appellation ""the Red"" most likely refers to his hair color and the color of his beard. Leif Erikson, the famous Icelandic explorer, was Erik's son. Erik the Red's father (Thorvald Asvaldsson) was banished from"
"Thorvald Eiriksson Thorvald Eiriksson (; ) was the son of Erik the Red and brother of Leif Erikson. The only Medieval Period source material available regarding Thorvald Eiriksson are the two ""Vinland sagas""; the ""Greenland Saga"" and the ""Saga of Erik the Red"". Although differing in various detail, according to both sagas Thorvald was part of an expedition for the exploration of Vinland and became the first European to die in North America. The ""Greenland Saga"" describes a voyage made by Bjarni Herjolfsson, and the subsequent voyages of Leif Eriksson, his brother Thorvald Eiriksson, his sister Freydís Eiríksdóttir, and the"
"was unintentional, as it was said that his ship was blown off-course on the way to Greenland. Erikson established settlements in what is now modern day Newfoundland, Canada as well as what is now Maine in the United States. In the year 999 c. Erikson's father, Erik the Red, was one of the first Europeans to establish colonies in Greenland. Iceland was considered the first European country to create colonies in North America and Greenland. Greenland did not colonize, however, it was colonized by many different Scandinavian countries. Leif Erikson of Iceland was one of the most famous of the"
"Leif Erikson Leif Erikson or Leif Ericson ( 970 – c. 1020) was a Norse explorer from Iceland. He was the first known European to have set foot on continental North America (excluding Greenland), before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, tentatively identified with the Norse L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada. Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station. Leif was the son"
"a man called Thorvald, who was the father of Eirik the Red. He and Eirik left their home in Jaederen, in Norway, because of some killings and went to Iceland, which had been extensively settled by then;” Thorvald Asvaldsson Thorvald Ásvaldsson () was the father of the colonizer of Greenland, Erik the Red, and grandfather of Leif Erikson, who visited North America centuries before Christopher Columbus. Thorvald's father was Ásvald Ulfsson, whose father was Ulf Oxen-Thorisson, whose father was Oxen-Thorir, brother of Naddodd, discoverer of Iceland. Thorvald Ásvaldsson was born in Norway. He was exiled from Norway in c. 960,"
"Thorvald Asvaldsson Thorvald Ásvaldsson () was the father of the colonizer of Greenland, Erik the Red, and grandfather of Leif Erikson, who visited North America centuries before Christopher Columbus. Thorvald's father was Ásvald Ulfsson, whose father was Ulf Oxen-Thorisson, whose father was Oxen-Thorir, brother of Naddodd, discoverer of Iceland. Thorvald Ásvaldsson was born in Norway. He was exiled from Norway in c. 960, during the reign of King Haakon the Good (son of Harald Finehair), “because of some killings.” He left with his son Erik to northwest Iceland, where he died before 980. According to the ""Grænlendinga Saga,"" “There was"
"Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir (Icelandic: Guðríður ""víðförla"" Þorbjarnardóttir; born in 980 - ?) was a Norse explorer, born at Laugarbrekka in Snæfellsnes, Iceland. She appears in the ""Saga of Erik the Red"" and the ""Saga of the Greenlanders"", known collectively as the ""Vinland sagas"". She and her husband Þorfinnur Karlsefni, led an expedition to Vinland where their son Snorri Þorfinnsson was born, believed to be the first European birth in the Americas outside of Greenland. In Iceland, Gudrid is known by her byname ""víðförla"" (lit. ""wide-fared"" or ""far-travelled""). As recorded in ""The Saga of Eirik the Red"", Gudrid was the"
"Hólar. Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir (Icelandic: Guðríður ""víðförla"" Þorbjarnardóttir; born in 980 - ?) was a Norse explorer, born at Laugarbrekka in Snæfellsnes, Iceland. She appears in the ""Saga of Erik the Red"" and the ""Saga of the Greenlanders"", known collectively as the ""Vinland sagas"". She and her husband Þorfinnur Karlsefni, led an expedition to Vinland where their son Snorri Þorfinnsson was born, believed to be the first European birth in the Americas outside of Greenland. In Iceland, Gudrid is known by her byname ""víðförla"" (lit. ""wide-fared"" or ""far-travelled""). As recorded in ""The Saga of Eirik the Red"", Gudrid was"
"year Columbus attempted to find a shorter spice route to Asia but instead encountered the Americas. According to the ""Saga of Eric the Red"", Icelandic immigration to North America dates back to Vinland circa 1006. The colony was believed to be short-lived and abandoned by the 1020s. European settlement of the region was not archeologically and historically confirmed as more than legend until the 1960s. The former Norse site, now known as L'Anse aux Meadows, pre-dated the arrival of Colombus in the Americas by almost 500 years. A more recent instance of Icelandic emigration to North America occurred in 1855,"
"depicted in the Grœnlendinga saga. Otherwise, the tales are largely similar, both with heavy focuses on the exploits of Thorfinnr Karlsefni and his wife Guðríðr. Erik the Red Erik Thorvaldsson (; 950 – c. 1003), known as Erik the Red () was a Norse explorer, remembered in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first settlement in Greenland. According to Icelandic sagas, he was born in the Jæren district of Rogaland, Norway, as the son of Þorvald Ásvaldsson. He therefore also appears, patronymically, as Erik Thorvaldsson (""Eiríkr Þorvaldsson""). The appellation ""the Red"" most likely refers to his hair"
"expelled from Iceland, while his son, the Icelandic explorer Leif Ericson (980–1020), reached Newfoundland and the nearby North American coast, and is believed to be the first European to land in North America. Polynesians were a maritime people, who populated and explored the central and south Pacific for around 5,000 years, up to about 1280 when they discovered New Zealand. The key invention to their exploration was the outrigger canoe, which provided a swift and stable platform for carrying goods and people. Based on limited evidence, it is thought that the voyage to New Zealand was deliberate. It is unknown"
"North America in c 1000 AD. Brattahlíð Brattahlíð, often anglicised as Brattahlid, was Erik the Red's estate in the Eastern Settlement Viking colony he established in south-western Greenland toward the end of the 10th century. The present settlement of Qassiarsuk, approximately southwest from the Narsarsuaq settlement, is now located in its place. The site is located about from the ocean, at the head of the Tunulliarfik Fjord, and hence sheltered from ocean storms. Erik and his descendants lived there until about the mid-15th century. The name ""Brattahlíð"" means ""the steep slope"". At Brattahlíð stood probably the first European church in"
"the Red (""Eiríkr Rauði"") would become the first ""permanent"" European settler. In 982 Erik the Red arrived from Iceland. According to the Saga of Erik the Red (""Eiríks saga rauða""), he spent his three years exploring the west coast of Greenland. Apparently he planned his journey much better and probably was luckier with the weather as well as maintaining better control of his crew. Snæbjörn Galti Snøbjørn Galte Holmsteinsson (Old Norse: Snæbjörn Galti, c. 910– c. 978) was the first Norseman to intentionally navigate to Greenland, doing so in 978 CE. His voyage followed the accidental discovery of lands west"
"is the first European reported to be born in the Western Hemisphere. Shortly after Snorri was born, the family traveled back to Greenland. According to ""The Saga of Eirik the Red"", the couple had another son named Thorbjorn. Although it is only mentioned in ""The Saga of the Greenlanders"", Thorfin died, leaving Gudrid to live as a widow. Christianisation of Iceland during this period meant that religious conversions were common. Gudrid converted to Christianity and, when Snorri married, went on a pilgrimage to Rome. While some have discussed the possibility that Gudrid spoke with the Pope on her journey, there"
"the coastline and claimed certain regions as his own. He then returned to Iceland to persuade people to join him in establishing a settlement on Greenland. The Icelandic sagas say that 25 ships left Iceland with Erik the Red in 985, and that only 14 of them arrived safely in Greenland. This date has been approximately confirmed by radiocarbon dating of remains at the first settlement at Brattahlid (now Qassiarsuk), which yielded a date of about 1000. According to the sagas, it was also in the year 1000 that Erik's son, Leif Eirikson, left the settlement to explore the regions"
"at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland, in what is now the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Although this proved conclusively the Vikings' pre-Columbian discovery of North America, whether this exact site is the Vinland of the Norse accounts is still a subject of debate. There is a consensus among scholars that the Vikings did reach North America, approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus. The main sources of information about the Norse voyages to Vinland are two Icelandic sagas, ""The Saga of Eric the Red"" and the ""Saga of"
"name of Njáll Þorgeirsson, the chief protagonist of ""Njáls saga"", is a variation of the Irish name Neil. According to ""Eirik the Red's Saga"", the first European couple to have a child born in North America was descended from the Viking Queen of Dublin, Aud the Deep-minded, and a Gaelic slave brought to Iceland. The arrival of the Anglo-Normans brought also the Welsh, Flemish, Anglo-Saxons, and Bretons. Most of these were assimilated into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century, with the exception of some of the walled towns and the Pale areas. The Late Middle Ages also saw"
"clean-shaven. He wears a scale armor shirt, ornamented with breast plates and a studded belt. Underneath, he wears a tunic and leggings with leather sandals. He carries a powder horn over his shoulder and a knife in a decorative sheath at his side. On the sandstone base, the inscription reads, Leif, the discoverer/ son of Erik/ who sailed from Iceland/ and landed on this continent/ A.D. 1000. In runic letters, it also reads, Leif, son of Erik the Red. The original statue resides in Boston, Massachusetts on Commonwealth Avenue. In November 1887, the Milwaukee replica was erected; however, at the"
"groups went extinct, and others changed quite quickly. The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today. There was limited contact between North American people and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes from the Norse or Vikings. Erik the Red founded a colony on Greenland in 985 CE. Erik's son Leif Eriksson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000, naming the discovery Vinland."
"Little Ice Age made the land marginal for European life-styles in the 15th century (shortly before Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492). Pirate raids, conflict with Inuit moving into the Norse territories, and the colony's abandonment by Norway became other factors in its decline. Medieval Icelandic tradition relates that Erik the Red and his wife Þjóðhildr (Thjodhildr) had four children: a daughter, Freydís, and three sons, the explorer Leif Eiríksson, Þorvaldr (Thorvald) and Þorsteinn (Thorstein). Erik himself remained a follower of Norse paganism, unlike his son Leif and Leif's wife, who became Christians. After being baptized by"
"Rodrigo de Triana Rodrigo de Triana (born 1469 in Lepe, Huelva, Spain) was a Spanish sailor, believed to be the first European since Leif Ericson to have seen the Americas. Born as Juan Rodrigo Bermejo, Triana was the son of hidalgo and potter Vicente Bermejo and Sereni Betancour. On October 12, 1492, while on Christopher Columbus' ship ""La Pinta"", he sighted a land which was called by the natives, Guanahani. After spotting the Bahamian island at approximately two o'clock in the morning, he is reported to have shouted ""'"" (Land! Land!). Columbus claims in his journal that he saw ""light"""
"Greenland colony. Bjarni set out to follow Herjolf, but was blown off course to the southwest, becoming the first known European to skirt, if not land on, the North American coast. Realizing he had overshot Greenland, Bjarni reversed course to the northeast and came to a land that matched the description he had been given. The saga states, """"...they landed in the evening under a ness; and there was a boat by the ness, and just here lived Bjarni's father, and from him has the ness taken its name, and is since called Herjolfsness."""" In Erik The Red's Saga (which"
"from the north'), who expanded to England, Sicily, and other Mediterranean islands. Apart from Britain and Ireland, Norwegian Vikings established settlements in largely uninhabited regions. The first known permanent Norwegian settler in Iceland was Ingólfur Arnarson. In the year 874 he settled in Reykjavík. After his expulsion from Iceland Erik the Red discovered Greenland, a name he chose in hope of attracting Icelandic settlers. Viking settlements were established in the sheltered fjords of the southern and western coast. Erik's relative Leif Eriksson later discovered North America. During the 17th and 18th centuries, many Norwegians emigrated to the Netherlands, particularly Amsterdam."
"America was discovered and populated by its indigenous population. Columbus was not even the first European to reach its shores, having been preceded by Erik the Red in 10th-century Greenland and Leif Erikson in 11th-century Vinland at L'Anse aux Meadows. However, Columbus's efforts brought the Americas to the attention of Europe at a time ripe for Europe to act upon. Thus, Columbus was able to initiate the enduring association between the Earth's two major landmasses and their inhabitants. ""Columbus's claim to fame isn't that he got there first,"" explains historian Martin Dugard, ""it's that he stayed."" Historians have traditionally argued"
"raided and pillaged, traded, acted as mercenaries and settled wide-ranging colonies. Early Vikings probably returned home after their raids. Later in their history, they began to settle in other lands. Vikings under Leif Ericson, heir to Erik the Red, reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada. This expansion occurred during the Medieval Warm Period. Viking expansion into continental Europe was limited. Their realm was bordered by powerful cultures to the south. Early on, it was the Saxons, who occupied Old Saxony, located in what is now Northern Germany. The Saxons were a"
"Norway because of some killings. He left with his son Erik to northwest Iceland, where he died before 980. According to the ""Grænlendinga Saga,"" “There was a man called Thorvald, who was the father of Eirik the Red. He and Eirik left their home in Jaederen, in Norway, because of some killings and went to Iceland, which had been extensively settled by then;” when Erik was about 10 years old. He sailed west from Norway with his family and settled in Hornstrandir in northwestern Iceland. The Icelanders later sentenced Erik to exile for three years for killing Eyiolf the Foul"
"modern times, immigrants from Scotland have played a leading role in the social, political and economic history of Canada, being prominent in banking, labour unions, and politics. The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the Saga of Eric the Red and the Viking expedition of 1010 AD to Vinland (literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to the island of Newfoundland. The Viking prince Thorfinn Karlsefni took two Scottish slaves to Vinland. When the longships moored along the coast, they sent the slaves ashore to run along the waterfront to gauge"
"Thorstein Eiriksson Thorstein Eiriksson () was the third and youngest son of Erik the Red. Almost nothing is known about Thorstein's life. According to the Vinland Sagas, Erik the Red settled in Greenland around 986 with his wife and three grown sons, Leif, Thorvald and Thorstein. After Leif had sailed west from Greenland and discovered Vinland, Thorvald organized and led a second expedition to this new country. The natives, called Skraelings by the Norse, attacked Thorvald and his men. Thorvald received a fatal wound and was buried in Vinland. His crew returned to Greenland. Thorstein subsequently set sail for Vinland"
"set out to retrace Bjarni's journey. The result is thought to be the Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. This is the first known attempt at settlement by Europeans on the Americas. Bjarni Herjólfsson Bjarni Herjólfsson (fl. 10th century) was a Norse-Icelandic explorer who is believed to be the first known European discoverer of the mainland of the Americas, which he sighted in 986. Bjarni was born to Herjólfr son of Bárdi Herjólfsson (Old Norse: ""Bárði""), and Thorgerdr (Old Norse: ""Þorgerðr"") in Iceland. In adulthood, Bjarni became a merchant captain, based in Norway, but visiting his father every"
"to be the first of three lands in North America visited by Eriksson. He decided against trying to settle there because he found the land inhospitable. He continued south to ""Markland"" (probably Labrador) and ""Vinland"" (possibly Newfoundland). According to the ""Saga of Erik the Red,"" ""They sailed away from land; then to the Western Settlement and to Bjarneyjar (the Bear Islands). Thence they sailed away from Bjarneyjar with northerly winds. They were out at sea two half-days. Then they came to land, and rowed along it in boats, and explored it, and found there flat stones, many and so great"