"until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II almost four centuries later in 1952; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However, Tsar Paul I of Russia, King Umberto I of Italy, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I (first) during their reigns, while Pope Francis does not. In spoken English, such names are pronounced as ""Elizabeth the First"", ""George the Sixth"" etc. In some countries in Asia, monarchs took or take era names. While era names as such are not used in many monarchies,"
"1688 in England & Scotland, the French Revolution in 1789, and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations. Titles commonly used by monarchs are King/Queen or Emperor/Empress, but also many other; e.g., Grand Duke, Prince, Emir and Sultan. Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body. In a republic, this is - depending on provisions outlined by the constitution or improvised - a vice"
"Regnal name A regnal name, or reign name, is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and, subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy. The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number, written as a Roman numeral, to differentiate that monarch from others who have used the same name while ruling the same realm. In some cases, the monarch has more than one regnal name, but the regnal number is based on only one of those names, for"
"until the 19th century. They were known as ""of"" (in German von) based on the main territory they ruled. For example, sons, daughters, grandsons and granddaughters of a ruling French King were known as ""of France"" (see Wikipedia on House of Bourbon). The name ""Capet"" was an invention of the French Revolutionaries. ""Bourbon"" was in some sense the name of the house as it was differentiated from the previous Valois kings. Princes and Princesses of the royal house of England were known as ""of England"", or later ""Great Britain"" (see House of Windsor) or ""of"" the main title associated with"
"the British Crown. Pope Leo X first granted the title ""Defender of the Faith"" to King Henry VIII in 1521, rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation, particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments. After Henry broke from the Roman Church, Pope Paul III revoked the grant, but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use. The sovereign is known as ""His Majesty"" or ""Her Majesty"". The form ""Britannic Majesty"" appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers. The monarch chooses"
"Crown Prince"". Following an Emperor's death or retirement, he is renamed according to the era of his reign. In India, the first six Mughal emperors were known by just one name, adopted by each emperor upon his accession. Roman Catholic popes have traditionally adopted a single, regnal name upon their election (except for John Paul I and II). The mononymous tradition reverted to form with the election and succession of Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 and Pope Francis in 2013. The Western practice of combining a given name (Christian name or forename) with a family name (surname) is not universal."
"different monarchs; the current one being the Crown of St Edward. Most other Commonwealth countries use the same insignia, or with the state emblem replacing the crown. In the modern British Armed forces, the established commander of a regiment or battalion is a lieutenant colonel. From 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the rank of lieutenant colonel. It was superseded by the rank of wing commander on the following day. Certain regiments of the British Army have honorary appointments as Regimental Lieutenant Colonel and Deputy Regimental Lieutenant Colonel. These are similar in nature and"
"Emperors, reigning for about a decade. After the end of Roman rule in Britain, the Imperator Cunedda forged the Kingdom of Gwynedd in northern Wales, but all his successors were titled kings and princes. There was no consistent title for the king of England before 1066, and monarchs chose to style themselves as they pleased. Imperial titles were used inconsistently, beginning with Athelstan in 930 and ended with the Norman conquest of England. Empress Matilda (1102–1167) is the only English monarch commonly referred to as ""emperor"" or ""empress"", but she acquired her title through her marriage to Henry V, Holy"
"link it to St James's Park and the prince's London residence, Carlton House. This period is known as the British Regency, or just the Regency. The title was conferred by the Regency Act on 5 February 1811. Subject to certain limitations for a period, the prince regent was able to exercise the full powers of the King. The precedent of the Regency Crisis of 1788 (from which George III recovered before it was necessary to appoint a regent) was followed. The Prince of Wales continued as regent until his father's death in 1820, when he became George IV. In Germany,"
"constitutional monarch, and the 20th century governmental policies of devolution have accorded new emphasis on the Throne of England and the Throne of Scotland. The fungible meanings of ""Throne of England"" encompass the modern monarchy and the chronological list of legendary and historical monarchs of England, Scotland and the United Kingdom. This flexible English term is also a rhetorical trope. Depending on context, the Throne of England can be construed as a metonymy, which is a rhetorical device for an allusion relying on proximity or correspondence, as for example referring to actions of the king or queen or as ""actions"
"British monarch also holds and is entitled to the revenues of the Duchy of Lancaster, and within the borders of the County Palatine of Lancashire is by tradition saluted as ""The Duke of Lancaster"". Even when the monarch is a Queen regnant, she does not use the title of ""Duchess"". A British or Irish duke is entitled to a coronet (a silver-gilt circlet, chased as jewelled but not actually gemmed) bearing eight conventional strawberry leaves on the rim of the circlet. The physical coronet is worn only at coronations. Any peer can bear his coronet of rank on his coat"
"Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are 140 royal ceremonial objects kept in the Tower of London, which include the regalia and vestments worn by British kings and queens at their coronations. Symbols of 800 years of monarchy, the coronation regalia are the only working set in Europe – other present-day monarchies have abandoned coronations in favour of secular ceremonies – and the collection is the most historically complete of any regalia in the world. Objects used to invest and crown the monarch variously denote his or"
"where a feudal tenure would end and revert to its natural state in the royal demesne, or it could be reduced by later grants of land. During the reign of King George III (1760–1820), Parliament appropriated most of the royal demesne, in exchange for a fixed annual sum thenceforth payable to the monarch, called the Civil List. The position of the royal estate of Windsor, still occupied by the monarch and never alienated since 1066, may be a rare remnant of the royal demesne. Since the demesne surrounded the principal seat of the lord, it came to be loosely used"
"sovereign from continental kings and queens or as further exalted forms of address for the monarch in official documents or the most formal situations. Richard II, according to Robert Lacey in his book Great Tales from English history, was the first English King to demand the title of 'Highness' or 'Majesty.' He also noted that, '...previous English Kings had been content to be addressed as ""My Lord"" '. ""Most Gracious Majesty"" is only used in the most formal of occasions. Around 1519 King Henry VIII decided Majesty should become the style of the sovereign of England. ""Majesty"", however, was not"
"of its age and fragility, the State Crown of George I was replaced in 1838, the new replacement crown was instead called the Imperial State Crown, as was its replacement in 1937. The adjective 'imperial' did not indicate that British Sovereigns were Emperors, even if ""rex in regno suo est imperator"" (tbe King is Emperor within his own realm), but in medieval European tradition crowns with arches were called Imperial. State crown A state crown is the working crown worn or used by a monarch on recurring state occasions such as when opening Parliament in Britain, as opposed to the"
"modified when necessary by an ordinal or epithet (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II or Charles the Great). This is not always the case: King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden has two names. While many European royals have formally sported long chains of names, in practice they have tended to use only one or two and not to use surnames. In Japan, the emperor and his family have no surname, only a given name, such as Hirohito, which in practice in Japanese is rarely used: out of respect and as a measure of politeness, Japanese prefer to say ""the Emperor"" or ""the"
"Regnal years of English monarchs The following is a list of the official regnal years of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom from 1066 to the present day. The regnal calendar (""""n""th year of the reign of King X"", etc.) is used in many official British government and legal documents of historical interest, notably parliamentary statutes. For centuries, English official public documents have been dated by the regnal years of the ruling monarch. Traditionally, parliamentary statutes are referenced by regnal year, e.g. the Occasional Conformity Act of 1711 is officially referenced as ""10"
"their reign, whereas most of their contemporary monarchs did not. In the 14th century, Emperor Charles IV sometimes used that ordinal. Presumably, use of the ordinal of king Frederick III of Sicily also is contemporaneous. The royal chroniclers of the Abbey of Saint-Denis were using ordinals to refer to the French kings as early as the thirteenth century with the practise entering common usage among royalty and the nobility by the late fourteenth century. The British tradition of consistently and prevalently numbering monarchs dates back to Henry VIII and Mary I; however sporadic use occurred at least as early as"
"the word ""Canada"" at the top and a number at the bottom identifying the place of production; the inner circle contains a black and white rendering of the Tudor Crown. Tudor Crown (heraldry) The Tudor Crown, also known as the King's Crown or Imperial Crown, is a widely used symbol in heraldry of the United Kingdom. Officially it was used from 1902 to 1953 representing not only the British monarch personally, but also ""the Crown"", meaning the sovereign source of governmental authority. As such, it appeared on numerous official emblems in the United Kingdom, British Empire and Commonwealth. While various"
"Monarchy of the United Kingdom The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. As the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is commander-in-chief of"
"one of a variety of — ""Henry by the grace of God King of England"". Soon, however, Henry introduced what is known as the Sovereign coinage, so-called because the king is depicted seated on a throne, while the reverse shows the royal shield over a cross. This issue is regarded as marking the division between the coins of the Middle Ages and of the Renaissance in England. The Sovereign coinage was minted at London, Durham, and York, and inscribed with one of a variety of . Henry VIII (1509–1547) is one of England's more interesting monarchs, not just for having"
"Tudor Crown (heraldry) The Tudor Crown, also known as the King's Crown or Imperial Crown, is a widely used symbol in heraldry of the United Kingdom. Officially it was used from 1902 to 1953 representing not only the British monarch personally, but also ""the Crown"", meaning the sovereign source of governmental authority. As such, it appeared on numerous official emblems in the United Kingdom, British Empire and Commonwealth. While various crown symbols had been used for this purpose for many years previously, the specific Tudor Crown design was standardised at the request of Edward VII. It was never intended to"
"with the United Kingdom, as the 16 Commonwealth realms) retain the British monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) as Head of State. The British monarch is also Head of the Commonwealth, but this is a purely symbolic and personal title; members of the Commonwealth (including the Commonwealth realms) are fully sovereign states. The British Empire refers to the possessions, dominions and dependencies under the control of the Crown. In addition to the areas formally under the sovereignty of the British monarch, various ""foreign"" territories were controlled as protectorates; territories transferred to British administration under the authority of the League of Nations"
"used exclusively; it arbitrarily alternated with both ""Highness"" and ""Grace"", even in official documents. For example, one legal judgement issued by Henry VIII uses all three indiscriminately; Article 15 begins with, ""The Kinges Highness hath ordered,"" Article 16 with, ""The Kinges Majestie"" and Article 17 with, ""The Kinges Grace."" Pre-Union Scotland Sovereigns were only addressed as ""Your Grace"". During the reign of James VI and I, Majesty became the official style, to the exclusion of others. In full, the Sovereign is still referred to as ""His (Her) Most Gracious Majesty"", actually a merger of both the Scottish Grace and the"
"consists of the sovereign's regnal name (without number, if otherwise used), followed by the letter ""R"" for ""Rex"" (king) or ""Regina"" (queen). Thus, the signs-manual of both Elizabeth I and Elizabeth II read ""Elizabeth R"". When the British monarch was also Emperor or Empress of India, the sign manual ended with ""R I"", for ""Rex Imperator or Regina Imperatrix"" (king-emperor/queen-empress). When the future George IV, then the Prince of Wales, became regent on behalf of his incapacitated father, George III, the Regency Act 1811 expressly directed that the prince should sign ""George P R"", the initials standing for ""Princeps Regens"""
"a blood disorder now known as porphyria), became permanently insane and spent the remaining 10 years of his life unable to discharge his duties. The Prince Regent was prevented from using the full powers of Kingship. The Regent became George IV in 1820, but during his 10-year reign was indolent and frivolous. Consequently, for 20 years the throne was virtually vacant and Tory Cabinets led by Tory Prime Ministers filled the void, governing virtually on their own. The Tories were in power for almost 50 years, except for a Whig ministry from 1806 to 1807. Lord Liverpool was Prime Minister"
"the reign of the present sovereign Queen Elizabeth II. King George III (reigned 1760–1820) Queen Victoria (reigned 1837–1901) Queen Elizabeth II (acceded 1952) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Perceval was assassinated in 1812. His is the only complete lifetime lived by a Prime Minister under a single sovereign. Both Robert Walpole (1676–1745) and Lord Wilmington ( 1673–1743) lived under the reigns of the same six sovereigns: Charles II, James II, William III and his joint sovereign Mary II, Queen Anne, George I and George II. Sir Winston Churchill (1874–1965), Clement Attlee (1883–1967), Anthony Eden (1897–1977) and Harold Macmillan (1894–1986) all lived under the six"
"(and empresses) use ""[His/Her/Their/Your] Imperial Majesty"", ""HIM"" or ""TIM"". Princely and ducal heads usually use ""His Highness"" or some variation thereof (e.g., ""His Serene Highness""). In British practice, heads of princely states in the British Empire were referred to as Highness. In monarchies that do not follow the European tradition, monarchs may be called ""Majesty"" whether or not they formally bear the title of ""King"" or ""Queen"", as is the case in certain countries and amongst certain peoples in Africa and Asia. In the United Kingdom, several derivatives of Majesty have been or are used, either to distinguish the British"
"of the English, with reigns dating from the late fifth to the late seventh century. Subsequently, the ""Anglo-Saxon Chronicle""—another important source for the period—describes these seven as or , a title translated as ""Britain-ruler"" or ""Wide-ruler"". The ""Chronicle"" adds just one king to the list: Egbert of Wessex, who reigned in the ninth century. The resulting list of eight omits several strong Mercian kings. It is possible that the chronicler was merely adding Egbert's name to Bede's original list of seven, rather than claiming that no other kings achieved similar powers in England. The chronicler was almost certainly a West"
"name of the country (e.g. Alexandra of Denmark). It is not usual to number male consorts of a Queen regnant, or even to consider them as 'kings', unless both of them are crowned: as it was the case of Mary II and William III of England, or of all male kings consort in medieval crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and in medieval Spanish Kingdom of Navarre. In the history of Spain the only king consort was Francisco de Asis de Borbón, husband of Isabella II, but he is not numbered at all and is never included in official regnal lists. The"
"which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form. It is flown only from buildings, vessels and vehicles in which the sovereign is present. The Royal Standard is never flown at half-mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly. When the monarch is not in residence, the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle and Sandringham House, whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle. Monarchy of the United Kingdom The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the"
"actually sat on the throne of Delhi was Razia Sultan. The Mughal Emperors were the only Indian rulers for whom the term was consistently used by Western contemporaries. For the period from 1877 to 1947 when British Emperors ruled British India as the pearl in the crown of the British Empire, see above. From 1270 the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia used the title , literally ""King of Kings"". The use of the ""king of kings"" style began a millennium earlier in this region, however, with the title being used by the Kings of Aksum, beginning with Sembrouthes in the 3rd"
"used exclusively; it arbitrarily alternated with both ""Highness"" and ""Grace"", even in official documents. For example, one legal judgment issued by Henry VIII uses all three indiscriminately; Article 15 begins with ""the Kinges Highness hath ordered"", Article 16 with ""the Kinges Majestie"" and Article 17 with ""the Kinges Grace"". Scottish sovereigns were addressed as ""Your Grace"", rather than ""Majesty"", in pre-Union Scotland. During the reign of James VI of Scots and I of England and Ireland, however, ""Majesty"" became the official title, to the exclusion of others. In full the sovereign is referred to as ""His [Her] Most Gracious Majesty""."