"the Brythonic dialect developed into the medieval language known today as Cumbric, which continued to be spoken perhaps as late as the 12th century in the north of Cumbria. This early Celtic heritage remains today in place names such as Carlisle, Penrith and Eccles, and many river names such as Cocker, Kent and Eden. English may have been spoken in the North West from around the 7th century AD, when the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria first appears to have made inroads west of the Pennines. The language at this time would have been the Northumbrian dialect of Old English. The"
"Luguvalium Luguvalium was a Roman town in northern Britain in antiquity. It was located within present-day Carlisle, Cumbria, and may have been the capital of the 4th-century province of Valentia. The Romans called the settlement at what is today Carlisle . This was originally thought to mean ""wall[ed town] of Lugus"" but has since been explained as a borrowed Brittonic placename reconstructed as *Luguwalion, meaning ""[city] of Luguwalos"", Luguwalos being a masculine Celtic given name meaning ""strength of Lugus"". The name apparently continued in use among Brythonic speakers in the Hen Ogledd and Wales and it was during that time"
"impressive fountain, presumably fed by a still-functioning aqueduct. The place was under the control of a """". Luguvalium Luguvalium was a Roman town in northern Britain in antiquity. It was located within present-day Carlisle, Cumbria, and may have been the capital of the 4th-century province of Valentia. The Romans called the settlement at what is today Carlisle . This was originally thought to mean ""wall[ed town] of Lugus"" but has since been explained as a borrowed Brittonic placename reconstructed as *Luguwalion, meaning ""[city] of Luguwalos"", Luguwalos being a masculine Celtic given name meaning ""strength of Lugus"". The name apparently continued"
"the Romans in Britain and was one of the strongest British towns at the time. In the time of the emperor Nero, it was said to have burned down. The Roman settlement was named Luguvalium, based on a native name that has been reconstructed as Brittonic *Luguwaljon, ""[city] of Luguwalos"", a masculine Celtic given name meaning ""strength of Lugus"". Excavations undertaken along Annetwell Street in the 1970s dated the Roman timber fort constructed at the site of present Carlisle Castle to the winter of 73, protecting a strategic location overlooking the confluence of the Caldew and Eden rivers. This walled"
"the original A-text), who may have come from Gloucester, taking part in the Battle of Dyrham in 577, when the city was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons. http://www.glosarch.org.uk/Gloucestercityresearch.html#GLEVUM Glevum Glevum (or, more formally, Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or occasionally ""Glouvia"") was a Roman fort in Roman Britain that became a ""colonia"" of retired legionaries in AD 97. Today, it is known as Gloucester, located in the English county of Gloucestershire. The name Glevum is taken by many present-day businesses in the area and also by the 26-mile ""Glevum Way"", a long-distance footpath or recreational walk encircling modern Gloucester. Glevum was established around"
"a Mithraeum in the town and possibly a temple to Mars, who was identified with the local deity Belatucadros. In 2017 the fort baths of the Hadrian's Wall fort of Stanwix, north of the River Eden, were discovered by the river in the cricket ground. Romano-British occupation of Luguvalium seems to have continued unbroken after the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410. Possible 5th-century buildings have been identified during excavation, and the settlement has been identified as the court of Urien Rheged's kingdom. Saint Cuthbert visited the town in the 7th century and described the high stone walls and an"
"Faversham Stone Chapel Faversham Stone Chapel also known as Our Lady of Elwarton, is a medieval chapel built on top of a Romano-British mausoleum. The chapel is located in what is thought to have been the Roman settlement of Durolevum, near the modern town of Faversham, in Kent, England. It is the only known chapel in England to incorporate the remains of a pagan shrine or mausoleum. Although the site now lies in a rural area on the outskirts of modern Faversham, during Roman times the area was well populated. There was probably a Roman army camp located at Judd"
"of Greater London, and who are mentioned by Julius Caesar in his account of his expeditions to Britain in 55 and 54 BC. In a later account of these expeditions by Orosius, they are referred to as ""civitas Trinovantum"", ""the nation of the Trinovantes"", with ""Trinovantum"" in this case being in the genitive plural. However, as ""civitas"" can also mean ""city"" and Latin neuter nouns often end in ""-um"" in the nominative singular, this phrase was misinterpreted by Geoffrey or his sources as ""the city Trinovantum"". In Roman times the city was known by the name Londinium, which appears to"
"Glevum Glevum (or, more formally, Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or occasionally ""Glouvia"") was a Roman fort in Roman Britain that became a ""colonia"" of retired legionaries in AD 97. Today, it is known as Gloucester, located in the English county of Gloucestershire. The name Glevum is taken by many present-day businesses in the area and also by the 26-mile ""Glevum Way"", a long-distance footpath or recreational walk encircling modern Gloucester. Glevum was established around AD 48 at an important crossing of the River Severn and near to the Fosse Way, the early front line after the Roman invasion of Britain and"
"the ditch centres. Port Way Port Way or the Portway was a Roman road in Britain. It is sometimes taken to be the entire major route between Roman Londinium (present-day London) and Durnovaria (present-day Dorchester), although it more precisely refers to the section of that route between Calleva of the Atrebates (present-day Silchester) and Sorviodunum (the abandoned site of Old Sarum). (The portion between Calleva and Londinium going by the name ""Devil's Highway"".) Port Way runs northeast to southwest and covers a distance of from Calleva to Soviodunum, in present-day Hampshire and Wiltshire. At East Anton, just outside Andover, it"
"Port Way Port Way or the Portway was a Roman road in Britain. It is sometimes taken to be the entire major route between Roman Londinium (present-day London) and Durnovaria (present-day Dorchester), although it more precisely refers to the section of that route between Calleva of the Atrebates (present-day Silchester) and Sorviodunum (the abandoned site of Old Sarum). (The portion between Calleva and Londinium going by the name ""Devil's Highway"".) Port Way runs northeast to southwest and covers a distance of from Calleva to Soviodunum, in present-day Hampshire and Wiltshire. At East Anton, just outside Andover, it crossed the Roman"
"Venta Silurum Venta Silurum was a town in the Roman province of ""Britannia"" or Britain. Today it consists of remains in the village of Caerwent in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. Much of it has been archaeologically excavated and is on display to the public. Venta was established by the Romans in AD 75 as an administrative centre for the defeated Silures tribe in Roman Wales. Venta Silurum seems to mean ""Market town of the Silures"" (cf. Venta Belgarum and Venta Icenorum). This is confirmed by inscriptions on the ""Civitas Silurum"" stone, now on display in the parish church. The town,"
"other Romano-British tribal capitals. In 2010 a programme of archaeological work was carried out, by Monmouth Archaeology, as part of the construction of a new garage, at Museum Cottage. A number of finds were made. Venta Silurum Venta Silurum was a town in the Roman province of ""Britannia"" or Britain. Today it consists of remains in the village of Caerwent in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. Much of it has been archaeologically excavated and is on display to the public. Venta was established by the Romans in AD 75 as an administrative centre for the defeated Silures tribe in Roman Wales."
"most northern capital. Isurium Brigantum Isurium or Isurium of the Brigantes () was a Roman fort and town in the province of Britannia at the site of present-day Aldborough in North Yorkshire, England, in the United Kingdom. Its remains—the Aldborough Roman Site—are in the care of English Heritage. The Roman road through the town formed a leg of both Dere Street—connecting Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall—and the Roman equivalent of Watling Street, which here connected Eboracum with Luguvalium (Carlisle). The modern village retains part of the Roman street plan and the church stands on the site of the forum."
"Penwortham Penwortham () is a town in South Ribble, Lancashire, England, on the south bank of the River Ribble facing the city of Preston. The town is at the most westerly crossing point of the river, with major road and rail links crossing it here. The population of the town at the 2011 census was 23,047. The distinctive town name is derived from pen (meaning a hill), wort (meaning green) and ham (meaning settlement) with earlier names of Peneverdant and Pendrecham in 1200; Penwrtham in 1204; Penuertham in 1212; Penwortham 1260 and Penewrthamn in 1292. The town's history can be"
"Ratae Corieltauvorum Ratae Corieltauvorum or simply Ratae was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Leicester, located in the English county of Leicestershire. ""Ratae"" is a latinate form of the Brittonic word for ""ramparts"" (cf. Gaelic ""rath""), suggesting the site was an Iron Age oppidum. This generic name was distinguished by (""of the Corieltauvians""), the name of the Celtic tribe whose capital it served as under the Romans. The town was mistakenly known as Ratae Coritanorum in later records. However, an inscription recovered in 1983 showed that it was corrupt and ""Corieltauvorum"" was the"
"to the town walls. However, a serious fire spread through the town centre and the forum, basilica and market hall were never rebuilt. The settlement is generally identified as the mentioned among the 28 cities of Britain by the later ""History of the Britons"" traditionally attributed to Nennius. Ratae Corieltauvorum Ratae Corieltauvorum or simply Ratae was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Leicester, located in the English county of Leicestershire. ""Ratae"" is a latinate form of the Brittonic word for ""ramparts"" (cf. Gaelic ""rath""), suggesting the site was an Iron Age oppidum. This"
"Lavatrae Lavatrae , also known as Lavatris, was a Roman fort in the modern-day village of Bowes, County Durham, England. The Romans built a fort with wooden ramparts at Lavatrae in the early AD 70s, after an invasion of the region by Governor Petilius Cerealis. It was intended as a waypoint on the northern leg of the Roman equivalent of Watling Street in the section connecting Luguvalium (Carlisle) to Eboracum (York) and points south. It guarded the eastern entrance to the Stainmore Pass through the Pennines, overlooking the River Greta. The name ""Lavatrae"" meant ""summit"". Stone walls were built around"
"Isurium Brigantum Isurium or Isurium of the Brigantes () was a Roman fort and town in the province of Britannia at the site of present-day Aldborough in North Yorkshire, England, in the United Kingdom. Its remains—the Aldborough Roman Site—are in the care of English Heritage. The Roman road through the town formed a leg of both Dere Street—connecting Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall—and the Roman equivalent of Watling Street, which here connected Eboracum with Luguvalium (Carlisle). The modern village retains part of the Roman street plan and the church stands on the site of the forum. Isurium Brigantium, one"
"Eboracum Eboracum (Latin /ebo'rakum/, English or ) was a fort and city in the Roman province of Britannia. In its prime it was the largest town in northern Britain and a provincial capital. The site remained occupied after the decline of the Roman Empire and ultimately evolved into the present-day city York, occupying the same site in North Yorkshire, England. Two Roman emperors died in Eboracum: Septimius Severus in 211 AD, and Constantius Chlorus in 306 AD. The first known recorded mention of Eboracum by name is dated and is an address containing the genitive form of the settlement's name,"
"Camulodunum Camulodunum (; ), the Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester in Essex, was an important town in Roman Britain, and the first capital of the province. It is claimed to be the oldest town in Britain. Originally the site of the Brythonic-Celtic oppidum of Camulodunon (meaning ""stronghold of Camulos""), capital of the Trinovantes and later the Catuvellauni tribes, it was first mentioned by name on coinage minted by the chieftain Tasciovanus sometime between 20 and 10 BC. The Roman town began life as a Roman Legionary base constructed in the AD 40s on the site of the"
"Reculver Reculver is a village and coastal resort about east of Herne Bay in south-east England, in a ward of the same name, in the City of Canterbury district of Kent. It once occupied a strategic location at the north-western end of the Wantsum Channel, a sea lane that separated the Isle of Thanet and the Kent mainland until the late Middle Ages. This led the Romans to build a small fort there at the time of their conquest of Britain in 43 AD, and, starting late in the 2nd century, they built a larger fort, or ""castrum"", called ""Regulbium"","
"Reculver Reculver is a village and coastal resort about east of Herne Bay in south-east England, in a ward of the same name, in the City of Canterbury district of Kent. It once occupied a strategic location at the north-western end of the Wantsum Channel, a sea lane that separated the Isle of Thanet and the Kent mainland until the late Middle Ages. This led the Romans to build a small fort there at the time of their conquest of Britain in 43 AD, and, starting late in the 2nd century, they built a larger fort, or ""castrum"", called ""Regulbium"","
"Verulamium Verulamium was a town in Roman Britain. It was sited in the southwest of the modern city of St Albans in Hertfordshire, Great Britain. A large portion of the Roman city remains unexcavated, being now park and agricultural land, though much has been built upon. The ancient Watling Street passed through the city. Much of the site and its environs is now classed as a scheduled ancient monument. Before the Romans established their settlement, there was already a tribal centre in the area which belonged to the Catuvellauni. This settlement is usually called Verlamion. The etymology is uncertain but"
"Llandovery is twinned with Pluguffan in Brittany, France. The Roman fort at Llanfair Hill to the northeast of the modern town around was known to the Romans as Alabum. It was built around AD 50 to 60 as part of their strategy for the conquest of Wales. A Roman road heads across Mynydd Bach Trecastell to the southeast of Llandovery bound for the fort of Brecon Gaer. Another heads down the Towy valley for Carmarthen whilst a third makes for the goldmines at Dolaucothi. Attractions in the town include the remains of Llandovery Castle, built in 1110 and almost immediately"
"Longovicium Longovicium (or Lanchester Roman Fort) was an auxiliary fort on Dere Street, in the Roman province of Britannia Inferior. It is located just southwest of Lanchester () in the English county of Durham, roughly to the west of the city of Durham and from Consett. The fort was situated between Vindomora (Ebchester), and Vinovia (Binchester) on Dere Street, the main Roman road linking Eboracum (York) with Hadrian's Wall. It is about south of the wall, and was built on high ground with clear views around the site. Some archaeologists have postulated that a road may have existed connecting the"
"Caerwent Caerwent is a village and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is located about five miles west of Chepstow and eleven miles east of Newport. It was founded by the Romans as the market town of ""Venta Silurum"", an important settlement of the Brythonic Silures tribe. The modern village is built around the Roman ruins, which are some of the best-preserved in Europe. It remained prominent through the Roman era and Early Middle Ages as the site of a road crossing between several important civic centres. It was founded by the Romans in AD 75 as ""Venta Silurum"", a market"
"Leucarum Leucarum was a coastal auxiliary fort in the Roman province of Britannia. Its remains are located beneath the town of Loughor in the Welsh city of Swansea. The Romans built a rectangular or trapezoidal fort at the mouth of the River Loughor in the late 1st century to house a regiment of Roman auxiliary troops. Stone defences were added to the earthen ditch and rampart by 110 and the fort was occupied until the middle or end of that century. However, it was later abandoned for a time and in the early 3rd century the ditch naturally silted up."
"Lactodurum Lactodurum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Towcester, located in the English county of Northamptonshire. Towcester lays claim to being the oldest town in Northamptonshire and possibly, because of the antiquity of recent Iron Age finds in the town, to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the country. There is evidence that it was settled by humans since the Mesolithic era (middle stone age). There is also evidence of Iron Age burials in the area. In Roman times, the Watling Street road (now the A5) was built through"
"Britain after participating in Vercingetorix's rebellion and either joined or established a British branch of his tribe. Based on the development of imagery on coins, by the time of the Roman conquest, some of the tribes of south-eastern Britain likely were ruled by a Belgic nobility and were culturally influenced by them. The later ""civitas"" (administrative division) of Roman Britain had towns including ""Portus Adurni"" (Portchester), and ""Clausentum"" (Southampton). The ""civitas"" capital was at ""Venta Belgarum"" (Winchester), which was built on top of an Iron Age ""oppidum"" (which was itself built on the site of two earlier abandoned hillforts), which"
"Southwark, where inscriptions suggest a temple of Isis was located. The status of Londinium is uncertain. It seems to have been founded as a mere ""vicus"" and remained as such even after its recovery from Boudica's revolt. Ptolemy lists it as one of the cities of the Cantiacs, but Durovernum (Roman Canterbury) was their tribal capital (). Starting as a small fort guarding the northern end of the new bridge across the River Thames, Londinium grew to become an important port for trade between Britain and the Roman provinces on the continent. The initial lack of private Roman villas (plentiful"
"Regulbium Regulbium was the name of an ancient Roman fort of the Saxon Shore in the vicinity of the modern English resort of Reculver in Kent. Its name derives from the local Celtic language, meaning ""great headland"" (*""Rogulbion""). The first Roman military installation in the area was a small fort built directly after the invasion of Britain in the reign of Claudius, protected by earthworks. It was connected to Durovernum (Canterbury) by a road. The fort, strategically located at the entrance of the Wantsum Channel, possibly housed a signal tower, perhaps a lighthouse, and continued in operation at least until"
"of the ""civitates"" of Roman Britain, whose chief town was Caesaromagus (modern Chelmsford, Essex). The style of their rich burials (see facies of Aylesford) is of continental origin and evidence of their affiliation to the Belgic people. Their name was re-used as ""Trinovantum"", the supposed original name of London, by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his ""Historia Regum Britanniae"", in which he claimed the name derived from ""Troi-novantum"" or ""New Troy"", connecting this with the legend that Britain was founded by Brutus and other refugees from the Trojan War. In Chelmsford 123, a British television situation comedy produced for Channel 4"