"L. West in analyzing the evidence concludes that the name of Eumelos was attached to the poem as the only name available. From the very patchy evidence, it seems that ""Eumelos""' account of the ""Titanomachy"" differed from the surviving account of Hesiod's ""Theogony"" at salient points. The 8th century BC date for the poem is not possible; West ascribes a late seventh-century date as the earliest. The ""Titanomachy"" was divided into at least two books. The battle of Olympians and Titans was preceded by some sort of theogony, or genealogy of the primal gods, in which, the Byzantine writer Lydus"
"The Song of Roland The Song of Roland () is an epic poem (Chanson de geste) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries. The date of composition is put in the period between 1040 and 1115: an early version beginning around 1040 with additions and alterations made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. The epic poem"
"his life into an epic tale of the noble Christian killed by Islamic forces, which forms part of the medieval Matter of France. The tale of Roland's death is retold in the eleventh-century poem ""The Song of Roland"", where he is equipped with the olifant (a signalling horn) and an unbreakable sword, enchanted by various Christian relics, named Durendal. The ""Song"" contains a highly romanticized account of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass and Roland's death, setting the tone for later fantastical depiction of Charlemagne's court. It was adapted and modified throughout the Middle Ages, including an influential Latin prose version"
"to retreat. He decided to go home since he could not trust the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred. The Basques attacked and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (""La"
"Roncesvalles Roncesvalles (; , , ) is a small village and municipality in Navarre, northern Spain. It is situated on the small river Urrobi at an altitude of some in the Pyrenees, about from the French frontier as the crow flies, or by road. Roncesvalles is famous in history and legend for the defeat of Charlemagne and the death of Roland in 778, during the battle of Roncevaux Pass, when Charlemagne's rear guard was destroyed by Basque tribes. When a party of horsemen from the Kingdom of Navarre arrived at the Duchy of Burgundy in 1439 to negotiate Prince Charles"
"the battle, was written by an unknown poet of the 11th century. It is the earliest surviving of the ""chansons de geste"" or epic poems of medieval France in the ""langue d'oïl"", in what would become the French language. Together with the Knights of the Round Table in Britain, the story of Roland and the paladins have become the archetypal icons of chivalry in Europe; greatly influencing knightly culture and inspiring many Christian warriors that came after. During the Battle of Hastings in 1066, knights and soldiers under William the Conqueror, chanted the poem to inspire themselves before their fight"
"capital, taken to the Soares dos Reis Museum in Porto in early 20th century, suggest it is an earlier Romanesque basilica. The capital is sculpted with episodes from the ""Chanson de Roland"", depicting the Battle of Roncesvalles, in which Roland with his sword ""Durandal"" attacks and arrests Chernuble, anthropomorphic figures playing the horn Olifant, and Olivier, who fell in combat. The old main church of Póvoa de Varzim, in Largo das Dores, had indications of Romanesque architecture, such as the snake over the main portal that gave rise to the local legend of the Great Snake, although the portal that"
"Gormond et Isembart Gormond et Isembart (English: ""Gormond and Isembart"") is an Old French ""chanson de geste"" from the second half of the eleventh or first half of the twelfth century. Along with ""The Song of Roland"" and the ""Chanson de Guillaume"", it is one of the three ""chansons de geste"" whose composition incontestably dates from before 1150; it may be slightly younger than ""The Song of Roland"" and, according to one expert, may date from as early as 1068. The poem tells the story of a rebellious young French lord, Isembart, who allies himself with a Saracen king, Gormond,"
"Roncevaux was Charlemagne's only military defeat. Among those killed in the battle was a relatively obscure Frankish commander, Roland, whose death elevated him and the paladins, the foremost warriors of Charlemagne's court, into legend, becoming the quintessential role model for knights and also greatly influencing the code of chivalry in the Middle Ages. There are numerous written works about the battle, some of which change and exaggerate events. The battle is recounted in the 11th century ""The Song of Roland"", the oldest surviving major work of French literature, and in ""Orlando Furioso"", one of the most celebrated works of Italian"
"""Chanson"" but differing from it in many details, perhaps around the year 1120. Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis (""Song of the Treachery of Ganelon"") is an anonymous poem in medieval Latin, written in the first half of the 12th century. Composed in elegiac couplets by an unskilled versifier, it is a version of the legendary history of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. This is the same story that is told in the Old French ""Chanson de Roland"" and in several other versions and languages. The Latin poem seems to be based on a hearing or reading of"
"erected to commemorate the battle, such as the Roncesvalles Pass Monument in Navarre, Spain. Roland's Breach, situated in the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park, is a gap thought to have been caused by Roland while fighting. At the summit of the Roncevaux Pass are the remains of an early chapel of San Salvador also known as Charlemagne's Chapel and the Charlemagne Monument built in 1934; both built to commemorate the Emperor's campaign in the region. The song is also commemorated in the Italian literary classic ""Orlando Furioso"". The battle is also referenced in the song ""Roncevaux"" by Van der"
"is the first and, along with ""The Poem of the Cid"", one of the most outstanding examples of the ""chanson de geste"", a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries and celebrated legendary deeds. Set in the Carolingian era, it was written much later. There is a single extant manuscript of the ""Song of Roland"" in Old French, held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford. This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in Anglo-Norman. There are also eight further manuscripts, and three fragments, of other poems on the subject of Roland. Some scholars estimate"
"Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis (""Song of the Treachery of Ganelon"") is an anonymous poem in medieval Latin, written in the first half of the 12th century. Composed in elegiac couplets by an unskilled versifier, it is a version of the legendary history of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. This is the same story that is told in the Old French ""Chanson de Roland"" and in several other versions and languages. The Latin poem seems to be based on a hearing or reading of an Old French ""chanson de geste"", in the same tradition as the written"
"Roland og Magnus kongen Roland og Magnus kongen literally ""Roland and King Magnus,"" also known under the English title ""Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux"" is a Norwegian ballad about the legendary hero Roland of Charlemagne's court. The ballad is cataloged NMB 171 ( ed., ""Norske mellomalderballadar""), and categorized TSB type E 29. In the ballad, Roland's sword (known in Old French as Durendal) is compared to a sickle, its name corrupted to Dvælje=Dvolg (Dvelgedvolg, Dvergedolg, Dvelgedolgen), explained as meaning ""dwarf-fiend"" or ""enemy of the dwarfs"" Storm was of the opinion that the ballad could not be younger than the"
"Frankish army on their way down into the valley. According to Einhard, Eggihard, the King's steward; Anselm (""Anshelmus""), Count Palatine; and Roland (""Hruodlandus""), Governor of the March of Brittany, with very many others, lost their lives during that ambush. According to tradition, Roncesvalles is the site where this event took place in 778, and hence today the battle is called Battle of Roncesvalles, a landmark in Basque history leading to the foundation of the Kingdom of Pamplona. There is a stone monument near the pass commemorating the area where it is traditionally held that Roland died. Nonetheless, the inhabitants of"
"Battle of Roncesvalles (1813) The Battle of Roncesvalles () (25 July 1813) was a battle between French and Anglo-Portuguese forces during the Peninsular War (1808–1814). After the decisive victory of Allied forces under Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington over French forces under King Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria, Wellington advanced to capture San Sebastián and Pamplona, the last French outposts on Spanish soil. While Wellington concentrated his efforts on capturing the strategically important port of San Sebastián, he sent 11,000 men under the Irish-Spanish General O'Donnell to blockade Pamplona. To prevent a French counter-attack over the Pyrenees"
"century), ""Daurel e Betó"" (first half of the 13th century), and ""Song of the Albigensian Crusade"" (c.1275) (cf Occitan literature). In medieval Germany, the ""chansons de geste"" elicited little interest from the German courtly audience, unlike the romances which were much appreciated. While ""The Song of Roland"" was among the first French epics to be translated into German (by Konrad der Pfaffe as the ""Rolandslied"", c.1170), and the German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach based his (incomplete) 13th century epic ""Willehalm"" (consisting of seventy-eight manuscripts) on the ""Aliscans"", a work in the cycle of William of Orange (Eschenbach's work had a"
"consolidating the independence of both realms. Over the years, this battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims although in fact, the Basques of the period were mainly Pagans and Charlemagne had been allied to some of the Muslims. In the tradition, the Basques are replaced by a force of 400,000 Saracens, and mythical objects such as durendal and oliphant were also added. Although Roland died in the battle with little information about him, the battle popularized him as a chivalric hero of honor in the Middle Ages. ""The Song of Roland"", which commemorates"
"the Pyrenees in 778. Near the city of Zaragoza Charlemagne received the homage of Sulayman al-Arabi. However the city, under the leadership of Husayn, closed its gates and refused to submit. Unable to conquer the city by force, Charlemagne decided to retreat. On the way home the rearguard of the army was ambushed and destroyed by Basque forces at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Song of Roland, a highly romanticized account of this battle, would later become one of the most famous chansons de geste of the Middle Ages. Around 788 Abd ar-Rahman I died and was succeeded by"
"to condemn the fraudulent Gano. La Spagna La Spagna (English: ""Spain""), also called ""La Spagna in rima"" is a 14th-century Italian epic attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350 and 1360 The poem is in ottava rima, composed of 40 cantos (or cantari) each of about 40 octaves. The work is an adaptation of the story of Charlemagne's battles in Spain and the adventures of his nephew, the paladin Orlando (Roland), including the tale of his mortal duel with Ferraguto and his ultimate death at Roncesvalles. The material derives originally from the much translated and"
"a chivalric romance which stemmed from a tradition beginning in the late Middle Ages and continuing in popularity in the 16th century and well into the 17th. Orlando is the Christian knight known in French (and subsequently English) as Roland. The story takes place against the background of the war between Charlemagne's Christian paladins and the Saracen army that has invaded Europe and is attempting to overthrow the Christian empire. The poem is about war and love and the romantic ideal of chivalry. It mixes realism and fantasy, humor and tragedy. The stage is the entire world, plus a trip"
"Agincourt Carol The Agincourt Carol (sometimes known as the ""Agincourt Song"", the ""Agincourt Hymn"", or by its chorus and central words, ""Deo gratias Anglia"") is an English folk song written some time in the early 15th century. It recounts the 1415 Battle of Agincourt, in which the English army led by Henry V of England defeated that of the French Charles VI in what is now the Pas-de-Calais region of France. The carol is one of thirteen on the Trinity Carol Roll, probably originating in East Anglia, that has been held in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge since"
"de Guillaume"", ""The Song of Roland"" and ""Gormont et Isembart"": the first half of the ""Chanson de Guillaume"" may date from as early as the eleventh century; ""Gormont et Isembart"" may date from as early as 1068, according to one expert; and ""The Song of Roland"" probably dates from after 1086 to c.1100. Three early theories of the origin of ""chansons de geste"" believe in the continued existence of epic material (either as lyric poems, epic poems or prose narrations) in these intervening two or three centuries. Critics like Claude Charles Fauriel, François Raynouard and German Romanticists like Jacob Grimm"
"it is simply a Muslim land, indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades, and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades (which started in 1098), but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started. After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835, the Song of Roland became recognized as France's national epic when an edition was published in 1837."
"being to support that idea, most notably the ""Chanson de Roland"", a fictitious 11th-century French version of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778) dealing with the Iberian ""Saracens"" (""Moors""), and taught as historical fact in the French educational system since 1880. The modern idea of the earlier concept of ""Reconquista"" is inextricably linked to the foundational myths of Spanish nationalism in the 19th century, and consolidated by the mid-20th century during Franco's National-Catholic dictatorship, based on a strong underlying Castilian ideological element. The idea of a ""liberation war"" of ""reconquest"" against the Muslims, depicted as foreigners, suited well the anti-Republican"
"Hundred Years' War. From there he travelled for two years through the Balkans, the Near East, and the Holy Land, in the company of his friend Renaud of Roye and later with Philip of Artois, Count of Eu. There, he and his companions composed the ""Livre des Cent Ballades"", a poetical defense of the chaste knight the central figure of chivalry, which Johan Huizinga found a startling contrast with the facts of his military career. In 1390, while the Truce of Leulinghem had temporarily interrupted the war with England, Boucicaut and two other French knights set up the tournament of"
"of Navarre's marriage to Agnes of Cleves, the Duke of Burgundy's niece, the prior of Roncesvalles was their chief ambassador. He was described as a ""noble knight"". The small collegiate church contains several curious relics associated with Roland. The battle is said to have been fought in the valley known as Valcarlos, which is now occupied by a hamlet bearing the same name, and in the adjoining pass of Ibañeta (Roncevaux Pass). Both of these are traversed by the main road leading north from Roncesvalles to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, in the French Basque Country. Since the Middle Ages, this collegiate church has"
"French poem was translated into the Middle High German ""Rolandslied"" by Konrad der Pfaffe (formerly thought to have been the author of the Kaiserchronik). In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones. The work was translated into Middle Dutch in the 13th century. It was also rendered into Occitan verse in the 14th- or 15th-century poem of ""Ronsasvals"", which incorporates the later, southern aesthetic into the story. An Old Norse version of the ""Song of Roland"" exists as ""Karlamagnús saga"", and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco-Venetian is also known; such translations contributed to"
"proved, but it is too plausible—and it may be added too interesting—to be overlooked."" Polk characterized this theory as ""imaginative speculation"", adding that another scholar offered the ""interestingly plausible"" suggestion that Roland's ""Califerne"" is a corruption of the Persian ""Kar-i-farn"", a mythological ""mountain of Paradise"" where griffins lived. The ""Song of Roland"", an 11th-century Old French epic poem, may have served as the inspiration for the name ""California"". The poem refers to the defeat suffered August 15, 778, in the retreat of Charlemagne's army at the hands of the Basque army in Battle of Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees. On"
"of ""ducatus Cenomannicus"" or Duchy of Maine. One of the most famous margraves (""""Britannici limitis praefectus"""") was Roland, who died at the Battle of Roncesvalles in 778 and gave rise to a famous series of legends as exemplified in the eponymous ""Chanson de Roland"". The Carolingian king of the Franks, Charles the Bald, re-created the Breton March in 861 and appointed Robert the Strong margrave. In 863, Charles negotiated the Treaty of Entrammes with Salomon, King of Brittany whereby western Anjou was recognised as a part of Brittany and the lay abbacy of Saint-Aubin in Angers was granted to Salomon,"
"La Spagna La Spagna (English: ""Spain""), also called ""La Spagna in rima"" is a 14th-century Italian epic attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350 and 1360 The poem is in ottava rima, composed of 40 cantos (or cantari) each of about 40 octaves. The work is an adaptation of the story of Charlemagne's battles in Spain and the adventures of his nephew, the paladin Orlando (Roland), including the tale of his mortal duel with Ferraguto and his ultimate death at Roncesvalles. The material derives originally from the much translated and adapted ""Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle"" (""Historia Caroli"
"Roland Roland (Frankish: ""*Hrōþiland""; Latin: ""Hruodlandus"", ""Rotholandus""; Italian: ""Orlando"", ""Rolando""; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. The historical Roland was military governor of the Breton March, responsible for defending Francia's frontier against the Bretons. His only historical attestation is in Einhard's ""Vita Karoli Magni"", which notes he was part of the Frankish rearguard killed by rebellious Basques in Iberia at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The story of Roland's death at Roncevaux Pass was embellished in later medieval"
"Aspremont (chanson de geste) Chanson d'Aspremont (or simply Aspremont, or Agolant) is a 12th-century Old French ""chanson de geste"" (before 1190). The poem comprises 11, 376 verses (unusually long for a ""chanson de geste""), grouped into rhymed laisses. The verses are decasyllables mixed with alexandrines. In this tale, the African Saracen king Agolant and his son Aumon (Almons, Eaumond) invade Calabria and defy Charlemagne (Charles) through their messenger Balan (vv. 1ff; 604ff). Charlemagne's troops come to fight them, but Charlemagne's nephew Roland is not allowed to join the battle due to his young age (referred to as ""Rolandin"", he is"