"in Quechua, meaning ""Realm of the Four Parts""), led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin. When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the Inca Empire in 1528, it spanned a considerable area and was by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations. Extending southward from the Ancomayo, which is now known as the Patía River, in southern present-day Colombia to the Maule River in what would later be known as Chile, and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the Amazonian jungles, the empire covered"
"Quechuan languages Quechua (, ; ), usually called Runasimi (""people's language"") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Andes and highlands of South America. Derived from a common ancestral language, it is the most widely spoken language family of indigenous peoples of the Americas, with a total of probably some 8–10 million speakers. Approximately 25% (7.7 million) of Peruvians speak a Quechuan language. It is perhaps most widely known for being the main language family of the Inca Empire. The Spanish colonisers initially encouraged its use, but from the middle"
"code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to"
"Incan invasion with fierce resistance for many years until they fell to Tupac Yupanqui. It is said that the Inca strategically married the Cañari princes Paccha to conquer the people. Many of their descendants still reside in Cañar. The Chibcha-speaking communities were the most numerous, the most extended by territory, and the most socio-economically developed of the Pre-Hispanic Colombian cultures. They were divided into two linguistic subgroups; the Arwako-Chimila languages, with the Tairona, Kankuamo, Kogi, Arhuaco, Chimila and Chitarero people and the Kuna-Colombian languages with Kuna, Nutabe, Motilon, U'wa, Lache, Guane, Sutagao and Muisca. Of these indigenous groups, the Muisca"
"western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile and a small part of southwest Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. Its official language was Quechua. Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ""Huacas"", but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti – their sun god – and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such"
"thus varied. The Inca's impact outlasted their empire, as the Spanish continued the use of Quechua. The Incas were not known to develop a written form of communication; however, they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups (qirus). These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu, which are also found in textiles. Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g.: heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear. The high infant mortality rates that plagued the Inca Empire caused newborn infants to solely be given the term ‘wawa’"
"the Andean mountain ranges, including, besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile, and a small part of southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects of Quechua were spoken. The Inca Empire, was organized in dominions with a stratified society, in which the ruler was the Inca. It was also supported by an economy based on the collective property of the land. In fact, the Inca Empire was conceived like"
"the Inca expansive empires. Nevertheless, The Brujo Archaeological Complex remained a ceremonial and funerary area dedicated to the collective memory. A 17th-century letter found during excavations at the site may contain translations of numbers written in Quingnam or Pescadora using the decimal system, the first physical evidence for the existence of these languages (if they are not different names for the same language). Archaeologists believe that the language was influenced by Quechua, an ancient tongue still spoken by millions of people across the Andes. El Brujo Located in the Chicama Valley, the El Brujo Archaeological Complex, just north of Trujillo,"
"their society throughout the Andes cultural region. The Incas spoke the Quechua languages The Incas used the advances created by earlier Andean societies .Incas have been known to have used abacuses to calculate mathematics. The Inca Empire is known for some of its magnificent structures, such as Machu Picchu in the Cusco region. The empire expanded quickly northwards to Ecuador, Southwards to central Chile. To the north of the Inca Empire remained the independent Tairona and Musica Confederation who practiced agriculture and gold metallurgy. Separate from developments in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas the region of greater Oceania continued to develop"
"which they had no immunity and civil wars, in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated (e.g. Huancas, Chachapoyas, Cañaris) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro. One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu, which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families. Woodbine Parish and Joseph"
"functioned as an independent tribe, with its own leadership and its own language, they all communicated using Quechua, the language of the highlands. There was a significant population increase during the Inca domination. Some associated this with improved farming techniques, which meant better nutrition, longer life expectancy and lower infant mortality. There were migrations into what is now Puna Argentina from other parts of the highlands, possibly from mitimaes, colonies which the Incas settled along the borders of their empire. Upon the arrival of the Spanish, Puna was active in production and trade. It is located at the southern entrance"
"highly educated and respected men in the Empire, the Amautas were largely entrusted with educating those of royal blood, as well as other young members of conquered cultures specially chosen to administer the regions. Thus, education throughout the territories of the Incas was socially discriminatory, most people not receiving the formal education that royalty received. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although dozens if not hundreds of local languages were spoken. The Amautas did ensure that the general population learn Quechua as the language of the Empire, much in the same way the Romans promoted Latin throughout Europe;"
"Chinchaysuyu, Antisuyu, Kuntisuyu and Qullasuyu. The official language was Quechua – imposed on the citizens. It was the language of a neighbouring tribe of the original tribe of the empire. Conquered populations—tribes, kingdoms, states, and cities—were allowed to practice their own religions and lifestyles, but had to recognize Inca cultural practices as superior to their own. Inti, the sun god, was to be worshipped as one of the most important gods of the empire. His representation on earth was the Inca (""Emperor""). The Tawantinsuyu was organized in dominions with a stratified society, in which the ruler was the Inca. It"
"traditions. Many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system. The Spanish used the Inca mita (mandatory public service) system to get labourers for mines and plantations. One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the silver mine at Potosí. When one family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family would be required to send a replacement. The major languages of the empire, Quechua and Aymara, were employed by the Catholic Church to evangelize in the Andean region."
"tell him). Eight years old was ""Kanöhka'itawi""'. When they told him what the Indians tried to do... (the story was not finished). Seneca language Seneca (; in Seneca, ""Onödowá'ga:"" or ""Onötowá'ka:"") is the language of the Seneca people, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League; it is an Iroquoian language, spoken at the time of contact in the western portion of New York. While the name ""Seneca"", attested as early as the seventeenth century, is of obscure origins, the endonym ""Onödowá'ga:"" translates to ""those of the big hill."" About 10,000 Seneca live in the United States and Canada,"
"They historically called themselves ""Lupihaques"" (""Sons of the Sun""). Although most Uru languages have been lost, they continue to maintain their identity and some old customs. The purpose of the island settlements was originally defensive; if a threat arose the floating islands could be moved. The largest island retains a watchtower almost entirely constructed of reeds. The Uru traded with the Aymara tribe on the mainland, intermarrying with them and eventually abandoning the Uru language for that of the Aymara. About 500 years ago they lost their original language. When conquered by the Inca empire, they had to pay taxes"
"theories claim that ""Qhapaq Simi"", the cryptic language of the nobility of the Inca Empire, was closely related to Puquina, and that ""Runa Simi"" (Quechuan languages) were spoken by commoners. Sometimes the term ""Puquina"" is used for the Uru language, which is distinctly different. Puquina language Puquina (or Pukina) is an extinct language once spoken by a native ethnic group in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia) and in the north of Chile. It is often associated with the culture that built Tiwanaku. Remnants of Puquina can be found in the Quechuan and Spanish languages spoken in the"
"banned the ""Comentarios"" from being published in the Quechua language in Lima or distributed there on account of its ""dangerous"" content. The book was not printed again in the Americas until 1918, but copies continued to be circulated secretly. It was translated and printed in English in 1961 in the United States as ""The Incas,"" and in another edition in 1965 as ""Royal Commentaries of the Incas"". (See below) Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Garcilaso de la Vega (12 April 1539 – 23 April 1616), born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa and known as El Inca or Inca Garcilaso de la"
"of the Inca Empire) after a bloody 20-year war. At that time, the Kayambi people adopted the Kichwa language, a dialect of the Quechua family of languages. Not long afterwards, in the 16th century, the first Spanish ""conquistadores"" arrived in the region. Kichwa survives in some of the hamlets today, while in others it has given way to Spanish. The town of Cayambe is the seat of the canton of Cayambe. The area hosts numerous flower plantations whose products are destined for the overseas cut flower market. Among the local food products, better known are cheese and ""biscochos de Cayambe"""
"have created humanity on an island in the middle of Lake Titicaca. Inti was devoutly loved so much that the Inca people called themselves ""Intip Churin"" which in the Inca language means ""the children of the sun."" The Inca took part in spiritual human sacrifices known as the Capacocha. These sacrifices were taken out onto mountains all throughout the Andes and placed alive into burial tombs where they were left with items such as figurines, coca leaves, food, alcoholic beverages, and pottery. These offerings were carried out on large mountains where ceremonial sites were constructed, and were believed to have"
"Inga people The Inga people are an indigenous ethnic group from the Southwest region of Colombia with a historical relation to the Incas. They speak a dialect of Quechua known as Inga Kichwa. Almost all Inga people are bilingual in Inga and Spanish, which has caused fear that the Inga language might be an endangered language. Many today live traditionally in Sibundoy Valley. Francisco Tandioy Jansasoy is currently involved in the creation of an Inga–Spanish–English dictionary and accompanying pedagogic tri-lingual material for its use in universities and in the Inga-speaking communities of Colombia. There has been significant linguistic and anthropological"
"a descriptive term indicating a union of provinces. The Spanish transliterated the name as ""Tahuatinsuyo"" or ""Tahuatinsuyu"". The term ""Inka"" means ""ruler"" or ""lord"" in Quechua and was used to refer to the ruling class or the ruling family. The Incas were a very small percentage of the total population of the empire, probably numbering only 15,000 to 40,000, but ruling a population of around 10 million people. The Spanish adopted the term (transliterated as ""Inca"" in Spanish) as an ethnic term referring to all subjects of the empire rather than simply the ruling class. As such, the name ""Imperio"
"ensure that the general population learned Quechua as the language of the Empire, much in the same way the Romans promoted Latin throughout Europe. According to Fray Martín de Murúa, a chronicler of the time, the education of the young novices (""yachakuq runa"", in Quechua) received from the Amawtakuna began at age 13 in the houses of knowledge (Yachaywasi in Quechua) in Cuzco. The Amawtakuna used their erudition to teach the young novices of the empire about Inca religion, history and government, and moral norms. They also ensured a thorough understanding of the quipu, the Incas' unique logical-numerical system which"
"or ""the land of the four regions,"" in Quechua, the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000-kilometre road system. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and successful skull surgery in Inca civilization. The Inca had no written language, but used quipu, a system of knotted strings, to record information. The Arawak lived along the eastern coast of"
"enemy leaders would only be executed if they refused to accept the sovereignty of the Incas. The majority of conquered nations were absorbed into the Empire. Conquered nations were forced to adopt Quechua as their main language, worship Inca gods and adopt Inca social customs. Inca government officials would perform a careful study of the conquered zone to ensure the achievement of these objectives. Before battle, the Inca army would usually parade in order to arouse awe in the opposing army. The soldiers would march with their banners and the commander would be carried in his litter carrying the symbol"
"Indigetes The Indigetes (Latin: ""indigetes"" or ""indigetae"" or ""Indiketes"") were an ancient Iberian (Pre-Roman) people of the eastern side of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania). They are believed to have spoken the Iberian language. They occupied the far north east area of the Iberian Peninsula known as Hispania Tarraconensis, in the gulf of Empúries and Rhoda, stretching up into the Pyrenees though the regions of Empordà, Selva and perhaps as far as Gironès, where the Ausetani could be found who were related ethnically. They were divided into four tribes, and the main towns they centered on were: ""Indika"" (only"
"""lancho"" 'maize', ""nacxé"" 'come here'. ""Tuna"" 'water' suggests it may be a Cariban language, like Patagón de Perico, but is insufficient evidence for classification. ""Chacha"" is the name sometimes given to the language of the Chachapoya culture. The Chachapoya, originally from the region of Kuelap to the east of the Marañón, were conquered by the Inca shortly before the Spanish conquest, and many were deported after the Inca Civil War. They sided with the Spanish and achieved independence for a time, but were then deported again by the Spanish, where most died of introduced disease. Their language is essentially unattested"
"from Garci Diez de San Miguel's report of his inspection of the province of Chucuito (1567, 14; cited in Lafaye 1964). In this document, he uses the term ""aymaraes"" to refer to the people. The language was then called Colla. It is believed that Colla was the name of an Aymara nation at the time of conquest, and later was the southernmost region of the Inca empire Collasuyu. However, Cerrón Palomino disputes this claim and asserts that Colla were in fact Puquina speakers who were the rulers of Tiwanaku in the first and third centuries (2008:246). This hypothesis suggests that"
"Coricancha Coricancha, Koricancha, Qoricancha or Qorikancha (from Quechua ""quri"" gold; ""kancha"" enclosure) was the most important temple in the Inca Empire. Originally named Intikancha or Intiwasi, it was dedicated to Inti, and is located at the old Inca capital of Cusco. Mostly destroyed after the 16th century war with the Spanish conquistadors much of its stonework forms the foundation of the Santo Domingo church and convent. To construct Coricancha, the Inca utilized ashlar masonry, which is composed of similarly sized cuboid stones. The use of ashlar masonry made the temple much more difficult to construct, as the Inca did not"
"Aymara-speaking Qulla people. It encompassed the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes, reaching Argentina and as far south as the Maipo or Maule river in Central Chile. Historian José Bengoa singled out Quillota as likely being the foremost Inca settlement in Chile. The second smallest ""suyu"", Antisuyu, was northwest of Cusco in the high Andes. Its name is the root of the word ""Andes."" Kuntisuyu was the smallest ""suyu"", located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco. The Inca state had no separate judiciary or codified laws. Customs, expectations and traditional local"
"the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the ""common language"". It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration and many Spanish learned it in order to communicate with local peoples. Clergy of the Catholic Church adopted Quechua to use as the language of evangelization. Given its use by the Catholic missionaries, the range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended administrative and religious use of Quechua, banning it from public use in Peru after the Túpac"
"Inca Empire The Inca Empire (, ""The Four Regions""), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Its political and administrative structure is considered by most scholars to have been the most developed in the Americas before Columbus' arrival. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century. Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of"
"of their reign they suppressed it. However, Quechua ultimately survived, and variants are still widely spoken today. The Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the Inca Empire. The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua. In the Cusco region, Quechua was influenced by neighboring languages such as Aymara, which caused it to develop as distinct. In similar ways, diverse dialects developed in different areas, borrowing from local languages, when the Inca Empire ruled and imposed Quechua as the official language. After"