"then begins by oxidation with sodium carbonate to produce selenium dioxide, which is mixed with water and acidified to form selenous acid (oxidation step).. The integral enthalpy of solution of sodium carbonate is −28.1 kJ/mol for a 10% w/w aqueous solution. The Mohs hardness of sodium carbonate monohydrate is 1.3. Sodium carbonate crystallizes from water to form three different hydrates: Sodium carbonate is soluble in water, and can occur naturally in arid regions, especially in mineral deposits (""evaporites"") formed when seasonal lakes evaporate. Deposits of the mineral natron have been mined from dry lake bottoms in Egypt since ancient times,"
"association with thermonatrite, nahcolite, trona, halite, mirabilite, gaylussite, gypsum, and calcite. Most industrially produced sodium carbonate is soda ash (sodium carbonate anhydrate NaCO) which is obtained by calcination (dry heating at temperatures of 150 to 200 °C) of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate, or trona. Geologically, the mineral natron as well as the historical natron are formed as transpiro-evaporite minerals, i.e. crystallizing during the drying up of salt lakes rich in sodium carbonate. The sodium carbonate is usually formed by absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by a highly alkaline, sodium-rich lake brine, according to the following reaction scheme:"
"Sodium silicate Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate , sodium orthosilicate , and sodium pyrosilicate . The anions are often polymeric. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts. Sodium silicate is also the technical and common name for a mixture of such compounds, chiefly the metasilicate, also called waterglass, water glass, or liquid glass. The product has a wide variety of uses, including the formulation of cements, passive fire protection, textile and lumber processing, manufacture of refractory ceramics,"
"strength of sodium carbonate solutions is lower than a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, it has the advantage of being a solid. It is also manufactured on a vast scale (42 million tonnes in 2005) by the Solvay process. An example of the use of sodium carbonate as an alkali is when washing soda (another name for sodium carbonate) acts on insoluble esters, such as triglycerides, commonly known as fats, to hydrolyze them and make them soluble. Bauxite, a basic hydroxide of aluminium, is the principal ore from which the metal is manufactured. Similarly, goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeO(OH)), basic hydroxides"
"carbonate"" is commonly used to encompass the monohydrate (NaCO·HO), the decahydrate and the heptahydrate (NaCO·7HO), but is often used in industry to refer to the decahydrate only. Both the hepta- and the decahydrate effloresce (lose water) in dry air and are partially transformed into the monohydrate thermonatrite NaCO·HO. Sodium carbonate decahydrate is stable at room temperature but recrystallizes at only to sodium carbonate heptahydrate, NaCO·7HO, then above to sodium carbonate monohydrate, NaCO·HO. This recrystallization from decahydrate to monohydrate releases much crystal water in a mostly clear, colorless salt solution with little solid thermonatrite. The mineral natron is often found in"
"concentrations. Magnesium carbonate is also used in taxidermy for whitening skulls. It can be mixed with hydrogen peroxide to create a paste, which is then spread on the skull to give it a white finish. As a matte white coating for projection screens. Magnesium carbonate is non-toxic. Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate, MgCO (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals. The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called ""magnesite"" (MgCO) and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as ""barringtonite"" (MgCO·2"
"salt has many related names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda. In colloquial usage, the names sodium bicarbonate and bicarbonate of soda are often truncated; forms such as sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and bicarb are common. The word ""saleratus"", from Latin ""sal æratus"" meaning ""aerated salt"", was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. It is known as one of the E number food additives E500. The prefix ""bi"" in ""bicarbonate"" comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that twice as much"
"hydrated carbonate ThOCO·""x""HO and, under high-pressure conditions in a carbon dioxide atmosphere, Th(CO)·0.5HO or Th(OH)CO·2HO. Several mixed oxides are known, such as BaThO, which has the perovskite structure. All four thorium tetrahalides are known, as are some low-valent bromides and iodides: the tetrahalides are all hygroscopic compounds that dissolve easily in polar solvents such as water. Additionally, many related polyhalide ions are also known. Thorium tetrafluoride (ThF, white, m.p. 1068 °C) is most easily produced by reacting various thorium salts, thoria, or thorium hydroxide with hydrogen fluoride: methods that involve steps in the aqueous phase are more difficult because they"
"Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate, MgCO (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals. The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called ""magnesite"" (MgCO) and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as ""barringtonite"" (MgCO·2 HO), ""nesquehonite"" (MgCO·3 HO), and ""lansfordite"" (MgCO·5 HO), respectively. Some basic forms such as ""artinite"" (MgCO·Mg(OH)·3 HO), ""hydromagnesite"" (4 MgCO·Mg(OH)·4 HO), and ""dypingite"" (4 MgCO· Mg(OH)·5 HO) also occur as minerals. Magnesite consists of white trigonal crystals. The anhydrous salt is practically insoluble in water, acetone, and"
"both Gusev and Meridiani Planum. Carbonate In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (HCO), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of . The name may also mean refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–). The term is also used as a verb, to describe carbonation: the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water to produce carbonated water and other carbonated beverageseither by the addition of carbon dioxide gas under pressure, or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into"
"Calcium bicarbonate Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, has a chemical formula Ca(HCO). The term does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in aqueous solution containing the calcium (Ca), bicarbonate (), and carbonate () ions, together with dissolved carbon dioxide (CO). The relative concentrations of these carbon-containing species depend on the pH; bicarbonate predominates within the range 6.36–10.25 in fresh water. All waters in contact with the atmosphere absorb carbon dioxide, and as these waters come into contact with rocks and sediments they acquire metal ions, most commonly calcium and magnesium, so most natural waters"
"Aluminium carbonate Aluminium carbonate (Al(CO)), is a carbonate of aluminium. It is not well characterized; one authority says that simple carbonates of aluminium, gallium and indium are not known. Basic sodium aluminium carbonate, the mineral dawsonite, is a known compound. There is no evidence that aluminium carbonate is formed in double decomposition reactions; soluble carbonates are sufficiently alkaline to precipitate aluminium hydroxide and produce carbon dioxide. The reaction of aluminium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate forms carbon dioxide and aluminium hydroxide which stabilises the formation of a foam. This reaction was the basis of an early fire extinguisher invented by Aleksandr"
"represent an important advance in exploration technology. Sodium formate Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder. For commercial use, sodium formate is produced by absorbing carbon monoxide under pressure in solid sodium hydroxide at 130 °C and 6-8 bar pressure: Because of the low-cost and large-scale availability of formic acid by carbonylation of methanol and hydrolysis of the resulting methyl formate, sodium formate is usually prepared by neutralizing formic acid with sodium hydroxide. Sodium formate is also unavoidably formed as a by-product in the final step of the"
"Basic copper carbonate Basic copper carbonate is a chemical compound, more properly called copper(II) carbonate hydroxide. It is an ionic compound (a salt) consisting of the ions copper(II) , carbonate , and hydroxide . The name most commonly refers to the compound with formula (). It is a green crystalline solid that occurs in nature as the mineral malachite. It has been used since antiquity as a pigment, and it is still used as such in artist paints, sometimes called verditer, green bice, or mountain green. Sometimes the name is used for ()(), a blue crystalline solid also known as"
"Strontium carbonate Strontium carbonate (SrCO) is the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder. It occurs in nature as the mineral strontianite. Strontium carbonate is a white, odorless, tasteless powder. Being a carbonate, it is a weak base and therefore is reactive with acids. It is otherwise stable and safe to work with. It is practically insoluble in water (1 part in 100,000). The solubility is increased significantly if the water is saturated with carbon dioxide, to 1 part in 1,000. It is soluble in dilute acids. Other than the natural occurrence as"
"Sodium cobalt oxide Sodium cobalt oxide, also called sodium cobaltate, is any of a range of compounds of sodium, cobalt, and oxygen with the general formula for 0 < ""x"" ≤ 1. The name is also used for hydrated forms of those compounds, ·""y"". The anydrous compound was first synthesized in the 1970s. It conducts like a metal, and has exceptional thermoelectric properties (for 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) combining a large Seebeck coefficient with low resistivity, as discovered in 1997 by Ichiro Terasaki's research group. A hydrate form was found to be superconducting below 5 K. The compound, and"
"Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale. It is medicinally used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous."
"used in the 19th century for both potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The term has now fallen out of common usage. Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate (also known as potassium hydrogen carbonate or potassium acid carbonate) is a colorless, odorless, slightly basic, salty substance. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), potassium bicarbonate is ""generally recognized as safe"". There is no evidence of human carcinogenicity, no adverse effects of overexposure, and an undetermined . It is among the food additives encoded by European Union, identified by the E number E501. Physically, potassium bicarbonate occurs as a crystal or a"
"fruits, vegetables, and poultry. Sodium chlorite, NaClO, sometimes in combination with zinc chloride, also finds application as a component in therapeutic rinses, mouthwashes, toothpastes and gels, mouth sprays, as preservative in eye drops, and in contact lens cleaning solution under the trade name Purite. Under the brand name Oxine it is used for sanitizing air ducts and HVAC/R systems and animal containment areas (walls, floors, and other surfaces). In organic synthesis, sodium chlorite is frequently used as a reagent in the Pinnick oxidation for the oxidation of Aldehydes to Carboxylic acids. The reaction is usually performed in monosodium phosphate buffered"
"Atomic carbon Atomic carbon, systematically named carbon and λ-methane, also called monocarbon, is colourless gaseous inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C (also written [C]). It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature and pressure, being removed through autopolymerisation. Atomic carbon is the simplest form of carbon, and is also the progenitor of carbon clusters. In addition, it may be considered to be the graphite monomer. The trivial name ""monocarbon"" is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name ""carbon"", a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. However, as a compositional name, it does"
"rainwater. This form of weathering is called carbonation. In medicine, calcium bicarbonate is sometimes administered intravenously to immediately correct the cardiac depressor effects of hypokalemia by increasing calcium concentration in serum, and at the same time, correcting the acid usually present. Calcium bicarbonate Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, has a chemical formula Ca(HCO). The term does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in aqueous solution containing the calcium (Ca), bicarbonate (), and carbonate () ions, together with dissolved carbon dioxide (CO). The relative concentrations of these carbon-containing species depend on the pH; bicarbonate predominates"
"commercially supplied by soda ash (pure sodium carbonate), the mixture's chief compound ingredient, along with other chemicals. Soda ash also replaced natron in glass-making. Some of its ancient household roles are also now filled by ordinary baking soda, which is sodium bicarbonate, natron's other key ingredient. Natron is also the mineralogical name for the compound sodium carbonate decahydrate (NaCO·10HO), which is the main component in historical natron. Sodium carbonate decahydrate has a specific gravity of 1.42 to 1.47 and a Mohs hardness of 1. It crystallizes in the monoclinic-domatic crystal system, typically forming efflorescences and encrustations. The term ""hydrated sodium"
"attack, and Groucho tells his aide: ""Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water."" In ""A Night at the Opera"", Groucho's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor: ""Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family. His mother was a well-known bass singer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time."" Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound"
"Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate (also known as potassium hydrogen carbonate or potassium acid carbonate) is a colorless, odorless, slightly basic, salty substance. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), potassium bicarbonate is ""generally recognized as safe"". There is no evidence of human carcinogenicity, no adverse effects of overexposure, and an undetermined . It is among the food additives encoded by European Union, identified by the E number E501. Physically, potassium bicarbonate occurs as a crystal or a soft white granular powder. Potassium bicarbonate is very rarely found in its natural form, the mineral called kalicinite. Decomposition of the"
"Sodium aluminium sulfate Sodium aluminium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaAl(SO)·12HO (sometimes written NaSO·Al(SO)·24HO). Also known as soda alum, sodium alum, or SAS, this white solid is used in the manufacture of baking powder and as a food additive. Like its potassium analog, sodium aluminum sulfate crystallizes as the dodecahydrate in the classical cubic alum structure. Sodium alum is very soluble in water, and is extremely difficult to purify. In the preparation of this salt, it is preferable to mix the component solutions in the cold, and to evaporate them at a temperature not exceeding 60"
"Trona Trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, NaCO•NaHCO•2HO) is a non-marine evaporite mineral. It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production. The word entered English by way of either Swedish () or Spanish (), with both possible sources having the same meaning as in English. Both of these derive from the Arabic ""trōn"", which in turn derives from the Arabic ""natron"", and Hebrew (""natruna""), which comes from ancient Greek (""nitron""), derived ultimately"
"its systematic name is ""ethanoate"" (), the common ""acetate"" remains the preferred IUPAC name . The acetate anion, [CHCOO],(or [CHO]) is one of the carboxylate family. It is the conjugate base of acetic acid. Above a pH of 5.5, acetic acid converts to acetate: Many acetate salts are ionic, indicated by their tendency to dissolve well in water. A commonly encountered acetate in the home is sodium acetate, a white solid that can be prepared by combining vinegar and sodium bicarbonate (""bicarbonate of soda""): Transition metals can be complexed by acetate. Examples of acetate complexes include chromium(II) acetate and basic"
"Potassium carbonate Potassium carbonate (KCO) is a white salt, which is soluble in water (insoluble in ethanol) and forms a strongly alkaline solution. It can be made as the product of potassium hydroxide's absorbent reaction with carbon dioxide. It is deliquescent, often appearing a damp or wet solid. Potassium carbonate is used in the production of soap and glass. Potassium carbonate is the primary component of potash and the more refined pearl ash or salts of tartar. Historically, pearl ash was created by baking potash in a kiln to remove impurities. The fine, white powder remaining was the pearl ash."
"temperatures (77 K). Typical reactions with organic compounds include: With water insertion into the O-H bond forms the carbene, H-C-OH that rearranges to formaldehyde, HCHO. Atomic carbon Atomic carbon, systematically named carbon and λ-methane, also called monocarbon, is colourless gaseous inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C (also written [C]). It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature and pressure, being removed through autopolymerisation. Atomic carbon is the simplest form of carbon, and is also the progenitor of carbon clusters. In addition, it may be considered to be the graphite monomer. The trivial name ""monocarbon"" is the most commonly used and"
"Sodium formate Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder. For commercial use, sodium formate is produced by absorbing carbon monoxide under pressure in solid sodium hydroxide at 130 °C and 6-8 bar pressure: Because of the low-cost and large-scale availability of formic acid by carbonylation of methanol and hydrolysis of the resulting methyl formate, sodium formate is usually prepared by neutralizing formic acid with sodium hydroxide. Sodium formate is also unavoidably formed as a by-product in the final step of the pentaerythritol synthesis and in the crossed Cannizzaro"
"Ammonium carbonate Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula (NH)CO. Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt. It is also known as baker's ammonia and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder. It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn. Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80000 tons/year were produced as of 1997. Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at standard temperature"
"Carbonate In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (HCO), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of . The name may also mean refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–). The term is also used as a verb, to describe carbonation: the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water to produce carbonated water and other carbonated beverageseither by the addition of carbon dioxide gas under pressure, or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water. In geology and"
"and carbonic acid changes constantly to the changing temperature and pressure conditions. In the case of metal ions with insoluble carbonates, e.g. CaCO, formation of insoluble compounds results. This is an explanation for the buildup of scale inside pipes caused by hard water. Systematic additive IUPAC name for carbonate anion is trioxidocarbonate(2−). Similarly, cyanide anion CN is named nitridocarbonate(1−). Following this logic, e.g. carbonate(4−) in the systematic additive nomenclature would mean carbide anion, but it is not the case. In organic chemistry a carbonate can also refer to a functional group within a larger molecule that contains a carbon atom"