"levels in diabetic mice. Rhubarb also contains the flavanol glucosides (+)-catechin-5-O-glucoside and (−)-catechin-7-O-glucoside. Rhubarb contains quinone molecules which are capable of carrying an electrical charge. In 2014, a Harvard-based team of scientists published results describing the use of the quinone AQDS, almost identical to a form found in rhubarb, in flow-batteries. Rhubarb leaves contain poisonous substances, including oxalic acid, which is a nephrotoxic and corrosive acid that is present in many plants. Humans have been poisoned after ingesting the leaves, a particular problem during World War I when the leaves were mistakenly recommended as a food source in Britain. The"
"the salt(s) ""Malat(e)"". Malic acid is the main acid in many fruits, including apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, mirabelles, peaches, pears, plums, and quince and is present in lower concentrations in other fruits, such as citrus. It contributes to the sourness of green (unripe) apples. It is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/l. It confers a tart taste to wine, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. The taste of malic acid is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which it is the primary flavor. It is"
"ricinoleic acid were made by Friedrich Krafft in 1888. Ricinoleic acid exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Ricinoleic acid specifically activates the EP3 prostanoid receptor for prostaglandin E2. Ricinoleic acid acts as a specific algicide for the control of cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae). Ricinoleic acid Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-""cis""-octadecenoic acid is a fatty acid. It is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and a hydroxy acid. It is a major component of the seed oil obtained from mature Castor plant (""Ricinus communis"" L., Euphorbiaceae) seeds or in sclerotium of ergot (""Claviceps purpurea"" Tul., Clavicipitaceae). About 90% of the fatty acid"
"hydrolyses to rhamnose and naringenin, the phioroglucin ester of para-oxycinnamic acid, and hesperidin, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and hesperetin, the phloroglucin ester of meta-oxy-para-methoxycinnamic acid or isoferulic acid, CHO. These are generally substituted anthraquinones; many have medicinal applications, being used as purgatives, while one, ruberythric acid, yields the valuable dyestuff madder, the base of which is alizarin. Chrysophanic acid, a dioxymethylanthraquinone, occurs in rhubarb, which also contains emodin, a trioxymethylanthraquinone; this substance occurs in combination with rhamnose in ""Frangula"" bark. The most important cyanogenetic glucoside is amygdalin, which occurs in bitter almonds. The enzyme maltase decomposes it into glucose and"
"Ricinoleic acid Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-""cis""-octadecenoic acid is a fatty acid. It is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and a hydroxy acid. It is a major component of the seed oil obtained from mature Castor plant (""Ricinus communis"" L., Euphorbiaceae) seeds or in sclerotium of ergot (""Claviceps purpurea"" Tul., Clavicipitaceae). About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the triglyceride formed from ricinoleic acid. Ricinoleic acid is manufactured for industries by saponification or fractional distillation of hydrolyzed castor oil. The zinc salt is used in personal care products, such as deodorants. The first attempts to prepare"
"""cardamom"" fragrance when brushed or rubbed, but this is not the plant that produces the spice by that name. The rhizome oil of ""Alpinia speciosa"" contains some fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms, which are less common in nature than fatty acids with even numbers of carbon atoms. The major one is pentadecanoic acid (C-15, 21.9%) and others are tricosylic acid (C-23, 5.7%), tridecylic acid (C-13, 1.9%), undecylic acid (C-11, 3.1%) and pelargonic acid (C-9, 0.1%). Among the fatty acids containing even number of carbon atoms, the main constituents are linolenic acid (C-18:3, 27.4%) and arachidic acid"
"Sorbic acid Sorbic acid, or 2,4-hexadienoic acid, is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative. It has the chemical formula CH(CH)COH. It is a colourless solid that is slightly soluble in water and sublimes readily. It was first isolated from the unripe berries of the ""Sorbus aucuparia"" (rowan tree), hence its name. The traditional route to sorbic acid involves condensation of malonic acid and trans-butenal. It can also be prepared from isomeric hexadienoic acids, which are available via a nickel-catalyzed reaction of allyl chloride, acetylene, and carbon monoxide. The route used commercially, however, is from crotonaldehyde and ketene."
"The hydroxylation of the coumaryl ester, i.e. installing the second hydroxy group, is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme. Chlorogenic acid can be found in the bamboo ""Phyllostachys edulis"". as well as in many other plants. Chlorogenic acid can be found in the shoots of common heather (""Calluna vulgaris""). Chlorogenic acid and the related compounds cryptochlorogenic acid, and neochlorogenic acid have been found in the leaves of ""Hibiscus sabdariffa"". Isomers of chlorogenic acid are found in potatoes. Chlorogenic acid is present in the flesh of eggplants, peaches, and prunes. Taken as a dietary supplement or in coffee, chlorogenic acid slightly"
"linoleic acid) and colnelenicacid (from linolenic acid), could be also produced in potato leaves and tomato roots by rearrangement of 9-hydroperoxides. Isomers of colneleic and colnelenic acids were isolated from homogenates of leaves of Clematis vitalba (Ranunculaceae). Similarly, 13-lipoxygenase-generated hydroperoxides serve as precursor of other divinyl ether fatty acids which are produced in bulbs of garlic or Ranunculus leaves. These compounds were named etheroleic and etherolenic acids. Etheroleic acid has systematic name 12-[1′E-hexenyloxy]-9Z,11Z-dodecadienoic acid. Etherolenic acid has systematic name (9Z,11E,1'E,3'Z)-12-(1',3'-Hexadienyloxy)-9,11-dodecadienoic acid. The physiological significance of divinyl ethers is still not fully studied. As infection of potato leaves leads to increased"
"The simple fatty acid 8,10-octadecadiynoic acid is isolated from the root bark of the legume ""Paramacrolobium caeruleum"" of the Showy Mistletoe (Loranthaceae) family and has been investigated as a photopolymerizable unit in synthetic phospholipids. Thiarubrine B is the most prevalent among several related light-sensitive pigments that have been isolated from the Giant Ragweed (""Ambrosia trifida""), a plant used in herbal medicine. The thiarubrines have antibiotic, antiviral, and nematocidal activity, and activity against HIV-1 that is mediated by exposure to light. Falcarindiol is the main compound responsible for bitterness in carrots, and is the most active among several polyynes with potential"
"through a chemical reaction with nitrites at pH of 2-4.2 – the latter conditions being ones that mimic the gastric environment. In living yeast cells sorbic acid enhances oxygen free radical formation by the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to damage to the mitochondrial DNA. Sorbic acid Sorbic acid, or 2,4-hexadienoic acid, is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative. It has the chemical formula CH(CH)COH. It is a colourless solid that is slightly soluble in water and sublimes readily. It was first isolated from the unripe berries of the ""Sorbus aucuparia"" (rowan tree), hence its name. The"
"the chief compounds are: 23.0% caryophyllene oxide, 19.9% geraniol, 19.4% eudesmool and 16.5% citronellyl OAc. Important compounds isolated from the seed cluster are kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (astragalin, I), kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide (II), heptatriacontanoic acid 2, 3-dihydroxypropyl ester (III), heptatriacontanoic acid 1, 3-dihydroxypropyl ester (IV) and pentatriacontanoic acid 1, 3-dihydroxypropyl ester (V). In addition, two major volatile oils, β-pinene and α-pinene have also been isolated from the fruits and rhizomes. From the seed clusters two bioactive flavone glycosides were isolated, astragalin and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide; and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide was found to be a dominant compound which was distributed primarily in the pulp. The chemical 1,8-cineole is the major"
"Rhein (molecule) Rhein, also known as cassic acid, is a substance in the anthraquinone group obtained from rhubarb. Like all such substances, rhein is a cathartic. Rhein is commonly found as a glycoside such as rhein-8-glucoside or glucorhein. Rhein was first isolated in 1895. It is found in rhubarb species like ""Rheum undulatum"" and ""Rheum palmatum"" as well as in ""Cassia reticulata"". Originally the rhubarb plant which contains rhein was used as a laxative. It was believed that rhein along with other anthraquinone glycosides imparted this activity. Rhein has been reevaluated as an antibacterial agent against ""Staphylococcus aureus"" in 2008."
"Oleanolic acid Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid related to betulinic acid. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins. Oleanolic acid can be found in olive oil, ""Phytolacca americana"" (American pokeweed), and ""Syzygium"" spp, garlic, etc. It was first studied and isolated from several plants, including ""Olea europaea"" (leaves, fruit), ""Rosa woodsii"" (leaves), ""Prosopis glandulosa"" (leaves and twigs), ""Phoradendron juniperinum"" (whole plant), ""Syzygium claviflorum"" (leaves), ""Hyptis capitata"" (whole plant), ""Mirabilis jalapa"" and ""Ternstroemia gymnanthera"" (aerial part). Other ""Syzygium"" species including"
"Caffeic acid Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid. This yellow solid consists of both phenolic and acrylic functional groups. It is found in all plants because it is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, one of the principal components of woody plant biomass and its residues. Caffeic acid can be found in the bark of ""Eucalyptus globulus"". It can also be found in the freshwater fern ""Salvinia molesta"" or in the mushroom ""Phellinus linteus"". Caffeic acid is found at a very modest level in coffee, at 0.03 mg per 100 ml."
"chronic congestive heart failure. Rhein (molecule) Rhein, also known as cassic acid, is a substance in the anthraquinone group obtained from rhubarb. Like all such substances, rhein is a cathartic. Rhein is commonly found as a glycoside such as rhein-8-glucoside or glucorhein. Rhein was first isolated in 1895. It is found in rhubarb species like ""Rheum undulatum"" and ""Rheum palmatum"" as well as in ""Cassia reticulata"". Originally the rhubarb plant which contains rhein was used as a laxative. It was believed that rhein along with other anthraquinone glycosides imparted this activity. Rhein has been reevaluated as an antibacterial agent against"
"and only the more important compounds will be discussed herein. These are generally mustard oils, which are characterized by a burning taste; their principal occurrence is in mustard and ""Tropaeolum"" seeds. Sinigrin, or the potassium salt of inyronic acid not only occurs in mustard seed, but also in black pepper and in horseradish root. Hydrolysis with baryta, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid. Jalapin or scammonin occurs in scammony; it"
"Usnic acid Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula CHO. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including ""Usnea"", ""Cladonia"", ""Hypotrachyna"", ""Lecanora"", ""Ramalina"", ""Evernia"", ""Parmelia"" and ""Alectoria"". Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes. At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is"
"soup is flavored with tarragon. ""cis""-Pellitorin, an isobutyramide eliciting a pungent taste, has been isolated from the tarragon plant. ""A. dracunculus"" oil contained predominantly phenylpropanoids such as methyl chavicol (16.2%) and methyl eugenol (35.8%). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of ""trans""-anethole (21.1%), α-""trans""-ocimene (20.6%), limonene (12.4%), α-pinene (5.1%), ""allo""-ocimene (4.8%), methyl eugenol (2.2%), β-pinene (0.8%), α-terpinolene (0.5%), bornyl acetate (0.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (0.5%) as the main components. The organic compound capillin was initially isolated from ""Artemisia capillaris"" in 1956. James Andrew Beard American cookbook author, teacher, syndicated columnist and television personality was quoted as"
"Tartaric acid Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes, but also in bananas, tamarinds, and citrus. Its salt, potassium bitartrate, commonly known as cream of tartar, develops naturally in the process of winemaking. It is commonly mixed with sodium bicarbonate and is sold as baking powder used as a leavening agent in food preparation. The acid itself is added to foods as an antioxidant E334 and to impart its distinctive sour taste. Tartaric is an alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, is diprotic and aldaric in acid characteristics, and is a dihydroxyl derivative"
"peel or by mint. It is also one of the key ""Botanical"" flavourings in Gilpin's Westmorland Extra Dry Gin. The seeds contain 26-38% of borage seed oil, of which 17-28% is gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), the richest known source. The oil also contains the fatty acids palmitic acid (10-11%), stearic acid (3.5-4.5%), oleic acid (16-20%), linoleic acid (35-38%), eicosenoic acid (3.5-5.5%), erucic acid (1.5-3.5%), and nervonic acid (1.5%). The oil is often marketed as ""starflower oil"" or ""borage oil"" for use as a GLA supplement, although healthy adults will typically produce ample GLA from dietary linoleic acid. The leaves contain small"
"hydrocarbons that may be saturated or unsaturated and contain a variety of functional groups. Paraffins occur in leaves of peas and cabbages, alkyl esters in leaves of carnauba palm and banana, the asymmetrical secondary alcohol 10-nonacosanol in most gymnosperms such as ""Ginkgo biloba"" and Sitka spruce, many of the Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae and Rosaceae and some mosses, symmetrical secondary alcohols in Brassicaceae including ""Arabidopsis thaliana"", primary alcohols (mostly octacosan-1-ol) in most grasses Poaceae, ""Eucalyptus"" and legumes among many other plant groups, β-diketones in many grasses, ""Eucalyptus"", box ""Buxus"" and the Ericaceae, aldehydes in young beech leaves, sugarcane culms and lemon fruit"
"gooseberry). Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (""Euterpe oleracea""), is rich in p-hydroxybenzoic acid (892 ± 52 mg/kg). It is also found in cloudy olive oil. It is also found in the edible mushroom ""Russula virescens"" (green-cracking russula). ""p""-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside can be found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces (""Picea abies""). Violdelphin is an anthocyanin, a type of plant pigments, found in blue flowers and incorporating two p-hydroxy benzoic acid residues, one rutinoside and two glucosides associated with a delphinidin. Agnuside is the ester of aucubin and ""p""-hydroxybenzoic acid. Chorismate lyase is an"
"Chinese medicine. However, in the abstract to his 1947 paper, Ivanovics noted that because raphanin is highly toxic, it did not ""hold the promise of a useful therapeutic agent"". Raphanin Raphanin is the main sulfur component found in radish seeds of ""Raphanus sativus"" and is also found in broccoli and red cabbage. It was first described by G. Ivanovics and S. Horvath in 1947. Raphanin inhibits activity of viruses, some fungi and various bacteria including ""Staphylococcus"", ""Streptococcus"", ""Pneumococcus"" and ""Escherichia coli"" (see table). The effect is stronger against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria and against DNA than RNA viruses; it is"
"stomach-aches, febrile pains, eye diseases and haemorrhoids. The essential oil that can be obtained from the leaves contains ""β""-caryophyllene, ""α""-humulene and ""α""-pinene. The major compounds found in the essential oil from the seeds are ""α""-phellandrene, ""α""-pinene, myrcene, limonene and pinene. Monodora myristica Monodora myristica, the calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae or custard apple family of flowering plants. In former times, its seeds were widely sold as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute. This is now less common outside its region of production. Other names of calabash nutmeg include Jamaican nutmeg, African nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa, ehiri, airama,"
"Erucic acid Erucic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, denoted 22:1ω9. It has the formula CH(CH)CH=CH(CH)COOH. It is prevalent in wallflower seed with a reported content of 20 to 54% in high erucic acid rapeseed oil, and 42% in mustard oil. Erucic acid is also known as ""cis""-13-docosenoic acid and the trans isomer is known as brassidic acid. Erucic acid has many of the same uses as mineral oils, but it is more readily biodegradable than some. It has limited ability to polymerize and dry for use in oil paints. Like other fatty acids, it can be converted into"
"root, and 5% in the flowers. Natural tobacco polysaccharides, including cellulose, have been shown to be the primary precursors of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke. The main Polyphenols contained in the tobacco leaf are rutin and chlorogenic acid. Amino acids contained include glutamic acids, asparagine, glutamine, and γ-Aminobutyric acid Pyridine alkaloids are present in tobacco as free bases and salts. Nicotine accounts for 90-95% of the plant's pyridines with Nornicotine and anatabine accounting for roughly 2.5% each. Pyridyl functional groups present in minute amounts include anabasine, myosmine, cotinine and 2, 3′-bipyridyl. The tobacco plant readily absorbs heavy metals from the surrounding"
"Ursolic acid Ursolic acid (sometimes referred to as urson, prunol, malol, or 3-beta-3-hydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic-acid), is a pentacyclic triterpenoid identified in the epicuticular waxes of apples as early as 1920 and widely found in the peels of fruits, as well as in herbs and spices like rosemary and thyme. Ursolic acid is present in many plants, such as ""Mirabilis jalapa"", as well as in many fruits and herbs used in daily life (e.g. apples, basil, bilberries, cranberries, elder flower, peppermint, rosemary, lavender, oregano, thyme, hawthorn, and prunes). Apple peels contain large quantities of ursolic acid and related compounds. A number of potential"
"discovered by chemist Henri Braconnot in 1831. Maximilian Nierenstein prepared this substance from algarobilla, dividivi, oak bark, pomegranate, myrabolams, and valonea in 1905. He also suggested its formation from galloyl-glycine by ""Penicillium"" in 1915. Löwe was the first person to synthesize ellagic acid by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid or silver oxide. Ellagic acid is found in oak species such as the North American white oak (""Quercus alba"") and European red oak (""Quercus robur""). The macrophyte ""Myriophyllum spicatum"" produces ellagic acid. Ellagic acid can be found in the medicinal mushroom ""Phellinus linteus"". The highest levels of ellagic acid are"
"of mushroom, dry weight) and citric acid (0.65%). One study assessed the proportion of essential amino acids (value expressed as a percentage of the total amino acids): valine, 3.9%; leucine, 14.5%; isoleucine, 3.2%; threonine, 4.4%; methionine, 1%; lysine, 4.2%; phenylalanine, 3.4%; tryptophan, 1.4%. Lipid content is 4.7% (expressed as a percent of dry matter). Major fatty acids include palmitate (15.7%), stearate (0.9%), oleate (26.4%), lineoleate (47.5%), and linolenate (20.3%). The mycosterol content has been recorded as 628 milligrams of ergosterol and 85 mg of fungisterol (both values per 100 grams of dry matter). Both ""H. repandum"" and the variety ""album"""
"rice bran oil, a popular cooking oil in several Asian countries. Ferulic acid glucoside can be found in commercial breads containing flaxseed. Rye bread contains ferulic acid dehydrodimers. Ferulic acid is biosynthesized in plants from caffeic acid by the action of the enzyme caffeate ""O""-methyltransferase. Ferulic acid, together with dihydroferulic acid, is a component of lignocellulose, serving to crosslink the lignin and polysaccharides, thereby conferring rigidity to the cell walls. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of monolignols, i.e., the monomers of lignin, and is also used for the synthesis of lignans. Ferulic acid is converted by certain strains"
"Raphanin Raphanin is the main sulfur component found in radish seeds of ""Raphanus sativus"" and is also found in broccoli and red cabbage. It was first described by G. Ivanovics and S. Horvath in 1947. Raphanin inhibits activity of viruses, some fungi and various bacteria including ""Staphylococcus"", ""Streptococcus"", ""Pneumococcus"" and ""Escherichia coli"" (see table). The effect is stronger against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria and against DNA than RNA viruses; it is suppressed by serum and by sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, mercaptoacetic acid, cystine and glutathione. The antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral effects from consuming radishes were recognized in traditional"
"vitamin E, and which confer antioxidant activity. They also contain several organic acids, most predominantly the pairs malic and quinic acids, and citric and ketoglutaric acid, which respectively make up 42% and 30% of total organic acids. The composition and concentration of organic acids in mushrooms are major factors in influencing their flavour; some organic acids contribute to antioxidant activity. ""Suillus collinitus"" is found throughout Europe. It is an ectomycorrhizal fungus, forming mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with several species of pine (""Pinus""). These include several two-needled European species of pine: Aleppo pine (""P. halepensis"") European black pine (""P. nigra""), stone"