"Presidential Council (Benin) The Presidential Council () was a triumvirate system of government in the Republic of Dahomey (present-day Benin) from 7 May 1970 until 26 October 1972. The Presidential Council included Hubert Maga (former president from 1960-1963), Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin (former prime minister from 1964-1965), and Sourou-Migan Apithy (former president from 1964-1965) as equal members of a council which held all legislative and executive power in the state of Dahomey. Following independence from France, the Republic of Dahomey saw a division of the country between different political/ethnic parties with one party representing the northern part of the country, one party"
"had no freedom of speech or of the press and a very poor human-rights record. It changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. In 1990 the word ""People's"" was removed from the country's official name, and in December 1991 a new constitution was ratified with the goal of establishing a nation in which ""the rule of law, fundamental rights, public liberties, human dignity and justice are guaranteed, protected and promoted as the prerequisite for the harmonious development of each Benin citizen"". Under the new constitution, democracy was restored in Benin in 1991. In the elections held"
"purges in the state apparatus. President Kérékou condemned, and sometimes executed, various representatives of the former political regime, and some of its own employees: Captain Michel Aipké, Interior minister, was sentenced to death and executed on a charge of adultery with the wife of the head of state. He was shot, and activists invited to file past his body. On 30 November 1975, with the first anniversary of the speech of Abomey, Kérékou changed the country's name to Benin, named after the Benin Empire that had once flourished in neighboring Nigeria (south-central). The National Day was set for 30 November"
"less than a year later on August 1, 1960. In 1972, a coup d'état took place in the country, with the new government aligning itself with Marxist–Leninist ideals. In order to symbolize the revolutionary change, the regime renamed the country to Benin and instituted a new flag three years later. This featured a green field charged with a five-pointed red star in the top-left canton. However, the regime's flag was never adopted by law, making it only the ""de facto"" flag of Benin. The green flag remained in place until 1990, when economic problems and the weakening of the Soviet"
"Republic of Dahomey The Republic of Dahomey ( ) was established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Prior to attaining autonomy it had been French Dahomey, part of the French Union. On August 1, 1960, it attained full independence from France. In 1975, the country was renamed Benin after the Bight of Benin (which was in turn named after the Benin Empire which had its seat of power in Benin City, modern-day Nigeria), since ""Benin"" was deemed politically neutral for all ethnic groups in the state, whereas ""Dahomey"" recalled the Fon-dominated Kingdom of Dahomey."
"Doc""). Dahomey resembled Haiti in many ways, both geographically and culturally, and it was safer to film there than in Haiti. Republic of Dahomey The Republic of Dahomey ( ) was established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Prior to attaining autonomy it had been French Dahomey, part of the French Union. On August 1, 1960, it attained full independence from France. In 1975, the country was renamed Benin after the Bight of Benin (which was in turn named after the Benin Empire which had its seat of power in Benin City, modern-day Nigeria),"
"copying foreign ideology, and wants neither Capitalism, Communism, nor Socialism"". On 30 November 1974 however, he announced that the country was officially Marxist, under control of the Military Council of the Revolution (CMR), which nationalized the petroleum industry and banks. On 30 November 1975, he renamed the country to the People's Republic of Benin. The CMR was dissolved in 1979, and Kérékou arranged show elections in which he was the only allowed candidate. Establishing relations with China, North Korea, and Libya, he put nearly all businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment in Benin to dry up."
"namely, Aplahoué, Djakotomey, Klouékanmè, Lalo, Toviklin and Dogbo-Tota. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally had six administrative divisions, but was further bifurcated to make it 12. Each de-concentrated administrative services, called ""directions départementales""(DD) of the sectoral ministries, take care of two administrative regions. A law passed during 1999 empowered the territorial administration to local governments. Municipalities and communal councils have elected representatives who manage the administration of the"
"eastern counterparts, others resisted. General Gowon responded by asking Colonel Murtala Mohammed (who later became head of state in 1975) to form another division (the 2nd Infantry Division) to expel the Biafrans from the Mid-West, as well as to defend the West side and attack Biafra from the West as well. As Nigerian forces retook the Mid-West, the Biafran military administrator declared the Republic of Benin on 19 September, though it ceased to exist the next day. (The present country of Benin, west of Nigeria, was still named Dahomey at that time.) Although Benin City was retaken by the Nigerians"
"of the principal towns, namely, Bassila, Copargo, Djougou Rural, Djougou Urban and Ouaké. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally had six administrative divisions, but was further bifurcated to make it 12. Each de-concentrated administrative services, called ""directions départementales""(DD) of the sectoral ministries, take care of two administrative regions. A law passed during 1999 empowered the territorial administration to local governments. Municipalities and communal councils have elected representatives who"
"Republic of Dahomey and gained full independence in 1960. It was renamed in 1975 the People's Republic of Benin, and in 1991 the Republic of Benin. The Dahomey kingship exists as a ceremonial role to this day. Early writings, predominantly written by European slave traders, often presented the kingdom as an absolute monarchy led by a despotic king. However, these depictions were often deployed as arguments by different sides in the slave trade debates, mainly in the United Kingdom, and as such were probably exaggerations. Recent historical work has emphasized the limits of monarchical power in the Kingdom of Dahomey."
"forced Kérékou to release political prisoners and arrange elections. Marxism–Leninism was abolished as the nation's form of government. The country's name was officially changed to the"" Republic of Benin"" on 1 March 1990, after the newly formed government's constitution was completed. In a 1991 election, Kérékou lost to Nicéphore Soglo. Kérékou returned to power after winning the 1996 vote. In 2001, a closely fought election resulted in Kérékou winning another term, after which his opponents claimed election irregularities. In 1999, Kérékou issued a national apology for the substantial role that Africans had played in the Atlantic slave trade. Kérékou and"
"81.70. The crude birth rate was 36.7, general rate of fertility was 148.20 and the gross reproduction rate was 2.20. In 1999, The department of Plateau was split off from Ouémé, reducing Ouémé's area to 1,865 sq. km. Ouémé is subdivided into nine communes, each centered at one of the principal towns, namely, Adjarra, Adjohoun, Aguégués, Akpro-Missérété, Avrankou, Bonou, Dangbo, Porto-Novo and Sèmè-Kpodji. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin"
"and Zè. The département of Atlantique was bifurcated during 1999 when some of its territory were moved to the newly formed Littoral Department. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally had six administrative divisions, but was further bifurcated to make it 12. Each de-concentrated administrative services, called ""directions départementales""(DD) of the sectoral ministries, take care of two administrative regions. A law passed during 1999 empowered the territorial administration to"
"Republic of Benin (1967) The Republic of Benin was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in West Africa which existed for one day in 1967. It was established on 19 September 1967 during the Nigerian Civil War as a puppet state of Biafra, following its occupation of Nigeria's Mid-Western Region, and named after its capital, Benin City, with Albert Nwazu Okonkwo as its head of government. The new state was an attempt by Biafra to prevent non-Igbo residents of the neighboring Mid-Western Region from siding with Nigeria following regional ethnic tensions early in the war. The Republic of Benin was officially"
"failure of his policy. The work of the Conference decided to draft a new constitution and the establishment of a democratic process provided by a provisional government entrusted to a prime minister. Kérékou remained head of state on a temporary basis. Kérékou said on 28 February to the attention of the Conference: ""I accept all the conclusions of your work."" A transitional government was set up in 1990, paving the way for the return of democracy and a multi-party system. The new constitution was adopted by referendum on December 1990. The official name of Benin was preserved for the country,"
"which became the Republic of Benin. Prime Minister Nicephore Soglo won 67.7% of the votes and defeated Kérékou in the presidential election in March 1991. Kérékou accepted the election results and left his office. He became president again by winning the election in 1996, having meanwhile dropped all references to Marxism and atheism and having become an evangelical pastor. His return to power involved no recovery of a Marxist-Leninist regime in Benin. People's Republic of Benin The People's Republic of Benin () was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day"
"crude birth rate was 34.7, general rate of fertility was 146.10 and the gross reproduction rate was 2.30. Some territories of Mono were moved to the newly formed Kouffo Department during 1999. Mono is subdivided into six communes, each centered at one of the principal towns, namely, Athiémè, Bopa, Comè, Grand-Popo, Houéyogbé and Lokossa. It has an area of 1,396 sq. km. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally"
"school was 60.00. The crude birth rate was 36.2, general rate of fertility was 149.10 and the gross reproduction rate was 2.30. The département of Plateau was created in 1999 when it was split off from Ouémé Department with an area of 2,835 sq. km. Plateau is subdivided into five communes, each centered at one of the principal towns, namely, Adja-Ouèrè, Ifangni, Kétou, Pobè and Sakété. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change"
"and the gross reproduction rate was 1.80. The département of Littoral was created in 1999 when it was split off from Atlantique Department and Contou was made the capital. It is the smallest of all departments in the country. Littoral is only subdivided into just one commune/city, Cotonou, the largest in the country and the economic capital; which is further subdivided into 13 arrondissements; which are further subdivided into 165 neighborhoods. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was"
"crude birth rate was 39.0, general rate of fertility was 179.20 and the gross reproduction rate was 2.80. Atakora is subdivided into nine communes, each centered at one of the principal towns, namely, Boukoumbé, Cobly, Kérou, Kouandé, Matéri, Natitingou, Pehonko, Tanguiéta and Toucountouna. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally had six administrative divisions, but was further bifurcated to make it 12. Each deconcentrated administrative services, called ""directions départementales""(DD)"
"the gross reproduction rate was 2.50. The département of Collines was created in 1999 when it was split off from Zou Department and its capital is Savalou. Collines is subdivided into six communes, each centered at one of the principal towns, namely, Bantè, Dassa-Zoumè, Glazoué, Ouèssè, Savalou and Savé. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally had six administrative divisions, but was further bifurcated to make it 12. Each"
"including the police, as well as harsh prison conditions and long pre-trial detention periods"", as well as ""by reports of serious restrictions on the right to strike in the public sector and authorities' frequent anti-union statements, fueling social tensions and protest actions"". In addition, the report noted ""the government's slow progress in addressing the worst forms of child labor"". Benin was formerly a French colony known as Dahomey, which won its independence in 1960. From 1972 to 1990 it was a Marxist–Leninist state that was ruled by dictator Mathieu Kérékou, who took power in a coup. Under Kérékou, the country"
"crude birth rate was 39.5, general rate of fertility was 176.90 and the gross reproduction rate was 2.70. Borgou is subdivided into eight communes, each centered at one of the principal towns, namely, Bembèrèkè, Kalalé, N’Dali,* Nikki, Parakou, Pèrèrè, Sinendé and Tchaourou. The département of Borgou was bifurcated in 1999 with its northern territory moved to the newly created Alibori Department. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally had"
"and the French took over the Kingdom of Dahomey in 1894. The throne was vacated by the French in 1900, but the royal families and key administrative positions of the administration continued to have a large impact in the politics of the French administration and the post-independence Republic of Dahomey, renamed Benin in 1975. Historiography of the kingdom has had a significant impact on work far beyond African history and the history of the kingdom forms the backdrop for a number of novels and plays. Prior to the centralization of the kingdom of Dahomey, the evidence suggests that the Abomey"
"under Biafran occupation, the state was declared the ""Republic of Benin"". As Nigerian forces retook the region, the republic collapsed only a day after the declaration when Nigerian troops captured Benin City. In 1976 the state was renamed Bendel. Bendel State was divided into Delta State and Edo State in 1991. Mid-Western Region, Nigeria The Mid-Western Region was a division of Nigeria from 1963 to 1991, from 1976 being known as the Bendel state. It was formed in June 1963 from Benin and Delta provinces of the Western Region, and its capital was Benin City. It was renamed a province"
"turn, are subdivided into 77 communes. In 1999, the previous six departments were each split into two halves, forming the current twelve. The six new departments were assigned official capitals in 2008. The majority of Benin's population lives in the south. The population is young, with a life expectancy of 62 years. About 42 African ethnic groups live in this country; these various groups settled in Benin at different times and also migrated within the country. Ethnic groups include the Yoruba in the southeast (migrated from Nigeria in the 12th century); the Dendi in the north-central area (who came from"
"quadrant, is the Star of Benin, the highest award of the nation. Below this is a ship, that stands for the arrival of Europeans in Benin. In the lower left quadrant is a palm tree. The shield is supported by a pair of leopards, the national animal of Benin. Below the shield is the motto of Benin (Fellowship, Justice, Work) in French. In 1975, the People's Republic of Benin (as the country was then known - see ""history of Benin"" for more details) adopted a new coat of arms which reflected the country's adherence to Marxism-Leninism. The symbolism of the"
"September 1977 radically altered the parliament. It was renamed the Revolutionary National Assembly (ANR) and lasted until February 1990. The High Council of the Republic was formed in February 1990 to democratize the country and was chaired by Archbishop Isidore de Souza. A new constitution was passed on 11 December 1990 which formed the basic structure of the current assembly. The 83 members of the National assembly are directly elected by the people in a party-list proportional representation system, with 24 multi-member constituencies that are corresponding to the departments of Benin. Parties select as many candidates as there are seats"
"to each group within the kingdom, though a local ""Enogie"" (duke) was often appointed by the Oba for specified ethnic areas. The original name of the Benin Kingdom, at its creation some time in the first millennium CE, was Igodomigodo, as its inhabitants called it. Their ruler was called Ogiso. Nearly 36 known Ogiso are accounted for as rulers of this initial incarnation of the state. According to Edo oral tradition, during the reign of the last Ogiso, his son and heir apparent, Ekaladerhan, was sentenced to death because one of the Queens deliberately changed an oracle message to the"
"proportion of households with no level of education was 83.70 and the proportion of households with children attending school was 23.00. The crude birth rate was 40.9, general rate of fertility was 185.90 and the gross reproduction rate was 2.80. Alibori is subdivided into six communes, each centered at one of the principal towns, namely, Banikoara, Gogounou, Kandi, Karimama, Malanville and Ségbana. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Major Mathieu"
"1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was political instability with frequent change of leadership. Benin originally had six administrative divisions, but was further bifurcated to make it 12. Each de-concentrated administrative services, called ""directions départementales""(DD) of the sectoral ministries, take care of two administrative regions. A law passed during 1999 empowered the territorial administration to local governments. Municipalities and communal councils have elected representatives who manage the administration of the regions. The latest elections of the municipal and communal councils were held during June 2015. Zou Department Zou is one of the twelve"
"French Dahomey French Dahomey was a French colony of and a part of French West Africa from 1904 to 1958. After World War II, by the establishment of the French Fourth Republic in 1947, Dahomey became part of the French Union with an increased autonomy. On 11 December 1958, the French Fifth Republic was established and the French Union became the French Community. The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey within the Community, and two years later on 1 August 1960 it gained full independence (and in 1975 changed its name to Benin). During the 13th century, the indigenous"