"MRSA reported that they initially suspected a spider bite), and can have fatal consequences. Reported cases of brown recluse bites occur primarily in Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas. There have been many reports of brown recluse bites in California—though a few related species may be found there, none of these are known to bite humans. To date, the reports of bites from areas outside of the spider's native range have been either unverified, or, if verified, the spiders have been moved to those locations by travelers or commerce. Many arachnologists believe that a large number of bites"
"a human fatality. In general, the effects of the bites of all kinds of tarantula are not well known. While the bites of many species are known to be no worse than a wasp sting, accounts of bites by some species are reported to be very painful and to produce intense spasms that may recur over a period of several days; the venom of the African tarantula ""Pelinobius muticus"" also causes strong hallucinations. For ""Poecilotheria"" species, researchers have described more than 20 bites with the delayed onset of severe and diffuse muscle cramps, lasting for several days, that in most"
"of many arboreal spiders. In the wild individuals live in holes in tall trees where they make asymmetric funnel webs. Their primary prey consists of various flying insects, which they seize in flight and paralyze. It is not unknown for the spiders of this genus to live communally when territory, i.e. the number of holes per tree, is limited. They tend to be quite defensive spiders. Although there has never been a recorded death from any tarantula bite, this species is considered to have a medically significant bite, with venom that may cause intense pain, judging from the experience of"
"spatulata"", which is considered slightly venomous to humans. The tarantula venom causes localized pain, itching and burning and does not seem to have any long-term effects on humans. However, it is possible to have an allergic reaction to the venom, which could cause anaphylaxis, breathing problems and chest pains. The venom is lethal to smaller animals like mice: 0.1 ml of the venom is lethal to mice within about 5 min . The bite of ""Grammostola spatulata"" should be treated as a regular puncture wound. Washing and cleaning of the area is required and, if the reaction to the poison"
"to eyes, nose, and skin, and more dangerously, the lungs and airways, if inhaled. The symptoms range from species to species, from person to person, from a burning itch to a minor rash. In some cases, tarantula hairs have caused permanent damage to human eyes. Some setae are used to stridulate, which makes a hissing sound. These hairs are usually found on the chelicerae. Stridulation seems to be more common in Old World species. Though all tarantulas are venomous and some bites cause serious discomfort that might persist for several days, so far no bite has been reported to cause"
"is not particularly toxic to human beings, and is no more painful than the sting of a bee. Fabre, however, did demonstrate that an artificially administered tarantula bite can kill small mammals and birds. Given the low toxicity of wolf spider bites and the small likelihood of actually being bitten, medical research efforts have not been directed toward the bites of ""L. tarantula"". Lycosa tarantula Lycosa tarantula is the species originally known as the tarantula, a name that nowadays commonly refers to spiders in another family entirely, the Theraphosidae. It now may be better called the tarantula wolf spider, being"
"ages. Females can live for well over twenty years, while males only live for about five or six years. The tarantula must periodically molt its exoskeleton to grow larger, and it is vulnerable during this time. This can happen every few weeks for newborn spiderlings or every few years for large adults. Warmer temperatures and increased food can speed up the frequency of molts. Chaco Golden Knee venom is not dangerous to humans, hurting about as much as a bee sting. Because of its large fangs, however, a bite can still be very damaging. It is far more likely to"
"shy and normally does not wander far from its burrow. Females live up to thirty years, males up to eight years. The bite from an Eastern tarantula is not fatal to a human, but can cause up to six hours of vomiting. The venom can cause death to a dog or cat within thirty minutes. In May 2010 a scientist living near Cooktown, Queensland, was bitten on her right index finger and experienced symptoms never reported before in research literature. The finger became swollen and very sensitive to touch within one hour. ""The pain was so intense that sleep that"
"the venom in at least some species of ""Hottentotta"" is relatively potent and can be of medical importance to humans. ""H. tamulus"", the Indian red scorpion, has evidently caused human fatalities by cardiovascular and pulmonary manifestations of intoxication and is considered the most lethal scorpion species in the world. Kleber et al. (1999) listed envenomation by at least four other species as to cause clinically significant symptoms. This listing is not comprehensive due to lack of data and all species of ""Hottentotta"" are potentially highly venomous to humans. Note that the LD value might differ considerably between populations of the"
"family, the colubrids, has approximately 700 venomous species, but only five genera—boomslangs, twig snakes, keelback snakes, green snakes, and slender snakes—have caused human fatalities. Since reporting is not mandatory in many regions of the world, snakebites often go unreported. Consequently, no accurate study has ever been conducted to determine the frequency of snakebites on the international level. However, some estimates put the number at 1.2 to 5.5 million snakebites, 421,000 envenomings, resulting in perhaps 20,000 deaths, but the actual number of deaths may be as high as 94,000. Many people who survive bites nevertheless suffer from permanent tissue damage caused"
"Americas. Tarantula hawk species have been observed from as far north as Logan, Utah, in the United States, and south as far as Argentina in South America, with at least 250 species living in South America. Eighteen species of ""Pepsis"" and three species of ""Hemipepsis"" are found in the United States, primarily in the deserts of the southwestern United States, with ""Pepsis grossa"" (formerly ""Pepsis formosa"") and ""Pepsis thisbe"" being common. The two species are difficult to distinguish, but the majority of ""P. grossa"" has metallic blue bodies and reddish antennae, which separates them from ""P. thisbe"". Both species have"
"be fatal. The latest studies suggest these hairs cause both mechanical and chemical harm to the skin and membranes. Reaction and the degree of irritation to a defensive urticating hair barrage can vary tremendously, based on the species in question. Some, such as those of the Chilean rose tarantula (""Grammastola rosea"") and the Pinktoe tarantula (""Avicularia avicularia""), are fairly mild and innocuous to humans. Others, such as those of the Brazilian giant white knee tarantula (""Acanthoscurria geniculata""), are moderately irritating. Still others, such as the Goliath Birdeater (""Theraphosa blondi""), are far more severe. These hairs can result in painful rashes,"
"Tarantula Tarantulas comprise a group of large and often hairy arachnids belonging to the Theraphosidae family of spiders, of which about 900 species have been identified. This article only describes members of the Theraphosidae, although some other members of the same infraorder (Mygalomorphae) are commonly referred to as ""tarantulas"". Some species have become popular in the exotic pet trade. New World species kept as pets have urticating hairs that can cause irritation to the skin and, in extreme cases, cause damage to eyes. Like all arthropods, the tarantula is an invertebrate that relies on an exoskeleton for muscular support. Like"
"has approximately 700 venomous species, but only five genera—boomslangs, twig snakes, keelback snakes, green snakes, and slender snakes—have caused human fatalities. Worldwide, snakebites occur most frequently in the summer season when snakes are active and humans are outdoors. Agricultural and tropical regions report more snakebites than anywhere else. In the United States, those bitten are typically male and between 17 and 27 years of age. Children and the elderly are the most likely to die. Snakes were both revered and worshipped and feared by early civilizations. The ancient Egyptians recorded prescribed treatments for snakebites as early as the Thirteenth Dynasty"
"America, including the islands of the Caribbean. Wasps of the genera ""Pepsis"" and ""Hemipepsis"" produce large quantities of venom, and when stung, humans experience immediate, intense, excruciating short-term pain. Although the immediate pain of a tarantula hawk sting is among the greatest recorded for any stinging insect, the venom itself is not very toxic. The lethality of 65 mg/kg in mice for the venom of ""P. formosa pattoni"" reveals that the defensive value of the sting and the venom is based entirely upon pain. The pain experienced by the potential predator also forms an enabling basis for the evolution of"
"for humans, suggesting that the amount and concentration of TLTx in the venom is too low to be very harmful to humans. TLTx Theraphosa leblondi toxin (TLTx) is a toxin occurring in three different forms (subtypes) that are purified and sequenced from the venom of the giant tarantula ""Theraphosa blondi"". This toxin selectively inhibits Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels by acting as a gating modifier. The toxin is a component of the venom of the Goliath bird-eating spider ""Theraphosa leblondi"". TLTx is part of the family of Kv4-specific tarantula toxins, which are short peptides with a disulfide-bonded core domain. Other members"
"Atypical tarantula The atypical tarantulas or purseweb spiders (family Atypidae) consist of only three genera. Purseweb spiders are accomplished ambush predators that spend most of their time in a sock-like, silken retreat on the ground from where they kill their prey. In North America these are ""Sphodros"" and ""Atypus"", in Asia and Africa there are ""Atypus"" and ""Calommata"", and only ""Atypus"" in Europe. ""Atypus affinis"", ""A. muralis"" and ""A. piceus"" are the only species of this family found in, as well as the only mygalomorph spiders of northwestern Europe. ""Atypus"" builds a silken tube parallel to the surface of the"
"likely candidate for the true identity of this spider is the dangerous Brazilian wandering spider ""Phoneutria fera"", of the family Ctenidae, as it is sometimes found hiding in clusters of bananas and is one of several spiders called the ""banana spider."" It is not technically a tarantula, but it is fairly large (4– to 5-inch legspan), somewhat hairy, and is highly venomous to humans. Another dangerous type of spider that has been confused with tarantulas is the Australasian funnel-web spider. The best known of these is the Sydney funnel-web spider ""Atrax robustus"", a spider that is aggressive, highly venomous, and"
"more than 30 different strains have been established in humans. The number is much higher if the strains in rodents and mites are taken into account. For example, a study in Japan in 1994 reported 32 strains, 14 from human patients, 12 from wild rodents, and 6 from trombiculid mites. The different strains exert different levels of virulence, and the most virulent is KN-3, which is predominant among wild rodents. Another study in 1996 reported 40 strains. Genetic methods have revealed even greater complexity than had been previously described (for example, Gilliam is further divided into Gilliam and JG types)."
"that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is used by some water treatment plants to test for estrogen-mimicking pollutants from industrial agriculture. Some molluscs sting or bite, but deaths from mollusc venoms total less than 10% of those from jellyfish stings. All octopuses are venomous, but only a few species pose a significant threat to humans. Blue-ringed octopuses in the genus ""Hapalochlaena"", which live around Australia and New Guinea, bite humans only if severely provoked, but their venom kills 25% of human victims. Another tropical species, ""Octopus apollyon"", causes severe inflammation that"
"tactics of Australian funnel-web spiders (family Atracidae) include fang display. Their venom, although they rarely inject much, has resulted in 13 attributed human deaths over 50 years. They have been deemed to be the world's most dangerous spiders on clinical and venom toxicity grounds, though this claim has also been attributed to the Brazilian wandering spider (genus ""Phoneutria""). There were about 100 reliably reported deaths from spider bites in the 20th century, compared to about 1,500 from jellyfish stings. Many alleged cases of spider bites may represent incorrect diagnoses, which would make it more difficult to check the effectiveness of"
"render them visually distinct from abdominal hairs, such as their tendency to cover only a portion instead of the entirety of the opisthosoma. There are six different types of urticating hair known in tarantulas, varying in size and shape, particularly the distribution of barbs. Each type of urticating hair is believed to target different enemies. Defined targets for some hair types are unknown. Type II is usually not kicked off by the tarantula, rather delivered by direct contact. However, there is at least one aviculariine species - ""Caribena versicolor"" - which can kick type II urticating hairs off of the"
"kind of dancing. The dance, or some version of it, is now known as the tarantella. However, the bites of this spider are not known to cause severe symptoms in humans, much less endanger human life. In common with all other spiders (except the Uloboridae) ""L. tarantula"" possesses venom, which is important to the spider as a means to kill its prey, and secondarily, to protect itself. Evolutionarily, the venoms were tailored for subduing insect prey, and mammal species can have vastly different reactions to the same spider venom. ""L. tarantula"" will rarely bite, unless continually provoked, and its venom"
"and shockingly electric by Schmidt, subside in only three minutes in humans? Only the bullet ant is ranked higher than the tarantula hawk’s sting on Schmidt’s sting pain index. How does it permanently paralyze a tarantula, yet keep it alive? It is also evolutionarily interesting and significant how such a toxin evolved. Selection pressure by potential vertebrate predators would have favored individuals with painful venom components, but not vertebrate-lethal components. At the same time, selection pressure against venom lethality towards prey and subsequent loss of prey to spoilage would be very strong. The tarantula hawk’s venom is a specific, evolutionarily"
"cornea, so eye protection should be worn when handling such tarantulas. Old World tarantulas (from Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia) have no urticating bristles and are more likely to attack when disturbed. They often have more potent, medically significant venom, and are faster and much more nervous and defensive than New World species. Some dangerous spider species are related to tarantulas and are frequently confused with them. A popular urban legend maintains that deadly varieties of tarantula exist somewhere in South America. This claim is often made without identifying a particular spider, although the ""banana tarantula"" is sometimes named. A"
"venomous to human beings, all belonging to the families Viperidae and Elapidae. However, in the United States, every state except Maine, Alaska, and Hawaii is home to at least one of 20 venomous snake species. Up to 95% of all snakebite-related deaths in the United States are attributed to the western and eastern diamondback rattlesnakes. Further, the majority of bites in the United States occur in the southwestern part of the country, in part because rattlesnake populations in the eastern states are much lower. The national average incidence of venomous snake bites in the United States is roughly 4 bites"
"bites had been reprted in Florida than recluses ever found in the area. <nowiki>*</nowiki> This value is based on experience with human exposures.<br> <nowiki>**</nowiki> Several other kinds of tarantulas in the pet trade are regarded as giving non-trivial bites. Tarantulas are typically far larger than spiders with the most toxic kinds of venom. However, the sheer volume of the venom may compensate for its lesser toxicity. The effects of a full envenomation are probably unknown for many species of tarantulas, so due caution is advisable. Pathophysiology of spider bites The pathophysiology of a spider bite is due to the effect"
"mollusc bites. All octopuses are venomous, but only a few species pose a significant threat to humans. Blue-ringed octopuses (""Hapalochlaena"") from Australia and New Guinea have a powerful venom and warning coloration. They bite humans only if severely provoked, but their venom kills a quarter of the people bitten. Another tropical species, ""Octopus apollyon"", causes severe inflammation that can last for over a month even if treated correctly. The bite of ""O. rubescens"" can cause necrosis that lasts longer than one month if untreated, and headaches and weakness persisting for up to a week even if treated. All marine cone"
"diet, but the average wild ""P. terribilis"" is generally estimated to contain about one milligram of poison, enough to kill about 10,000 mice. This estimate will vary in turn, but most agree this dose is enough to kill between 10 and 20 humans, which correlates to up to two African bull elephants. This is roughly 15,000 humans per gram. This extraordinarily lethal poison is very rare. ""Batrachotoxin"" is only found in three poisonous frogs from Colombia (genus ""Phyllobates""), a few birds from Papua New Guinea, and four Papuan beetles of the genus ""Choresine"" in the family Melyridae; ""C. pulchra"", ""C."
"of freshwater and terrestrial turtles, 117 species are considered Threatened, 73 are either Endangered or Critically Endangered and 1 is Extinct. Of the 58 species belonging to the family Testudinidae, 33 species are Threatened, 18 are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, 1 is Extinct in the wild and 7 species are Extinct. 71% of all tortoise species are either gone or almost gone. Asian species are the most endangered, closely followed by the five endemic species from Madagascar. Turtles face many threats, including habitat destruction, harvesting for consumption, and the pet trade. The high extinction risk for Asian species is"
"last resort. Bites from an ""L. parahybana"" are mechanically dangerous; fangs can be up to an inch long. Some sites claim that a bite from a salmon pink is similar to that of a cat. However, rather than biting, they choose to flick urticating hairs from a patch on their abdomen; these hairs are covered in barbs which irritate the skin and put off potential predators. These hairs are extremely irritating; in the hobby, they are considered to be one of the more painful hair types. Hairs that get into the eyes can cause blindness. In the wild, the tarantulas"
"rose tarantula contains multiple toxins, which may help it immobilize and digest prey, as well as deter predators. A specific peptide found in this venom, termed GsMTx4 (Grammostola rosea Mechanotoxin 4) has been shown to inhibit mechanosensitive ion channels in living cells. Chilean rose tarantula The Chilean rose tarantula (""Grammostola rosea""), also known as the rose hair tarantula, the Chilean fire tarantula, or the Chilean red-haired tarantula (depending on the color morph), is probably the most common species of tarantula available in American and European pet stores today, due to the large number of wild-caught specimens exported cheaply from their"
"Ants of medical importance Most ants are capable of biting, stinging, and spraying irritant chemicals. However, only relatively few species can harm humans; among which some can cause significant injury or, in rare cases, death. Like wasps, individual ants are capable of stinging multiple times as they do not lose their stingers. The fire ants are a group of 20 species of New World ants which are reputed after their aggressiveness and painful stings. Four species are considered of relevant medical importance: ""Solenopsis invicta"", ""Solenopsis richteri"", ""Solenopsis geminata"", and ""Solenopsis saevissima"". The Red Imported Fire Ant ""S. invicta"" is the"