"weber), could equally serve as the fourth fundamental unit. ""After consultation, the ampere was adopted as the fourth unit of the Giorgi system in Paris in 1950."" Weber (unit) In physics, the weber (symbol: Wb) is the SI unit of magnetic flux. A ""flux density"" of one Wb/m (one weber per square metre) is one tesla. The weber is named after the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891). The weber may be defined in terms of Faraday's law, which relates a changing magnetic flux through a loop to the electric field around the loop. A change in flux of one"
"Gauss (unit) The gauss, abbreviated as G or Gs, is the cgs unit of measurement of magnetic flux density (or ""magnetic induction"") (B). It is named after German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimeter. The cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), which uses the tesla (symbol T) as the unit of magnetic flux density. One gauss equals 1 tesla (100 μT), so 1 tesla = 10,000 gauss. As with all units whose names are derived from a person's name, the first letter of its"
"Munich at age 85. Leo Graetz Leo Graetz (26 September 1856 – 12 November 1941) was a German physicist. He was born in Breslau, Germany, and was the son of historian Heinrich Graetz. Graetz was one of the first to investigate the propagation of electromagnetic energy. The Graetz number (""Gz""), a dimensionless number describing heat flow, is named after him. Also sometimes known by his name is the diode bridge rectifier circuit that was invented by Polish electrotechnician Karol Pollak in 1896 and that was independently invented and published by Leo Graetz in 1897. In 1880 he confirmed the Stefan–Boltzmann"
"symbol is uppercase (""G""), but when the unit is spelled out, it should be written in lowercase (""gauss""), unless it begins a sentence. Gauss (unit) The gauss, abbreviated as G or Gs, is the cgs unit of measurement of magnetic flux density (or ""magnetic induction"") (B). It is named after German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimeter. The cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), which uses the tesla (symbol T) as the unit of magnetic flux density. One gauss equals 1 tesla (100 μT),"
"Leo Graetz Leo Graetz (26 September 1856 – 12 November 1941) was a German physicist. He was born in Breslau, Germany, and was the son of historian Heinrich Graetz. Graetz was one of the first to investigate the propagation of electromagnetic energy. The Graetz number (""Gz""), a dimensionless number describing heat flow, is named after him. Also sometimes known by his name is the diode bridge rectifier circuit that was invented by Polish electrotechnician Karol Pollak in 1896 and that was independently invented and published by Leo Graetz in 1897. In 1880 he confirmed the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Graetz died in"
"by his life's work, on its home page. Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (; ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. The unit of frequencycycle per secondwas named the ""hertz"" in his honor. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was born in 1857 in Hamburg, then a sovereign state of the German Confederation, into a prosperous and cultured Hanseatic family. His father Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (originally named David Gustav Hertz) (1827–1914) was a barrister and later a senator. His"
"Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948 the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes 83 institutions representing a"
"and also to relativity theory. In addition he was employed on measurements units and finally developed his Mie system of units in 1910 with the basic units Volt, Ampere, Coulomb and Second (VACS-system). A crater on Mars was named in his honor, and also a building of the University of Freiburg carries his name. Gustav Mie Gustav Adolf Feodor Wilhelm Ludwig Mie (; 29 September 1868 – 13 February 1957) was a German physicist. Mie was born in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany in 1868. From 1886 he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Rostock. In addition to his major"
"Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (; ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. The unit of frequencycycle per secondwas named the ""hertz"" in his honor. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was born in 1857 in Hamburg, then a sovereign state of the German Confederation, into a prosperous and cultured Hanseatic family. His father Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (originally named David Gustav Hertz) (1827–1914) was a barrister and later a senator. His mother was Anna Elisabeth Pfefferkorn. Hertz's father converted"
"alone a Christian God."" Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948 the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes"
"Weber defined the absolute unit of electrical resistance (which was named the ohm after Georg Ohm). Weber's name is now used as a unit name to describe magnetic flux, the weber. German physicist Johann Hittorf concluded that ""ion movement"" caused electric current. In 1853 Hittorf noticed that some ions traveled more rapidly than others. This observation led to the concept of transport number, the rate at which particular ions carried the electric current. Hittorf measured the changes in the concentration of electrolysed solutions, computed from these the transport numbers (relative carrying capacities) of many ions, and, in 1869, published his"
"Karl Friedrich Mohr Karl Friedrich Mohr (November 4, 1806 – September 28, 1879) was a German chemist famous for his early statement of the principle of the conservation of energy. Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, (NH)Fe(SO).6HO, is named Mohr's salt after him. Mohr was born in 1806 into the family of a prosperous druggist in Koblenz. The young Mohr received much of his early education at home, a great part of it in his father's laboratory. This experience may be responsible for much of the skill Mohr later showed in devising instruments and methods of chemical analysis. At the age of twenty-one"
"von Siemens, and his children from second marriage were Hertha von Siemens (1870 - 5 January 1939), married in 1899 to Carl Dietrich Harries, and Carl Friedrich von Siemens. Siemens was an advocate of social democracy, and he hoped that industrial development would not be used in favour of capitalism, stating: He also rejected the claim that science lead to materialism, stating instead: Werner von Siemens Ernst Werner Siemens (von Siemens from 1888; 13 December 1816 – 6 December 1892) was a German inventor and industrialist. Siemens's name has been adopted as the SI unit of electrical conductance, the siemens."
"Carl Friedrich Gauss, head of the Geomagnetic Observatory in Göttingen, published a paper on measurement of the Earth's magnetic field. It described a new instrument that consisted of a permanent bar magnet suspended horizontally from a gold fibre. The difference in the oscillations when the bar was magnetised and when it was demagnetised allowed Gauss to calculate an absolute value for the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. The gauss, the CGS unit of magnetic flux density was named in his honour, defined as one maxwell per square centimeter; it equals 1×10 tesla (the SI unit). Francis Ronalds and Charles"
"Germany. (Germany) was named after him. The is named after him. Walter H. Schottky Walter Hans Schottky (23 July 1886 – 4 March 1976) was a German physicist who played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena, invented the screen-grid vacuum tube in 1915 while working at Siemens, co-invented the ribbon microphone and ribbon loudspeaker along with Dr. Erwin Gerlach in 1924 and later made many significant contributions in the areas of semiconductor devices, technical physics and technology. Schottky's father was mathematician Friedrich Hermann Schottky (1851–1935). Schottky had one sister and one brother."
"and scientists. Heinrich Greinacher Heinrich Greinacher (May 31, 1880 in St. Gallen – April 17, 1974 in Bern) was a Swiss physicist. He is regarded as an original experimenter and is the developer of the magnetron and the Greinacher multiplier. Greinacher was the only child of master shoemaker Heinrich Greinacher and his wife Pauline, born Münzenmayer. He went to school in St. Gallen and studied physics at both Zurich, Geneva and Berlin. He also trained as a pianist at the Geneva Conservatory of Music. Originally a German citizen, he was naturalized in 1894 as a Swiss citizen. In Berlin, Greinacher"
"Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix (20 February 1798 – 14 February 1870) was a German mathematician and engineer. The unit for specific gravity of liquids, degree Brix (°Bx), is named after him. Brix made a career as a civil servant in professions related to civil engineering, measurements and manufacture (1827 ""Bauconducteur"", 1834 ""Fabriken-Commisionsrath"", 1853 ""geheimer Regierungsrath"") and retired in 1866 (when he was promoted to ""geheimer Oberregierungsrath""). He was director of the Royal Prussian Commission for Measurements, member of a technical committee in the Ministry of Trade, and the technical building committee. He was also a teacher"
"may derive valuable and fertile methods."" The SI unit of capacitance is named in his honour: the farad. Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, ""When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time."" Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in Newington Butts, which is now part"
"Walther Müller Walther Müller (6 September 1905 in Hanover – 4 December 1979 in Walnut Creek, California), was a German physicist, most well known for his improvement of Hans Geiger's counter for ionizing radiation, now known as the Geiger-Müller tube. Walther Müller studied physics, chemistry and philosophy at the University of Kiel. In 1925 he became the first PhD student of Hans Geiger, who had just got a professorship in Kiel. Their work on ionization of gases by collision lead to the invention of the Geiger-Müller counter, a now indispensable tool for measuring radioactive radiation. After some time as professor"
"also widely circulated. In a paper ""Über die Natur der Wärme"" (1837), Mohr gave one of the earliest general statements of the doctrine of the conservation of energy: Karl Friedrich Mohr Karl Friedrich Mohr (November 4, 1806 – September 28, 1879) was a German chemist famous for his early statement of the principle of the conservation of energy. Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, (NH)Fe(SO).6HO, is named Mohr's salt after him. Mohr was born in 1806 into the family of a prosperous druggist in Koblenz. The young Mohr received much of his early education at home, a great part of it in his"
"physicist and mathematician who discovered the principle of the barometer in 1644. The unit's name ""torr"" is written in lower case, while its symbol (""Torr"") is always written with upper-case initial; including in combinations with prefixes and other unit symbols, as in ""mTorr"" (millitorr) or ""Torr⋅L/s"" (torr-litres per second). The symbol (uppercase) should be used with prefix symbols (thus, mTorr and millitorr are correct, but mtorr and milliTorr are not). The torr is sometimes incorrectly denoted by the symbol ""T"", which is the SI symbol for the tesla, the unit measuring the strength of a magnetic field. Although frequently encountered,"
"at the University of Tübingen he worked for the rest of his professional life as industrial physicist (i. e. a physicist working in industrial R&D) in Germany, then as an advisor for the Australian Postmaster-General's Department Research Laboratories in Melbourne, and then as an industrial physicist in the United States, where he also founded a company to manufacture Geiger–Müller tubes. Walther Müller Walther Müller (6 September 1905 in Hanover – 4 December 1979 in Walnut Creek, California), was a German physicist, most well known for his improvement of Hans Geiger's counter for ionizing radiation, now known as the Geiger-Müller tube."
"him in an obituary: ""He loved his absolute aether, his field equations, his rigid electron just as a youth loves his first flame, whose memory no later experience can extinguish."" Max Abraham Max Abraham (; 26 March 1875 – 16 November 1922) was a German physicist. Abraham was born in Danzig, Imperial Germany (now Gdańsk in Poland) to a family of Jewish merchants. His father was Moritz Abraham and his mother was Selma Moritzsohn. Attending the University of Berlin, he studied under Max Planck. He graduated in 1897. For the next three years, Abraham worked as Planck's assistant.. From 1900"
"non-SI unit. That is, one maxwell is the total flux across a surface of one square centimetre perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength one gauss. The weber is the related SI unit of magnetic flux, which was defined in 1946. Maxwell (unit) The maxwell (symbol: Mx) is the CGS (centimetre-gram-second) unit of magnetic flux (). The unit name honours James Clerk Maxwell, who presented a unified theory of electromagnetism. The ""maxwell"" was recommended as a CGS unit at the International Electrical Congress held in 1900 at Paris. This practical unit was previously called a ""line"", reflecting Faraday's conception of"
"Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist) Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch (14 October 1840 – 17 January 1910) was a German physicist who investigated the conductive properties of electrolytes and contributed to knowledge of their behaviour. He also investigated elasticity, thermoelasticity, and thermal conduction as well as magnetic and electrical precision measurements. Nowadays, Friedrich Kohlrausch is classed as one of the most important experimental physicists. His early work helped to extend the absolute system of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber to include electrical and magnetic measuring units. Son of Rudolf Kohlrausch, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch was born on October 14, 1840, in Rinteln,"
"of applied mathematics at ""Gewerbeinstitut zu Berlin"" (1828–1850), as well as in higher analysis and applied mathematics at the Bauakademie, both of which are forerunners of the Technical University of Berlin. He participated in many public works in Berlin and Potsdam. Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix (20 February 1798 – 14 February 1870) was a German mathematician and engineer. The unit for specific gravity of liquids, degree Brix (°Bx), is named after him. Brix made a career as a civil servant in professions related to civil engineering, measurements and manufacture (1827 ""Bauconducteur"", 1834 ""Fabriken-Commisionsrath"", 1853 ""geheimer Regierungsrath"")"
"It is named after Poggendorff, who discovered it in the drawing of Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, in which he showed the Zöllner illusion in 1860. In the adjacent picture, a straight black line is obscured by a dark gray rectangle. The black line appears disjointed, although it is in fact straight; the second picture illustrates this fact. Johann Christian Poggendorff Johann Christian Poggendorff (29 December 1796 – 24 January 1877), was a German physicist born in Hamburg. By far the greater and more important part of his work related to electricity and magnetism. Poggendorff is known for his electrostatic motor"
"Hertz The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples: kilohertz (10 Hz, kHz), megahertz (10 Hz, MHz), gigahertz (10 Hz, GHz), terahertz (10 Hz, THz), petahertz (10 Hz, PHz), and exahertz (10 Hz, EHz). Some of the unit's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio- and"
"Berlin. Marcello Pirani Marcello Stefano Pirani (July 1, 1880 – January 11, 1968) was a German physicist known for his invention of the ""Pirani vacuum gauge"", a vacuum gauge based on the principle of heat loss measurement. Throughout his career, he worked on advancing lighting technology and pioneered work on the physics of gas discharge. Marcello Pirani was born on July 1, 1880, in Berlin. Starting in 1899, he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin. In 1903, he was granted a PhD for his measurements of the dielectric constant of solids in the group of Emil Warburg."
"Walther Meissner Fritz Walther Meissner (German: ""Meißner"") (December 16, 1882 – November 16, 1974) was a German technical physicist. Meissner was born in Berlin to and Johanna Greger. He studied mechanical engineering and physics at the Technical University of Berlin, his doctoral supervisor being Max Planck. He then entered the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Berlin. From 1922 to 1925, he established the world's third largest helium-liquifier, and discovered in 1933 the Meissner effect, damping of the magnetic field in superconductors. One year later, he was called as chair in technical physics at the Technical University of Munich. After World War II,"
"years, Holtz made modifications, and in the process, manufactured several more of the devices. Electrostatic generators from this era were sometimes referred to as ""Toepler-Holtz machines"", being named in conjunction with German physicist August Toepler (1836–1912), who during the same time period, constructed an ""influence machine"" independent of Holtz, and is often credited as being its initial inventor. Wilhelm Holtz Wilhelm Holtz (15 October 1836 – 27 September 1913) was a German physicist who was a native of Saatel bei Barth, Mecklenburg. Between 1857 and 1862, he studied physics and natural sciences in Berlin, Dijon and Edinburgh. Afterwards, he performed"
"as, ""The photon flux was 1500 μmol m s"". This unit was named after physicist Albert Einstein. Einstein (unit) The einstein is a unit defined as one mole () of photons. As such, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was formerly often reported in microeinsteins per second per square meter (μE m s). This usage is also not part of the International System of Units and when used this way it is redundant with the mole. Since the unit does not have a standard definition and is not part of the SI system, it is usually better to avoid its use. The"
"a while. ""Some of the above information has been taken from the German language Wikipedia article "" Hermann Knoblauch Karl Hermann Knoblauch (; 11 April 1820 – 30 June 1895) was a German physicist. He is most notable for his studies of radiant heat. He was one of the six founding members of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft at Berlin on 14 January 1845. Knoblauch's father was a well-to-do silk fabrics manufacturer in Berlin. Despite pressure from his father to enter the family business, Knoblauch in his early 20s opted to study mathematics and science at the University of Berlin. There"