"Feuillant (political group) The Society of the Friends of the Constitution (), better known as Feuillants Club ( ), was a political grouping that emerged during the French Revolution. It came into existence on 16 July 1791 when the left-wing Jacobins split between moderates (Feuillants), who sought to preserve the position of the king and supported the proposed plan of the National Constituent Assembly for a constitutional monarchy; and radicals (Jacobins), who wished to press for a continuation of direct democratic action to overthrow Louis XVI. It represented the last and most vigorous attempt of the moderate constitutional monarchists to"
"UPF = Union populaire française (French Popular Union, a breakaway section of the French Communist Party) The Vichy 80 The Vichy 80 were a group of elected French parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the constitutional change that dissolved the Third Republic and established an authoritarian regime now referred to as Vichy France. Nazi Germany invaded France on 14 May 1940, and Paris fell a month later. Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was opposed to asking for armistice terms, and upon losing the cabinet vote, resigned. President Albert Lebrun appointed Marshal Philippe Pétain as his replacement. France capitulated on"
"During this period France effectively became a dictatorship after the parliamentary coup of the radical leaders, the Jacobin. Their leader, Robespierre oversaw the Reign of Terror, in which thousands of people deemed disloyal to the republic were executed. Finally, in 1794, Robespierre himself was arrested and executed, and more moderate deputies took power. This led to a new government, the French Directory. In 1799, a coup overthrew the Directory and General Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as dictator and even an emperor in 1804. Liberté, égalité, fraternité (French for ""Liberty, equality, fraternity""), now the national motto of France, had its origins"
"Révolution nationale The Révolution nationale (, ""National Revolution"") was the official ideological program promoted by the Vichy regime (the “French State”) which had been established in July 1940 and led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. Pétain’s regime was characterized by anti-parliamentarism, rejection of the constitutional separation of powers, personality cult, xenophobia and state-sponsored anti-Semitism, promotion of traditional values and rejection of modernity, and by corporatism and opposition to the theory of class conflict. Despite its name, the ideological project was more reactionary than revolutionary as it opposed most changes introduced to French society by the French Revolution. As soon as it"
"French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of"
"Third Republic]] was the republican government of France between the end of the Second French Empire following the defeat of Louis-Napoléon in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870 and the Vichy Regime after the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940. The Third Republic endured seventy years, making it the most long-lasting regime in France since the collapse of the Ancien Régime in the French Revolution of 1789. [[File:Une Dame d´une Fortune Ordinaire dans son Intérieur au Milieu de ses Habitudes Journalières, by Jean-Baptiste Debret 1823.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Slavery]] in [[Brazil]], before 1823]] [[Slavery]] was greatly reduced around the"
"Tripartisme Tripartisme () was the mode of government in France from 1944 to 1947, when the country was ruled by a three-party alliance of communists, socialists and Christian democrats, represented by the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and the Popular Republican Movement (MRP), respectively. The official charter of ""tripartisme"" was signed on 23 January 1946, following the resignation of Charles de Gaulle, who opposed the draft of the constitution. The draft envisioned a parliamentary system, whereas de Gaulle favored a presidential system. The traditional political class, which had included all the right-wing parties"
"The Vichy 80 The Vichy 80 were a group of elected French parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the constitutional change that dissolved the Third Republic and established an authoritarian regime now referred to as Vichy France. Nazi Germany invaded France on 14 May 1940, and Paris fell a month later. Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was opposed to asking for armistice terms, and upon losing the cabinet vote, resigned. President Albert Lebrun appointed Marshal Philippe Pétain as his replacement. France capitulated on 22 June 1940. Under the terms of the armistice, the northern and Atlantic coast region of"
"was partially carried out by the Muscadin, a group of dandyish street fighters organized by the new government. Often, members of these targeted groups were the victims of prison massacres or put on trial without due process, which were overall similar conditions to those provided to the counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. At the same time, its economic policies paved the way for rampant inflation. Ultimately, power devolved to the hands of the Directory, an executive of five men who assumed power in France in November 1795 (in year III of the French Revolutionary calendar). The Thermidorian regime excluded"
"French Third Republic The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France. The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by political disruptions caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted"
"would consider this group its direct forefather. For a few months, Alexandre Ledru-Rollin was Interior Minister in the provisional government. However, the conservatives won the 1848 legislative election, the first election by universal suffrage. The repression of the June 1848 workers' demonstrations disappointed the left-wing supporters of the new regime. Alexandre Ledru-Rollin obtained only 5% of votes at the December 1848 presidential election, which was won by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who launched a coup ending parliamentary democracy in favour of a Second Empire. From opposition, Radicals criticized Bonaparte's autocratic rule and attacks on civil liberties. At the end of the 1860s,"
"Monarchism in France Monarchism in France is the advocacy of restoring the monarchy (mostly constitutional monarchy) in France, which was abolished after the 1870 defeat by Prussia, arguably before that in 1848 with the establishment of the French Second Republic. The French monarchist movements are roughly divided today in three groups: the Legitimists for the royal House of Bourbon, the Orléanists for the cadet branch of the House of Orleans and the Bonapartists for the imperial House of Bonaparte. In France, Louis-Philippe abdicated on February 24, 1848, opening the way to the Second Republic (1848–52), which lasted until Napoleon III's"
"the National Convention was forced to order his release three days later. Between 31 May – 2 June 1793, Paris sections — encouraged by the ""enragés"" (""enraged ones"") Jacques Roux and Jacques Hébert — protested outside the Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to ""sans-culottes"" alone. With the backing of the National Guard, they convinced the Convention to arrest 31 Girondin leaders, including Jacques Pierre Brissot. Following these arrests, the Jacobins gained control of the Committee of Public Safety on 10 June, installing the revolutionary dictatorship."
"Resistance Party (France) The Resistance Party () was a political group during the July Monarchy. The party sat on the centre-right of the Chamber of Deputies, to the left of the Legitimists, but to the right of the republican opposition, the liberal Movement Party and the centrist Third Party. The Resistance Party came to power with Casimir Pierre Périer in 1831 and would remain there essentially until the end of the reign. At the head of the government since March 1831, Périer brought in the army against the Lyons canuts. This revolt took place in the working-class districts of Lyons."
"Second French Empire The Second French Empire (), officially the French Empire (), was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. On 2 December 1851, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who had been elected President of the Republic, staged a coup d'état by dissolving the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so. He thus became sole ruler of France, and re-established universal suffrage, previously abolished by the Assembly. His decisions were popularly endorsed by a referendum later that month that attracted an implausible 92 percent support."
"came into force on 25 June. After a parliamentary vote on 10 July, Pétain became leader of the newly established authoritarian regime known as Vichy France, the town of Vichy being the seat of government. De Gaulle was tried ""in absentia"" in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason. He, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government, and considered Pétain's assumption of power to be an unconstitutional coup d'état. Despite de Gaulle's call to continue the struggle, few French forces initially pledged their support. By the end of July 1940,"
"about his conversation in the form of a pamphlet, calling for an end to the civil war. During the French Revolution the National Convention became the executive power of France, following the execution of King Louis XVI. With powerful members, such as Maximilien Robespierre and Georges Danton, the Jacobin Club, a French political party established in 1790, at the birth of the revolution, managed to secure control of the government and pursue the revolution to their own ends, culminating in a ""Reign of Terror"". Its repressive policies resulted in insurrection across much of France, including the three largest cities after"
"government. Daladier was replaced after the 6 February 1934 riots by conservative Gaston Doumergue, who included in his cabinet many right wing personalities close to the far-right leagues, such as Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval. Most of the debate on the existence of a ""French fascism"" in between the two wars period has focused on these paramilitary leagues, although most French historians agree in stating that as Fascism is by definition a ""mass movement"", these leagues do not qualify as such. This, of course, has been debated, since some of them, such as colonel de la Rocque's ""Croix-de-Feu"" were very"
"French Directory The Directory or Directorate () was a five-member committee which governed France from 2 November 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire, and replaced by the French Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution. The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions which at different times included Britain, Austria, Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It annexed Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine, while Bonaparte"
"comte de Villèle. The Doctrinaires were then in the opposition, although they remained quite close to the government, especially to Decazes who assumed some governmental offices. Closer to a reflexion circle than to a political party, the Doctrinaires were opposed on their left by the republicans and the utopian socialists (as they were later called by Karl Marx) and on their right by the Ultras. Finally, the Doctrinaires were destroyed by Charles X, the reactionary successor of his brother Louis XVIII. Charles took the ultra prince de Polignac as his minister. This nomination in part caused the 1830 July Revolution,"
"the corrupt, power-hungry Pierre Laval, stepped in, proclaiming their devotion to the survival of France within a Hitlerian New Order for Europe. Overawing the French parliament, which had fled occupied Paris and was sitting in exile in the resort town of Vichy, they forced their fellow politicians to grant them plenipotentiary powers to control the remainder of unoccupied France for the remainder of the war. The Third Republic could not survive this disgrace. After the regime of the Pétainist French State (""État français"") and liberation by the Allies, French officials did not restore the former constitution but quickly wrote a"
"small band of revolutionaries instituting an ""Educational Dictatorship"" which would raise the consciousness of the masses to the point that democracy could be introduced. In the French February Revolution of 1848, the provisional government assumed power extralegally, through an announcement before a mass demonstration. Louis Blanc advocated that the provisional government should ""regard themselves as dictators appointed by a revolution which had become inevitable and which was under no obligation to seek the sanction of universal suffrage until after having accomplished all the good which the moment required."" He also reiterated the idea of the ""dictatorship of Paris"" over the"
"French Second Republic The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, ""Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité"". The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the ""Social and Democratic Republic"" () and a liberal form of republicanism, which exploded during the June Days uprising of 1848. The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution, was one of a wave of revolutions"
"numbered 300,000 men by September 1944 and 370,000 by spring 1945. The Vichy regime disintegrated. An interim Provisional Government of the French Republic was quickly put into place by de Gaulle. The ""gouvernement provisoire de la République française"", or GPRF, operated under a ""tripartisme"" alliance of communists, socialists, and democratic republicans. The GPRF governed France from 1944 to 1946, when it was replaced by the French Fourth Republic. Tens of thousands of collaborators were executed without trial. The new government declared the Vichy laws unconstitutional and illegal, and elected new local governments. Women gained the right to vote. The 2"
"contrary of the French Communist Party (PCF) which had organized a clandestine network before the war – Édouard Daladier's government even had made it illegal after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact – the anarchist groups lacked any clandestine infrastructure in 1940. Hence, as all other parties apart of the PCF, they quickly became completely disorganized during and after the Battle of France. After Operation Barbarossa and the Allies' landing in North Africa, Marshal Philippe Pétain, head of the new ""French State"" (Vichy regime) which had replaced the French Third Republic, saw ""the bad wind approaching."" (""le mauvais vent s'approcher""). The Resistance began"
"vote of the French National Assembly. The following day approval of the new constitution by the Assembly effectively created the French State (""l'État Français""), replacing the French Republic with the government unofficially called ""Vichy France,"" after the resort town of Vichy, where Pétain maintained his seat of government. This continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the neutral United States until 1942, while the United Kingdom had recognised de Gaulle's government-in-exile in London. Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many foreign Jews in France were deported to Germany. Albert Lebrun, last President"
"of the French Republic (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, aimed to continue to wage war against Germany and to purge collaborators from office. It also made several important reforms (suffrage extended to women, creation of a social security system). The GPRF laid the groundwork for a new constitutional order that resulted in the Fourth Republic, which saw spectacular economic growth (""les Trente Glorieuses""). France was one of the founding members of NATO (1949). On 8 May 1945, while Liberation was celebrated in France, peaceful demonstrations in Sétif, in eastern Algeria, were violently repressed. More than 40,000 Algerian"
"while Robespierre continued his authoritarian policies. The moderates of Danton were also rival to the followers of Jacques Hébert that wanted the persecution of the all non-Montagnards and the dechristianisation of France. When Robespierre eliminated first the Hébertists (March 1794) and then the Dantonistes (April 1794), his group ruled The Mountain. This was until the Thermidorian Reaction, when several conspirators supported by The Plain instituted a coup d'état. They executed Robespierre and his supporters and split from The Mountain to form the Thermidorian Left. The Montagnards that survived were arrested, executed or deported. From 1794 to 1795, the Mountain was"
"French Turn The French Turn was the name given to the entry between 1934 and 1936 of the French Trotskyists into the Section Française de l'International Ouvrière (SFIO, the contemporary name of the French Socialist Party). The French Turn was repeated by Trotskyists in other countries during the 1930s. The idea of the French Turn originated after the 6 February 1934 riots around the Stavisky Affair in 1934, which led to the downfall of the Daladier government. Fearing that fascists would seize power as they had in Germany and Italy, the Socialist Party (SFIO) and French Communist Party (PCF) formed"
"the French First Republic. The role of the King in France in a Revolution gone berserk, was finally ended with the ""guillotined"" execution of Louis XVI on Monday, January 21, 1793, followed by the ""Reign of Terror"", mass executions and the provisional ""Directory"" form of republican government, and the eventual beginnings of twenty-five years of reform, upheaval, dictatorship, wars and renewal, with the various Napoleonic Wars. The monarchy was briefly restored following the successive events of the French Revolution (1789–99), and the First French Empire under Napoleon (1804–1814/15) – when a coalition of European powers restored by arms the monarchy"
"democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany. He set up a paternalistic, authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, Vichy's official neutrality notwithstanding. The Vichy government cooperated with the Nazis' racial policies. After the National Assembly under the Third Republic voted to give full powers to Philippe Pétain on 10 July 1940, the name ""République Française"" (French Republic) disappeared from all official documents. From that point on, the regime was referred to officially as the ""État Français"" (French State). Because of its unique situation in the history of France, its contested legitimacy, and the generic nature of its official name,"
"Third Force (France) The Third Force (Troisième Force) was a French coalition during the Fourth Republic (1947–1958) which gathered the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) party, the centre-right Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR), the Radicals, the Christian democrat Popular Republican Movement (MRP) and other centrist politicians, opposed both to the French Communist Party (PCF) and the Gaullist movement. The Third Force governed France from 1947 to 1951, succeeding the ""tripartisme"" alliance between the SFIO, the MRP and the PCF. The Third Force was also supported by the conservative National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP),"
"with a Consulate with himself as First Consul. After the coup, the various parliamentary forces including the Thermidorians were disestablished. Thermidorians The Thermidorians (, named after the month of Thermidor), known also a Thermidorian Convention (, was a French political group active during the French Revolution between 1794 and 1799. The group was named for the Thermidorian Reaction in 1794, when its members—led by Paul Barras, Jean-Lambert Tallien and Joseph Fouché—formed a coup d'état against Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, who were executed with their supporters on 27 July 1794. The deputies that supported the Reaction were the"