"native solid elements occur in alloys, such as that of iron and nickel. The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Later civilizations extracted elemental copper, tin, lead and iron from their ores by smelting, using charcoal. Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more; all of the naturally occurring elements were known by 1950. The properties of the chemical elements are summarized in the periodic table, which organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (""periods"") in which the columns (""groups"") share"
"Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living things, water bodies, rocks,"
"coordination is also known. Acid solutions of TiO are stable for a short time then decompose to give hydrogen: Gas-phase TiO shows strong bands in the optical spectra of cool (M-type) stars. In 2017, TiO was detected in an exoplanet atmosphere for the first time. Additionally, evidence has been obtained for the presence of the diatomic molecule TiO in the interstellar medium. Titanium(II) oxide Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) is an inorganic chemical compound of titanium and oxygen. It can be prepared from titanium dioxide and titanium metal at 1500 °C. It is non-stoichiometric in a range TiO to TiO and this"
"for high pressure systems (3,000 p.s.i.) and aluminium tubing for low pressure systems. Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and"
"Thallium Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. It is a gray post-transition metal that is not found free in nature. When isolated, thallium resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861, in residues of sulfuric acid production. Both used the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy, in which thallium produces a notable green spectral line. Thallium, from Greek , , meaning ""a green shoot or twig"", was named by Crookes. It was isolated by both Lamy and Crookes in 1862; Lamy by electrolysis,"
"Titanium(II) oxide Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) is an inorganic chemical compound of titanium and oxygen. It can be prepared from titanium dioxide and titanium metal at 1500 °C. It is non-stoichiometric in a range TiO to TiO and this is caused by vacancies of either Ti or O in the defect rock salt structure. In pure TiO 15% of both Ti and O sites are vacant. Careful annealing can cause ordering of the vacancies producing a monoclinic form which has 5 TiO units in the primitive cell that exhibits lower resistivity. A high temperature form with titanium atoms with trigonal prismatic"
"added electron travel through the particle, causing reductive dissolution elsewhere on the particle. Sometimes, metal-oxygen ratios are used to name oxides. Thus, NbO would be called niobium monoxide and TiO is titanium dioxide. This naming follows the Greek numerical prefixes. In the older literature and continuing in industry, oxides are named by adding the suffix ""-a"" to the element's name. Hence alumina, magnesia and chromia, are, respectively, AlO, MgO and CrO. Special types of oxides are peroxide, O, and superoxide, O. In such species, oxygen is assigned higher oxidation states than oxide. The chemical formulas of the oxides of the"
"factories, coal-burning power plants, and metal sewers. The main source of elevated thallium concentrations in water is the leaching of thallium from ore processing operations. Thallium Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. It is a gray post-transition metal that is not found free in nature. When isolated, thallium resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861, in residues of sulfuric acid production. Both used the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy, in which thallium produces a notable green spectral line. Thallium, from Greek"
"Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from ) and atomic number 50. It is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number"
"Tm(SO), TmS SnF, SnCl, SnCl, SnO, SnO, Sn(CH), Sn(CH), SnS, SnSe, SnTe. TiC, TiN, TiF, TiCl, TiCl, TiO, TiBr, TiCl, TiI, Cp2TiCl, MgTiO, CaTiO, SrTiO WC, WCl, WF, WO UCl, UCl, UCl, UCl, UF, UF, UF, UOF, UO, UO VC, VBr, VCl, VCl, VCl, VOCl, VO, CpVCl XeF, XePtF, XeF, XeF, XeO YbBr, Yb(CO), YbCl, YbF, YbI, Yb(NO), YbO, YbPO, Yb(SO), YbS YBr, Y(CO), YCl, YF, YI, Y(NO), YO, YPO, Y(SO), YS, YOF, YP ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnF, ZnCl, ZnBr, ZnI, Zn(OH), ZnSO ZrC, ZrO, ZrN, ZrCl, ZrS, ZrSi, ZrSiO, ZrF, ZrBr, ZrI, Zr(OH), CHClZr, Zr(CHCHCOO), Zr(WO), ZrH, Pb(ZrTi)O"
"Thiophene Thiophene is a heterocyclic compound with the formula CHS. Consisting of a planar five-membered ring, it is aromatic as indicated by its extensive substitution reactions. It is a colorless liquid with a benzene-like odor. In most of its reactions, it resembles benzene. Compounds analogous to thiophene include furan (CHO) selenophene (CHSe) and pyrrole (CHNH), which each vary by the heteroatom in the ring. Thiophene was discovered as a contaminant in benzene. It was observed that isatin (an indole) forms a blue dye if it is mixed with sulfuric acid and crude benzene. The formation of the blue indophenin had"
"Thienothiophene Thienothiophene usually refers to any of three structurally related derivatives of thiophene with the formula CHS. In order of importance, they are: thieno(3,2-b)thiophene, thieno(2,3-b)thiophene, and thieno(3,4-b)thiophene. Other isomers feature S(IV) and are less stable. Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene was the first member of the series to be isolated. It was obtained in very low yield upon heating citric acid, a source of a six-carbon linear chain, with PS. More efficient syntheses of this and the other two stable thienothiophenes involve cyclization reactions of substituted thiophenes. Three thienothiophenes, being aromatic and bicyclic, are often compared with napthalene. They are the topic of academic"
"Thiosulfate Thiosulfate () (IUPAC-recommended spelling; sometimes thiosulphate in British English) is an oxyanion of sulfur. The prefix thio- indicates that the thiosulfate ion is a sulfate ion with one oxygen replaced by sulfur. Thiosulfate has a tetrahedral molecular shape with C symmetry. Thiosulfate occurs naturally and is produced by certain biochemical processes. It rapidly dechlorinates water and is notable for its use to halt bleaching in the paper-making industry. Thiosulfate is also useful in smelting silver ore, in producing leather goods, and to set dyes in textiles. Sodium thiosulfate, commonly called ""hypo"" (from ""hyposulfite""), was widely used in photography to"
"Ferroin Ferroin is the chemical compound with the formula [Fe(""o""-phen)]SO, where ""o""-phen is an abbreviation for 1,10-phenanthroline, a bidentate ligand. The term ""ferroin"" is used loosely and includes salts of other anions such as chloride. This coordination compound is used as an indicator in analytical chemistry. The active ingredient is the [Fe(""o""-phen)] ion, which is a chromophore that can be oxidized to the ferric derivative [Fe(""o""-phen)]. The potential for this redox change is +1.06 volts in 1 M HSO. It is a popular redox indicator for making oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky reactions visible. Ferroin is suitable as a redox indicator, as the"
"Lithium titanate Lithium titanate (full name lithium metatitanate) is a compound containing lithium and titanium. It is an off-white powder at room temperature and has the chemical formula LiTiO. It is the anode component of the fast recharging lithium-titanate battery. It is also used as an additive in porcelain enamels and ceramic insulating bodies based on titanates. It is frequently utilized as a flux due to its good stability. In recent years, along with other lithium ceramics, metatitanate pebbles have been the subject of research efforts towards tritium breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications . The most common crystallization of"
"Lithiophilite Lithiophilite is a mineral containing the element lithium. It is lithium manganese(II) phosphate with formula: LiMnPO. It occurs in pegmatites often associated with triphylite, the iron end member in a solid solution series. The mineral with intermediate composition is known as sicklerite (Li(Mn,Fe)PO). The name lithiophilite is derived from the Greek philos (φιλός) ""friend,"" as lithiophilite is usually found with lithium. Lithiophylite is a resinous reddish to yellowish brown mineral crystallizing in the orthorhombic system often as slender prisms. It is usually associated with lepidolite, beryl, quartz, albite, amblygonite, and spodumene of pegmatitic origin. It rather readily weathers to"
"Thulium Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds; because it occurs so late in the series, however, the +2 oxidation state is also stabilized by the nearly full 4f shell that results. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble thulium compounds form coordination complexes with nine water molecules. In 1879, the Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve separated from the rare earth oxide"
"or naphthothiophene. Fusion of a pair of thiophene rings gives isomers of thienothiophene. Thiophenes are important heterocyclic compounds that are widely used as building blocks in many agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The benzene ring of a biologically active compound may often be replaced by a thiophene without loss of activity. This is seen in examples such as the NSAID lornoxicam, the thiophene analog of piroxicam. Thiophene Thiophene is a heterocyclic compound with the formula CHS. Consisting of a planar five-membered ring, it is aromatic as indicated by its extensive substitution reactions. It is a colorless liquid with a benzene-like odor. In"
"Thial A thial or thioaldehyde is a functional group in organic chemistry which is similar to an aldehyde, RC(O)H, in which a sulfur (S) atom replaces the oxygen (O) atom of the aldehyde (R represents an alkyl or aryl group). Thioaldehydes are even more reactive than thioketones. Unhindered thioaldehydes are generally too reactive to be isolated — for example, thioformaldehyde, HC=S, condenses to the cyclic trimer 1,3,5-trithiane. Thioacrolein, HC=CHCH=S, formed by decomposition of allicin from garlic, undergoes a self Diels-Alder reaction giving isomeric vinyldithiins. While thioformaldehyde is highly reactive, it is found in interstellar space along with its mono- and"
"Calcium titanate Calcium titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaTiO. As a mineral, it is called perovskite, named after Russian mineralogist, L. A. Perovski (1792-1856). It is a colourless, diamagnetic solid, although the mineral is often coloured owing to impurities. CaTiO can be prepared by the combination of CaO and TiO at temperatures >1300 °C. Sol-gel processes has been used to make a more pure substance, as well as lowering the synthesis temperature. These compounds synthesized are more compressible due to the powders from the sol-gel process as well and bring it closer to its calculated density"
"Thiol Thiol (, ) is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (–SH) group (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent). Thiols are the sulfur analogue of alcohols (that is, sulfur takes the place of oxygen in the hydroxyl group of an alcohol), and the word is a portmanteau of ""thion"" + ""alcohol,"" with the first word deriving from Greek θεῖον (""theion"") = ""sulfur"". The –SH functional group itself is referred to as either a ""thiol group"" or a ""sulfhydryl group"". Many thiols have strong odors resembling that of garlic or rotten eggs. Thiols are used as"
"Osmium tetroxide Osmium tetroxide (also osmium(VIII) oxide) is the chemical compound with the formula OsO. The compound is noteworthy for its many uses, despite its toxicity and the rarity of osmium. It also has a number of interesting properties, one being that the solid is volatile. The compound is colourless, but most samples appear yellow. This is most likely due to the presence of the impurity OsO, which is yellow-brown in colour. Osmium(VIII) oxide forms monoclinic crystals. It has a characteristic acrid chlorine-like odor. The element name osmium is derived from ""osme"", Greek for ""odor"". OsO is volatile: it sublimes"
"with all recent experiments. Th is a radioactive isotope of thorium that can be used to date corals and determine ocean current flux. Ionium was a name given early in the study of radioactive elements to the Th isotope produced in the decay chain of U before it was realized that ionium and thorium are chemically identical. The symbol Io was used for this supposed element. (The name is still used in ionium–thorium dating.) Th has 141 neutrons. It is the decay product of uranium-235. It is found in very small amounts on the earth and has a half-life of"
"Endo-exo isomerism endo""–""exo"" isomerism is a special type of stereoisomerism found in organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or """"syn"""", to the longest bridge. The prefix exo"" is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located farthest, or """"anti"""", to the longest bridge. Here ""longest"" and ""shortest"" refer to the number of atoms that comprise the bridge. This type of molecular geometry is found in norbornane systems such as dicyclopentadiene. The terms ""endo"" and ""exo"" are used in a similar sense in discussions"
"and the dry weight of vegetables usually contains one part per billion of thulium. Thulium dust and powder are toxic upon inhalation or ingestion and can cause explosions. Radioactive thulium isotopes can cause radiation poisoning. Thulium Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds; because it occurs so late in the series, however, the +2 oxidation state is also stabilized by the nearly full 4f shell"
"Tellurium trioxide Tellurium trioxide (TeO) is an inorganic chemical compound of tellurium and oxygen. In this compound, tellurium is in the +6 oxidation state. There are two forms, yellow-red α-TeO and grey, rhombohedral, β-TeO which is less reactive. α-TeO has a structure similar to FeF with octahedral TeO units that share all vertices. α-TeO can be prepared by heating orthotelluric acid, Te(OH), at over 300°C . The β-TeO form can be prepared by heating α-TeO in a sealed tube with O and HSO. α-TeO is unreactive to water but is a powerful oxidising agent when heated. With alkalis it forms"
"Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black non-metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. The elemental form was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811. It was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac from this property, after the Greek ""ἰώδης"" ""violet-coloured"". Iodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I), iodate (), and the various periodate anions. It is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element."
"and health. Tellurium Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. It is occasionally found in native form as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the universe as a whole than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of platinum, is due partly to its high atomic number, but also to its formation of a volatile hydride which caused it to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular"
"of the stereoselectivity in Diels–Alder reactions. Endo-exo isomerism endo""–""exo"" isomerism is a special type of stereoisomerism found in organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or """"syn"""", to the longest bridge. The prefix exo"" is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located farthest, or """"anti"""", to the longest bridge. Here ""longest"" and ""shortest"" refer to the number of atoms that comprise the bridge. This type of molecular geometry is found in norbornane systems such as dicyclopentadiene. The terms ""endo"" and ""exo"" are used"
"Thiophosphate Thiophosphates (or phosphorothioates, PS) are chemical compounds and anions with the general chemical formula (""x"" = 0, 1, 2, or 3) and related derivatives where organic groups are attached to one or more O or S. Thiophosphates feature tetrahedral phosphorus(V) centers. Organothiophosphates are a subclass of organophosphorus compounds that are structurally related to the inorganic thiophosphates. Common members have formulas of the type (RO)RPS and related compounds where RO is replaced by RS. Many of these compounds are used as insecticides, some have medical applications, and some have been used as oil additives. Oligonucleotide phosphorothioates (OPS) are modified oligonucleotides"
"surfactants, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Iodine is an essential element for life and, at atomic number ""Z"" = 53, is the heaviest element commonly needed by living organisms. (Lanthanum and the other lanthanides, as well as tungsten with ""Z"" = 74, are used by a few microorganisms.) It is required for the synthesis of the growth-regulating thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T and T respectively, named after their number of iodine atoms). A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T and T and a concomitant enlargement of the thyroid tissue in an attempt to obtain more iodine, causing"
"compound. This makes the name easier to pronounce; for example, CO is ""carbon monoxide"" (as opposed to ""monooxide""). There are a number of exceptions and special cases that violate the above rules. Sometimes the prefix is left off of the initial atom: IO is known as ""iodine pentoxide"", but it should be called ""diiodine pentoxide"". NO is called ""nitrogen sesquioxide"" (""sesqui-"" means ). The main oxide of phosphorus is called ""phosphorus pentoxide"". It should actually be ""diphosphorus pentoxide"", but it is assumed that there are two phosphorus atoms (PO), as they are needed in order to balance the oxidation numbers"
"SrCO, SrO, SrO, Sr(PO), SrSiO, SrSO, SrS, SrTiO, SrWO, SrZrO S, NaSH, HNSO, HS, SO, HSO, HSO, SOCl, CdS, HgS, ZnS, SCl, SCl, SF, SOCl, SOBr, CS, CSCl, MoS, (NH)S, (NH)SO, FeS Ta, add Tantalum compounds here Tc, NHTcO, NaTcO BeTe, BiTe, CdTe, (Cd,Zn)Te, (CH)Te, (Hg,Cd)Te, PbTe, HgTe, (Hg,Zn)Te, AgTe, SnTe, ZnTe, HOTeF, HTeO, NaTeO, TeO, TeF, TeF.TeCl TbBr, Tb(CO), TbCl, TbF, TbI, Tb(NO), TbO, TbPO, Tb(SO), TbS TlSb, TlAs, TlBr, TlCl, TlF, TlI, Tl(NO), TlO, TlO, TlP, TlSe, Tl(SO), TlS, Tl(CH), TlOH ThCl, ThCl, ThCl, ThCl, ThF, ThF, ThF, ThO, Th(NO) TmBr, Tm(CO), TmCl, TmF, TmI, Tm(NO), TmO, TmPO,"