"disband in 1994. Tonton Macoute The Tonton Macoute () or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier. In 1970 the militia was renamed the ' (VSN""', Volunteers of the National Security). Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, ""Tonton Macoute"" (""Uncle Gunnysack""), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack () and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'état attempt against President François Duvalier, he purged the army and law"
"while serving as an administrator in a U.S.-funded anti-yaws campaign, François Duvalier (known as """"Papa Doc"""") soon established another dictatorship. His regime is regarded as one of the most repressive and corrupt of modern times, combining violence against political opponents with exploitation of Vodou to instill fear in the majority of the population. Duvalier's paramilitary police, officially the Volunteers for National Security (Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale – VSN) but more commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, named for a Vodou monster, carried out political murders, beatings, and intimidation. An estimated 30,000 Haitians were killed by his government. Duvalier employed"
"François Duvalier François Duvalier (; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coupd'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became totalitarian and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the , killed opponents indiscriminately and was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing dissent even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of ancient Haitian mythology into a personality cult. Prior to his rule,"
"for the National Palace (Palais National). They made their livings, instead, through extortion and petty crime. Rural members of the VSN, who wore blue denim uniforms, had received some training from the army, while the plainclothed members, with their dark glasses, served as Haiti's criminal-investigation force (see Public Order, this ch.). When Jean-Claude Duvalier (""Baby Doc"") came to power in 1971, the country's security forces became less abusive, but they still used some brutality. During Jean-Claude's regime, the balance between the VSN and the armed forces changed. The new regime sought to realign these competing power bases, if only to"
"as ""Papa Doc"", was elected President of Haiti. In 1964, he declared himself president for life and established that his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as ""Baby Doc"", would succeed him. During their regime, opposition to the government was not tolerated; thus, the Duvaliers used violence and terror to suppress the masses, killing about 30,000 Haitians. Finally, in 1986, a series of uprisings forced Baby Doc to flee Haiti for France. The Duvalier family stole millions of dollars during their administration, leaving Haiti in extreme debt today. Haiti is officially a semi-presidential republic, although it is often claimed to be authoritarian"
"Jean-Claude Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier (), nicknamed “Baby Doc” () (3 July 19514 October 2014), was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986. He succeeded his father François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after his death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle (including a state-sponsored US$3million wedding in 1980) while poverty among"
"granted amnesty. François Duvalier François Duvalier (; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coupd'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became totalitarian and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the , killed opponents indiscriminately and was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing dissent even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of ancient Haitian mythology into a personality cult. Prior to"
"Index. It is estimated that President ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier, his wife Michelle, and their agents stole US $504 million from the country's treasury between 1971 and 1986. Similarly, after the Haitian Army folded in 1995, the Haitian National Police (HNP) gained sole power of authority on the Haitian citizens. Many Haitians as well as observers of the Haitian society believe that this monopolized power could have given way to a corrupt police force. Similarly, some media outlets alleged that millions were stolen by former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. In March 2004, at the time of Aristide's kidnapping, a BBC article wrote"
"Ministry said it would continue to block the release of the money. Duvalier lived in Paris with Véronique Roy, his longtime companion and chief public-relations representative, until his return to Haiti in late January 2011. Roy is the granddaughter of Paul Magloire, President of Haiti from 1950 to 1956. Anti-Duvalier protest movement The Anti-Duvalier protest movement was a series of demonstrations in Haiti from 23 May 1984 – 7 February 1986, that led to the overthrow of President Jean-Claude Duvalier and the Duvalier dynasty regime. Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier was elected to presidency in the 1957 general election, and he"
"luxury in a suburb of Port-au-Prince. By 30 January 2012, it was announced that the former president would face charges of corruption, but not of human rights abuses. After the former president failed to appear for three previously scheduled court hearings, a Haitian judge issued a warrant ordering him to appear before the court 28 February 2013. Duvalier did so and for the first time pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse. On 4 October 2014, Duvalier died of a heart attack at the age of 63. Jean-Claude Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier (), nicknamed “Baby Doc” ()"
"Service d'Intelligence National Service d'Intelligence National (""National Intelligence Service"", SIN) was a Haitian intelligence agency created by the US Central Intelligence Agency after the 1986 overthrow of Jean-Claude Duvalier. The unit, staffed by officers of the Haitian army, ""engaged in drug trafficking and political violence"". The CIA provided half a million to a million dollars per year to train SIN in counter-narcotics, but the group produced no intelligence and instead used their training against political opponents. The Haitian presidential election, 1987 was cancelled after troops led by SIN member Col Jean Claude Paul massacred 30 - 300 voters on election"
"Duvalier regime of the late 1960s and the early 1970s is partly to blame for the coup d'état that occurred resulting in Aristide's removal from power the first time. Duvalier was elected president with the help of the United States and a Haitian populace that was enduring a previous coup d'état that occurred in 1950. Once in office, the Haitian President, François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier, had the Haitian constitution rewritten so that no other President could succeed him, despite his term legally ending on May 15, 1963. Duvalier remained Haiti's President until his death on April 21, 1971, ending the"
"was twice as big as the army, never developed into a real military force but was more than just a secret police. In the early years of his rule, Duvalier was able to take advantage of the strategic weaknesses of his powerful opponents, mostly from the mulatto elite. These weaknesses included their inability to coordinate their actions against the regime, whose power had grown increasingly stronger. In the name of nationalism, Duvalier expelled almost all of Haiti's foreign-born bishops, an act that earned him excommunication from the Catholic Church. In 1966, he persuaded the Holy See to allow him permission"
"1990–1991. Its support for SIN, and SIN's involvement in drug trafficking, became public in 1993. Emmanuel Constant has said that he helped found SIN. Service d'Intelligence National Service d'Intelligence National (""National Intelligence Service"", SIN) was a Haitian intelligence agency created by the US Central Intelligence Agency after the 1986 overthrow of Jean-Claude Duvalier. The unit, staffed by officers of the Haitian army, ""engaged in drug trafficking and political violence"". The CIA provided half a million to a million dollars per year to train SIN in counter-narcotics, but the group produced no intelligence and instead used their training against political opponents."
"officer involved in a plot to kidnap his children, leading Bosch to publicly threaten to invade Haiti. However, the Dominican army, which distrusted Bosch's leftist leanings, expressed little support for an invasion, and the dispute was settled by OAS emissaries. In 1971, Papa Doc entered into a 99-year contract with Don Pierson representing Dupont Caribbean Inc. of Texas for a free port project on the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island located some off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola. On Duvalier's death in April 1971, power passed to his 19-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier (known as"
"Duvalier's son Baby Doc ended in 1986. Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) Duvalier became President of Haiti at age 18 upon his father's death in 1971. According to human rights groups Duvalier used widespread violence, including rape, as a means of suppressing opposition to his regime. Duvalier's presidency lasted until a popular uprising overthrew him in 1986. After the uprising he spent 25 years in France, and when he returned to Haiti he was arrested on charges of human rights abuses including rape; however a judge ruled that the statute of limitations had expired on these crimes. The Duvalier regimes would later"
"elected President of Haiti in September 1957. A doctor and former Minister of Health, he was initially seen by many Haitians as a populist reformer; however, he soon began to display behavior typical of an autocrat. Rival political parties were banned, and independent newspapers were shut down. Mixed-race ""mulattoes"", who formed much of Haiti's upper class - and who were a source of much of the opposition to Duvalier - were frequently harassed, arrested, or forced into exile. Among those exiled were three former officers in the Haitian Army: Captain Alix ""Sonson"" Pasquet, Lt. Phillipe ""Fito"" Dominique, and Lt. Henri"
"of high tensions in Haiti. Francois Duvalier, known as Papa Doc, ran a military regime in Haiti from 1957 to 1971. His son Jean-Claude Duvalier, also known as “Baby Doc”, succeeded him from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986. In 1980, the Jean-Claude Duvalier dictatorship forbade all media critiques; they began exiling journalists. In ""La Vie Ouvriére"" newspaper, she spoke about her frustration regarding this matter. The interviewer asks her how is it that she was able to sing in Haiti, when he thought that she couldn’t. “I can return, but only for one show."
"of human rights abuses against the Haitian people. For example, following a 1991 coup by the military that overthrew democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the Haitian army was accused of killing an estimated 3,000 people in three years. Upon his return to the presidency, Aristide disbanded the army. In 1957, François Duvalier, also known as ""Papa Doc"", became president of Haiti, ushering in a period of human rights abuses from which the country is still recovering. An estimated 30,000–60,000 people were killed in the 30 years Haiti was under the rule of Duvalier and his son—and successor—Jean-Claude Duvalier, also known"
"Cristóbal, San Isidro, Hatillo, and Haina."" Robinson states that the Armed Forces of Haiti (the Haitian Armed Forces under the Duvalier regimes), and the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti (FRAPH, a paramilitary death squad that fought against democracy) massacred some 5,000 Haitians between 1991 and 1994. Louis-Jodel Chamblain, a Duvalier death squad leader, was accused of war crimes committed in 1987, 1991, 1993 and 1994 including the murder of Antoine Izméry, a pro-democracy advocate. Guy Philippe received Central Intelligence Agency training in Ecuador. He ordered paramilitary to kill Aristide supporters. Per Robinson, the opposition to democracy was"
"his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere. Relations with the United States improved after Duvalier's ascension to the presidency, and later deteriorated under the Carter administration, only to again improve under Ronald Reagan due to the strong anti-communist stance of the Duvaliers. Rebellion against the Duvalier regime broke out in 1985 and Baby Doc fled to France in 1986 on a U.S. Air Force flight. Duvalier unexpectedly returned to Haiti on 16 January 2011, after two decades in self-imposed exile in France. The following day, he was arrested by Haitian police, facing possible charges"
"the ""Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale"" (Militia of National Security Volunteers). When Duvalier died in 1971, his son, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier took over (confirmed by the 1971 constitutional referendum) and the force continued throughout his regime and maintained the same violent presence. Widespread problems of starvation and unemployment soon grew rampant. On 23 May 1984, citizens in the city of Gonaïves began protests against Duvalier’s government calling it ""Operation Déchoukaj,"" () which consequently led to police officers publicly beating a pregnant woman, who soon died. Activists’ listed grievances under Duvalier’s regime, including general brutality against civilians and"
"soldiers."" In his 1920 campaign for presidency, Warren G. Harding criticized incumbent Woodrow Wilson, referring to the occupation as the ""Rape of Haiti""; however after he won the election he continued the occupation in his own presidency. François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. Overseeing a reign of state terrorism, Duvalier would kill large numbers of political enemies, imprison them arbitrarily, and use gang rape as a means of control. Although both men and women were targeted for violence, women in particular were targeted for rape. In some cases Duvalier himself"
"Haiti and executed numerous officers as he perceived them as a threat to his regime. To counteract this threat, he created a military force that bore several names. In 1959, his paramilitary force was called the ""Cagoulards"" (""Hooded Men""). They were then renamed to Milice Civile (""Civilian Militia""), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale (""Volunteers of the National Security"", or VSN). They began to be called the ""Tonton Macoute"" when people started to disappear for no apparent reason. This group answered to him only. Duvalier authorized the ""Tontons Macoutes"" to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses to"
"maintained order by terrorizing the populace and political opponents. 40,000 to 60,000 Haitians are estimated to have been killed during the reign of the Duvalier father and son. Haiti's brief tourism boom was wiped out by the rule of Papa Doc Duvalier and his unstable government. When his son Jean-Claude ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier succeeded him as ""President for Life"", tourism returned in the 1970s. ""Vive la différence"" has long been Haiti's national tourism slogan and its proximity to the United States made Haiti a hot attraction until the Duvalier regime was ousted in 1986. Papa Doc's son led the country"
"year trend. There was a plummet of kidnappings by 53 percent. During this time frame, the force increased to 11,228. Under Duvalier, the Haitian police was part of the Haitian Army and had 14,000 members organized into the Port-au-Prince Police and the Rural Security Companies. Since 1987, successive governments attempted to reform it as stated by the constitution it was created to maintain peace, enforce law and order in accordance with the rule of law, to protect its citizens and to arrest those that violate the law. However the police, being plagued by militarism, factionalism, and corruption, is mainly viewed"
"in the small town of Thomazeau, near Haiti's capital, Port-au-Prince. The academic source Webster University states regarding General Prosper Avril; ""Avril joined the Presidential Guard in 1969 and Papa Doc nicknamed Avril the ""intelligent Prosper Avril."" In 1971 Avril profited from the shift of power from François to Jean-Claude Duvalier and from weapons procurement and other programs in the 70s (he was later offered asylum by the Israeli government) and was entrusted by the Duvaliers as their ""bagman"" with management of much of their overseas portfolio. He was ""the only person other than the Duvaliers themselves with signature authority over"
"July 1958 Haitian coup d'état attempt On 28–29 July 1958, Alix ""Sonson"" Pasquet, accompanied by two fellow Haitian military officers and five American soldiers of fortune, attempted to overthrow Haitian President Francois Duvalier by seizing an army barracks in Port-au-Prince and rallying like-minded troops for an attack on the Presidential palace. Hoped-for support failed to materialize and all eight of the insurgents were killed by troops loyal to Duvalier. Contemporary newspaper articles sometimes referred to the coup attempt as 'Pasquet's Invasion' or 'the Sheriffs Invasion' (as some of the Americans involved were former sheriff's deputies). Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier was"
"Duvalier dynasty The Duvalier dynasty () was an authoritarian family dictatorship in Haiti that lasted almost twenty-nine years, from 1957 until 1986, spanning the rule of the father and son pair François Duvalier and Jean-Claude Duvalier. Direct elections, the first in Haiti's history, were held in October 1950, and Paul Magloire, an elite black Colonel in the military, was elected. Hurricane Hazel hit the island in 1954, which devastated the nation's infrastructure and economy. Hurricane relief was inadequately distributed and misspent, and Magloire jailed opponents and shut down newspapers. After refusing to step down after his term ended, a general"
"he stripped Magloire of his Haitian citizenship. In 1986, when Baby Doc Duvalier lost power, Magloire returned to Haiti from New York City. Two years later he became an unofficial army advisor. He died in 2001. He was married to Yolette Leconte until her death in 1981. Paul Magloire Paul Eugène Magloire (July 19, 1907 – July 12, 2001), nicknamed Bon Papa, was a Haitian military ruler from 1950 to 1956. Magloire was born a general's son, and joined the army himself in 1930. Quickly rising through the ranks, he became Police Chief of Port-au-Prince in 1944. In 1946 he"
"Palestinian town of Beit Jala at the Cremisan Monastery. He returned to Haiti in 1982 for his ordination as a Salesian priest, and was appointed curate of a small parish in Port-au-Prince. Between 1957 and 1986, Haiti was ruled by the family dictatorships of François ""Papa Doc"" and Jean-Claude ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier. The misery endured by Haiti's poor made a deep impression on Aristide himself, and he became an outspoken critic of Duvalierism. Nor did he spare the hierarchy of the country's church, since a 1966 Vatican Concordat granted Duvalier one-time power to appoint Haiti's bishops. An exponent of liberation"
"reign of the most corrupt President in Haiti's history. Most of Haiti's governments have been corrupt, essentially making him the most prestigious in this field so far. The oppression in Haiti resulting from Duvalier's regime was evident. With much aid from the United States throughout this period, Haiti provided him with five palaces, the Tonton Macoute, (which was his own private police force), and many sources of income. At the time, Haiti's literacy rate was ten percent, fifty percent infant mortality rate, fifteen percent of budget went in operations, while 85 percent went to the staff and associates of Duvalier."
"She liked to arm herself with an Uzi machine-gun. When Papa Doc died in 1971, and his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier succeeded him, he had Adolphe removed from her post as head of Fort Dimanche. By May 1972 she had been appointed mayor of which brought her attention to the city's sewage disposal. Prior to the end of the Duvalier dynasty in 1986, when the Duvaliers fled the capital, she said ""t seems Jean-Claude is leaving the country soon. All militia members will be in danger. Much blood will be shed."" Vengeful Haitians killed scores, if not hundreds of former militiamen"