"that Candide is painfully cured (as Voltaire would see it) of his optimism. This critique of Voltaire's seems to be directed almost exclusively at Leibnizian optimism. ""Candide"" does not ridicule Voltaire's contemporary Alexander Pope, a later optimist of slightly different convictions. ""Candide"" does not discuss Pope's optimistic principle that ""all is right"", but Leibniz's that states, ""this is the best of all possible worlds"". However subtle the difference between the two, ""Candide"" is unambiguous as to which is its subject. Some critics conjecture that Voltaire meant to spare Pope this ridicule out of respect, although Voltaire's ""Poème"" may have been"
"of papers opposed to the Algerian war, such as ""L'Express"" and ""France-Observateur"". Candide (newspaper) Candide () was the name given to various French newspapers of the 19th and 20th century. Candide was a newspaper founded by Gustave Tridon and Auguste Blanqui on 3 May 1865. It appeared on Wednesday and Saturday every week, and cost 5 centimes. The main collaborators on ""Candide"" were Blanqui, Tridon Villeneuve, Vaissier, Watteau, Marchand, Viette, Verlière and Sumino. The name was taken up in 1924 by a weekly newspaper launched by the bookseller Arthème Fayard. This paper was one of the main literary and political"
"and conventions inherited from 19th-century France. He sought to uncover the authentic self beneath its contradictory masks."" In his journal, Gide distinguishes between adult-attracted ""sodomites"" and boy-loving ""pederasts"", categorizing himself as the latter. In the company of Oscar Wilde, he had several sexual encounters with young boys abroad. Gide's novel ""Corydon"", which he considered his most important work, erects a defense of pederasty. Notes Sources André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (in 1947). Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in"
"Candide (newspaper) Candide () was the name given to various French newspapers of the 19th and 20th century. Candide was a newspaper founded by Gustave Tridon and Auguste Blanqui on 3 May 1865. It appeared on Wednesday and Saturday every week, and cost 5 centimes. The main collaborators on ""Candide"" were Blanqui, Tridon Villeneuve, Vaissier, Watteau, Marchand, Viette, Verlière and Sumino. The name was taken up in 1924 by a weekly newspaper launched by the bookseller Arthème Fayard. This paper was one of the main literary and political weeklies of the inter-war period, and its formula inspired other papers from"
"Jean-Baptiste-Louis-Théodore de Tschudi Jean-Baptiste-Louis-Théodore de Tschudi also known as Tschoudi or Tschudy (16 August 1734 – 7 March 1784) was a French botanist and poet. Born in Metz, he wrote the libretto for Gluck's opera ""Echo et Narcisse"" and with François-Louis Gand Le Bland Du Roullet co-wrote the libretto for Salieri's ""Les Danaïdes"". He later served as Councillor to the Prince de Liège. Tschudi contributed many articles on horticulture and natural history to the supplementary volumes of the ""Encyclopédie"". He influenced the views of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. In a 1790 letter to Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, Lamarck noted that the articles written by"
"Ussé for ""The Sleeping Beauty"", and the Marquis of the Château d'Oiron as the model for the Marquis de Carabas in ""Puss in Boots"". He ornamented his folktale subject matter with details, asides and subtext drawn from the world of fashion. Following up on these tales, he translated the ""Fabulae Centum"" (100 Fables) of the Latin poet Gabriele Faerno into French verse in 1699. Charles Perrault Charles Perrault (; 12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his"
"André Theuriet Claude Adhémar André Theuriet (; 8 October 1833 in Marly-le-Roi – 23 April 1907 in Bourg-la-Reine) was a 19th-century French poet and novelist. Theuriet was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise), and was educated at Bar-le-Duc in his mother's province of Lorraine. Theuriet studied law in Paris and joined the public service, attaining the rank of ""chef de bureau"", before his retirement during 1886. He published during 1867 the ""Chemin des bois"", a volume of poems, many of which had been published already in the ""Revue des Deux Mondes""; ""Le bleu et le noir, poèmes de la vie"
"André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (in 1947). Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. The author of ""more than fifty books,"" at the time of his death his obituary in ""The New York Times"" described him as ""France's greatest contemporary man of letters"" and ""judged the greatest French writer of this century by the literary cognoscenti."" Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works,"
"Jane de La Vaudère Jane de la Vaudère was the pen name of Jeanne Scrive, a French novelist, poet and playwright who was born April 15, 1857, in Paris, and died on July 26, 1908. Her father was a famous doctor, Gaspard-Léonard Scrive, Surgeon-General of the French Army during the Crimean War. She is considered by contemporary critics a participant in the Decadent movement and Naturalism. Her poetic works include ""Les Heures perdues"", ""L'Eternelle chanson"", ""Minuit"", and ""Evocation"". She is also remembered for a collection of decadent novels and short stories, such as ""Les Androgynes"" (1903), ""Les Demi-Sexes"" (1897), or"
"Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée (14 February 1692 in Paris – 14 May 1754 in Paris) was a French dramatist who blurred the lines between comedy and tragedy with his ""comédie larmoyante"". In 1731 he published an ""Epître a Clio"", a didactic poem in defense of Leriget de la Faye in his dispute with Antoine Houdar de la Motte, who had maintained that verse was useless in tragedy. La Chaussée was forty years old before he produced his first play, ""La Fausse Antipathic"" (1734). His second play, ""Le Prejugée à la mode"" (1735) turns on"
"18th, 19th and 20 July 1851. Henri de Latouche Hyacinthe-Joseph Alexandre Thabaud de Latouche, commonly known as Henri de Latouche (2 February 1785 – 9 March 1851) was a French poet and novelist known for his publication of André Chénier and early encouragement of George Sand. (His family name is also seen as ""Thabaud de La Touche"" and even sometimes ""Delatouche"".) He was born at La Châtre (Indre). Among his works may be distinguished his comedies: ""Projets de sagesse"" (1811), and, in collaboration with Emile Deschamps, ""Selmours de Florian"" (1818), which ran for a hundred nights; also ""La Reine d'Espagne"""
"Jean-François Bayard Jean-François Alfred Bayard (17 March 1796, Charolles, Saône-et-Loire – 20 February 1853, Paris) was a French playwright. He was the nephew of fellow playwright Eugène Scribe. As a law student and a lawyer's clerk, Bayard wrote with passion for the theatre and, after several attempts, had a great success at the Gymnase theatre, with ""la Reine de seize ans"" (1828, in-8°). One of the most fertile-minded and skilful vaudeville writers of his era, he made a close friendship with Eugène Scribe, often collaborating with him on plays and marrying his niece. Belonging to the school of Dancourt and"
"Légion d'honneur during 1895. His grandson André Theuriet became a versatile sportsman mostly known as an international rugby union player and swimmer. André Theuriet Claude Adhémar André Theuriet (; 8 October 1833 in Marly-le-Roi – 23 April 1907 in Bourg-la-Reine) was a 19th-century French poet and novelist. Theuriet was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise), and was educated at Bar-le-Duc in his mother's province of Lorraine. Theuriet studied law in Paris and joined the public service, attaining the rank of ""chef de bureau"", before his retirement during 1886. He published during 1867 the ""Chemin des bois"", a volume of poems,"
"Edmond Haraucourt Edmond Haraucourt (18 October 1856 Bourmont - November 1941 Paris) was a French poet and novelist. His first work, ""La légende des sexes, poèmes hystériques"" (1883), under the pen-name of Le Sire de Chabley, attracted some attention. ""L'âme nue"" (1885), a collection of verse, in which some of the earlier poems were included, and ""Seul"" (1891), showed the poet's increasing power and melancholy charm. He also wrote the romance ""Amis"" (1887); ""Shylock"" (1889), a play; the ""Passion"" (1890), a drama; ""Héro et Léandre"" (1893); ""Aliénor"", an opera; ""Don Juan"" (1894); and ""Elisabeth"" (1894). He received the Academy prize"
"Henri de Latouche Hyacinthe-Joseph Alexandre Thabaud de Latouche, commonly known as Henri de Latouche (2 February 1785 – 9 March 1851) was a French poet and novelist known for his publication of André Chénier and early encouragement of George Sand. (His family name is also seen as ""Thabaud de La Touche"" and even sometimes ""Delatouche"".) He was born at La Châtre (Indre). Among his works may be distinguished his comedies: ""Projets de sagesse"" (1811), and, in collaboration with Emile Deschamps, ""Selmours de Florian"" (1818), which ran for a hundred nights; also ""La Reine d'Espagne"" (1831), which proved too indecent for"
"of the themes and textual content for which the original content had been so scorned. The Maid of Orleans (poem) The Maid of Orleans () is a satirical poem by François-Marie Arouet, better known by his pen name, Voltaire. It was first published in 1899, but Voltaire had written it over a century beforehand; while he had started writing the text in 1730, he never completed it. It was translated into English by W. H. Ireland. Voltaire was undoubtedly one of the most controversial writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment Age, and ""The Maid of Orleans"" was also certainly one"
"Jules Sandeau Léonard Sylvain Julien (Jules) Sandeau (; 19 February 1811 – 24 April 1883) was a French novelist. Sandeau was born at Aubusson (Creuse), and was sent to Paris to study law, but spent much of his time in unruly behaviour with other students. He met George Sand, then Madame Dudevant, at Le Coudray in the house of a friend, and when she came to Paris in 1831 they had a relationship. The intimacy did not last long, but it produced ""Rose et Blanche"" (1831), a novel written together under the pseudonym J. Sand, from which George Sand took"
"George Sand Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), best known by her ""nom de plume"" George Sand (), was a French novelist, memoirist, and socialist. Sand wrote: ""My name is not Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Marquise of Dudevant, as several of my biographers have asserted, but Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin, and my husband, M. François Dudevant, claims no title: the highest rank he ever reached was that of infantry second lieutenant."" Always known simply as ""Aurore"", she was born in Paris, but raised for much of her childhood by her grandmother, Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de"
"anti-colonialist, anti-capitalist left. Notes Sources Bibliography of André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 ""for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"". Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide exposes to public view the conflict and eventual"
"Charles Perrault Charles Perrault (; 12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from earlier folk tales. The best known of his tales include ""Le Petit Chaperon Rouge"" (""Little Red Riding Hood""), ""Cendrillon"" (""Cinderella""), ""Le Chat Botté"" (""Puss in Boots""), ""La Belle au bois Dormant "" (""The Sleeping Beauty"") and ""Barbe Bleue"" (""Bluebeard""). Some of Perrault's versions of old stories have influenced the German versions published by the Brothers Grimm more than 100 years later."
"for his poem, ""Les Vikings"" (1890). Edmond Haraucourt Edmond Haraucourt (18 October 1856 Bourmont - November 1941 Paris) was a French poet and novelist. His first work, ""La légende des sexes, poèmes hystériques"" (1883), under the pen-name of Le Sire de Chabley, attracted some attention. ""L'âme nue"" (1885), a collection of verse, in which some of the earlier poems were included, and ""Seul"" (1891), showed the poet's increasing power and melancholy charm. He also wrote the romance ""Amis"" (1887); ""Shylock"" (1889), a play; the ""Passion"" (1890), a drama; ""Héro et Léandre"" (1893); ""Aliénor"", an opera; ""Don Juan"" (1894); and ""Elisabeth"""
"Paul Siraudin Pierre-Paul-Désiré Siraudin (18 December 1812 – 8 September 1883) was a French playwright and librettist. He also used the pen names Paul de Siraudin de Sancy, Paul Siraudin de Sancy and M. Malperché. He wrote many plays, mainly comedies and vaudevilles written in collaboration, notably with Alfred Delacour and Lambert-Thiboust. He also authored librettos for successful operettas and opéras-comiques, including ""La fille de Madame Angot"" (1872) in collaboration with Clairville and Victor Koning with music by Charles Lecocq. In 1860, Siraudin opened a confectionery shop — the Maison Siraudin — at the corner of the Rue de la"
"Catherine d'Amboise Catherine d'Amboise (1475–1550) was a prose writer and poet of the French Renaissance. She wrote both verse and novels, including ""Book of the Prudent and Imprudent"" [""Livre des Prudents et Imprudents""] (1509) and ""Fainting Lady’s Complaint against Fortune"" [""La complainte de la dame pasemée contre Fortune""] (1525), as well as ""royal song"" [""chant royal""], which is the only extant poem of its genre. Catherine was one of a select group of aristocratic French female authors who have gained considerable attention in recent years. She was the subject of a thesis by Ariane Bergeron-Foote, ""Les oeuvres en prose de"
"to the opera ""Pharamond"". He was the author of many elegiac poems as well as tragedies and novels. He died in Paris. Alexandre Guiraud Pierre Marie Jeanne Alexandre Thérèse Guiraud better known as Alexandre Guiraud (24 December 1788 – 24 February 1847) was a French poet, dramatic author and novelist. Guiraud was born in Limoux, Aude, the son of a rich cloth merchant. He studied at the ""École de droit"" de Toulouse where he created a ""Gymnase littéraire"". He made frequent trips to Paris where the success of his poetry opened the doors to the Académie française to which he"
"Catherine Bernard Catherine Bernard (1662 – 16 September 1712) was a French poet, playwright, and novelist. She composed three historical novels, two verse tragedies, several poems, and was awarded several poetry prizes by the ""Académie française"". Bernard established the fundamental aesthetic principle of the French literary ""conte de fées"" popular in the ""salons"" of the late seventeenth century with the dictum: ""the [adventures] should always be implausible and the emotions always natural"". Her works are appreciated today for their psychological nuance. Catherine Bernard was born in 1662 in Rouen to a Huguenot family of wealth and comfort. She was related"
"representative of his home county, the Franche-Comté, which allowed him to stay in Paris, but in 1653 he was banished by Cardinal Mazarin. He was subsequently allowed to return, but in 1668 he retired to Besançon, and subsequently rarely left. Jean Mairet Jean (de) Mairet (10 May 160431 January 1686) was a classical French dramatist who wrote both tragedies and comedies. He was born at Besançon, and went to Paris to study at the Collège des Grassins about 1625. In that year he produced his first piece ""Chryséide et Arimand"". In 1634 he produced his masterpiece, ""Sophonisbe"", which marks, in"
"pensioned. Jules Sandeau died in Paris in 1883 and was buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse. Jules Sandeau Léonard Sylvain Julien (Jules) Sandeau (; 19 February 1811 – 24 April 1883) was a French novelist. Sandeau was born at Aubusson (Creuse), and was sent to Paris to study law, but spent much of his time in unruly behaviour with other students. He met George Sand, then Madame Dudevant, at Le Coudray in the house of a friend, and when she came to Paris in 1831 they had a relationship. The intimacy did not last long, but it produced ""Rose et"
"La Petite Fadette La Petite Fadette, also published in English under the titles Little Fadette. A Domestic Story (1849), Fadette. A Domestic Story (1851) and Little Fadette (1967), is an 1849 novel by French novelist George Sand, née Amantine Dupin. Sand wrote the rural story together with ""François le Champi"" in the 1840s as she left behind her life as a glamorous writer in Paris to return to the countryside of Châteauroux. The novel is one of Sand's best known today. It was translated into English and published in 1900 by Henry Holt and Company, and an updated critical translation"
"of wishes for the New Year: ""Let us pray God that the Jacobins/May eat the Augustinians,/And that the Carmelites may be hanged/With the cords of the Minorites."" Jean Molinet Jean Molinet (1435 – 23 August 1507) was a French poet, chronicler, and composer. He is best remembered for his prose translation of ""Roman de la rose"". Born in Desvres, which is now part of France, he studied in Paris. He entered the service of Charles, Duke of Burgundy from 1463, becoming secretary to Georges Chastellain; in 1464 he wrote ""La complainte de Grece"", a political work presenting the Burgundian side"
"Laurent Gaudé Laurent Gaudé (born 6 July 1972 in Paris) is a French writer. He studied theater and has written many dramatic works, among them ""Onysos le furieux, Cendres sur les mains, Médée Kali,"" and ""Le Tigre bleu de l'Euphrate"". After a master's in humanities at the Université Paris III, for which he presented a dissertation entitled ""Le thème du combat dans la dramaturgie comptemporaine française"" (""The theme of combat in the French contemporary dramaturgy""), supervised by Michel Corvin (1994), then a post-graduate diploma at the same university, for which he presented a dissertation entitled ""Le conflit dans le théâtre"
"Alexandre Guiraud Pierre Marie Jeanne Alexandre Thérèse Guiraud better known as Alexandre Guiraud (24 December 1788 – 24 February 1847) was a French poet, dramatic author and novelist. Guiraud was born in Limoux, Aude, the son of a rich cloth merchant. He studied at the ""École de droit"" de Toulouse where he created a ""Gymnase littéraire"". He made frequent trips to Paris where the success of his poetry opened the doors to the Académie française to which he was elected against Alphonse de Lamartine in 1826. He was named Baron by Charles X in 1827 in reward for his contribution"
"writings include ""Le château de Roquemaure"", which was published in 1876, ""Le roi de la fève"", ""La poésie"", ""Le papillon"" and ""La rose"". He was a friend of some of the great writers of the ""Félibrige"" like Frédéric Mistral, Joseph Roumanille, Alphonse Daudet. He knew Alphonse de Lamartine as well. He died on 8 August 1877 in Roquemaure, at the age of 69. Placide Cappeau Placide Cappeau (25 October 1808 – 8 August 1877) was a French poet and the author of the well-known poem, ""Minuit, chrétiens"" (""O Holy Night"") (1847), which was set to music by Adolphe Adam. He"
"three verses follow below (in Genevois dialect) with a translation: Several writers created satirical, moralistic, poetic, comic, and theatrical texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: Bernardin Uchard (1575–1624), author and playwright from Bresse; Henri Perrin, comic playwright from Lyon; Jean Millet (1600?–1675), author of pastorals, poems, and comedies from Grenoble; Jacques Brossard de Montaney (1638–1702), writer of comedies and carols from Bresse; Jean Chapelon (1647–1694), priest and composer of more than 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from Saint-Étienne; and François Blanc dit la Goutte (1690–1742), writer of"