"with its European allies. This was well received by the United States, which led to, inadvertently, the collapse of the Soviet economy and, in 1991, the dissolution of the USSR and the end of the Cold War. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs headed Soviet foreign policy. Andrei Gromyko served as the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs for nearly thirty years (1957–1985). According to Soviet theorists, the basic character of Soviet foreign policy was set forth in Vladimir Lenin's ""Decree on Peace"", adopted by the Second Congress of Soviets in November 1917. It set forth the dual nature of Soviet foreign"
"Nikolai Patolichev Nikolai Semyonovich Patolichev (; 10 September 1908 – 1 December 1989) was Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR from 1958 to 1985. Prior to that, he was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia from 1950 to 1956. Nikolai Semyonovich Patolichev was born in 1908 in Zolino in Vladimir Governorate (now Nizhny Novgorod Oblast) in a peasant family of Russian ethnicity, the son of a Red Army hero in the Russian Civil War, and was orphaned at the age of twelve. After working in factories, he became a Komsomol activist. From"
"Nikolai Bulganin Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin ( – 24 February 1975) was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defense minister under Joseph Stalin. Bulganin was born in Nizhny Novgorod, the son of an office worker. He joined the Bolshevik Party in 1917 and was recruited in 1918 into the Cheka, the Bolshevik regime's political police, where he served until 1922. After the Russian Civil War, he became an industrial manager and worked in the electricity administration until 1927. He"
"People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. In 1945-1947, Zorin was the Soviet ambassador to Czechoslovakia. In 1948, he helped organize the Czechoslovak coup d'état. In 1947-1955 and again in 1956-1965, he was Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union. At the same time, he held other positions, including that of the permanent Soviet representative at the UN Security Council in 1952-1953. In 1955-1956, Zorin was the first Soviet ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1956-1965, he again represented the Soviet Union at the UN Security Council, which led to his famous confrontation with Adlai Stevenson on 25"
"Labour (1975, 1978), the Order of the October Revolution (1983), the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1943), and Honorary citizen of Chelyabinsk (1978). Nikolai Patolichev Nikolai Semyonovich Patolichev (; 10 September 1908 – 1 December 1989) was Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR from 1958 to 1985. Prior to that, he was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia from 1950 to 1956. Nikolai Semyonovich Patolichev was born in 1908 in Zolino in Vladimir Governorate (now Nizhny Novgorod Oblast) in a peasant family of Russian ethnicity, the son of a Red"
"intermittently until circa 1970. His papers were lost after his death at age 89 in Moscow, but were eventually found and published in 2001. Dmitri Shepilov Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (, ""Dmitrij Trofimovič Šepilov""; – 18 August 1995) was a Soviet politician and Minister of Foreign Affairs who joined the abortive plot to oust Nikita Khrushchev from power in 1957. Dmitri Shepilov was born in Askhabad in (current capital of Turkmenistan) the Transcaspian Oblast of the Russian Empire in a working-class family of Russian ethnicity. He graduated from the Law School of the Moscow State University in 1926 and was sent"
"taken in consideration. Mikhail Gorbachev's ""new thinking"" led to friendlier foreign relations with the Western countries, but his domestic policies destabilised the country, and in 1991 the Soviet Union dissolved. In 1991, before the country's dissolution, the Ministry was renamed the Ministry of External Relations. The ministry was succeeded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in 1992 after Russia declared itself the legal successor to the USSR. The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers during the Soviet era: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) The Ministry of External Relations (MER)"
"Georgy Malenkov Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov ( – 14 January 1988) was a Soviet politician who succeeded Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union, holding this position from 1953 to 1955. Personal connections with Vladimir Lenin sped his ascent within the Soviet leadership. By 1925, he was entrusted with overseeing the party's records. This brought him into contact with Stalin who had by then successfully consolidated his position as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. As a result of this association, Malenkov became heavily involved in Stalin's purges. During World War II, he was given sole"
"Minister of Foreign Affairs under Anton Yugov (1956–1962) and briefly deputy Prime Minister (1956–1957). After his release from the government, he was sent to Switzerland as Bulgarian ambassador (1963–1966). He died in Sofia on 15 July 1982. Karlo Lukanov Karlo Todorov Lukanov (; – 15 July 1982) was a Bulgarian politician of the Bulgarian Communist Party and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1956 to 1962. His father Todor Lukanov and his son Andrey Lukanov were both prominent socialist and communist politicians. Karlo Lukanov was born in Pleven, a city in north central Bulgaria, to the family of Todor Lukanov, a"
"was retired on a pension. Nikolai Bulganin Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin ( – 24 February 1975) was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defense minister under Joseph Stalin. Bulganin was born in Nizhny Novgorod, the son of an office worker. He joined the Bolshevik Party in 1917 and was recruited in 1918 into the Cheka, the Bolshevik regime's political police, where he served until 1922. After the Russian Civil War, he became an industrial manager and worked in the"
"of the Communist Party. The foremost objectives of Soviet foreign policy had been the maintenance and enhancement of national security and the maintenance of hegemony over Eastern Europe. Relations with the United States and Western Europe were also of major concern to Soviet foreign policy makers and, much as with the United States, relations with individual Third World states were at least partly determined by the proximity of each state to the border and to estimates of strategic significance. When Mikhail Gorbachev succeeded Konstantin Chernenko as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985, it signaled a dramatic change in"
"Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with"
"Dmitri Shepilov Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (, ""Dmitrij Trofimovič Šepilov""; – 18 August 1995) was a Soviet politician and Minister of Foreign Affairs who joined the abortive plot to oust Nikita Khrushchev from power in 1957. Dmitri Shepilov was born in Askhabad in (current capital of Turkmenistan) the Transcaspian Oblast of the Russian Empire in a working-class family of Russian ethnicity. He graduated from the Law School of the Moscow State University in 1926 and was sent to work in Yakutsk, where he worked as a deputy prosecutor and acting prosecutor for Yakutia. In 1928–1929 Shepilov worked as an assistant regional"
"Sosnovka-3 in Troitse-Lykovo by the Moskva River with a private beach, while Sosnovka-1 was used by Mikhail Suslov. Konstantin Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (; , 24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984 until his death thirteen months later, on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984 until his death. Chernenko was born to a poor family in the village of Bolshaya Tes (now"
"by his friend Yevgeny Primakov in 1985. When Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985, Yakovlev became a senior advisor, helping to shape Soviet foreign policy by advocating Soviet non-intervention in Eastern Europe, and accompanying Gorbachev on his five summit meetings with President of the United States Ronald Reagan. Domestically, he argued in favour of the reform programs that became known as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) and played a key role in executing those policies. In 1987, the Russian nationalist organization Pamyat sent a letter entitled ""Stop Yakovlev!"" to the plenum of"
"– 20 July 1954) achieved a temporary peace in French Indochina and France's withdrawal from Vietnam, but formal peace in Korea remained elusive. On 23 October 1954 the Soviet Union proposed another Big Four conference to discuss reunification of Germany and withdrawal of the occupying forces. Former Minister of Defense Nikolai Bulganin succeeded Georgy Malenkov as Premier of Russia on 8 February 1955. On 10 May 1955 the US, Britain and France proposed a Big Four conference of heads of state. Russia accepted on 14 May 1955. On 15 May 1955 the Big Four nations signed an Austrian peace treaty."
"a policy of peaceful cooperation. He was influential in obtaining $38 million in food and supplies for his drought–stricken country. 1951 he helped obtain $50 million in economic aid from the United States, Britain and France, secured after the release of archbishop Aloysius Stepinac. 1954 Chairman of the foreign affairs committee of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia. 1955–1958 he served as ambassador to China, USA and Vietnam. 1958–1972 He served as: Married the former Vjera Radimir in 1946 1969. Vladimir Popović (diplomat) Vladimir Popović Lukin (January 27, 1914 – April 1, 1972), also known as Vlado Popović, was a Yugoslav"
"Vyacheslav Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; né Skryabin; 9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin. Molotov served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Premier) from 1930 to 1941, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949 and from 1953 to 1956. He served as First Deputy Premier from 1942 to 1957, when he was dismissed from the Presidium of the Central Committee by Nikita Khrushchev."
"when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. Andrei Gromyko spent his initial days as Minister of Foreign Affairs solving problems between his ministry and the International Department (ID) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) headed by Boris Ponomarev. Ponomarev advocated an expanded role for the ID in Soviet foreign relations; Gromyko flatly refused it. Valentin Falin, a top Soviet official, said the ID ""interfered in the activities"" of Gromyko and his ministry countless times. Gromyko disliked both Ponomarev and the power sharing between the ID and the foreign ministry. In 1958 Mao Zedong tried to"
"and international stimuli. After Mikhail Gorbachev became general Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985, for instance, some Western analysts discerned in the ranking of priorities a possible de-emphasis of Soviet support for national liberation movements. Although the emphasis and ranking of priorities were subject to change, two basic goals of Soviet foreign policy remained constant: national security (safeguarding Communist Party rule through internal control and the maintenance of adequate military forces) and, since the late 1940s, influence over Eastern Europe. Many Western analysts have examined the way Soviet behavior in various regions and countries supported the general goals of"
"editor of ""Radaynska Ukraine"", he edited the Ukrainian satirical newspaper ""Perets'"". In 1952–1954 – Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR. From 17 June 1953 to 11 May 1954 – Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR. From 11 May 1954 to 13 August 1965 – Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR Headed the Ukrainian delegation to sessions of the UN General Assembly. From 13 August 1965 to 25 October 1972 – Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Soviet Union in Morocco. He died in Kiev on 26 December 1985 at the age of"
"four states that claim independence from the other internationally recognized post-Soviet states, but possess limited international recognition: Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria. The Chechen separatist movement of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria lacks any international recognition. Stalin always made the final policy decisions, 1925–1953. Otherwise Soviet foreign policy was set by the Commission on the Foreign Policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or by the Party's highest body the Politburo. Operations were handled by the separate Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was known as the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (or Narkomindel),"
"the Yugoslavian General Staff from 1945-1953. In this function he also conducted negotiations with the representatives of Western powers associated with the modernisation of the JNA during the conflict with the Soviet Union (i.e., Informbiro). Consequently, he became the foreign minister of Yugoslavia in 1953 and held this office until 1965. As the Foreign Minister, he was the head of the Yugoslav delegation to the UN General Assembly sessions on several occasions. From 1965 until 1972 he acted as a Member of the Federal Executive Council and the Vice-President of Yugoslavia from 1966 until 1967. In 1985 he was considered"
"established with both Georgy Malenkov and Nikita Khrushchev vying for control. At the very beginning, Pervukhin, along with Georgy Zhukov and Saburov, actively participated in foreign policy decision-making. Malenkov, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, appointed Pervukhin the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers on 28 February 1955. From 5 March 1953 to 17 April 1954, Pervukhin was the Minister of Power and Electrical Industry, and from December 1953 to February 1955, he was Chairman of the Bureau for Energy, Chemical and Forest Industries of the Council of Ministers. On 25 December 1956 Nikolai Bulganin,"
"for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing economic collapse. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989,"
"Soviet of the Soviet Union. He was made a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1976. Mikhail Yasnov Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov (; – 23 July 1991) was a Soviet politician. He was Chairman of the Moscow City Executive Committee and head of Moscow in 1950–1956. In 1956–1957 he was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR. Between 1957 and 1966 he was First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and between 1966 and 1985 he was Chairman of the RSFSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) and later deputy. In 1950–1954"
"of the International Information Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1978 to 1986. In 1986, he was appointed the Soviet ambassador to the United Kingdom. He was forced to resign his ambassadorship after his refusal to condemn the 1991 August Coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. Leonid Zamyatin Leonid Mitrofanovich Zamyatin () (born 9 March 1922) is a former Soviet ambassador and diplomat. He graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute, and worked as a diplomat from 1946. He became an adviser to the Soviet delegation at the United Nations, and a permanent representative of"
"Eduard Shevardnadze Eduard Ambrosiyevich Shevardnadze (, ""Eduard Ambrosis dze Ševardnadze""; 25 January 1928 – 7 July 2014) was a Georgian politician and diplomat. He served as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (GPC), the ""de facto"" leader of Soviet Georgia from 1972 to 1985 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Shevardnadze was responsible for many key decisions in Soviet foreign policy during the Gorbachev Era including reunification of Germany. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, he was President of Georgia (or in equivalent posts) from 1992 to 2003. He was"
"Moscow Conference (1945) The Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers (also known as the Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers) of the United States (James F. Byrnes), the United Kingdom (Ernest Bevin), and the Soviet Union (Vyacheslav Molotov) met in December 1945 to discuss the problems of occupation, establishing peace, and other Far East issues. The Communique issued after the Conference on December 27, 1945 contained a joint declaration which covered a number of issues resulting from the end of World War II. It was signed by the foreign ministers of the three powers and contained the following sections: Veteran American diplomat"
"of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1923-52, as well as a member of the elite inner circle known as the ""milaia comisiia"", a five-member group that ruled the eleven-member Political Secretariat. In 1926, he supplanted Nikolai Bukharin as leader of the soviet union delegation on Comintern's executive, and the lead representative at congresses of the French, German, and Czechoslovak communist parties. From 1935 until the dissolution of Comintern in 1943, he acted as deputy to its General Secretary, Georgi Dimitrov. In 1944-52, he held the largely meaningless post of Foreign Minister of Ukraine. In 1952-53, he was Ukrainian"
"both with disgust. In his speech to the 20th Party Congress in 1956, Khrushchev told delegates that Stalin had plans for ""finishing off"" Molotov and Mikoyan in the aftermath of the 19th Congress. Following Stalin's death, a realignment of the leadership strengthened Molotov's position. Georgy Malenkov, Stalin's successor in the post of Premier, reappointed Molotov as Minister of Foreign Affairs on 5 March 1953. Although Molotov was seen as a likely successor to Stalin in the immediate aftermath of his death, he never sought to become leader of the Soviet Union. A Troika was established immediately after Stalin's death, consisting"
"to the People's Republic of China, acting for a time as chargé d'affaires. Returning to Moscow in 1955, he managed the Far East Department of the Foreign Affairs Ministry until 1957, when in 1958 he was posted as the Senior Political Adviser at the Permanent Mission of the Soviet Union to the United Nations until June 1959. On 23 June 1959 he was appointed as Ambassador of the Soviet Union to Australia, and presented his Letters of Credence to Governor-General of Australia William Slim on 10 August 1959. While Kurdyukov was ambassador to Australia, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) and"
"Valentin Falin Valentin Mikhaylovich Falin () (3 April 1926 – 22 February 2018) was a Soviet diplomat and politician. Falin was born in Leningrad. He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1950. From 1951 to 1958 he worked at the USSR Foreign Ministry. From 1971 to 1978 he was the Ambassador of the USSR to the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1978 he was appointed First Deputy Chief of the International Information Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, a post he left in January 1983 for personal reasons. From 1982 to 1986 he was"