"committed themselves to farming, which did not have any skills and abilities. They took the new occupation as forced labour (""kerah"" in Malay language), that is, corvee. After 1862, there were no more signs of the presence of the Kanaq people in the Gulf of Sekana (Sopher, 1965). Instead, they are mentioned in the list of Orang laut tribes, which were vassal of the Johor Sultanate. The Sultanate's then society was highly structured, each of the vassal tribes occupied a place strictly defined for it, which corresponded to the tribal status and obligated to perform certain duties in favor of"
"Sumatran orangutan The Sumatran orangutan (""Pongo abelii"") is one of the three species of orangutans. Found only in the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, it is rarer than the Bornean orangutan but more common than the recently identified Tapanuli orangutan, also of Sumatra. Its common name is based on two separate local words, ""orang"" (""people"" or ""person"") and ""hutan"" (""forest""), and translates as 'person of the forest'. Male Sumatran orangutans grow to about tall and . Females are smaller, averaging and . Compared to the Bornean species, Sumatran orangutans are thinner and have longer faces; their hair is"
"Batutut In folklore, the Batutut or Ujit or Người rừng, sometimes also known as ""forest people"", is an entity said to inhabit the Vũ Quang nature reserve and other wilderness areas of Vietnam, Laos and northern Borneo. A 1947 sighting by a French colonist refers to the animal as a ""L'Homme Sauvage"" (wild man). Two Người Rừngs were reportedly captured by tribesmen near Đắk Lắk Province in 1971. In 1974 a North Vietnamese general, Hoang Minh Thao, requested an expedition to find evidence of the creatures, but it was unsuccessful. A professor Tran Hong Viet of Pedagogic University of Hanoi,"
"refer to members of the orangutan genus ""Pongo"", but rather uses the phrase to refer to the habitat of the subject; that is, a ""person of the forest"" (""orangutan"" translates from Malay as ""person of the forest/jungle"".) Due to the absence of previous literature concerning chimpanzees, it is not clear whether or not the titular subject was a bonobo, ""Pan paniscus"", or a common chimpanzee, ""Pan troglodytes"", as there was not great prior distinction between the two. Following his summary of the anatomy of the subject, Tyson attaches fours essays concerning the ancients' knowledge of pygmies, cynocephali, satyrs, and sphinges."
"achieved common use in New Zealand. Tangata whenua Tangata whenua () is a Māori term that literally means ""people of the land"". According to Williams' definitive ""Dictionary of the Māori Language"", ""tangata"" means ""man"" or ""human being"", whilst ""tāngata"" (with the macronated ""ā"") is the plural, and means ""people"". ""Tangata""—without the macron—can also mean ""people"" in reference to a group with a singular identity. ""Whenua"" means both ""land"" and ""placenta"" (again referencing Williams, who lists five definitions). It is an ancient Austronesian word with cognates across the Malayo-Polynesian world, from Malay ""benua"", Visayan *""banwa"" and to Rapa Nui ""henua"". Unlike"
"Tangata whenua Tangata whenua () is a Māori term that literally means ""people of the land"". According to Williams' definitive ""Dictionary of the Māori Language"", ""tangata"" means ""man"" or ""human being"", whilst ""tāngata"" (with the macronated ""ā"") is the plural, and means ""people"". ""Tangata""—without the macron—can also mean ""people"" in reference to a group with a singular identity. ""Whenua"" means both ""land"" and ""placenta"" (again referencing Williams, who lists five definitions). It is an ancient Austronesian word with cognates across the Malayo-Polynesian world, from Malay ""benua"", Visayan *""banwa"" and to Rapa Nui ""henua"". Unlike European thought, wherein people own land,"
"who was the first to use the term in a publication. The word was first attested in English in 1691 in the form ""orang-outang"", and variants with ""-ng"" instead of ""-n"" as in the Malay original are found in many languages. This spelling (and pronunciation) has remained in use in English up to the present, but has come to be regarded as incorrect. The loss of ""h"" in Utan and the shift from n to -ng has been taken to suggest that the term entered English through Portuguese. In 1869, British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, co-creator of modern evolutionary theory,"
"Orang Pendek Orang Pendek (Indonesian for ""short person"") is the most common name given to a cryptid, or cryptozoological animal, that reportedly inhabits remote, mountainous forests on the island of Sumatra. The animal has allegedly been seen and documented for at least one hundred years by forest tribes, local villagers, Dutch colonists and Western scientists and travellers. Consensus among witnesses is that the animal is a ground-dwelling, bipedal primate that is covered in short fur and stands between tall. While Orang Pendek or similar animals have historically been reported throughout Sumatra in Indonesia, and Southeast Asia, recent sightings have occurred"
"Orangutan The orangutans (also spelled orang-utan, orangutang, or orang-utang) are three extant species of great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia. Orangutans are currently only found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan (""P. pygmaeus"", with three subspecies) and the Sumatran orangutan (""P. abelii""). In November 2017 it was reported that a third species had been identified, the Tapanuli orangutan (""P. tapanuliensis""). Genomic comparisons show that the Tapanuli orangutan separated from the Sumatran orangutan about 3.4"
"Tau Taa Wana The Tau Taa Wana (sometimes Tau Ta'a Wana or Tao Taa Wana) is a sub-group of the numerous people who speak variants of the Ta'a or Pamona language of Eastern Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Tau Taa Wana people referred to themselves as Tao Taa, as in ""tao"" means ""people"" and ""taa"" means ""not"". But most outsiders refers them as To Wana which means ""people in the forest"" because of their social image as a community residing in forests. The Tau Taa Wana people are an indigenous tribe who live in small villages or ""lipu's"" around the Bulang"
"""forest people"" and are said to live under the rule of a shaman-chief known as ""bäki"". They lived in Tuva and Mongolian Khövsgöl Province and the Oirats moved to the south in the 14th century. In one famous passage the Oirat chief, Quduqa Bäki, uses a ""yada"" or 'thunder stone' to unleash a powerful storm on Genghis' army. The magical ploy backfires however, when an unexpected wind blows the storm back at Quduqa. During early stages of Temujin Genghis's rise, Oirats under Quduqa bekhi fought against Genghis and were defeated. Oirats were fully submitted to Mongol rule after their ally"
"among the ""forest people"" in the 13th century. Similar to that is the Turkic aghach ari (""woodman"") that is found as place name in many locales, including the corrupted name of the town of Aghajari in Iran. A second opinion believes the name derives from Mongolian word ""oirt"" (or ""oirkhon"") meaning ""close (as in distance),"" as in ""close/nearer ones."" The name Oirat may derive from a corruption of the group's original name ""Dörben Öörd"", meaning ""The Allied Four."" Perhaps inspired by the designation Dörben Öörd, other Mongols at times used the term ""Döchin Mongols"" for themselves (""Döchin"" meaning forty), but"
"Òràngún, meaning ""My Ogbo knows the way"", or ""The Ogbo knows the way""), which the Yoruba sub-ethnic of northeastern Yorubaland (of Òsun and Kwara States of Nigeria) are called. This translation of Ogbo is only one interpretation; in standardized Yoruba, Ogbo in fact means Long Life, or Senior citizen, depending on where the accents are. Ada, is the yoruba word for cutlass, Ogbo mi mo ona would correctly translate to ""My elder shows me the road"". In Oke-Ila Orangun one of the twin sister-kingdoms, and capital of Ifedayo Local Government area of Osun State, the current Orangun is Oba Adedokun"
"in the Javanese language it is known as the ""upas"" or ""ancar"". In the Indonesian language it is known as ""bemu"". In the related official language of the Philippines, Filipino, ""upas"", and in Malaysia's Malaysian language as ""Ipoh"" or ""ancar"". In Thai it is the ยางน่อง (yangnong). In Mandinka, it is the ""jafo"" and in Wolof the ""kan"" or ""man"". The Chinese of Hainan Island, refer to the tree as the ""Poison Arrow Tree"" ( — ""Arrow Poison Wood,"") because its latex was smeared on arrowheads in ancient times by the Li people for use in hunting and warfare. Currently"
"in historical-linguistic convention as *mana-""—existed in Proto-Oceanic, the precursor of many Pacific languages. Although the path through the tree from Proto-Oceanic to a specific language is not always clear, the word and concept are thousands of years old. According to linguist Robert Blust, ""mana"" means ""thunder, storm, or wind"" in some languages. Blust hypothesized that the term originally meant ""powerful forces of nature such as thunder and storm winds that were conceived as the expression of an unseen supernatural agency. As Oceanic-speaking peoples spread eastward, the notion of an unseen supernatural agency became detached from the physical forces of nature"
"man of the forest with the ears of a horse and sometimes also the tail and legs of a horse. The later sileni were drunken followers of Dionysus, usually bald and fat with thick lips and squat noses, and having the legs of a human. Later still, the plural ""sileni"" went out of use and the only references were to one individual named Silenus, the teacher and faithful companion of the wine-god Dionysus. A notorious consumer of wine, he was usually drunk and had to be supported by satyrs or carried by a donkey. Silenus was described as the oldest,"
"The Disenchanted Forest The Disenchanted Forest is a 1999 documentary film that follows endangered orphan orangutans on the island of Borneo as they are rehabilitated and returned to their rainforest home. It centres on the three main Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS) projects - Wanariset, Nyaru Menteng and Mawas. It is narrated by Brooke Shields. In the Bornean rainforest Dr. Anne Russon, primate psychologist, broaches new territory in the attempt to understand orangutan intelligence and psychology. Orangutans, like humans, have ""culture."" They do not rely solely on animal instinct for survival. Instead a rich and complex society of elders and"
"led to renewed speculation in this respect. Orang Pendek Orang Pendek (Indonesian for ""short person"") is the most common name given to a cryptid, or cryptozoological animal, that reportedly inhabits remote, mountainous forests on the island of Sumatra. The animal has allegedly been seen and documented for at least one hundred years by forest tribes, local villagers, Dutch colonists and Western scientists and travellers. Consensus among witnesses is that the animal is a ground-dwelling, bipedal primate that is covered in short fur and stands between tall. While Orang Pendek or similar animals have historically been reported throughout Sumatra in Indonesia,"
"Project. Conservation organisations such as Orangutan Land Trust work with the palm oil industry to improve sustainability and encourages the industry to establish conservation areas for orangutans. It works to bring different stakeholders together to achieve conservation of the species and its habitat. Orangutan The orangutans (also spelled orang-utan, orangutang, or orang-utang) are three extant species of great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia. Orangutans are currently only found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan"
"pygmaeus"" is not Latin unlike most other Linnean classifications. The genus name ""Pongo"" is derived from the Bantu word ""mpongo"" used to indicate a large primate. It was originally used to describe chimpanzees in Western African dialects. The species name ""pygmaeus"" is derived from the Greek word ""pygmy"" meaning dwarf. The Bornean orangutan is the third-heaviest living primate after the two species of gorilla, and the largest truly arboreal (or tree-dwelling) animal alive today. Body weights broadly overlap with the considerably taller ""Homo sapiens"", but the latter is considerably more variable in size. By comparison, the Sumatran orangutan is similar"
"Uriankhai Uriankhai (traditional Mongolian: , Mongolian Cyrillic: урианхай; ; ), Uriankhan (, урианхан) or Uriankhat (, урианхад), is a term of address applied by the Mongols to a group of forest peoples of the North, who include the Turkic-speaking Tuvans and Yakuts, while sometimes it's also only applied to the Mongolian-speaking Altai Uriankhai. The western forest Uriankhai tribe is not to be confused with the transbaikal one, as the latter had been recorded in Chinese sources as 兀良哈 (pinyin: ""Wùliánghā""). The name ""Uriankhai' means ""uria"" (motto, war motto) and khan (lord) in Mongolian. The Mongols applied the name to all"
"Nonja (Malaysian orangutan) Nonja (1952 – December 29, 2007) was a female sumatran orangutan who was thought to be the oldest of her species in either the wild or captivity. She was 55 years old when she died in 2007. Nonja, whose name meant ""girl"" in Malaysian, was captured in the wild and brought to the Wassenaar Zoo in the Netherlands in 1955. She was thought to be about 2–3 years old at the time. She was transferred to the Miami MetroZoo (now Zoo Miami) on October 4, 1983, where she spent the rest of her life. Nonja gave birth"
"of the verb: The English translations are not ""A pot was sitting there,"" ""A big village stood there,"" or ""The river lay there."" That reflects the fact that the postural categorization is required in such Mandan locative statements. Mandan, like many other North American languages, has elements of sound symbolism in its vocabulary. A sound often denotes smallness/less intensity, denotes medium-ness, denotes largeness/greater intensity: Compare the similar examples in Lakhota. Mandan language Mandan (Mandan: ""Nų́ų́ʔetaa íroo"") is an extinct Siouan language of North Dakota in the United States. By 2009, there was just one fluent speaker of Mandan, Dr. Edwin"
"Manitou Manitou (), akin to the Iroquois ""orenda"", is the spiritual and fundamental life force among Algonquian groups in the Native American mythology. It is omnipresent and manifests everywhere: organisms, the environment, events, etc. ""Aashaa monetoo"" means ""good spirit"", while ""otshee monetoo"" means ""bad spirit."" When the world was created, the Great Spirit, ""Aasha Monetoo"", gave the land to the indigenous peoples, the Shawnee in particular. The term ""manitou"" was already in widespread use at the time of early European contact. In 1585, when Thomas Harriot recorded the first glossary of an Algonquian language, Roanoke (Pamlico), he included the word"
"of a creature by the naturalist George Edwards in ""A Study of Anthropoid Life"". This primate bears an uncanny resemblance to the one shot by de Loys. The text under the drawing says, ""The painter-naturalist Edwards (1758-64) stands as a somewhat notable figure in the history of anthropoid knowledge because in addition to writing a readable popular description of the 'man of the woods' he illustrated it with a figure entitled 'The Satier, Sauage, Wild-man, Pigmy, Orang-outang, Chimp-anzee, A.D. 1757, Geo. Edwards, Delin.et Sculp.,' in which he so skilfully mingled the structural characters of oran-outan, chimpanzee, and gibbon that one"
"of hunters being seduced by female orangutans. Europeans became aware of the existence of the orangutan possibly as early as the 17th century. European explorers in Borneo hunted them extensively during the 19th century. The first accurate description of orangutans was given by Dutch anatomist Petrus Camper, who observed the animals and dissected some specimens. Little was known about their behaviour until the field studies of Birutė Galdikas, who became a leading authority on the apes. When she arrived in Borneo, Galdikas settled into a primitive bark and thatch hut, at a site she dubbed Camp Leakey, near the edge"
"Orangun Orangun or Ọ̀ràngún is the title of both paramount kings of the Yoruba kingdoms of Oke-Ila and Ila Orangun as well as their ancient (originally united) kingdom of Ila-Yara of northeastern Yorubaland, presently in southwestern Nigeria. According to Yoruba oral history, the first Òràngún was the first son of Odùduwà, the mythical ancestor of the Yoruba, who was king at Ile-Ife in ancient times. Odùduwà’s first son was named Fagbamila and nicknamed Òràngún. The nickname is a contraction of Ọ̀ràn mí gún, meaning ""my situation is perfect"", although an alternative but implausible etymology exists. Odùduwà is said to have"
"sightings as misidentified sun bears.The creature is similar to the Muwa, another hominid, this time found in the Philippines. In the jungle of southern Thailand, there are stories of hikers for many days, with monster hairs covering the body like a monkey or ape, but speaking like a human called ""Butnak"" (). In Sumatra, mawas (sometimes maias) is common name for the orangutan. Orang Mawas In Malaysian folklore, the Orang Mawas or Mawas (also known as the Orang Dalam) is an entity reported to inhabit the jungle of Johor in Malaysia. It is described as being about 10 ft (2.4–3"
"warmly received on publication, often in lengthy reviews that attempted to summarise the book, from the perspective that suited the reviewing periodical. It was reviewed in more than 40 periodicals: a selection of those reviews is summarised below. The ""Anthropological Review"" notes that while the descriptions of animal life are ""full of interest"", ""our readers, as anthropologists, will, however, take a keener interest"" in the ""great man-like ape of Borneo,—the orang-utan, or ""mias"", as it is called by the aborigines"". Two pages are taken up with a discussion of the orang utan. The review then turns to Wallace's observations on"
"but the northern regions of Sumatra and 2) witnesses almost never describe the animal as having orange fur. Orang Pendek's reported physical characteristics differentiate it from any other species of animal known to inhabit the area. All witnesses describe it as an ape- or human-like animal. Its bipedality, fur coloring, and southerly location on the island make orangutans an unlikely explanation, and its bipedality, size, and other physical characteristics make gibbons, the only apes known to inhabit the area, unlikely as well. Orang Pendek could represent a new genus of primate or a new species or subspecies of orangutan or"
"ridge above the eyes. But the mouth is small and neat, the eyes are set wide apart and the nose is distinctly humanoid. When frightened, the animal exposes its teeth—revealing oddly broad incisors and prominent, long canine teeth. Sightings by locals often take place in farmland on the edge of the forest, where Orang Pendek is allegedly seen walking through fields and raiding crops (especially corn, potatoes, and fruit). Locals with experience in the forests claim that Orang Pendek seeks out ginger roots, a plant known locally as ""pahur"" or ""lolo"", young shoots, insects in rotting logs, and river crabs."
"Otso In Finnish mythology Otso, Ohto, Kontio, metsän kuningas (the king of the forest), and mesikämmen (honeypalm) are some of the many rarely uttered circumlocutory epithets for the spirit that was never directly named. Generally, the spirit of the bear was referred to as friend, brother, uncle, or forestcousin, or ways were thought up that would bypass the need to refer to the spirit at all, even indirectly. Some sub-traditions considered the bear to be a relative who had fled the community and been transmogrified by the power of the forest. If a bear had to be killed, a sacred"
"Ogun Ogun or Ogoun (Yoruba: Ògún, Portuguese: Ogum, Gu; also spelled Oggun or Ogou; known as Ogún in Latin America) is an Orisha, Loa, and Vodun. He is a warrior and a powerful spirit of metal work, as well as of rum and rum-making. He is also known as the 'god of Iron'. In Yoruba religion, Ogun is a primordial orisha who first appeared as a hunter named ""Tobe Ode"". He was the husband of Oya. He is said to have been the first Orisha to descend to the realm of ""Ile Aiye"" (""Earth""), to find suitable place for future"