"issues of coins were silver pieces of 6, 12, and 25 centimes. In 1827, 50 and 100 centimes coins were introduced, followed by 1 and 2 centimes in 1828. In 1846 and 1850, 6¼ centimes coins were issued as well as 6 centimes pieces. In 1863, bronze coins, produced by the Heaton mint of Birmingham, were issued. These were in denominations of 5, 10 and 20 centimes and were the last coins of the first gourde. The governments of Haiti issued paper money in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 gourdes. In 1870"
"42 million, the largest part going to pay the daily salary of the National Guard. Jourde first obtained a loan from the Rothschild Bank, then paid the bills from the city account, which was soon exhausted. The gold reserves of the Bank of France had been moved out of Paris for safety in August 1870, but its vaults contained 88 million francs in gold coins and 166 million francs in banknotes. When the Thiers government left Paris in March, they did not have the time or the reliable soldiers to take the money with them. The reserves were guarded by"
"the gourde was revalued at a rate of ten to one. Only banknotes were issued for this second gourde, with the government issuing notes of 10 and 25 gourdes. In 1872, the gourde was again revalued, this time at a rate of three hundred to one. In the early years of this third gourde, only banknotes were being issued and the name ""piastre"" was sometimes used instead of gourde, especially on a banknote issue dated 1875. In 1881, the gourde was linked to the French franc at 5 francs = 1 gourde and coin production recommenced. The peg to the"
"sold at auction in Paris, 20 July 1846. The paten and chalice were acquired by the State and the documented coins were dispersed and are not available to the public. Treasure of Gourdon The Treasure of Gourdon () is a hoard of gold objects of which date to the end of the fifth or the beginning of the sixth century AD. They were secreted soon after 524. It was unearthed in 1845 near Gourdon, Saône-et-Loire. When it was found, the hoard comprised a chalice and a rectangular paten that were similarly applied with garnets and turquoises in cloisonné compartments, together"
"could put up with it if ""Monsieur"" only squandered his money in gaming, but sometimes he gives away as much as 100,000 francs at one swoop, and all the economies fall upon me and the children. That is not at all pleasant, besides putting me in a position where, as God is my witness, we would have to live entirely on the King's charity, which is a miserable thing. Elisabeth Charlotte had apartments at Versailles, use of the Palais-Royal in Paris, and her favourite residence, the beautiful Château de Saint-Cloud on the outskirts of Paris, which was the couple's main"
"Guard and would later be sent to New Caledonia, symbolized the active participation of a small number of women in the insurrectionary events. A female battalion from the National Guard defended the Place Blanche during the repression. The Commune named Francis Jourde as the head of the Commission of Finance. A former clerk of a notary, accountant in a bank and employee of the city's bridges and roads department, Jourde maintained the Commune's accounts with prudence. Paris's tax receipts amounted to 20 million francs, with another 6 million seized at the Hotel de Ville. The expenses of the Commune were"
"triumphe!"" and singing ribald songs at their general's expense. Somewhere in the procession, two flawless white oxen were led for the sacrifice to Jupiter, garland-decked and with gilded horns. All this was done to the accompaniment of music, clouds of incense, and the strewing of flowers. Almost nothing is known of the procession's infrastructure and management. Its doubtless enormous cost was defrayed in part by the state but mostly by the general's loot, which most ancient sources dwell on in great detail and unlikely superlatives. Once disposed, this portable wealth injected huge sums into the Roman economy; the amount brought"
"the treasure he carried. John Masefield's poem ""Cargoes"" (1903) includes the stanza: <poem>Stately Spanish galleon coming from the Isthmus, Dipping through the Tropics by the palm-green shores, With a cargo of diamonds, Emeralds, amethysts, Topazes, and cinnamon, and gold moidores.</poem> Moidore Moidore or moydore is an archaic term used to describe gold coins of Portuguese origin. These coins usually feature a face value of """"4000 réis"""", the Portuguese coat of arms on its obverse, and the Order of Christ Cross on its reverse, and were minted from 1677 to as late as 1910, mainly in Portugal and in Portuguese colonies"
"Moidore Moidore or moydore is an archaic term used to describe gold coins of Portuguese origin. These coins usually feature a face value of """"4000 réis"""", the Portuguese coat of arms on its obverse, and the Order of Christ Cross on its reverse, and were minted from 1677 to as late as 1910, mainly in Portugal and in Portuguese colonies like Brazil and Mozambique. Gold coins were also issued in fractions or multiples of moidores, ranging from one-tenth of a moidore to five moidores. The ""real"" (meaning ""royal"", plural: ""réis"" or [archaic] ""reais"") was the currency unit of Portugal from"
"designs, a statuette of the deity Fortuna and a pepper-pot in the shape of an African slave-boy. Chaourse Treasure The Chaourse Treasure is a hoard of Roman silver found in Chaourse, a village near Montcornet, Aisne in northern France in 1883. Dating between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, the treasure is one of the most complete table services to survive from antiquity. This important hoard is now part of the British Museum's collection The hoard was uncovered by chance in a field near the village of Chaourse and had been deposited wrapped in cloth. Coins were also found with"
"Treasure of Gourdon The Treasure of Gourdon () is a hoard of gold objects of which date to the end of the fifth or the beginning of the sixth century AD. They were secreted soon after 524. It was unearthed in 1845 near Gourdon, Saône-et-Loire. When it was found, the hoard comprised a chalice and a rectangular paten that were similarly applied with garnets and turquoises in cloisonné compartments, together with about a hundred gold coins dating from the reigns of Byzantine emperors Leo I (457–474) through Justin I (518–527). The Merovingian king Clovis I converted to Christianity in 496;"
"votive offerings to the gods. A coroner's treasure inquest was held on 22 July 2010 to determine the status of the hoard. The inquest declared that the coins were treasure, and therefore became property of the Crown. However, under the terms of the 1996 Treasure Act, a museum may purchase the hoard at an officially valued price, with the purchase price being given jointly to the finder and landowner as a reward. Somerset County Council Heritage Service indicated that it wished to acquire the hoard, and put the coins on display in the new Museum of Somerset in Taunton when"
"Castine Hoard The Castine Hoard (also known as ""The Castine Deposit"") is the name given to a treasure trove of 500–2,000 North American colonial coins that were found in Castine, Maine. The coins were from various countries, and were buried sometime in the late 1600s. In the early 1840s the coins were discovered on a farm owned by the Grindle family. The coins were thought to have been a secret stash belonging to Baron Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin. Jean Vincent moved from France to the new world, becoming a battalion leader and later a baron following the death of his"
"Thomas Goold Thomas Goold (1766?-1846), was a master of the court of chancery in Ireland. Goold was born of a wealthy Protestant family in Cork. Coming to Dublin about 1789 he proceeded to squander his patrimony, some 10,000l, in rioting and entertainments, at which Grattan, Saurin, Bushe, Plunkett, and others, are said to have been present. Having come to the end of his resources, he applied himself zealously to practice at the bar, to which he had been called in 1791. A pamphlet in defence of Burke's ‘Reflections on the French Revolution,’ ‘against all his opponents,’ gained him the honour"
"franc did not last but, in 1912, the gourde was pegged to the US dollar at a value of 5 gourdes to the US dollar. Although this peg was abandoned in 1989 and the currency now floats, because of the old link, five gourdes is often referred to as a ""Haitian dollar"". Likewise, 5 centimes is a ""Haitian penny"". Indeed, in many places, prices are given not in gourdes, but rather in ""Haitian dollars"", which must be multiplied by five to convert to gourdes. The 1881 issue of coins consisted of denominations of 1, 2, 10, 20, and 50 centimes"
"Chatuzange Treasure The Chatuzange Treasure is the name of an important Roman silver hoard found in the village of Chatuzange-le-Goubet in the department of Drôme, south-eastern France. Since 1893 it has been part of the British Museum's collection. In the district of La Part-Dieu near Chatuzange-le-Goubet, among the ruins of a large Roman villa, a significant silver hoard was unearthed in 1888. The treasure, which consists of six pieces of antique dishes, seems to have been buried for safe-keeping, perhaps during the period of local insurrections that occurred at this time in Roman Gaul. It was discovered by the land-owner"
"made fun of Wood's ragged clothing but Wood bet him £5 that he could withdraw £100,000 from the bank on his arrival in the city. The fellow passenger did not believe him but when Wood was able to show that he could do just that, his travelling companion was forced to hand over the £5. Wood was renowned for walking everywhere rather than paying the cost of a carriage. One story records that once he travelled back to Gloucester from Tewkesbury in the back of a passing hearse, laid out in the space usually reserved for the deceased. His miserliness"
"Gore Hundred Gore was a hundred of the historic county of Middlesex, England. It covered an area in the north of the county, in present London Boroughs roughly that of Harrow, one third of Barnet (including Hendon and Edgware) and about a third of Brent. Per the relatively frequent central medieval records of all major estates including the Domesday Book, Feet of Fines (premiums on estates being transferred), Assize Rolls and subsidy rolls its parishes were: By the end of the 15th century (due to subinfeudation) some 22 manors were in the Hundred. From an early date the jurisdiction exercised"
"chamber - it may have been for safe-keeping during a local crisis or was perhaps a votive offering to the gods. Recent research indicates that much of the gold used in the creation of these pieces came from the Mourne Mountains in County Down. Mooghaun North Hoard The Mooghaun North Hoard or ""Great Clare Find"" is the name of an important Bronze Age hoard found at Mooghaun North, near Newmarket-on-Fergus in County Clare, Ireland. Considered one of the greatest Bronze Age hoards of gold ever found north of the Alps, unfortunately most of the treasure was melted down soon after"
"railway networks, managed the Count of Chambord’s wealth, and was also Victor Hugo’s banker. His artistic sensitivity made him one of Chopin’s best students, who dedicated one of his mazurkas to him. Emile Gaillard was a collector, amateur of Middle Ages and Renaissance art. Pieces of furniture, decorative art objects, tapestries and works of art constituted his collection. This collection becoming impossible to hold in his accommodation of rue Daru, Emile Gaillard decided to have a mansion built on the Plaine Monceau, in the 17th district of Paris. He asked Jules Février to build this neo-gothic castle for him in"
"Chaourse Treasure The Chaourse Treasure is a hoard of Roman silver found in Chaourse, a village near Montcornet, Aisne in northern France in 1883. Dating between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, the treasure is one of the most complete table services to survive from antiquity. This important hoard is now part of the British Museum's collection The hoard was uncovered by chance in a field near the village of Chaourse and had been deposited wrapped in cloth. Coins were also found with the treasure, the latest dating from the Gallic emperor Postumus. It appears that tableware was buried shortly"
"Cheste hoard The Cheste hoard () is an Iberian hoard discovered near the town of Cheste, Valencia, in 1864. Dating to about 200 BCE, the hoard was found buried in two pots and contained gold jewellery, silver coins and silver ingots. It is currently held in the Valencia History Museum. The jewellery consists of a necklace, three pendants and a ""fibula"" (brooch), all made from gold. The fibula is of particular interest because it is decorated with a human head in the style of the La Tène culture, associated with the Celts, showing Celtic or Celtiberian influence on the Iberian"
"coinage to pay mercenaries, who often switched sides over the course of the war. The silver ingots are ""hacksilber"": cut or melted pieces of silver that were used as bullion and commonly found in Iberian hoards from this period. Unlike coinage, hacksilber was not controlled by the state, and could also be used in smaller transactions than the larger denomination coins in circulation. It was also used by silversmiths. Cheste hoard The Cheste hoard () is an Iberian hoard discovered near the town of Cheste, Valencia, in 1864. Dating to about 200 BCE, the hoard was found buried in two"
"coins are thought to exist, but none have since been found. Castine Hoard The Castine Hoard (also known as ""The Castine Deposit"") is the name given to a treasure trove of 500–2,000 North American colonial coins that were found in Castine, Maine. The coins were from various countries, and were buried sometime in the late 1600s. In the early 1840s the coins were discovered on a farm owned by the Grindle family. The coins were thought to have been a secret stash belonging to Baron Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin. Jean Vincent moved from France to the new world, becoming a"
"as Kozhikode) in India with the goal of establishing trade relations and a factory (trading post). The second division, consisting of one ""nau"" and one round caravel, set sail for the port of Sofala in what is today Mozambique. In exchange for leading the fleet, Cabral was entitled to 10,000 ""cruzados"" (an old Portuguese currency equivalent to approximately 35 kg of gold) and the right to purchase of pepper at his own expense for transport back to Europe. The pepper could then be resold, tax-free, to the Portuguese Crown. He was also allowed to import 10 boxes of any other"
"and guilds of the city processing behind the prince. From the mid-14th century the guild members often wore special uniform clothes, each guild choosing a bright colour; in Tournai in 1464 three hundred men wore large embroidered silk fleur de lys (the royal badge) on their chests and backs, at their own expense. The prince reciprocated by confirming, and sometimes extending, the customary privileges of the city or a local area of which it was the capital. Usually the prince also visited the cathedral to be received by the bishop and confirm the privileges of the cathedral chapter also. There"
"By the 1740s the administrators of Fort de Chartres, in the Illinois Country, were using card money to pay their troops; the numismatist Harry Wigington suggests that the currency was introduced by administrators who had experience with similar notes in Canada or New Orleans. Known as ""Solde de Troupe"" notes, this card money did not have official government backing. Rather, it was authorized by the fort's commanders and applied by the guardians of its warehouse. These notes were discontinued when the British – who, by law, had to pay their soldiers in specie – assumed control of the fort in"
"in great abundance"". Father Robert believed that these finds and the presence of ""several ancient mounds"" in the immediate vicinity clearly indicated that there had been a Roman military post here. The fact that the site of the hoard's discovery occupied ""one of the highest spots in the forest, [commanding] a very extensive view of the surrounding country"" was also felt to lend credence to this theory. However, more recent historians have tended to the idea that the hoard may have been placed here 'in hiding' and eventually forgotten about. The remaining coins are now housed at the Newarke Houses"
"to be found in Northumberland. Collette Hoard The Collette Hoard was found in fields near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England by metal detectorist John Minns in April 2005. The hoard is named after Collette, the eight-year-old daughter of Minns, rather than the location it was found at, in order to keep the find location secret. The hoard included six gold lock rings, believed to have been hair decorations, as well as bracelets, rings and pins and also six socketed axes which could have been used either for woodworking or as weapons, and the first socketed gouge – a tool which would have"
"Collette Hoard The Collette Hoard was found in fields near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England by metal detectorist John Minns in April 2005. The hoard is named after Collette, the eight-year-old daughter of Minns, rather than the location it was found at, in order to keep the find location secret. The hoard included six gold lock rings, believed to have been hair decorations, as well as bracelets, rings and pins and also six socketed axes which could have been used either for woodworking or as weapons, and the first socketed gouge – a tool which would have been used by craftsmen –"
"a stove or a fireplace, basic furniture, curtains and in most cases a window. A typical criticism of the rooms was that they were shabby and basic rather than uncomfortable. Like the calottes, the main courtyard, used for exercise, was often criticised by prisoners as being unpleasant at the height of summer or winter, although the garden in the bastion and the castle walls were also used for recreation. The governor received money from the Crown to support the prisoners, with the amount varying on rank: the governor received 19 livres a day for each political prisoner – with conseiller-grade"
"in several areas (Plainpalais, La Cluse, Malagnou and Bossey, at the foot of Mount Salève) that went to furnish the Hôpital's own tables in Bourg-de-Four. Hectares of forested land also guaranteed a steady supply of wood for heating. The Hôpital général was also granted the revenues from residency and bourgeoisie (full citizenship) fees paid by beneficiaries of those rights, as well as the taxes levied on entertainments, mainly street shows (the so-called paupers’ tax). Donations, bequests and monies from collection boxes represented a good third of the institution's revenues. The monopoly that the Hôpital général held over the rental of"
"emoluments, from the rents on his properties in Normandy and in Paris, and the dowry of his late wife. He divided his time among several residences, near the King at Fontainebleau, near the Cardinal at Rueil. In Paris his house was in rue Saint-Honoré, closer to his two masters than the old family accommodations in the Marais, which was beginning to lose its cachet. The house in rue Saint-Honoré was famed in its time for its sober elegance, which set him apart from his colleagues' more expansive and luxurious ""hôtels particuliers"" In Normandy Sublet de Noyers abandoned by stages the"