"Complications of pregnancy Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are caused by pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur primarily after childbirth are termed puerperal disorders. Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada. In the immediate postpartum period (puerperium), 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after six months postpartum) are reported by 31% of women. In 2016, complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium"
"to repair tissue. But, there was also a large blame of the uterus for completely unrelated conditions. This led to many social consequences of the nineteenth century. Obstetrics Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. As a medical specialty, obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) which is a surgical field. Prenatal care is important in screening for various complications of pregnancy. This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests: Genetic screening for Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and trisomy 18, the national"
"Obstetrics Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. As a medical specialty, obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) which is a surgical field. Prenatal care is important in screening for various complications of pregnancy. This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests: Genetic screening for Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and trisomy 18, the national standard in the United States, is rapidly evolving away from the AFP-Quad screen for Down syndrome, done typically in the second trimester at 16–18 weeks. The newer"
"Gynaecology Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems (vagina, uterus, and ovaries) and the breasts. Outside medicine, the term means ""the science of women"". Its counterpart is andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system. Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians (see ""obstetrics and gynaecology""). In many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap. The word ""gynaecology"" comes from the oblique stem (γυναικ-) of Greek γυνή (""gyne)"", ""woman"", and ""-logia"", ""study"". The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus, dated to about 1800 BC, deals with"
"Obstetric medicine Obstetric medicine, similar to maternal medicine, is a sub-specialty of general internal medicine and obstetrics that specializes in process of prevention, diagnosing, and treating medical disorders in with pregnant women. It is closely related to the specialty of maternal-fetal medicine, although obstetric medicine does not directly care for the fetus. The practice of obstetric medicine, or previously known as ""obstetric intervention,"" primarily consisted of the extraction of the baby during instances of duress, such as obstructed labor or if the baby was positioned in breech. Obstetric physicians may provide care for chronic medical conditions that precede the pregnancy"
"Women's medicine in antiquity Childbirth and obstetrics in Classical Antiquity (here meaning the ancient Greco-Roman world) were studied by the physicians of ancient Greece and Rome. Their ideas and practices during this time endured in Western medicine for centuries and many themes are seen in modern women's health. Gynecology and obstetrics were originally studied and taught mainly by midwives in the ancient world, but eventually scholarly physicians of both sexes became involved as well. Obstetrics is traditionally defined as the surgical specialty dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (recovery). Gynecology"
"involves the medical practices dealing with the health of women's reproductive organs (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and their breasts. Midwifery and obstetrics are distinctly different but overlap in medical practice that focuses on pregnancy and labor. Midwifery emphasizes the normality of pregnancy along with the reproductive process. Classical Antiquity saw the beginning of attempts to classify various areas of medical research, and the terms gynecology and obstetrics came into use. The ""Hippocratic Corpus,"" a large collection of treatises attributed to Hippocrates, features a number of gynecological treatises, which date to the classical period. During the era of Classical Antiquity, women practiced"
"(such as epilepsy, asthma or heart disease), or for new medical problems that develop while the pregnancy is already in progress (such as gestational diabetes, and hypertension). By the 19th century, obstetrics had become recognized as a medical discipline in Europe and the United States. Formal training in obstetric medicine is currently offered in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Canada. Obstetrics gains its origins from the observation that, through out historical record, women have accompanied other women during the birthing stage of their pregnancy. Similar findings can be observed in Anthropological research of tribal birthing practices, ancient Egyptian"
"Maternal–fetal medicine Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) (also known as perinatology) is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy. Maternal–fetal medicine specialists are physicians who subspecialize within the field of obstetrics. Their training typically includes a four-year residency in obstetrics and gynecology followed by a three-year fellowship. They may perform prenatal tests, provide treatments, and perform surgeries. They act both as a consultant during lower-risk pregnancies and as the primary obstetrician in especially high-risk pregnancies. After birth, they may work closely with pediatricians or neonatologists. For the"
"puberty. Pediatric gynaecology Pediatric gynaecology or pediatric gynecology is the medical practice dealing with the health of the vagina, vulva, uterus, and ovaries of infants, children, and adolescents. Its counterpart is pediatric andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the penis and testes. The word ""gynaecology"" comes from the Greek γυνή ""gyne"". ""woman"" and ""-logia"", ""study."" Assessment of the external genitalia and breast development are often part of routine physical examinations. Physicians also can advise pediatric gynecology patients on anatomy and sexuality. Assessment can include an examination of the vulva, and rarely involve the introduction of instruments into the"
"Embryology Embryology (from Greek , ""embryon"", ""the unborn, embryo""; and , ""-logia"") is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology. Embryology has a long history. Aristotle proposed the currently accepted theory of epigenesis, that organisms develop from seed or egg in a sequence of steps. The alternative theory, preformationism, that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves, however held sway until the 18th century. Modern embryology developed from the work of"
"Occupational medicine Occupational medicine, until 1960 called industrial medicine, is the branch of medicine which is concerned with the maintenance of health in the workplace, including prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries, with secondary objectives of maintaining and increasing productivity and social adjustment in the workplace. It is, thus, the branch of clinical medicine active in the field of occupational health and safety. OM specialists work to ensure that the highest standards of occupational health and safety are achieved and maintained in the workplace. While OM may involve a wide number of disciplines, it centers on preventive medicine and"
"would help with the birth of a child would be in the sitting position, usually when performed on the side of a bed to support the mother. Men were introduced into the field of obstetrics in the nineteenth century and resulted in a change of the focus of this profession. Gynaecology directly resulted as a new and separate field of study from obstetrics and focused on the curing of illness and indispositions of female sexual organs. This had some relevance to some conditions as menopause, uterine and cervical problems, and childbirth could leave the mother in need of extensive surgery"
"Obstetrical nursing Obstetrical nursing, also called perinatal nursing, is a nursing specialty that works with patients who are attempting to become pregnant, are currently pregnant, or have recently delivered. Obstetrical nurses help provide prenatal care and testing, care of patients experiencing pregnancy complications, care during labor and delivery, and care of patients following delivery. Obstetrical nurses work closely with obstetricians, midwives, and nurse practitioners. They also provide supervision of patient care technicians and surgical technologists. Obstetrical nurses perform postoperative care on a surgical unit, stress test evaluations, cardiac monitoring, vascular monitoring, and health assessments. Obstetrical nurses are required to possess"
"Oogonium An oogonium (plural oogonia) is a small diploid cell which upon maturation forms a primordial follicle in a female fetus or the female (haploid or diploid) gametangium of certain thallophytes. Oogonia are formed in large numbers by mitosis early in fetal development from primordial germ cells. In humans they start to develop between weeks 4 and 8 and are present in the fetus between weeks 5 and 30. Normal oogonia in human ovaries are spherical or ovoid in shape and are found amongst neighboring somatic cells and oocytes at different phases of development. Oogonia can be distinguished from neighboring"
"Urology Urology (from Greek οὖρον ""ouron"" ""urine"" and ""-logia"" ""study of""), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis). The urinary and reproductive tracts are closely linked, and disorders of one often affect the other. Thus a major spectrum of the conditions managed in urology exists under the domain of"
"children before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. Such health practitioners include obstetricians, midwives, obstetrical nurses and many others. One of the main differences between these professions is in the training and authority to provide surgical services and other life-saving interventions. In some developing countries, traditional birth attendants, or traditional midwives, are the primary source of pregnancy and childbirth care for many women and families, although they are not certified or licensed. A geriatric care practitioner plans and coordinates the care of the elderly and/or disabled to promote their health, improve their quality of life, and maintain their independence for"
"Reproductive medicine Reproductive medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems; goals include improving or maintaining reproductive health and allowing people to have children at a time of their choosing. It is founded on knowledge of reproductive anatomy, physiology, and endocrinology, and incorporates relevant aspects of molecular biology, biochemistry and pathology. Reproductive medicine addresses issues of sexual education, puberty, family planning, birth control, infertility, reproductive system disease (including sexually transmitted diseases) and sexual dysfunction. In women, reproductive medicine also covers menstruation, ovulation, pregnancy and menopause, as well as gynecologic disorders that affect"
"an obstetrician varies by country. In the United States, as of 2017, the average salary is $222,400–$315,277. Obstetrics and gynaecology Obstetrics and gynecology (commonly abbreviated as OB-GYN, OBG or O&G in US English, and as obs and gyne in British English) is the medical specialty that encompasses the two subspecialties of obstetrics (covering pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period) and gynecology (covering the health of the female reproductive systems – vagina, uterus, and ovaries). Postgraduate training programs for both fields are usually combined, preparing the practicing obstetrician-gynecologist to be adept both at the care of female reproductive organs' health and"
"Pediatrics Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people be under pediatric care up to the age of 21. A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or paediatrician. The word ""pediatrics"" and its cognates mean ""healer of children""; they derive from two Greek words: (""pais"" ""child"") and (""iatros"" ""doctor, healer""). Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly those working in its subspecialties such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians. Already Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus,"
"Orthopaedic sports medicine Orthopedic Sports Medicine is a subspecialty of orthopedic medicine and sports medicine. The word orthopaedic derives from “ortho” which is the Greek root for “straight” and “pais” which is the Greek root for child. During the early history of orthopaedic medicine, orthopaedists used braces, among other things, to make a child “straight.” Today, orthopaedists are making people of all ages “straight,” including athletes from all different kinds of sports. The phrase “sports medicine” is not specific to one career/profession. It instead, encompasses a group of professionals from various disciplines whose focus is the health of an athlete."
"Midwifery Midwifery is the health science and health profession that deals with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period (including care of the newborn), in addition to the sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their lives. In many countries, midwifery is a medical profession (special for its independent and direct specialized education; should not be confused with the medical specialty, which depends on a previous general training). A professional in midwifery is known as a midwife. A 2013 Cochrane review concluded that ""most women should be offered midwifery-led continuity models of care and women should be encouraged to ask for"
"extensively about the physiology of the female reproductive system. In his book ""Midwifery"", he discussed phases and duration of pregnancy as well as causes for difficult childbirth. The aim of this work was to help midwives and other doctors of the time more fully understand the process of procreation and pregnancy. He is also credited with the discovery of the ovum and was the first to make a scientific description of what would later be called Skene's gland and in 2001 was renamed the female prostate. Herophilos believed that exercise and a healthy diet were integral to the bodily health"
"home birth, founded in London the Primal Health Research Centre, and designed a database (primalhealthhresearch.org) in order to compile epidemiological studies exploring correlations between what happens during the “Primal period” and health later on. Michel Odent is Visiting Professor at Odessa National Medical University and Doctor Honoris Causa of Brasilia University. Odent is the author of the first articles about the initiation of breastfeeding during the hour following birth, the first article about the use of birthing pools during labour, and the first article applying the ""Gate Control Theory of Pain"" to obstetrics. In a book published in 1986 (“Primal"
"Oophorectomy Oophorectomy (from Greek , , 'egg-bearing' + , , 'a cutting out of') is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries. The surgery is also called ovariectomy, but this term is mostly used in reference to animals, e.g. the surgical removal of ovaries from laboratory animals. Removal of the ovaries of females is the biological equivalent of castration of males; the term ""castration"" is only occasionally used in the medical literature to refer to oophorectomy of women. In veterinary medicine, the removal of ovaries and uterus is called ovariohysterectomy (spaying) and is a form of sterilization. Partial oophorectomy"
"Pediatric gynaecology Pediatric gynaecology or pediatric gynecology is the medical practice dealing with the health of the vagina, vulva, uterus, and ovaries of infants, children, and adolescents. Its counterpart is pediatric andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the penis and testes. The word ""gynaecology"" comes from the Greek γυνή ""gyne"". ""woman"" and ""-logia"", ""study."" Assessment of the external genitalia and breast development are often part of routine physical examinations. Physicians also can advise pediatric gynecology patients on anatomy and sexuality. Assessment can include an examination of the vulva, and rarely involve the introduction of instruments into the vagina."
"a 2015 impact factor of 2.754. Neonatology (journal) Neonatology (formerly Biology of the Neonate) is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the fields of fetal and neonatal research and is published by Karger Publishers. It was established in 1959 as ""Biologia Neonatorum"" and renamed to ""Biology of the Neonate"" in 1970, obtaining its current name in 2006. ""Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutic"" was incorporated into the ""Biology of the Neonate"" in 1996. Its editors-in-chief are H. L. Halliday (Queen's University Belfast) and C. P. Speer (University of Würzburg). Its former editors are A. Minkowski (1959–1985) and J.-P. Relier (1986–2003). According to the"
"of the 19th century. Other eponyms in the field of obstetrics that bear his name are: ""Auvard maneuver"" - a procedure for extraction of the placenta; ""Auvard's vaginal speculum"", and ""Auvard's basiotribe"" - an instrument that is a combination of a craniotomy forceps and a cranioclast. Pierre-Victor-Adolphe Auvard Pierre-Victor-Adolphe Auvard (name sometimes given as Pierre-Victor Alfred Auvard in medical literature); (8 August 1855 – 1941) was a French obstetrician and gynecologist born in the department of Corrèze. He studied medicine in Paris, and in 1879 became ""interne des hôpitaux"". In 1882 he furthered his studies in Germany (Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin),"
"and dietitians. Many other ancillary disciplines and specialists are available at larger units. The term ""neonatal"" comes from ""neo"", ""new"", and ""natal"", ""pertaining to birth or origin"". Neonatal nurse practitioners are advanced practice nurses that care for premature babies and sick newborns in intensive care units, emergency rooms, delivery rooms, and special clinics. Prematurity is a risk factor that follows early labour, a planned caesarean section, or pre-eclampsia. Healthcare institutions have varying entry-level requirements for neonatal nurses. Neonatal nurses are registered nurses (RNs), and therefore must have an Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN) or Bachelor of Science in Nursing"
"American Osteopathic Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology The American Osteopathic Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (AOBOG) is an organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the care of the female reproductive tract and children during the course of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period (obstetricians) and to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive tract (gynecologists). The board is one 18 medical specialty certifying boards of the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA),"
"in the technique of its use has sharply declined. The introduction of the obstetrical forceps provided huge advances in the medicalisation of childbirth. Before the eighteenth century, childbirth was thought of as a medical phase that could be overseen by a female relative. Usually if a doctor had to get involved that meant something had gone wrong. Around this era, (eighteenth century) there were no female doctors. Since males were only exclusively called in under extreme circumstances, the act of childbirth was thought to better known to a midwife or female relative rather than a male doctor. Usually the male"
"is called oocytogenesis, which is a part of oogenesis. Oogenesis results in the formation of both primary oocytes during fetal period, and of secondary oocytes after it as part of ovulation. Oocytes are rich in cytoplasm, which contains yolk granules to nourish the cell early in development. During the primary oocyte stage of oogenesis, the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle. The only normal human type of secondary oocyte has the 23rd (sex) chromosome as 23,X (female-determining), whereas sperm can have 23,X (female-determining) or 23,Y (male-determining). The space within an ovum or immature ovum is located is the ""cell-nest"". The"
"roles in certain diseases and mutations, and its links to stem cell research. Embryology is the key to Gestational Surrogacy, which is when the sperm of the intended father and egg of intended mother are fused in a lab forming an embryo. This embryo is then put into the surrogate who carries the child to term. Embryology Embryology (from Greek , ""embryon"", ""the unborn, embryo""; and , ""-logia"") is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before"