"simply added to the name of the ionic compound. Thus, for hydrogen chloride, the IUPAC name would be aqueous hydrogen chloride. The prefix ""hydro-"" is added only if the acid is made up of just hydrogen and one other element. Classical naming system: The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H and one mole of the conjugate base, A, and none of the protonated acid"
"is still, in a more or less modified form, used in most languages. Later, however, Humphry Davy showed that the so-called muriatic acid did not contain oxygen, despite its being a strong acid; instead, it is a solution of hydrogen chloride, HCl. Such acids which do not contain oxygen are nowadays known as hydroacids. Many inorganic oxyacids are traditionally called with names ending with the word ""acid"" and which also contain, in a somewhat modified form, the name of the element they contain in addition to hydrogen and oxygen. Well-known examples of such acids are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and"
"Moronic acid Moronic acid (3-oxoolean-18-en-28-oic acid) is a natural triterpene. Moronic acid can be extracted from ""Rhus javanica"", a sumac plant traditionally believed to hold medicinal applications. The molecule has also been extracted from Mistletoe (""Phoradendron reichenbachianum""). Bevirimat, a derivative of the related triterpenoid betulinic acid, is under development as an anti-HIV drug; however, moronic acid has shown better antiviral profiles ""in vitro"" than bevirimat. A particular moronic acid derivative showed potent anti-HIV activity with EC values of 0.0085 μM against NL4-3, 0.021 μM against PI-R (a multiple protease inhibitor resistant strain), and 0.13 μM against FHR-2 (an HIV strain"
"Muricholic acid Muricholic acids are a group of bile acids found as one of the main forms in mice, which gives them their name, and at low concentrations in other species. Muricholic acids differ from the more common bile acids, such as cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid, by having a hydroxyl group at the 6-position. They are detectable at low concentrations in human urine. The three major bile acids in germ-free mice are cholic acid, α-muricholic, and β-muricholic acids. In conventional mice, ω-muricholic acid, and various sulfated forms are also found. Conjugation with taurine (to give tauro-murocholic acids) or glycine"
"N-Acetylmuramic acid ""N""-Acetylmuramic acid, or MurNAc, is the ether of lactic acid and ""N""-acetylglucosamine with a chemical formula of CHNO. It is part of a biopolymer in the bacterial cell wall, which is built from alternating units of ""N""-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and ""N""-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), cross-linked with oligopeptides at the lactic acid residue of MurNAc. This layered structure is called peptidoglycan. MurNAc is a monosaccharide derivative of ""N""-acetylglucosamine. ""N""-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) is part of the peptidoglycan polymer of bacterial cell walls. MurNAc is covalently linked to ""N""-acetylglucosamine and may also be linked through the hydroxyl on carbon number 4 to the"
"Maleic acid Maleic acid or ""cis""-butenedioic acid is an organic compound that is a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. Its chemical formula is HOCCH=CHCOH. Maleic acid is the ""cis""-isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the ""trans""-isomer. It is mainly used as a precursor to fumaric acid, and relative to its parent maleic anhydride, maleic acid has few applications. Maleic acid is a less stable molecule than fumaric acid. The difference in ""heat of combustion"" is 22.7 kJ/mole. The heat of combustion is -1355 kJ/mole. Maleic acid is more soluble in water than fumaric acid. The"
"Mucic acid Mucic acid, CHO or HOOC-(CHOH)-COOH (also known as galactaric or meso-galactaric acid) is an aldaric acid obtained by nitric acid oxidation of galactose or galactose-containing compounds such as lactose, dulcite, quercite, and most varieties of gum. Mucic acid forms a crystalline powder, which melts at 210–230 °C. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water. Due to the symmetry in the molecule, it is optically inactive even though it has chiral carbon atoms (i.e., it is a meso compound). When heated with pyridine to 140 °C, it is converted into allomucic acid. When digested with"
"the ""n-x"" notation can only be applied to all ""cis"", methylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids. In lab rats, punicic acid was converted to the CLA rumenic acid (9Z11E-CLA). ""In vitro"", it shows anticancer activity against prostate cancer cells. OLETF rats—a strain which becomes obese—remained relatively lean when punicic acid was added to their feed. Punicic acid Punicic acid (also called trichosanic acid) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, 18:3 ""cis""-9, ""trans""-11, ""cis""-13. It is named for the pomegranate, (""Punica granatum""), and is obtained from pomegranate seed oil. It is also found in the seed oils of snake gourd. Punicic acid is a"
"carbon of L-alanine. A pentapeptide composed of L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine is added to the MurNAc in the process of making the peptidoglycan strands of the cell wall. Synthesis is inhibited by fosfomycin. N-Acetylmuramic acid ""N""-Acetylmuramic acid, or MurNAc, is the ether of lactic acid and ""N""-acetylglucosamine with a chemical formula of CHNO. It is part of a biopolymer in the bacterial cell wall, which is built from alternating units of ""N""-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and ""N""-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), cross-linked with oligopeptides at the lactic acid residue of MurNAc. This layered structure is called peptidoglycan. MurNAc is a monosaccharide derivative of ""N""-acetylglucosamine. ""N""-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)"
"acid and maleic acid is a classic example. Fumaric acid is (E)-1,4-but-2-enedioic acid, a ""trans"" isomer, whereas maleic acid is the corresponding ""cis"" isomer, i.e. (Z)-1,4-but-2-enedioic acid (see cis-trans isomerism). Fumaric acid has p""K"" values of approximately 3.0 and 4.5. By contrast, maleic acid has p""K"" values of approximately 1.5 and 6.5. The reason for this large difference is that when one proton is removed from the ""cis"" isomer (maleic acid) a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed with the nearby remaining carboxyl group. This favors the formation of the maleate H, and it opposes the removal of the second"
"since it is a gas (then called ""airs"") and it came from hydrochloric acid (then known as ""muriatic acid""). He failed to establish chlorine as an element. Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen (remnants of this survive in the German and Dutch names of oxygen: ""sauerstoff"" or ""zuurstof"", both translating into English as ""acid substance""), so a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid air"" must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, ""muriaticum"". In 1809, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard"
"Heptadecanoic acid Heptadecanoic acid, or margaric acid, is a saturated fatty acid. Its molecular formula is CH(CH)COOH. It occurs as a trace component of the fat and milkfat of ruminants, but it does not occur in any natural animal or vegetable fat at high concentrations. For example, it only comprises 2.2% of the fats from the fruit of the durian species ""Durio graveolens"". However, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, there were numerous reports of the acid being found in natural fats in significant amounts. Most likely, these were cases of misidentifying a eutectic mixture of palmitic and stearic"
"Fumaric acid Fumaric acid or ""trans""-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HOCCH=CHCOH. Fumaric acid has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. Its E number is E297. It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid groups are ""trans"" (""E"") and in maleic acid they are ""cis"" (""Z""). The salts and esters are known as fumarates. Fumarate can also"
"Punicic acid Punicic acid (also called trichosanic acid) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, 18:3 ""cis""-9, ""trans""-11, ""cis""-13. It is named for the pomegranate, (""Punica granatum""), and is obtained from pomegranate seed oil. It is also found in the seed oils of snake gourd. Punicic acid is a conjugated linolenic acid or CLnA; i.e. it has three conjugated double bonds. It is chemically similar to the conjugated linoleic acids, or CLA, which have two. It has been erroneous classified as ""n-5"" or ""omega-5"" polyunsaturated fatty acid because the last double bond is located five carbons from the terminal ""omega"" carbon, but"
"Xanthine Xanthine ( or ; archaically xanthic acid) (3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione), is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids and in other organisms. A number of stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine and theobromine. Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. Studies reported in 2008, based on C/C isotopic ratios of organic compounds found in the Murchison meteorite, suggested that xanthine and related chemicals, including the RNA component uracil, were formed extraterrestrially. In August 2011, a report, based on"
"fuming hydrochloric acid for some time it is converted into αα′ furfural dicarboxylic acid while on heating with barium sulfide it is transformed into a thiophene carboxylic acid. The ammonium salt yields on dry distillation carbon dioxide, ammonia, pyrrol and other substances. The acid when fused with caustic alkalis yields oxalic acid. With potassium bisulfate mucic acid forms 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone by dehydration and decarboxylation. Mucic acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies. It has been used as a precursor of adipic acid in the way to nylon by a rhenium-catalyzed deoxydehydration reaction. Mucic acid Mucic"
"resistant to (bevirimat). This derivative has become a new lead for clinical trials and is also active against herpes simplex virus 1. Moronic acid Moronic acid (3-oxoolean-18-en-28-oic acid) is a natural triterpene. Moronic acid can be extracted from ""Rhus javanica"", a sumac plant traditionally believed to hold medicinal applications. The molecule has also been extracted from Mistletoe (""Phoradendron reichenbachianum""). Bevirimat, a derivative of the related triterpenoid betulinic acid, is under development as an anti-HIV drug; however, moronic acid has shown better antiviral profiles ""in vitro"" than bevirimat. A particular moronic acid derivative showed potent anti-HIV activity with EC values of"
"Murexide Murexide (NHCHNO, or CHNO·NH), also called ammonium purpurate or MX, is the ammonium salt of purpuric acid. It may be prepared by heating alloxantin in ammonia gas to 100 °C, or by boiling uramil (5-aminobarbituric acid) with mercury oxide. W. N. Hartley found considerable difficulty in obtaining specimens of murexide sufficiently pure to give concordant results when examined by means of their absorption spectra, and consequently devised a new method of preparation for murexide. In this process alloxantin is dissolved in a large excess of boiling absolute alcohol, and dry ammonia gas is passed into the solution for about"
"Murexide Murexide (NHCHNO, or CHNO·NH), also called ammonium purpurate or MX, is the ammonium salt of purpuric acid. It may be prepared by heating alloxantin in ammonia gas to 100 °C, or by boiling uramil (5-aminobarbituric acid) with mercury oxide. W. N. Hartley found considerable difficulty in obtaining specimens of murexide sufficiently pure to give concordant results when examined by means of their absorption spectra, and consequently devised a new method of preparation for murexide. In this process alloxantin is dissolved in a large excess of boiling absolute alcohol, and dry ammonia gas is passed into the solution for about"
"tried to decompose ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid air"" by reacting it with charcoal to release the free element ""muriaticum"" (and carbon dioxide). They did not succeed and published a report in which they considered the possibility that ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid air"" is an element, but were not convinced. In 1810, Sir Humphry Davy tried the same experiment again, and concluded that the substance was an element, and not a compound. He announced his results to the Royal Society on 15 November that year. At that time, he named this new element ""chlorine"", from the Greek word χλωρος (""chlōros""), meaning green-yellow. The"
"Malic acid Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (- and -enantiomers), though only the -isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The name ""malic"" derives from Latin, ""malus"" meaning ""apple"". This derivation is also seen in the traditional German name for malic acid being Äpfelsäure"
"(to give gly-murocholic acids) takes place in the liver before secretion. Tauro-muricholic acids were shown to be potent antagonists of the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Muricholic acid Muricholic acids are a group of bile acids found as one of the main forms in mice, which gives them their name, and at low concentrations in other species. Muricholic acids differ from the more common bile acids, such as cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid, by having a hydroxyl group at the 6-position. They are detectable at low concentrations in human urine. The three major bile acids in germ-free mice"
"Folinic acid Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is a medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine. It is also used in combination with 5-fluorouracil to treat colorectal cancer, may be used to treat folate deficiency that results in anemia, and methanol poisoning. It is taken by mouth, injection into a muscle, or injection into a vein. Side effects may include trouble sleeping, allergic reactions, or fever. Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is generally regarded as safe. When used for anemia it is recommended that pernicious anemia as a cause be ruled out first. Folinic acid"
"acid, being electrophilic, participates as a dienophile in many Diels-Alder reactions. The maleate ion is the ionized form of maleic acid. The maleate ion is useful in biochemistry as an inhibitor of transaminase reactions. Maleic acid esters are also called maleates, for instance dimethyl maleate. Many drugs that contain amines are provided as the maleate acid salt, e.g. carfenazine, chlorpheniramine, pyrilamine, methylergonovine, and thiethylperazine. Maleic acid Maleic acid or ""cis""-butenedioic acid is an organic compound that is a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. Its chemical formula is HOCCH=CHCOH. Maleic acid is the ""cis""-isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas"
"Mellitic acid Mellitic acid, also called graphitic acid or benzenehexacarboxylic acid, is an acid first discovered in 1799 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in the mineral mellite (honeystone), which is the aluminium salt of the acid. It crystallizes in fine silky needles and is soluble in water and alcohol. Mellitic acid may be prepared by warming mellite with ammonium carbonate, boiling off the excess of the ammonium salt, and adding ammonia to the solution. The precipitated alumina is filtered off, the filtrate evaporated, and the ammonium salt of the acid purified by recrystallization. The ammonium salt is then converted into the"
"acids. Salts and esters of heptadecanoic acid are called heptadecanoates. Heptadecanoic acid Heptadecanoic acid, or margaric acid, is a saturated fatty acid. Its molecular formula is CH(CH)COOH. It occurs as a trace component of the fat and milkfat of ruminants, but it does not occur in any natural animal or vegetable fat at high concentrations. For example, it only comprises 2.2% of the fats from the fruit of the durian species ""Durio graveolens"". However, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, there were numerous reports of the acid being found in natural fats in significant amounts. Most likely, these were"
"Myristic acid Myristic acid (IUPAC systematic name: 1-tetradecanoic acid) is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula CH(CH)COOH. Its salts and esters are commonly referred to as myristates. It is named after the binomial name for nutmeg (""Myristica fragrans""), from which it was first isolated in 1841 by Lyon Playfair. Nutmeg butter has 75% trimyristin, the triglyceride of myristic acid. Besides nutmeg, myristic acid is also found in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, 8–14% of bovine milk, and 8.6% of breast milk as well as being a minor component of many other animal fats. It is also"
"Agaric acid Agaric acid, also known as agaricin or 2-hydroxynonadecane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, is an organic tricarboxylic acid (fatty acid) found in fungi, e.g. ""Laricifomes officinalis"". Its molecular formula is CHO. Agaric acid, as any other fatty acid, has an amphipathic character. It means that it has both polar (hydroxyl groups) and apolar (hydrocarbon chain) sections, and therefore, it is not completely water-soluble. It is a tribasic acid, and therefore, it can donate up to 3 hydrogen ions to other bases in an acid-base reaction. Another example of tribasic acids is phosphoric acid or citric acid. It is an odorless and tasteless"
"refer to the ion (in solution). Fumaric acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand. As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297. It is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity. Fumaric acid is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening. It is generally used as a substitute for tartaric"
"Variegatic acid Variegatic acid (3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxypulvinic acid) is an orange pigment found in some mushrooms. It is responsible for the bluing reaction seen in many bolete mushrooms when they are injured. When mushroom tissue containing variegatic acid is exposed to air, the chemical is enzymatically oxidized to blue quinone methide anions. It is derived from xerocomic acid, which is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin, and its genetic basis is unknown. In its oxidized form (due to the production of a second lactone ring) is variegatorubin, similar to xerocomorubin. It was first isolated from ""Suillus variegatus"". It has strong antioxidant properties,"
"The mutation alters EF-G so that fusidic acid is no longer able to bind to it. Resistance is readily acquired when fusidic acid is used alone and commonly develops during the course of treatment. As with most other antibiotics, resistance to fusidic acid arises less frequently when used in combination with other drugs. For this reason, fusidic acid should not be used on its own to treat serious ""Staph. aureus"" infections. However, at least in Canadian hospitals, data collected between 1999-2005 showed rather low rate of resistance of MSSA and MRSA to fusidic acid, and mupirocin was found to be"
"but the optic nerves may show demyelination, loss of axons and gliosis. International commerce of sulfuric acid is controlled under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988, which lists sulfuric acid under Table II of the convention as a chemical frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid), also known as vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with molecular formula HSO. It is a colorless, odorless, and syrupy liquid that is soluble in water,"
"Solution”, a mixture of sodium chlorite and citric acid also known as ""MMS"" that is promoted as a cure-all have been convicted, fined, or otherwise disciplined in multiple jurisdictions around the world. MMS products were variously referred to as snake oil and complete quackery. The free acid, chlorous acid, HClO, is only stable at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. However, the corresponding sodium salt, sodium chlorite, NaClO is stable and inexpensive enough to be commercially available. The corresponding salts of heavy metals (Ag, Hg, Tl, Pb, and also Cu and NH) decompose"