"efficacy. This review and a second corroborating review by a different author both concluded that, because of MDMA's demonstrated potential to cause lasting harm in humans (e.g., serotonergic neurotoxicity and persistent memory impairment), ""considerably more research must be performed"" on its efficacy in PTSD treatment to determine if the potential treatment benefits outweigh its potential to harm to a patient. MDMA 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug primarily used as a recreational drug. The desired effects include altered sensations and increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin after 30–45 minutes and"
"belongs to the substituted amphetamine classes of drugs and has stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. MDMA is illegal in most countries and, as of 2018, has no approved medical uses. Limited exceptions are sometimes made for research. Researchers are investigating whether MDMA may assist in treating severe, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with phase 3 clinical trials to look at effectiveness and safety expected to begin in 2018. In 2017 the FDA granted MDMA a breakthrough therapy designation for PTSD, meaning if studies show promise, a review for potential medical use could occur more quickly. MDMA was first made in 1912."
"Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine ""para""-Methoxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (also known as PMMA, Red Mitsubishi), chemically known as methyl-MA, 4-methoxy-""N""-methylamphetamine, 4-MMA) or (4-PMDA, as listed to its original physical name.) is a stimulant and psychedelic drug closely related to the amphetamine-class serotonergic drug ""para""-methoxyamphetamine (PMA). PMMA is the 4-methoxy analog of methamphetamine. Little is known about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of PMMA; because of its structural similarity to PMA, which has known toxicity in humans, it is thought to have considerable potential to cause harmful side effects or death in overdose. In the early 2010s, a number of deaths in users of the drug MDMA"
"Methylone Methylone (also known as ""3,4-methylenedioxy-""N""-methylcathinone"", ""MDMC"", ""βk-MDMA"" and by the slang term ""M1"") is an empathogen and stimulant psychoactive drug. It is a member of the substituted amphetamine, substituted cathinone and substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine classes. Methylone is the substituted cathinone analog of MDMA and the 3,4-methylenedioxy analog of methcathinone. The only structural difference of methylone with respect to MDMA is the substitution of 2 hydrogen atoms by 1 oxygen atom in the β position of the phenethylamine core, forming a ketone group. Methylone was first synthesized by the chemists Peyton Jacob III and Alexander Shulgin in 1996 for potential use"
"in postwar Japan and quickly spread to other countries. Modified ""designer amphetamines"" gained popularity since the 1960s, such as MDA and PMA. In 1970, the United States adopted ""the Controlled Substances Act"" that limited non-medical use of substituted amphetamines. Street use of PMA was noted in 1972. MDMA emerged as a substitute to MDA in the early 1970s. American chemist Alexander Shulgin first synthesized the drug in 1976 and through him the drug was briefly introduced into psychotherapy. Recreational use grew and in 1985 MDMA was banned by the US authorities in an emergency scheduling initiated by the Drug Enforcement"
"feeling of mass communion from the inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as party fuel because of the drug's stimulatory effects. MDMA is used less frequently than other stimulants, typically less than once per week. MDMA is sometimes taken in conjunction with other psychoactive drugs such as LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, and ketamine, an act called ""candy-flipping"". , MDMA has no accepted medical indications. Before it was widely banned, it saw limited use in therapy. A small number of therapists continue to use MDMA in therapy despite its illegal status. Small doses of MDMA are used as an"
"3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), is an empathogen-entactogen, psychostimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. In terms of pharmacology, MDA acts most importantly as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Due to its euphoriant and hallucinogenic effects, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal in most countries. MDA is rarely sought after as a recreational drug compared to other drugs in the amphetamine family, however it remains an important and widely used drug due to it being a primary metabolite, the product of hepatic N-dealkylation, of MDMA (ecstasy),"
"animals, given the similar chemical names (MDMA stands for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Ironically, it is now being investigated as a possible ""treatment"" for Parkinson's disease. The neurotoxicity of MPTP was first hinted at in 1976 after Barry Kidston, a 23-year-old chemistry graduate student in Maryland, synthesized MPPP (a synthetic opiate related to pethidine and the prodines) with MPTP as a major impurity, and self-injected the result. Within three days he began exhibiting symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The National Institute of Mental Health found traces of MPPP, MPTP, and other pethidine analogues in his lab. They tested the substances on rats, but due"
"3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxy-""N""-hydroxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (MDHMA; FLEA) is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is the ""N""-hydroxy homologue of MDMA (""Ecstasy""), and the ""N""-methyl homologue of MDOH. MDHMA was first synthesized and assayed by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL"" (""Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved""), Shulgin listed the dosage range as 100–160 mg, and the duration as approximately 4–8 hours. He describes MDHMA as causing entactogenic and open MDMA-like effects, easing communication, and increasing appreciation of the senses. This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs"
"Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA), also known as 4-chloro-17α-methylandrost-1,4-diene-3β,17β-diol, is a synthetic, orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated derivative of 4-androstenediol that was never marketed. It was first encountered in 2005 when it was introduced as a ""dietary supplement"" and putative prohormone under the name Halodrol-50 by an online vendor called Gaspari Nutrition. The drug was the subject of a scathing and highly critical article by the Washington Post in November 2006. CDMA was voluntarily discontinued by Gaspari Nutrition in mid-2006, likely fearing government sanctions if it continued to sell the product. During the brief period of time that CDMA"
"of the precursor chemicals used to manufacture MDMA. Unwitting substitution with other drugs, such as mephedrone and methamphetamine, as well as legal alternatives to MDMA, such as BZP, MDPV, and methylone, are also thought to have contributed to its decrease in popularity. In 2017 it was found that some pills being sold as MDMA contained pentylone, which can cause very unpleasant agitation and paranoia. According to David Nutt, when safrole was restricted by the United Nations in order to reduce the supply of MDMA, producers in China began using anethole instead, but this gives para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA, also known as ""Dr"
"Dimethoxyamphetamine DMA, or dimethoxyamphetamine, is a series of six lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to the three isomers of Methoxyamphetamine and six isomers of trimethoxyamphetamine. The isomers are 2,3-DMA, 2,4-DMA, 2,5-DMA, 2,6-DMA, 3,4-DMA, and 3,5-DMA. They were first collectively characterized by Alexander Shulgin in his book ""PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved)"". Little is known about their dangers or toxicity. 2,5-DMA is the alpha-methyl homologue of 2C-H and could be called ""DOH"" under the DO naming scheme. Note that two other positional isomers of dimethoxyamphetamine, 2,6-DMA and 3,5-DMA, have also been made, but these drugs have not been"
"""hydrochloride"" or ""sulfate"" salt. The herb ""má huáng"" (""Ephedra sinica""), used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as its principal active constituents. The same may be true of other herbal products containing extracts from other ""Ephedra"" species. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy, or molly) is a euphoriant, empathogen, and stimulant of the amphetamine class. Briefly used by some psychotherapists as an adjunct to therapy, the drug became popular recreationally and the DEA listed MDMA as a Schedule I controlled substance, prohibiting most medical studies and applications. MDMA is known for its entactogenic properties. The stimulant effects of MDMA include"
"Methylhexanamine Methylhexanamine (trade names Forthane, Geranamine) or methylhexamine, commonly known as 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,3-amphetamine or simply dimethylamylamine (DMAA), is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1944 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 1983. Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums, but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated"
"Although the 1960s are commonly perceived as a time of rampant marijuana use compared with the present day, in a 1969 Gallup poll only 4% of American adults had tried marijuana and 34% did not know its effects. In contrast, later Gallup polls show that the percentage of adults who had tried marijuana had risen to 33% by 1985 and 34% by 1999. The third most common illicit drug that is the source of urban legends is 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), better known as ""ecstasy."" In the United States, this substance was banned in 1985, and other countries followed suit as well."
"arthritis and severe allergic reactions; hence, methylone may be confused with it. Aside from context, they can be distinguished by the fact that the name will usually be capitalized when referring to the prescription drug. A proposed alternate name is bk-MDMA, or beta-keto-MDMA. While this nomenclature has not caught on because the name ""methylone"" became widely used before the conflicting Methylone trademark was noticed, the analogous names for related chemicals bk-MDEA and bk-MBDB have become the established names for those substances. Methylone Methylone (also known as ""3,4-methylenedioxy-""N""-methylcathinone"", ""MDMC"", ""βk-MDMA"" and by the slang term ""M1"") is an empathogen and stimulant"
"recreationally in the Chicago area by 1970. MDMA likely emerged as a substitute for its analog methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), a drug at the time popular among users of psychedelics which was made a Schedule 1 substance in the United States in 1970. American chemist and psychopharmacologist Alexander Shulgin reported he synthesized MDMA in 1965 while researching methylenedioxy compounds at Dow Chemical Company, but did not test the psychoactivity of the compound at this time. Around 1970, Shulgin sent instructions for N-methylated MDA (MDMA) synthesis to the founder of a Los Angeles chemical company who had requested them. This individual later provided"
"MDMA use became increasingly widespread among young adults in universities and later, in high schools. Since the mid-1990s, MDMA has become the most widely used amphetamine-type drug by college students and teenagers. MDMA became one of the four most widely used illicit drugs in the US, along with cocaine, heroin, and cannabis. According to some estimates as of 2004, only marijuana attracts more first time users in the US. After MDMA was criminalized, most medical use stopped, although some therapists continued to prescribe the drug illegally. Later, Charles Grob initiated an ascending-dose safety study in healthy volunteers. Subsequent legally-approved MDMA"
"Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone (DMA), also known by its developmental code name CDB-1321, is an experimental androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) and progestogen medication which is under investigation for potential clinical use. Dimethandrolone is an AAS, and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor, the biological target of androgens like testosterone. It is also a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. Due to its androgenic and progestogenic activity, dimethandrolone has antigonadotropic effects. It has no estrogenic activity. Dimethandrolone was first described in 1997. It was developed by the"
"Act. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxy-""N""-hydroxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (MDHMA; FLEA) is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is the ""N""-hydroxy homologue of MDMA (""Ecstasy""), and the ""N""-methyl homologue of MDOH. MDHMA was first synthesized and assayed by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ""PiHKAL"" (""Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved""), Shulgin listed the dosage range as 100–160 mg, and the duration as approximately 4–8 hours. He describes MDHMA as causing entactogenic and open MDMA-like effects, easing communication, and increasing appreciation of the senses. This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of"
"UWA-101 UWA-101 (also known as α-cyclopropyl-MDMA) is a phenethylamine derivative invented at the University of Western Australia and researched as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. Its chemical structure is very similar to that of the illegal drug MDMA, the only difference being the replacement of the α-methyl group with an α-cyclopropyl group. MDMA has been found in animal studies and reported in unauthorised human self-experiments to be effective in the short-term relief of Parkinson's disease symptoms, especially when used alongside conventional treatment with L-DOPA. However the illegal status of MDMA and concerns about its potential for recreational use, neurotoxicity"
"3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine (MMA) is an entactogen and psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. It was first synthesized in 1970 and was encountered as a street drug in Italy in the same decade. MMA was largely forgotten until being reassayed by David E. Nichols as a non-neurotoxic MDMA analogue in 1991, and has subsequently been sold as a designer drug on the internet since the late 2000s (decade). In animal studies, MMA fully substitutes for MDMA and MBDB, partially substitutes for LSD, and does not substitute for amphetamine. Additionally, it has been shown to potently inhibit the reuptake of"
"Alpha-Methyldopamine α-Methyldopamine (α-Me-DA), also known as 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (3,4-DHA or HHA), is a research chemical of the catecholamine and amphetamine chemical classes. Its bis-glutathionyl metabolite is slightly neurotoxic when directly injected into the brain's ventricles. Interest lies in the fact that MDA and MDMA may not themselves be responsible for their neurotoxicity, as an intracerebroventricular injection does not appear to cause neurotoxicity. While many studies suggest excitotoxicity or oxidative stress as likely mechanisms, which may be an effect of MDMA itself, this has led to the search for other mechanisms for the observed toxicity of serotonin axons and subsequent reduction in"
"products containing methylhexanamine. Methylhexanamine Methylhexanamine (trade names Forthane, Geranamine) or methylhexamine, commonly known as 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,3-amphetamine or simply dimethylamylamine (DMAA), is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1944 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 1983. Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums, but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths"
"MMDA (drug) MMDA (3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine; 5-methoxy-MDA) is a psychedelic and entactogen drug of the amphetamine class. It is an analogue of lophophine, MDA, and MDMA. MMDA was described by Alexander Shulgin in his book ""PiHKAL"". Shulgin lists the dosage range of MMDA as 100–250 mg. The first effects appear within 30–60 minutes following . MMDA produces euphoria and loving warmth, and attenuates feelings such as anxiety and loneliness. MMDA also produces eyes-closed visuals, a state of drowsiness, muscle relaxation, and time distortion. Side effects include moderate mydriasis, dizziness, sensations of heat or cold, and trembling. The imagery is generally realistic, and"
"Methyl-MMDA-2 ""N""-Methyl-2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (methyl-MMDA-2; 6-methoxy-MDMA) is a psychedelic drug of the amphetamine class. It is the ""N""-methylated derivative of MMDA-2, and is also an analog of MDMA and 6-methyl-MDA. Methyl-MMDA-2 was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and was described in his book ""PiHKAL"". He states that it is essentially inactive at a dose of 70 mg, and he did not try any higher; however, Methyl-MMDA-2 is still likely to be active, perhaps in the 125-250 mg range. This reduction in hallucinogenic activity relative to MMDA-2 parallels that of MDA and MDMA, indicating that with phenethylamines, ""N""-methylation substantially reduces 5-HT receptor affinity."
"Methyl-MMDA-2 ""N""-Methyl-2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (methyl-MMDA-2; 6-methoxy-MDMA) is a psychedelic drug of the amphetamine class. It is the ""N""-methylated derivative of MMDA-2, and is also an analog of MDMA and 6-methyl-MDA. Methyl-MMDA-2 was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and was described in his book ""PiHKAL"". He states that it is essentially inactive at a dose of 70 mg, and he did not try any higher; however, Methyl-MMDA-2 is still likely to be active, perhaps in the 125-250 mg range. This reduction in hallucinogenic activity relative to MMDA-2 parallels that of MDA and MDMA, indicating that with phenethylamines, ""N""-methylation substantially reduces 5-HT receptor affinity."
"as ""smart drugs"". Brown said Montel Williams did not want to hear about any notional ""smart"" use of drugs and instead warned his viewers against methamphetamines. Brown claims that MDMA, an illegal psychoactive drug popularly known as ""ecstasy"", may be a useful treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brown wrote in ""Discover"" in 2009 and in ""Scientific American"" in 2010 that a study by Michael and Annie Mithoefer showed potential for mitigating the suffering of chronic PTSD. Brown is the author of a popular book on lucid dreaming, Dreaming Wide Awake: Lucid Dreaming, Psychedelics, and Shamanic Healing, and has been"
"UWA-001 UWA-001 (also known as α-phenyl-MDMA and methylenedioxymephenidine) is a phenethylamine derivative invented at the University of Western Australia as non-toxic alternative to 3,4-methylenedioxy-""N""-methylamphetamine (MDMA) and researched as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. It has a 5-HT receptor affinity of 1.2 μM (∼10-fold increase compared to MDMA), 1.3 μM for the serotonin transporter (∼4-fold decrease compared to MDMA), 13.4 μM for the norepinephrine transporter (∼26-fold increase compared to MDMA) and virtually no affinity for the dopamine transporter (>50 μM). Unlike MDMA and ""para""-methoxyamphetamine (but similarly to ketamine), UWA-001 increases prepulse inhibition and was therefore considered to be non-psychoactive, though"
"Death""), which is much more toxic than MDMA and can cause overheating, muscle spasms, seizures, unconsciousness, and death. People wanting MDMA are sometimes sold PMA instead. MDMA is legally controlled in most of the world under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances and other international agreements, although exceptions exist for research and limited medical use. In general, the unlicensed use, sale or manufacture of MDMA are all criminal offences. In Australia, MDMA was declared an illegal substance in 1986 because of its harmful effects and potential for abuse. It is classed as a Schedule 9 Prohibited Substance in the country,"
"the US. In 2010, the ability of MDA to invoke mystical experiences and alter vision in healthy volunteers was studied. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), is an empathogen-entactogen, psychostimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. In terms of pharmacology, MDA acts most importantly as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Due to its euphoriant and hallucinogenic effects, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal in most countries. MDA is rarely sought after as a recreational drug compared to other drugs in the amphetamine family, however it remains an"
"Amphetamines like MDMA, MDEA, MDA, and MBDB, among other relatives (see MDxx), are recreational drugs termed entactogens. They act as serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents (SNDRAs) and also agonize serotonin receptors such as those in the 5-HT subfamily. Fenfluramine, chlorphentermine, and aminorex, which are also amphetamines and relatives, were formerly used as appetite suppressants but were discontinued due to concerns of cardiac valvulopathy. This side effect has been attributed to their additional action of potent agonism of the 5-HT receptor. The designer drug 4-methylaminorex, which is an SNDRA and 5-HT agonist, has been reported to cause this effect as well. Many tryptamines,"
"MDMA (commonly sold by the slang names ""ecstasy"" and ""molly"") are often adulterated. One harm reduction approach is drug checking, where people intending to use drugs can have their substances tested for content and purity so that they can then make more informed decisions about safer consumption. European organisations have offered drug checking services since 1992 and these services now operate in over twenty countries. As an example, the nonprofit organization DanceSafe offers on-site testing of the contents of pills and powders at various electronic music events around the US. They also sell kits for users to test the contents"