"in Germany, the ""paardekracht"" in the Netherlands and the ""cavallo vapore"" in Italy) using 75 kg rather than 100 kg, which gave a value of 735.49875 W (about 0.985 HP). Eventually, the ""poncelet"" was replaced with the ""cheval vapeur"", which was identical to equivalent units of measure in neighbouring countries. In 1977, these units, along with the ""stere"" and the ""livre"" (and amongst others, the German ""pfund"") were proscribed by EEC Directive 71/354/EEC Units of measurement in France France has a unique history of units of measurement due to the radical decision to invent and adopt the metric system after"
"Chevau-léger The Chevau-légers (from French ""cheval""—horse—and ""léger""—light) was a generic French name for several units of light and medium cavalry. Their history began in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, when the heavy cavalry forces of the French ""Compagnies d'Ordonnance"" were undergoing a massive structural reorganization. Initially, the companies combined the ""gendarmes"" (fully armoured men-at-arms) along with lighter ""coutiliers"" and ""archers"" in the same mounted formation, with the better armoured men forming the foremost ranks. However, as time passed the lighter horsemen were increasingly separated into independent formations of ""medium"" cavalry, bearing lighter armour and much shorter lances than"
"""""The Canterbury Tales"""". However, the reference to Vache in Chaucer's poem may on good grounds also be a pun on his own name. The phrase Vache, leve! in the first line of the Envoy corresponds to medieval French Vache, reïs!, 'cow, leave!'. The French phase reïs, Vache!, (REISVACHE), when reversed, becomes CHAVSIER, the French form of the poet's name (this is a so-called palindrome). In the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament, the cows on their way to Beth Shemesh are likened to holy men, or monks on their way to the Heavenly Jerusalem. Chaucer may have regarded"
"being light lancer cavalry. While the Austrian and many other German states retained ""Chevau-légers"" that were actually sword armed medium cavalry. Chevau-léger The Chevau-légers (from French ""cheval""—horse—and ""léger""—light) was a generic French name for several units of light and medium cavalry. Their history began in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, when the heavy cavalry forces of the French ""Compagnies d'Ordonnance"" were undergoing a massive structural reorganization. Initially, the companies combined the ""gendarmes"" (fully armoured men-at-arms) along with lighter ""coutiliers"" and ""archers"" in the same mounted formation, with the better armoured men forming the foremost ranks. However, as time"
"of French into English. However, in this context, the correct translation of is 'heavens...!' In Monty Python's 1975 movie ""Monty Python and the Holy Grail"", the French castle guard (John Cleese) orders, when King Arthur (Graham Chapman) doesn't want to go away, his fellow guards to """"Fetchez la vache."""". The other French guards respond with """" and he repeats """"Fetchez la vache!"""". The guards finally get it: fetch ('the cow'), which they then catapult at the Britons. In French, refers to the use of English words sometimes regarded as unwelcome imports or as bad slang. An example would be (also"
"work horse', derived from Gaulish ""caballos"" (cf. Welsh , Breton ), giving Modern French ""cheval"", Occitan ""caval"" (""chaval""), Catalan ""cavall"", Spanish ""caballo"", Portuguese ""cavalo"", Italian ""cavallo"", Romanian ""cal"", and, by extension, English ""cavalry"". An estimated 200 words of Gaulish etymology survive in modern French, for example ""chêne"" 'oak tree' and ""charrue"" 'plough'. Within historical phonology and studies of language contact, various phonological changes have been posited as caused by a Gaulish substrate, although there is some debate. One of these is considered certain, because this fact is clearly attested in the Gaulish-language epigraphy on the pottery found at la Graufesenque"
"rituals that make him what he is"". In English, the term appears from 1292 (note that ""cavalry"" is from the Italian form of the same word). The meaning of the term evolved over time because the word ""chevalier"" was used differently in the Middle Ages, from the original concrete military meaning ""status or fee associated with a military follower owning a war horse"" or ""a group of mounted knights"" to the ideal of the Christian warrior ethos propagated in the romance genre, which was becoming popular during the 12th century, and the ideal of courtly love propagated in the contemporary"
"user or dealer of marijuana). This originates in the Norman language. The adjectival suffix -""euse"" is added to verbal stems to form ""the machine that verbs."" For example, ""laver"" → ""laveuse"" ""washing machine""; ""balayer"" → ""balayeuse"" ""vacuum cleaner"" (but ""streetsweeper"" in France). In France ""vacuum cleaner"" is ""aspirateur"". Many differences that exist between Quebec French and Metropolitan French arise from the preservation of certain forms that are today archaic in Europe. For example, ""espérer"" for ""to wait"" (""attendre"" in France). ""Cour"" in Quebec is a backyard (""jardin"" in French), whereas in France cour has dropped this meaning and primarily means"
"resemblance to a crutch. Although it is really just a variation of vair, it is frequently treated as a separate fur. When the same patterns are composed of tinctures other than argent and azure, they are termed ""vairé"" or ""vairy"" of those tinctures, rather than ""vair""; ""potenté"" of other colours may also be found. Usually vairé will consist of one metal and one colour, but ermine or one of its variations may also be used, and vairé of four tinctures, usually two metals and two colours, is sometimes found. Three additional furs are sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; in French"
"to a point, the ""Grand Veneur de France"" position is comparable to the one of Master of the Buckhounds in the English monarchy. Grand Huntsman of France The Grand Veneur de France or Grand Huntsman of France was a position in the King's Household in France during the Ancien Régime. The word French ""veneur"" (huntsman), derives from the Middle French word ""vener"" (to hunt), (itself from the Latin ""venor"", verb meaning ""to hunt""), from which also was derived the archaic English words ""venerer"" (hunter) and ""venery"" (the hunt). The position is sometimes grouped with the Great Officers of the Crown"
"Château Cheval Blanc Château Cheval Blanc (French for ""White Horse Castle""), is a wine producer in Saint-Émilion in the Bordeaux wine region of France. As of 2012, its wine is one of only four to receive the highest rank of Premier Grand Cru Classé (A) status in the Classification of Saint-Émilion wine, along with Château Angélus, Château Ausone, and Château Pavie. The estate's second wine is named Le Petit Cheval. In 1832, Château Figeac sold 15 hectares/37 acres to M. Laussac-Fourcaud, including part of the narrow gravel ridge that runs through Figeac and neighboring vineyards and reaches Château Pétrus just"
"Carabiniers-à-Cheval The Carabiniers-à-Cheval (French for ""Horse Carabiniers"") were mounted troops in the service of France. Their origins date back to the mid-16th century, when they were created as elite elements of the French light cavalry, armed with carbines but then gradually evolved towards semi-independent status during the 18th century. They only became independent units as late as 1788, when a two-regiment heavy cavalry corps was created. From the French Revolutionary Wars onwards, they were the senior heavy cavalry regiments in the French army, rose to prominence during the Napoleonic Wars and were disbanded in 1871, after the fall of the"
"knight reflects his status as a horseman: the French ""chevalier"", Spanish ""caballero"" and German ""Ritter"". The French word for horse-mastery – ""chevalerie"" – gave its name to the highest concept of knighthood: chivalry. A large number of trades and positions arose to ensure the appropriate management and care of horses. In aristocratic households, the marshal was responsible for all aspects relating to horses: the care and management of all horses from the chargers to the pack horses, as well as all travel logistics. The position of marshal (literally ""horse servant"") was a high one in court circles and the king's"
"to be an archetypal Cavalier. Cavalier derives from the same Latin root as the French word ""chevalier"" (as well as the Spanish word ""caballero""), the Vulgar Latin word ""caballarius"", meaning ""horseman"". Shakespeare used the word ""cavaleros"" to describe an overbearing swashbuckler or swaggering gallant in Henry IV, Part 2, in which Shallow says ""I'll drink to Master Bardolph, and to all the cavaleros about London"". ""Cavalier"" is chiefly associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament in the English Civil War. It first appears as a term of reproach and contempt, applied to the"
"Cavalry Cavalry (from the French ""cavalerie"", cf. ""cheval"" 'horse') or horsemen are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon, or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals, such as camels, mules or elephants. Infantry who moved on horseback, but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons, a class of mounted infantry which"
"a bar. In an episode of Frasier, season 5, episode 19 ""Frasier Gotta Have It"" Niles (played by David Hyde Pierce) asks ""What kind of weak-willed man allows a woman to come between him and a 1981 Cheval Blanc?"". Château Cheval Blanc Château Cheval Blanc (French for ""White Horse Castle""), is a wine producer in Saint-Émilion in the Bordeaux wine region of France. As of 2012, its wine is one of only four to receive the highest rank of Premier Grand Cru Classé (A) status in the Classification of Saint-Émilion wine, along with Château Angélus, Château Ausone, and Château Pavie."
"Chasseur Chasseur ( ; ), a French term for ""hunter"", is the designation given to certain regiments of French and Belgian light infantry or light cavalry to denote troops trained for rapid action. This branch of the French Army originated during the War of the Austrian Succession when, in 1743, Jean Chrétien Fischer was authorized by the Marshal de Belle-Isle to raise a six hundred strong mixed force of infantry and cavalry. It was called Fischer's . During the remainder of the 18th century various types of light troops were employed within the French army, either as independent units or"
"Cheval Mallet The Cheval Mallet (or Malet, meaning Mallet Horse) describes a fabulous and evil horse mentioned in folklore around the French Vendée, Poitou, and more frequently in the Pays de Retz, near Lac de Grand Lieu. It was supposed to appear at night or in the middle of the night as a beautiful white or black horse, saddled and bridled, and tempt travelers exhausted by a long journey. Several legends about the unwary who rode this horse, and never returned unless you have them on the price of travel or protection spell as a medal of St. Benedict. A"
"Vavasour A vavasour (also vavasor; Old French ""vavassor"", ""vavassour""; Modern French ""vavasseur""; Late Latin ""vavassor""), is a term in feudal law. A vavasour was the vassal or tenant of a baron, one who held his tenancy under a baron, and who also had tenants under him. The derivation of the word is obscure. It may be derived from ""vassi ad valvas"" (at the folding-doors, valvae), i.e. servants of the royal antechamber. Du Cange regarded it merely as an obscure variant of ""vassus"", probably from ""vassus vassorum"" ""vassal of the vassals"". Alternative spellings include vavasour, valvasor, vasseur, vasvassor, oavassor, and others."
"Crapaud Crapaud is a French word meaning ""toad"" in English. Crapaud is sometimes used as an incorrect reference to the Fleur-de-lys on the ancient heraldic flag of the kings of France. The three fleurs-de-lys were sometimes misinterpreted as ""three toads erect, saltant"", instead of ""three lily flowers"". The word ""crapaud"" is used extensively by fictional British soldier Richard Sharpe as a derogatory term for the French in Bernard Cornwell's novels set during the Napoleonic Wars. Jean Crapaud, also Johnny Crappeau or Johnny Crappo, as defined by ""Webster's Online Dictionary"", ""is a jocose name given to a Frenchman. It is intended"
"only to a small number of dukes, counts, and princes of the Roman Catholic Church. It was analogous to the rank of Grandee of Spain in this respect. The French word ' is equivalent to the English ""peerage"". The individual title, ' in French and ""peer"" in English, derives from the Latin """", ""equal"". It signifies those noblemen and prelates considered to be equal to the monarch in honour (even though they were his vassals), and it considers the monarch thus to be , or ""first among equals"". The main uses of the word refer to two historical traditions in"
"Although esquire is the English translation of the French ""écuyer"", the latter indicated legal membership in the nobilities of ""ancien régime"" France and contemporaneous Belgium, whereas an esquire belongs to the British gentry rather than to its nobility, albeit that ""gentry"" in England means untitled nobility. ""Écuyer"" in French (11th to 14th century) means ""shield-bearer"", a knight in training, age 14 to 21. In the later stages of the Middle Ages, the cost of the ""adoubement"" or accolade became too high for many noblemen to bear. They stayed ""écuyers"" all their lives, making that title synonymous with ""nobleman"" or ""gentleman""."
"of chivalry that developed in medieval Europe had its roots in earlier centuries. It arose in the Holy Roman Empire from the idealisation of the cavalryman—involving military bravery, individual training, and service to others—especially in Francia, among horse soldiers in Charlemagne's cavalry. The term ""chivalry"" derives from the Old French term ""chevalerie"", which can be translated to ""horse soldiery"". Originally, the term referred only to horse-mounted men, from the french word for horse, ""cheval"", but later on it became associated with knightly ideals. Over time, its meaning in Europe has been refined to emphasise more general social and moral virtues."
"system (""Greeks"") adopted a lavalier which contained the fraternity letters as part of or within the pendant to symbolize involvement in an ongoing romantic relationship which may become a long-term relationship resulting in becoming ""pinned"" (woman receiving the man's fraternity pin to wear), engaged and married. Lavalier A lavalier or lavaliere or lavalliere is an item of jewelry consisting of a pendant, sometimes with one stone, suspended from a necklace. The style was popularized by the Duchesse de la Vallière, a mistress of King Louis XIV of France. A lavalier can be recognized most for its drop (that usually consist"
"and ""caballus"" (horse). According this theory for the Italian name caciocavallo, the widely accepted explanation of the word ""cavallo"" (horse in English) comes from the cheese being traditionally dried by attaching two gourd shaped balls of caciocavallo with a single rope and hanging them to a wooden pole as if placed on a horse's back. Another theory exists. Some researchers from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Belgrade claim the Aromanian population, a native Balkan people (pejoratively ""Tzintars"" in Greek usage), created cașcaval. As in Romanian, the word caș means in Aromanian (Tzintar) language ""cheese"". No etymology is given for"
"Chef d'escadron In the French armed forces (and in the armed forces of former French colonies such as the armed forces of Niger), ""Chef d'escadron"" (""squadron leader"") is the title of a ""commandant"" (major) in the Cavalry, Artillery and Baggage Train Corps and in the Gendarmerie. In the Armoured Cavalry Corps, the equivalent rank is ""Chef d'escadrons"", in the Infantry and the Combat Engineer Corps, it is ""Chef de bataillon"". Confusingly, ""escadrons"" in the actual French army's Armour and Baggage Train Corps are company equivalents and therefore typically commanded by a ""capitaine"". Chef d'escadre - the ancien Régime equivalent of"
"toured to rave reviews and public acclaim since its 2011 premiere. Cavalia is a fabricated word, inspired by the Italian, Spanish and French words for horse (cavallo, caballo and cheval) and the French and English word cavalier. Created in 2003 by Normand Latourelle under the name of ""Voltige"", the very first show was held in Shawinigan, Quebec. The large-scale multimedia performance the company delivers is often compared to Cirque du Soleil, of which he was one of the four original co-founders as well as Managing Director and Executive Vice-President from 1985 to 1990. Apart from Latourelle's history, Cavalia has no"
"riding disciplines, the most common design of cavesson noseband is the Plain or French cavesson, a noseband that encircles the nose 1–2 inches below the cheekbone. This type of noseband is seen in most English disciplines, especially in dressage, show hunters, saddle seat, equitation and field hunters, but is the basic noseband for all disciplines. This noseband comes in various styles from a plain flat leather suitable for hunting, to raised, double raised, fancy stitched, colored and padded styles. All of them perform the same purpose. Other designs include: The flash nose band was named for King George III's horse"
"Lavalier A lavalier or lavaliere or lavalliere is an item of jewelry consisting of a pendant, sometimes with one stone, suspended from a necklace. The style was popularized by the Duchesse de la Vallière, a mistress of King Louis XIV of France. A lavalier can be recognized most for its drop (that usually consist of a stone and/or a chandelier type of drop) which is attached to the chain and not attached by a bail. According to Hans Nadelhoffer, ""Cartier: Jewelers Extraordinary"" (1984), p. 50: ""Lavallière"" is still the French name for an ascot tie. Later, the American collegiate fraternity"
"and hardy animals with disagreeable bodies. Close to the ground, they had a generic head, strong and squarish in the front and with a flat chamfer, a small hairy mouth, short ears, gaunt flanks and a flattened rump. Lorry, a revolutionary veterinary physician from the military cavalry at the end of the 18th century, spoke of them as strong and agile horses with powerful eyesight, a good set of teeth, solid feet and a large chest, similar to that of a military horse. Cheval du Morvan The Cheval du Morvan, also known as the Morvandiau, Morvandain or Morvandelle, is an"
"The code of chivalry, as it stood by the Late Middle Ages, was a moral system which combined a warrior ethos, knightly piety, and courtly manners, all conspiring to establish a notion of honour and nobility. In origin, the term ""chivalry"" means ""horsemanship"", formed in Old French, in the 11th century, from ' (horseman, knight), from Medieval Latin '. The French word """" originally means ""a man of aristocratic standing, and probably of noble ancestry, who is capable, if called upon, of equipping himself with a war horse and the arms of heavy cavalryman and who has been through certain"
"performance. In the Anglophone heraldries, a ""chapeau"" or cap of maintenance is a specific kind of hat. It occurs as a charge, but also more importantly as an exterior ornament, signifying rank. The use of the chapeau in English heraldry is not as clear cut and regulated as in Scotland. Chapeau ""Chapeau"" is a French term signifying a hat or other covering for the head. In mainland European heraldry, it is used as a mark of ecclesiastical dignity, especially that of cardinals, which is called the ""red chapeau"". It is worn over the shield by way of crest, as mitres"
"keep their unique appearance. The standard is the colours-equivalent for the heavy cavalry (e.g., horse guards and dragoon guards). At 27 in × 30 in, on an 8 ft 6 in long pole, it is much smaller than infantry colours, so that it can be carried by a soldier on horseback. The guidon is the equivalent for the light cavalry (e.g., dragoons, light dragoons, hussars and lancers). It is swallow-tailed, 27 in × 41 in, with an 8 ft 6 in long pole. The word ""guidon"" is a corruption of the French ""guyde homme"" – 'the guide man'. Originally each"