"Nobelium Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. A total of twelve nobelium isotopes are known to exist; the most stable is No with a half-life of 58 minutes, but the shorter-lived No (half-life 3.1 minutes) is"
"discovery of element 102 was a complicated process and was claimed by groups from Sweden, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The first complete and incontrovertible report of its detection only came in 1966 from the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna (then in the Soviet Union). The first announcement of the discovery of element 102 was announced by physicists at the Nobel Institute in Sweden in 1957. The team reported that they had bombarded a curium target with carbon-13 ions for twenty-five hours in half-hour intervals. Between bombardments, ion-exchange chemistry was performed on the target. Twelve out"
"Ceres. Discovered nearly simultaneously in two laboratories, though it was later shown that Berzelius and Hisinger's cerium was actually a mixture of cerium, lanthanum and so-called didymium. Hisinger was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804. The mineral hisingerite, an iron silicate, with the formula FeSiO(OH)·2HO, is named after Hisinger. There is also Aluminian Hisingerite which is when one of the iron atoms is replaced by aluminum. The mountain of Hisingerfjellet in Nathorst Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, is named after him. Wilhelm Hisinger Wilhelm Hisinger (December 23, 1766 – June 28, 1852) was a Swedish"
"him. Nils Gabriel Sefström Nils Gabriel Sefström (2 June 1787 – 30 November 1845) was a Swedish chemist. Sefström was a student of Berzelius and, when studying the brittleness of steel in 1830, he rediscovered a new chemical element, to which he gave the name vanadium. Vanadium was first discovered by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. He named it erythronium. Friedrich Wöhler later confirmed that vanadium and erythronium were the same substance. Sefström was member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1815. The Spitzbergen glacier Sefströmbreen, and the mountain ridge of Sefströmkammen, are named"
"Nils Gabriel Sefström Nils Gabriel Sefström (2 June 1787 – 30 November 1845) was a Swedish chemist. Sefström was a student of Berzelius and, when studying the brittleness of steel in 1830, he rediscovered a new chemical element, to which he gave the name vanadium. Vanadium was first discovered by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. He named it erythronium. Friedrich Wöhler later confirmed that vanadium and erythronium were the same substance. Sefström was member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1815. The Spitzbergen glacier Sefströmbreen, and the mountain ridge of Sefströmkammen, are named after"
"not have enough experimental data to back their claim. After collecting more data, JINR proposed the name ""nielsbohrium"" (Ns) in honor of the Danish nuclear physicist Niels Bohr, a founder of the theories of atomic structure and quantum theory. When LBL first announced their synthesis of element 105, they proposed that the new element be named ""hahnium"" (Ha) after the German chemist Otto Hahn, the ""father of nuclear chemistry"", thus creating an element naming controversy. In the early 1970s, both teams reported synthesis of the next element, element 106, but did not suggest names. JINR suggested establishing an international committee"
"and associated the activity to background effects. The Berkeley team, consisting of Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, John R. Walton and Torbjørn Sikkeland, then claimed the synthesis of element 102 in 1958. The team used the new heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) to bombard a curium target (95% Cm and 5% Cm) with C and C ions. They were unable to confirm the 8.5 MeV activity claimed by the Swedes but were instead able to detect decays from fermium-250, supposedly the daughter of 102 (produced from the curium-246), which had an apparent half-life of ~3 s. Later 1963 Dubna work confirmed"
"certain that nobelium had been produced due to difficult conditions. The Berkeley team decided to adopt the proposed name of the Swedish team, ""nobelium"", for the element. Meanwhile, in Dubna, experiments were carried out in 1958 and 1960 aiming to synthesize element 102 as well. The first 1958 experiment bombarded plutonium-239 and -241 with oxygen-16 ions. Some alpha decays with energies just over 8.5 MeV were observed, and they were assigned to 102, although the team wrote that formation of isotopes from lead or bismuth impurities (which would not produce nobelium) could not be ruled out. While later 1958 experiments"
"For element 102, it ratified the name ""nobelium"" (No) on the basis that it had become entrenched in the literature over the course of 30 years and that Alfred Nobel should be commemorated in this fashion. Because of outcry over the 1994 names, which mostly did not respect the choices of the discoverers, a comment period ensued, and in 1995 IUPAC named element 102 ""flerovium"" (Fl) as part of a new proposal, after either Georgy Flyorov or his eponymous Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions. This proposal was also not accepted, and in 1997 the name ""nobelium"" was restored. Today the"
"Holmium Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare-earth element. Holmium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve. Its oxide was first isolated from rare-earth ores in 1878. The element's name comes from ""Holmia"", the Latin name for the city of Stockholm. Elemental holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal. It is too reactive to be found uncombined in nature, but when isolated, is relatively stable in dry air at room temperature. However, it reacts with water and corrodes readily and also burns in"
"Wilhelm Hisinger Wilhelm Hisinger (December 23, 1766 – June 28, 1852) was a Swedish physicist and chemist who in 1807, working in coordination with Jöns Jakob Berzelius, noted that in electrolysis any given substance always went to the same pole, and that substances attracted to the same pole had other properties in common. This showed that there was at least a qualitative correlation between the chemical and electrical natures of bodies. In 1803, in separate laboratories, Martin Heinrich Klaproth in one, and Berzelius and Hisinger in another, the element Cerium was discovered, which was named after the newly discovered asteroid,"
"Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1871. He received a Davy Medal in 1894 and 1904. The mineral cleveite is named for Cleve. Per Teodor Cleve Per Teodor Cleve (10 February 1840 – 18 June 1905) was a Swedish chemist, biologist, mineralogist and oceanographer. He is best known for his discovery of the chemical elements holmium and thulium. Born in Stockholm in 1840, Cleve earned his BSc and PhD from Uppsala University in 1863 and 1868, respectively. After receiving his PhD, he became an assistant professor of chemistry at the university. He later became professor of general and agricultural chemistry. In"
"injected. The biological effects of holmium over a long period of time are not known. Holmium has a low level of acute toxicity. Holmium Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare-earth element. Holmium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve. Its oxide was first isolated from rare-earth ores in 1878. The element's name comes from ""Holmia"", the Latin name for the city of Stockholm. Elemental holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal. It is too reactive to be found uncombined in nature, but"
"Torbernite Torbernite, whose name derives from the Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman (1735–1784), is a radioactive, hydrated green copper uranyl phosphate mineral, found in granites and other uranium-bearing deposits as a secondary mineral. Torbernite is isostructural with the related uranium mineral, autunite. The chemical formula of torbernite is similar to that of autunite in which a Cu cation replaces a Ca. The number of water hydration molecules can vary between 12 and 8, giving rise to the variety of metatorbernite when torbernite spontaneously dehydrates. Their respective chemical compositions are the following: Torbernite's most common alternative names are copper uranite and cupro-uranite."
"Svante Arrhenius Svante August Arrhenius (; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate, and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death. His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius definition of an acid, lunar crater Arrhenius, the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm"
"(Jl) after the French physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a contributor to the development of nuclear physics and chemistry; this name was originally proposed by the Soviet team for element 102, which by then had long been called nobelium. This recommendation was criticized by the American scientists for several reasons. Firstly, their suggestions were scrambled: the names ""rutherfordium"" and ""hahnium"", originally suggested by Berkeley for elements 104 and 105, were respectively reassigned to elements 106 and 108. Secondly, elements 104 and 105 were given names favored by JINR, despite earlier recognition of LBL as an equal co-discoverer for both of them. Thirdly"
"Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel (; ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Known for inventing dynamite, Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. After reading a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. His name also"
"Carl Axel Arrhenius Carl Axel Arrhenius (29 March 1757 – 20 November 1824) was a Swedish chemist. He is most widely known as the discoverer of a mineral which turned out to contain a plethora of new chemical elements: the rare-earth metals, all of which are chemically very similar to each other. It is very difficult to find any one of these without impurities of the others. Arrhenius was born in Stockholm. He became interested in mineralogy and chemistry after he met Peter Jacob Hjelm at the Swedish Royal Mint laboratory. Arrhenius was a lieutenant at the Svea Artillery Regiment"
"Carl Axel Arrhenius Carl Axel Arrhenius (29 March 1757 – 20 November 1824) was a Swedish chemist. He is most widely known as the discoverer of a mineral which turned out to contain a plethora of new chemical elements: the rare-earth metals, all of which are chemically very similar to each other. It is very difficult to find any one of these without impurities of the others. Arrhenius was born in Stockholm. He became interested in mineralogy and chemistry after he met Peter Jacob Hjelm at the Swedish Royal Mint laboratory. Arrhenius was a lieutenant at the Svea Artillery Regiment"
"discoverers in their 1992 report. In September 1992, the German group suggested the name ""nielsbohrium"" with symbol ""Ns"" to honor the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. The Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia had suggested this name be given to element 105 (which was finally called dubnium) and the German team wished to recognise both Bohr and the fact that the Dubna team had been the first to propose the cold fusion reaction to solve the controversial problem of the naming of element 105. The Dubna team agreed with the German group's naming proposal for"
"is dispute over which team was actually the first to isolate the elements. To ease the dispute, element 104 was given the name suggested by the American research team, rutherfordium, after the influential British physicist. Element 105 was subsequently given the name dubnium, representing the city where the Russian team worked. Harris worked on the following organizations: James Andrew Harris James Andrew Harris (March 26, 1932 – December 12, 2000) was a nuclear chemist who was involved in the discovery of elements 104 and 105 (rutherfordium and dubnium, respectively). Harris is known for being the first African American to contribute"
"on which axis it is traveling through. Since ericssonite is monoclinic, containing three unequal vectors, it has three indices of refraction. Ericssonite is usually a deep reddish-black in color. Ericssonite is only found in the Langban mine in Sweden, associated with a metamorphic manganese orebody. Also it is always inter-grown with orthoericssonite, which is almost identical to ericssonite except it contains extra silicon and oxygen in its chemical formula. Ericssonite Ericssonite has a general formula of BaMnFeO[SiO](OH). It was discovered in 1967 and named after John Ericsson (July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889), a well known Swedish American inventor,"
"either called it ""element 108"", with the symbol of ""E108"", ""(108)"", or even simply ""108"", or used the proposed name ""hassium"". The name ""hassium"" was proposed by Peter Armbruster and his colleagues, the officially recognised German discoverers, in September 1992. It is derived from the Latin name ""Hassia"" for the German state of Hesse where the institute is located. In 1994, IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry recommended that element 108 be named ""hahnium"" (Hn) after the German physicist Otto Hahn so that elements named after Hahn and Lise Meitner (meitnerium) would be next to each other, honoring their"
"Oganesson Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. The name is in line with the tradition of honoring a scientist, in this case the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who has played a leading role in"
"Robert Thalén Prof Tobias Robert Thalén HFRSE (28 December 1827 – 27 July 1905) was a Swedish physicist. He was awarded the Rumford Medal in 1884 for his spectroscopic researches. He was an expert on terrestial magnetism and spectrum analysis. He gives his name to the crystaline mineral Thalenite. He worked closely with Anders Angstrom. Together they measured and recorded the spectral lines of many elements and created the science of spectral analysis. He was born in Koping on 28 December 1827. In 1849 he began studies at the University of Upsala. He gained a doctorate in physics (DPh) in"
"Robert Thalén Prof Tobias Robert Thalén HFRSE (28 December 1827 – 27 July 1905) was a Swedish physicist. He was awarded the Rumford Medal in 1884 for his spectroscopic researches. He was an expert on terrestial magnetism and spectrum analysis. He gives his name to the crystaline mineral Thalenite. He worked closely with Anders Angstrom. Together they measured and recorded the spectral lines of many elements and created the science of spectral analysis. He was born in Koping on 28 December 1827. In 1849 he began studies at the University of Upsala. He gained a doctorate in physics (DPh) in"
"asteroid, 3948 Bohr, was named after him, as was the Bohr lunar crater and bohrium, the chemical element with atomic number 107. Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits"
"while working with Cleve in Uppsala, he made the independent discovery of the element helium (in the same year discovered by William Ramsay) in the mineral cleveite. Langlet was the first to correctly define its atomic weight. He died in Gothenburg. Abraham Langlet Nils Abraham Langlet (9 July 1868 – 30 March 1936; known by his second given name) was a Swedish chemist. Langlet was born in Södertälje. From 1886 to 1896, he studied chemistry under Per Teodor Cleve at Uppsala University, where he obtained a doctorate in 1896, and was made ""docent"" in the same year. In 1899, he"
"Torbern Bergman Torbern Olaf (Olof) Bergman (""KVO"") (20 March 17358 July 1784) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist noted for his 1775 ""Dissertation on Elective Attractions"", containing the largest chemical affinity tables ever published. Bergman was the first chemist to use the A, B, C, etc., system of notation for chemical species. Torbern was born on 20 March 1735, the son of Barthold Bergman and Sara Hägg. He enrolled at the University of Uppsala at age 17. His father wished him to read either law or divinity, while he himself was anxious to study mathematics and natural science; in the"
"is one of only two elements named after a living person at the time of naming, the other being oganesson, element 118. Following claims of the observation of elements 104 and 105 in 1970 by Albert Ghiorso et al. at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, a search for element 106 using oxygen-18 projectiles and the previously used californium-249 target was conducted. Several 9.1 MeV alpha decays were reported and are now thought to originate from element 106, though this was not confirmed at the time. In 1972, the HILAC accelerator received equipment upgrades, preventing the team from repeating the experiment,"
"Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a ""rare earth element"". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. Its only stable isotope, Y, is also its only naturally occurring isotope. In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ""ytterbite"", after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and"
"Ericssonite Ericssonite has a general formula of BaMnFeO[SiO](OH). It was discovered in 1967 and named after John Ericsson (July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889), a well known Swedish American inventor, engineer and designer of the iron-clad ship USS ""Monitor"". Ericssonite was discovered in the Jakobsberg Mine in Värmland, Sweden. Ericcsonite is monoclinic; this means it contains three unequal vectors, two of these vector angles are perpendicular while the other is at an angle greater than 90°. Optically ericssonite is anisotropic which means that the mineral has more than one index of refraction, causing light to vary in speed depending"
"analytical ultracentrifugation, and demonstrated its utility in distinguishing pure proteins one from another. The unit svedberg (symbol S), a unit of time amounting to 10 s or 100 fs, is named after him, as well as the Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. Svedberg's candidacy for the Royal Society reads: Theodor Svedberg Theodor (""The"") Svedberg (30 August 1884 – 25 February 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate for his research on colloids and proteins using the ultracentrifuge, active at Uppsala University. Theodor Svedberg was born in Gävleborg, Sweden. He was the son of Augusta Alstermark and Elias Svedberg. He earned"