"Rouge et le Noir""—yet did subtitle the novel ""Chronique de 1830"" (""Chronicle of 1830""). The reader who wants an exposé of the same historical background might wish to read ""Lucien Leuwen"" (1834), one of Stendhal's unfinished novels, posthumously published in 1894. Stendhal repeatedly questions the possibility and the desirability of ""sincerity,"" because most of the characters, especially Julien Sorel, are acutely aware of having to play a role to gain social approval. In that 19th-century context, the word ""hypocrisy"" denoted the affectation of high religious sentiment; in ""The Red and the Black"" it connotes the contradiction between thinking and feeling."
"prominent in Romantic fiction. As a survivor of the French retreat from Moscow in 1812, fantasies of heroism and adventure had little appeal for him, and like Goya he is often seen as a forerunner of Realism. His most important works are ""Le Rouge et le Noir"" (""The Red and the Black"", 1830) and ""La Chartreuse de Parme"" (""The Charterhouse of Parma"", 1839). Romanticism in Poland is often taken to begin with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822, and end with the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russians. It was strongly marked by"
"Charles Perrault Charles Perrault (; 12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from earlier folk tales. The best known of his tales include ""Le Petit Chaperon Rouge"" (""Little Red Riding Hood""), ""Cendrillon"" (""Cinderella""), ""Le Chat Botté"" (""Puss in Boots""), ""La Belle au bois Dormant "" (""The Sleeping Beauty"") and ""Barbe Bleue"" (""Bluebeard""). Some of Perrault's versions of old stories have influenced the German versions published by the Brothers Grimm more than 100 years later."
"Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (translated as ""The Knight of Maison-Rouge: A Novel of Marie Antoinette"" or ""The Knight of the Red House"") was written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is related to a series referred to as the Marie Antoinette romances, though technically not part of that series as the characters of Joseph Balsamo (also known as Cagliostro) and Doctor Gilbert do not appear in the novel, and many of the other series protagonists have died by the start of this novel. The novel takes place shortly after the end of the series, following"
"wrote over twenty. The best of these, and the work by which he is most known outside France, was ""Les Forains"" (1945) about a talented, slightly tattered, but ultimately hopeful travelling circus troupe. He also wrote numerous works for radio, television, stage, and film, and a large quantity of chamber and other instrumental works, including solos for harmonica and musical saw, but his particular talent was vocal music. He worked ten years on ""La chartreuse de Parme"" (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1936) - based on Stendhal's novel - an opera that had a reputation in France as his most important"
"1851. Since urbanization and other forces, had declined by 1982 to 469. Since that time, it has steadily increased, to 745 in 2008. Carla-Bayle Carla-Bayle is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. It was the birthplace of Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), a Protestant philosopher and writer known for his works on religious toleration and his early encyclopedia. Originally named ""Carla-le-Comte"", the commune became a center of Protestant activity in the 16th century before the government suppressed it. Pierre Bayle, the important Protestant philosopher and writer was born here, and taught in his early years by his father, a"
"philosophe, Pierre Bayle, who had begun publishing the Dictionnaire in 1697. Once the Peace was concluded, he was presented with the red biretta at Versailles by Louis XIV on June 6, 1713. He did not go to Rome for the induction ceremonies, and thus had no deaconry assigned to him for many years. He did not attend the Conclave of April–May, 1721, which elected Innocent XIII (de' Conti), having been forbidden to travel to Rome by the French Regent, Philippe d' Orleans. But he was present at the Conclave of 1724, though he made a very late appearance on April"
"la Renaissance, 7 February 1885). Henry Becque Henry François Becque (9 April 1837 – 12 May 1899), was a French dramatist. He was born in Paris. He is best known for being the creator of Theatre of cruelty («théâtre cruel» in French). In 1867, he wrote, in imitation of Lord Byron, the libretto for Victorin de Joncières's opera ""Sardanapale"", but his first important work, ""Michel Pauper"", appeared in 1870. The importance of this sombre drama was first realized when it was revived at the Odéon in 1886. ""Les Corbeaux"" (1882) established Becque's position as an innovator, and in 1885 he"
"Charette"" or ""L'Exécution du Général Charette"" depicted the fate of another one of the Catholic Army's leaders, François de Charette (1763–1796). ""Henri de la Rochejacquelin"" was a large work that portrayed one of the first leaders of the revolt, the nobleman Henri de la Rochejacquelin (1772–1794). Le Blants's ""Un Chouan"" was a depiction of an anonymous counter-revolutionary from the Vendée who came to become known colloquially as Les Chouans. This work came to symbolize the peasants in the revolt, and it was reproduced widely in the 19th century, and it is still used on book covers on the Vendée rebellion"
"Jean de La Chapelle Jean de La Chapelle (24 October 1651 – 29 May 1723) was a French writer and dramatist. He was born at Bourges, France, was elected to the Académie française in 1688, and died in Paris. Born into minor nobility, nephew of Nicolas Boileau, his literary talents attracted the attention of Louis Armand, prince of Bourbon-Conti, whose assistant he became in 1678. Louis XIV of France gave him a number of diplomatic missions to Switzerland to negotiate agreements with the government at Neufchâtel. Benefiting from a sizeable personal fortune, La Chapelle wrote and staged mediocre tragedies inspired"
"purchased the Château of Sainte-Assise; he sold it in 1700 to Jean Glucq. Jean de La Chapelle Jean de La Chapelle (24 October 1651 – 29 May 1723) was a French writer and dramatist. He was born at Bourges, France, was elected to the Académie française in 1688, and died in Paris. Born into minor nobility, nephew of Nicolas Boileau, his literary talents attracted the attention of Louis Armand, prince of Bourbon-Conti, whose assistant he became in 1678. Louis XIV of France gave him a number of diplomatic missions to Switzerland to negotiate agreements with the government at Neufchâtel. Benefiting"
"Pierre Bayle Pierre Bayle (; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the ""Historical and Critical Dictionary"", publication beginning in 1697. Bayle was a Calvinist Protestant (Huguenot). As a forerunner of the Encyclopedists and an advocate of the principle of the toleration his works subsequently influenced the development of the Enlightenment. Bayle was born at Carla-le-Comte (later renamed Carla-Bayle in his honour), near Pamiers, Ariège, France. He was educated by his father, a Calvinist minister, and at an academy at Puylaurens. He afterwards entered a Jesuit college at"
"prison or the pyre, found safety, honor, and friendship. Our gratitude to you, Mother of our [French] Renaissance! Your hearth was that of our saints, your heart the nest of our freedom."" Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), French philosopher and critic, whose ""Dictionnaire historique et critique (Historical and Critical Dictionary"", 1697) greatly influenced the French Encyclopedists and the rationalist philosophers of the eighteenth century, such as Voltaire and Diderot, esteemed her highly, writing: ""... for a queen to grant her protection to people persecuted for opinions which she believes to be false; to open a sanctuary to them; to preserve them from"
"""La Bastille dévoilée"" (1789) is not written by Manuel, as often cited, but by Charpentier. Louis Pierre Manuel Louis Pierre Manuel (1751 – 17 November 1793) was a French writer and political figure of the Revolution. He was born at Montargis, Loiret, and entered the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, becoming tutor to the son of a Paris banker. In 1783 his pamphlet, ""Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques"", resulted in his being imprisoned in the Bastille. Manuel embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the storming of the Bastille became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris. He was one"
"Carla-Bayle Carla-Bayle is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. It was the birthplace of Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), a Protestant philosopher and writer known for his works on religious toleration and his early encyclopedia. Originally named ""Carla-le-Comte"", the commune became a center of Protestant activity in the 16th century before the government suppressed it. Pierre Bayle, the important Protestant philosopher and writer was born here, and taught in his early years by his father, a Protestant minister. He briefly converted to Catholicism, before reverting to the Protestant Reform faith. His rejection of Catholicism led to his need to"
"(1848). In each of the novels, Paris is the setting and a major participant. Alexandre Dumas published ""The Three Musketeers"" (1844); ""Twenty Years After"" (1845); ""The Vicomte de Bragelonne"" (1847); ""The Count of Monte Cristo"" (1845–1846); ""La Reine Margot"" (1845); ""La Dame de Monsoreau"" (1846); and many more novels, in addition to many theatrical versions of his novels for the Paris stage. Stendhal published his first major novel, ""Le Rouge et le Noir"", in 1830, and his second, ""La Chartreuse de Parme"", in 1839. Other major Paris writers who produced important works included George Sand, Alfred de Musset, and Alphonse"
"Louise Labé Louise Labé, (c. 1524, Lyon – 25 April 1566, Parcieux), also identified as La Belle Cordière (The Beautiful Ropemaker), was a feminist French poet of the Renaissance born in Lyon, the daughter of wealthy ropemaker Pierre Charly and his second wife, Etiennette Roybet. Louise Labé was born into a family of ropemakers, surgeons, and butchers. Her father, Pierre Charly, was a successful ropemaker, who started a business on rue de l'Arbre sec, at the base of Saint Sébastien Hill in Lyon. When his first wife died in 1515, he married Etiennette Roybet, and had five children: Barthélemy, Francois,"
"a secret message in the petals of a carnation. According to the biography ""La vie d'Alexandre Dumas père"" by J. Lucas-Dubreton, Dumas had originally titled the work ""Le Chevalier de Rougeville"", but changed the title to ""Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge"" after receiving a complaint from the son of the Marquis de Rougeville. (French) Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (translated as ""The Knight of Maison-Rouge: A Novel of Marie Antoinette"" or ""The Knight of the Red House"") was written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is related to a series referred to as the Marie Antoinette romances,"
"Marie Anne Barbier Marie-Anne Barbier (1670 or 21 January 1664 – 1745) was a French writer. The daughter of Jacques Barbier and Marie Sinson, she was born in Orléans. She later left there for Paris. Barbier wrote in collaboration with the abbé Simon-Joseph Pellegrin. In 1702, she wrote her first play ""Arrie et Petus"", a tragedy. That was followed by the tragedies ""Cornélie, mère des Gracques"" in 1703, ""Tomyris, Reine des MaiTagetes"" in 1707 and ""La Mort de César"" in 1709. In 1719, Barbier wrote ""Le Faucon"", a comedy in one act. She also wrote two operas: "" Fêtes de"
"book of poems in 1826 established him as one of France's leading poets. He wrote his first plays, ""Cromwell"" and ""Hernani"" in 1827 and 1830, and his first short novel, ""The Last Days of a Condemned Man"", in 1829. The premiere of the ultra-romantic ""Hernani"" (see theater section below) caused a riot in the audience. Many of the greatest and most popular works of French literature were written and published in Paris during the July Monarchy. Other major Paris writers of the July Monarchy included George Sand, Alfred de Musset, and Alphonse de Lamartine. The poet Charles Baudelaire, born in"
"the 17th century playwright Marthe Cosnard and poet Françoise Pascal. Soeur de La Chapelle Soeur de La Chapelle ('sister of the chapel') was a French nun in the second half of the 17th century who wrote a tragedy about the martyrdom of Saint Catherine of Alexandria. Little is known of Soeur de La Chapelle's life apart from the fact she authored a tragedy, ""The Illustrious Philosopher, or the Story of Saint Catherine of Alexandria"" (""L'Illustre philosophe, ou l'histoire de Sainte-Catherine d'Alexandrie"") about the saint's martyrdom. It was published in 1663 in Autun, France, and the dedication page was signed ""De"
"Madame de La Fayette Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne, comtesse de La Fayette (baptized 18 March 1634 – 25 May 1693), better known as Madame de La Fayette, was a French writer, the author of ""La Princesse de Clèves"", France's first historical novel and one of the earliest novels in literature. Christened ""Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne"", she was born in Paris to a family of minor but wealthy nobility. At 16, de la Vergne became the maid of honour to Queen Anne of Austria and began also to acquire a literary education from Gilles Ménage, who gave her lessons"
"Richard Popkin has advanced the view that Pierre Bayle was a skeptic who used the ""Historical and Critical Dictionary"" to criticise all prior known theories and philosophies. In Bayle's view, humans were inherently incapable of achieving true knowledge. Because of the limitations of human reason, men should adhere instead to their conscience alone. Bayle was critical of many influential rationalists, such as René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Pierre Bayle Pierre Bayle (; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the ""Historical"
"Marcel Aymé Marcel Aymé (29 March 1902 – 14 October 1967) was a French novelist, children's writer, humour writer, screenwriter and theatre playwright. Marcel Aymé was born in Joigny, in the Yonne department of Burgundy. He was educated at the ""Collège de Dole"", then worked as a journalist in Paris, among other things. His first published novel was ""Brûlebois"" (1926), and in 1929 his ""La Table aux crevés"" won the Prix Renaudot. After the great success of his novel ""La Jument verte"" (1933), translated into English as ""The Green Mare"", he concentrated mostly on writing and published children's stories, novels,"
"Marin le Roy de Gomberville Marin le Roy, sieur du Parc et de Gomberville (1600 – 14 June 1674) was a French poet and novelist. He was born at Paris, and at fourteen he produced a volume of poetry. At twenty he wrote a ""Discours sur l'histoire"" and at twenty-two a pastoral, ""La Charité"", which is really a novel. The characters, though disguised as shepherds and shepherdesses, represent real people for whose identification the author himself provides a key. This was followed by a more ambitious work, ""Polexandre"" (5 vols. 1632–1637). The hero wanders through the world in search of"
"Antoine Le Bailly Antoine-François Le Bailly (or Lebailly), (1 April 1756, Caen – 13 January 1832, Paris) was a French librettist and fabulist. Antoine Le Bailly authored some operas, but is mostly known for his fables. A first collection was published under the title ""Fables nouvelles, suivies de poésies fugitives"" (Paris, 1784, in-12 ; a second one under that of ""Fables nouvelles"" (""Ibid."", 1814, in-12). In a third edition (1823, in-8°), Le Bailly replaced the verse of the epilogue in praise of Napoléon by verse in honor of the Bourbons. He also composed ""Corisandre"", comédie-opéra (Paris, 1792, in-4°) ; ""Diane"
"conquête de Grenade"" 1865, ""Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada""). Xavier Eyma Louis-Xavier Eyma (16 October 1816 – 20 March 1876) was a 19th-century French journalist and writer, author, among others, of novels, travel books and theater plays. Born in Martinique, an illegitimate son of Louis, a French lawyer who had long worked in New Orleans and Victorine Eyma, Xavier Eyma studied in France and joined the Navy administration in Paris in 1836. He began to write in the Parisian press and in 1840 obtained a first success with his novel ""Le Médaillon"". Charged with a mission to West Indies"
"Victor Hugo Victor Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Outside of France, his most famous works are the novels ""Les Misérables"", 1862, and ""The Hunchback of Notre-Dame"" (), 1831. In France, Hugo is known primarily for his poetry collections, such as (""The Contemplations"") and (""The Legend of the Ages""). Hugo was at the forefront of the Romantic literary movement with his play ""Cromwell"" and drama ""Hernani"". Many of his works have inspired"
"or Alice de Chambrier. Borel died at Mostaganem in Algeria. He was the subject of a biography by Enid Starkie, ""Petrus Borel: The Lycanthrope"" (1954). Petrus Borel Joseph-Pierre Borel d'Hauterive, known as Petrus Borel (26 June 1809 – 14 July 1859), was a French writer of the Romantic movement. Born at Lyon, the twelfth of fourteen children of an ironmonger, he studied architecture in Paris but abandoned it for literature. Nicknamed ""le Lycanthrope"" (""wolfman""), and the center of the circle of Bohemians in Paris, he was noted for extravagant and eccentric writing, foreshadowing Surrealism. He was not commercially successful though,"
"the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau – wrote an early series of radical poems including the anti-slavery work ""The Dying Negro"" (with John Bicknell) in 1773, and a passionate defence of the American Revolution ""The Devoted Legions"" in 1776. He is however best known for his books for children, particularly his 1789 work ""Sandford and Merton"", which remained the most widely read and influential children's book for a century after its publication, and whose proto-socialist outlook was ""to play a crucial role in moulding the ethos of nineteenth-century England"". Joseph Priestley wrote voluminously on an exceptionally wide range of subjects including"
"Eustache Le Noble Eustache Le Noble (Troyes, 1643 – Paris, 31 January 1711) was a 17th-century French playwright and writer. An attorney General at the Parlement of Metz, Le Noble led a dissipated life and after he had been condemned for having manufactured false acts, he was jailed at the Conciergerie where he fell in love with Gabrielle Perreau, la Belle Épicière, who was also imprisoned. Having found a way to get away with her, in order to make a living, he published satirical dialogues about the time topics, in which Bayle found ""infinite wit and reading."" The prose is"
"""Les Sataniques"" (1897) — probably her masterpiece. She wrote exotic novels as well, including ""Les Courtisanes de Brahma"", ""La Porte de Félicité"" or ""La Gueisha amoureuse"". She collaborated with the Théâtre du Grand Guignol. Novels and Short Stories Jane de La Vaudère Jane de la Vaudère was the pen name of Jeanne Scrive, a French novelist, poet and playwright who was born April 15, 1857, in Paris, and died on July 26, 1908. Her father was a famous doctor, Gaspard-Léonard Scrive, Surgeon-General of the French Army during the Crimean War. She is considered by contemporary critics a participant in the"
"Tardi successfully adapted novels by controversial writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline and crime novelist Léo Malet. In Malet's case, Tardi adapted his detective hero Nestor Burma into a series of critically acclaimed graphic novels, though he also wrote and drew original stories of his own. Tardi also created one of French comics' most famous heroines, Adèle Blanc-Sec. This series recreates the Paris of early 20th century where the moody heroine encounters supernatural events, state plots, occult societies and experiments in cryogenics. Another graphic novel was ""Ici Même"" which was written by Jean-Claude Forest, best known as the creator of Barbarella. A satire,"