"into ensuring the canopy is open so air flow can help dry the grapes off. Of particular concern is bunch rot often caused by the fungus ""Botrytis cinerea"". In the production of late harvest wines, such as Semillon, ""Botrytis"" can be desirable and is known as noble rot. But for other grape varieties, particularly red wine grapes, the fungus is unwelcome with its infection described as grey rot. In the late 1990s, research in Hunter Valley vineyards discovered that a wide range of pathogens caused various occurrences of bunch rot in the vineyards. These other pathogens included ""Colletotrichum acutatum"" (ripe"
"Noble rot Noble rot (; ; ; ) is the beneficial form of a grey fungus, ""Botrytis cinerea"", affecting wine grapes. Infestation by ""Botrytis"" requires moist conditions. If the weather stays wet, the damaging form, ""grey rot,"" can destroy crops of grapes. Grapes typically become infected with ""Botrytis"" when they are ripe. If they are then exposed to drier conditions and become partially raisined this form of infection is known as noble rot. Grapes when picked at a certain point during infestation can produce particularly fine and concentrated sweet wine. Wines produced by this method are known as botrytized wines."
"Botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea (""botrytis"" from Ancient Greek ""botrys ""(βότρυς) meaning ""grapes"" plus the New Latin suffix ""-itis"" for disease) is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as ""botrytis bunch rot""; in horticulture, it is usually called ""grey mould"" or ""gray mold"". The fungus gives rise to two different kinds of infections on grapes. The first, grey rot, is the result of consistently wet or humid conditions, and typically results in the loss of the affected bunches. The second, noble rot, occurs when"
"the pathogen. A low pH is preferred by the gray mold to perform well. ""Botrytis cinerea"" can acidify its environment by secreting organic acids, like oxalic acid. By acidifying its surroundings, cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) are enhanced, plant-protection enzymes are inhibited, stomatal closure is deregulated, and pH signaling is mediated to facilitate its pathogenesis. In the ""Botrytis"" infection known as ""noble rot"" ("""" in French, or """" in German), the fungus removes water from the grapes, leaving behind a higher percent of solids, such as sugars, fruit acids and minerals. This results in a more intense, concentrated final product."
"than other boletes. Orbatid mites such as ""Carabodes femoralis"", ""Nothrus silvestris"" and ""Oribatula tibialis"" eat them, as do squirrels. Several microbial pathogens can damage the fruit bodies, and have had an effect on populations in China, including soft rot caused by ""Pseudomonas aeruginosa"", and black mould caused by ""Mucor"", ""Sepedonium"", ""Paecilomyces"", and ""Diasporangium"" species. Often considered a poor relation of the cep (""Boletus edulis""), the bay bolete is nevertheless highly regarded as a choice edible mushroom by some authors such as Carluccio. In central Mexico, it is collected from Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park and sold in neighbouring markets. It may"
"Choanephora cucurbitarum The fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum is a plant pathogen that causes fruit and blossom rot of various cucurbits. It can also affect okra, snap bean, and southern pea, and may cause a stem and leaf rot of ""Withania somnifera"". Recently Das et al. 2017 added few more patho-index on ""aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), ""teasle gourd (Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde"", ""hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet)"", ""green pea (Pisum sativum)"" from India. ( Wet weather, high temperature and high humidity favor disease development from inoculum that is typically soil-borne. Signs of infection on fruits or"
"are sealed with some type of synthetic closure. Noble One was given its name in 1990 as a result of the bilateral agreement between Australia and the European Economic Community in which Australia agreed to phase out the use of European names on wine labels. Previously the wine was known as 'Sauternes' but today it is simply called Noble One. The fungus botrytis cinerea is responsible for many of the great sweet whites of Europe including Sauternes. Botrytis develops on the grape bunches given the right moist and humid conditions. Botrytis spores leach moisture from the berries causing the fruit"
"diameter) specimens of noble fir (""Abies procera""), Pacific silver fir (""Abies amabilis""), or western hemlock (""Tsuga heterophylla""). ""Bridgeoporus nobilissimus"" causes a brown rot in its tree hosts. Genetic analysis shows that the fungus is more prevalent than fruit body distribution indicates. ""Bridgeoporus nobilissimus"" was named for William Bridge Cooke, who originally described the species as ""Oxyporus nobilissimus"" in 1949. The fungus was discovered in Clackamas County, Oregon, in 1943 by brothers Ali and Fred Sandoz. Foresters called the species ""Fomes fuzzii-sandozii"", referring to the collectors and the fuzzy surface texture of the conk. Several collections were made in Oregon and"
"to the mid-20th century, the Orvieto region was known for the sweet dessert wine made with the noble rot, ""Botrytis cinerea"". Unlike most botrytized wine, such as Sauternes, where the grapes are introduced to the ""Botrytis cinerea"" fungus while they are on the vine, the grapes of Orvieto were exposed to the fungus after harvest, when they packed into crates and barrels and stored in humid grottoes carved out of the tufa stone. Made primarily from the Trebbiano sub-variety Procanico, which produces smaller berries than the Trebbiano used in Tuscan wines, these sweet wines were deep gold in color, described"
"mixture was the primary technique for controlling the disease; in the 1940s growers shifted to synthetic chemical use. Without these fungicides is it estimated that apple yield loss due to bitter rot would be as high at 90%. This disease primarily affects the southeastern portion of the United States and is known to infect the cultivars Rome Beauty, Grimes Golden, Delicious, York Imperial, and Golden Delicious. Lesions on twigs are well defined, conical, shiny black swellings and on the fruit itself they are black, spherical, slightly sunken spots. Severely affected leaves may die within 2 to 3 weeks of infection."
"while the cap flesh is made of interwoven hyphae (both thick- and thin-walled) measuring 2.5–6 µm. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. The young mushrooms are edible, although they tend to become tough when mature. The flesh has a fruit or indistinct odor and a mild taste. They are prized by the Rarámuri Indians of Mexico. ""Neolentinus ponderosus"" is a saprophytic species, and grows on the stumps and logs of conifers, particularly ponderosa pine. It causes a brown rot in wood, whereby it breaks down the hemicellulose and cellulose to cause a brown discoloration, and the subsequent cracking of"
"sprayed onto the fruit. Ceratocystis paradoxa ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" or Black Rot of Pineapple is a plant pathogen that is a fungus part of the phylum Ascomycota. It is characterized as the teleomorph or sexual reproduction stage of infection. This stage contains ascocarps, or sacs/fruiting bodies, which contain the sexually produced inoculating ascospores. These are the structures which are used primarily to survive long periods of time or overwinter to prepare for the next growing season of its host. Unfortunately, the sexual stage is not often seen in the natural field but instead the anamorph, or asexual stage is more commonly"
"in diameter. Its pore surface is bright reddish orange when fresh, and its flesh stains red with KOH. ""Pycnoporus cinnabarinus"" has a tougher fruit body and is a brighter red color. The edible ""beefsteak fungus"" ""Fistulina hepatica"" may readily be confused with ""H. nidulans"". It has soft, blood-red fruit bodies that ooze red juice. Also edible, the ""chicken of the woods"", ""Laetiporus sulphureus"", has bright yellow fruit bodies whose color fades in age. A saprobic species, ""Hapalopilus nidulans"" causes a white rot in its host. Fruit bodies of the fungus grow singly, in groups, or in fused and overlapping clusters"
"impact relates to the post-harvest disease it causes in citrus fruits known as green rot or mould. As a wound pathogen, the disease cycle begins when ""P. digitatum"" conidia germinate with release of water and nutrients from the site of injury on the fruit surface. After infection at 24 °C, rapid growth ensues with active infection taking place within 48 hours and initial symptom onset occurring within 3 days. As temperature at time of infection decreases, the delay of initial symptom onset increases. Initial symptoms include a moist depression on the surface which expands as white mycelium colonizes much of"
"most severely affected and devastated by gray mold. Plant organs affected include fruits, flowers, leaves, storage organs, and shoots. Symptoms vary across plant organs and tissues. ""B. cinerea"" is a soft rot that will have a collapsed and water soaked appearance on soft fruit and leaves. Brown lesions may develop slowly on undeveloped fruit. Twigs infected with gray mold will die back. Blossoms will cause fruit drop and injury, such as ridging on developing and mature fruit. Symptoms are visible at wound sites where the fungus begins to rot the plant. Gray masses with a velvety appearance are conidia on"
"name is ""Thielaviopsis paradoxa"" and is the common cause of Black rot or stem-end rot of its hosts. One of the most well-known diseases caused by ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" is Black rot or stem-end rot of pineapple, but it can also infect tropical fruit plants such as banana and coconuts as well as sugarcane. The pathogen infects the fruits through wounds or other openings after harvest has already happened and the fruit is fresh. This is because the time to processing takes too long. Symptoms for this disease are very obvious black lesions on the fruit, the main infection part of"
"brown to dark brown, indistinctly striate with fine hyaline polar appendages, and measure 16-20 µm x 8-12 µm (Saroj et al. 2012). Choanephora cucurbitarum The fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum is a plant pathogen that causes fruit and blossom rot of various cucurbits. It can also affect okra, snap bean, and southern pea, and may cause a stem and leaf rot of ""Withania somnifera"". Recently Das et al. 2017 added few more patho-index on ""aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), ""teasle gourd (Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde"", ""hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet)"", ""green pea (Pisum sativum)"" from India. ("
"annosum"" was given by Brefeld in 1888. ""Heterobasidion annosum"" causes one of the most destructive diseases of conifers. The disease caused by the fungus is named annosus root rot. The fruiting bodies of the fungus, which are also known as basidiocarps, are normally brackets which are whitish around the margins and dark brown on the uneven, knobbly upper surface. However they can also take a resupinate form, consisting only of a white crust which corresponds to the underside of the bracket. Basidiocarps are up to about 40 cm in diameter and 3.5 cm thick. The fertile surface of the fruiting"
"Another orange fungus, ""Ceriporia spissa"", is tightly appressed to the wood substrate, with a soft, gelatinous body texture. ""Pycnoporellus alboluteus"" causes a brown cubical rot on fallen logs of coniferous trees. The fruit bodies usually grow on the underside of the log, and may start developing while still immersed in snow. Although new fruit bodies usually begin growing in the spring, they may persist throughout the year. In Europe, it usually grows on ""Picea"" species, but also on ""Abies"". In North America, it also grows on ""Populus"". The fungus has a circumpolar distribution, and is found in the boreal conifer"
"Phaeolus schweinitzii Phaeolus schweinitzii, commonly known as velvet-top fungus, dyer's polypore, or dyer's mazegill, is a fungal plant pathogen that causes butt rot on conifers such as Douglas-fir, spruce, fir, hemlock, pine, and larch. ""P. schweinitzii"" is a polypore, although unlike bracket fungi the fruiting body may appear terrestrial when growing from the roots or base of the host tree. The fruiting bodies, appearing in late summer or fall, commonly incorporate blades of grass, twigs, or fallen pine needles as they grow. As these fruiting bodies age, the pore surface turns from yellow to greenish yellow, the top becomes darker,"
"Phytophthora citrophthora Phytophthora citrophthora, also known as brown rot of citrus, is a soil borne oomycete that infects several economically important citrus crops. A diagnostic symptom of ""P. citrophthora"" is gummosis, wherein lesions around the base of the tree exude sap. Other common symptoms include dark longitudinal lesions forming at the soil line, a sour smell, and eventual cracking of the bark. Advanced symptoms include yellowing and necrosis of the tree canopy. Girdling action caused by the pathogen around the trunk can often cause the collapse of the tree. Resistant lemon varieties have been developed and their implementation has been"
"causing diseases of plants, animals and humans with varying degrees of severity and economic impact. The irritating human skin disease known as athlete's foot or tinea pedis is caused by species of the microfungal genus ""Trichophyton"". Microfungi may cause diseases of crops and trees which range in severity from mild to disastrous, and in economic importance from beneficial to seriously costly. The mould ""Botrytis cinerea"" can cause spoilage of crops including grapes, but is also responsible for the ""noble rot"", which concentrates sugars in the grapes used to make the intensely sweet and concentrated Sauternes dessert wines from the Bordeaux"
"which emerge spore horns the following spring. These galls may produce spores for up to twenty years. Quince rust is economically important primarily when an extended wetting period with a mean temperature above 10 °C occurs between the tight cluster and late pink bud stages. Under these conditions, economic losses may occur throughout large geographic areas. Experiments with fungicide sprays have been shown to provide complete control of rust. White rot gets its name from the soft, watery, and light-colored rotted fruit that is left over after an apple is infected. The fungus survives from season to season in the"
"in Europe. Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mould ""Sepedonium ampullosporum"". Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue, and a yellow colour caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia (single-celled conidia produced by extrusion from the conidiophores). The bacterium ""Paenibacillus tylopili"" has been isolated from the mycorrhizosphere of ""T. felleus""; this is the region around its subterranean hyphae where nutrients released from the fungus affect the activity of the microbial population in the soil. The bacterium excretes enzymes that allow it to break down the biomolecule chitin. Fruit bodies of ""T. felleus"" have a high"
"to grow best, in culture, at 25 to 30 °C [77 to 86 °F].) Lenticels and wounds provide locations for wood infection The cankers of white rot appear similar to those of black rot, caused by ""Diplodia seriata"" (formerly ""B. obtusa""). Girdling of limbs by cankers can result in yellowing (""chlorosis"") of leaves on affected branches in the spring. While the precise time of fruit infection is unclear, symptoms of fruit rot appear approximately four to six weeks before harvest. The name ""white rot"" comes from the light brown color of the surface of affected red-skinned apples. ""Botryosphaeria dothidea"" is"
"and in such unusual places as coal mines. Less frequently, it is also found on non-coniferous hardwood. The fungus's fruiting season is spring to autumn and it is common in Europe and North America. There have also been multiple reports of its occurrence in the Western Cape, South Africa. ""Neolentinus lepideus"" has a saprotrophic mode of nutrition and is an important woodland decomposer and a cause of wet rot in building materials. The fungus has shown tolerance of wood treated with creosote and other preservatives, and has been used in experiments to evaluate the efficacy of treatment methods. While some"
"Aureoboletus mirabilis Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. ""Aureoboletus mirabilis"" is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, ""A. mirabilis"" sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle."
"x 3–6(–9) μm. The fungus can grow on a variety of citrus fruits and cause Sour Rot. It tends to cause rotting in fruits that are stored at . The conidia are colourless and have a slimy coating. ""G. candidum"" is also found occasionally in the human gut, feces, sputum and on skin. The fungus grows in soil, water, sewage, various plant substrates, baker’s dough, husks of fermentation, bread, milk and milk products The optimal temperature for growth is with a pH range of 5.0–5.5. The temperature range changes depending on the surface that the fungus grows on. For example,"
"germinate, grow down the style, and colonize the ovary. This is the secondary infection. Within the ovary, fungal mycelia form a white cottony mass in each of the four locules, or fruit seed cavities, and grow into the fleshy fruit tissue. The infected berry itself remains firm, categorizing this type of rot as a hard rot (a soft rot is characterized by total tissue maceration and seepage). Eventually, the fungus consumes the fruit pericarp and a hard black pseudosclerotium (mummy) develops from 25 – 50% of the diseased fruit. Mature pseudosclerotia often float and may be dispersed by harvest or"
"in foods other than fruits are generally low. There are approximately two hundred twenty-two different plant hosts of ""T. roseum"" found worldwide. ""Trichothecium roseum"" causes pink rot on various fruits and vegetables. It is considered both a secondary and opportunistic pathogen since it tends to enter the fruit/vegetable host through lesions that were caused by a primary pathogen. Disease caused by this fungus is characterized by the development of white powdery mold that eventually turns pink. Antagonistic behaviours of ""T. roseum"" with certain plant pathogenic fungi was reported by Koch in 1934. He started that ""T. roseum"" actively parasitized stroma"
"leaves and burning them in winter. Apple cultivars can be ranked in order of increasing resistance as follows: Indo, Red Gold, Raritan, Delicious, Fuji, Golden Delicious, Ralls, Toko, Tsugaru, Mutsu, Jonagold, Jonathan. Chemical control uses fungicides such as iprodione, mancozeb and captan. Disease severity is aggravated by severe mite infestation; thus good mite management is an important factor in preventing severe disease development. Alternaria mali Alternaria mali, also called alternaria blotch of apple, is a pathogenic fungus affecting plants. It is prevalent in the southern United States and elsewhere, and damages the leaves of infected apple trees. ""Aleternaria mali"" can"
"Ceratocystis paradoxa ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" or Black Rot of Pineapple is a plant pathogen that is a fungus part of the phylum Ascomycota. It is characterized as the teleomorph or sexual reproduction stage of infection. This stage contains ascocarps, or sacs/fruiting bodies, which contain the sexually produced inoculating ascospores. These are the structures which are used primarily to survive long periods of time or overwinter to prepare for the next growing season of its host. Unfortunately, the sexual stage is not often seen in the natural field but instead the anamorph, or asexual stage is more commonly seen. This asexual stage"
"of root rot and ""Rosellinia necatrix"" causing white root rot, while others affect root and bulb, such as ""Aspergillus niger"" (black mold), and species of ""Trichoderma"", including ""T. viride"" and ""T. harzianum"" (=""T. narcissi"") responsible for green mold. Other fungi affect the remainder of the plant. Another ""Botrytis"" fungus, ""Botrytis polyblastis"" (""Sclerotinia polyblastis"") causes brown spots on the flower buds and stems (narcissus fire), especially in damp weather and is a threat to the cut flower industry. ""Ramularia vallisumbrosae"" is a leaf spot fungus found in warmer climates, causing narcissus white mould disease. ""Peyronellaea curtisii"", the Narcissus leaf scorch, also"