"Oil mill An oil mill is a grinding mill designed to crush or bruise oil-bearing seeds, such as linseed or peanuts, or other oil-rich vegetable material, such as olives or the fruit of the oil palm, which can then be pressed to extract vegetable oils, which may used as foods or for cooking, as oleochemical feedstocks, as lubricants, or as biofuels. The pomace or press cake - the remaining solid material from which the oil has been extracted - may also be used as a food or fertilizer. Oil-rich vegetable materials have been processed mechanically to extract the valuable oils"
"Underground stem Underground stems are modified plant structures that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface. They function as storage tissues for food and nutrients, propagation of new clones, and perennation (survival from one growing season to the next). Types include bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolon, spindle - shaped and ""tubers"" Plants have two axes of growth, which can be best seen from seed germination and growth. Seedlings develop two structures or axes of growth, one that develops upward out of the soil, called stems, and structures that develop downward which are called roots. The roots are modified"
"Peanut The peanut, also known as the groundnut, goober, or monkey nut (UK), and taxonomically classified as Arachis hypogaea, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. It is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. World annual production of shelled peanuts was 44 million tonnes in 2016, led by China with 38% of the world total. Atypically among crop plants, peanut pods develop underground rather than aboveground. It is this"
"and biologists producing plants grown from rhizomes more easily cultivate and grow better plants. Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some ""Iris"" species, and ferns, whose spreading stems are rhizomes. Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers, bamboo, the Venus flytrap, Chinese lantern, western poison-oak, hops, and Alstroemeria, and the weeds Johnson grass, Bermuda grass, and purple nut sedge. Rhizomes generally form a single layer, but in giant horsetails, can be multi-tiered. Many rhizomes have culinary value, and some, such as ""zhe'ergen"", are commonly consumed raw. Rhizome In botany and dendrology,"
"even when they lack leaves. They are able to survive during adverse environmental conditions by going into a state of quiesce and later resume growth from their storage organs, which contain reserves of carbohydrates and water, when the environmental conditions are favourable again. Underground stem Underground stems are modified plant structures that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface. They function as storage tissues for food and nutrients, propagation of new clones, and perennation (survival from one growing season to the next). Types include bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolon, spindle - shaped and ""tubers"" Plants have two axes"
"ground are phylloids, stolons, runners, or spurs. Modified stems located below ground are corms, rhizomes, and tubers. There are also many wild edible plant stems. In North America, these include the shoots of woodsorrel (usually eaten along with the leaves), chickweeds, galinsoga, common purslane, Japanese knotweed, winter cress and other wild mustards, thistles (de-thorned), stinging nettles (cooked), bellworts, violets, amaranth and slippery elm, among many others. Also, some wild plants with edible rhizomes (underground, horizontal stems) can be found, such as arrowhead or cattail. Wild edible stems, like their domestic relatives, are usually only good when young and growing. Many"
"areas, since the stems do not have to be supported or strong, less energy and resources are needed to produce these stems and often these plants have more mass under ground than above ground. Different forms of underground stems include: A number of underground stems are consumed by people including; onion, potato, ginger, yam and taro. A geophyte (earth+plant) is a plant with an underground storage organ including true bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, enlarged hypocotyls, and rhizomes. Most plants with underground stems are geophytes but not all plants that are geophytes have underground stems. Geophytes are often physiologically active"
"pots as soon as they are large enough to handle and plant them out when in early summer. It is also possible to sow in situ, though this requires a lot more seed to produce the same amount of plants from a protected sowing. Division in late summer as the plant dies down. """"I prithee, let me bring thee where crabs grow; and I with my long nails will dig thee pignuts"""" Conopodium majus Conopodium majus is a small perennial herb, whose underground part resembles a chestnut and is sometimes eaten as a wild or cultivated root vegetable. The plant"
"Legume A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), the seed of such a plant (also called pulse). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, peas, chickpeas, lentils, lupin bean, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts and tamarind. A legume fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a ""pod"", although the term ""pod"" is also applied to a"
"fruit is a legume pod up to 1.5 cm long. Most seeds are produced in fruits that develop underground. This plant grows in grassland and oak woodland habitat. It is threatened by herbivory by rodents and cattle. Grazing also causes habitat degradation. Macroptilium supinum Macroptilium supinum is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name supine bean. It is native to Mexico, with its distribution extending north into the US state of Arizona. This perennial herb has stems that creep across the ground, growing from a tuber. The leaves are each made up of"
"Vigna subterranea Vigna subterranea (also known by its common names: Bambara nut, Bambara-bean, Congo goober, earth pea, ground-bean, or hog-peanut) is a member of the family Fabaceae. The plant originated in West Africa (the Bambara people are found in southern Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and Senegal). ""Vigna subterranea"" ripens its pods underground, much like the peanut (also called a ""groundnut""). They can be eaten fresh or boiled after drying. The origin of the Bambara groundnut is West Africa and the region of cultivation is Sub-Saharan Africa's warm tropics. Bambara nut grows well any where groundnut (peanut) grows and so is"
"plant to fuel the process. In return, the plant takes nitrogen compounds produced from ammonia by the bacteria. The term root crops refers to any edible underground plant structure, but many root crops are actually stems, such as potato tubers. Edible roots include cassava, sweet potato, beet, carrot, rutabaga, turnip, parsnip, radish, yam and horseradish. Spices obtained from roots include sassafras, angelica, sarsaparilla and licorice. Sugar beet is an important source of sugar. Yam roots are a source of estrogen compounds used in birth control pills. The fish poison and insecticide rotenone is obtained from roots of ""Lonchocarpus"" spp. Important"
"or tree species that are either broken down by livestock or regularly cut by humans to provide stock feed. Grain legumes are cultivated for their seeds, and are also called pulses. The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of oils for industrial uses. Grain legumes include both herbaceous plants like beans, lentils, lupins, peas and peanuts. and trees such as carob, mesquite and tamarind. Bloom legume species include species such as lupin, which are farmed commercially for their blooms as well as being popular in gardens worldwide. ""Laburnum"", ""Robinia"", ""Gleditsia"", ""Acacia"", ""Mimosa"", and ""Delonix"""
"flat, twisted legume (pod) long, containing generally 3 to 5 hard, flattened, medium brown seeds. The seed pod is constricted between seeds (a loment), and seed dispersal occurs both through dehiscence and breaks at these constrictions. ""Senegalia greggii"", even though it is used as forage for livestock, contains a potentially poisonous cyanogenic glycoside called prunasin. Mature seeds are to be avoided, as the native people did. ""S. greggii"" young, unripe beans were gathered and eaten by desert tribes of North America, including the Chemehuevi of the Southern Paiute, the Pima, and the Cahuilla. The Cahuilla also ground the dried beans"
"as the bur-reed, is a genus of aquatic plants of shallow marshes, ponds and streams. There are 9 species found in the United States and Canada. The stem, which may be floating or emergent, emerges from a buried rhizome, which like many wetland plants, is dependent upon aerenchyma to transport oxygen to the rooting zone. The leaves are strap-like. The flowers are borne in spherical heads, which bear either male or female flowers. The seeds may accumulate in the soil as dense seed banks, which allow the plants to regenerate during low water periods. Sparganium is an important component of"
"plants. They are typically underground and are surrounded by plump and layered leaves that provide nutrients to the new plant. Examples of plants that use bulbs are shallots, lilies and tulips. Tubers develop from either the stem or the root. Stem tubers grow from rhizomes or runners that swell from storing nutrients while root tubers propagate from roots that are modified to store nutrients and get too large and produce a new plant. Examples of stem tubers are potatoes and yams and examples of root tubers are sweet potatoes and dahlias. Corms are solid enlarged underground stems that store nutrients"
"Corm A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation). The word ""cormous"" usually means plants that grow from corms, parallel to the terms ""tuberous"" and ""bulbous"" to describe plants growing from tubers and bulbs. A corm consists of one or more internodes with at least one growing point, generally with protective leaves modified into skins or tunics. The tunic of a corm forms from dead petiole sheaths—remnants of leaves produced in"
"is a period of inactive growth, and when that period is over the plants resume new growth from the underground stems. Being underground protects the stems from the elements during the dormancy period, such as freezing and thawing in winter or extreme heat and drought in summer or fire. They can also protect plants from heavy grazing pressure from animals, the plant might be eaten to the ground but new growth can occur from below ground stem that can not be reached by the herbivores. A number of plants, including ""weed""y species, use underground stems to spread and colonize large"
"in color and is mined near Leadville. This species is a small perennial herb growing from a taproot and underground branching caudex unit. Underground stem branches may root and sprout up as new plants, so what appear to be two separate plants may actually be one individual sprouting up twice. This underground stem has sometimes been called a rhizome, or at least rhizome-like. The herbage is coated in hairs, making it look ashy or silvery. The leaves are compound, made up of up to 25 leaflets which may be folded. The flowers are purple, pinkish purple, or purple-striped white. Flowering"
"variety of plants and vegetative materials. Fruit and berries (Lower Tanana ""jega, deneyh, nekotl"" Tanacross ""jêg, ntl'ét, nit-sįį', ..."" Upper Tanana ""jjign, nt'lat, niitsil, ...""), edible roots (esp. Indian potato or wild carrot ""Hedysarum alpinum"" Lower Tanana ""troth""), and assorted plants (esp. wild rhubarb ""Polygonum alaskanum"") were eaten fresh, preserved for later consumption, or used for medicinal purposes. Birch bark of paper birch (Lower Tanana ""k'iyh"" Tanacross and Upper Tanana ""k'įį"") and spruce roots (Tanacross ""xeyh"") were needed to make baskets, cooking vessels, tools, cradleboards, and canoes. The Upper Tanana use Vaccinium vitis-idaea as a food source. They boil the"
"used for fossorial (burrowing) and troglobitic (or stygobitic) cave-living organisms. The opposite terms are epigean and epigeic. The term hypogeous is used for fungi with underground fruiting bodies - for example, truffles. The opposite term is epigeous. Hypogeal Hypogeal, hypogean, hypogeic and hypogeous are biological terms describing an organism's activity below the soil surface. In botany, a seed is described as showing hypogeal germination when the cotyledons of the germinating seed remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground. The converse, where the cotyledons expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground, is epigeal germination."
"Asparagus bean The asparagus bean (""Vigna unguiculata"" subsp. ""sesquipedalis"") is a legume cultivated for its edible green pods containing immature seeds, like the green bean. It is also known as the yardlong bean, long-podded cowpea, Chinese long bean, bodi/bora, snake bean, or pea bean. Despite the common name of ""yardlong"", the pods are actually only about ""half a yard long"", so the subspecies name ""sesquipedalis"" (one-and-a-half-foot-long; ) is a more accurate approximation. A variety of the cowpea, the asparagus bean is grown primarily for its strikingly long () immature green pods and has uses very similar to those of the"
"as early as 1733. The fact that an export cultivar popular in Japan is called ""Maro"" has led some people to assume mistakenly that the English name ""marrowfat"" is derived from Japanese. Pea The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Pea pods are botanically fruit, since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (""Cajanus cajan""),"
"season. Such a climate occurs in Kenya, which has wet conditions in October to December and then again in February to May. Glory-lilies (""Gloriosa"") and ""Crinum"" species are examples of bulbous plants adapted to these conditions. Tropical Asia has similarly adapted bulbous plants, such as species of ""Hedychium"" (gingers). Plants with fleshy underground parts were probably first used as food. Onions (""Allium cepa"") were cultivated in Ancient Egypt. In South America, the potato (""Solanum tuberosum""), oca (""Oxalis tuberosa"") and the sweet potato (""Ipomoea batatas"") were cultivated for thousands of years. Other parts of bulbous plants were also used in cooking."
"soil during the freezing process while the fruit is still attached to the plant itself. Geocarpy is most frequent in tropical or semi-desert areas, and geocarpic species may be found in the families Araceae, Begoniaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Callitrichaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Loganiaceae, Moraceae and Rubiaceae. The best-known example is the peanut, ""Arachis hypogaea"". Geocarpy Geocarpy is ""an extremely rare means of plant reproduction"", in which plants produce diaspores within the soil. This may occur with subterranean flowers (protogeocarpy), or from aerial flowers, which penetrate the soil after flowering (hysterocarpy). It has evolved as an effective means of ensuring a"
"are prized as a vegetable. The peppery edge or bitterness is removed by first boiling the young shoots and leaves, and then soaking in water for two days. Cooked like spinach, it makes a nutritious vegetable. Lepidium latifolium Lepidium latifolium, known by several common names including perennial pepperweed, broadleaved pepperweed, pepperwort, or peppergrass, dittander, dittany, and tall whitetop, is a perennial plant that is a member of the mustard and cabbage family. This plant is native to southern Europe, Mediterranean countries and Asia as far east as the Himalayas. It is an introduced species in North America, where it grows"
"Groundcover Groundcover or ground cover is any plant that grows over an area of ground. Groundcover provides protection of the topsoil from erosion and drought. In an ecosystem, the ground cover forms the layer of vegetation below the shrub layer known as the herbaceous layer. The most widespread ground covers are grasses of various types. In ecology, groundcover is a difficult subject to address because it is known by several different names and is classified in several different ways. The term groundcover could also be referring to “the herbaceous layer,” “regenerative layer"", “ground flora” or even ""step over."" In agriculture,"
"forage. Leaves and pods of ""S. senegal"" are browsed by domestic and wild ruminants. Dried seeds are used as food by humans. Like other legume species, ""S. senegal"" fixes nitrogen within ""Rhizobia"" or nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in root nodules. This nitrogen fixation enriches the poor soils where it is grown, allowing for the rotation of other crops in naturally nutrient-poor regions. It has been reportedly used for its astringent properties, to treat bleeding, bronchitis, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, catarrh, gonorrhea, leprosy, typhoid fever and upper respiratory tract infections. Roots near the surface of the ground are quite useful in making all"
"uses the rhizome to store starches, proteins, and other nutrients. These nutrients become useful for the plant when new shoots must be formed or when the plant dies back for the winter. This is a process known as vegetative reproduction and is used by farmers and gardeners to propagate certain plants. This also allows for lateral spread of grasses like bamboo and bunch grasses. Examples of plants that are propagated this way include hops, asparagus, ginger, irises, lily of the valley, cannas, and sympodial orchids. Some rhizomes which are used directly in cooking include ginger, turmeric, galangal, fingerroot, and lotus."
"Hypogeal germination Hypogeal germination (from Ancient Greek [] 'below ground', from [] 'below' and [] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place below the ground. An example of a plant with hypogeal germination is the pea (""Pisum sativum""). The opposite of hypogeal is epigeal (above-ground germination). Hypogeal germination implies that the cotyledons stay below the ground. The epicotyl (part of the stem above the cotyledon) grows, while the hypocotyl (part of the stem below the cotyledon) stays the same length. In this way, the epicotyl pushes the plumule above the ground. Normally,"
"soil fertility and quality. Also the stalks left block the soil from being eroded. Green manure crops are commonly leguminous, meaning they are part of the Fabaceae (pea) family.This family is unique in that all of the species in it set pods, such as bean, lentil, lupins and alfalfa. Leguminous cover crops are typically high in nitrogen and can often provide the required quantity of nitrogen for crop production. In conventional farming, this nitrogen is typically applied in chemical fertilizer form. This quality of cover crops is called fertilizer replacement value (Thiessen-Martens et al. 2005). Another quality unique to leguminous"
"of developed locules. They contain oleiferous, poisonous seeds. The oil has been used as a paraffin and lubricant, and as a constituent of varnish, paint, and soap. Once poisonous substances are removed, it can be used as a cooking oil. Some deciduous Chinese species are now classified under a separate genus ""Vernicia"". The name ""Aleurites"" is derived from the meaning ""wheaten flour"" or ""ground meal"", because of the appearance of the lower surface of the leaf. Linnaeus assigned the Latin feminine grammatical gender to the genus name ""Aleurites"", as for example in the species name ""Aleurites moluccana"". The current International"
"soil, and often grows with bracken. The caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use it as a food plant, e.g. the Essex skipper (""Thymelicus lineola""). In a survey of weeds in conventional cereals in central southern England in 1982, it was found in 1% of winter barley but not at all in winter wheat or spring barley. Each small piece of rhizome is capable of developing into a new plant. Research shows that within of the surface, of rhizome infested soil may contain up to of rhizome, the weight of roots and rhizomes being estimated at 7.5 tons per acre. A pentaploid"