"February 2010. The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118, oganesson, on 9 October 2006, by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. Tennessine, element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered, in 2009. On 28 November 2016, scientists at the IUPAC officially recognized the names for four of the newest chemical elements, with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118. The following sortable table shows the 118 known chemical elements. Chemical element A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their"
"Ununennium Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Uue and atomic number 119. ""Ununennium"" and ""Uue"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period. It is the lightest element that has not yet been synthesized. Experiments aimed at the synthesis of ununennium began in December 2017 at RIKEN in Japan; another attempt by the team at the"
"Unbiunium Unbiunium, also known as eka-actinium or simply element 121, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Ubu and atomic number 121. ""Unbiunium"" and ""Ubu"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be the first of the superactinides, and the third element in the eighth period: analogously to lanthanum and actinium, it could be considered the fifth member of group 3 and the first member of the fifth-row transition metals. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it"
"Unbinilium Unbinilium, also known as eka-radium or simply element 120, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with symbol Ubn and atomic number 120. ""Unbinilium"" and ""Ubn"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkaline earth metal, and the second element in the eighth period. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the island of stability, although newer calculations expect the island to actually occur at a slightly"
"3 element. Calculations suggest that unpentpentium (Upp, element 155) could also be the next group 3 element. If lanthanum and actinium are considered group 3 elements, then element 121, unbiunium (Ubu), should be the fifth group 3 element. The element is calculated have electronic configuration of [Og]8s8p, which is not associated with transition metals, without having a partially filled d-subshell. No experiments have been performed to create unpenttrium, unbiunium or any element that could be considered the next group 3 element; however, unbiunium is the element with the lowest atomic number that has not been tried to be created and"
"IUPAC as the minimum half-life a claimed isotope must have to potentially be recognised as being discovered. Thus, the GANIL experiments do not count as a discovery of element 124. The first and only attempt to synthesize unbipentium was conducted in Dubna in 19701971 using zinc ions and an americium-243 target: No atoms were detected, and a cross section limit of 5 nb was determined. This experiment was motivated by the possibility of stability for nuclei around ""Z"" ~ 126 and ""N"" ~ 184, though more recent research suggests the island of stability may instead lie at a lower atomic"
"chain, although it would be desirable to be able to directly measure the mass number of the originating nucleus of each chain as well as the excitation function of the Am+Ca reaction. Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, element 117 should be known as ""eka-astatine"". Using the 1979 recommendations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the element was temporarily called ""ununseptium"" (symbol ""Uus"") until its discovery was confirmed and a permanent name chosen; the temporary name was formed from Latin roots ""one"", ""one"", and ""seven"", a reference to the element's atomic number of 117."
"Uranium Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99%) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is"
"may permit higher oxidation states, just like in elements 119 and 120. The standard electrode potential for the Ubu/Ubu couple is predicted as −2.1 V. Unbiunium Unbiunium, also known as eka-actinium or simply element 121, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Ubu and atomic number 121. ""Unbiunium"" and ""Ubu"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be the first of the superactinides, and the third element in the eighth period: analogously to lanthanum and actinium, it could be considered"
"noble metals. The Δ""H"" and −Δ""H"" values are correlated for the alkaline earth metals. Unbinilium Unbinilium, also known as eka-radium or simply element 120, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with symbol Ubn and atomic number 120. ""Unbinilium"" and ""Ubn"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkaline earth metal, and the second element in the eighth period. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the island"
"Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so"
"ones in the world where long beam times are accessible for reactions with such low predicted cross-sections. Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, ununennium should be known as ""eka-francium"". Using the 1979 IUPAC recommendations, the element should be temporarily called ""ununennium"" (symbol ""Uue"") until it is discovered, the discovery is confirmed, and a permanent name chosen. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists who work theoretically or experimentally on superheavy elements, who call it ""element 119"", with the symbol ""E119"", ""(119)"" or"
"decay in actinium-227. Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6%, a figure that she later revised to 1%. The next element below francium (eka-francium) in the periodic table would be ununennium (Uue), element 119. The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb. It is highly unlikely that this reaction will be able to create any atoms of ununennium in the near future, given the extremely difficult task of making"
"Unbibium Unbibium, also known as element 122 or eka-thorium, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with the placeholder symbol of Ubb and atomic number 122. ""Unbibium"" and ""Ubb"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to follow unbiunium as the second element of the superactinides and the fourth element of the 8th period. It has attracted recent attention, for similarly to unbiunium, it is expected to fall within the range of the"
"pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. Uranium metal is commonly handled with gloves as a sufficient precaution. Uranium concentrate is handled and contained so as to ensure that people do not inhale or ingest it. Uranium Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5"
"nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, moscovium is sometimes known as ""eka-bismuth"". In 1979 IUPAC recommended that the placeholder systematic element name ""ununpentium"" (with the corresponding symbol of ""Uup"") be used until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a permanent name is decided. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it ""element 115"", with the symbol of ""E115"", ""(115)"" or even simply ""115"". On 30 December 2015, discovery of the element was recognized by the International Union"
"Neptunium Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus. A neptunium atom has 93 protons and 93 electrons, of which seven are valence electrons. Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. The element occurs in three allotropic forms and it normally exhibits five oxidation states, ranging from +3 to +7. It is radioactive, poisonous, pyrophoric, and can"
"alkali metals: this information would be very useful for future chemistry experiments on ununennium. The Δ""H"" and −Δ""H"" values are not proportionally related for the alkali metals, as they change in opposite directions as atomic number increases. Ununennium Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Uue and atomic number 119. ""Ununennium"" and ""Uue"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element"
"Es(α,n)Md reaction yielded 17 atoms of the new element with the atomic number of 101. The rare isotope einsteinium-254 is favored for production of ultraheavy elements because of its large mass, relatively long half-life of 270 days, and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms. Hence einsteinium-254 was used as a target in the attempted synthesis of ununennium (element 119) in 1985 by bombarding it with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC linear accelerator at Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, setting an upper limit for the cross section of this reaction at 300 nanobarns. Einsteinium-254 was used as the calibration"
"would allow the neutron shell at ""N"" = 184 to be reached. The laboratories at RIKEN in Japan and at the JINR in Russia are best suited to these experiments as they are the only ones in the world where long beam times are accessible for reactions with such low predicted cross-sections. Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, unbinilium should be known as ""eka-radium"". Using the 1979 IUPAC recommendations, the element should be temporarily called ""unbinilium"" (symbol ""Ubn"") until it is discovered, the discovery is confirmed, and a permanent name chosen. Although unbinilium is widely used in the"
"Einsteinium Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99. A member of the actinide series, it is the seventh transuranic element. Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein. Its most common isotope einsteinium-253 (half-life 20.47 days) is produced artificially from decay of californium-253 in a few dedicated high-power nuclear reactors with a total yield on the order of one milligram per year. The reactor synthesis is followed by a complex process of separating einsteinium-253 from other actinides and products of their"
"undiscovered element ununennium (element 119) is predicted to be the next alkali metal after francium and behave much like their lighter congeners; however, it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties. Its chemistry is predicted to be closer to that of potassium or rubidium instead of caesium or francium. This is unusual as periodic trends, ignoring relativistic effects would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium. This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron, increasing ununennium's first ionisation energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic"
"It was then officially named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) after Nicolaus Copernicus on February 19, 2010, the 537th anniversary of Copernicus' birth. Like in most other d-block groups, the abundance in Earth's crust of group 12 elements decreases with higher atomic number. Zinc is with 65 parts per million (ppm) the most abundant in the group while cadmium with 0.1 ppm and mercury with 0.08 ppm are orders of magnitude less abundant. Copernicium, as a synthetic element with a half-life of a few minutes, may only be present in the laboratories where it was"
"unbibium; this and other calculated ionization energies are lower than the analogous values for thorium, suggesting that the trend of increasing reactivity down the group may indeed continue. Unbibium Unbibium, also known as element 122 or eka-thorium, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with the placeholder symbol of Ubb and atomic number 122. ""Unbibium"" and ""Ubb"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to follow unbiunium as the second element of the"
"period, as these elements may follow a similar pattern to periods 2 and 3 and have no transition metals. Due to overlapping orbitals and possible mixing of group characteristics in superheavy elements, element 172 may instead close period 8, however. The period 8 elements up to unbiseptium, except unbitrium, have had synthesis attempts. So far, none of these synthesis attempts have been successful. The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California: No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting cross section of 300"
"section of this nuclide makes its synthesis challenging. Being the first period 8 element, ununennium is predicted to be an alkali metal, taking its place in the periodic table below lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium. Each of these elements has one valence electron in the outermost s-orbital (valence electron configuration ""n""s), which is easily lost in chemical reactions to form the +1 oxidation state: thus the alkali metals are very reactive elements. Ununennium is predicted to continue the trend and have a valence electron configuration of 8s. It is therefore expected to behave much like its lighter congeners;"
"Ruthenium Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named it after the Latin name of his homeland, ""Ruthenia"". Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009 to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017. Most"
"einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California: No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting cross section of 300 nb. Later calculations suggest that the cross section of the 3n reaction (which would result in Uue and three neutrons as products) would actually be six hundred thousand times lower than this upper bound, at 0.5 pb. As ununennium is the lightest undiscovered element, it has been the target of synthesis experiments by both German and Russian teams in recent years. The Russian experiments were conducted in 2011, and no results were released, strongly implying that no"
"element. Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, roentgenium should be known as ""eka-gold"". In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ""unununium"" (with the corresponding symbol of ""Uuu""), a systematic element name as a placeholder, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it ""element 111"", with the symbol of ""E111"", ""(111)"" or even simply"
"for radon). In 1979, IUPAC assigned the systematic placeholder name ""ununoctium"" to the undiscovered element, with the corresponding symbol of ""Uuo"", and recommended that it be used until after confirmed discovery of the element. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it ""element 118"", with the symbol of ""E118"", ""(118)"", or even simply ""118"". Before the retraction in 2002, the researchers from Berkeley had intended to name the element ""ghiorsium"" (""Gh""), after Albert Ghiorso (a leading member of the"
"its strontium ruthenate form), and high-temperature ferromagnetism. Ruthenium Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named it after the Latin name of his homeland, ""Ruthenia"". Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009"
"Russia are best suited to these experiments as they are the only ones in the world where long beam times are accessible for reactions with such low predicted cross-sections. Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, unbiunium should be known as ""eka-actinium"". Using the 1979 IUPAC recommendations, the element should be temporarily called ""unbiunium"" (symbol ""Ubu"") until it is discovered, the discovery is confirmed, and a permanent name chosen. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists who work theoretically or experimentally on superheavy"
"be used as placeholders until permanent names were established; under it, element 105 would be ""unnilpentium"", from the Latin roots ""un-"" and ""nil-"" and the Greek root ""pent-"" (meaning ""one"", ""zero"", and ""five"", respectively, the digits of the atomic number). Both teams ignored it as they did not wish to weaken their outstanding claims. In 1981, the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI; ""Society for Heavy Ion Research"") in Darmstadt, West Germany, claimed synthesis of element 107; their report came out five years after the first report from JINR but with greater precision, making a more solid claim on discovery. GSI acknowledged"