"Bane (plant) The term bane (from , meaning ""thing causing death, poison""), in botany, is an archaic element in the common names of plants known to be toxic or poisonous. In the Middle Ages, several poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum were thought to have or prophylactic qualities, repelling and protecting against that which they were ""banes"" to (e.g. ""Henbane"", ""Wolfsbane""). There is no single species, genus, or family of poisonous plant exclusively referred to as ""banes"". Several unrelated plants bear the name. In medieval Europe, the toxic entheogen Aconitine was believed to prevent werewolves from undergoing their dire transformations."
"Aconitum Aconitum (), commonly known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. These herbaceous perennial plants are chiefly native to the mountainous parts of the Northern Hemisphere, growing in the moisture-retentive but well-draining soils of mountain meadows. Most species are extremely poisonous and must be dealt with very carefully. The name ""aconitum"" comes from the Greek , which may derive from the Greek ""akon"" for dart or javelin, the tips of which were poisoned"
"Aconitine Aconitine is an alkaloid toxin produced by the ""Aconitum"" plant, also known as devil's helmet or monkshood. Monkshood is notorious for its toxic properties. In China, aconitine is also used in small doses as an analgesic and blood coagulant. Aconitine was previously used as an antipyretic and analgesic and still has some limited application in herbal medicine although the narrow therapeutic index makes calculating appropriate dosage difficult. Biologically active isolates from ""Aconitum"" and ""Delphinium"" plants are classified as norditerpenoid alkaloids, which are further subdivided based on the presence or absence of the C18 carbonaconitum. Aconitine is a C19-norditerpenoid, based"
"Aconitum ferox Aconitum ferox (syn. ""A. virorum"") is a member of the monkshood genus Aconitum of the Ranunculaceae. The common name by which it is most often known in English is ""Indian Aconite"". The plant grows abundantly at Sandakphu, which is the highest point of the Darjeeling Hills in the Indian State of West Bengal. A tuberous-rooted, herbaceous perennial reaching 1.0 metre tall by 0.5 metres wide and tolerant of many soil types, ""Aconitum ferox"" forms the principal source of the Indian poison known variously as ""bikh"", ""bish"", and ""nabee"". It contains large quantities of the extremely toxic alkaloid pseudaconitine"
"writes: Aconitine was also made famous by its use in Oscar Wilde's 1891 story ""Lord Arthur Savile's Crime"". Aconite also plays a prominent role in James Joyce's ""Ulysses"", in which the protagonist Leopold Bloom's father used pastilles of the chemical to commit suicide. Aconitine poisoning plays a key role in the murder mystery ""Breakdown"" by Jonathan Kellerman (2016). Aconitine Aconitine is an alkaloid toxin produced by the ""Aconitum"" plant, also known as devil's helmet or monkshood. Monkshood is notorious for its toxic properties. In China, aconitine is also used in small doses as an analgesic and blood coagulant. Aconitine was"
"period it was banned and anyone growing ""A. napellus"" could have been legally sentenced to death. Aconites have been used more recently in murder plots; they contain the chemical alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, which are highly toxic. Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and ""with large doses death is almost instantaneous."" Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 mL of tincture may prove fatal). The initial signs are gastrointestinal including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This is followed by a sensation of burning, tingling, and numbness"
"Coniine Coniine refers to a poisonous chemical compound, an alkaloid present in and isolable from poison hemlock (""Conium maculatum""), where its presence has been a source of significant economic, medical, and historico-cultural interest; coniine is also produced by the yellow pitcher plant (""Sarracenia flava""), and fool's parsley (""Aethusa cynapium""). Its ingestion and extended exposure are toxic to humans and all classes of livestock; its mechanism of poisoning involves disruption of the central nervous system, with death caused by respiratory paralysis. The biosynthesis of coniine contains as its penultimate step the non-enzymatic cyclisation of 5-oxooctylamine to γ-coniceine, a Schiff base differing"
"the poisonous plant aconite which grew there in abundance. Herodorus of Heraclea and Euphorion said that when Heracles brought Cerberus up from the underworld at Heraclea, Cerberus ""vomited bile"" from which the aconite plant grew up. Ovid, also makes Cerberus the cause of the poisonous aconite, saying that on the ""shores of Scythia"", upon leaving the underworld, as Cerberus was being dragged by Heracles from a cave, dazzled by the unaccustomed daylight, Cerberus spewed out a ""poison-foam"", which made the aconite plants growing there poisonous. Seneca's Cerberus too, like Ovid's, reacts violently to his first sight of daylight. Enraged, the"
"Pseudaconitine Pseudaconitine, also known as nepaline (CHNO), is an extremely toxic alkaloid found in high quantities in the roots of ""Aconitum ferox"", also known as Indian Monkshood, which belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. The plant is found in East Asia, including the Himalayas. Pseudaconitine was discovered in 1878 by Wright and Luff. They isolated a highly toxic alkaloid from the roots of the plant ""Aconitum ferox"" and called it pseudaconitine. The poison is also called ""bikh"", ""bish"", or ""nabee"". Pseudaconitine is a moderate inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine through hydrolysis. Inhibition of this"
"extend up the arm to the shoulder, after which the heart will start to be affected. The tingling will be followed by unpleasant numbness. Treatment is similar to poisoning caused by oral ingestion and even handling the plant without gloves has been reported to result in multi-organ failure and death. Aconitine is a potent neurotoxin that opens tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium channels. It increases influx of sodium through these channels and delays repolarization, thus increasing excitability and promoting ventricular dysrhythmias. Aconitum napellus Aconitum napellus (monk's-hood, aconite, wolfsbane) is a species of flowering plant in the genus ""Aconitum"" of the family Ranunculaceae,"
"Greek mythology, the goddess Hecate is said to have invented aconite, which Athena used to transform Arachne into a spider. Also, Medea attempted to poison Theseus with a cup of wine poisoned with wolf's bane. The kyōgen (traditional Japanese comedy) play , which is well-known and frequently taught in Japan, is centered on dried aconite root used for traditional Chinese medicine. Taken from Shasekishu, a 13th-century anthology collected by Mujū, the story describes servants who decide that the dried aconite root is really sugar, and suffer unpleasant though nonlethal symptoms after eating it. Shakespeare, in ""Henry IV Part II"" Act"
"good antidote to poisons from 'thora' or ""Aconitum pardalianches"", a plant that is extremely toxic to livestock and humans, with even small doses being potentially deadly. The root contains a large amount of volatile salt and essential oil, while the foliage and stems contain diterpenoid alkaloids. It has been used externally against rheumatism and deep pain, but it can irritate the skin. Internally, it has been used for weak pulse, vegetable poisons (shoot), feverish colds, pneumonia, croup, heart conditions, and cardiac arrest. Aconitum anthora Aconitum anthora, variously known as anthora, yellow monkshood, or healing wolfsbane, is a yellow flowering plant"
"with the substance, or from ""akonae"", because of the rocky ground on which the plant was thought to grow. The Greek name ""lycotonum"", which translates literally to ""wolf's bane"", is thought to indicate the use of its juice to poison arrows or baits used to kill wolves. The dark green leaves of ""Aconitum"" species lack stipules. They are palmate or deeply palmately lobed with five to seven segments. Each segment again is trilobed with coarse sharp teeth. The leaves have a spiral (alternate) arrangement. The lower leaves have long petioles. The tall, erect stem is crowned by racemes of large"
"pyropseudaconitine (CHON) is formed. This does not have the same tingling effect as pseudaconitine. Pseudaconitine Pseudaconitine, also known as nepaline (CHNO), is an extremely toxic alkaloid found in high quantities in the roots of ""Aconitum ferox"", also known as Indian Monkshood, which belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. The plant is found in East Asia, including the Himalayas. Pseudaconitine was discovered in 1878 by Wright and Luff. They isolated a highly toxic alkaloid from the roots of the plant ""Aconitum ferox"" and called it pseudaconitine. The poison is also called ""bikh"", ""bish"", or ""nabee"". Pseudaconitine is a moderate inhibitor of the"
"a garden plant, and numerous cultivars have been developed, of which 'Arendsii' and 'Kelmscott' (Wilsonii Group) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. All parts of this plant are extremely toxic, and it has historically been used as a poison on arrows. If not prepared properly by a trained person, ""Aconitum"" can be deadly when taken internally. Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and ""with large doses death is almost instantaneous."" Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 mL of tincture may prove fatal)."
"A lethal dose of aconitine is 3–4 mg. Violdelphin is an anthocyanin, a type of plant pigment, found in the purplish blue flower of ""A. chinense"". Aconitum carmichaelii Aconitum carmichaelii syn. ""A. fischeri"", is a species of flowering plant of the genus ""Aconitum"", family Ranunculaceae. It is native to East Asia and eastern Russia. It is commonly known as Chinese aconite, Carmichael's monkshood or Chinese wolfsbane () (). It is known in Mandarin as Fu Zi (meaning daughter root, or lateral root) and as Wu Tou (meaning tuberous mother root, or root tuber). Growing to tall by wide, it is"
"transamination using alanine:5-keto-octanal aminotransferase. The amine then spontaneously cyclizes and is dehydrated to form the coniine precursor γ–coniceine. This is then reduced using NADPH dependent y-coniceine reductase to form coniine. Coniine is the murder weapon in Agatha Christie's mystery novel ""Five Little Pigs"". Coniine Coniine refers to a poisonous chemical compound, an alkaloid present in and isolable from poison hemlock (""Conium maculatum""), where its presence has been a source of significant economic, medical, and historico-cultural interest; coniine is also produced by the yellow pitcher plant (""Sarracenia flava""), and fool's parsley (""Aethusa cynapium""). Its ingestion and extended exposure are toxic to"
"Stirling's, ""On the Oceans of Eternity"", where a renegade warlord is poisoned with aconite-laced food by his own chief of internal security, and in the television show ""Merlin"", the lead character, Merlin, attempts to poison Arthur with aconite while under a spell. In the 2003 Korean television series ""Dae Jang Geum"", set in the 15th and 16th centuries, Choi put wolf's bane in the previous queen's food. Aconite also lends itself to use as a fictional poison in modern settings. An overdose of aconite was the method by which Rudolph Bloom, father of Leopold Bloom in James Joyce's ""Ulysses"", committed"
"Eranthis Eranthis (winter aconite) is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to southern Europe and east across Asia to Japan. The common name comes from the early flowering time and the resemblance of the leaves to those of the related genus ""Aconitum"", the true aconite. Like the notoriously toxic ""Aconitum"" (and, indeed, many other genera of the Ranunculaceae) ""Eranthis"" is poisonous, although its chemistry is different, the toxic compounds present being mainly cardiac glycosides of the bufadienolide group similar to those found in ""Adonis vernalis"", rather than the extraordinarily virulent alkaloids of"
"moneta"" is hosted by ""A. vulparia"", ""A. napellus"", ""A. septentrionale"", and ""A. intermedium"". Other moths associated with ""Aconitum "" species include the wormwood pug ""Eupithecia absinthiata"", satyr pug ""E. satyrata"", ""Aterpia charpentierana"", and ""A. corticana"". It is also the primary food source for the Old World bumblebee ""Bombus consobrinus"". The roots of ""A. ferox"" supply the Nepalese poison called ""bikh"", ""bish"", or ""nabee"". It contains large quantities of the alkaloid pseudaconitine, which is a deadly poison. The root of ""A. luridum"", of the Himalaya, is said to be as poisonous as that of ""A. ferox"" or ""A. napellus"". Several species"
"staff are poisoned with ""monkshood"" by a mole within the agency. In the TV series ""Dexter"" (season seven), the character Hannah McKay uses aconite to poison some of her victims. In the 2014 pilot episode of ""Forever"", monkshood is used to murder a train conductor leading to a subway train collision. In his mythological poem ""Metamorphoses"", Ovid tells how the herb comes from the slavering mouth of Cerberus, the three-headed dog that guarded the gates of Hades. As the veterinary historian John Blaisdell has noted, symptoms of aconite poisoning in humans bear some passing similarity to those of rabies: frothy"
"spiders, scorpions, bees, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce anaphylactic shock; as such, there is no ""antidote"" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning and anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use of epinephrine). Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison aconitine – a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from various aconite species – has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities. Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of activated charcoal,"
"Children have been poisoned by eating the waxy, shiny red or white berries. Ingestion of the berries can lead to cardiac arrest and death. It is toxic to rabbits. The berries are harmless to birds, the plant's primary seed disperser. ""Actaea"" species are closely related to plants in the genus Aconitum, a highly toxic plant genus which contains ""wolfbane"" and several varieties of ""monkshood"". The roots of ""A. rubra"" contain β-sitosterol glucoside, and they were used medicinally by Native Americans as an alternative to Black Cohosh, (""A. racemosa""), for menstrual cramping and menopausal discomfort. ""Actaea"" is recorded as a food"
"poisons all over the world. In many cases, the poison was applied to the arrow or spear to aid the hunting of prey. Alkaloids are among the most powerful plant poisons, and extracts of ""Strychnos"" species are commonly used. Other arrow poisons are commonly cardiac glycosides, which can be found in digitalis, but most of these arrow poisons are derived from plants in the ""Apocynaceae"" family. This family includes ""Calotropis gigantea"" and the more potent ""Calotropis procera"". The latex of these plants has been used in Africa as an arrow poison. ""Apocynaceae"" species often contain a mixture of cardiac glycosides,"
"blindness, a drastic fall in blood pressure and heart failure, leading to his death within an hour of his admission to hospital. Ms. Choongh was more fortunate, having consumed less of the lethal dish, and later recovered, after having been placed in an induced coma. Aconitum ferox Aconitum ferox (syn. ""A. virorum"") is a member of the monkshood genus Aconitum of the Ranunculaceae. The common name by which it is most often known in English is ""Indian Aconite"". The plant grows abundantly at Sandakphu, which is the highest point of the Darjeeling Hills in the Indian State of West Bengal."
"the tubes. There are no reports online of human poisoning via the yellow pitcher plant, perhaps because only a small portion of the plant contains coniine, or because it does not contain enough to produce toxicity. It is also not as widespread as hemlock and therefore is less likely to be encountered by humans. Coniine is also found in ""Aethusa cynapium"", commonly known as fool's parsley. The history of coniine is understandably tied to the poison hemlock plant, since the natural product was not synthesizable until the 1880s. The most famous hemlock poisoning occurred in 399 BCE, when the philosopher"
"of ""Aconitum"" have been used as arrow poisons. The Minaro in Ladakh use ""A. napellus"" on their arrows to hunt ibex, while the Ainu in Japan used a species of ""Aconitum"" to hunt bear. The Chinese also used ""Aconitum"" poisons both for hunting and for warfare. ""Aconitum"" poisons were used by the Aleuts of Alaska's Aleutian Islands for hunting whales. Usually, one man in a kayak armed with a poison-tipped lance would hunt the whale, paralyzing it with the poison and causing it to drown. The more common species of ""Aconitum"" are generally those cultivated in gardens, especially hybrids. They"
"399 BC, and his trial resulted in a death sentence. Although Socrates could have avoided death, he decided to take a potent infusion of the hemlock plant. Plato described Socrates' death in the ""Phaedo"": Although many have questioned whether this is a factual account, it is the perspective of Bloch that careful attention to Plato's words, modern and ancient medicine and other ancient Greek sources point to this account being consistent with ""Conium"" poisoning. Conium maculatum Conium maculatum, the hemlock or poison hemlock, is a highly poisonous biennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, native to Europe and"
"poisoning is mainly supportive. All patients require close monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm. Gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal can be used if given within one hour of ingestion. The major physiological antidote is atropine, which is used to treat bradycardia. Other drugs used for ventricular arrhythmia include lidocaine, amiodarone, bretylium, flecainide, procainamide, and mexiletine. Cardiopulmonary bypass is used if symptoms are refractory to treatment with these drugs. Successful use of charcoal hemoperfusion has been claimed in patients with severe aconite poisoning. Poisoning may also occur following picking the leaves without wearing gloves; the aconitine toxin is absorbed easily"
"the effects of the drug upon the brain and body, set and setting. Given that Aghori tantrics are charnel ground ascetics who pursue moksha (spiritual liberation) in settings of extreme horror, venerate wrathful deities (principally Bhairava, his consort Bhairavi, Dhumavati and Bagalamukhi) and find in ""Aconitum ferox"" a drug with unpleasant somatic effects warning (rightly) of possible death, it is clear that the experience evoked by the smoking of Aconite in such circumstances is likely to be one of dysphoria (albeit dysphoria sought consciously, in pursuit of the deeper euphoria of advaita or realisation of the oneness of all being)."
"to about 200 g of dry plant material to kill a 500 kg cow. The compound itself is not toxic but undergoes lethal synthesis in the body while reacting with coenzyme A, yielding fluoroacetyl-Coenzyme A. This compound reacts with oxaloacetate to form fluorocitrate, which is toxic, being an alternate substrate for aconitase (normal substrate citrate). It binds to the aconitase but cannot be released, irreversibly binding the aconitase causing disruption to the Krebs cycle, leading to a severe inhibition of cellular respiration. Furthermore, fluorocitrate stops citrate from crossing from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrion, where it is needed. In the"
"Acokanthera schimperi Acokanthera schimperi, belonging to the family Apocynaceae, is a small tree native to eastern and central Africa as well as to Yemen. The bark, wood and roots of ""Acokanthera schimperi"" are used as an important ingredient of arrow poison in Africa. All plant parts contain acovenoside A and ouabaïne, which are cardiotonic glycosides. Its fruit is edible, and is eaten as a famine food. When ripe they are sweet but also slightly bitter. Unripe fruits have caused accidental poisoning as they are highly toxic. The maned rat spreads the plant's poison on its fur and becomes poisonous. It"
"poison as an actual weapon of hunting and attack still endures. In Africa, certain arrow poisons are made using floral ingredients, such as of that taken from the plant ""Acokanthera"". This plant contains ouabain, which is a cardiac glycoside, oleander, and milkweeds. Poisoned arrows are also still used in the jungle areas of Assam, Burma and Malaysia. The ingredients for the creation of these poisons are mainly extracted from plants of the ""Antiaris"", ""Strychnos"" and ""Strophanthus"" genera, and ""Antiaris toxicaria"" (a tree of the mulberry and breadfruit family), for example, is used in the Java island of Indonesia, as well"