"the gingiva, known as a bismuth line. Poisoning may be treated with dimercaprol; however, evidence for benefit is unclear. Bismuth's environmental impacts are not well known; it may be less likely to bioaccumulate than some other heavy metals, and this is an area of active research. The fungus ""Marasmius oreades"" can be used for the biological remediation of bismuth in polluted soils. Bismuth Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens with chemical properties resembling its lighter homologs arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur"
"Ytterbium Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its oxide, halides, and other compounds. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ significantly from those of most other lanthanides. In 1878, the Swiss"
"Bismuth subcarbonate Bismuth subcarbonate (BiO)CO, sometimes written BiO(CO) is a chemical compound of bismuth containing both oxide and carbonate anions. Bismuth is in the +3 oxidation state. Bismuth subcarbonate occurs naturally as the mineral bismutite. Its structure consists of Bi-O layers and CO layers and is related to kettnerite, CaBi(CO)OF. It is light-sensitive. It is highly radiopaque and for example is used as a filler in radiopaque catheters which can be seen by x-ray. In modern medicine, bismuth subcarbonate has been made into nanotube arrays that exhibit antibacterial properties. It is also used in fireworks to make Dragon's eggs. It"
"advantages for future radiochemical experiments. Although the heavy isotope Bh requires a rare and highly radioactive berkelium target for its product, the isotopes Bh, Bh, and Bh can be readily produced as daughters of more easily produced moscovium and nihonium isotopes. Bohrium Bohrium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. As a synthetic element, it can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature. It is radioactive: its most stable known isotope, Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds, though the unconfirmed Bh"
"oxide and siliceous beryllium (ASTM D7458). Beryllium Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a relatively rare element in the universe, usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays. Within the cores of stars beryllium is depleted as it is fused and creates larger elements. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl. As a free element it is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and"
"years and is used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology. Although the element is only mildly toxic, it is a hazardous material as a metal and its radioisotopes present a high health risk in case of radioactivity releases. Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with water and carbon dioxide and is"
"may permit higher oxidation states, just like in elements 119 and 120. The standard electrode potential for the Ubu/Ubu couple is predicted as −2.1 V. Unbiunium Unbiunium, also known as eka-actinium or simply element 121, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Ubu and atomic number 121. ""Unbiunium"" and ""Ubu"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be the first of the superactinides, and the third element in the eighth period: analogously to lanthanum and actinium, it could be considered"
"Unbiunium Unbiunium, also known as eka-actinium or simply element 121, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Ubu and atomic number 121. ""Unbiunium"" and ""Ubu"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be the first of the superactinides, and the third element in the eighth period: analogously to lanthanum and actinium, it could be considered the fifth member of group 3 and the first member of the fifth-row transition metals. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it"
"α-HIB to take place in enough time to separate out the longer-lived isotope Lr, which can be removed from the catcher foil with 0.05 M hydrochloric acid. Lawrencium Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103. It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, lawrencium can only be produced in particle"
"Bismuth(III) oxide Bismuth(III) oxide is perhaps the most industrially important compound of bismuth. It is also a common starting point for bismuth chemistry. It is found naturally as the mineral bismite (monoclinic) and sphaerobismoite (tetragonal, much more rare), but it is usually obtained as a by-product of the smelting of copper and lead ores. Bismuth trioxide is commonly used to produce the ""Dragon's eggs"" effect in fireworks, as a replacement of red lead. The structures adopted by BiO differ substantially from those of arsenic(III) oxide, AsO, and antimony(III) oxide, SbO. Bismuth oxide, BiO has five crystallographic polymorphs. The room temperature"
"reacts with oxygen to form ytterbium(III) oxide (YbO), which crystallizes in the ""rare-earth C-type sesquioxide"" structure which is related to the fluorite structure with one quarter of the anions removed, leading to ytterbium atoms in two different six coordinate (non-octahedral) environments. Ytterbium(III) oxide can be reduced to ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) with elemental ytterbium, which crystallizes in the same structure as sodium chloride. Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the year 1878. While examining samples of gadolinite, Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as erbia, and he named it ytterbia,"
"experiments done on the bromides of group 5 elements, including the superheavy dubnium. Nihonium Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is extremely radioactive; its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 10 seconds. In the periodic table, nihonium is a transactinide element in the p-block. It is a member of period 7 and group 13 (boron group). Nihonium was first reported to have been created in 2003 by a Russian–American collaboration at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, and in 2004 by a team"
"Beryllium Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a relatively rare element in the universe, usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays. Within the cores of stars beryllium is depleted as it is fused and creates larger elements. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl. As a free element it is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal. Beryllium improves"
"order As > Sb > Bi and aryl compounds are more stable than alkyl compounds. MeBi decomposes explosively at 20 °C. Pentaphenylbismuth, PhBi is square pyramidal like pentaphenylantimony, whereas pentamethybismuth is, as expected from VSEPR theory, trigonal bipyramidal. Both compounds have a violet colour. Compounds of the type RBi can be accessed by reaction of bismuth chloride with organolithium compounds or Grignards: Triphenylbismuth, unlike the related phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony compounds, undergoes mild redistribution with its trihalide to give the mixed derivatives such as diphenylbismuth chloride (PhBiCl). Bismuth(III) iodide is a catalyst in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Bi(III) is also"
"Berkelium Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (then the University of California Radiation Laboratory) where it was discovered in December 1949. Berkelium was the fifth transuranium element discovered after neptunium, plutonium, curium and americium. The major isotope of berkelium, Bk, is synthesized in minute quantities in dedicated high-flux nuclear reactors, mainly at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, USA, and at the Research"
"Unbibium Unbibium, also known as element 122 or eka-thorium, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with the placeholder symbol of Ubb and atomic number 122. ""Unbibium"" and ""Ubb"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to follow unbiunium as the second element of the superactinides and the fourth element of the 8th period. It has attracted recent attention, for similarly to unbiunium, it is expected to fall within the range of the"
"Number 13595-83-0). Some compounds have been fully characterised with single crystal studies and found to contain the octahedral [BiO(OH)] cation. There is indirect evidence that either the octahedral cation BiO(OH) or the octahedral cation Bi(OH) is present in aqueous solution following the polymerisation of Bi(HO), the Bi ion present in acidic solutions. The ion BiO(OH) is found in the perchlorate compound BiO(OH)ClO·7HO and is isoelectronic with the octahedral SnO(OH) cluster found in the hydrate of tin(II) oxide, 3SnO·HO. The compounds that contain this are:- The compound BiO(OH)(NO).3HO(equivalent to 6BiO.5NO.9HO) also contains the octahedral units but this time they are joined"
"Mendeleev. Other calculated information was obtained by Henry Moseley in 1914. In 1908, Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa announced that he had discovered the 43rd element and named it ""nipponium"" (Np) after Japan (""Nippon"" in Japanese). However, recent analysis indicated the presence of rhenium (element 75), not element 43, although this reinterpretation has been questioned by Eric Scerri. The symbol Np was later used for the element neptunium, and the name ""nihonium"", also named after Japan, along with symbol Nh, was later used for element 113. Element 113 was also discovered by a team of Japanese scientists and was named in"
"Niobium Niobium, formerly known as columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, crystalline, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore and columbite, hence the former name ""columbium"". Its name comes from Greek mythology, specifically Niobe, who was the daughter of Tantalus, the namesake of tantalum. The name reflects the great similarity between the two elements in their physical and chemical properties, making them difficult to distinguish. The English chemist Charles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801 and named it columbium. In 1809,"
"Niobium, or columbium, is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology: ""Niobe"", daughter of ""Tantalus"". Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum, and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish. The English chemistCharles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801, and named it columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and"
"Bismuthine Bismuthine (IUPAC name: bismuthane) is the chemical compound with the formula BiH. As the heaviest analogue of ammonia (a pnictogen hydride), BiH is unstable, decomposing to bismuth metal well below 0 °C. This compound adopts the expected pyramidal structure with H-Bi-H angles of around 90°. The term ""bismuthine"" may also refer to a member of the family of organobismuth(III) species having the general formula , where R is an organic substituent. For example, Bi(CH) is ""trimethylbismuthine"". BiH is prepared by the redistribution of methylbismuthine (BiHMe): The required BiHMe, which is also thermally unstable, is generated by reduction of methylbismuth"
"the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity of his discovery. There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name ""dakin"" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series,"
"Barium Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. Its hydroxide, known in pre-modern times as baryta, does not occur as a mineral, but can be prepared by heating barium carbonate. The most common naturally occurring minerals of barium are barite (now called baryte) (barium sulfate, BaSO) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO), both insoluble in water. The name ""barium"" originates from the alchemical derivative"
"unbibium; this and other calculated ionization energies are lower than the analogous values for thorium, suggesting that the trend of increasing reactivity down the group may indeed continue. Unbibium Unbibium, also known as element 122 or eka-thorium, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with the placeholder symbol of Ubb and atomic number 122. ""Unbibium"" and ""Ubb"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to follow unbiunium as the second element of the"
"in 1938, it was realized that Fermi's discovery was actually a mixture of barium, krypton, and other elements. The actual element was discovered several years later, and assigned the name neptunium. Fascist authorities wanted one of the elements to be named ""littorio"" after the Roman ""lictores"" who carried the ""fasces"", a symbol appropriated by Fascism. Ausonium Ausonium (atomic symbol Ao) was the name assigned to the element with atomic number 93, now known as neptunium. It was named after a Greek name of Italy, Ausonia. The same team assigned the name hesperium to element 94, after Hesperia, a poetic name"
"Bohrium Bohrium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. As a synthetic element, it can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature. It is radioactive: its most stable known isotope, Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds, though the unconfirmed Bh may have a longer half-life of about 690 seconds. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d-block transactinide element. It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 7 elements as the fifth member"
"1940, the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced the discovery of element 85 as the beta decay product of radium A (polonium-218), choosing the name ""helvetium"" (from , the Latin name of Switzerland). Karlik and Bernert were unsuccessful in reproducing his experiments, and subsequently attributed Minder's results to contamination of his radon stream (radon-222 is the parent isotope of polonium-218). In 1942, Minder, in collaboration with the English scientist Alice Leigh-Smith, announced the discovery of another isotope of element 85, presumed to be the product of thorium A (polonium-216) beta decay. They named this substance ""anglo-helvetium"", but Karlik and Bernert were"
"Terbium Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white, rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. The ninth member of the lanthanide series, terbium is a fairly electropositive metal that reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime, and euxenite. Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander discovered terbium as a chemical element in 1843. He detected it as an impurity in yttrium oxide, YO."
"technical applications, except as an intermediary product. Bismuthine Bismuthine (IUPAC name: bismuthane) is the chemical compound with the formula BiH. As the heaviest analogue of ammonia (a pnictogen hydride), BiH is unstable, decomposing to bismuth metal well below 0 °C. This compound adopts the expected pyramidal structure with H-Bi-H angles of around 90°. The term ""bismuthine"" may also refer to a member of the family of organobismuth(III) species having the general formula , where R is an organic substituent. For example, Bi(CH) is ""trimethylbismuthine"". BiH is prepared by the redistribution of methylbismuthine (BiHMe): The required BiHMe, which is also thermally"
"Trichromatic lighting provides much higher light output for a given amount of electrical energy than does incandescent lighting. Terbium is also used to detect endospores, as it acts as an assay of dipicolinic acid based on photoluminescence. As with the other lanthanides, terbium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Terbium has no known biological role. Terbium Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white, rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. The ninth"
"Members include the blue Ni(pyridine)(ONO), blue green Ni(substituted ethylene diamines)(ONO), blue Ni(N,N-diethylethylenediamine)(NO), blue-green Ni(N,N'-diethylethylenediamine)(NO), red Ni(NO)(NH), red Ni(ethylenediamine)(NO), red Ni(N-monosubstituted-ethylenediamine)(NO), red Ni(1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane)(NO), pink Ni(N-methylethylenediamine)(NO), red Ni(N-ethylethylenediamine)(NO), red Ni(""rac""-diphenylethylenediamine)(NO). In a chloroform solution some of these nitro- complexes partially change into nitito- complexes. This is called linkage isomerism. Yet more complexed nickel nitrites include red Ni(2-(aminomethyl)piperidine)(NO), reddish blue-violet Ni(2-(aminomethyl)pyridine)(NO), violet Ni(2-(methylaminomethyl)pyridine)(ONO), blue Ni(2-(methylaminomethyl)piperidine)(ONO), blue Ni(2-(aminomethyl)-6-methylpyridine)(ONO), blue-grey Ni(2-(aminomethyl)-6-methylpiperidine)(ONO), red Ni(N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine)(NO)•HO, Ni(N,N-dimethylethylenediamine)(NO), green Ni(α-picoline)(NO), green Ni(quinoline)(NO), Nickel(II) nitrite Nickel(II) nitrite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ni(NO). Anhydrous nickel nitrite was first discovered by Cyril Clifford Addison on 1961. He allowed"
"bicyclo[1.1.0]butane is typically called simply bicyclobutane. The heterocyclic molecule DABCO has a total of 8 atoms in its bridged structure, hence the root name octane. Note that here the two bridgehead atoms are nitrogen instead of carbon atoms. Therefore, the official name gets the additional prefix ""1,4-diaza"" and the total name becomes 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Bicyclic molecule A bicyclic molecule (""bi"" = two, ""cycle"" = ring) is a molecule that features two joined rings. Bicyclic structures occur widely, for example in many biologically important molecules like α-thujene and camphor. A bicyclic compound can be carbocyclic (all of the ring atoms are carbons),"
"decay chain of uranium-233 which is the fuel ""bred"" by Thorium reactors. Isotopes of bismuth Bismuth (Bi) has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as . Although bismuth-209 is now known to be unstable, it has classically been considered to be a ""stable"" isotope because it has a half-life of over 1.9×10 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are Bi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years"