"Gu (poison) Gu () or jincan (; lit. ""gold silkworm"") was a venom-based poison associated with cultures of south China, particularly Nanyue. The traditional preparation of ""gu"" poison involved sealing several venomous creatures (e.g., centipede, snake, scorpion) inside a closed container, where they devoured one another and allegedly concentrated their toxins into a single survivor. ""Gu"" was used in black magic practices such as manipulating sexual partners, creating malignant diseases, and causing death. According to Chinese folklore, a ""gu"" spirit could transform into various animals, typically a worm, caterpillar, snake, frog, dog, or pig. Circa 14th-century BCE Shang Dynasty oracle"
"given the common name ""moccasin"" or ""moccasin snake"" in the United States, which is the Algonquian word for ""shoe"". The origin of this nickname are unknown. The first known use of ""moccasin"" to refer to a deadly venomous snake was in a 1765 publication. The nickname is used to refer to both cottonmouths and copperheads. According to the Word Detective, this use may be related to their color and appearance or the silence with which they move. Another source for this name may be the Native American word ""mokesoji"" of unknown origin and meaning. Members of this genus have a"
"the public domain in the United States (and possibly elsewhere). Because of its age, the text in this article should not necessarily be viewed as reflecting the current knowledge of snake venom."" Snake venom Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins which facilitates the immobilization and digestion of prey, and defense against threats. It is injected by unique fangs after a bite, and some species are also able to spit their venom. The glands that secrete the zootoxins are a modification of the parotid salivary gland found in other vertebrates, and are usually situated on each side of the"
"oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus. Most species are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction. The English word ""snake"" comes from Old English ""snaca"", itself from Proto-Germanic ""*snak-an-"" (cf. Germanic ""Schnake"" ""ring snake"", Swedish ""snok"" ""grass snake""), from Proto-Indo-European root ""*(s)nēg-o-"" ""to crawl"", ""to creep"", which also gave ""sneak"" as well as Sanskrit ""nāgá"" ""snake"". The word ousted ""adder"","
"venomous snake and killed. The International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) directs that the grammatical gender of any given species name should follow logically from the gender of its associated genus name. As ""Ptyas"" is a feminine word form, the proper form of the species name is ""mucosa"". Reference materials older than 2004 often show the masculine form, ""mucosus,"" and the CITES list continues to list the species this way. Ptyas mucosa Ptyas mucosa, commonly known as the oriental ratsnake, Indian rat snake, 'darash' or dhaman, is a common species of colubrid snake found in parts of South and Southeast"
"cases. In other cases, ARF is often caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation. In any case, antivenin therapy and intravenous hydration within hours of the bite are vital for survival. At least eight different polyvalent and monovalent antivenins are available against bites from this species. The venom from this species is used in the manufacture of several drugs. One is called ""echistatin"", which is an anticoagulant. Even though many other snake venoms contain similar toxins, ""echistatin"" is not only especially potent, but also simplistic in structure, which makes it easier to replicate. Indeed, it is obtained not only through the purification"
"haemorrhagic or procoagulant activity. The murine median lethal dose (LD) when administered subcutaneously has been calculated at 0.32 mg/kg, 0.28 mg/kg. Standard first aid treatment for any suspected bite from a venomous snake is for a pressure bandage to the bite site, the victim to move as little as possible, and to be conveyed to a hospital or clinic as quickly as possible. The neurotoxic nature of the venom means that an arterial tourniquet may be of benefit due to the lethal nature of neurological symptoms. Tetanus toxoid is given, though the mainstay of treatment is the administration of the"
"studies. The average venom yield per bite is approximately 7.9–9.0 mg, while the lethal human dose is estimated to be 1.5 mg. Enhydrina schistosa Enhydrina schistosa, commonly known as the beaked sea snake, (), hook-nosed sea snake, common sea snake, or the Valakadyn sea snake, is a highly venomous species of sea snake common throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. This species is implicated in more than 50% of all bites caused by sea snakes, as well as the majority of envenomings and fatalities. The rostral scale is longer than broad, and is in contact with four shields; frontal more long than"
"Snake-stone A snake-stone, also known as a viper's stone, black stone, "" schwarze Steine"", "" pierres noire"", ""piedritas negras"", serpent-stone, or nagamani is an animal bone or stone used as folk medicine for snake bite in Africa, South America, and Asia. The early Celtic era European Adder stone is also called a snake stone, and is usually made from coloured glass, often with holes. Its purpose is for protection against evil spirits rather than snake bite. Experts are concerned that relying on a black stone may prevent snakebite victims from seeking appropriate medical help. No scientific study has shown that"
"bite site. Tingling of the bitten area might be the only symptom initially. The snake tends to bite repeatedly and let go, so there might be multiple puncture wounds. Its bite can deliver about 100–120 mg of venom on average and the maximum dose recorded is 400 mg. It is reported that before antivenom was widely available, bites were very often fatal. The venom is predominantly neurotoxic, with symptoms often becoming apparent within ten minutes. Early neurological symptoms that indicate a severe course include metallic taste, ptosis and gradual bulbar palsy. Other neurological symptoms include miosis, blurred or diminished vision,"
"Enhydrina Enhydrina, commonly known as the beaked sea snake, hook-nosed sea snake, common sea snake, is a genus of highly venomous sea snakes. Study of Enhydrina is important for the making of anti-venom. The only sea snake anti-venom available at this time is for snakes in Malaysia of the Species Enhydrina schistosa, often noted as E. schistosa. Both species are found in shallow open sea, river mouths, estuaries, coastal lagoons, and mangrove forests. Normally in water from 3.7-22.2 meters deep. Usually over soft bottoms like mud and sand. Some are found in freshwater lakes in Cambodia and India. As been"
"effects, similar to the bites of other rattlesnake species; these effects are significantly reduced or absent from bites by venom A snakes. Risk to life and limb is still significant, as with all rattlesnakes, if not treated as soon as possible after a bite. The subspecific name, ""salvini"", is in honor of English herpetologist Osbert Salvin. Crotalus scutulatus Crotalus scutulatus (common names: Mojave rattlesnake, Mojave green,) is a highly venomous pit viper species found in the deserts of the southwestern United States and central Mexico. It is perhaps best known for its potent neurotoxic-hemotoxic venom, which is considered the world's"
"Enhydrina schistosa Enhydrina schistosa, commonly known as the beaked sea snake, (), hook-nosed sea snake, common sea snake, or the Valakadyn sea snake, is a highly venomous species of sea snake common throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. This species is implicated in more than 50% of all bites caused by sea snakes, as well as the majority of envenomings and fatalities. The rostral scale is longer than broad, and is in contact with four shields; frontal more long than broad, shorter than the parietals; nasals in contact with the two anterior labials; sometimes partially divided; one pre- and one or two"
"tested. Belcher's sea snake (""Hydrophis belcheri""), which many times is mistakenly called the hook-nosed sea snake (""Enhydrina schistosa""), has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to Ernst and Zug's published book ""Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book"" from 1996. Bryan Grieg Fry, a prominent venom expert, has clarified the error: ""The hook-nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called ""Snakes in Question"". In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the"
"to subcutis (SC), vein (IV), muscle (IM or IC), and peritoneum (IP). The former (SC) is most applicable to actual bites as only vipers with large fangs, such as large ""Bitis"", ""Bothrops"", ""Crotalus"", or ""Daboia"" specimens, would be able to deliver a bite that is truly intramuscular, and snakebites rarely cause IV envenomation. Testing using dry venom mixed with 0.1% bovine serum albumin in saline, gives more consistent results than just saline alone. Belcher's sea snake (""Hydrophis belcheri"" ), which many times is mistakenly called the hook-nosed sea snake (""Enhydrina schistosa""), has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake"
"be 0.24 mg/kg when delivered intramuscularly. Belcher's sea snake, which many times is mistakenly called the ""hook-nosed sea snake"" (""Enhydrina schistosa""), has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to Ernst and Zug's published book ""Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book"" from 1996. Associate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry, a prominent venom expert, has clarified the error: ""The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular"
"death. Snake venoms act as toxins at the neuromuscular junction and can induce weakness and paralysis. Venoms can act as both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins. Presynaptic neurotoxins, commonly known as β-neurotoxins, affect the presynaptic regions of the neuromuscular junction. The majority of these neurotoxins act by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, into the synapse between neurons. However, some of these toxins have also been known to enhance neurotransmitter release. Those that inhibit neurotransmitter release create a neuromuscular blockade that prevents signaling molecules from reaching their postsynaptic target receptors. In doing so, the victim of these snake bite"
"states that an individual can keep no more than 4 native snakes, and forbids the shipping, selling, and breeding of them in the State of Colorado. There has been some debate about whether hognoses are venomous. Their saliva meets the definition of a venom since it is toxic to small prey such as frogs and toads; however, it is not likely to cause serious injury to humans, particularly as hognoses are rear-fanged and although they will generally feign a strike, they will bite if threatened. Hognose Hognose snake is a common name for several colubrid snake species with upturned snouts."
"Its venom is 1.6 times as toxic as that of the Indian cobra (""Naja naja""). The curl snake (""Suta suta"") has been reported preying on speckled brown snakes at Goyder Lagoon in South Australia. Speckled brown snake The speckled brown snake or spotted brown snake (""Pseudonaja guttata"") is a species of venomous elapid snake native to northeastern Australia. English zoologist Hampton Wildman Parker described the speckled brown snake as ""Demansia guttata"" in 1926 from a specimen collected in Winton, Queensland. The brown snakes were moved to ""Pseudonaja"" by Australian naturalist Eric Worrell in the early 1960s on the basis of"
"the delay in seeking appropriate medical care."" Snake-stone A snake-stone, also known as a viper's stone, black stone, "" schwarze Steine"", "" pierres noire"", ""piedritas negras"", serpent-stone, or nagamani is an animal bone or stone used as folk medicine for snake bite in Africa, South America, and Asia. The early Celtic era European Adder stone is also called a snake stone, and is usually made from coloured glass, often with holes. Its purpose is for protection against evil spirits rather than snake bite. Experts are concerned that relying on a black stone may prevent snakebite victims from seeking appropriate medical"
"Snake oil Snake oil is a traditional Chinese medicament utilizing fat extracted from the Chinese water snake (""Enhydris chinensis""). It is a rubefacient and/or ointment, and is applied topically to relieve minor physical pain. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many centuries, and is a relatively common medication prescribed by doctors ascribing the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. Its effectiveness as medicine has been a historical source of controversy in the Western world, where there is much confusion over its origin and constitution due to a U.S. District Court judgment against Clark Stanley. In Western culture, snake"
"it was responsible for 52% (3,446 cases) of snakebites between 1902 and 1945, with a 0.7% fatality rate (25 deaths). The average venom yield is with a maximum of of dried venom. The venom is quite toxic. In mice, the median lethal dose () is 1.2-1.3 mg/kg intravenous, 1.4 mg/kg intraperitoneal and 3.0 mg/kg subcutaneous. For humans, the LD is estimated to be subcutaneous. Typical envenomation symptoms include local swelling, petechiae, bruising and blistering of the affected limb, spontaneous systemic bleeding of the gums and into the skin, subconjunctival hemorrhage and incoagulable blood. The systemic symptoms can potentially be fatal"
"families of snakes, and do not constitute a formal classification group used in taxonomy. The colloquial term ""poisonous snake"" is generally an incorrect label for snakes. A poison is inhaled or ingested, whereas venom produced by snakes is injected into its victim via fangs. There are, however, two exceptions: ""Rhabdophis"" sequesters toxins from the toads it eats, then secretes them from nuchal glands to ward off predators, and a small unusual population of garter snakes in the U.S. state of Oregon retains enough toxins in their livers from the newts they eat to be effectively poisonous to small local predators"
"taipan's long pointed tail. The specific name, ""microlepidotus"", means ""small-scaled"" (Latin). Hence the common name, small-scaled snake. Since it has been determined (Covacevich et al., 1981) that the fierce snake (formerly: ""Parademansia microlepidota"") is actually part of the genus ""Oxyuranus"" (taipan), another species, ""Oxyuranus scutellatus"", which was previously commonly named taipan (coined from the aboriginal snake's name ""Dhayban"") became coastal taipan (or eastern taipan), and the now newly classified ""Oxyuranus microlepidotus"", became commonly known as inland taipan (or western taipan). The word ""fierce"" from its alternative name, fierce snake, describes its powerful venom. The inland taipan inhabits the black soil"
"evidence that it was not the species of hemlock used. In the past, this plant has had a number of colorful names including Mackenzie's water hemlock, Beaver-poison, Children's-bane, Snakeweed and Musquash-poison. The plant contains cicutoxin, which disrupts the workings of the central nervous system. In humans, cicutoxin rapidly produces symptoms of nausea, emesis and abdominal pain, typically within 60 minutes of ingestion. Poisoning can lead to tremors and seizures. A single bite of the root (which has the highest concentration of cicutoxin) can be sufficient to cause death. In animals the toxic dose and the lethal dose are nearly the"
"Grass snake The grass snake (""Natrix natrix""), sometimes called the ringed snake or water snake, is a Eurasian non-venomous snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibians. The barred grass snake, ""Natrix helvetica"", was split off as a separate species in 2017. The name ""natrix"" is probably derived from the Latin ""nare"" or ""natare"" ""to swim""; it means ""something grammatically feminine which swims"". Many subspecies are recognized, including: ""Natrix natrix helvetica"" (Lacépède, 1789) was formerly treated as a subspecies, but following genetic analysis it was recognised in August 2017 as a separate species, ""Natrix helvetica"","
"Ablomin Ablomin is a toxin present in the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, which blocks L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The protein ablomin is a component of the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, ""Gloydius blomhoffi"". The term ‘ablomin’ is an acronym derived from ""Agkistrodon blomhoffi"", an old name for this snake. The protein can be found in the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, a member of the Viperidae family. Ablomin is part of the Cystein-Rich Secretory Protein (CRISP) family. CRISPs comprise a particular group of snake venom proteins distributed among the venom of several families of snakes, such"
"medicine Defibrase© is the trade name given to batroxobin and is isolated from the venom of ""Bothrops moojeni"". It functions as an defibrinogenating agent and is used for patients with thrombosis. The batroxobin from the snake ""Bothrops atrox"" is patented as Reptilase and used as a hemostatic drug. Batroxobin Batroxobin, also known as reptilase, is a snake venom produced by ""Bothrops atrox"" and ""Bothrops moojeni"", venomous species of pit viper found east of the Andes in South America. It is a hemotoxin which acts as a serine protease closely related to thrombin, and has been the subject of many medical"
"back or supports the heavens. Deaths from snakebites are uncommon in many parts of the world, but are still counted in tens of thousands per year in India. Snakebite can be treated with antivenom made from the venom of the snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of different species of snake is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried. The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being researched as a potential treatment for cancers. Geckos have also been"
"poison are certain populations of common garter snake (""Thamnophis sirtalis""). In locations where both snake and salamander co-exist, the snakes have developed immunity through genetic changes and they feed on the amphibians with impunity. Coevolution occurs with the newt increasing its toxic capabilities at the same rate as the snake further develops its immunity. Some frogs and toads are toxic, the main poison glands being at the side of the neck and under the warts on the back. These regions are presented to the attacking animal and their secretions may be foul-tasting or cause various physical or neurological symptoms. Altogether,"
"(over 80 species), gurnard perches, blennies, rabbitfishes, surgeonfishes, some velvetfishes, some toadfishes, coral crouchers, red velvetfishes, scats, rockfishes, deepwater scorpionfishes, waspfishes, weevers, and stargazers. Among amphibians, some salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs. Some 450 species of snake are venomous. Snake venom is produced by glands below the eye (the mandibular gland) and delivered to the victim through tubular or channeled fangs. Snake venoms contain a variety of peptide toxins, including proteases, which hydrolyze protein peptide bonds, nucleases, which hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds of DNA, and neurotoxins, which disable signalling in the nervous system. Snake venom causes symptoms including pain,"
"of snake which are actually poisonous. ""Rhabdophis"" keelback snakes are both venomous and poisonous - their poisons are stored in nuchal glands and are acquired by sequestering toxins from poisonous toads the snakes eat. Similarly, certain garter snakes from Oregon can retain toxins in their livers from ingesting rough-skinned newts. , mostly on rodents, is a common indicator of snakes' toxicity with a smaller resultant value indicating a higher level of toxicity. There have been numerous studies on snake venom with a variability of potency estimates. There are four methods in which the LD50 test is conducted, which are injections"
"injected with crude rattlesnake venom. When the various components of the venom were separated out, the snakes responded to mice injected with two kinds of disintegrins. The study concluded that these disintegrin proteins were responsible for allowing the snakes to track their prey, by changing the odor of the bitten animal. According to the hypothesis that snake venom had a single evolutionary origin, venom in a number of lineages of snakes subsequently atrophied. Evidence of such atrophication has been found in several snakes. A 2005 study in the marbled sea snake, ""Aipysurus eydouxii"" found that the gene for a three-fingered"