"of Bolivia. Cundeye campaigned for the Chiriguanos to reclaim land from the missions. However, the Chaco War (1932-1935) resulted in the dispossession of much of the remaining land belonging to the missions and the Chiriguanos. The Chiriguanos largely became migrant, landless workers, many in Argentina. The missions were finally dissolved in 1949. Communist revolutionary Ernesto ""Che"" Guevara was attempting to foment revolution among the Chiriguanos when he was captured and executed by Bolivian soldiers on October 9, 1967. Guevara and his Cuban followers had studied Quechua to communicate with Bolivian peasants, but the Chiriguanos spoke Guarani. In 2005, to attract"
"in the events following Guevara’s capture in October, 1967 by US-trained Bolivian counter-insurgency troops. Anxious to avoid a repeat of the Debray affair Barrientos ordered Guevara's execution within 24 hours after he was taken into custody and did not fully inform Henderson of the details surrounding the incident, withholding official confirmation of Guevara's death until a week after the guerrilla leader had been executed by the army in the village of La Higuera. Henderson had in fact been previously directed by US National Security Advisor Walt Rostow to secure Guevara alive if possible, so that he might be interrogated by"
"Mario Terán Mario Terán (born c. 1940) is the Bolivian Army sergeant who was chosen to carry out the execution of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara as a young man on October 9, 1967. Mario Terán was born around 1940 and is married with five children, and covertly lives in Bolivia's largest city Santa Cruz under the alias of ""Pedro Salazar"". Some speculate that he has an agreement with the U.S. CIA, who is said to be protecting him, while others theorize that he is afraid of a Cuban unit seeking revenge. In 2006, Terán was treated for free under a"
"the officer who had captured and executed Che Guevara in Bolivia. On June 1, 1968, João Lucas Alves, Severino Viana, José Roberto Monteiro, and Amílcar Baiardi shot and killed an officer in the neighborhood of Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, believing he was the Bolivian officer, when in fact it was Edward Ernest Tito Otto Maximilian Von Westernhagen, a German Army Major. Given the misunderstanding, Colina refused to take responsibility for the attack. Baiardi, the only of the four militants who survived the dictatorship, revealed Colina's involvement in the attack on 1988. On November 1968, João Lucas was arrested and tortured"
"to break the norm of what a Bolivian military leader was supposed to be like. His body was eventually repatriated to Bolivia (in 1983), where it received a massively-attended state funeral. Juan José Torres Juan José Torres González (5 March 1920 – 2 June 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader. He served as President of Bolivia from October 7, 1970 to August 21, 1971. He was popularly known as ""J.J."" (Jota-Jota). Juan José Torres was murdered in 1976 in Buenos Aires, in the frame of Operation Condor. Torres was born in Cochabamba to a poor family of"
"in Vallegrande, including Björn Kumm of the Swedish ""Aftonbladet"", who described the scene in a November 11, 1967, exclusive for ""The New Republic"". A declassified memorandum dated October 11, 1967, to United States President Lyndon B. Johnson from his National Security Advisor Walt Whitman Rostow, called the decision to kill Guevara ""stupid"" but ""understandable from a Bolivian standpoint"". After the execution, Rodríguez took several of Guevara's personal items, including a watch which he continued to wear many years later, often showing them to reporters during the ensuing years. Today, some of these belongings, including his flashlight, are on display at"
"as Tamara Bunke, were ambushed and killed by Bolivian soldiers while they were attempting to cross the Rio Grande in Bolivia. On October 8, 1967, most of Guevara's surviving soldiers were surrounded and destroyed as a fighting force. Still, some were still active across Bolivia during the rest of October and November 1967. Barrientos was very concerned with Guevara's rising insurgency there, and clamped down in the area with some very heavy-handed measures (such as the Massacre of San Juan). Guevara felt that such an atrocity by the Bolivian Army and Air Force would be the tipping point in his"
"to a succession of weak governments. Alarmed by the rising Popular Assembly and the increase in the popularity of President Juan José Torres, the military, the MNR, and others installed Colonel (later General) Hugo Banzer Suárez as president in 1971. He returned to the presidency in 1997 through 2001. The United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had been active in providing finances and training to the Bolivian military dictatorship in the 1960s. The revolutionary leader Che Guevara was killed by a team of CIA officers and members of the Bolivian Army on 9 October 1967, in Bolivia. Félix Rodríguez was"
"On March 9, 1952, Andrade is injured in a leg and captured in Oza dos Ríos. During the operation, Manolito is killed along other maquis and the Guardia Civil officer, Cesáreo Diez. During the interrogation he declared that he got support from some of the local authorities. Andrade was judged in a military trial (Consejo de Guerra), and sentenced to death. He was executed by garrote vil on August 7, 1952 in the prison of La Coruña. He was buried in a common grave at San Amaro cemetery. Benigno Andrade Benigno Andrade García, also known as Foucellas, was a Spanish"
"the mountains. At 5:20 pm on August 31, 1967, the lead guerrilla column was ambushed while crossing the Río Grande at Vado del Yeso. Tania was waist-deep in the water, with her rifle held above her head, when she was shot through the arm and the lung and killed along with eight of her fellow insurgents in quick succession. Her body was then carried downstream and only recovered by the Bolivian army several days later on September 6. When her corpse was presented to Barrientos, it was decided that it would be buried in an unmarked grave with the rest"
"Juan José Torres Juan José Torres González (5 March 1920 – 2 June 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader. He served as President of Bolivia from October 7, 1970 to August 21, 1971. He was popularly known as ""J.J."" (Jota-Jota). Juan José Torres was murdered in 1976 in Buenos Aires, in the frame of Operation Condor. Torres was born in Cochabamba to a poor family of Mestizo heritage with mainly Aymara ancestry and joined the army in 1941. He served as military attache to Brazil from 1964 and as ambassador to Uruguay from 1965 to 1966, when"
"to Cortez the poor condition of the schoolhouse, stating that it was ""anti-pedagogical"" to expect campesino students to be educated there, while ""government officials drive Mercedes cars"", and declaring ""that's what we are fighting against."" Later that morning on October 9, Bolivian President René Barrientos ordered that Guevara be killed. The order was relayed to the unit holding Guevara by Félix Rodríguez reportedly despite the United States government's desire that Guevara be taken to Panama for further interrogation. The executioner who volunteered to kill Guevara was Mario Terán, an alcoholic 27-year-old sergeant in the Bolivian army who had personally requested"
"in Cuba with Fidel Castro's ""soldiers of Medicine"". In Havana he married a Cuban woman, named Esperanza, and had two children, Mayda and Jose Reyes. Radicalized while he was living in Cuba, he served with Che Guevara during his ""internationalist"" fight in Bolivia. Though Guevara was killed on 9 October 1967, Reyes Mata survived but was imprisoned for 11 months in La Paz. He fathered two children, Paola and Camilo Reyes, in Bolivia with Bolivian, Ruth Argandoña, who had worked with Camilo Torres Restrepo, the priest and member of the National Liberation Army (ELN) guerrilla organization of Colombia, but after"
"While the popular insurgency was eventually crushed by the US-trained Bolivian military troops under American CIA command, Guevara was captured and executed in October 1967. This event fostered a major spin-off scandal that surfaced in 1968. That year, Barrientos' trusted friend and Minister of Interior, Antonio Arguedas, disappeared with the captured diary of Che Guevara, which soon surfaced in Havana. From abroad, Arguedas confessed himself to have been all along a clandestine Marxist supporter, and denounced Barrientos and many of his aides as being on the CIA's payroll. This event embarrassed US military School of the Americas (SOA) graduate Barrientos"
"mismanagement. During the early hours of July 17 1980, during the coup led by General Luis Garcia Meza, Quiroga was brutally abducted and subsequently assassinated. Many witnessed, at the headquarters of the Central Obrera Boliviana, his wounding and abduction by security forces. He had been participating in a high-level meeting to discuss ways to resist the coup. His body has never been found, nor those who killed him. His wife and sons are still searching for his body. A gifted orator and uncompromising idealist, Quiroga is revered in Bolivia as one of the martyrs of the anti-authoritarian and pro-democratic struggles"
"response to protests from human rights organisations and victims. García Meza died in La Paz on April 29, 2018, of a heart attack at the age of 88. Luis García Meza Luis García Meza Tejada (8 August 1929 – 29 April 2018) was a Bolivian dictator. A native of La Paz, he was a career military officer who rose to the rank of general during the reign of Hugo Banzer (1971–78). Between 1980 and 1981 García Meza was the dictator of Bolivia. García Meza graduated from the military academy in 1952, and served as its commander from 1963 to 1964."
"Tulp"" and Andrea Mantegna's ""Lamentation over the Dead Christ"". There were also four correspondents present when Guevara's body arrived in Vallegrande, including Bjorn Kumm of the Swedish ""Aftonbladet"", who described the scene in a November 11, 1967, exclusive for ""The New Republic"". Bolivia had defeated its last major insurgency to date. President Barrientos himself died on April 27, 1969, in a helicopter crash. Most of Guevara's men were killed, wounded, or captured in the campaign. On February 17, 1968 five surviving guerrillas, three Cubans and two Bolivians, managed to get to Chile. There they were detained by policing carabiniers and"
"base camp in Ñancahuazú in November 1966. Primarily he was chosen for logistic tasks, on 25 January 1967 he was transferred to leading the forefront. Ensuing a gunfight with the Bolivian army on 22 April 1967, he was wounded and taken prisoner. According to the Bolivian Army Jorge Vazquez Viana was hospitalized with a stomach wound in Camiri on 22 April 1967 after being captured. There is no record of him after 30 April 1967 ... he just ""disappeared"". Cuban sources confirm that following his incarceration Jorge was tortured, murdered and his body thrown out of a helicopter above the"
"the tipping point in his favour in rallying the miners to his Communist cause, but eventually the miners signed an agreement with the government-owned mining company Siglo XX, which agreement Guevara felt undermined his reason for being there. The war between President Barrientos and Che Guevara's militia did not end there, but eventually the Bolivian Army Rangers captured Guevara and executed him in October 1967. While temporarily enhancing the president's stature, this only started more troubles for Barrientos. While the army was fighting the guerrillas, the miners of Siglo XX (a state-owned Bolivian mining town) declared themselves in support of"
"Vega Yapura's remains and information on who had ordered that attack on the Central Obrera Boliviana office in 1980. On July 17, 2010 Bolivian president Evo Morales honoured Vega Yapura and other victims of the July 17, 1980 massacre at a ceremony in the Palacio Quemado. At the same function, Vega Yapura's widow Isabel Mena urged Morales to bring the perpetrators of killings of the military regimes to justice. Gualberto Vega Gualberto Vega Yapura (d. July 17, 1980, La Paz) was a Bolivian trade unionist. Vega Yapura was the head of the FSTMB miners' union. Vega Yapura was shot down"
"man with a soft and ironic glance"" and that during their short conversation she found herself ""unable to look him in the eye"", because his ""gaze was unbearable, piercing, and so tranquil."" During their short conversation, Guevara pointed out to Cortez the poor condition of the schoolhouse, stating that it was ""anti-pedagogical"" to expect campesino students to be educated there, while ""government officials drive Mercedes cars"" ... declaring ""that's what we are fighting against."" Later that morning on October 9, Bolivian President René Barrientos ordered that Guevara be killed. The order was relayed by Félix Rodríguez to the Bolivian army"
"Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz (13 March 1931 – 17 July 1980) was a noted writer, dramatist, journalist, social commentator, university professor, and socialist political leader from Bolivia. In 1964 Marcelo won the ""PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction"" for his novel ""Los Deshabitados"". As a congressman of the Falange Socialista Boliviana, he was jailed by the regime of General René Barrientos (1964–69) for his loud denunciation of the San Juan Massacre, in which dozens of dissenting miners were murdered by the military of Bolivia in the Siglo XX mines on St John's Eve 1967. In 1969, he was"
"Morales Gómez (a singer for Los Implacables del Norte), four members of Tecno Banda Fugaz, four members of Los Padrinos de la Sierra, Zayda Peña (a singer for Zayda Y Los Culpables), trumpeter José Luis Aquino of Los Conde, record producer Marco Abdalá, manager Roberto del Fierro Lugo, Jorge Antonio Sepúlveda, Jesús Rey David Alfaro Pulido, Nicolás Villanueva of tropical group Brisas del Mar, four members of Los Herederos de Sinaloa, and the singer Fabian Ortega Pinon (El Halcon de la Sierra), who was executed along with two other victims in Guerrero, Chihuahua, in August 2006. Additionally, three members of"
"detention, torture, and murder of Carmelo Soria, a Spanish-Chilean citizen and United Nations diplomat. The three men were former agents of Augusto Pinochet's secret police Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional. Virgilio Paz Romero Virgilio Pablo Paz Romero (born November 20, 1951) is a Cuban exile and militant who was involved in the 1976 assassination of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C. Paz Romero was one of two people accused of detonating a remote-controlled car bomb that killed Letelier and a colleague in Washington's Sheridan Circle. Paz's family left Santa Clara, Cuba in the mid-1960s when he was 14. In"
"Assassinations of Jeffrey Brent Ball and Todd Ray Wilson Elders Jeffrey Brent Ball and Todd Ray Wilson, two American Missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) were killed in La Paz, Bolivia on May 24, 1989 by members of the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación-Zarate Willka terrorist group who associated them and the Church they represented with perceived American imperialist activities. Later, three Peruvians, Elders Manuel Hidalgo, Cristian Ugarte, and Oscar Zapata were killed in Peru for similar reasons on August 22, 1990, and March 6, 1991. Government officials of both the United States and Bolivia"
"was the most deadly act of political violence in Bolivia since 2003. The protesters were marching to the departmental capital of Cobija to protest departmental government actions during a national political crisis. An investigation by UNASUR found the massacre to be a crime against humanity. The event culminated in the spectacular arrest in September of the Prefect of Pando, Leopoldo Fernández, for the departmental government's role in the massacre of backers of President Evo Morales. Prosecutors (of the ""Ministerio Público"") presented indictments against 26 people, including Fernández, before the Sixth Sentencing Tribunal (""Tribunal Sexto de Sentencia"") on 12 October 2009."
"hands tied behind his back. His remains were discovered on the morning of 3 October in a rural area near the Venezuelan border as peasants discovered him. The Cardinal Archbishop of Bogotá Mario Revollo Bravo told RCN Radio that there was ""no explanation"" for the killing that ""caused profound pain"". John Paul II sent an official telegram of condolence on 4 October expressing his ""profound sorrow"" over the assassination which he deemed to be the product of ""unjustifiable violence"". The Colombian Episcopal Conference referred to the assassination as ""vile, sacrilegious and pitiless"". His funeral was celebrated on 5 October. However,"
"in all cases, sentenced to death, and executed on July 3, 1939, in the courtyard of the Cochabamba prison by a firing squad. Ramiro Artieda Ramiro Artieda, also known as Alberto González (born September 4, 1889 - died July 3, 1939 in Cochabamba) was a Bolivian serial killer. Ramiro Artieda's first victim was his brother, Luis. He killed him in the early 1920s when he became the sole heir of his family's fortune and property, and was able to offer his fianceé a higher standard of living. Although he was suspected to be responsible, it could not be proven at"
"the order issued by Bolivian President René Barrientos that they should both be killed had been confirmed, the commanding officer sent an execution squad consisting of three soldiers into the schoolhouse. The soldiers entered the room where Willy was being held first and riddled him with several bursts of machine gun fire. Before dying, Willy managed to cry out, ""I am proud to die next to Che!"" These were probably the last words Che Guevara heard, because he was executed in similar fashion only a few seconds later. The Bolivian Armed Forces refused to give information about what had been"
"in the National Penitentiary of Buenos Aires. This site is currently Las Heras Park, where a plaque in his honor remains to be seen. This execution led some sectors to name Aramburu's regime ""la Fusiladora"" (the verb ""fusilar"" meaning to execute by a firing-squad). This execution marked a turn in Argentina's history of insurrections, which were not used to such massive retaliation. Between June 9 and June 12, 1956, 27 civilians and military personnel were executed, some of them illegally during the León Suárez massacre (related in Rodolfo Walsh's classic book, ""Operación Masacre""). This event lead to Aramburu's subsequent assassination"
"27 July 1811. He was then tried by a military court that found him guilty of treason and was executed on 30 July 1811. There are many theories about how he was executed, the most famous that he was killed by firing squad and then decapitated on 30 July at 7:00 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, two soldiers, Ortega and Melchor, for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo stated, ""Though I may die, I shall be remembered forever; you all will soon be forgotten."" Rafael Iriarte was the sole escapee of the encounter at"
"Porvenir massacre The Porvenir massacre (also, El Porvenir massacre, Pando massacre) was a deadly ambush in the early hours of September 11, 2008, allegedly organized by Prefectural authorities of the Bolivian Department of Pando, as part of a civil coup d'état against the government of Evo Morales by members of the right-wing civic movement. As a result of the ambush, at least 12 indigenous protesters of the municipality of El Porvenir died that day. It was the most deadly act of political violence in Bolivia since 2003. The protesters were marching to the departmental capital of Cobija to protest departmental"
"Arce, who cautioned that all Bolivians who opposed the new order should ""walk around with their written will under their arms."" The most prominent victim of the dictatorship was the congressman, presidential candidate, and gifted orator Marcelo Quiroga, murdered and ""disappeared"" soon after the coup. Quiroga had been the chief advocate of bringing to trial the former dictator, General Hugo Banzer (who was in power from 1971 until 1978), for human right violations and economic mismanagement. The García Meza government's drug trafficking activities led to the complete isolation of the regime. In contrast to his position regarding the other military"