"Linux kernel and GNU components. In 1992, the Yggdrasil Linux distribution adopted the name ""Linux/GNU/X"". In Usenet and mailing-list discussions, one can find usages of ""GNU/Linux"" as early as 1992 and of ""GNU+Linux"" as early as 1993. The Debian project, which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation, switched to calling its product ""Debian GNU/Linux"" in early 1994; This change followed a request by Richard Stallman (who initially proposed ""LiGNUx,"" but suggested ""GNU/Linux"" instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term). GNU's June 1994 ""Bulletin"" describes ""Linux"" as a ""free Unix system for 386"
"Stallman visited UC Berkeley where Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis asked if they could change ""General"" to ""GNU"" (the name given to the operating system created by Stallman). Richard Stallman approved and the definition of the acronym GIMP was changed to be the ""GNU"" Image Manipulation Program. This reflected its new existence as being developed as Free Software as a part of the GNU Project. The number of computer architectures and operating systems supported has expanded significantly since its first release. The first release supported UNIX systems, such as Linux, SGI IRIX and HP-UX. Since the initial release, GIMP has"
"with commercial support. The naming remains controversial. Referring to the complete system as simply ""Linux"" is common usage. However, the Free Software Foundation, and many others, advocate the use of the term ""GNU/Linux"", saying that it is a more accurate name for the whole operating system. Linux adoption grew among businesses and governments in the 1990s and 2000s. In the English-speaking world at least, Ubuntu and its derivatives became a relatively popular group of Linux distributions. When the USL v. BSDi lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993, FreeBSD and NetBSD (both derived from 386BSD) were released as free"
"GNU variants GNU variants (also called GNU distributions or ""distros"" for short) are operating systems based upon the GNU operating system (the Hurd kernel, the GNU C library, system libraries and application software like GNU coreutils, bash, GNOME, the Guix package manager etc.). According to the GNU project and others, these also include most operating systems using the Linux kernel and a few others using BSD-based kernels. GNU users usually obtain their operating system by downloading GNU distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, LibreCMC) and personal computers (for example, Debian"
"and common usage, however, refers to this family of operating systems simply as ""Linux"", as do many large Linux distributions (for example, SUSE Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Linux). By contrast, Linux distributions containing only free software use ""GNU/Linux"" or simply ""GNU"", such as Trisquel GNU/Linux, Parabola GNU/Linux-libre, BLAG Linux and GNU, and gNewSense. , about 8% to 13% of a modern Linux distribution is made of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU), as determined by counting lines of source code making up Ubuntu's ""Natty"" release; meanwhile, 6% is taken by the Linux"
"together with other software, especially that of the GNU project. This quickly became the most popular adoption of GNU software. In June 1994 in GNU's bulletin, Linux was referred to as a ""free UNIX clone"", and the Debian project began calling its product ""Debian GNU/Linux"". In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the editor Emacs 19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of ""GNU/Linux"". This name garnered varying reactions. The GNU and Debian projects"
"GNU General Public License. Pre-compiled binary versions are provided for various operating systems. Although R has a command line interface, there are several graphical user interfaces, such as RStudio, an Integrated development environment. R is an implementation of the S programming language combined with lexical scoping semantics, inspired by Scheme. S was created by John Chambers in 1976, while at Bell Labs. There are some important differences, but much of the code written for S runs unaltered. R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and currently developed by the ""R Development"
"to ensure that the ""entire"" software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs), needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system and, if possible, ""everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free."" Stallman decided to call this operating system ""GNU"" (a recursive acronym meaning """"GNU's not Unix""""), basing its design"
"GNU Project The GNU Project () is a free-software, mass-collaboration project, first announced on September 27, 1983 by Richard Stallman at MIT. Its aim is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices, by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on the following freedom rights: users are free to run the software, share it (copy, distribute), study it and modify it. GNU software guarantees these freedom-rights legally (via its license), and is therefore free software; the use of the word ""free"" always being taken to refer to freedom. In order"
"the GNU General Public License. Originally developed based on the ClanLib library, the project later switched to SDL. Due to the cross-platform SDL middle-layer the game was ported to many OSes and platforms: Windows and Unix-like systems, including Linux, FreeBSD, Android, AmigaOS 4, AROS, Maemo, Symbian^3 and Mac OS X. In November 2010 the old name <nowiki>'</nowiki>""Wormux""<nowiki>'</nowiki> was dropped in favor for <nowiki>'</nowiki>""WarMUX""<nowiki>'</nowiki>. The name <nowiki>'</nowiki>""Wormux""<nowiki>'</nowiki> originally was a homage to the old classic ""Worms"" games, which were among the most popular of the artillery game genre. The developers decided for renaming their project in order to avoid possible confusion."
"GNU General Public License The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL) is a widely used free software license, which guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share and modify the software. The license was originally written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU Project, and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition. The GPL is a copyleft license, which means that derivative work can only be distributed under the same license terms. This is in distinction to permissive free software licenses, of which the BSD"
"Gnulib Gnulib, also called the GNU portability library, is a collection of software subroutines which are designed to be usable on many operating systems. The goal of the project is to make it easy for free software authors to make their software run on many operating systems. Since source is designed to be copied from gnulib, it is not a library per-se, as much as a collection of portable idioms to be used in other projects. Making a software package work on a system other than the original system it worked on is usually called ""porting"" the software to the"
"ago"". As of 2015, critical reception has been much more positive. For example, Debian, a Linux distribution that had historically used GNOME 2, switched to Xfce when GNOME 3 was released but readopted GNOME 3 in time for the release of Debian 8 ""Jessie"". GNOME Shell is the default interface for Ubuntu since version 17.10, replacing Unity. GNOME 3 has modern approach in User Interface Design and naming applications: GNOME GNOME () is a desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems, composed entirely of free and open-source software. GNOME was originally an acronym for ""GNU Network Object Model Environment"", but the"
"GNU social GNU social (previously known as StatusNet and once known as Laconica) is a free and open source software microblogging server written in PHP that implements the OStatus standard for interoperation between installations. While offering functionality similar to Twitter, GNU social seeks to provide the potential for open, inter-service and distributed communications between microblogging communities. Enterprises and individuals can install and control their own services and data. GNU social has been deployed on hundreds of interoperating servers. GNU social was spun out of the GNU FM project. The founder was Matt Lee and the early developers were fellow FSF"
"GNU General Public License. Now it is developed by a worldwide team of programmers. Beside the mailing list, the developers can often be reached via IRC in the #kaffe channel on irc.freenode.net. Kaffe is a lean and portable virtual machine, although it is significantly slower than commercial implementations. When compared to the reference implementation of the Java Virtual Machine written by Sun Microsystems, Kaffe is significantly smaller; it thus appeals to embedded system developers. It comes with just-in-time compilers for many of the CPU architectures, and has been ported to more than 70 system platforms in total. It runs on"
"GNU GLOBAL GNU GLOBAL is a software tool for source code tagging. It works in a uniform fashion in various environments (GNU Emacs, Vim, GNU less, GNU Bash, web browsers, etc.), allowing users to find all objects declared in the source files and to move among them easily. It is particularly useful for working on projects containing numerous sub-projects and complex syntax trees generated by the compilation process (e.g., C code containing numerous codice_1 directive which select among several ""main()"" functions using conditional compilation). It is similar to older tagging software such as ctags and etags, but differs in its"
"was published in 1991. In 1989, some GNU developers formed the company Cygnus Solutions. The GNU project's kernel, later called ""GNU Hurd"", was continually delayed, but most other components were completed by 1991. Some of these, especially the GNU Compiler Collection, had become market leaders in their own right. The GNU Debugger and GNU Emacs were also notable successes. The Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. The license wasn't a free software license, but with version 0.12 in February 1992, Torvalds relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License. Much"
"Mellon's Mach microkernel in a project called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance. In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free monolithic Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name ""Linux"" to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it ""GNU/Linux"". This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the"
"GNU General Public License. Distributions are available for most operating systems. It is particularly prevalent on Unix and Unix-like systems, but it has been ported to most modern (and many obsolete) platforms. With only six reported exceptions, Perl can be compiled from source code on all POSIX-compliant, or otherwise-Unix-compatible platforms. Because of unusual changes required for the classic Mac OS environment, a special port called MacPerl was shipped independently. The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network carries a complete list of supported platforms with links to the distributions available on each. CPAN is also the source for publicly available Perl modules that"
"GNOME GNOME () is a desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems, composed entirely of free and open-source software. GNOME was originally an acronym for ""GNU Network Object Model Environment"", but the acronym was dropped because it no longer reflected the vision of the GNOME project. GNOME is developed by The GNOME Project, part of the GNU Project. The GNOME Project is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat. It is an international project that aims to develop software frameworks for the development of software, to program end-user applications based on these frameworks, and"
"the GNU system in a single location (much like the GNOME project collects Desktop software). In 2001, the GNU Project received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award for ""the ubiquity, breadth, and quality of its freely available redistributable and modifiable software, which has enabled a generation of research and commercial development"". GNU Project The GNU Project () is a free-software, mass-collaboration project, first announced on September 27, 1983 by Richard Stallman at MIT. Its aim is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices, by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based"
"Gentoo Linux Gentoo Linux (pronounced ) is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system. Unlike a binary software distribution, the source code is compiled locally according to the user's preferences and is often optimized for the specific type of computer. Precompiled binaries are available for some larger packages or those with no available source code. Gentoo Linux is named after the fast-swimming gentoo penguin. The name was chosen to reflect the potential speed improvements of machine-specific optimization, which is a major feature of Gentoo. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, and"
"to coordinate efforts for internationalization and localization and accessibility of that software. GNOME is the default desktop environment on many major Linux distributions including Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu, SUSE Linux Enterprise (exclusively), Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, Oracle Linux, Scientific Linux, SteamOS, Tails, Kali Linux, Antergos and Endless OS; it is also default on Solaris, a major Unix operating system. GNOME provides two different login sessions, one is based on GNOME Panel and Metacity (Window Manager) that provides a traditional taskbar (panel) and start menu, this session is called GNOME Flashback, another one is based on GNOME Shell and Mutter (Window"
"of the release as the version number. The first Gobuntu release, for example, was 7.10, indicating October 2007. Gobuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter e.g.: ""Gutsy Gibbon"". These are the same as the respective Ubuntu code names. Commonly, Gobuntu releases are referred to by developers and users by only the adjective portion of the code name, for example ""Gutsy Gibbon"" is often called just ""Gutsy"". Gobuntu Gobuntu was a short-lived official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system that was conceived to provide a distribution consisting entirely of free"
"Ubuntu derivative named ""Gnubuntu"" consisting entirely of free software, on 24 November 2005. Due to Richard Stallman's disapproval of the name, the project was later renamed ""Ubuntu-libre"". Stallman had previously endorsed a distribution based on Ubuntu called gNewSense, and has criticized Ubuntu for using proprietary and non-free software in successive distributions, most notably, Ubuntu 7.04. While introducing Ubuntu 7.10, Mark Shuttleworth said that it would Gobuntu was officially announced by Mark Shuttleworth on 10 July 2007 and daily builds of Gobuntu 7.10 began to be publicly released. The initial version, Gobuntu 7.10, was released on 18 October 2007, as an"
"on ""technical advantage"" rather than ""freedom"" of the Linux kernel developers. In the case of the Linux kernel, notable and recurring examples of this focus on technical advantage over freedom come from the long-time inclusion in the Linux kernel of many non-free firmware files and other files with non-free license terms. The ordinary understanding of ""operating system"" includes both the kernel—the specific subsystem that directly interfaces with the hardware—and the ""userland"" software that is employed by the user and by application software to control the computer. Moreover, both the name ""GNU"" and the name ""Linux"" are intentionally related to the"
"some unofficial ""Screen 4.1"" releases floating around the Internet, he called this new release ""Screen 4.2.0"". In May 2015, on openSUSE Conference, Jürgen Weigert invited Alexander Naumov to help to develop and maintain GNU screen. Two months later with Alex's help ""GNU screen 4.3.0"" was released. GNU Screen GNU Screen is a terminal multiplexer, a software application that can be used to multiplex several virtual consoles, allowing a user to access multiple separate login sessions inside a single terminal window, or detach and reattach sessions from a terminal. It is useful for dealing with multiple programs from a command line"
"use the name, although most people simply use the term ""Linux"" to refer to the combination. Torvalds announced in 1996 that there would be a mascot for Linux, a penguin. This was due to the fact when they were about to select the mascot, Torvalds mentioned he was bitten by a little penguin (""Eudyptula minor"") on a visit to the National Zoo & Aquarium in Canberra, Australia. Larry Ewing provided the original draft of today's well known mascot based on this description. The name Tux was suggested by James Hughes as derivative of ""Torvalds' UniX"", along with being short for"
"kernel in 1991, the primary user of GNU's userland components soon became operating systems based on the Linux kernel (Linux distributions), prompting the coining of the term ""GNU/Linux"". Development of the Hurd has proceeded slowly. Despite an optimistic announcement by Stallman in 2002 predicting a release of GNU/Hurd later that year, the Hurd is still not considered suitable for production environments. Development in general has not met expectations, and there are still a significant number of bugs and missing features. This has resulted in a poorer product than many (including Stallman) had expected. In 2010, after twenty years under development,"
"GNU Gnubik GNU Gnubik or GNUbik is a puzzle game – a software implementation of the Rubik's Cube. It is cross platform and is included in all major operating systems including Debian, openSUSE, GuixSD, Red Hat and Ubuntu. As well as being a simple game, it has selectable colours, patterns and one can even use photos as the tiles on the cube. It has scripts to solve part or all of the puzzle automatically. And the user can rewind what has been previously done, all the way back to the beginning or back to a previously placed marker. It can"
"released. It had new architecture for gatekeeper routed mode which can handle thousands of concurrent calls, and introduced full H.323 proxy and Citron's NAT technology. These features made it a carrier-graded H.323 gatekeeper suitable for commercial operations. To avoid confusion with other OpenH323 based gatekeepers, the project was renamed ""GNU Gatekeeper"", short ""GnuGk"", to reflect that it was the only gatekeeper available under a GNU license. In 2004, version 2.2 was released with a redesigned architecture, followed by the more stable version 2.2.1 in 2005. In 2006, version 2.2.4 introduced call failover, ENUM and CLI rewriting. In 2012, version 3.0"
"to cover many of the same topics. Gnits standards The Gnits standards are a collection of standards and recommendations for programming, maintaining, and distributing software. They are published by a group of GNU project maintainers who call themselves ""Gnits"", which is short for ""GNU nit-pickers"". As such, they represent advice, not Free Software Foundation or GNU policy, but parts of the Gnits' standards have seen widespread adoption among free software programmers in general. The Gnits standards are extensions to, refinements of, and annotations for the GNU Standards. However, they are in no way normative in GNU; GNU maintainers are not"
"Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in 1997, the case was settled. The licensing of the trademark has since been handled by the Linux Mark Institute (LMI). Torvalds has stated that he trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of trademarks, but later changed this in favor of offering a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers ""GNU/Linux"" as the name when referring to the"