"dark time, we shall require an age of reason"". His ends with the claim that ""in a time ... when both rights and reason are under several kinds of open and covert attack, the life and writing of Thomas Paine will always be part of the arsenal on which we shall need to depend."" The Age of Reason The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of Deism. It follows in the tradition of eighteenth-century British deism, and challenges institutionalized"
"in 1991, and was named Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1992. John Skorupski John Skorupski (born 19 September 1946) is a British philosopher whose main interests are epistemology, ethics and moral philosophy, political philosophy, and the history of 19th and 20th century philosophy. He is best known for his work on John Stuart Mill and his study of normativity, ""The Domain of Reasons"". Skorupski studied philosophy and economics at Christ's College, Cambridge, from which he received both an MA and a PhD. Skorupski was President of the Aristotelian Society in 1990–91. He was made an Honorary Fellow"
"The Man of Reason The Man of Reason: ""Male"" and ""Female"" in Western Philosophy (1984; second edition 1993) is a book about the association between maleness and reason in western philosophy by the Australian philosopher Genevieve Lloyd. The work received positive reviews. It has been called a twentieth century classic of feminist thought, and is widely read in the Nordic countries. Lloyd discusses the relationship between gender and ideals of rationality, and the related issues of relativism and cultural relativism, and addresses the ""maleness"" of ""character ideals centred on the idea of Reason"", which in her view has implications for"
"John Skorupski John Skorupski (born 19 September 1946) is a British philosopher whose main interests are epistemology, ethics and moral philosophy, political philosophy, and the history of 19th and 20th century philosophy. He is best known for his work on John Stuart Mill and his study of normativity, ""The Domain of Reasons"". Skorupski studied philosophy and economics at Christ's College, Cambridge, from which he received both an MA and a PhD. Skorupski was President of the Aristotelian Society in 1990–91. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Political Thought of the Jagiellonian University, Kraków,"
"the Age of Reason and the Lumières, one approach is to compare Thomas Hobbes with John Locke. Hobbes, who lived for three quarters of the 17th century, had worked to create an ontology of human emotions, ultimately trying to make order out of an inherently chaotic universe. In the alternate, Locke saw in Nature a source of unity and universal rights, with the State's assurance of protection. This ""culture revolution"" over the 17th and 18th centuries was a battle between these two viewpoints of the relationship between Man and Nature. This resulted, in France, in the spread of the notion"
"its writers."" However, the review goes on to remark how Sartre seems to be preoccupied with describing the physical act of vomiting. The Age of Reason (novel) The Age of Reason () is a 1945 novel by Jean-Paul Sartre. It is the first part of the trilogy ""The Roads to Freedom"". The novel, set in the bohemian Paris of the late 1930s, focuses on three days in the life of a philosophy teacher named Mathieu who is seeking money to pay for an abortion for his mistress, Marcelle. Sartre analyses the motives of various characters and their actions and takes"
"The Age of Reason (novel) The Age of Reason () is a 1945 novel by Jean-Paul Sartre. It is the first part of the trilogy ""The Roads to Freedom"". The novel, set in the bohemian Paris of the late 1930s, focuses on three days in the life of a philosophy teacher named Mathieu who is seeking money to pay for an abortion for his mistress, Marcelle. Sartre analyses the motives of various characters and their actions and takes into account the perceptions of others to give the reader a comprehensive picture of the main character. ""The Age of Reason"" is"
"Adam Smith Adam Smith ( 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith wrote two classic works, ""The Theory of Moral Sentiments"" (1759) and ""An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"" (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as ""The Wealth of Nations"", is considered his ""magnum opus"" and the first modern work of economics. Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was one"
"(2002). The Man of Reason The Man of Reason: ""Male"" and ""Female"" in Western Philosophy (1984; second edition 1993) is a book about the association between maleness and reason in western philosophy by the Australian philosopher Genevieve Lloyd. The work received positive reviews. It has been called a twentieth century classic of feminist thought, and is widely read in the Nordic countries. Lloyd discusses the relationship between gender and ideals of rationality, and the related issues of relativism and cultural relativism, and addresses the ""maleness"" of ""character ideals centred on the idea of Reason"", which in her view has implications"
"The Age of Unreason The Age of Unreason is a series of four novels written by Gregory Keyes: Its title is a reference to Thomas Paine's treatise ""The Age of Reason"". The story spans the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, with the action moving between England and France, later involving Russia, Austria, the Republic of Venice, and North America. The author makes use of pseudosciences (scientific alchemy instead of our physics) that were popular at the time: using affinity and aether, for example. Some historical characters appear in important roles: Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Cotton Mather, King Louis"
"in a very sensitive way, on the actions of the present generations. Derek Parfit Derek Antony Parfit, FBA (; 11 December 1942 – 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential moral philosophers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Parfit rose to prominence in 1971 with the publication of his first paper, ""Personal Identity"". His first book, ""Reasons and Persons"" (1984), has been described as the most significant work of moral philosophy since the 1800s. His second book, ""On What"
"Jonathan Witherspoon and John Adams embraced the imported Scottish morality. While Scottish innate sense realism would in the decades after the Revolution become the dominate moral philosophy in classrooms of American academia for almost 100 years, it was not a strong influence at the time of the ""Declaration"" was crafted. Johnson's American Practical Idealism and Edwards' Reform Puritan Calvinism were far stronger influences on the men of the Continental Congress and on the ""Declaration"". Thomas Paine, the English intellectual, pamphleteer, and revolutionary who wrote ""Common Sense"" and ""Rights of Man"" was an influential promoter of Enlightenment political ideas in America,"
"was a popular perception among the ""philosophes"", who adopted deistic attitudes to varying degrees. Deism greatly influenced the thought of intellectuals and Founding Fathers, including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, perhaps George Washington and, especially, Thomas Jefferson. The most articulate exponent was Thomas Paine, whose ""The Age of Reason"" was written in France in the early 1790s, and soon reached the United States. Paine was highly controversial; when Jefferson was attacked for his deism in the 1800 election, Democratic-Republican politicians took pains to distance their candidate from Paine. Unitarianism and Deism were strongly connected, the former being brought to America by"
"February 1794, he was finally brought to trial and defended by John Gurney: he was acquitted. Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote the essay ""A Letter to Lord Ellenborough"" in his defense in 1812. Daniel Isaac Eaton Daniel Isaac Eaton (1753–1814) was an English radical author, publisher and activist. He was tried eight times for selling radical literature and convicted in 1812 for selling ""The Age of Reason"". Eaton was the publisher of the popular periodical ""Politics for the People"" and was arrested on 7 December 1793 for publishing a statement by John Thelwall, a radical lecturer and debater: Thelwall had made"
"The Life of Reason The Life of Reason: The Phases of Human Progress is a book published in five volumes from 1905 to 1906, by Spanish-born American philosopher George Santayana (1863–1952). It consists of ""Reason in Common Sense"", ""Reason in Society"", ""Reason in Religion"", ""Reason in Art"", and ""Reason in Science"". The work is considered to be the most complete expression of Santayana's moral philosophy; by contrast, his later ""magnum opus"", the four-volume ""The Realms of Being"", more fully develops his metaphysical and epistemological theory, particularly his doctrine of essences. Santayana's philosophy is strongly influenced by the materialism of Democritus"
"libel against the Crown, but was unavailable for hanging, being in France and never returning to England. (Sir Archibald Macdonald, 1st Baronet served as the prosecutor.) Thomas Paine was not the only advocate of the rights of man or the only author of a work titled ""Rights of Man"". The working-class radical, Thomas Spence, is among the first, in England, to use the phrase as a title. His 1775 lecture, usually titled ""The Rights of Man"", and his later ""The Rights of Infants"", offer a proto-geoist take on political philosophy mirroring Paine's work Agrarian Justice. Paine's acquaintance Mary Wollstonecraft, whom"
"Eric Hobsbawm Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm (; 9 June 1917 – 1 October 2012) was a British historian of the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism and nationalism. Ideologically a Marxist, his socio-political convictions influenced the character of his work. His best-known works include his trilogy about what he called the ""long 19th century"" ("""", """" and """"), ""The Age of Extremes"" on the short 20th century, and an edited volume that introduced the influential idea of ""invented traditions"". Hobsbawm was born in Egypt but spent his childhood mostly in Vienna and Berlin. Following the death of his parents and the"
"and European Convention on Human Rights. Organized activism for irreligion in the United Kingdom derived its roots from the legacy of British nonconformists. The South Place Religious Society, which would later become associated with the Ethical movement, was founded in 1793 as an organization of Philadelphians or Universalists. ""The Oracle of Reason"", the first avowedly-atheist periodical publication in British history, was published from 1841 to 1843 by Charles Southwell. It suffered from numerous imprisonments of its staff, including Southwell, George Holyoake and Thomas Paterson, for missives deemed ""blasphemous"" by the authorities (Holyoake was the last person in Britain convicted of"
"new introduction and extensive additional material. R. G. Collingwood Robin George Collingwood (; 1889–1943) was an English philosopher, historian and archaeologist. He is best known for his philosophical works including ""The Principles of Art"" (1938) and the posthumously published ""The Idea of History"" (1946). Collingwood was born 22 February 1889 in Cartmel, Grange-over-Sands, in Lancashire, the son of the artist and archaeologist W. G. Collingwood, who had acted as John Ruskin's private secretary in the final years of Ruskin's life. Collingwood's mother was also an artist and a talented pianist. He was educated at Rugby School, and at University College,"
"particularly drawn to Hume's description of religion as ""a positive source of harm to society"" that ""led men to be factious, ambitious and intolerant"". More of an influence on Paine than Hume was Spinoza's ""Tractatus Theologico-politicus"" (1678). Paine would have been exposed to Spinoza's ideas through the works of other eighteenth-century deists, most notably Conyers Middleton. Though these larger philosophical traditions are clear influences on ""The Age of Reason"", Paine owes the greatest intellectual debt to the English deists of the early eighteenth century, such as Peter Annet. John Toland had argued for the use of reason in interpreting scripture,"
"David Hume David Hume (; born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. Hume's empiricist approach to philosophy places him with John Locke, George Berkeley, Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes as a British Empiricist. Beginning with his ""A Treatise of Human Nature"" (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Against philosophical rationalists, Hume held that passion rather than reason governs"
"century. George Edward Moore (1873–1958) was an English philosopher. One of the founders of the analytic tradition, he led the British 'revolt against idealism' at the turn of the twentieth century, along with Bertrand Russell - while Russell is better known, he stated that it was in fact Moore who ""led the way"". Moore is best known today for his defence of ethical non-naturalism, his emphasis on common sense in philosophical method, and the paradox that bears his name. He was admired by and influential among other philosophers, and also by the Bloomsbury Group, but is (unlike his colleague Russell)"
"of philosophy appointed in Australia. On retirement, she was appointed Professor Emeritus. Genevieve Lloyd Genevieve Lloyd (born at Cootamundra, New South Wales, 16 October 1941) is an Australian philosopher and feminist. Lloyd studied philosophy at the University of Sydney in the early 1960s and then at Somerville College, Oxford. Her D.Phil, awarded in 1973, was on ""Time and Tense"". From 1967 until 1987 she lectured at the Australian National University, during which period she developed her most influential ideas and wrote ""The Man of Reason"", which was published in 1984. In 1987 she was appointed to the chair of philosophy"
"for being influenced by such philosophy include Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Cornelius Harnett, Gouverneur Morris, and Hugh Williamson. Their political speeches show distinct deistic influence. Other notable Founding Fathers may have been more directly deist. These include James Madison, possibly Alexander Hamilton, Ethan Allen, and Thomas Paine (who published ""The Age of Reason"", a treatise that helped to popularize deism throughout the United States and Europe). Unlike the many deist tracts aimed at an educated elite, Paine's treatise explicitly appealed to ordinary people, using direct language familiar to the laboring classes. How widespread deism was among ordinary people in the"
"rights and ethics, including ""The Refutation of Scepticism"" (1985), ""The Future of Moral Values"" (1997), ""Wittgenstein"" (1992), ""What Is Good?"" (2000), ""The Meaning of Things"" (2001), ""The Good Book"" (2011), ""The God Argument"" (2013), ""The Age of Genius: The Seventeenth Century and the Birth of the Modern Mind"" (2016) and ""Democracy and its Crises"" (2017). He was a Trustee of the London Library and a Fellow of the World Economic Forum, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. For a number of years he was a columnist on"
"his uncle in Old Calton Cemetery. David Hume David Hume (; born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. Hume's empiricist approach to philosophy places him with John Locke, George Berkeley, Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes as a British Empiricist. Beginning with his ""A Treatise of Human Nature"" (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Against philosophical rationalists, Hume held"
"R. G. Collingwood Robin George Collingwood (; 1889–1943) was an English philosopher, historian and archaeologist. He is best known for his philosophical works including ""The Principles of Art"" (1938) and the posthumously published ""The Idea of History"" (1946). Collingwood was born 22 February 1889 in Cartmel, Grange-over-Sands, in Lancashire, the son of the artist and archaeologist W. G. Collingwood, who had acted as John Ruskin's private secretary in the final years of Ruskin's life. Collingwood's mother was also an artist and a talented pianist. He was educated at Rugby School, and at University College, Oxford, where he gained a First"
"Derek Parfit Derek Antony Parfit, FBA (; 11 December 1942 – 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential moral philosophers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Parfit rose to prominence in 1971 with the publication of his first paper, ""Personal Identity"". His first book, ""Reasons and Persons"" (1984), has been described as the most significant work of moral philosophy since the 1800s. His second book, ""On What Matters"" (2011), was widely circulated and discussed for many years before its"
"XIV of France, Emperor Peter the Great of Russia, King Charles XII of Sweden, and Edward Teach, better known as the pirate Blackbeard. The Age of Unreason The Age of Unreason is a series of four novels written by Gregory Keyes: Its title is a reference to Thomas Paine's treatise ""The Age of Reason"". The story spans the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, with the action moving between England and France, later involving Russia, Austria, the Republic of Venice, and North America. The author makes use of pseudosciences (scientific alchemy instead of our physics) that were popular at the"
"in the essay ""Has Austin Refuted the Sense-data Theory?"", which can be found in his ""Metaphysics and Common Sense"" (1969). He was awarded a Knighthood as Knight Bachelor in the London Gazette on 1 January 1970. A. J. Ayer Sir Alfred Jules ""Freddie"" Ayer (; 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J. Ayer, was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books ""Language, Truth, and Logic"" (1936) and ""The Problem of Knowledge"" (1956). He was educated at Eton College and Oxford University, after which he studied the philosophy of"
"A. J. Ayer Sir Alfred Jules ""Freddie"" Ayer (; 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J. Ayer, was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books ""Language, Truth, and Logic"" (1936) and ""The Problem of Knowledge"" (1956). He was educated at Eton College and Oxford University, after which he studied the philosophy of logical positivism at the University of Vienna. From 1933 to 1940 he lectured on philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. During the Second World War Ayer was a Special Operations Executive and MI6 agent. He was Grote"
"there are no things other than ideas and the minds that house them. There is no such thing as a mind-independent entity. David Hume (1711–1776) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. His major works, ""A Treatise of Human Nature"" (1739–1740), the ""An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding"" (1748), ""An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals"" (1751), and ""Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion"" (1779) remain widely influential. His ideas regarding free will and determinism, causation, personal identity, induction, and morality still inspire discussion. Hume famously described the problem of induction. He argues that inductive reasoning cannot be rationally employed, since, in order"
"Geneva, Samuel Rutherford (Professor of Divinity in the University of St. Andrews, and Christian minister in 17th Century Scotland) offered a rigorous treatment of ""Libertinism"" in his polemical work ""A Free Disputation against pretended Liberty of Conscience"" (1649). ""A Satyr Against Reason and Mankind"" is a poem by John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester which addresses the question of the proper use of reason, and is generally assumed to be a Hobbesian critique of rationalism. The narrator subordinates reason to sense. It is based to some extent on Boileau's version of Juvenal's eighth or fifteenth satire, and is also indebted"