"France for the iconic figure known in English language countries simply as ""The Michelin Man"". In June 2017, Michelin Challenge Bibendum has become Movin'On. The first edition was held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and federates the worlds of mobility and innovation, public authorities and NGOs. From 12–14 October, over 106 companies attended the event, with 40% coming from China. Approximately 140 vehicles were registered, ranging from passenger cars to electric bicycles and buses. Notable vehicles included the hybrid Volkswagen “Sun Diesel” Golf IV, Ford Escape Hybrid, Opel Zafira Hydrogen 3, Nissan X-Trail Fuel Cell Vehicle, Peugeot Quark and the Audi"
"Ephemerum Virginianum"", Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia"". The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels. The Bauhins, in particular Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624), took some important steps towards the binomial system, by pruning the Latin descriptions, in many cases to two words. The adoption by biologists of a system of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and physician Carl von Linné, more commonly known by his Latinized name Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). It was in his 1753 ""Species Plantarum"" that he first began consistently using a one-word ""trivial name"" together with a generic name in a system of binomial"
"Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his ""Systema Naturae"" for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the Cape starling. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name ""Turdus nitens"" and cited Brisson's work. The specific name ""nintens"" is Latin for ""shining"" or ""glittering"". This species is now placed in the genus ""Lamprotornis"" that was introduce by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1820. There are no recognised subspecies. The Cape starling has an adult length of about and weight of about ."
"species belongs, while the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus ""Homo"" and within this genus to the species ""Homo sapiens"". ""Tyrannosaurus rex"" is probably the most widely known binomial. The ""formal"" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work ""Species Plantarum"" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book ""Pinax theatri botanici"" (English, ""Illustrated exposition of plants"") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus."
"in 1837 by George Bentham in ""Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel"", the original having been written by Allan Cunningham (botanist) but not published. The specific epithet (""floribundum"") is a Latin meaning ""flowering"", ""blossoming"" or ""flourishing"". There are two disjunct populations of ""Myoporum floribundum"", one in New South Wales and the other in Victoria. In New South Wales, the species is found below Jenolan Caves and near the Nepean River growing in sclerophyll forest. In Victoria it is found in the Upper Snowy River"
"respond to any traditional antiseptic was then given another substance that cured her, and Lister's registrar informed her that it was called Penicillium. In 1874, the Welsh physician William Roberts, who later coined the term ""enzyme"", observed that bacterial contamination is generally absent in laboratory cultures of ""Penicillium glaucum"". John Tyndall followed up on Burdon-Sanderson's work and demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1875 the antibacterial action of the ""Penicillium"" fungus. By this time, ""Bacillus anthracis"" had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and"
"worldwide for the published work of its scientists, the education of horticultural students, its public programmes, and the scientific underpinning of its horticulture. John Bartram of Philadelphia, King's Botanist for the North American colonies, established the continent's first botanical garden in 1728, Bartram's Garden. The garden is now managed as a historical site that includes a few original and many modern specimens as well as extensive archives and restored historical farm buildings. The large number of plants needing description were often listed in garden catalogues; and at this time Carl Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature which greatly facilitated"
"was fixed as a ""nomen oblitum"" under this rule by Falkner ""et al"". 2002. Such a reversal of precedence is also possible if the senior synonym was established after 1900, but only if the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) approves an application. (Note that here the C in ICZN stands for Commission, not Code as it does at the beginning of § Zoology. The two are related, with only one word difference between their names.) For example, the scientific name of the red imported fire ant, ""Solenopsis invicta"" was published by Buren in 1972, who did not know that"
"and ""Streptococci"" (bacteria that cause a series of infections). In 1927, he demonstrated the inhibitory action of the bacillus genus ""Penicillium"" on the proliferation of the bacteria ""Staphylococcus"" and ""Streptococcus"". Although, the discovery of penicillin has been attributed to Alexander Fleming, Picados' old laboratory notebooks from 1923 show records of the antibiosis of ""Penicillium sp"". For this reason he is renowned as one of the precursors of the penicillin antibiotic. The report with the results of the treatments performed with penicillin by Dr. Picado were published by the Biology Society of Paris in 1927. In memory of Dr. Picado's outstanding"
"binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his ""Systema Naturae"" for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the red-billed firefinch. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name ""Fringilla senegala"" and cited Brisson's work. The species is now placed in the genus ""Lagonosticta"" that was introduced by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis in 1851. There are six subspecies: The red-billed firefinch is in length. The adult male has entirely scarlet plumage apart"
"is a so-called superfluous name. Joseph Knight published a book in 1809 titled ""On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae"", that contained an extensive revision of the Proteaceae attributed to Richard Anthony Salisbury. Salisbury assigned the snakestem pincushion species ""Leucadendrum"", accepting the simplified species name, creating ""Leucadendrum hypophyllum"". When he erected the segregate genus ""Leucospermum"" in 1810, Robert Brown called the species ""Leucospermum hypophyllum""; this is the type species of the genus ""Leucospermum"". Under the current rules of plant nomenclature, the oldest specific epithet must be used; George Claridge Druce rectified this situation when"
"the Latin name of ""Cicada septendecim"" (seventeen-year cicada) in the tenth edition of his ""Systema Naturae"". Banneker's second observation of a Brood X emergence occurred eight years later. A writer documented that emergence in a 1766 journal article entitled ""Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years"". In 1930, writer Lloyd Morris claimed in an academic journal article entitled ""The Negro ""Renaissance"""" that ""Benjamin Banneker attracted the attention of a President... President Thomas Jefferson sent a copy of one of Banneker's almanacs to his friend, the French philosopher Condorcet..."". However, Thomas"
"for the comte de Buffon's monumental ""Histoire Naturelle"" (published 1749–1789), assigning binomial scientific names to the plates. As many of these were the first Linnaean scientific names to be proposed, they remain in use. In 2017 the world list of birds maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union included 190 taxa for which Boddaert is cited as the authority. Of these 112 are treated as species and 78 as subspecies. One species, the hoopoe starling, is now extinct. In 1784 he published ""Elenchus Animalium"", a ""directory of animals"" that included the first binomial"
"the advances in knowledge of bees previously made by Swammerdam, Maraldi, and de Réaumur—he included a lengthy translation of Réaumur's account of the natural history of bees—and he also described the initiatives of others in designing hives for the preservation of bee-life when taking the harvest, citing in particular reports from Brittany dating from the 1750s, due to Comte de la Bourdonnaye. However, the forerunners of the modern hives with movable frames that are mainly used today are considered the traditional basket top bar (movable comb) hives of Greece, known as “Greek beehives”. The oldest testimony on their use dates"
"century, that delayed the official transfer of species from ""Amaryllis"" to ""Hippeastrum"". This debate involved botanists on both sides of the Atlantic and the final outcome was a decision by the 14th International Botanical Congress in 1987 that ""Amaryllis"" should be a ""nomen conservandum"" (conserved name, i.e. correct regardless of priority) and ultimately based on a specimen of the South African ""Amaryllis belladonna"" from the Clifford Herbarium. Thus ""Amaryllis"" is the correct name for the South African genus, not the South American genus (""Hippeastrum""). The second issue is whether the name should be ""Leopoldia"". In 1819 Herbert had proposed ""Leopoldia"""
"described ""L. pedunculatum"" in 1845. Carl Meissner, who contributed a section on the Proteaceae in 1856 to the series Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis by Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle, recognised twenty-three species, including seven new ones: ""L. gueinzii"", ""L. mundii"", ""L. reflexum"", ""L. oleaefolium"" var. ""brownii"" (now ""L. bolusii""), ""L. zeyheri"" var. ""truncatum"" (now ""L. truncatum""), ""L. attenuatum"" var. ""praemorsum"" and var. ‘’ambiguum’’ (now ""L. praemorsum"" and ‘’L. erubescens’’). Otto Kuntze revised the genus in 1891 and called it ""Leucadendron"", a homonym of a name that had already been used by Linnaeus in 1753 for another group of Proteaceae, which"
"particular research field was that of renal disease. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1877 and knighted in 1885. Between 1870 and 1874, Roberts studied the dissolution of bacteria in cultures contaminated by a mold. He specifically studied the impact of Penicillium glaucum, a close relative of the Penicillium notatum. See Discoveries of anti-bacterial effects of penicillium moulds before Fleming. Roberts coined the word ""enzyme"" in 1881, based on the Greek word ""enzym"", which Wilhelm Kuehne used in 1876. The anglicized version became popular among researchers by the 1890s. In 1884, the publication of his """"Dietetics"
"treatise naming bacteria under the Latin binomial system, Trevisan listed it as “""Bacillus aegyptius"".” In the United States, it was listed in 1923 in ""Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology"" as “""Hemophilus conjuntivitidis"".” It was listed as “""Hemophilus aegyptius""” for the first time in the seventh edition of ""Bergey’s Manual"" after Pittman and Davis explored and described the characteristic differences between this bacterium and ""H. influenzae"". In 1892, Pfeiffer discovered ""H. influenzae"", raising some confusion over whether ""H. aegyptius"" was different from ""H. influenzae"". Debate has occurred for more than a century. Pittman, who first gave this bacteria its modern name,"
"the author of ""Archaeology of Popular Phrases and Nursery Rhymes"" (1837). The 2nd volume of this work was published in 1840. Robert Brown (1773–1858) named the genus ""Bellendena"" of the Proteaceae in his honour in 1810. The state of Queensland in Australia has named its second highest peak Mount Bellenden Ker. The Bellenden Ker Range in the same area was also named after him. His work on English nursery rhymes argued in four volumes that they were actually written in 'Low Saxon', a hypothetical early form of Dutch. He then 'translated' them back into English, revealing particularly a strong tendency"
"a common ancestor. When Carl Linnaeus introduced the rank-based system of nomenclature into biology in 1735, the highest rank was given the name ""kingdom"" and was followed by four other main or principal ranks: class, order, genus and species. Later two further main ranks were introduced, making the sequence kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus and species. In 1990, the rank of domain was introduced above kingdom. Prefixes can be added so ""subkingdom"" (""subregnum"") and ""infrakingdom"" (also known as ""infraregnum"") are the two ranks immediately below kingdom. Superkingdom may be considered as an equivalent of domain or empire"
"example is when Alexander Fleming published ""Anti-Bacterial Substance in Filtrates of Broth"" in 1926 which has become known as penicillin. Second, X-rays probably sounded odd in 1895 after Wilhelm Röntgen named such phenomena that caused a glow in a nearby chemically coated screen. Third, studies on the excretion of urine in dogs and the excretion of insulin by dog fish ultimately led to advancements in understanding diabetes which earned the National Medal of Science. Some of the founding organizations for this award are the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Association of American Universities (AAU), the Association"
"publicity. In 1912 Polish-born biochemist Casimir Funk, working in London, isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named ""vitamine"". It was later to be known as vitamin B (niacin), though he described it as ""anti-beri-beri-factor"" (which would today be called thiamine or vitamin B). Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins. Max Nierenstein a friend and reader of Biochemistry at Bristol University reportedly suggested the ""vitamine"" name (from ""vital amine""). The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' ""accessory factors"", and, by the"
"In 1758, the dog conch was formally described and named ""Strombus canarium"" by Swedish naturalist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus, who originated the system of binomial nomenclature. The specific name of this taxon, ""canarium"", is derived from the Latin ""canis"" (dog). The original description given by Linnaeus in his book, ""Systema Naturae"", is in Latin: """"S. testae labro rotundato brevi retuso, spiraque laevi""."" This can be translated as """"Strombus"" with a shell having a retuse, short, rounded lip, and a smooth spire"". Linnaeus did not mention a specific locality in his original description, giving only Eastern Asia as the area in"
"described in the 10th edition of """" include: 10th edition of Systema Naturae The 10th edition of ""Systema Naturae"" is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In it, Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of ""Species Plantarum"". Before 1758, most biological catalogues had used polynomial names for the taxa included, including earlier editions of ""Systema Naturae"". The first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature across the animal kingdom was the"
"Penicillium also prevents bacteria from affecting the body. The genus includes a wide variety of species molds that are the source molds of major antibiotics. Penicillin, a drug produced by ""P. chrysogenum (formerly P. notatum),"" was accidentally discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929, and found to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (see beta-lactams). Its potential as an antibiotic was realized in the late 1930s, and Howard Florey and Ernst Chain purified and concentrated the compound. The drug's success in saving soldiers in World War II who had been dying from infected wounds resulted in Fleming, Florey and Chain jointly"
"learned classes throughout the Middle Ages; this is especially seen during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Books which had a revolutionary impact on science, such as Nicolaus Copernicus' ""De revolutionibus orbium coelestium"" (1543), were composed in Latin. This language was not supplanted for scientific purposes until the 18th century, and for formal descriptions in zoology, as well as botany - it survived to the later 20th century. The modern international Binomial nomenclature holds to this day: the scientific name of each species is classified by a Latin or Latinized name. Today the Romance languages, which comprise all languages that descended"
"George Bentham with a new classification, recognizing subtribes for the first time. This classification was first presented in a paper that Bentham read to the Royal Society in 1881. Then it was published in 1883 in the final volume of Genera Plantarum. The next great contributors were Pfitzer (1887), Schlechter (1926), Mansfeld (1937), Dressler and Dodson (1960), Garay (1960, 1972), Vermeulen (1966), again Dressler (1981). and and Funk (1986). Dressler's 1993 book had considerable influence on later work. ""Genera Orchidacearum"" was published in 6 volumes over 15 years, from 1999 to 2014. It covers all of the known orchids, including"
"making the new combination ""P. mollis"". Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel assigned ""crinitum"" in 1841 to the genus ""Leucadendron"". Heinrich Wilhelm Buek created the names ""Leucospermum penicillatum"" and ""L. cryptanthum"" in a book by Johann Franz Drège from 1843, and Carl Meissner provided in 1856 a description for ""L. penicillatum"". Otto Kuntze moved ""molle"" and ""penicillatum"" in 1891 to ""Leucadendron"". Michel Gandoger finally added ""Leucospermum schinzianum"" in 1913. John Patrick Rourke in 1970, regards all these names as synonymous. During the 1970s, the International Botanical Congress decided to replace all instances of compounding by the genitive ""ae"" by ""i"", thus changing"
"notoriety for his botanical expeditions, his emphasis on floral characters in classification, and for reviving the idea of the genus as the basic unit of classification. Above all it was Swedish Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) who eased the task of plant cataloguing. He adopted a sexual system of classification using stamens and pistils as important characters. Among his most important publications were Systema Naturae (1735), Genera Plantarum (1737), and Philosophia Botanica (1751) but it was in his Species Plantarum (1753) that he gave every species a binomial thus setting the path for the future accepted method of designating the names of"
"genera and species. Augustus Quirinus Rivinus had even advocated the use of binary nomenclature shortly before Tournefort's work was published. The word ""herbarium"" also seems to have been an invention of Tournefort; previously herbaria had been called by a variety of names, such as ""Hortus siccus"". His herbarium collection of 6,963 specimens was housed in Paris, in Jardin du Roi. Now part of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (5 June 1656 – 28 December 1708) was a French botanist, notable as the first to make a clear definition of the concept of"
"Over the 16 years that passed between the publication of the first and fifth editions the number of genera listed had increased from 935 to 1105. Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature through the widespread acceptance of his list of plants in the 1753 edition of ""Species Plantarum"", which is now taken as the starting point for all botanical nomenclature. ""Genera Plantarum"" was an integral part of this first stepping stone towards a universal standardised biological nomenclature. From 1735 to 1738 Linnaeus worked in the Netherlands where he was personal physician to George Clifford (1685–1760) a wealthy Anglo-Dutch merchant–banker"
"the museum in Uppsala in 1804. Another important collection in this respect was that of her husband King Adolf Fredrik (1710–1771) (in the Linnean sources known as ""Museum Adolphi Friderici"" or ""Mus. Ad. Fr.""), the wet parts (alcohol collection) of which were later donated to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and is today housed in the Swedish Museum of Natural History at Stockholm. The dry material was transferred to Uppsala. The establishment of universally accepted conventions for the naming of organisms was Linnaeus' main contribution to taxonomy—his work marks the starting point of consistent use of binomial nomenclature. During"
"out in 1874. The ""Prodromus"" remained incomplete, dealing only with dicotyledons. In the ""Prodromus"", De Candolle further developed his concept of families. Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. Here, a family is indicated as ""ordo"". Terminations for families were not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective, the present day ICBN provides for this. Within the dicotyledons (""classis prima DICOTYLEDONEÆ"") the De Candolle system recognises (Pagination from ""Prodromus"", 17 Parts) the list: (Index to Part I p. 741) Somewhat inconsistently the ""Prodromus"""