"and proposed a unique and more efficient keyboard based on his research. He determined that the ten most frequently used letter were A,D,E,H,I,N,O,R,S and T and were used in about 70% of written text and in about 85% of all words. The middle row contained letters that occurred 24% of the time and the top row about 6%. Blickensderfer offered the scientific keyboard in the hopes that his more efficient system would replace the clumsy but widely used QWERTY or universal keyboard developed by Sholes and Glidden in 1874. Unfortunately for Blickensderfer, no other typewriter manufacturer adopted the scientific keyboard"
"character, such as an apostrophe; the material to be inserted may be placed inside the caret, in the margin, or above the line. A raised variant of the symbol can be found on some typewriters, where it is used to denote a circumflex in some languages, such as French and Portuguese. It is typically a dead key, which does not cause the carriage to advance and thus allows the following letter to strike the same spot (below the circumflex) on the paper. As regards computer systems, the original 1963 version of the ASCII standard reserved the code point 5E for"
"read ""x-hat"" or ""x-roof"", where ""x"" represents the character under the hat. In music theory and musicology, a circumflex above a numeral is used to make reference to a particular scale degree. In music notation, a chevron-shaped symbol placed above a note indicates marcato, a special form of emphasis or accent. In music for string instruments, a narrow inverted chevron indicates that a note should be performed up-bow. The Unicode code point for the circumflex is (codice_1 in HTML5). The precomposed characters ""Â/â"", ""Ê/ê"", ""Î/î"", ""Ô/ô"", and ""Û/û"" (which incorporate the circumflex) are included in the ISO-8859-1 character set, and"
"Circumflex The circumflex is a diacritic in the Latin and Greek scripts that is used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes. It received its English name from Latin ""circumflexus"" ""bent around""a translation of the Greek περισπωμένη (""perispōménē""). The circumflex in the Latin script is chevron-shaped ( ˆ ), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a tilde ( ˜ ) or like an inverted breve ( ̑ ). In English the circumflex, like other diacritics, is sometimes retained on loanwords that used it in the original language (for example, ""crème"
"match the draft of the corresponding British standard. The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward. Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on ""mechanical"" typewriters, not ""electric"" typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of codice_1 were codice_2 early typewriters omitted ""0"" and ""1"", using ""O"" (capital letter ""o"")"
"an up-arrow (↑). However, the 1965 ECMA-6 standard replaced the up-arrow with a circumflex (^), which was applicable as a diacritic as well, and two years later, the second revision of ASCII followed suit. As the early mainframes and minicomputers largely used teleprinters as output devices, it was possible to print the circumflex above a letter when needed. With the proliferation of monitors, however, this was seen insufficient, and precomposed characters, with the diacritic included, were instead introduced into appended character sets, such as Latin-1. The original circumflex character was left for other purposes, and as it did not need"
"(^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. Note that while the diagram on the right depicts the Q key as if having upper-case and lower-case Greek Omega, that is not in conformance to the Canadian Multilingual Standard, which calls for a single extra character, an Omega-like Ohm symbol, not Omega. The lower-case Omega symbol does not belong in the diagram. This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards targeting French speakers. Unlike the French layout used in France"
"This is true on Arabic keyboards as well. On a left-to-right keyboard, this is written as the Unicode character U+0028, ""left parenthesis"": codice_6. In a 102/105-key layout of this form, there would be an additional key to the right of the left shift key. This would be an additional backslash key (). Keyboards with 102 keys are not sold as standard, except by certain manufacturers who mistakenly group Israel into Europe, where 102 keyboards are the norm (most notable of the later group are Logitech and Apple). On computers running Windows, Alt-Shift switches between keyboard layouts. Holding down a Shift"
"Circumflex in French The circumflex (ˆ) is one of the five diacritics used in the French language; it may appear on the vowels a, e, i, o, and u. In French, the circumflex, called ""accent circonflexe"", has three primary functions: In certain words, the circumflex is simply an orthographic convention that is not due to etymology or pronunciation. The circumflex first appeared in written French in the 16th century. It was borrowed from Ancient Greek, and combines the acute accent and the grave accent. Grammarian Jacques Dubois (known as Sylvius) is the first writer known to have used the Greek"
"Caret The caret is an inverted V-shaped grapheme. It is the spacing character ^ in ASCII (at code point 5E) and other character sets that may also be called a ""hat"", ""control"", ""uparrow"", or, less frequently, ""chevron"", ""xor sign"","" 'to the power of' ""(exponent), ""pointer"" (in Pascal), or ""wedge"". Officially, this character is referred to as ""circumflex accent"" in both ASCII and Unicode terminology (because of its historical use in overstrike), whereas ""caret"" refers to a similar but lowered Unicode character: . Additionally, there is a lowered variant with a stroke: . The caret and circumflex are not to be"
"a stressed diphthong. The grave accent ( or ""low"", modern ""varia"")—""—marked normal or low pitch. The grave was originally written on all unaccented syllables, but now only replaces the acute at the end of a word if another accented word follows immediately without punctuation. The circumflex ()—""—marked high and falling pitch within one syllable. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a tilde or an inverted breve. It was also known as ""oxýbarys"" ""high-low"" or ""acute-grave"", and its original form (like a caret: ^ ) was from a combining of"
"normally to the right on the upper row. The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined in DIN 2112, first issued in 1928. In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the ""s"" key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system, such as Ctrl+Alt+s, on some keyboards such as US-International also AltGr+s in Microsoft Windows or Option+s on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards in macOS. In Windows, one can also use alt"
"replaced by accented letters. In the French ISO 646 standard, the character at this position is ""µ"". Many older UK computers, such as the ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro, have the ""£"" symbol as character 96, though the British ISO 646 variant ultimately placed this symbol at position 35 instead. On many computer keyboards, the grave accent is a key by itself—meant to combine with vowels as a multi-key combination or as a dead key to modify the following letter. On a US and UK QWERTY keyboard, the key is placed in the top left corner to the left of"
"accent ( ` ), circumflex ( ^ ), caron ( ˇ ), macron ( ¯ ), tilde ( ˜ ), trema ( ¨ ), and a superscript dot (˙) and nine punctuation marks ( "" ? ! ( ) « » , ; . "" ). In the French version, the letters were hand-printed in lower case only. Only 56 of the letters in the English version were listed – omitting the hooktop-z – and two further apostrophe-like letters (ʾ and ʿ) were included. Also, five of the letters were written with a subscript dot instead of an underscore as"
"on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the ""h-system"", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called ""x-system"" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of ""c"" and the circumflex letters ""ĉ"" , ""ĝ"" , ""ĥ"" , ""ĵ"" , ""ŝ"" , ""ŭ"" . ""J"" transcribes two sounds, consonantal"
"The four most common positions are listed here. Because each position is used in different contexts, not all alphanumerics may be available in all positions. For example, subscript letters on the baseline are quite rare, and many typefaces provide only a limited number of superscripted letters. Despite these differences, all reduced-size glyphs go by the same generic terms ""subscript"" and ""superscript"", which are synonymous with the terms ""inferior letter"" (or ""number"") and ""superior letter"" (or ""number""), respectively. Most fonts that contain superscript/subscript will have predetermined size and orientation that is dependent on the design of the font. Perhaps the most"
"""joke"" and ""garej"" ""garage"". The letters ""k"", ""q"", ""v"", ""x"", and ""z"" are used in some technical terms, like ""kilogram"", ""volt"" and ""zero"", but in all cases can be, and often are, replaced by Welsh letters: ""cilogram"", ""folt"" and ""sero."" The letter ""k"" was in common use until the 16th century, but was dropped at the time of the publication of the New Testament in Welsh, as William Salesbury explained: ""C for K, because the printers have not so many as the Welsh requireth"". This change was not popular at the time. The most common diacritic is the circumflex, which"
"A series of underscores (like __________ ) may be used to create a blank to be filled in on a form, although the resulting blank may have tiny gaps between each individual underscore. It is also sometimes used to create a horizontal line; other symbols with similar graphemes, such as hyphens and dashes, are also used for this purpose. In Unicode, the character is encoded at . The ASCII value of this character is 95. On the standard US or UK 101/102 computer keyboard it shares a key with the hyphen-minus (-) on the top row, to the right of"
"31% faster than a multi-tap keyboard, when typing is modeled with Fitt's law. The 9 most frequent letters in English texts: ETAONRISH, are placed on the keyboard so they can be accessed on a single click. The next 17 less frequent letters: DLFCMUGYPWBVKJXQZ, are placed as to be triggered by a single move of the finger from or to the central key (O) (except for Z which is centered around the 'E' key together with some punctuation characters). For example, the letter V is typed by dragging the finger from A to O, and the letter D by moving from"
"containing ""u"": Francophone experts, aware of the difficulties and inconsistencies of the circumflex, proposed in 1990 a simplified orthography abolishing the circumflex over the letters ""u"" and ""i"" except in cases where its absence would create ambiguities and homographs. These recommendations, although published in the ""Journal officiel de la République française"", were immediately and widely criticized, and were adopted only slowly. Nevertheless, they were upheld by the Académie française, which upgraded them from optional to standard and for use in school books by in 2016. Circumflex in French The circumflex (ˆ) is one of the five diacritics used in the"
"symbol represented as ""octal"" 23 (hex 13). Typewriters produced for the British market included a ""£"" sign from the earliest days, though its position varied widely. A 1921 advertisement for an Imperial Typewriters model D, for example shows a machine with two modifier shifts (CAPS and FIG), with the ""£"" sign occupying the FIG shift position on the key for letter ""B"". But the advertisement notes that ""We make special keyboards containing symbols, fractions, signs, etc., for the peculiar needs of Engineers, Builders, Architects, Chemists, Scientists, etc., or any staple trade."" On Latin-alphabet typewriters lacking a ""£"" symbol type element,"
"century British English, before the cheap Penny Post and while paper was taxed, the combination ""ough"" was occasionally shortened to ""ô"" when the ""gh"" was not pronounced, to save space: ""thô"" for ""though"", ""thorô"" for ""thorough"", and ""brôt"" for ""brought"". In French, the circumflex generally marks the former presence of a consonant (usually ""s"") that was deleted and is no longer pronounced. (The corresponding Norman French words, and consequently the words derived from them in English, frequently retain the lost consonant.) For example: Note that in current French, the English spellings, at least in terms of the syllable with the"
"Backspace Backspace is the keyboard key that originally pushed the typewriter carriage one position backwards, and in modern computer systems moves the display cursor one position backwards, deletes the character at that position, and shifts back the text after that position by one position. In some typewriters, a typist would, for example, type a lowercase letter A with acute accent (á) by typing a lowercase letter A, backspace, and then the acute accent key. This technique (also known as overstrike) is the basis for such spacing modifiers in computer character sets such as the ASCII caret (^, for the circumflex"
"even though its weight may limit portability somewhat. The model was eventually succeeded by the Olivetti Lettera 32. The Lettera 22 is an oblique frontstroke typebar typewriter. The typebars strike a red/black inked ribbon, which is positioned between the typebar and the paper by a lever whenever a key is pressed; a small switch located near the upper right side of the keyboard can be used to control the strike position of the ribbon, in order to print with black, red, or no ink (for mimeograph stencils). Ribbon movement, which also occurs at every keypress, automatically reverses direction when there"
"has been derived from frequency of use (FoU) statistics, plus additional considerations, such as the most frequent two- and three-letter combinations found in words. As much as possible, such combinations need to be placed as non-blocking sequences. Whilst the letter E is normally regarded as the most common letter in the English language, one should not ignore the Space character, as it is nearly twice as frequent; additionally, in punctuation, the comma and full-stop are more frequent than the letters KVJZXQ. Directional or cursor keys have also been subject to changes in design approach. Whilst the earlier PC-XT compatible Model"
"the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a shift key. The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are"
"and various other layouts. Apart from the typing keys, the keyboard includes a Space bar, two Shift keys, a caps lock, a backspace key, margin release key, paragraph indentation key and a tab-stop set/unset key. The character set conspicuously lacks the number ""1"", which is supposed to be substituted by the lowercase ""l"". Although this may seem like a strange absence today, this was common on older typewriters. There is also no exclamation mark character on the keyboard; instead this is typed by a period, then a backspace, and then an apostrophe. Cormac McCarthy used an Olivetti Lettera 32 to"
"the typebars were stacked such that they grew progressively larger as more were added. The size and usability implications of adding additional keys and thus, more typebars, precluded the addition of a fourth keyboard row dedicated to numbers. Although a four-row prototype was designed in 1922, it was shelved due to the company’s financial troubles at that time. The No. 20, No. 21 and portable models produced by the British Oliver Typewriter Company had four-row keyboards. Oliver typewriters were finished with olive green paint or nickel-plating and white or black keyboards, depending on customer preference. Beginning with model No. 3,"
"the proper letters are often not supported, as seen also in non-ASCII orthographies such as German. These ""slipped-hat"" conventions make use of the caret (^) or greater than sign (>) to represent the circumflex. For example, ""ŝanco"" may be written ""^sanco, s^anco,"" or ""s>anco."" However, they have generally fallen out of favor. Before the internet age, had proposed shifting the caret onto the following vowel, since French circumflex vowels are supported in printing houses. That is, one would write ""ehôsângôj cîujâude"" for ""eĥoŝanĝoj ĉiuĵaŭde."" However, this proposal has never been adopted. Some analyze the grapheme DZ as affricate /d͡z/ and"
"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the"
"Braille pattern dots-456 The Braille pattern dots-456 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with all three right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the top, upper-middle, and lower-middle right dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2838, and in Braille ASCII with the underscore: _. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-456 is used to represent lateral approximant, such as /l/, /ʟ/, or /ʎ/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed. Related to Braille pattern dots-456 are Braille patterns 4567, 4568, and 45678, which are used in"
"design places the 12th-rev. shaft more distant, so the 1/4-turn shaft carries freely-rotating 24 and 12-tooth idler gears. For subtraction, the driveshafts reversed direction. In the early part of the cycle, one of five pendants moves off-center to engage the appropriate drive gear for the selected digit. Some machines had as many as 20 columns in their full keyboards. The monster in this field was the ""Duodecillion"" made by Burroughs for exhibit purposes. For sterling currency, £/s/d (and even farthings), there were variations of the basic mechanisms, in particular with different numbers of gear teeth and accumulator dial positions. To"
"is said to have invented them. There are three: the acute, circumflex, and grave . The shape of the circumflex is a merging of the acute and grave. The acute represented high or rising pitch, the circumflex represented falling pitch, but what the grave represented is uncertain. Early on, the grave was used on every syllable without an acute or circumflex. Here the grave marked all unaccented syllables, which had lower pitch than the accented syllable. Later on, a grave was only used to replace a final acute before another full word; the acute was kept before an enclitic or"