"reactive paramagnetic molecule that is ubiquitous to aerobic organisms and has a blue color in its liquid state. Another allotrope is O, or ozone, which is three oxygen atoms bonded together in a bent formation. There is also an allotrope called tetraoxygen, or O, and six allotropes of solid oxygen including ""red oxygen"", which has the formula O. Sulfur has over 20 known allotropes, which is more than any other element except carbon. The most common allotropes are in the form of eight-atom rings, but other molecular allotropes that contain as few as two atoms or as many as 20"
"Borospherene Borospherene (B) is a cluster molecule containing 40 boron atoms. It is similar to buckminsterfullerene, the ""spherical"" carbon structure, but with a different symmetry. The discovery of borospherene was announced in July 2014, and is described in the journal ""Nature Chemistry"". Borospherene is the latest in a series of cluster molecules, including buckminsterfullerene (C), stannaspherene, and plumbaspherene. The newly discovered molecule includes unusual heptagonal faces. Borospherene has a unique axis of symmetry (a 180° rotation), so it is not really ""spherical"" like buckminsterfullerene (having icosahedral symmetry). Its symmetry group is D (antiprismatic symmetry, like a baseball). It includes 48"
"the others, making the surface of borospherene somewhat less smooth than a buckyball"" according to Wang. Borospherene Borospherene (B) is a cluster molecule containing 40 boron atoms. It is similar to buckminsterfullerene, the ""spherical"" carbon structure, but with a different symmetry. The discovery of borospherene was announced in July 2014, and is described in the journal ""Nature Chemistry"". Borospherene is the latest in a series of cluster molecules, including buckminsterfullerene (C), stannaspherene, and plumbaspherene. The newly discovered molecule includes unusual heptagonal faces. Borospherene has a unique axis of symmetry (a 180° rotation), so it is not really ""spherical"" like buckminsterfullerene"
"Buckminsterfullerene Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure (truncated icosahedron) that resembles a soccer ball (football), made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, with a carbon atom at each vertex of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. It was first generated in 1984 by Eric Rohlfing, Donald Cox and Andrew Kaldor using a laser to vaporize carbon in a supersonic helium beam. In 1985 their work was repeated by Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley at Rice University, who recognized the structure"
"phosphorus (P). Allotropes are different chemical forms of the same element (not containing any other element). In that sense, allotropes are all homonuclear. Many elements have multiple allotropic forms. In addition to the most common form of gaseous oxygen, O, and ozone, there are other allotropes of oxygen. Sulfur forms several allotropes containing different numbers of sulfur atoms, including diatomic, triatomic, hexatomic and octatomic (S, S, S, S) forms, though the first three are rare. The element carbon is known to have a number of homonuclear molecules, the best known being buckminsterfullerene or ""buckyball"". Homonuclear molecule Homonuclear molecules, or homonuclear"
"for the highly-nitrogen substituted subset of molecules. The first fullerene molecule to be discovered, and the family's namesake, buckminsterfullerene (C), was prepared in 1985 by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University. A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and they resemble the balls used in football (soccer). Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal"
"of C as buckminsterfullerine. Kroto, Curl and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of buckminsterfullerene and the related class of molecules, the fullerenes. Buckminsterfullerene is the most common naturally occurring fullerene. It can be found in small quantities in soot. The molecule has been detected in deep space. The discoverers of the allotrope named the newfound molecule after Buckminster Fuller, who designed many geodesic dome structures that look similar to C. This is slightly misleading, however, as Fuller's geodesic domes are constructed from triangles and not hexagons or pentagons. A common,"
"the Buckminsterfullerene (fullerene) (C), or ""buckyball,"" molecule, an allotrope of elemental carbon, discovered in 1985. The diameter of the football and the fullerene molecule are 22 cm and about 0.71 nm, respectively, hence the size ratio is ≈31,000,000:1. In popular craft culture, large sparkleballs can be made using a icosahedron pattern and plastic, styrofoam or paper cups. A truncated icosahedron with ""solid edges"" by Leonardo da Vinci appears as an illustration in Luca Pacioli's book De divina proportione. These uniform star-polyhedra, and one icosahedral stellation have nonuniform truncated icosahedra convex hulls: In the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated"
"awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The experimental evidence, a strong peak at 720 atomic mass units, indicated that a carbon molecule with 60 carbon atoms was forming, but provided no structural information. The research group concluded after reactivity experiments, that the most likely structure was a spheroidal molecule. The idea was quickly rationalized as the basis of an icosahedral symmetry closed cage structure. Kroto mentioned geodesic dome structures of the noted futurist and inventor Buckminster Fuller as influences in the naming of this particular substance as buckminsterfullerene. In 1989 physicists Wolfgang Krätschmer, Konstantinos Fostiropoulos, and Donald R. Huffman"
"resemble the structure of fullerenes. The buckyballs are fairly large molecules formed completely of carbon bonded trigonally, forming spheroids (the best-known and simplest is the soccerball-shaped C buckminsterfullerene). Carbon nanotubes are structurally similar to buckyballs, except that each atom is bonded trigonally in a curved sheet that forms a hollow cylinder. Nanobuds were first reported in 2007 and are hybrid bucky tube/buckyball materials (buckyballs are covalently bonded to the outer wall of a nanotube) that combine the properties of both in a single structure. Of the other discovered allotropes, carbon nanofoam is a ferromagnetic allotrope discovered in 1997. It consists"
"design that resembles a football, or soccer ball. In 1996 the trio was awarded the Nobel Prize for their pioneering efforts. The C60 molecule was named buckminsterfullerene (or, more simply, the buckyball) after the American architect R. Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic dome is constructed on the same structural principles. Organic compounds containing bonds of carbon to nitrogen, oxygen and the halogens are not normally grouped separately. Others are sometimes put into major groups within organic chemistry and discussed under titles such as organosulfur chemistry, organometallic chemistry, organophosphorus chemistry and organosilicon chemistry. Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Many"
"allotropic form of carbon. The research that earned Kroto, Smalley and Curl the Nobel Prize mostly comprised three articles. First was the discovery of C in the Nov. 14, 1985, issue of ""Nature"", ""C: Buckminsterfullerene"". The second article detailed the discovery of the endohedral fullerenes in ""Lanthanum Complexes of Spheroidal Carbon Shells"" in the ""Journal of the American Chemical Society"" (1985). The third announced the discovery of the fullerenes in ""Reactivity of Large Carbon Clusters: Spheroidal Carbon Shells and Their Possible Relevance to the Formation and Morphology of Soot"" in the ""Journal of Physical Chemistry"" (1986). Although only three people"
"contrast to the crystal lattice structure of diamond and graphite, the fullerenes are molecules, named after Richard Buckminster Fuller whose architecture the molecules resemble. There are several different fullerenes, the most widely known being the ""buckeyball"" C. Little is known about the fullerenes and they are a current subject of research. There is also amorphous carbon, which is carbon without any crystalline structure. In mineralogy, the term is used to refer to soot and coal, although these are not truly amorphous as they contain small amounts of graphite or diamond. Carbon's most common isotope at 98.9% is C, with six"
"also found an unexpected product that had 60 carbon atoms. Over the course of 11 days, the team studied and determined its structure and named it buckminsterfullerene after noting its similarity to the geodesic domes for which the architect Buckminster Fuller was known. This discovery was based solely on the single prominent peak on the mass spectrograph, implying a chemically inert substance that was geometrically closed with no dangling bonds. Curl was responsible for determining the optimal conditions of the carbon vapor in the apparatus, and examining the spectrograph. Curl noted that James R. Heath and Sean C. O'Brien deserve"
"concept had provided a clue to the likely structure of the new species. In 1985, the C discovery caused Kroto to shift the focus of his research from spectroscopy in order to probe the consequences of the C structural concept (and prove it correct) and to exploit the implications for chemistry and material science. This research is significant for the discovery of a new allotrope of carbon known as a fullerene. Other allotropes of carbon include graphite, diamond and graphene. Harry Kroto's 1985 paper entitled ""C60: Buckminsterfullerine"", published with colleagues J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and"
"of fullerenes. Soot is produced by laser ablation of graphite or pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons. Fullerenes are extracted from the soot with organic solvents using a Soxhlet extractor. This step yields a solution containing up to 75% of C, as well as other fullerenes. These fractions are separated using chromatography. Generally, the fullerenes are dissolved in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon and separated using alumina columns. Buckminsterfullerene is a truncated icosahedron with 60 vertices and 32 faces (20 hexagons and 12 pentagons where no pentagons share a vertex) with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a"
"buckminsterfullerene: each surface segment represents a carbon atom. Equivalently, a truncated icosahedron is a model of buckminsterfullerene, with each vertex representing a carbon atom. The ""pentakis dodecahedron"" is also a model of some icosahedrally symmetric viruses, such as Adeno-associated virus. These have 60 symmetry related capsid proteins, which combine to make the 60 symmetrical faces of a ""pentakis dodecahedron"". The pentakis dodecahedron has three symmetry positions, two on vertices, and one on a midedge: Pentakis dodecahedron In geometry, a pentakis dodecahedron or kisdodecahedron is a dodecahedron with a pentagonal pyramid covering each face; that is, it is the Kleetope of"
"a fragment of buckminsterfullerene which is found in the buckycatcher shown above and often called a buckybowl due to its bowl-like shape. Motivation for its synthesis was the hypothesis that it would display annulene-within-an-annulene aromaticity, with a 6 π-electron cyclopentadienyl anion core within a 14 π-electron annulenyl cation. Later work has questioned the validity of this model though the molecule is definitely aromatic. The dianion has been demonstrated to be antiaromatic and the tetraanion is aromatic. Cyclooctatetraene has been shown to be non-aromatic and to possess a bent ""tub-shaped"" conformation with alternating double and single bonds. Its planar conformation would"
"Jonathan Hare Jonathan Hare is a British physicist, science communicator and television presenter. He achieved a first from the University of Surrey, and worked with Harry Kroto at the University of Sussex for his PhD. While Jonathan worked in Sir Harry's group for his PhD he was one of the first people to make and extract C60, Buckminsterfullerene, the soccer ball shaped molecule. The discovery of the Fullerenes, as they became known, opened up a new field of carbon nanotechnology. Both Sir Harry and Jonathan Hare spent time enthusing about the discovery to audiences of all ages as part of"
"Allotropes of carbon Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency. Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades many more allotropes are forms of carbon have been discovered and researched including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high temperatures or extreme pressures. Around 500 hypothetical 3-periodic allotropes of carbon are known at the present time according to SACADA database. Diamond is a well known allotrope of carbon. The hardness and high"
"can be cited for a Nobel Prize, graduate students James R. Heath, Yuan Liu, and Sean C. O'Brien participated in the work. Smalley mentioned Heath and O'Brien in his Nobel Lecture. Heath went on to become a professor at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and O'Brien joined Texas Instruments and is now at MEMtronics. Yuan Liu is a Senior Staff Scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This research is significant for the discovery of a new allotrope of carbon known as a fullerene. Other allotropes of carbon include graphite, diamond and graphene. Harry Kroto's 1985 paper entitled ""C60: Buckminsterfullerine"", published"
"Allotropy Allotropy or allotropism () is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as ""allotropes"" of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different manner. For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together in a tetrahedral lattice arrangement), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or"
"Graphite, the standard state of carbon, has a lustrous appearance and is a fairly good electrical conductor. The diamond allotrope of carbon is clearly nonmetallic, however, being translucent and having a relatively poor electrical conductivity. Carbon is also known in several other allotropic forms, including semiconducting buckminsterfullerene (C). Nitrogen can form gaseous tetranitrogen (N), an unstable polyatomic molecule with a lifetime of about one microsecond. Oxygen is a diatomic molecule in its standard state; it also exists as ozone (O), an unstable nonmetallic allotrope with a half-life of around half an hour. Phosphorus, uniquely, exists in several allotropic forms that"
"Endohedral fullerene Endohedral fullerenes, also called endofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres. The first lanthanum C complex was synthesized in 1985 and called La@C. The @ (at sign) in the name reflects the notion of a small molecule trapped inside a shell. Two types of endohedral complexes exist: endohedral metallofullerenes and non-metal doped fullerenes. In a traditional chemical formula notation, a buckminsterfullerene (C) with an atom (M) was simply represented as MC regardless of whether M was inside or outside the fullerene. In order to allow for more detailed discussions with"
"allotrope of carbon, fullerene, that was discovered in 1985 includes nanostructured forms such as buckyballs and nanotubes. Their discoverers – Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley – received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. The resulting renewed interest in new forms lead to the discovery of further exotic allotropes, including glassy carbon, and the realization that ""amorphous carbon"" is not strictly amorphous. Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil and North Korea. Graphite deposits are of metamorphic origin, found in association"
"starting with phosphorus at 1.7 GPa, have been observed to form metallic allotropes. Most metalloids, like the less electronegative nonmetals, form allotropes. Boron is known in several crystalline and amorphous forms. The discovery of a quasispherical allotropic molecule borospherene (B) was announced in July 2014. Silicon was most recently known only in its crystalline and amorphous forms. Silicene, a two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene, was observed in 2010. The synthesis of an orthorhombic allotrope Si, was subsequently reported in 2014. At pressure of ~10–11 GPa, germanium transforms to a metallic phase"
"created. Allotropy Allotropy or allotropism () is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as ""allotropes"" of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different manner. For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together in a tetrahedral lattice arrangement), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular,"
"fullerenes) blossomed with the discovery of buckminsterfullerene in 1985, as additional fullerenes and their various derivatives were discovered. O derivatives is inclusion compounds, in which an ion is enclosed by the all-carbon shell of the fullerene. This inclusion is denoted by the ""@"" symbol in endohedral fullerenes. For example, an ion consisting of a lithium ion trapped within buckminsterfullerene would be denoted Li@C. As with any other ionic compound, this complex ion could in principle pair with a counterion to form a salt. Other elements are also incorporated in so-called graphite intercalation compounds. Carbides are binary compounds of carbon with"
"equal recognition in the work to Smalley and Kroto. The existence of this type of molecule had earlier been theorized by others, but Curl and his colleagues were at the time unaware of this. Later experiments confirmed their proposed structure, and the team moved on to synthesize endohedral fullerenes that had a metal atom inside the hollow carbon shell. The fullerenes, a class of molecules of which buckminsterfullerene was the first member discovered, are now considered to have potential applications in nanomaterials and molecular scale electronics. Robert Curl's 1985 paper entitled ""C60: Buckminsterfullerine"", published with colleagues H. Kroto, J. R."
"was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the Buckministerfullerene or Buckyball, a unique molecular structure of 60 carbon atoms. Some of the strongest materials ever discovered, carbon nanostructures are currently being used in numerous practical applications. Smalley's interest in science began in his early teens, and he has been an eloquent spokesman for the need to educate a new generation of scientists to find solutions to the world's problems. ""Be a Scientist — Save the World"" was the title of his lecture on the great energy challenges we face in the coming decades. Finding a new"
"is rather slow, compared to other spectroscopic methods, changing the temperature of a ""T""* experiment can also give information about fast reactions, such as the Cope rearrangement or about structural dynamics, such as ring-flipping in cyclohexane. At low enough temperatures, a distinction can be made between the axial and equatorial hydrogens in cyclohexane. An example of nuclear magnetic resonance being used in the determination of a structure is that of buckminsterfullerene (often called ""buckyballs"", composition C). This now famous form of carbon has 60 carbon atoms forming a sphere. The carbon atoms are all in identical environments and so should"
"problems in cancer and infectious diseases. When Heath was a graduate student at Rice University, he ran the experimental apparatus that generated the first C molecules and, ultimately, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the three senior members of the collaboration: Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley of Rice University and Harold Kroto of the University of Sussex. This research is significant for the discovery of a new allotrope of carbon known as a fullerene. Other allotropes of carbon include graphite, diamond and graphene. James R. Heath's 1985 paper entitled ""C60: Buckminsterfullerine"", published with colleagues Harry Kroto, S."
"Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University. The name was an homage to Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles. The structure was also identified some five years earlier by Sumio Iijima, from an electron microscope image, where it formed the core of a ""bucky onion"". Fullerenes have since been found to occur in nature. More recently, fullerenes have been detected in outer space. According to astronomer Letizia Stanghellini, ""It’s possible that buckyballs from outer space provided seeds for life on Earth."" The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known carbon allotropes, which had previously been limited"