"African trypanosomiasis African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species ""Trypanosoma brucei"". There are two types that infect humans, ""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" (TbG) and ""Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense"" (TbR). TbG causes over 98% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas. Initially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later"
"African sleeping sickness, are ""G. palpapalis"", ""G. tachinoides"", and ""G. fuscipes"". While the principal vectors of ""T. b. rhodesiense"", causing East African sleeping sickness, are ""G. morsitans"", ""G. pallidipes"", and ""G. Swynnertoni"". Animal trypanosomiasis is transmitted by a dozen species of ""Glossina"". In later stages of a ""T. brucei"" infection of a mammalian host the parasite may migrate from the bloodstream to also infect the lymph and cerebrospinal fluids. It is under this tissue invasion that the parasites produce the sleeping sickness. In addition to the major form of transmission via the tsetse fly ""T. brucei"", may be transferred between"
"Animal trypanosomiasis Animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana and nagana pest, or sleeping sickness, is a disease of vertebrates. The disease is caused by trypanosomes of several species in the genus ""Trypanosoma"" such as ""Trypanosoma brucei"". ""Trypanosoma vivax"" causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America. The trypanosomes infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy, which lead to weight loss and anemia; in some animals the disease is fatal unless treated. The trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies. An interesting feature is the remarkable tolerance to nagana pathology shown by"
"if sleep deprivation may be responsible for seizures. In some cases, patients with epilepsy are advised to sleep 6-7 consecutive hours as opposed to broken-up sleep (e.g., 6 hours at night and a 2-hour nap) and to avoid caffeine and sleeping pills in order to prevent seizures. In some cases, certain parasites can cause seizures. The ""Schistosoma"" sp. flukes cause Schistosomiasis. Pork tapeworm and beef tapeworm cause seizures when the parasite creates cysts at the brain. Echinococcosis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, African trypanosomiasis, and many other parasitic diseases can cause seizures. Seizures have been associated with insect stings. Reports suggest that patients"
"various vertebrate species including humans, antelopes, bovine cattle, camels, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. These diseases are caused by several different trypanosome species that may also survive in wild animals such as crocodiles and monitor lizards. The diseases have different distributions across the African continent, so are transmitted by different species. This table summarizes this information: Human African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosomes of the species ""Trypanosoma brucei"". This disease is invariably fatal unless treated but can almost always be cured with current medicines, if the disease is diagnosed early enough. Sleeping sickness begins with a"
"it is a disease that tends to be severe the later in life a person contracts the disease. Sleeping sickness, or African trypanosomiasis, is a disease that usually affects animals, but has been known to be fatal to some humans as well. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly and is found almost exclusively in Sub-Saharan Africa. This disease has had a significant impact on African development not because of its deadly nature, like Malaria, but because it has prevented Africans from pursuing agriculture (as the sleeping sickness would kill their livestock). These are the points that are farther north,"
"humans, pets can also be bitten by bed bugs. The signs left by the bites are the same as in case of people and cause identical symptoms (skin irritation, scratching etc). Bed bug infestations are primarily the result of two species of insects from genus ""Cimex"": ""Cimex lectularius"" (the common bed bug) and ""Cimex hemipterus"". These insects feed exclusively on blood and may survive a year without eating. Adult ""Cimex"" are light brown to reddish-brown, flat, oval, and have no hind wings. The front wings are vestigial and reduced to pad-like structures. Adults grow to long and wide. Bed bugs"
"Bed bug Bed bugs are a type of insect that feed on human blood, usually at night. Their bites can result in a number of health effects including skin rashes, psychological effects and allergic symptoms. Bed bug bites may lead to skin changes ranging from invisible to prominent blisters. Symptoms may take between minutes to days to appear. Itchiness is common, while some may feel tired or have a fever. Typically, uncovered areas of the body are affected and three bites occur in a row. Bed bugs bites are not known to transmit any infectious disease. Bed bug bites are"
"caused primarily by two species of the insect ""Cimex"": ""Cimex lectularius"" (the common bed bug) and ""Cimex hemipterus"". Their size ranges between 1 and 7 mm. They spread by crawling between nearby locations or by being carried within personal items. Infestation is rarely due to a lack of hygiene but is more common in high-density areas. Diagnosis involves both finding the bugs and the occurrence of compatible symptoms. Bed bugs spend much of their time in dark, hidden locations like mattress seams or cracks in the wall. Treatment is symptomatic. Eliminating bed bugs from the home is often difficult, partly"
"sleeping sickness. Important questions about antigenic variation are also relevant for such research areas as developing a vaccine against HIV and predicting the next influenza pandemic. Relapsing fever has been described since the days of the ancient Greeks. After an outbreak in Edinburgh in the 1840s, relapsing fever was given its name, but it would not be another decade until the etiology of the disease would be better understood. The physician David Livingstone is credited with the first account in 1857 of a malady associated with the bite of soft ticks in Angola and Mozambique. In 1873, Otto Obermeier first"
"eat insects, but larger species, such as the common chameleon, may also take other lizards and young birds. The range of diets can be seen from the following examples: Chameleons are parasitized by nematode worms, including threadworms (Filarioidea). Threadworms can be transmitted by biting insects such as ticks and mosquitoes. Other roundworms are transmitted through food contaminated with roundworm eggs; the larvae burrow through the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream. Chameleons are subject to several protozoan parasites, such as ""Plasmodium"" which causes malaria, ""Trypanosoma"" which causes sleeping sickness, and ""Leishmania"" which causes leishmaniasis. Chameleons are subject to parasitism"
"annual burden of sleeping sickness is estimated at 2 million DALYs. Since the disease tends to affect economically active adults, the total cost to a family with a patient is about 25% of a year’s income. Tsetse are biological vectors of trypanosomes, meaning that in the process of feeding, they acquire and then transmit small, single-celled trypanosomes from infected vertebrate hosts to uninfected animals. Some tsetse-transmitted trypanosome species cause trypanosomiasis, an infectious disease. In humans, tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is called sleeping sickness. In animals, tsetse-vectored trypanosomiases include ""nagana"", ""souma"", and ""surra"" according to the animal infected and the trypanosome species"
"requested Sambon to investigate sleeping sickness in Uganda. They sent Aldo Castellani under the Royal Society Commission. Castellani discovered that patients with sleeping sickness had a protozoan parasite (""Trypanosoma"") in their cerebro-spinal fluid, and sometimes together with bacterial (""Strecptococcus"") infection. Castellani published his findings in 1903. Immediately, Sambon correctly interpreted that the ""Trypanosoma"" was the causative parasite and that it was transmitted by tsetse fly. Pellagra was epidemic in Italy since the late 18th century throughout the 19th century, and was spreading to America. By the late 19th century it was generally believed that it was due to maize consumption."
"large punitive damage judgments on some hotels. Many of New York City's Upper East Side home owners have been afflicted, but they tend to be silent publicly in order not to ruin their property values and be seen as suffering a blight typically associated with the lower classes. Bed bug Bed bugs are a type of insect that feed on human blood, usually at night. Their bites can result in a number of health effects including skin rashes, psychological effects and allergic symptoms. Bed bug bites may lead to skin changes ranging from invisible to prominent blisters. Symptoms may take"
"Winterbottom's sign Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites ""Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense"" and ""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness. Dr. Anthony Martinelli describes Winterbottom's sign as the swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) along the back of the neck, in the posterior cervical chain of lymph nodes, as trypanosomes travel in the lymphatic fluid and cause inflammation. It may be suggestive of cerebral infection. The term Winterbottom's sign derives from descriptions of the posterior cervical lymphadenopathy associated with African trypanosomiasis made by a slave trader"
"reaction usually occurs in the area of the bite which is most commonly the arms, shoulders and legs as they are more frequently exposed at night. Numerous bites may lead to an erythematous rash or urticaria. Serious infestations and chronic attacks can cause anxiety, stress, and insomnia. Development of refractory delusional parasitosis is possible, as a person develops an overwhelming obsession with bed bugs. A number of other symptoms may occur from either the bite of the bed bugs or from their exposure. Anaphylaxis from the injection of serum and other nonspecific proteins has been rarely documented. Due to each"
"using the sign to weed out the ill. Winterbottom's sign Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites ""Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense"" and ""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness. Dr. Anthony Martinelli describes Winterbottom's sign as the swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) along the back of the neck, in the posterior cervical chain of lymph nodes, as trypanosomes travel in the lymphatic fluid and cause inflammation. It may be suggestive of cerebral infection. The term Winterbottom's sign derives from descriptions of the posterior cervical lymphadenopathy associated"
"Biting flies feed during daylight hours only and tend to zero in on areas of thinner skin, such as the nape of the neck or ears and ankles. Itching and localized swelling and inflammation sometimes result from a bite. Swelling can be quite pronounced depending on the species and the individual's immune response, and irritation may persist for weeks. Intense feeding can cause ""black fly fever"", with headache, nausea, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and aching joints; these symptoms are probably a reaction to a compound from the flies' salivary glands. Less common severe allergic reactions may require hospitalization. Repellents provide"
"Joseph Everett Dutton Joseph Everett Dutton (9 September 1874 – 27 February 1905) was a British Parasitologist who discovered one of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness. He died in the Congo Free State at the age of 30 from tick fever, or African relapsing fever, while investigating the disease, which is caused by a ""spirillum"" that was later named ""Borrelia duttoni"". Joseph Everett Dutton was born on 9 September 1874 in Upper Bebington, Cheshire. His father was John Dutton, a chemist, and his mother was Sarah Ellen Moore. He was their fifth son. He attended The King's School, Chester"
"""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" causes 97% of human cases of sleeping sickness. Resistance to ApoL1 is principally mediated by the hydrophobic ß-sheet of the ""T. b. gambiense"" specific glycoprotein. Other factors involved in resistance appear to be a change in the cysteine protease activity and TbHpHbR inactivation due to a leucine to serine substitution (L210S) at codon 210. This is due to a thymidine to cytosine mutation at the second codon position. These mutations may have evolved due to the coexistence of malaria where this parasite is found. Haptoglobin levels are low in malaria because of the hemolysis that occurs with"
"Insect bites and stings Insect bites and stings occur when an insect is agitated and seeks to defend itself through its natural defense mechanisms, or when an insect seeks to feed off the bitten person. Some insects inject formic acid, which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in redness and swelling in the injured area. Stings from fire ants, bees, wasps and hornets are usually painful, and may stimulate a dangerous allergic reaction called anaphylaxis for at-risk patients, and some wasps can also have a powerful bite along with a sting. Bites from mosquitoes and fleas are more"
"thousand people attended his burial, mostly local people whom he had treated and whose respect he had earned. It took two months for the news of his death to be carried to the nearest telegraph station. Citations Sources Joseph Everett Dutton Joseph Everett Dutton (9 September 1874 – 27 February 1905) was a British Parasitologist who discovered one of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness. He died in the Congo Free State at the age of 30 from tick fever, or African relapsing fever, while investigating the disease, which is caused by a ""spirillum"" that was later named ""Borrelia duttoni""."
"bites. People have complained of being attacked by swarms while sleeping in bed, and the ant may bite sleeping babies and children. A researcher describing a laboratory infestation in 1922 reported that the ants killed a number of caged lab rats and attacked the resident scientists, ""biting out small pieces of skin"" and delivering enough bites to one man to knock him unconscious for a short time. Residents of Cape Verde call it the ""ninja ant"" because of the species' silent aggression toward humans. Early introductions of the ant came by sea. It was infesting ships and harassing steamer passengers"
"be reinfected several times. A host of predilection is the one preferred by a parasite. An amplifying host is one in which the level of pathogen can become high enough that a vector such as a mosquito that feeds on it will probably become infectious. A secondary or intermediate host harbors a parasite only for a short transition period, during which (usually) some developmental stage is completed. For trypanosomes, the cause of sleeping sickness, strictly, humans are the secondary host, while the tsetse fly is the primary host, given that it has been shown that reproduction occurs in the insect."
"been increasing, now passes on to coma, from which the patients can only be roused with difficulty; the temperature falls to subnormal, in rare cases convulsive fits appear, and the patient dies in a complete state of coma. This is the common course of an ordinary acute case of the disease, the different changes taking about a month or six weeks for completion. By 1903, researchers had determined that sleeping sickness was caused by a trypanosome, a parasite that lived and multiplied extracellularly in the blood and tissue fluids of its human hosts. Researchers also knew that trypanosomes were transmitted"
"Arthropod bites and stings Many species of arthropods (insects, arachnids and others) regularly or occasionally bite or sting human beings. Insect saliva contains anticoagulants and enzymes that cause local irritation and allergic reactions. Insect venoms can be delivered by their stingers, which often are modified ovipositors, or by their mouthparts. Insect, spider and scorpion venom can cause serious injury or death. Dipterans account for the majority of insect bites, while hymenopterans account for the majority of stings. Among arachnids spider bites and mite bites are the most common. Arthropods bite or sting humans for a number of reasons including feeding"
"night was impossible. Fifteen hours post-bite, the adjoining finger and upper hand were also swollen and painful."" The pain and swelling were limited to the hand and lower arm only (and not systemic as previously reported) and she reported that they had both eased after 26 hours. Photos were taken at various stages of the swelling. Despite the sometimes used common names bird-eating spider and bird spider, this nocturnal ground dwelling species is not likely to ever encounter or feed on birds. These spiders predominately feed upon invertebrates including insects and other spiders. Small vertebrates such as geckos, skinks and"
"Psittacosis Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium called ""Chlamydophila psittaci"" and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds. The incidence of infection in canaries and finches is believed to be lower than in psittacine birds. In certain contexts, the word is used when the disease is carried by any species of birds belonging to the family Psittacidae, whereas ""ornithosis"" is used when other birds carry the disease. In humans, after an incubation period of 5–19 days,"
"sandflies). Mosquitoes of the genera ""Culex"", ""Anopheles"", ""Culiseta"", ""Mansonia"" and ""Aedes"" act as insect hosts for various ""Plasmodium"" species. The best studied of these are the ""Anopheles"" mosquitoes which host the ""Plasmodium"" parasites of human malaria, as well as ""Culex"" mosquitoes which host the ""Plasmodium"" species that cause malaria in birds. Only female mosquitoes are infected with ""Plasmodium"", since only they feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts. Different species affect their insect hosts differently. Sometimes, insects infected with ""Plasmodium"" have reduced lifespan and reduced ability to produce offspring. Further, some species of ""Plasmodium"" appear to cause insects to prefer"
"damages DNA. These defenses limit the population of infected flies. Tsetse fly Tsetse ( , or ), sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik-tik flies, are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae. The tsetse are obligate parasites that live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse have been extensively studied because of their role in transmitting disease. They have a prominent economic impact in sub-Saharan Africa as the biological vectors of trypanosomes, which cause human sleeping"
"to sleep. Upon medical examination, wheezing, hepatomegaly, and lymphadenitis are often noted. High parasitic loads or repeated infection can lead to visceral larva migrans (VLM). VLM is primarily diagnosed in young children, because they are more prone to exposure and ingestion of infective eggs. ""Toxocara"" infection commonly resolves itself within weeks, but chronic eosinophilia may result. In VLM, larvae migration incites inflammation of internal organs and sometimes the central nervous system. Symptoms depend on the organ(s) affected. Patients can present with pallor, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, fever, headache, rash, cough, asthma, chest tightness, increased irritability, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting."
"congestion of nasal passages and asthma. There are many insects that bite including Mosquitoes, Biting Midges, Sandflies, Black flies, Horse Flies, Stable flies. Through feeding, insects or other arthropod vectors can transmit diseases to humans. Medical Entomologists and other medical professionals have helped to develop vaccines that can prevent humans from contracting some of those diseases. They have also developed ways to prevent the arthropods from biting humans. According to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in May 2018, illnesses caused by insect bites have tripled from 2004 to 2016. Minor Bibliography Sistach, Xavier. Insectos"
"Latrodectism Latrodectism is the illness caused by the bite of ""Latrodectus"" spiders (the black widow spider and related species). Pain, muscle rigidity, vomiting, and sweating are the symptoms of latrodectism. Contrary to popular conception, latrodectism is very rarely fatal to people though domestic cats have been known to die with convulsion and paralysis. There are several spider species all named black widow: southern black widow spider (""L. mactans""), the European black widow (""L. tredecimguttatus""), Western black widow spider (""L. hesperus""), Northern black widow spider (""L. variolus""). Other ""Latrodectus"" that cause latrodectism are the Australian redback spider (""L. hasselti""), and the"