"the ""particular"" law of one's own city was adverse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law; Aristotle, moreover, considered two of the three candidates for a universally valid, natural law suggested in this passage to be wrong. Aristotle's theoretical paternity of the natural law tradition is consequently disputed. Thomas Aquinas, [Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino] (c. 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, known as ""Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis"". He is the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of the Thomistic school of"
"Albertus Magnus Albertus Magnus, O.P. (c. 1193 – November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a German Catholic Dominican friar and bishop. Later canonised as a Catholic saint, he was known during his lifetime as ""Doctor universalis"" and ""Doctor expertus"" and, late in his life, the sobriquet ""Magnus"" was appended to his name. Scholars such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. The Catholic Church distinguishes him as one of the 36 Doctors of the Church."
"Zigliara. Leo also founded the ""Angelicum's"" Faculty of Philosophy in 1882 and its Faculty of Canon Law in 1896. The College began once again to gain status and influence. Under Pope Leo XIII Zigliara contributed to the encyclicals ""Aeterni Patris"" and ""Rerum novarum"". In response to the call for a renewal of Thomism sounded by ""Aeterni Patris"" rectors Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833–1893), Alberto Lepidi (1838–1922), and Sadoc Szabó had brought the college to a high degree of excellence. Under the leadership of Szabó the number of subjects taught at the ""Angelicum"" included archeology, geology, paleography, Christian art, biology, mathematics, physics,"
"Angelus Silesius Angelus Silesius (9 July 1677), born Johann Scheffler and also known as Johann Angelus Silesius, was a German Catholic priest and physician, known as a mystic and religious poet. Born and raised a Lutheran, he adopted the name ""Angelus"" (Latin for ""angel"" or ""heavenly messenger"") and the epithet ""Silesius"" (""Silesian"") on converting to Catholicism in 1653. While studying in the Netherlands, he began to read the works of medieval mystics and became acquainted with the works of the German mystic Jacob Böhme through Böhme's friend, Abraham von Franckenberg. Silesius's mystical beliefs caused tension between him and Lutheran authorities"
"relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ""Angelicum"". The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus"
"remembered on 13 August each year. Benedetto Sinigardi Benedetto Sinigardi, also known as Fra Benedetto di Arezzo or Sinigardi di Arezzo (1190 - 1282) was a Franciscan friar, and is considered to be the author of the Angelus prayer. He was the son of Thomas and Elizabeth Sinigardi a noble and wealthy family. In 1211, after attending a sermon given by Francis of Assisi in the Piazza Grande in Arezzo he decided to enter the order. In 1217 he was appointed Provincial of the Marches and set off a missionary to Greece, Romania and Turkey. In 1221 he arrived in"
"ordered the publication of the critical edition, the so-called Leonine Edition, of the complete works of the ""doctor angelicus"". The superintendence of the leonine edition was entrusted to Tommaso Maria Zigliara, professor and rector of the ""Collegium Divi Thomae de Urbe "" the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ""Angelicum"". Leo XIII also founded the ""Angelicum's"" Faculty of Philosophy in 1882 and its Faculty of Canon Law in 1896. Pope Leo XIII performed a number of consecrations, at times entering new theological territory. After he received many letters from Sister Mary of the Divine Heart, the countess of Droste"
"of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ""Angelicum, played the special role of frequently providing papal theologians from among its members. Currently the post is held by Fr. Wojciech Giertych, a Polish Dominican former student of and professor of theology at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ""Angelicum"", who was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 to replace the Swiss Cardinal Georges Cottier, now Theologian Emeritus of the Pontifical Household. It has sometimes been asserted that St. Thomas Aquinas was a Master of the Sacred Palace. This is due to a misconception: he was Lector of the Sacred Palace, these offices"
"which owed much to the rediscovery of Greek thought from Arabic translations and Muslim contributions such as Avicenna's ""On the soul"". The period from the middle of the eleventh century to the middle of the fourteenth century is known as the 'High medieval' or 'scholastic' period. It is generally agreed to begin with Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) an Italian philosopher, theologian, and church official who is famous as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God. The 13th and early 14th centuries are generally regarded as the high period of scholasticism. The early 13th century witnessed"
"Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange Réginald Marie Garrigou-Lagrange (; February 21, 1877 – February 15, 1964) was a French Catholic theologian. He has been noted as a leading neo-Thomist of the 20th century, along with Jacobus Ramírez, Édouard Hugon, and Martin Grabmann. He taught at the Dominican Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, the ""Angelicum"", in Rome from 1909 to 1960. Here he wrote his magnum opus, ""The Three Ages of the Interior Life"" (Les Trois Ages de la Vie Interieure) in 1938. In 1918 Garrigou initiated courses in sacred art, mysticism, and aesthetics at the ""Angelicum"" influencing future liturgical artists such as"
"""Unigenitus"", dated 8 September 1713, was produced with the contribution of Gregorio Selleri, a lector at the College of Saint Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ""Angelicum"", fostered the condemnation of Jansenism by condemning 101 propositions from the ""Réflexions morales"" of Quesnel as heretical, and as identical with propositions already condemned in the writings of Jansen. Pasquier Quesnel Pasquier Quesnel (14 July 1634 – 2 December 1719) was a French Jansenist theologian. He was born in Paris, and, after graduating from the Sorbonne with distinction in 1653, he joined the French Oratory in 1657. There he soon"
"wise men of Christendom"", of whom he names another as Albertus Magnus. Bacon judged Sherwood to be ""much wiser than Albert"". Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: ""Wondrous Doctor""), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empirical methods. He is sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Plato and Aristotle via early Islamic scientists such as Avicenna and Averroes. John Duns Scotus (c. 1265 – 8 November 1308) was an important philosopher and theologian of the High Middle Ages."
"""angelique"" is coeducational and offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees in theology, philosophy, canon law, and social sciences, as well as certificates and diplomas in related areas. Courses are offered in Italian and for some programs in English. The ""Angelicum"" is staffed by clergy and laity and serves both religious and lay students from around the world. The ""Angelicum"" has its roots in the Dominican mission to study and to teach truth, as reflected in the Order's motto, """"Veritas"""". The distinctively pedagogical character of the Dominican apostolate as intended by Saint Dominic de Guzman in 1214 at the birth of"
"healthy activity. The results of the former could not but benefit the latter by placing Christian morality on a scientific basis and throwing ascetical theology itself into a scientific form. The pioneers in this field were St. Bernard (d. 1156), Hugh of St. Victor and Richard of St. Victor. St. Bernard, the greatest mystical theologian of the 12th century, also holds a prominent place among ascetical writers, so that Harnack calls the ""religious genius"" of the 12th century. The basic idea of his works, especially prominent in his treatise ""De gratia et libero arbitrio"", is that the life of the"
"at Santa Sabina, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ""Angelicum"", in Rome. The title of the treatise was not given by Aquinas himself, and it contains nothing that is directed against the doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox Church, but only, in the view of theologian Yves Congar, a defence of Catholic doctrine against Eastern misunderstandings. The 72 chapters of the work are each of the length of a paragraph in a modern book. In it Aquinas presents the teaching of the Greek Church Fathers as in harmony with that of the Latin Church. The book is"
"theology was created at the ""Angelicum"" expressly for Fr. Garrigou-Lagrange. This was the first of its kind in the world, and Garrigou-Lagrange initiated courses in sacred art, mysticism, and aesthetics in 1918. Marie Alain Couturier studied with Garrigou at the Angelicum from 1930 to 1932 before going on to have an instrumental role in liturgical art ventures such as Henri Matisse's Vence Chapel and Le Corbusier's Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, and the Dominican priory of Sainte Marie de La Tourette. Garrigou-Lagrange has been called ""torchbearer of orthodox Thomism"" against Modernism in the period between World War II and"
"In 1580 he commissioned artists, including Ignazio Danti, to complete works to decorate the Vatican and commissioned The Gallery of Maps. Also noteworthy during his pontificate as a further means of putting into practice the recommendations of the Council of Trent is the transformation in 1580 of the Dominican studium founded in the 13th century at Rome into the College of St. Thomas, the precursor of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, ""Angelicum"". Pope Gregory XIII is best known for his commissioning of the calendar after being initially authored by the Calabrian doctor/astronomer Aloysius Lilius and with the aid"
"faculty members in the mid-twentieth century, Cornelio Fabro, who called the ""Angelicum"" the ""avant-garde of the doctrinal mission of the Dominican Order in Rome, and of traditional Thomism whose distinguished exponents included T. Zigliara, A. Lepidi, T. Pègues, E. Hugon, A. Zacchi, R. Garrigou-Lagrange, and M. Cordovani."" The notoriety of the College was further fostered by annual celebrations of the Feast of its patron St. Thomas Aquinas including a ""preaching tridiuum"", a pontifical Mass and an academic symposium at the ""Angelicum"" 8 June 1923 Szabó founded ""Unio thomistica"", an association of ""Angelicum"" students and alumni dedicated to defense of Thomistic"
"Angelo Mai Angelo Mai (""Latin"" Angelus Maius; March 7, 1782September 8, 1854) was an Italian Cardinal and philologist. He won a European reputation for publishing for the first time a series of previously unknown ancient texts. These he was able to discover and publish, first while in charge of the Ambrosian library in Milan and then in the same role at the Vatican Library. The texts were often in parchment manuscripts that had been washed off and reused; he was able to read the lower text using chemicals. In particular he was able to locate a substantial portion of the"
"is known, as well as a minister, as a chronologist for his ""Chronologia Autoptica"" (1601), which placed reliance on the works of the forger Annius of Viterbo, and cartographer for a map in his ""Doctrina de ponderibus, monetis, et mensuris"". Daniel Angelocrator Daniel Angelocrator (1569 – 1635), real surname Engelhardt, was a German Reformed minister. He was born on 19 October 1569 in Korbach. He studied theology at the University of Marburg and University of Franeker from 1588 to 1589. Angelocrater then took a job accompanying two young aristocrats to the Universities of Marburg and Helmstedt. In 1594 he clashed"
"to describe Glykas as the ""most original and vivid exegete of the 12th century"", was the collection of 95 replies on theological questions (Εἰς τὰς ἀπορίας τῆς Θείας Γραφῆς κεφάλαια, ""Chapters on the questions on the Holy Scripture""), written in letter form. Among them is a letter where he criticises Manuel I for his incorrect use of passages from the Church Fathers. His surviving work, including his letters, is ""overtly didactic"", promoting Christian virtues, and making extensive use of proverbs to this end. Michael Glykas Michael Glykas or Glycas () was a 12th-century Byzantine historian, theologian, mathematician, astronomer and poet."
"meet his argumentation. This was presumably the reason that parts of the largest surviving Gothic text, Codex Argenteus, were retouched. In 1648, Schefferus married Regina Loccenia, the daughter of a previous (1628–1642) professor skytteanus, Johannes Loccenius, and had two sons (see Scheffer). Johannes Schefferus Johannes Schefferus (February 2, 1621 – March 26, 1679) was one of the most important Swedish humanists of his time. He was also known as Angelus and is remembered for writing hymns. Schefferus was born in Strasbourg, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He came from the patrician family (Scheffer), studied at university there and"
"Johannes Schefferus Johannes Schefferus (February 2, 1621 – March 26, 1679) was one of the most important Swedish humanists of his time. He was also known as Angelus and is remembered for writing hymns. Schefferus was born in Strasbourg, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He came from the patrician family (Scheffer), studied at university there and briefly in Leiden, and was in 1648 made professor Skytteanus of eloquence and government at Uppsala University, a chair he held until his death in 1679. Schefferus also spent time on philological and archaeological studies. His ""De orbibus tribus aureis"" became the"
"He sought to establish workable science without undermining theology. Bartholomeus Amicus Bartholomeus Amicus (1562–1649), or Bartolomeo Amico or Bartholomeo d'Amici, was a Jesuit priest, teacher and writer who spent his adult life in Naples. The subjects he wrote about include Aristotelian philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and the concept of vacuum and its relationship with God. He studied law before joining the Jesuits and following the curriculum in their college in Naples, later teaching logic, physics, metaphysics and theology. In his extensive writing he presented alternative theories, including those of Christopher Clavius and Copernicus, even when he disagreed with them, though theologians"
"pontifical university. Thereafter it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the City (). On 29 November 1963, Egyptian scholar and peritus at Vatican II for Christian–Islamic relations Georges Anawati delivered a lecture entitled at the ""Angelicum"" ""L'Islam a l'heure du Concile: prolegomenes a un dialogue islamo-chretien."" On 19 April 1974 Pope Paul VI delivered an allocution in the ""Angelicum's"" Aula Magna as part of the International Congress of the International Society of St. Thomas Aquinas celebrated on the occasion of the 7th Centenary of the death of the ""Doctor Angelicus"". The Pontif described Aquinas"
"Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (PUST), also known as the Angelicum in honor of its patron the ""Doctor Angelicus"" Thomas Aquinas, is located in the historic center of Rome, Italy. It is directly dependent on the Pope for its status as a pontifical university as outlined in the apostolic constitution ""Sapientia Christiana"", which also clarifies the parameters of Church authority and academic freedom. The ""Angelicum"" is administered by the Catholic Order of Preachers, also known as the Dominican Order, and is a central locus of traditional Dominican Thomist theology and philosophy. The"
"(Immaculate Conception), her part in 'Redemption', her 'Eschatological' fulfilment and her intercession. Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. The doctrine itself had been endorsed by the Council of Basel (1431–1449), and by the end of the 15th century was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties. The Council of Basel was later held not to have been a true General (or Ecumenical) Council with authority to proclaim dogma. Such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323, and declared ""Doctor Angelicus"" of"
"Doctor dwells here as in his own house), a paraphrase of the papal encyclical ""Studiorum ducem"" that singles out the ""Angelicum"" as the preeminent Thomistic center of learning: ""ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris"". The Angelicum's statue of Aquinas is Aureli's second version of this work. The first version of 1889 looms majestically over the ""Sala di Consultazione"" or main reference room of the Vatican Library. At the instigation of the Pontifical Roman Seminary the Vatican version of the statue was commissioned in the name of all seminaries of the world as a gift"
"Henry of Ghent Henry of Ghent (c. 1217 – 29 June 1293) was a scholastic philosopher, known as Doctor Solemnis (the ""Solemn Doctor""), and also as Henricus de Gandavo and Henricus Gandavensis. Henry was born in the district of Mude, near Ghent. He is supposed to have belonged to an Italian family named Bonicolli, in Dutch ""Goethals"", but the question of his name has been much discussed (see authorities below). He studied at Ghent and then at Cologne under Albertus Magnus. After obtaining the degree of doctor he returned to Ghent, and is said to have been the first to"
"Bonaventure Saint Bonaventure (; ; 1221 – 15 July 1274), born Giovanni di Fidanza, was an Italian medieval Franciscan, scholastic theologian and philosopher. The seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, he was also Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was canonised on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. He is known as the ""Seraphic Doctor"" (). Many writings believed in the Middle Ages to be his are now collected under the name Pseudo-Bonaventure. He was born at Bagnorea in Umbria, not far"
"Anselm of Canterbury Anselm of Canterbury (; 1033/4–1109), also called () after his birthplace and () after his monastery, was an Italian Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. After his death, he was canonized as a saint; his feast day is 21 April. Beginning at Bec, Anselm composed dialogues and treatises with a rational and philosophical approach, sometimes causing him to be credited as the founder of Scholasticism. Despite his lack of recognition in this field in his own time, Anselm is now famed"
"13th and 14th centuries several secular scholars, like Maximus Planudes, Theodorus Metochites, and above all, Nicephorus Gregoras. The three theologians may best be judged by their letters and minor occasional writings. Eustathius seems to be the most important, writing learned commentary on Homer and Pindar alongside original works that are candid, courageous, and controversial, intent upon the correction of every evil. In one of his works he attacks the corruption and intellectual stagnation of the monastic life of that day; in another polemic, he assails the hypocrisy and sham holiness of his time; in a third he denounces the conceit"
"Atticus (philosopher) Atticus (fl. c. 175) was an ancient philosopher. All that is known of him comes from the fragments of his book preserved in Eusebius' ""Preparatio Evangelica"". Atticus was vehemently anti-Peripatetic. His work was a polemic, possibly originating from the first holder of the Platonic philosophy chair at Athens under Marcus Aurelius. It is not clear whether the polemic had a philosophical or a political motivation. Atticus insisted that Aristotle was an atheist, that he denied the existence of the soul, and that he rejected divine providence. Atticus' position represents a version of Platonism according to which deviation from"