"were the intermediary language of all areas of the Mediterraneum; Akkadian, and then Aramaic, remained the common languages of a large part of Western Asia through several earlier empires. Such natural languages used for communication between people not sharing the same mother tongue are called ""lingua francas"". ""Lingua francas"" have arisen around the globe throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called ""trade languages"") but also for diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities. The term originates with one such language, Mediterranean Lingua Franca, a pidgin language used"
"Lingua franca A lingua franca (; ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages. Lingua francas have developed around the world throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called ""trade languages"" facilitated trade) but also for cultural, religious, diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists"
"can also refer to the concept of such a language being determined by international consensus, including even a standardized natural language (e.g., International English), and has also been connected to the project of constructing a universal language. The use of an intermediary auxiliary language (also called a ""working language"", ""bridge language"", ""vehicular language"" or ""unifying language"") to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues, may be almost as old as language itself. Certainly they have existed since antiquity. Latin and Greek (or Koiné Greek)"
"Universal language Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the idea of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some religious and mythological traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by"
"using chosen terms. While a standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage amongst practitioners of relevant disciplines, it is often reported that jargon is a barrier to communication for those people unfamiliar with the respective field. Colloquialism In linguistics, colloquialism is vernacular language including everyday language, everyday speech, common parlance, informal language, colloquial language, general parlance, and common expressions. It is the most used linguistic variety of a language, the language normally used in conversation and other informal communication. A specific instance of such language is called a ""colloquialism"". The most common term used in dictionaries"
"Pidgin A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups). Fundamentally, a pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or"
"avoid stereotyping and ethnocentrism in technical communication and translation Technical translation is the medium through which language, discourse and communication can exist in a global world. As technology creates easier and faster means of communication and the world moves toward becoming a global community, the need to communicate with people from multiple language backgrounds also grows. Rather than working with multiple languages, some have proposed the idea of using English as the primary language for global communication, making English the lingua franca—or a common world language. However, English as a lingua franca has various implications for the field of technical"
"language or that can be misunderstood). Using different languages is usually called non-convergent discourse, a term introduced by the Dutch linguist Reitze Jonkman. To a certain extent, this situation also exists between Dutch and Afrikaans, although everyday contact is fairly rare because of the distance between the two respective communities. Another example is the former state of Czechoslovakia, where two closely related and mutually intelligible languages (Czech and Slovak) were in common use. Most Czechs and Slovaks understand both languages, although they would use only one of them (their respective mother tongue) when speaking. For example, in Czechoslovakia it was"
"merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary. The following pidgins have Wikipedia articles or sections in articles. Many of these languages are commonly referred to by their speakers as ""Pidgin"". Pidgin A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of"
"based on degrees of mutual intelligibility and shared customs, as they existed on a dialect continuum, with differences increasing with distance and isolation. Speech that was readily understood was simply ""hettꝏonk"" (""hutuwôk"") ('that which they [can] speak to each other') whereas speech varieties from farther away that were only somewhat mutually intelligible were more likely to be referred to as ""siogontoowaonk"" (""sayakôtuwâôk"") , ('difficult language'). Unrelated languages, or related languages that were too different to be understood and likely from different culture areas, were known as ""penꝏwantꝏaog"" (""peen8wâôtuwâôk"") When necessary to refer to the speech of a specific people, place"
"or a derivation of Plains Indian Sign Language was Plateau Sign Language, now extinct. Inuit Sign Language could be a similar case in the Arctic among the Inuit for communication across oral language boundaries, but little research exists. In the European Union, the use of English as a lingua franca has led to the emergence of a new dialect called Euro English. Lingua franca A lingua franca (; ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between people who"
"Colloquialism In linguistics, colloquialism is vernacular language including everyday language, everyday speech, common parlance, informal language, colloquial language, general parlance, and common expressions. It is the most used linguistic variety of a language, the language normally used in conversation and other informal communication. A specific instance of such language is called a ""colloquialism"". The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is colloquial. General parlance is distinct from formal speech or formal writing. It is the variety of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and not especially self-conscious. An expression is labeled ""colloq."""
"Pivot language A pivot language, sometimes also called a bridge language, is an artificial or natural language used as an intermediary language for translation between many different languages – to translate between any pair of languages A and B, one translates A to the pivot language P, then from P to B. Using a pivot language avoids the combinatorial explosion of having translators across every combination of the supported languages, as the number of combinations of language is linear (formula_1), rather than quadratic formula_2 – one need only know the language A and the pivot language P (and someone else"
"a method of inter-group communication. Nagamese gradually became more complex as it spread across the region and into various domains of the state, and is presently used in almost all domains of daily life. It functions as the language of wider communication, with speakers being able to converse about any topic they wish to in Nagamese. In addition to being spoken casually between individuals, it is also used within official, state-regulated domains such as conducting parliament meetings, at religious gatherings, within the education system, and within the healthcare system between nurse, doctor, and patient communication. Nagamese is also the preferred"
"N.B. the terms given above all refer to situations describing only two languages. In cases of an unspecified number of languages, the terms polyglossia, omnilingualism, and multipart-lingualism are more appropriate. Whenever two people meet, negotiations take place. If they want to express solidarity and sympathy, they tend to seek common features in their behavior. If speakers wish to express distance towards or even dislike of the person they are speaking to, the reverse is true, and differences are sought. This mechanism also extends to language, as described in the Communication Accommodation Theory. Some multilinguals use code-switching, a term that describes"
"Working language A working language (also procedural language) is a language that is given a unique legal status in a supranational company, society, state or other body or organization as its primary means of communication. It is primarily the language of the daily correspondence and conversation, since the organization usually has members with various differing language backgrounds. Most international organizations have working languages for their bodies. For a given organization, a working language may or may not also be an official language. Originally English and French were established as working languages at the UN. Later, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish"
"of eight. International auxiliary languages are by definition not associated with a particular country or geographic region. Esperanto is probably the best-known and most widespread. Interlingua, a much less popular, but still growing auxiliary language, is likewise spoken mainly in Northern and Eastern Europe and in South America, with substantial numbers of speakers in Central Europe, Ukraine, and Russia. Other auxiliary languages include Occidental and Latino Sine Flexione. Modern language A modern language is any human language that is currently in use. The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such"
"International English International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects, and also the movement towards an international standard for the language. It is also referred to as Global English, World English, Common English, Continental English, General English, Engas (English as associate language), or Globish. Sometimes, these terms refer simply to the array of varieties of English spoken throughout the world. Sometimes, ""international English"" and the related terms above refer to a desired standardisation, i.e. Standard English; however, there is no consensus on the path to this goal. There have been"
"language and respectful language(honorifics). While respectful language is used when speaking to people of higher status, common language is used when speaking to anyone of the same or lesser status. One example showing the difference between respectful and common language can be seen in the word sleep. The word for sleep using common language is ""maúr"" while the word for sleep using respectful language is ""saipash"". Along with the respectful language, there are formal greetings called ""tiirou"" or ""fairo"" that are used in meetings and gatherings. In English, some examples of formal greetings would be ""good evening"" or ""it's a"
"not the only language used in global organizations such as in the EU or the UN, because many countries do not recognize English as a universal language. The early ideas of a universal language with complete conceptual classification by categories is still debated on various levels. Michel Foucault believed such classifications to be subjective, citing Borges' fictional Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge's Taxonomy as an illustrative example. Universal language Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication"
"Koiné language In linguistics, a koiné language, koiné dialect, or simply koiné (Ancient Greek κοινή, ""common [language]"") is a standard language or dialect that has arisen as a result of contact between two or more mutually intelligible varieties (dialects) of the same language. Since speakers already understood one another from before the advent of the koiné, the ""koineization"" process is not as drastic as pidginization and creolization. Unlike pidginization and creolization, there is no ""target"" within Koine formation. It involves continuity in that speakers do not need to abandon their own linguistic varieties. Normal influence between neighbouring dialects is not"
"Vernacular A vernacular, or vernacular language, is the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population. It is distinguished from a standard, national or literary language or a ""lingua franca"", used to facilitate communication across a large area. It is usually native, mostly spoken rather than written and usually seen as of lower status than more standardized forms. It can be a language, dialect or sociolect. Some linguists use ""vernacular"" and ""nonstandard dialect"" as synonyms. Usage of the word ""vernacular"" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote: Concerning Italy,"
"Intercomprehension Intercomprehension is when people try to communicate with each other using their own different languages. Intercomprehension can be explained as a dialogue between people from two different languages. Each one expresses in their own language, making efforts to understand each other. Here we find some European methods to learn Intercomprehension. These four methods were the pioneer in this branch of linguistics and started around 2000 in different universities: Galatea, EuRom4, EuroComRom (Les sept tamis), et ""Understanding romance languages"". All these methods focused in reading skills learning simultaneously in different Latin languages as these languages are so close in semantics,"
"that exist in all languages. Body language, on the other hand, does not have a grammar system and must be interpreted broadly, instead of having an absolute meaning corresponding with a certain movement, so it is not a language like sign language, and is simply termed as a ""language"" due to popular culture. In a community, there are agreed-upon interpretations of particular behavior. Interpretations may vary from country to country, or culture to culture. On this note, there is controversy on whether body language is universal. Body language, a subset of nonverbal communication, complements verbal communication in social interaction. In"
"phonetics, etymology etc. Intercomprehension Intercomprehension is when people try to communicate with each other using their own different languages. Intercomprehension can be explained as a dialogue between people from two different languages. Each one expresses in their own language, making efforts to understand each other. Here we find some European methods to learn Intercomprehension. These four methods were the pioneer in this branch of linguistics and started around 2000 in different universities: Galatea, EuRom4, EuroComRom (Les sept tamis), et ""Understanding romance languages"". All these methods focused in reading skills learning simultaneously in different Latin languages as these languages are so"
"interactions between two nations or societies, such as ""Anglo-French"" (England and France), Franco-Italian (France and Italy), Greco-Turkish (Greece and Turkey), Russo-Japanese (Russia and Japan), Sino-Cambodian (China and Cambodian), Americo-Liberian (the United States and the African nation of Liberia). In theory, at least, word forms exist to describe every conceivable pairing, although some (Peruvo-Ugandan? Papuo-Icelandic?) may tend more to the fabulous than the actually useful forms. Note that it could be argued that Franco-English, Italo-French, Turco-Grecian, and so forth are equally valid ways of describing the relationship or interactions. The term Afro-American was formerly used to describe a Black American, but"
"Language contact Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. Multilingualism has likely been common throughout much of human history, and today most people in the world are multilingual. When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Language contact can occur at language borders, between adstratum languages, or as the result of migration, with an intrusive language acting as either a superstratum or a substratum. Language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena,"
"Greek and Latin languages have resulted in a large common vocabulary among European languages. With Interlingua, an objective procedure is used to extract and standardize the most widespread word or words for a concept found in a set of ""control languages"": English, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, with German and Russian as secondary references. Words from any language are eligible for inclusion, so long as their internationality is shown by their presence in these control languages. Hence, Interlingua includes such diverse word forms as Japanese ""geisha"" and ""samurai"", Arabic ""califa"", Guugu Yimithirr ""gangurru"" (Interlingua: kanguru), and Finnish ""sauna"". Interlingua combines"
"it is a matter of controversy whether the concept of a mixed language can meaningfully be distinguished from the contact phenomena of certain languages from the type of contact and borrowing seen in all languages. Scholars debate to what extent language mixture can be distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing. Other terms used in linguistics for the concept of a mixed language include ""hybrid language"", ""contact language"", and ""fusion language""; in older usage, 'jargon' was sometimes used in this sense. In some linguists' usage, creoles and pidgins are types of mixed languages, whereas in others'"
"languages which are native to one nation (often a colonial power) but used as a second language for communication between groups. Lingua Franca is a functional term, independent of any linguistic history or language structure. Whereas a vernacular language is the native language of a specific geographical community, a lingua franca is used beyond the boundaries of its original community, for trade, religious, political or academic reasons. For example, English is a vernacular in the United Kingdom but is used as a lingua franca in the Philippines. Arabic, French, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian, serve a similar purpose as"
"Interlinguistics Interlinguistics is the study of various aspects of linguistic communication. It is concerned with investigating how ethnic and auxiliary languages (lingua franca) work in such situations and with the possibilities of optimizing interlinguistic communication, for instance by use of international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto or Interlingua. These are languages that are created by an intentional intellectual effort, usually with the aim of facilitating interlinguistic communication, but there are also interlanguages that have arisen spontaneously. These are called ""pidgin languages"". The term was first coined in French (Interlinguistique) by the Belgian Esperantist Jules Meysmans. The main historical periods of"
"other than their own, but virtually all ""dialect"" speakers learn the standard languages in school and from the media. Below is an ""incomplete"" list of fully and partially mutually intelligible varieties sometimes considered languages. Because of the difficulty of imposing boundaries on a continuum, various counts of the Romance languages are given; in ""The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities"" David Dalby lists 23 based on mutual intelligibility: Mutual intelligibility In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity"
"for ""just"" punishment; as raising the severity of punishments without regard to logical measurement of utility would cause increasing degrees of social harm once it reached a certain point.) Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural backgrounds endeavor to communicate. All cultures make use of nonverbal communication but its meaning varies across cultures. In one particular country, a non-verbal sign may stand for one thing, and mean something else in another culture or country. The relation of cross-cultural communication with deviance is that a sign may be offensive to one in one"