"The procedure has been reported to have some risk of complications, but is generally quite safe if done by an expert plastic surgeon. Practitioners of East Asian blepharoplasty include plastic surgeons (facial plastic and reconstructive surgeons), otolaryngologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and ophthalmologists (oculoplastic surgeons). A procedure to remove the epicanthal fold (i.e. an epicanthoplasty) is often performed in conjunction with an East Asian blepharoplasty. The procedure to alter the natural East Asian ""single eyelid"" appearance has been a subject of controversy. For example, opponents of the procedure described it as being ""indoctrinated by white standards of beauty"", although New"
"usually by surgery. Surface ablation of the skin (dermabrasion, also called resurfacing because it induces regeneration) can be carried out by chemicals (chemoablation), by lasers (laser ablation), by freezing (cryoablation), or by electricity (fulguration). Its purpose is to remove skin spots, aged skin, wrinkles, thus rejuvenating it. Surface ablation is also employed in otolaryngology for several kinds of surgery, such as for snoring. Ablation therapy using radio frequency waves on the heart is used to cure a variety of cardiac arrhythmiae such as supraventricular tachycardia, Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW), ventricular tachycardia, and more recently as management of atrial fibrillation. The term"
"is becoming increasingly popular. Some methods of hair removal also exfoliate the skin. Dermaplaning is a medical procedure that exfoliates the skin (or epidermis) by removing dead skin and vellus hair (peach fuzz). The procedure is performed by an aesthetician, who will gently glide a scalpel across the skin, removing the outermost layer of skin cells and hair from the face. As a byproduct, it also shaves off all hair, but the hair will grow back at the same rate and texture as before. The procedure involves the use of a 25-centimetre (10 in) scalpel which curves into a sharp"
"Splenectomy A splenectomy is the surgical procedure that partially or completely removes the spleen. The spleen, similar in structure to a large lymph node, acts as a blood filter. Current knowledge of its purpose includes the removal of old red blood cells and platelets, and the detection and fight against certain bacteria. It is also known to function as a site for the development of new red blood cells from their hematopoietic stem cell precursors, and particularly in situations in which the bone marrow, the normal site for this process, has been compromised by a disorder such as leukemia. The"
"Labiaplasty Labiaplasty (also known as labioplasty, labia minora reduction, and labial reduction) is a plastic surgery procedure for altering the labia minora (inner labia) and the labia majora (outer labia), the folds of skin surrounding the human vulva. There are two main categories of women seeking cosmetic genital surgery: those with congenital conditions such as intersex, and those with no underlying condition who experience physical discomfort or wish to alter the appearance of their genitals because they believe they do not fall within a normal range. The size, colour, and shape of labia vary significantly, and may change as a"
"Dermatochalasis Dermatochalasis is a medical condition, defined as an excess of skin in the upper or lower eyelid, also known as ""baggy eyes."" It may be either an acquired or a congenital condition. It is generally treated with blepharoplasty. People with dermatochalasis often also have blepharitis, a condition caused by the plugging of glands in the eye that produce lubricating fluid (meibomian glands). Dermatochalasis can be severe enough that it pushes the eyelashes into the eye, causing entropion. Weakness in the orbital septum may cause the herniation of the orbital fat pads. This is observed as the presence of bulges"
"Pyloroplasty Pyloroplasty is a surgery performed to widen the opening at the lower part of the stomach, also known as the pylorus. When the pylorus thickens, it becomes difficult for food to pass through. The surgery is performed to widen the band of muscle known as the pyloric sphincter, a ring of smooth, muscular fibers that surrounds the pylorus and helps to regulate digestion and prevent reflux (""see illustration)."" The widening of the pyloric sphincter enables the contents of the stomach to pass into the first part of the small intestine known as the duodenum. Pyloroplasty can be performed on"
"Buccal fat extraction Buccal fat pad extraction is a plastic surgery procedure for reducing prominent cheeks, by the proportional removal of buccal fat-pad tissue. The reduction of buccal fat pads usually is performed upon a patient either under conscious sedation or under general anaesthesia. The typical approach for removing the buccal fat pad is through an incision in the mouth, towards the back of the buccal cavity, near the second upper molar; and another incision is made through the buccinator muscle, which incisions produce an opening for access to the buccal fat pads. Afterwards, the surgeon applies manual pressure to"
"19 and 49 have had at least one surgery. Double eyelid surgery (also known as blepharoplasty) is the most common procedure, with which an eyelid crease is created to make the eye look bigger. This type of surgery or rhinoplasty is typically given as a high school graduation gift. Due to the differences in the facial bone structure of Asians, who have a wider, flatter facial bone structure than their western counterparts, facial bone contouring surgeries are extremely popular. V-line surgery (jaw and chin reduction) and cheekbone (zygoma) reduction surgeries are used to change the facial contour. Most celebrities are"
"amounts of scarring. Some techniques use tissue from another part of the body, such as fat tissue from the lower abdomen or occasionally muscles from other parts of the torso. Others use breast implants, possibly preceded by tissue expanders, to provide volume. Some reconstruction techniques require multiple surgeries. Afterwards, some women have tattoos added to simulate breast areolas or have the skin reshaped to form a nipple. Oophorectomy (surgical removal of the ovaries) and salpingectomy (surgical removal of the Fallopian tubes) are strongly recommended to women with ""BRCA"" mutations. Salpingo-oophorectomy is the single most effective method of preventing ovarian and"
"removal of this excess skin and fat from numerous areas of the body, restoring the appearance of skin elasticity of the remaining skin, enhancing the contouring an tone of the body. Also known as a tummy tuck, this form of surgery removes the excess skin and fat from the abdominal area. Commonly the surgery will also restore the muscles which have been weakened and/or separated by carrying excess weight for long periods of time. Common in women due to the hairless trend within society, numerous women seek medical treatment to remove visible 'spider veins' (Telangiectasia), which appear on the surface"
"Umbilicoplasty Umbilicoplasty, sometimes referred to as ""belly button surgery"", is a plastic surgery procedure to modify the appearance of one's navel (or ""belly button""). It may be performed as part of a tummy tuck or lower body lift operation, or it may be performed alone. Candidates typically choose the surgery because they dislike how their navel looks. They may have a protruding or inverted navel, which they may wish to change. Their navel may be as it was from birth, or it may have changed due to unrelated surgery, such as a Caesarean section. Another fairly common reason is because"
"the skin blanches (whitens) or over-stretches, afterwards, the nipple-areola complex-area dermis is de-epithelialized. In the combined mastopexy–augmentation procedure, wherein the breast prosthesis is emplaced to a submuscular implant pocket, an anaesthetic tumescent solution is injected along the marked incision line. When the breast implant will be emplaced to a subglandular implant pocket, the hypodermic needle penetrates un-resisted into the anatomic plane above the pectoralis major muscle; the tumescent solution anaesthesia allows blunt dissection. After establishing anaesthesia, the surgeon de-epithelializes each edge of skin by undermining it , with a razor scalpel, thereby facilitating the closing of the surgical wound without"
"supportive tissue which emphasises the shape of the arm is remodelled, tightening and smoothing its appearance via the removal of pockets of fat. Lipoplasty also referred to as liposuction is the removal of deposits of fat around specific areas of the body with the goal to enhance the physical contours of the body. Fat can be removed from selected area reducing prominent sections in which the patient finds unpleasing. Areas which are commonly focused on by patients are the Thighs, Hips, arms, abdomen, buttocks, inner knee, back, calves, face and chest. This form of surgery is commonly performed alongside other"
"Bronchial brushing Bronchial brushing is a procedure in which cells are taken from the inside of the airway mucosa or bronchial lesions through catheter-based brushing under direct visualization or fluoroscopic guidance. Flexible brushes are passed through the bronchoscope, and the bronchial surface is gently abraded to obtain the specimen. Various types of bronchial brush may be used to collect both cellular and microbiological material, using direct vision when collecting from proximal areas of suspicion or fluoroscopic screening when sampling more peripheral sites. A bronchial brushing is used to find cancer and changes in cells that may lead to cancer. It"
"visible in some imaging tests. Strictureplasty Strictureplasty (also spelled Stricturoplasty) is a surgical procedure performed to alleviate bowel narrowing due to scar tissue that has built up in the intestinal wall from inflammatory bowel conditions such as Crohn’s disease. The scar tissue accumulates as a result of repeated damage and healing, with the scarring causing a stricture (a narrowing of the lumen of the bowel). The narrowing can force bowel contents into fissures and ulcers at the site, causing additional damage and narrowing. The surgery restores free flow through the bowel without the need for removing bowel segments (i.e., without"
"Lithotomy Lithotomy from Greek for ""lithos"" (stone) and ""tomos"" (cut), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the kidneys (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (gallstones), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract. The procedure, which is usually performed by means of a surgical incision (therefore invasive), differs from lithotripsy, wherein the stones are crushed either by a minimally invasive probe inserted through the exit canal, or by an acoustic pulse (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy), which is a non-invasive procedure. Human beings have known of bladder stones"
"Lumpectomy Lumpectomy (sometimes known as a tylectomy, partial mastectomy, breast segmental resection or breast wide local excision) is a surgical removal of a discrete portion or ""lump"" of breast tissue, usually in the treatment of a malignant tumor or breast cancer. It is considered a viable breast conservation therapy, as the amount of tissue removed is limited compared to a full-breast mastectomy, and thus may have physical and emotional advantages over more disfiguring treatment. Sometimes a lumpectomy may be used to either confirm or rule out that cancer has actually been detected. A lumpectomy is usually recommended to patients whose"
"breast reduction, is the removal of breast fat, glandular tissue and skin, resulting in a reduction in the size and weight of the breasts. This type of surgery is frequently used by women who experience discomfort such as back pain due to the in-proportion between body size and breast size and shape. A common term for brachioplasty is an arm lift. This is the reshaping of the dorsal portion of the arm spanning from the upper arm to the elbow. This procedure will reduce the downward sagging of the skin around the area of the triceps, tightening the skin. The"
"of cancer, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Free flaps of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. Cosmetic surgery is a voluntary or elective surgery that is performed on normal parts of the"
"Aesthetic medicine Aesthetic medicine is an inclusive term for specialties that focus on improving cosmetic appearance through the treatment of conditions including scars, skin laxity, wrinkles, moles, liver spots, excess fat, cellulite, unwanted hair, skin discoloration, and spider veins. Traditionally, aesthetic medicine includes dermatology, reconstructive surgery and plastic surgery. Aesthetic medicine includes both surgical procedures (liposuction, facelifts, breast implants, Radio frequency ablation) and non-surgical procedures (radio frequency skin tightening, non surgical liposuction, chemical peel, high-intensity focused electromagnetic field, radio frequency fat removal), and practitioners may utilize a combination of both. Although aesthetic medicine procedures are typically elective, they can significantly"
"congenital heart disease. Blepharochalasis results from recurrent bouts of painless eyelid swelling, each lasting for several days. This is thought to be a form of localized angioedema, or rapid accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Recurrent episodes lead to thin and atrophic skin. Damage to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle causes ptosis, or drooping of the eyelid, when the muscle can no longer hold the eyelid up. Dermatochalasis is sometimes confused with blepharochalasis, but these are two different conditions. A surgeon trained to do eyelid surgery, such as a plastic surgeon or ophthalmologist, is required to decide and perform the"
"BlephEx BlephEx is a medical device used in the fields of ophthalmology and optometry to treat blepharitis and dry eye disease. Dry eye disease has a huge impact on the quality of life and vision for patients all around the world. The handheld device is used by a doctor to gently exfoliate the eyelid at the lash line and remove the inflammatory biofilm that leads to chronic lid disease and discomfort. BlephEx was created in 2013 by James Rynerson, MD, a board-certified ophthalmologist, as the first patented, in-office procedure that allows eye care professionals to take an active role in"
"Lymphadenectomy Lymphadenectomy or lymph node dissection is the surgical removal of one or more groups of lymph nodes. It is almost always performed as part of the surgical management of cancer. In a regional lymph node dissection, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; in a radical lymph node dissection, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. It is usually done because many types of cancer have a marked tendency to produce lymph node metastasis early in their natural history. This is particularly true of melanoma, head and neck cancer,"
"Esophagectomy Esophagectomy (US English) or oesophagectomy (British English) is the surgical removal of all or part of the esophagus. The principal objective is to remove the esophagus, a part of the gastrointestinal tract (""food pipe""). This procedure is usually done for patients with esophageal cancer. It is normally done when esophageal cancer is detected early, before it has spread to other parts of the body. Esophagectomy of early stage cancer represents the best chance of a cure. Despite significant improvements in technique and postoperative care, the long-term survival for esophageal cancer is still poor. Currently multimodality treatment is needed (chemotherapy"
"disordered eating amongst Latinas. Plastic surgery is another method, and is especially popular in Asia for ""Westernizing"" facial features. Two of the most popular treatments are rhinoplasty (nose lifts), and blepharoplasty (eyelid lifts), which are done to make these features look more Caucasian. Skin lightening products are also prevalent in countries where non-white ethnicities are the majority, and the industry makes billions of dollars every year. In India alone, whitening products make up 45% of the skin care market. Plenty of these whitening cosmetics are known to have dangerous side effects due to the ingredients in them; hydroquinone, for instance,"
"Plasmapheresis Plasmapheresis (from the Greek ""πλάσμα—plasma"", something molded, and ""ἀφαίρεσις—aphairesis"", taking away) is the removal, treatment, and return or exchange of blood plasma or components thereof from and to the blood circulation. It is thus an extracorporeal therapy (a medical procedure performed outside the body). Three general types of plasmapheresis can be distinguished: Plasmapheresis of the autologuous and exchange types is used to treat a variety of disorders, including those of the immune system, such as Goodpasture's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, lupus, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. During plasmapheresis, blood (which consists of blood cells and a clear liquid called"
"Palatoplasty Palatoplasty is a surgical procedure used to correct or reconstruct the palate in a person with a cleft palate. The basic goals of the procedure are to close the abnormal opening between the nose and mouth, to help the patient develop normal speech, and to aid in swallowing, breathing and normal development of associated structures in the mouth. Any person with any degree of a cleft palate is a candidate for palatoplasty. The procedure is usually performed on infants. The ideal age for the patient is between six and twelve months of age. If the surgery is carried out"
"appropriate surgical procedure. The following procedures have been described for blepharochalasis: These are used to correct atrophic blepharochalasis after the syndrome has run its course. It is encountered more commonly in younger rather than older individuals. Blepharochalasis Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue, leading to the formation of redundant folds over the lid margins. It typically affects only the upper eyelids, and may be unilateral as well as bilateral. Complications of blepharochalasis may include conjunctival hyperemia (excessive"
"The purpose of surgical dermabrasion is to help diminish the appearance of deeper scars and skin imperfections. Often the goal is to smooth the skin and, in the process, remove small scars (as from acne), uneven skin tone from scars or birthmarks, sun damage, tattoos, age spots, Stretch marks or fine wrinkles. Dermabrasion is a mechanical surgical skin planing method which has remained popular partially because it may afford an overall lower cost (affordable) and may provide similar superior results as newer laser method for certain skin conditions. Microdermabrasion is a light cosmetic procedure that uses a mechanical medium for"
"the methods of hair removal evaluated for pre-surgeries, pubic hair shaving known as ""prepping"", was seen to increase the risk of surgical site infections. No advantages have been demonstrated in the routine shaving of pubic hair prior to childbirth. Genitoplasties are plastic surgeries that can be carried out to repair, restore or alter vulvar tissues, particularly following damage caused by injury or cancer treatment. These procedures include vaginoplasty which can also be performed as a cosmetic surgery. Other cosmetic surgeries to change the appearance of external structures include labiaplasties. Some of these procedures, vaginoplasties and labiaplasties, are also carried out"
"Fat removal procedures Fat removal procedures are used mostly in cosmetic surgery to remove unwanted adipose tissue. The procedure may be invasive, as with liposuction, or noninvasive, using laser energy, radiofrequency, ultrasound or cold (cryoablation) to reduce fat, sometimes in combination with injections. Fat is sometimes removed from one location to another on a person in an autograft, for example in some breast reconstruction and breast augmentation procedures. These techniques are distinct from bariatric surgery, which aims to treat obesity by preventing people from eating too much or by interfering with the absorption of food during digestion, and are also"
"the fat surrounding the internal organs - increased, and this condition has been linked to life-shortening diseases such as diabetes, stroke, and heart attack. Body contouring is plastic surgery performed to different parts of the body with the aim of improving the shape and tone of the underlying tissue that supports fat. It is a common procedure performed for people who have undergone major weight loss. It may be performed in both men and women. Breast reduction, or reduction mammoplasty, is the cosmetic surgery used in resizing the breast, in women with oversized breasts and men who suffer from gynecomastia."