"paper on the production of water by burning inflammable air (that is, hydrogen) in dephlogisticated air (now known to be oxygen), the latter a constituent of atmospheric air (phlogiston theory). In 1773, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered oxygen, which he called ""fire air"", but did not immediately publish his achievement. In 1774, English chemist Joseph Priestley independently isolated oxygen in its gaseous state, calling it ""dephlogisticated air"", and published his work before Scheele. During his lifetime, Priestley's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water, his writings on electricity, and his discovery of several ""airs"" (gases), the"
"after which could it burn, therefore the gas must be ‘without phlogiston’ – this led Priestley to name it dephlogisticated air. In October 1775 Priestley accompanied Lord Shelburne on a trip to Paris where they were invited to dine with the preeminent scientists of the time. It is here that Priestley met the French scientist Antoine Lavoisier. Priestley told Lavoisier all the details of his experiments upon the production of dephlogisticated air. Unlike Priestley, Lavoisier had one of the best equipped laboratories in Europe and now turned his attention to the highly accurate measurement of the masses of substances before"
"... every other use of common air."" He called the air dephlogisticated air, as he thought it was common air deprived of its phlogiston. Since it was therefore in a state to absorb a much greater quantity of phlogiston given off by burning bodies and respiring animals, the greatly enhanced combustion of substances and the greater ease of breathing in this air were explained. Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He carefully weighed the reactants and products of a chemical reaction in a sealed glass vessel so that no gases could escape, which was a"
"was also the source of acidity. The next year, he named this portion oxygen (Greek for acid-former), and the other azote (Greek for no life). Lavoisier thus has a claim to the discovery of oxygen along with Priestley and Scheele. He also discovered that the ""inflammable air"" discovered by Cavendish - which he termed hydrogen (Greek for water-former) - combined with oxygen to produce a dew, as Priestley had reported, which appeared to be water. In ""Reflexions sur le Phlogistique"" (1783), Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory of combustion to be inconsistent. Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in"
"inflammable air (that is, hydrogen) in ""dephlogisticated air"" (now known to be oxygen), the latter a constituent of atmospheric air (phlogiston theory). Cavendish concluded that dephlogisticated air was dephlogisticated water and that hydrogen was either pure phlogiston or phlogisticated water. He reported these findings to Joseph Priestley, an English clergyman and scientist, no later than March 1783, but did not publish them until the following year. The Scottish inventor James Watt published a paper on the composition of water in 1783; Cavendish had performed the experiments first but published second. Controversy about priority ensued. In 1785 Cavendish investigated the composition"
"(1774–1778). In 1783, Lavoisier found that water was a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. Lavoisier’s years of experimentation formed a body of work that contested phlogiston theory. After reading his “Reflections on Phlogiston” to the Academy in 1785, chemists began dividing into camps based on the old phlogiston theory and the new oxygen theory. A new form of chemical nomenclature, developed by Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, with assistance from Lavoisier, classified elements binomially into a genus and a species. For example, burned lead was of the genus oxide and species lead. Transition to and acceptance of Lavoisier’s new chemistry"
"than the healthiest and purest part of the air"" or the ""eminently respirable part of the air"". The same year he coined the name oxygen for this constituent of the air, from the Greek words meaning ""acid former"". He was struck by the fact that the combustion products of such nonmetals as sulfur, phosphorus, charcoal, and nitrogen were acidic. He held that all acids contained oxygen and that oxygen was therefore the acidifying principle. Lavoisier's chemical research between 1772 and 1778 was largely concerned with developing his own new theory of combustion. In 1783 he read to the academy his"
"This work, titled ""Méthode de nomenclature chimique"" (""Method of Chemical Nomenclature"", 1787), introduced a new system which was tied inextricably to Lavoisier's new oxygen theory of chemistry. The Classical elements of earth, air, fire, and water were discarded, and instead some 55 substances which could not be decomposed into simpler substances by any known chemical means were provisionally listed as elements. The elements included light; caloric (matter of heat); the principles of oxygen, hydrogen, and azote (nitrogen); carbon; sulfur; phosphorus; the yet unknown ""radicals"" of muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid), boric acid, and ""fluoric"" acid; 17 metals; 5 earths (mainly oxides"
"his own. In addition to studying Priestley's dephlogisticated air, he studied more thoroughly the residual air after metals had been calcined. He showed that this residual air supported neither combustion nor respiration and that approximately five volumes of this air added to one volume of the dephlogisticated air gave common atmospheric air. Common air was then a mixture of two distinct chemical species with quite different properties. Thus when the revised version of the Easter Memoir was published in 1778, Lavoisier no longer stated that the principle which combined with metals on calcination was just common air but ""nothing else"
"tried to decompose ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid air"" by reacting it with charcoal to release the free element ""muriaticum"" (and carbon dioxide). They did not succeed and published a report in which they considered the possibility that ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid air"" is an element, but were not convinced. In 1810, Sir Humphry Davy tried the same experiment again, and concluded that the substance was an element, and not a compound. He announced his results to the Royal Society on 15 November that year. At that time, he named this new element ""chlorine"", from the Greek word χλωρος (""chlōros""), meaning green-yellow. The"
"since it is a gas (then called ""airs"") and it came from hydrochloric acid (then known as ""muriatic acid""). He failed to establish chlorine as an element. Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen (remnants of this survive in the German and Dutch names of oxygen: ""sauerstoff"" or ""zuurstof"", both translating into English as ""acid substance""), so a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid air"" must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, ""muriaticum"". In 1809, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard"
"peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards."" Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled ""An Account of Further Discoveries in Air,"" which was included in the second volume of his book titled ""Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air"". Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery. The French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier later claimed to have discovered the new substance independently. Priestley visited Lavoisier in October 1774 and told him about his experiment and how he liberated the new gas. Scheele also dispatched a letter to Lavoisier on"
"air that does not support combustion was clear to Rutherford, although he was not aware that it was an element. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as ""burnt air"" or ""phlogisticated air"". Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as ""mephitic air"" or ""azote"", from the Greek word (azotikos), ""no life"". In an atmosphere of pure nitrogen, animals died and flames were extinguished. Though Lavoisier's name was not accepted in English, since it was pointed out that almost all gases"
"fairly considerable part (0.94% by volume, 1.3% by mass) of the Earth's atmosphere due to decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer discovered a new element on August 18, 1868 while looking at the chromosphere of the Sun, and named it helium after the Greek word for the Sun, (). No chemical analysis was possible at the time, but helium was later found to be a noble gas. Before them, in 1784, the English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish had discovered that air contains a small proportion of a substance less reactive than nitrogen. A century later,"
"to 1/120 of the original volume of nitrogen. By careful measurements he was led to conclude that ""common air consists of one part of dephlogisticated air [oxygen], mixed with four of phlogisticated [nitrogen]"". In the 1890s (around 100 years later) two British physicists, William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh, realised that their newly discovered inert gas, argon, was responsible for Cavendish's problematic residue; he had not made an error. What he had done was perform rigorous quantitative experiments, using standardised instruments and methods, aimed at reproducible results; taken the mean of the result of several experiments; and identified and allowed for"
"oxygen, ‘inflammable air’ became hydrogen, but the nomenclature of compounds was also put on a more logical footing as ‘oil of vitriol’ became sulphuric acid, ‘philosophical wool’ became zinc oxide and ‘astringent mars saffron’ became iron oxide. Unfortunately, whilst Lavoisier had rid the world of the phlogiston paradigm, he introduced two new erroneous elements now known to be pure energy: lumière and calorique; light and heat. In revenge for his sympathies with the revolutionaries in France, Priestley's home in England was targeted by arsonists in 1791, luckily he escaped thanks to a tip-off, but decided to flee to America. Lavoisier's"
"oxide and/or hydroxide in Paris in 1879 from the mineral samarskite ((Y,Ce,U,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O) and identified a new element in it via sharp optical absorption lines. The Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine announced a new element ""decipium"" (from meaning ""deceptive, misleading"") in 1878, but later in 1880–1881 demonstrated that it was a mixture of several elements, one being identical to the Boisbaudran's samarium. Although samarskite was first found in the remote Russian region of Urals, by the late 1870s its deposits had been located in other places making the mineral available to many researchers. In particular, it was found that the samarium isolated"
"by Lavoisier are: light, caloric, oxygen, azote (nitrogen), hydrogen, sulphur, phosphorous (phosphorus), charcoal, muriatic radical (chloride), fluoric radical (fluoride), boracic radical, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdena (molybdenite), nickel, platina (platinum), silver, tin, tungstein (tungsten), zinc, lime, magnesia (magnesium), barytes (baryte), argill (clay or earth of alum), and silex. Traité Élémentaire de Chimie Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry) is a textbook written by Antoine Lavoisier published in 1789 and translated into English by Robert Kerr in 1790 under the title Elements of Chemistry in a New Systematic Order containing All the Modern"
"by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Priestley also prepared this new ""air"" by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777. Nitrogen: Rutherford discovered nitrogen while he was studying at the University of Edinburgh. He showed that the air in which animals breathed, after removal of exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Priestley also studied this element at about the same time; Lavoisier named it in 1775 or 1776. Tellurium: In 1783, Franz-Joseph Müller"
"Antoine Lavoisier suspected that lime might be an oxide of a fundamental chemical element. In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five ""salifiable earths"" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts (""salis"" = salt, in Latin): ""chaux"" (calcium oxide), ""magnésie"" (magnesia, magnesium oxide), ""baryte"" (barium sulfate), ""alumine"" (alumina, aluminium oxide), and ""silice"" (silica, silicon dioxide). About these ""elements"", Lavoisier speculated: Calcium, along with its congeners magnesium, strontium, and barium, was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1808. Following the work of Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Magnus Martin af Pontin on electrolysis, Davy isolated"
"its properties, they did not recognize it as a component of air. Priestly actually thought it was ""missing"" a hypothetical component of air, known as phlogiston, which air was supposed to absorb from materials that are being burned. It was only several years later that Antoine Lavoisier first conceived of the modern notion of oxygen — as a substance that is consumed from the air in the processes of burning and respiration. By the late 20th Century, scientific research has become a large-scale effort, largely accomplished in institutional teams. The amount and frequency of inter-team collaboration has continued to increase,"
"Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, and John Dalton. The pneumatic trough was integral thereon in work with gases (or, as contemporary chemists called them, airs). Work done by Joseph Black, Joseph Priestley, Herman Boerhaave, and Henry Cavendish revolved largely around the use of the instrument, allowing them to collect airs given off by different chemical reactions and combustion analyses. Their work led to the discovery of many types of airs, such as dephlogisticated air (discovered by Joseph Priestley). Moreover, the chemistry of airs was not limited to combustion analyses. During the eighteenth century, many chymists used the discovery of airs as a"
"did not support either. ""Azote"" later became ""nitrogen"" in English, although it has kept the earlier name in French and several other European languages. Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to ""oxygène"" in 1777 from the Greek roots "" (oxys)"" (acid, literally ""sharp"", from the taste of acids) and ""-γενής (-genēs)"" (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids. Chemists (such as Sir Humphry Davy in 1812) eventually determined that Lavoisier was wrong in this regard (hydrogen forms the basis for acid chemistry), but by then the name was too well established. ""Oxygen"" entered the"
"Henry Cavendish Henry Cavendish FRS (; 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher, scientist, and an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist. Cavendish is noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called ""inflammable air"". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper ""On Factitious Airs"". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name. A notoriously shy man (it has been postulated that he had what is now called childhood autism in the ICD-10), Cavendish was nonetheless distinguished for great accuracy"
"to earth was not possible, but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container. He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air, and proved that the products weighed more than the original. Nevertheless, the weight gained was lost from the air. Thus, in 1789, he established the Law of Conservation of Mass, which is also called ""Lavoisier's Law."" Repeating the experiments of Priestley, he demonstrated that air is composed of two parts, one of which combines with metals to form calxes. In ""Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides"" (1778), he demonstrated that the ""air"" responsible for combustion"
"of Air"" outlined several discoveries: ""nitrous air"" (nitric oxide, NO); ""vapor of spirit of salt"", later called ""acid air"" or ""marine acid air"" (anhydrous hydrochloric acid, HCl); ""alkaline air"" (ammonia, NH); ""diminished"" or ""dephlogisticated nitrous air"" (nitrous oxide, NO); and, most famously, ""dephlogisticated air"" (oxygen, O) as well as experimental findings that showed plants revitalised enclosed volumes of air, a discovery that would eventually lead to the discovery of photosynthesis. Priestley also developed a ""nitrous air test"" to determine the ""goodness of air"". Using a pneumatic trough, he would mix nitrous air with a test sample, over water or mercury,"
"by early chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant to heating—properties shared by these oxides. The realization that these earths were not elements but compounds is attributed to the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. In his ""Traité Élémentaire de Chimie"" (""Elements of Chemistry"") of 1789 he called them salt-forming earth elements. Later, he suggested that the alkaline earths might be metal oxides, but admitted that this was mere conjecture. In 1808, acting on Lavoisier's idea, Humphry Davy became the first to obtain samples of the metals by electrolysis of their molten earths, thus supporting Lavoisier's hypothesis and causing"
"sulfate, whereas the salts of the ""ous"" acids terminated with the suffix ""ite,"" as in copper sulfite. The total effect of the new nomenclature can be gauged by comparing the new name ""copper sulfate"" with the old term ""vitriol of Venus."" Lavoisier's new nomenclature spread throughout Europe and to the United States and became common use in the field of chemistry. This marked the beginning of the anti-phlogistic approach to the field. Antoine Lavoisier is commonly cited as a central contributor to the chemical revolution. His precise measurements and meticulous keeping of balance sheets throughout his experiment were vital to"
"Physics and an admirer of Cavendish's work. Henry Cavendish Henry Cavendish FRS (; 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher, scientist, and an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist. Cavendish is noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called ""inflammable air"". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper ""On Factitious Airs"". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name. A notoriously shy man (it has been postulated that he had what is now called childhood autism in the ICD-10),"
"spring of 1774 Lavoisier carried out experiments on the calcination of tin and lead in sealed vessels which conclusively confirmed that the increase in weight of metals in combustion was due to combination with air. But the question remained about whether it was combination with common atmospheric air or with only a part of atmospheric air. In October the English chemist Joseph Priestley visited Paris, where he met Lavoisier and told him of the air which he had produced by heating the red calx of mercury with a burning glass and which had supported combustion with extreme vigor. Priestley at"
"been discovered by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, an Enlightenment ""philosophe"". True to Romantic anti-reductionism, Davy claimed that it was not the individual components, but ""the powers associated with them, which gave character to substances""; in other words, not what the elements were individually, but how they combined to create chemical reactions and therefore complete the science of chemistry. The development of organic chemistry in the 19th century necessitated the acceptance by chemists of ideas deriving from ""Naturphilosophie"", modifying the Enlightenment concepts of organic composition put forward by Lavoisier. Of central importance was the work on the constitution and synthesis of organic substances"
"other pneumatic chemists would insist, the air was indeed dynamic, and would not only be influenced by combusted material, but would also influence the properties of different substances. The initial concern of pneumatic chemistry was combustion reactions, beginning with Stephen Hales. These reactions would give off different ""airs"" as chemists would call them, and these different airs contained more simple substances. Until Lavoisier, these airs were considered separate entities with different properties; Lavoisier was responsible largely for changing the idea of air as being constituted by these different airs that his contemporaries and earlier chemists had discovered. This study of"
"he sent to his publisher in 1775. That document was published in 1777. In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) contained in a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named ""dephlogisticated air"". He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it. After breathing the gas himself, Priestley wrote: ""The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air, but I fancied that my breast felt"