"although the brick may be ""frogged,"" having indentations on one of the longer faces), ""perforated"" (containing a pattern of small holes through the brick, removing no more than 25% of the volume), ""cellular"" (containing a pattern of holes removing more than 20% of the volume, but closed on one face), or ""hollow"" (containing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume). Blocks may be solid, cellular or hollow The term ""frog"" can refer to the indentation or the implement used to make it. Modern brickmakers usually use plastic frogs but in the past they were"
"Foiba A foiba (plural: foibas or foibe) — ""jama"" in South Slavic languages scientific and colloquial vocabulary (borrowed since early research in the Western Balkan Dinaric Alpine karst) — is a type of deep natural sinkhole, doline, or sink, and is a collapsed portion of bedrock above a void. Sinks may be a sheer vertical opening into a cave, or a shallow depression of many hectares. They are common in the Kras (Carso) region shared by Italy and Slovenia, as well as in a karst of Dinaric Alps in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia. The term ""foiba"" was used"
"Face cord A face cord is an informal unit of volume for stacked firewood, sometimes called a rick. Width and height is typically the same as a cord, but the depth can vary. The front ""face"" is the same as a cord (4'x8'), hence the name. The depth is generally commonly 16"" (for use in residential fireplaces) but can be anything from 12 inches to 32 inches. This results in a volume of 32 to 85 cubic feet. Several states only allow wood to be sold by the cord or fractions of a cord, to avoid confusion among consumers. The"
"Vug A vug, vugh, or vugg () is a small to medium-sized cavity inside rock. It may be formed through a variety of processes. Most commonly, cracks and fissures opened by tectonic activity (folding and faulting) are partially filled by quartz, calcite, and other secondary minerals. Open spaces within ancient collapse breccias are another important source of vugs. Vugs may also form when mineral crystals or fossils inside a rock matrix are later removed through erosion or dissolution processes, leaving behind irregular voids. The inner surfaces of such vugs are often coated with a crystal druse. Fine crystals are often"
"Oculus An oculus (plural oculi, from Latin """", 'eye') is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. Originating in antiquity, it is a feature of Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture. It is also known as an ""œil de boeuf"" from the French, or simply a ""bull's-eye"". The oculus was used by the Ancient Romans, one of the finest examples being that in the dome of the Pantheon. Open to the weather, it allows rain to enter and fall to the floor, where it is carried away through drains. Though the opening looks small, it actually"
"Hole in the Rock (rock formation) Hole in the Rock is a narrow and steep crevice in the western rim of Glen Canyon, in southern Utah in the western United States. Together with another canyon on the eastern side of the Colorado River, it provided a route through what would otherwise be a large area of impassable terrain. In the fall of 1879, the Mormon San Juan Expedition was seeking a route from south-central Utah to their proposed colony in the far southeastern corner of the state. Rejecting two longer routes, they chose a more direct path that initially took"
"Latin """"fossa"""", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the hypophyseal fossa, the depression in the sphenoid bone. A ""meatus"" is a short canal that opens to another part of the body. A ""fovea"" () is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. The most well-known example of a ""fovea"" is the fovea centralis, a depression in the retina of the eye. The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A ""labyrinth"" refers to the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth, components of the inner ear, due"
"the ""face"" is highly polished and usually has two holes (but can have more or less depending on the design). The square hole is called the hardy hole, where the square shank of the hardy tool fits. There are many different kinds of hardy tools. The smaller hole is called the pritchel hole, used as a bolster when punching holes in hot metal, or to hold tools similar to how the hardy tool does, but for tools that require being able to turn a 360 degree angle such as a hold down tool for when the blacksmith's tongs cannot hold"
"Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park) Hole-in-the-Rock is a natural geological formation in Papago Park, a municipal park of Phoenix and Tempe, Arizona. Hole-in-the-Rock is a series of openings ""(tafoni)"" eroded in a small hill composed of bare red arkosic conglomeritic sandstone. The sandstone was first formed some 6-15 million years ago from the accumulation of materials eroding from a Precambrian granite, long since eroded away. The tafoni are thought to have been eroded by water. An open, shelter-like chamber in the face of the formation communicates with the rear of the formation via a hole eroded completely through the rock. Another substantial"
"reach the chamber, although this is dangerous for the inexperienced. The chamber provides a good view of the city of Phoenix west of the park. A nearly constant wind blows through the openings in the rock. Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park) Hole-in-the-Rock is a natural geological formation in Papago Park, a municipal park of Phoenix and Tempe, Arizona. Hole-in-the-Rock is a series of openings ""(tafoni)"" eroded in a small hill composed of bare red arkosic conglomeritic sandstone. The sandstone was first formed some 6-15 million years ago from the accumulation of materials eroding from a Precambrian granite, long since eroded away. The"
"Sinkhole A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-hole, swallet, swallow hole, or doline (the different terms for sinkholes are often used interchangeably), is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Most are caused by karst processes—for example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffosion processes. Sinkholes vary in size from both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide. Sinkholes may capture surface drainage from running or standing water, but may"
"Facies In geology, a facies (pronounced variously as , or ['faysheez', 'fayseez' or 'fash-eez']; plural also 'facies') is a body of rock with specified characteristics, which can be any observable attribute of rocks such as their overall appearance, composition, or condition of formation, and the changes that may occur in those attributes over a geographic area. It is the sum total characteristics of a rock including its chemical, physical, and biological features that distinguishes it from adjacent rock. The term facies was introduced by the Swiss geologist Amanz Gressly in 1838 and was part of his significant contribution to the"
"rocks at a waterfall's base where the water impacts. Potholes are also sometimes referred to as swirlholes. This word was created to avoid confusion with an English term for a vertical or steeply inclined karstic shaft in limestone. However, given widespread usage of this term for a type of fluvial sculpted bedrock landform, ""pothole"" is preferred in usage to ""swirlhole"". The term ""pothole"" is also used to refer to other types of depressions and basins that differ in origin. For example, some authors refer to ""panholes"" found in the Colorado Plateau also as ""potholes"". Other terms used for panholes are"
"Slovenian word for this very common feature. The term ""foiba"" may also refer to a deep wide chasm of a river at the place where it goes underground. <br> Foiba A foiba (plural: foibas or foibe) — ""jama"" in South Slavic languages scientific and colloquial vocabulary (borrowed since early research in the Western Balkan Dinaric Alpine karst) — is a type of deep natural sinkhole, doline, or sink, and is a collapsed portion of bedrock above a void. Sinks may be a sheer vertical opening into a cave, or a shallow depression of many hectares. They are common in the"
"Hagioscope A hagioscope (from Gr. ""άγιος"", holy, and ""σκοπεῖν"", to see) or squint is an architectural term denoting a small splayed opening or tunnel at seated eye-level, through an internal masonry dividing wall of a church in an oblique direction (south-east or north-east), to enable one or more worshippers in side-chapels, private manorial chapels, chantry chapels at the east ends of the aisles, or other parts of the church from which the high altar in the chancel was not visible, to view the elevation of the host, in Roman Catholic and pre-Reformation usage, the most sacred part of the mass"
"Alcove (landform) Alcove, is the geographical and geological term for a steep-sided hollow in the side of an exposed rock face or cliff of a homogeneous rock type, that was water eroded. Alcoves are weathering features common in dissected horizontal strata. Alcoves form where chemical and physical weathering is concentrated along horizontal discontinuities where water and salts concetrate, such as the contact between a sandstone and an underlying shale bed. In the case of layered sandstones, an alcove may later be enlarged by exfoliation of upper layers. This is commonly seen in the sandstone alcoves of the Colorado Plateau, like"
"Fenestra A fenestra (fenestration; plural fenestrae or fenestrations) is any small opening or pore, commonly used as a term in the biological sciences. It is Latin for the word ""window"", and is used in various fields to describe a pore in an anatomical structure. In morphology, fenestrae are found in cancellous bones, particularly in the skull. In anatomy, the round window and oval window are also known as the ""fenestra rotunda"" and the ""fenestra ovalis"". In microanatomy, fenestrae are found in endothelium of fenestrated capillaries, enabling the rapid exchange of molecules between the blood and surrounding tissue. The elastic layer"
"Countersink A Countersink (symbol: ⌵) is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object, or the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common use is to allow the head of a countersunk bolt, screw or rivet, when placed in the hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material (by comparison, a counterbore makes a flat-bottomed hole that might be used with a socket-head capscrew). A countersink may also be used to remove the burr left from a drilling or tapping operation thereby improving the finish of the product and removing any hazardous sharp"
"have holes through the bed to bed cutting it all the way. Most of the building standards and good construction practices recommend the volume of holes should not exceeding 20% of the total volume of the brick. Parts of brickwork include ""bricks"", ""beds"" and ""perpends"". The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid. A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually—but not always—filled with mortar. A brick is given a classification based on how it is laid, and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall."
"Panhole A panhole is a shallow depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock. Confusingly, some authors refer to panholes also as potholes, which is a term typically used for similarly shaped riverine landforms. Similar terms for this feature are gnamma (Australia), opferkessel (German, roughly “sacrificial basin”), armchair hollows, weathering pans (or pits) and solution pans (or pits). Other German names include kamenitza and kamenica. In Portuguese and Galician are called pias. In Namaqualand, such rock pools in granite, gnammas, are called !gau In fluvial geomorphology, the term pothole is typically used for a smooth, bowl-shaped or"
"brick are blocks made from glass and provide a translucent to clear vision through the block. Stone blocks used in masonry can be dressed or rough, though in both examples: corners, door and window jambs, and similar areas are usually dressed. Stone masonry utilizing dressed stones is known as ashlar masonry, whereas masonry using irregularly shaped stones is known as rubble masonry. Both rubble and ashlar masonry can be laid in coursed rows of even height through the careful selection or cutting of stones, but a great deal of stone masonry is uncoursed. Gabions are baskets, usually now of zinc-protected"
"is cast. If neither of these are the case then most likely the porosity is due to gas formation. Tiny gas bubbles are called porosities, but larger gas bubbles are called ""blowholes"" or ""blisters"". Such defects can be caused by air entrained in the melt, steam or smoke from the casting sand, or other gasses from the melt or mold. (Vacuum holes caused by metal shrinkage (see above) may also be loosely referred to as 'blowholes'). Proper foundry practices, including melt preparation and mold design, can reduce the occurrence of these defects. Because they are often surrounded by a skin"
"cylindrical hollow, generally deeper than wide, found developed in the rocky bed of a stream. This type of feature is created by the grinding action either of a stone or stones or of coarse sediment whirled around and kept in motion by eddies or the force of the stream current in a given spot. Panholes are erosional or destructional features that are developed in a variety of climatic environments and in a wide range of rock types. These shallow basins, or closed depressions, are quite commonly well developed in surfaces of granitic rocks and sandstone. They are generally characterized by"
"Posthole In archaeology a posthole or post-hole is a cut feature used to hold a surface timber or stone. They are usually much deeper than they are wide although truncation may not make this apparent. Although the remains of the timber may survive most postholes are mainly recognisable as circular patches of darker earth when viewed in plan. Archaeologists can use their presence to plot the layout of former structures as the holes may define its corners and sides. Construction using postholes is known as earthfast or post in ground construction. Although a very common structure, and one of the"
"Counterbore A counterbore (symbol: ⌴) is a cylindrical flat-bottomed hole that enlarges another coaxial hole, or the tool used to create that feature. A counterbore hole is typically used when a fastener, such as a socket head cap screw, is required to sit flush with or below the level of a workpiece's surface. Whereas a counterbore is a ""flat-bottomed"" enlargement of a smaller coaxial hole, a countersink is a ""conical"" enlargement of such. A spotface often takes the form of a very shallow counterbore. As mentioned above, the cutters that produce counterbores are often also called counterbores; sometimes, to avoid"
"long as the sheet is thick enough. Countersink A Countersink (symbol: ⌵) is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object, or the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common use is to allow the head of a countersunk bolt, screw or rivet, when placed in the hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material (by comparison, a counterbore makes a flat-bottomed hole that might be used with a socket-head capscrew). A countersink may also be used to remove the burr left from a drilling or tapping operation thereby improving the finish of"
"term ovolo is often used to describe the type of architectural structure often used in huts, igloos, and mud brick houses. Ovolo Ovolo (or ovulo) in architecture, is a convex molding known also as the echinus, which in classical architecture was invariably carved with the egg-and-dart ornament. The molding is called a quarter-round by woodworkers. This is not to be conflated with the """"echinus"""" of the Doric capital, as this was of a more varied form and of much larger dimensions than the ovolo, which was only a subordinate molding. This edge profile is commonly used as the inside profile"
"Ring ditch In archaeology, a ring ditch is a trench of circular or penannular plan, cut into bedrock. They are usually identified through aerial photography either as soil marks or cropmarks. When excavated, ring ditches are usually found to be the ploughed‐out remains of a round barrow where the barrow mound has completely disappeared, leaving only the infilled former quarry ditch. Both Neolithic and Bronze Age ring ditches have been discovered. The term is most often used as a generic description in cases where there is no clear evidence for the function of the site: for instance where it has"
"cavity is also formed partly from the squamosal bones, which mostly occupy the flat upper face of the skull. The portion of the squamosal which forms the cavity wall is separated by the portion outside of the cavity by a pronounced boundary known as a falciform crest. The outer wall of the cavity has a long and pronounced groove, known as a stapedial groove, which extends lengthwise along the wall. The lower edge of the groove is formed by a ridge/crest known as an oblique ridge, although it has also been called a ""crista obliqua"", otic flange, or simply an"
"Beehive tomb A beehive tomb, also known as a tholos tomb (plural tholoi) (Greek: θολωτός τάφος, θολωτοί τάφοι, ""domed tombs""), is a burial structure characterized by its false dome created by the superposition of successively smaller rings of mudbricks or, more often, stones. The resulting structure resembles a beehive, hence the traditional English name. Tholoi were used for burial in several cultures in the Mediterranean and West Asia, but in some cases they were used for different purposes such as homes (Cyprus), ritual (Syria), and even fortification (Spain, Sardinia). Although Max Mallowan used the same name for the circular houses"
"removing the stone above coal height to form a roadway that is high enough to travel in. The end of the block that includes the longwall equipment is called the face. The other end of the block is usually one of the main travel roads of the mine. The cavity behind the longwall is called the ""goaf"", ""goff"" or ""gob"". Typically, intake (fresh) air travels up the main gate, across the face, and then down the tail gate, known as 'U' type ventilation. Once past the face the air is no longer fresh air, but return air carrying away coal"
"Broch A broch () is an Iron Age drystone hollow-walled structure of a type found only in Scotland. Brochs belong to the classification ""complex atlantic roundhouse"" devised by Scottish archaeologists in the 1980s. Their origin is a matter of some controversy. The word ""broch"" is derived from Lowland Scots 'brough', meaning (among other things) fort. In the mid-19th century Scottish antiquaries called brochs 'burgs', after Old Norse ', with the same meaning. Place names in Scandinavian Scotland such as Burgawater and Burgan show that Old Norse ' is the older word used for these structures in the north. Brochs are"
"Lithophysa A lithophysa (plural lithophysae, from Greek ""lithos"" ""stone"" + ""physan"" ""to blow"") is a felsic volcanic rock with a small spherulitic cavity and concentric chambers. Its shape is spherical or lenticular. These cavities are believed to be caused by expanding gases in tuffs and rhyolitic lavas before solidification. If it has become lined with crystals it may be referred to as a geode or a thunderegg. The term vug is also used for similar cavities although the meaning of vug is usually restricted to cavities in rocks formed by the removal of material such as soluble minerals. These cavities"