"of SETBP1 and therefore cause increased cellular levels of the protein. Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) is a type of leukemia. It is a heterogeneous disorder belonging to the group of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative (MDS/MPN) syndromes. In aCML many clinical features (splenomegaly, myeloid predominance in the bone marrow with some dysplastic features but without a differentiation block) and laboratory abnormalities (myeloid proliferation, low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase values) suggest the diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However the lack of the pathognomonic Philadelphia chromosome and of the resulting BCR-ABL1 fusion point to a different pathogenetic process. Since no specific"
"susceptibility to various infectious diseases and to some autoimmune diseases like ulcerative colitis was found. MYD88 Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ""MYD88"" gene. Model organisms have been used in the study of MYD88 function. The gene was originally discovered and cloned by Dan Liebermann and Barbara Hoffman in mice. In that species it is a universal adapter protein as it is used by almost all TLRs (except TLR 3) to activate the transcription factor NF-κB. Mal (also known as TIRAP) is necessary to recruit Myd88 to TLR 2 and"
"Amyloid (mycology) In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine in either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a black to blue-black staining. The term ""amyloid"" is derived from the Latin ""amyloideus"" (""starch-like""). It refers to the fact that starch gives a similar reaction, also called an amyloid reaction. The test can either be on microscopic features, such as spore walls or hyphal walls, or the apical apparatus on an ascus, or be a macroscopic reaction on tissue where a drop"
"Myriocin Myriocin, also known as antibiotic ISP-1 and thermozymocidin, is an atypical amino acid and an antibiotic derived from certain thermophilic fungi. Among the producing strains are ""Mycelia sterilia"". Myriocin is a very potent inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, the first step in sphingosine biosynthesis. Due to this property, it is used in biochemical research as a tool for depleting cells of sphingolipids. Myriocin was shown to inhibit the proliferation of an IL-2-dependent mouse cytotoxic T cell line. Myriocin possesses immunosuppressant activity. It is reported to be 10- to 100-fold more potent than ciclosporin. The multiple sclerosis drug fingolimod was derived"
"Myelin is a multilamellar membrane that enwraps the axon in segments separated by intervals known as nodes of Ranvier. It is produced by specialized cells: Schwann cells exclusively in the peripheral nervous system, and oligodendrocytes exclusively in the central nervous system. Myelin sheath reduces membrane capacitance and increases membrane resistance in the inter-node intervals, thus allowing a fast, saltatory movement of action potentials from node to node. Myelination is found mainly in vertebrates, but an analogous system has been discovered in a few invertebrates, such as some species of shrimp. Not all neurons in vertebrates are myelinated; for example, axons"
"Myelolipoma Myelolipoma (""myelo-"", from the ancient greek ""μυελός"", marrow; ""lipo"", meaning ""of, or pertaining to, fat; ""-oma"", meaning tumor or mass"") is a benign tumor-like lesion composed of mature adipose (fat) tissue and haematopoietic (blood-forming) elements in various proportions. Myelolipomas can present in the adrenal gland, or outside of the gland. Although several hypotheses have been proposed as to the cause of myelolipoma, the causative process is still not clearly understood. Recent experimental evidence suggests that both the myeloid and lipomatous elements have a monoclonal origin, which strongly supports the hypothesis that myelolipomas are neoplastic lesions. Older theories proposing a"
"myeloid leukemia, alkylating agent/epipodophyllotoxin related M9930/3 Chloroma or Myeloid sarcoma (see also M9861/3) M9931/3) Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis (C42.1) M9940/3 Hairy cell leukemia (C42.1) M9945/3 Chronic myelomonocytic, leukemia, NOS M9946/3 Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia M9948/3 Aggressive NK cell leukemia M9950/3 Polycythemia vera M9960/1 Chronic Myeloproliferative disease, NOS M9961/3 Myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia M9962/3 Essential thrombocytemia M9963/3 Chronic neutrophilic leukemia M9964/3 Chronic eosinophilic leukemia / hypereosinophilic syndrome M9970/1 Lymphoproliferative disease/disorder, NOS M9975/3 Myeloproliferative disease, NOS M9980/3 Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia or Refractory anemia M9982/3 Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts M9983/3 Refractory anemia with excess blasts M9985/3 Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia M9986/3 Myelodysplastic"
"Mylohyoid muscle The mylohyoid muscle is a paired muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity of the mouth. It is named after its two attachments near the molar teeth (""""mylo"""" comes from the Greek word for ""molar""). These muscles are mesodermal in embryologic origin. The mylohyoid muscle is derived from the first pharyngeal arch. The mylohyoid muscle is flat and triangular, and is situated immediately superior to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. It is a pharyngeal muscle (derived from the first pharyngeal arch) and classified as one of the"
"Myelopoiesis In hematology, myelopoiesis in the broadest sense of the term is the production of bone marrow and of all cells that arise from it, namely, all blood cells. But in a narrower sense that is also commonly used, myelopoiesis is the regulated formation specifically of myeloid leukocytes (myelocytes), including eosinophilic granulocytes, basophilic granulocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes, and monocytes. The common myeloid progenitor can differentiate in the bone marrow into red blood cells and megakaryocytes (leading to platelets) as well as mast cells and myeloblasts, the latter leading to the myelocytic line (granulocytes) and to monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells of"
"weeks and lived another 28 years while taking the sheep thyroid extract. Myxedema Myxedema or myxoedema is a term used synonymously with severe hypothyroidism. However, the term is also used to describe a dermatological change that can occur in hypothyroidism and some forms of hyperthyroidism. In this later sense, myxedema refers to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the dermis, which results in swelling of the affected area. One manifestation of myxedema occurring in the lower limb is pretibial myxedema, a hallmark of Graves disease, an autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism. Myxedema can also occur in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and other long-standing forms of"
"lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, kidneys, and reproductive organs. In addition to cell morphology and cytogenetics, immunophenotyping, a laboratory technique used to identify proteins that are expressed on their cell surface, is a key component in the diagnosis of ALL. The preferred method of immunophenotyping is through flow cytometry. In the malignant lymphoblasts of ALL, expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) on the cell surface can help differentiate malignant lymphocyte cells from reactive lymphocytes, white blood cells that are reacting normally to an infection in the body. On the other hand, myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker for the myeloid lineage,"
"Myelitis Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body, and from the rest of the body to the brain. Inflammation in the spinal cord, can cause the myelin and axon to be damaged resulting in symptoms such as paralysis and sensory loss. Myelitis is classified to several categories depending on the area or the cause of the lesion; however, any inflammatory attack on the spinal cord is often referred to as transverse myelitis. Myelitis lesions usually occur in a narrow region but can be spread and"
"MYH11 Myosin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""MYH11"" gene. Myosin-11 is a smooth muscle myosin belonging to the myosin heavy chain family. Myosin-11 is a subunit of a hexameric protein that consists of two heavy chain subunits and two pairs of non-identical light chain subunits. It is a major contractile protein, converting chemical energy into mechanical energy through the hydrolysis of ATP. Alternative splicing generates isoforms that are differentially expressed, with ratios changing during muscle cell maturation. Thoracic aortic aneurysms leading to acute aortic dissections (TAAD) can be inherited in isolation or in association with"
"MYOT Myotilin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""MYOT"" gene. Myotilin (myofibrillar titin-like protein) also known as TTID (TiTin Immunoglobulin Domain) is a muscle protein that is found within the Z-disc of sarcomeres. Myotilin is a 55.3 kDa protein composed of 496 amino acids. Myotilin was originally identified as a novel alpha-actinin binding partner with two Ig-like domains, that localized to the Z-disc. The C2-type Ig-like domains reside at the C-terminal half, and are most homologous to Ig domains 2-3 of palladin and Ig domains 4-5 of myopalladin and more distantly related to Z-disc Ig domains"
"Myoepithelioma of the head and neck Myoepithelioma of the head and neck, also myoepithelioma, is a salivary gland tumour of the head and neck that is usually benign. As the name suggests, it consists of myoepithelial cells. Classically, they are found in the parotid gland or palate. A similar tumor type may be found in the tongue, referred to as ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor. The myoepithelial cells may be spindled, plasmacytoid, eithelioid or clear. Tubules or epithelium are absent, or present in a small amount (<5%) by definition. Tumours with myoepithelial cells and a large amount of tubules are classified as"
"of the reagent is applied. Negative reactions, called inamyloid or nonamyloid reactions are for structures that remain pale brown or clear. A reaction producing a deep reddish to reddish-brown staining is termed either a pseudoamyloid reaction or a dextrinoid reaction. Amyloid (mycology) In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine in either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a black to blue-black staining. The term ""amyloid"" is derived from the Latin ""amyloideus"" (""starch-like""). It refers to the fact that starch gives"
"Myelin Myelin is a lipid-rich (fatty) substance formed in the central nervous system (CNS) by glial cells called oligodendrocytes, and in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) by Schwann cells. Myelin insulates nerve cell axons to increase the speed at which information (encoded as an electrical signal) travels from one nerve cell body to another (as in the CNS) or, for example, from a nerve cell body to a muscle (as in the PNS). The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire (the axon) with insulating material (myelin) around it. However, unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire,"
"from myriocin by using structure–activity relationship studies to determine the parts of the molecule important to its activity. Myriocin Myriocin, also known as antibiotic ISP-1 and thermozymocidin, is an atypical amino acid and an antibiotic derived from certain thermophilic fungi. Among the producing strains are ""Mycelia sterilia"". Myriocin is a very potent inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, the first step in sphingosine biosynthesis. Due to this property, it is used in biochemical research as a tool for depleting cells of sphingolipids. Myriocin was shown to inhibit the proliferation of an IL-2-dependent mouse cytotoxic T cell line. Myriocin possesses immunosuppressant activity. It"
"MyoD MyoD is a protein that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation. MyoD, which was discovered in the laboratory of Harold M. Weintraub, belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). These bHLH (basic helix loop helix) transcription factors act sequentially in myogenic differentiation. MRF family members include MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 (Myf6). MyoD is one of the earliest markers of myogenic commitment. MyoD is expressed at extremely low and essentially undetectable levels in quiescent satellite cells, but expression of MyoD is activated in response to exercise or muscle tissue damage. The effect"
"Amyloidosis Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in tissue. Symptoms depend on the type and are often variable. They may include diarrhea, weight loss, feeling tired, enlargement of the tongue, bleeding, numbness, feeling faint with standing, swelling of the legs, or enlargement of the spleen. There are about 30 different types of amyloidosis, each due to a specific protein misfolding. Some are genetic while others are acquired. They are grouped into localized and systemic forms. The four most common types of systemic disease are light chain (AL), inflammation (AA), dialysis"
"Amyloid Amyloids are aggregates of proteins that become folded into a shape that allows many copies of that protein to stick together, forming fibrils. In the human body, amyloids have been linked to the development of various diseases. Pathogenic amyloids form when previously healthy proteins lose their normal physiological functions and form fibrous deposits in plaques around cells which can disrupt the healthy function of tissues and organs. Such amyloids have been associated with (but not necessarily as the cause of) more than 50 human diseases, known as amyloidosis, and may play a role in some neurodegenerative disorders. Some amyloid"
"origin. Histologically, keloids are fibrotic tumors characterized by a collection of atypical fibroblasts with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, especially collagen, fibronectin, elastin, and proteoglycans. Generally, they contain relatively acellular centers and thick, abundant collagen bundles that form nodules in the deep dermal portion of the lesion. Keloids present a therapeutic challenge that must be addressed, as these lesions can cause significant pain, (itching), and physical disfigurement. They may not improve in appearance over time and can limit mobility if located over a joint. Keloids affect both sexes equally, although the incidence in young female patients has been reported"
"demyelinating spinal cord lesion were found to regenerate oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, and completely remyelinated axons. Myelitis Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body, and from the rest of the body to the brain. Inflammation in the spinal cord, can cause the myelin and axon to be damaged resulting in symptoms such as paralysis and sensory loss. Myelitis is classified to several categories depending on the area or the cause of the lesion; however, any inflammatory attack on the spinal cord is often referred to"
"Myeloblast The myeloblast is a unipotent stem cell, which will differentiate into one of the effectors of the granulocyte series. The stimulation by G-CSF and other cytokines triggers maturation, differentiation, proliferation and cell survival. It is found in the bone marrow. The myeloblasts reside extravascularly in the marrow. The hematopoiesis takes place in the extravascular cavities between the sinuses of the marrow. The wall of the sinuses is composed of two different types of cells, the endothelial cells and the adventitial reticular cells. The hemopoietic cells are aligned in cords or wedges between these sinuses, the myeloblasts and other granular"
"MYH1 Myosin-1, also known as 'striated muscle myosin heavy chain 1', is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""MYH1"" gene. This gene is most highly expressed in fast type IIX/D muscle fibres of vertebrates and encodes a protein found uniquely in striated muscle; it is a class II myosin with a long coiled coil tail that dimerizes and should not be confused with 'Myosin 1' encoded by the MYO1 family of genes (""MYO1A-MYO1H""). Class I MYO1 genes function in many cell types throughout biology and are single-headed membrane-binding myosins that lack a long coiled coil tail. Myosin"
"core-binding factor beta in a fusion with the C-terminal portion of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. This chromosomal rearrangement is associated with acute myeloid leukemia of the M4Eo subtype. MYH11 mutations appear to contribute to human intestinal cancer. MYH11 Myosin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""MYH11"" gene. Myosin-11 is a smooth muscle myosin belonging to the myosin heavy chain family. Myosin-11 is a subunit of a hexameric protein that consists of two heavy chain subunits and two pairs of non-identical light chain subunits. It is a major contractile protein, converting chemical energy into mechanical"
"Papular mucinosis Papular mucinosis (also known as Scleromyxedema, ""Generalized lichen myxedematosus,"" and ""Sclerodermoid lichen myxedematosus"") is a rare skin disease. Localized and disseminated cases are called papular mucinosis or lichen myxedematosus while generalized, confluent papular forms with sclerosis are called scleromyxedema. Frequently, all three forms are regarded as papular mucinosis. However, some authors restrict it to only mild cases. Another form, acral persistent papular mucinosis is regarded as a separate entity. Papular mucinosis is chronic and may be progressive. The dermal layer of the skin breaks out into small and solid bumps, usually conical in shape and measured from 2"
"Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, oral passage, nasopharyngeal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. MALT is populated by lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells, as well as plasma cells and macrophages, each of which is well situated to encounter antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium. In the case of intestinal MALT, M cells are also present, which sample antigen from the lumen and"
"Mesohyl The mesohyl, formerly known as mesenchyme or as mesoglea, is the gelatinous matrix within a sponge. It fills the space between the external pinacoderm and the internal choanoderm. The mesohyl resembles a type of connective tissue and contains several amoeboid cells such as amebocytes, as well as fibrils and skeletal elements. For a long time, it has been largely accepted that sponges lack true tissue, but it is currently debated as to whether mesohyl and pinacoderm layers are tissues. The mesohyl is composed of the following main elements: collagen, fibronectin-like molecules, galectin, and a minor component, dermatopontin. These polypeptides"
"that lose their function after binding with amyloid. Amyloid deposits in tissue can cause enlargement of structures. Twenty percent of people with AL amyloidosis have a enlarged tongue, that can lead to obstructive sleep apnea, difficulty swallowing, and altered taste. Tongue enlargement does not occur in ATTR or AA amyloidosis. Enlarged shoulders, ""shoulder pad sign"", results from amyloid deposition in synovial space. Deposition of amyloid in the throat can cause hoarseness. Aβ2MG amyloidosis (Hemodialysis associated amyloidosis) likes to deposit in synovial tissue, causing chronic synovitis, which can lead to repeated carpal tunnel syndrome. Both the thyroid and adrenal gland can"
"the former having recently received FDA approval. Amyloidosis Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in tissue. Symptoms depend on the type and are often variable. They may include diarrhea, weight loss, feeling tired, enlargement of the tongue, bleeding, numbness, feeling faint with standing, swelling of the legs, or enlargement of the spleen. There are about 30 different types of amyloidosis, each due to a specific protein misfolding. Some are genetic while others are acquired. They are grouped into localized and systemic forms. The four most common types of systemic disease"
"MYD88 Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ""MYD88"" gene. Model organisms have been used in the study of MYD88 function. The gene was originally discovered and cloned by Dan Liebermann and Barbara Hoffman in mice. In that species it is a universal adapter protein as it is used by almost all TLRs (except TLR 3) to activate the transcription factor NF-κB. Mal (also known as TIRAP) is necessary to recruit Myd88 to TLR 2 and TLR 4, and MyD88 then signals through IRAK. It also interacts functionally with amyloid formation"
"FUS-DDIT3 is t(12;16)(q13;p11). Myxoid liposarcoma A myxoid liposarcoma is a malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of myxoid appearance histologically. Myxoid liposarcomas are the second-most common type of liposarcoma, representing 30–40% of all liposarcomas in the limbs, occurring most commonly in the legs, particularly the thigh, followed by the buttocks, retroperitoneum, trunk, ankle, proximal limb girdle, head and neck, and wrist. They occur in the intermuscular fascial planes or deep-seated areas. They present as a large, slow-growing, painless mass. They are associated with a fusion between DDIT3 or ""CHOP"" (at 12q13.1-q13.2) and FUS or ""TLS"" (at 16p11.2) or EWS (at 22q12.2). The"