"1707, which restates the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701, and the Bill of Rights 1689. These laws originally restricted the succession to legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover (the mother of George I), and bar those who are Roman Catholics or who have married Roman Catholics. The descendants of those who are debarred for being or marrying Roman Catholics, however, may still be eligible to succeed. By convention iterated in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster 1931, the line of succession cannot be altered in any realm without the assent of the parliaments of the other"
"prevent a Catholic monarch from ascending to the throne, but in effect discriminates against all religions other than Protestantism. Members of the Royal family in line of succession who married a Roman Catholic (though not adherents of other denominations or faiths) were excluded from the succession. Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, marrying a Roman Catholic no longer disqualifies a person from succeeding to the Crown; however, the provision of the Act of Settlement requiring the monarch to be a Protestant continues unrepealed. In England, the state church is the Church of England, and the"
"considered necessary for correction. The Act of Settlement provided that the throne would pass to the Electress Sophia of Hanover – a granddaughter of James VI and I and a niece of King Charles I – and her descendants, but it excluded ""for ever"" ""all and every Person and Persons who ... is are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish Religion or shall marry a Papist"". Thus, those who were Roman Catholics, and those who married Roman Catholics, were barred from ascending the throne. Eight"
"Disenfranchising Act The Disenfranchising Act was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Ireland passed in 1727, one of a series of Penal Laws, prohibiting all Roman Catholics from voting. Its full title is ""An Act for the further regulating the Election of Members of Parliament, and preventing the irregular Proceedings of Sheriffs and other Officers in electing and returning such Members"" and its citation is ""1 Geo II c.9"". It received royal assent on 6 May 1728. At that time elections were held only on the start of a new reign, and so the Act followed the death"
"Statute in Restraint of Appeals The Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532 (24 Hen 8 c 12), also called the Statute in Restraint of Appeals , the Act of Appeals and The Act of Restraints in Appeals, was an Act of the Parliament of England. It was passed in the first week of April 1533. It is considered by many historians to be the key legal foundation of the English Reformation. The Act, drafted by Thomas Cromwell on behalf of King Henry VIII of England, forbade all appeals to the Pope in Rome on religious or other matters, making the King the"
"barring Roman Catholics from the throne of Canada. He filed an application to the Ontario Superior Court, O'Donohue v. Her Majesty The Queen, calling on the court to strike down the discriminatory sections of the act as being in violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. His case was dismissed in 2003 and his appeal was subsequently denied. Following the Changing Atmosphere Conference in July, 1988, O’Donohue embarked a plan to make Toronto a leading world city in urban environmental issues. He convinced City Council to apply to the province for special legislation to set up the Toronto"
"place in the line of succession. From time to time there has been debate over repealing the clause that prevents Roman Catholics, or those who marry one, from ascending to the British throne. Proponents of repeal argue that the clause is a bigoted anachronism; Cardinal Winning, who was leader of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland, called the act an ""insult"" to Catholics. Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in England, pointed out that Prince William (later the Duke of Cambridge) ""can marry by law a Hindu, a Buddhist, anyone, but not a Roman Catholic"". Opponents of"
"of succession. The Act also prevented a ""papist"" (Roman Catholic) from inheriting the English throne and removed those who had married Roman Catholics from the line of succession. The treaties that created the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 specifically applied these provisions to the new British throne. Article II of the Acts of Union 1707 stated that the ""Succession of the Monarchy"" is settled by the Act of Settlement 1701, and the ban of ""Papists"" from inheriting the throne was to continue according to that Act. Article 2"
"by the Roman Catholic James Francis Edward Stuart, who would have become James III and VIII, but also to deny the throne to the many other Roman Catholics and spouses of Roman Catholics who held a claim. The act restricts the British throne to the ""Protestant heirs"" of Sophia of Hanover who had never been Roman Catholic or married a Roman Catholic. Some British politicians attempted several times to bring Sophia to England in order to enable her to assume government immediately in the event of Anne's death. It was also argued that such a course was necessary to ensure"
"Popish Recusants Act 1605 The Popish Recusants Act 1605 (3 Jac.1, c. 4) was an act of the Parliament of England which quickly followed the Gunpowder Plot of the same year, an attempt by English Roman Catholics to assassinate King James I and many of the Parliament. The Act forbade Roman Catholics from practising the professions of law and medicine and from acting as a guardian or trustee; and it allowed magistrates to search their houses for arms. The Act also provided a new oath of allegiance, which denied the power of the Pope to depose monarchs. The recusant was"
"1532, Thomas Cromwell, chief minister of Henry VIII of England, wanted to abolish all payments to the Holy See in Rome and to assign them to the King of England to strengthen royal finances. Sometime before January 1533, the Crown prepared a list of ""acts necessary to be made at this Parliament,"" and one item included what the historian Stanford E. Lehmberg believes is probably the first known source for this Act: Item, an act that if the Pope attempts to vex our Sovereign Lord the King of this realm, by interdiction, excommunication, or otherwise for the said marriage, which"
"the throne. It listed twelve of James's policies by which James designed to ""endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom"". These were: In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later, the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as ""it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince""; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the"
"wife is a Roman Catholic. According to the Act of Settlement 1701, no person who is Catholic or marries a Catholic could succeed to the throne of any country whose constitution subscribes to that Act. Therefore, from his marriage until 26 March 2015, St Andrews was barred from succession to the throne. After the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 came into effect on 26 March 2015, he is no longer barred from succession and is currently 37th in line (the most senior to be restored to the succession list), although his two older children, as Catholics, are still barred."
"barred those who marry Roman Catholics. Since the passage of the Act it has been determined (in the case of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the ban on individuals married to Roman Catholics, though not on Roman Catholics themselves. Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason (Ireland) Act 1703, it is treason to ""endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from"
"of 1701, no one who professes ""the popish religion"" may succeed to the throne of the Kingdom of England and the Act continues to apply to the United Kingdom and all of the Commonwealth Realms; until the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 amended it with effect from 2015, the Act of Settlement also banned from the throne anyone who married ""a papist"". Fears that Roman Catholic secular leaders would be anti-Protestant and would be unduly influenced from Rome arose after all allegiance to the Pope was banned in England in the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Jonathan"
"of George I in 1727 and came into practical effect from 1728. The Act was repealed in 1793, allowing the vote to all males holding a property with a rental value of at least two pounds annually. Disenfranchising Act The Disenfranchising Act was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Ireland passed in 1727, one of a series of Penal Laws, prohibiting all Roman Catholics from voting. Its full title is ""An Act for the further regulating the Election of Members of Parliament, and preventing the irregular Proceedings of Sheriffs and other Officers in electing and returning such Members"""
"Popery Act An Act to prevent the further Growth of Popery (commonly known as the Popery Act or the Gavelkind Act.) was an Act of the Parliament of Ireland passed in 1703 and amended in 1709, one of a series of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics. The law enforced Irish farm subdivision as a rule of inheritance. Although the law established a different inheritance rule for Roman Catholics, compared to Protestants, it did so, superficially at least, on reasonable grounds. Traditional Irish law used Gavelkind as the inheritance rule - in which an estate would be divided equally among a"
"monarch must be in communion with the Church of England because he or she is the head of that Church."" The disqualification arising from marriage to a Roman Catholic was removed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013. Act of Settlement 1701 The Act of Settlement is an Act of the Parliament of England that was passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English and Irish crowns on Protestants only. The next Protestant in line to the throne was the Electress Sophia of Hanover, a granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England. After her"
"title ""Fidei Defensor"" (Defender of the Faith). However, the king came into conflict with the papacy when he wished to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, for which he needed papal sanction. Catherine, among many other noble relations, was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, the papacy's most significant secular supporter. The ensuing dispute eventually led to a break from Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy made Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. There were"
"restricting the rights of the Catholic majority, for instance it would soon be against the law for Catholics to live or work in towns such as Cork, Limerick,and Galway. The Act of Abjuration (1701) required priests to swear an oath denying James III ‘""any right or title whatsoever to the Crown of these realms""’ and affirming the Protestant line of succession. Many clergy in Ireland refused to take the oath and thus were in conflict with the law. The Banishment Act (1697) required that all bishops of the Roman Catholic Church to be expelled from Ireland by 1 May 1698,"
"and to the continued enforcement of severe legal restrictions. Most of these restrictions were only relieved three centuries later through several legislative reforms in the 19th century, cumulatively known as Catholic Emancipation. The last restriction on Roman Catholics excluding them from the throne of the United Kingdom (and by extension the other Commonwealth realms) remains, but since 2013 (provided for in right of the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) marriage to a Roman Catholic no longer bars succession. Members of the Oxford Movement argued for the inclusion of traditional aspects of liturgy from medieval religious"
"Exclusion Crisis The Exclusion Crisis ran from 1679 through 1681 in the reign of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. Three Exclusion bills sought to exclude the King's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland because he was Roman Catholic. None became law. Two new parties formed. The Tories were opposed to this exclusion while the ""Country Party"", who were soon to be called the Whigs, supported it. In 1673, when he refused to take the oath prescribed by the new Test Act, it became publicly known that the"
"the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom. In Canada, British since 1763, the Quebec Act of 1774 ended some restrictions on Roman Catholics, so much so that it was criticized in the Petition to George III submitted in October 1774 by the First Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies. In Great Britain and, separately, in Ireland, the first Relief Act, called the ""Papists Act"", was passed in 1778; subject to an oath renouncing Stuart claims to the throne and the civil jurisdiction of the Pope, it allowed Roman Catholics to own property and to inherit land."
"Titles Act 1871 34 and 35 Vict. c. 53) specified in its preamble and in section 1 that the repeal of the earlier Act did not give legal force to the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in England or confer upon it any jurisdiction, these being, in United Kingdom law, matters for the Crown. Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 The Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 was an Act of the British Parliament (14 & 15 Vict. c. 60) passed in 1851 as an anti-Roman Catholic measure. It was ineffective and was repealed 20 years later by the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1871."
"although he ruled temporal matters, spiritual matters came under the authority of the Church in Rome. This changed with the dispute between Henry VIII and Pope Clement VII over Henry's wish to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) explicitly stated that The next year the First Act of Supremacy (1534) explicitly tied the head of church to the imperial crown: The Crown of Ireland Act, passed by the Irish Parliament in 1541 (effective 1542), changed the traditional title used by the Monarchs of England for the reign over Ireland, from Lord"
"other 15 realms. Challenges had been made against the Act of Settlement, especially its provisions regarding Roman Catholics and preference for males. In Canada, where the Act of Settlement is part of Canadian constitutional law, Tony O'Donohue, a Canadian civic politician, took issue with the provisions that exclude Roman Catholics from the throne and which make the monarch of Canada the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. In 2002, O'Donohue launched a court action that argued the Act of Settlement violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, but the case was dismissed by the court. In the United"
"Roman Catholic ceremony on 29 June 1983 at Archbishop's House, London. Since the Act of Settlement 1701 prohibited anyone who married a Roman Catholic from succeeding to the throne, Prince Michael of Kent (at that time, 15th in the line of succession) forfeited his succession rights upon marrying Marie Christine. Prince Michael was reinstated to the line of succession to the British throne on 26 March 2015 with the successful passing of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013. Their children are members of the Church of England and have retained their rights of succession since birth. Prince and Princess"
"to see more far-reaching emancipation for Roman Catholics. The trend towards it had become irreversible but it was still a long time coming. It was over a quarter of a century later that the Emancipation Act of 1829 removed the bulk of the restrictions that continued to beset Roman Catholics. Even then, some survived. It was only in 1974 that it was formally enacted that a Roman Catholic may hold the office of Lord Chancellor and, to this day, it is only Roman Catholics who are barred, on religious grounds, from ascending the Throne. Robert Petre, 9th Baron Petre Robert"
"why the decision could be perceived as a provocative stance by the throne pretendent Duke against future King Sigismund and his supporters, which would eventually result in the War against Sigismund. Due to the throne ascention of King Sigismund and the establishment of the Swedish–Polish Union 1594-1599, the Protestant Reformation was halted, and religious freedom allowed. At this period, yet again Catholics were appointed to public offices and exiled Catholics were granted return or settlement. Subsequent to Duke Charles victory in his War against Sigismund 1599, all Catholics were banned and exiled, enforced by death penalty. Since this time, the"
"these purposes."" The ban continues, although it is not only a ban on Catholics but on any religion other than Protestant, since the Acts of Union 1707 require the monarch to be a Protestant. As the monarch's eldest son will no longer automatically be heir apparent, the Treason Act 1351 was also amended, so that encompassing the death of the monarch's eldest son is now extended to murdering the heir apparent, whatever the sex. Another amendment to the Treason Act is that, whereas it had been treason to ""violate"" the monarch's eldest son's wife, it is now only treason if"
"Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her successor and younger half-sister, Elizabeth I. Rivalry emerged between Elizabeth and the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, finally settled with the execution of Mary in 1587. The religion of an heir or monarch's spouse complicated intermarriage between royal houses of Europe through coming centuries, as northern European nations became predominately Protestant. Consorts of the Holy Roman Emperors were given the title of Holy Roman Empress. The throne was reserved for males, thus there was never a Holy Roman Empress regnant, though women such as Theophanu and Maria Theresa of"
"of years she refrained from persecuting Catholics. After the Rising of the North of 1569 and the papal bull ""Regnans in Excelsis"" (1570), plus the threat of invasion by Catholic France or Spain assisted by English Catholics led the Crown to adopt ever increasing repressive measures. An act of 1571 (13 Eliz. c. 2) not only forbade the publishing of any documents from the Pope, but also the importation and distribution of crosses, beads, pictures, and tokens called ""Agnus Dei"" (a Lamb of God sealed upon a piece of wax from the Paschal candle blessed by the Pope). From the"
"crowns displayed atop heraldic achievements or as heraldic charge includes: Because Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry VIII of England an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the English Parliament passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) in which it was explicitly stated that The next year the Act of Supremacy (1534) explicitly tied the headship of the church to the imperial crown: During the reign of Mary I the First Act of Supremacy was annulled, but during the reign of Elizabeth I the Second Act of Supremacy, with similar wording to the First Act, was"