"aesthetically for their development of fasciation. Any occurrence of fasciation has several possible causes, including hormonal, genetic, bacterial, fungal, viral and environmental causes. Fasciation can be caused by hormonal imbalances in the meristematic cells of plants, which are cells where growth can occur. Fasciation can also be caused by random genetic mutation. Bacterial and viral infections can also cause fasciation. The bacterial phytopathogen ""Rhodococcus fascians"" has been demonstrated as one cause of fasciation, such as in sweet pea (""Lathyrus odoratus"") plants, but many fasciated plants have tested negative for the bacteria in studies, hence bacterial infection is not an exclusive"
"(""Lathyrus latifolius""). Flowers on these cultivated species may be rose, red, maroon, pink, white, yellow, purple or blue, and some are bicolored. They are also grown for their fragrance. Cultivated species are susceptible to fungal infections including downy and powdery mildew. Other species are grown for food, including the Indian pea (""L. sativus"") and the red pea (""L. cicera""), and less commonly Cyprus-vetch (""L. ochrus"") and Spanish vetchling (""L. clymenum""). The tuberous pea (""L. tuberosus"") is grown as a root vegetable for its starchy edible tuber. The seeds of some ""Lathyrus"" species contain the toxic amino acid oxalyldiaminopropionic acid and"
"conditions (a low pH). As an agricultural grass it has a low yield, but can grow on land too acidic for other grasses. Anthoxanthum odoratum Anthoxanthum odoratum, known as sweet vernal grass, is a short-lived perennial grass that is native to acidic grassland in Eurasia. It is grown as a lawn grass and a house plant, due to its sweet scent, and can also be found on unimproved pastures and meadows. The specific epithet ""odoratum"" is Latin for 'odorous'. ""Anthoxanthum odaoratum"" grass grows in tufts with stems tall, and short, broad green leaves wide, which are slightly hairy. It flowers"
"Anthoxanthum odoratum Anthoxanthum odoratum, known as sweet vernal grass, is a short-lived perennial grass that is native to acidic grassland in Eurasia. It is grown as a lawn grass and a house plant, due to its sweet scent, and can also be found on unimproved pastures and meadows. The specific epithet ""odoratum"" is Latin for 'odorous'. ""Anthoxanthum odaoratum"" grass grows in tufts with stems tall, and short, broad green leaves wide, which are slightly hairy. It flowers from April until June, i.e. quite early in the season, with flower spikes of long and crowded spikelets of , oblong shaped, which"
"Cyperus papyrus, Echinops ritro, Ficus carica, Foeniculum vulgare, Gossypium herbaceum, Hedera helix, Hordeum vulgare, Hyoscyamus spp., Hyoscyamus aureus, Hyssopus officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula stoechas, Lawsonia inermis, Lens culinaris, Lilium candidum, Linum usitatissimum, Lolium temulentum, Lycium chinense, Majorana syriaca, Mentha longifolia, Micromeria fruticosa, Morus nigra, Myrtus communis, Nerium oleander, Nicotiana glauca, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Ornithogalum spp., Phoenix dactylifera, Phragmites australis, Pinus densiflora, Populus nigra var. Italica, Prunus dulcis, Punica granatum, Quercus calliprinos, Quercus glauca, Ricinus communis, Rosa canina, Rosa hybrida, Rosa phoenicia, Rubia tinctorum, Ruta chalepensis, Salvia fruticosa, Salvia hierosolymitana, Silybum marianum, Sternbergia clusiana, Trachycarpus fortunei, Triticum aestivum, Urtica urens,"
"This plant flowers in May and June. ""Lathyrus linifolius"" is native to Europe and parts of Asia. Its typical habitat is rough grassy places, broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, hedgerows and banks. This plant was formerly an ingredient of the Highland diet when food was scarce until the 18th century, when the potato became an important crop in the region. The small tubers were removed from the roots and dried. Once eaten, they prevented thirst and hunger pangs. Certain medieval herbals claimed that this effect could last for days or even weeks. It is surmised that this effect derives from the"
"Origanum dictamnus Origanum dictamnus (dittany of Crete, Cretan dittany or hop marjoram), known in Greek as ""δίκταμο"" (""díktamo"", cf. ""dittany"") or in Cretan dialect ""έρωντας"" (""erontas"", ""love""), is a tender perennial plant that grows 20–30 cm high. It is a healing, therapeutic and aromatic plant that only grows wild on the mountainsides and gorges of the Greek island of Crete, Greece. The dittany of Crete is widely used for food flavouring and medicinal purposes, in addition to it featuring as an ornamental plant in gardens. This small, lanate shrub is easily recognised by the distinctive soft, woolly covering of white-grey"
"Lupinus odoratus Lupinus odoratus is a species of lupine known by the common name Mojave lupine. It is native to the Mojave Desert and adjacent western Great Basin in the United States, where it grows in sandy or gravelly soils in open habitat. It is an annual herb growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall. Each palmate leaf is made up of 7 to 9 green leaflets up to 2 centimeters long. The herbage is generally hairless except for new growth. The inflorescence is an upright spiral of many flowers each up to a centimeter long. The flowers are royal purple-blue"
"ten stamens and a single carpel. The fruit is a long brown pod up to in length. This plant flowers in mid-to-late summer (July and August in the Northern Hemisphere, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere). ""Lathyrus japonicus"" is native to temperate parts of Europe, Asia, North and South America. Its typical habitat is sandy or stony seashores and other coastal locations. The unusually extensive native range is explained by the ability of the seeds to remain viable while floating in sea water for up to five years, enabling the seeds to drift nearly worldwide. Germination occurs when the"
"fosteri"" comes from Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and maybe Israel. ""Galanthus"" grows best in woodland, in acid or alkaline soil, though some are grassland or mountain species. Snowdrops have been known since early times, being described by the classical Greek author Theophrastus in the fourth century BC in his ""Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία"" (Latin: ""Historia plantarum"", ""Enquiry into plants""). He gave it, and similar plants, the name λευκόἲον (λευκος, leukos ""white"" and ἰόν, ion ""violet"") from which the later name ""Leucojum"" was derived. He described the plant as ""ἑπεἰ τοῖς γε χρώμασι λευκἂ καἱ οὐ λεπυριώδη"" (in colour white and bulbs"
"been ideal for the evolution of such crops and the Greeks have mastered their cooking and have benefited from their high nutritional value that comes in low cost to survive wars and famines throughout history. Lathyrus clymenum Lathyrus clymenum, also called Spanish vetchling, is a flowering plant in the Fabaceae family, native to the Mediterranean. The seeds are used to prepare a Greek dish called fava santorinis. The plant is cultivated on the island of Santorini in Greece and was recently added to the European Union's products with a Protected Designation of Origin. For 3,500 years residents of Santorini and"
"""Arum maculatum"", ""Atropa belladonna"", ""Caltha palustris"", ""Campanula raineri"", ""Cephalanthera longifolia"", ""Colchicum autumnale"", ""Daphne laureola"", ""Daphne mezereum"", ""Daphne striata"", ""Digitalis purpurea"", ""Draba aizoides"", ""Dryas octopetala"", ""Epilobium hirsutum"", ""Epipactis atropurpurea"", ""Equisetum arvense"", ""Filipendula ulmaria"", ""Gentiana verna"", ""Globularia"", ""Gymnadenia conopsea"", ""Helleborus foetidus"", ""Helleborus niger"", ""Horminum pyrenaicum"", ""Iris pseudacorus"", ""Linaria alpina"", ""Listera obovata"", ""Menyanthes trifoliata"", ""Orchis maculata"", ""Orchis mascula"", ""Osmunda regalis"", ""Paris quadrifolia"", ""Polemonium coeruleum"", ""Primula auricular"", ""Primula glaucescens"", ""Rhododendron ferrugineum"", ""Rhododendron hirsutum"", ""Saxifraga"", ""Sedum"", ""Sempervivum"", ""Taxus baccata"", ""Vaccinium myrtillus"", ""Vaccinium vitis-idaea"", ""Veratrum album"", ""Viola biflora"" and ""Viola palustris"". The garden's arboretum includes ""Acer campestre"", ""Acer platanoides"", ""Acer pseudoplatanus"", ""Cornus mas"", ""Corylus avellana"", ""Laburnum"
"Lathyrism Lathyrism or neurolathyrism is a neurological disease of humans and domestic animals, caused by eating certain legumes of the genus ""Lathyrus"". This problem is mainly associated with ""Lathyrus sativus"" (also known as ""grass pea"", ""chickling pea"", ""kesari dal"", or ""almorta"") and to a lesser degree with ""Lathyrus cicera"", ""Lathyrus ochrus"" and ""Lathyrus clymenum"" containing the toxin ODAP. The lathyrism resulting from the ingestion of ""Lathyrus odoratus"" seeds (""sweet peas"") is often referred to as odoratism or osteolathyrism, which is caused by a different toxin (beta-aminopropionitrile) that affects the linking of collagen, a protein of connective tissues. The consumption of"
"This plant flowers early in the year, in May and June. It can be distinguished from bitter vetch (""L. linifolius"") and black pea (""L. niger"") by the breadth of its ovate leaflets. It does not wither after flowering but continues to grow until autumn. ""Lathyrus vernus"" is native to Europe and parts of northern Asia. Its typical habitat is broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, plantations and clearings. Lathyrus vernus Lathyrus vernus (spring vetchling, spring pea, or spring vetch) is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus ""Lathyrus"", native to forests of Europe and Siberia. It forms a dense"
"Prasophyllum odoratum Prasophyllum odoratum, commonly known as the fragrant leek orchid, Rogers scented leek orchid or sweet leek orchid is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single tubular leaf and up to fifty fragrant green and white flowers with reddish marks. ""Prasophyllum odoratum"" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf up to long and wide with a purplish base. Between ten and fifty flowers are arranged along a flowering spike long. The flowers are green and white with reddish marks and are scented. As with others in"
"fruit is a hairless legume pod. Lathyrus rigidus Lathyrus rigidus is a species of wild pea known by the common name stiff pea. It is native to the Modoc Plateau and surrounding areas in the western United States from northeastern California to Idaho. It is a plant of the sagebrush scrub and other habitat in the region. This is a perennial herb forming a clump of short, erect stems. The leaves are made up of several pairs of leaflets 1 to 3 centimeters long each. The inflorescence is a dense raceme of 2 to 5 white or pink pea flowers"
"Calamintha Calamintha is a genus of plants that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Commonly called the calamints, there are about eight species in the genus (around 30 before revisions in taxonomy) which is native to the northern temperate regions of Europe, Asia and America. ""Calamintha"" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some ""Lepidoptera"" species including ""Coleophora albitarsella"". ""Calamintha"" species are used in the popular Middle Eastern culinary blend called za'atar. Za'atar is a general name for any Middle Eastern herb from the genera ""Origanum"" (oregano), ""Calamintha"" (calamint), ""Thymus"" (thyme) and ""Satureja"" (savory). It is also the"
"Lavandula angustifolia Lavandula angustifolia (lavender most commonly true lavender or English lavender, though not native to England; also garden lavender, common lavender, narrow-leaved lavender), formerly ""L. officinalis"", is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia etc.). It is a strongly aromatic shrub growing as high as tall. The leaves are evergreen, long, and broad. The flowers are pinkish-purple (lavender-coloured), produced on spikes long at the top of slender, leafless stems long. The species name ""angustifolia"" is Latin for ""narrow leaf"". Previously, it was known as ""Lavandula officinalis"", referring to its medicinal properties."
"centimeter long. The fruit is a flat legume pod up to 4 centimeters long containing up to 12 seeds. It reproduces sexually by seed and vegetatively. It grows in forests. The plant is poisonous. Lathyrus bijugatus Lathyrus bijugatus is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names drypark pea, pinewoods sweetpea, and Latah tule-pea. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Oregon to Montana, and possibly as far south as California. This plant is a perennial herb growing from a rhizome and reaching an erect height of 30 centimeters. Each"
"a in a bristle. The flower is roughly a centimeter long and deep orange-red or dull red in color. The fruit is a hairless legume pod marked with longitudinal stripes. Lathyrus sphaericus Lathyrus sphaericus is a species of wild pea known by the common names grass pea and round-seeded vetchling. It is native to Eurasia and much of Africa, and it is known on other continents as an introduced species. It can grow in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. This is an annual herb producing a slender stem and bearing leaves each made up of two long, narrow,"
"in their own flower beds, making is easier to adjust the substrate and to attend to the plant with any specific needs. Each plant has a placard explaining the properties of each species, what it is used for, its common and scientific name and where is originates from. The garden has the following collections: ""Rosmarinus, Thymus, Salvia, Menta, Albahaca, Artemisa, Echinacea, Geranium, Tanacetum, Achillea, Kalanchoe, Origanum, Cymbopogon, Plectranthus, Satureja, Leonorus, Lavandula"" and other medicinal plants from different continents. Within the enclosure, forming part of the garden, is the so-called Witches' Corner, where highly toxic, poisonous and psychotropic plants are located."
"rhabarbarum (garden rhubarb), Zingiber officinale, Angustifolia odorata, Gentiana, Meum athamanticum (spignel), Valeriana, Corydalis cava (hollowroot), glycyrrhiza Stems and barks: Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Cinnamomum aromaticum (cassia) Leaves: Teucrium scordium (water germander), Fraxinus excelsior, Clinopodium calamintha (lesser calamint), Marrubium vulgare (white or common horehound), Cymbopogon citratus (West-Indian lemongrass), Teucrium chamaedrys (wall germander), Cupressasae, Laurus nobilis (bay laurel), Polium montanum, Cytinus hypocistis Flowers: Rosa, Crocus sativus, Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), Lavandula angustifolia (common or English lavender), Centaurea minoris Fruits and seeds: Brassica napus (rapeseed), Petroselinum (parsley), Nigella sativa, Pimpinella anisum (anise), Elettaria cardamomum, Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), seseli, thlaspi,"
"from Latin, and means 'white' or 'bright'. ""Calochortus"" is derived from Greek meaning 'beautiful grass', a reference to the characteristic grass-like foliage of the genus. Calochortus albus Calochortus albus is a species in the genus ""Calochortus"" in the family ""Liliaceae"". It is also known by the common names fairy lantern, white fairy lantern, pink fairy lantern, lantern of the fairies, globe lily, white globe lily, white globe-tulip, alabaster tulip, Indian bells, satin bells, snowy lily-bell, and snow drops. Widespread, variable species, blooming in winter and spring and going dormant after anthesis (flowering period) until the start of the autumn rains."
"of Late Latin names for the plant: ""arodandrum"" or ""lorandrum"", or more plausibly ""rhododendron"" (another Ancient Greek name for the plant), with the addition of ""Olea"" because of the superficial resemblance to the olive tree (""Olea europea""). Another theory posited is that ""Oleander"" is the Latinized form of a Greek compound noun: 'οllyo' (ὀλλύω), which means 'I kill', and the Greek noun for man, 'aner', genitive 'andros' (ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός). This is because of the Oleander's toxicity to humans. The etymological association of ""oleander"" with the bay laurel has continued into the modern day: in France the plant is known as"
"Lathyrus vernus Lathyrus vernus (spring vetchling, spring pea, or spring vetch) is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus ""Lathyrus"", native to forests of Europe and Siberia. It forms a dense clump of pointed leaves with purple flowers in spring, shading to a greenish-blue with age. This species and the cultivar 'Alboroseus' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. ""Lathyrus vernus"" is a perennial plant with an upright stem without wings. The stem grows to and is erect and nearly hairless. The leaves are alternate with short stalks and large, wide stipules. The leaf"
"""Italian"" lavender (L.stoechas), silver germander (Teucrium fruticans), Algerian iris (I.unguicularis), wormwood (Artemisia abrotanum), soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), sweet violet (Viola odorata), rose campion (Silene coronaria), bladder campion (S.vulgaris), weld (Artemisia sp.), Jerusalem sage (Phlomis fruticosa), rock roses (Cistus spp./cv.s), sweet alyssum (Lobluaria maritima), common ivy (Hedera helix), blue Atlas cedar from Morocco and Algeria (Cedrus atlantica 'Glauca'), Algerian oak (Quercus canariensis), Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum), daffodils (Narcissus spp./cv.s), grape hyacinth (Muscari armeniacum/botryoides), bluebell (Endymion non-scripta/Scilla campanulata), flag iris (I.germanica cv.s), lamb's ear (Stachys byzantina), holly (Ilex aquifolium), snowflake (Leucojum vernum), white poplar (Populus alba), small-leaved privet (Ligustrum vulgare), hawthorn (Crataegus oxycantha/monocarpa),"
"Arrhenatherum elatius Arrhenatherum elatius, with the common names false oat-grass, tall oat-grass, tall meadow oat, onion couch and tuber oat-grass, is a perennial species of grass, common in the temperate regions of Europe. This bunchgrass is often used as an ornamental grass. It is native to Europe but can be found elsewhere as an introduced species. It is found especially in prairies, at the side of roads and in uncultivated fields. The bulbous variety can be a weed of arable land. It is palatable grass for livestock and is used both as forage (pasture) and fodder (hay and silage); it"
"""Thymus fragrantissimus"", ""Thymus serpyllum citratus"", ""Thymus serpyllum citriodorum"", and more. It was also believed at one time that the plant was a hybrid of European garden origin, between ""Thymus pulegioides"" and ""Thymus vulgaris"". DNA analysis has shown that ""T. citriodorus"" is not part of the DNA tree that includes ""T. pulegioides"" and ""T. vulgaris"". Cultivars are selected for foliage color, and aromas of different citrus fruits. The following are sold by various nurseries, often under the synonyms, so scientific naming is not reliable: Thymus citriodorus Thymus citriodorus, the lemon thyme or citrus thyme, is a lemon-scented evergreen mat-forming perennial. There"
"foliis variegatis, Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust), Magnolia obovata (Japanese bigleaf magnolia), Magnolia yulan (Lily tree), Bignonia catalpa (Herb linn), Pterocarya caucasica (Caucasian wingnut), Prunus laurocerasus (Cherry laurel), Aucuba japonica (Spotted laurel), Buxus sempervirens (European box), Buxus arborescens (Boxwood tree), Ilex aquifolium (European holly), Ilex laurifolia, Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape), Rhododendron catawbiense, Yucca flamentosa (Adam's needle yucca), Hedera helix (Common ivy). Vērmane Garden Vērmane Garden (, ) is the oldest public garden in the city of Riga, Latvia, and currently comprises an area of approximately . The current name is a Latvian transliteration of the garden's original German name. Vērmane Garden"
"The variegated cultivar 'Argenteovariegata' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Rhamnus alaternus Rhamnus alaternus is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family known by the common name of Italian buckthorn or Mediterranean buckthorn. The genus name derives from the Ancient Greek ""rabdos"", or “stick” with reference to the presence in many species of woody spine on the end of each twig. The specific Latin name ""alaternus"", assonant with ""alternus"" or “alternate”, refers to the alternate leaves. ""Rhamnus alaternus"" is an evergreen shrub high. The stems have reddish bark and pubescent young branches, rounded and"
"joined to form the ""keel"". There are ten stamens and a single carpel. The fruit is a long black pod containing up to eight seeds. This plant flowers in June and July. ""Lathyrus niger"" is native to Europe and parts of Asia. Its typical habitat is broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, woodland clearings and plantations. The flowers of ""Lathyrus niger"" are pollinated by bees and smaller insects are unable to make their way to the nectar source. The young flowers are red and visited by bees but when they have been pollinated they turn blue and stop producing nectar so the"
"Thymus citriodorus Thymus citriodorus, the lemon thyme or citrus thyme, is a lemon-scented evergreen mat-forming perennial. There has been a great deal of confusion over the plant's correct name and origin. Recent DNA analysis suggests that it is not a hybrid or cross, but a distinct species as it was first described in 1811. ""T. citriodorus"" is an evergreen sub-shrub, growing to in height by in spread. It prefers full sun and well draining soil. The bloom period is mid to late summer, with pink to lavender flowers that are a nectar source for bees and butterflies. ""Thymus citriodorus"" and"
"umbellatus"", ""Caltha palustris"", ""Cyperus papyrus"", ""Eichhornia crassipes"", ""Elodea canadensis"", ""Iris pseudacorus"", ""Lemna minor"", ""Nymphaea alba"", ""Pistia stratiotes"", and ""Sagittaria sagittaefolia"", as well as mature trees including ginkgo, magnolia, ""Pinus nigra subsp. laricio"", and ""Ulmus campestris"". Its glass houses contain a tropical section with ""Dracaena fragrans"", ""Ficus elastica"", ""F. benjamina"", ""Monstera deliciosa"", ""Tamarindus indica"", ""Theobroma cacao"", etc., as well as epiphytes, orchids, and tropical fruits; and a desert house containing a variety of cacti and succulents. Orto Botanico di Parma The Orto Botanico di Parma, also known as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Parma, is a botanical garden maintained by the"