"negotiations with the mayor of Paris, Jacques Chirac, and preparations for the project began. For the wrapping of the oldest bridge in Paris, 40,000 m of sand-colored polyamide fabric was needed. The golden sandstone color is used to imitate the color of pavements in Paris under sunset. The wrapping began on 25 August 1985 and was completed on 22 September. On the 5th of October, the project was removed after being viewed by over three million visitors. All the expenses for ""The Pont Neuf Wrapped"" were borne by the couple themselves. Just as in all other projects, they do not"
"Foster won yet another architectural contest for the reconstruction of the building. His winning concept looked very different from what was later executed. Notably, the original design did not include a cupola. Before reconstruction began, the Reichstag was wrapped by the Bulgarian-American artist Christo and his wife Jeanne-Claude in 1995, attracting millions of visitors. The project was financed by the artists through the sale of preparatory drawings and collages, as well as early works of the 1950s and 1960s. During the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made"
"saying “Happy Victory Day!”. The greeting card featured the image of 1945 Reichstag with a red flag and 1995 Bulgarian artist Christo's wrapped Reichstag as a supermarket product – the symbols of the beginning and the end of the 50-year-long post-war history. The project deconstructed the image of “winners and losers” in World War II. In 1995, Germany was an economically and politically powerful state, while the Soviet Union that had seemingly won the war already ceased to exist. ""The Last Jewish Pogrom"" was announced not as an art project but as a real event. Each spectator had to become"
"at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, German reunification (1990), the Helsinki Summit Conference of the OSCE (1992), the Dayton Agreement on the Balkans (1995), enlargement of NATO (1997), the post-Cold War security settlement with Russia and Ukraine and the agreement on compensation of slave laborers and establishment of the Reconciliation Foundation of German Industry (2000). Kornblum also served as US Special Envoy to the Balkans (1995-1997) and directed two dramatic prisoner and spy exchanges on the Glienicke Bridge in Berlin in 1985 and 1986. The latter featured the release of Soviet dissident Anatoli Scharanskiy. Kornblum was a member of the"
"Bulgarian artists and actors. During World War I, Parashchuk was a member of the Red Cross and organized an art workshop for Russian Army prisoners of war. Parashchuk arrived in Sofia in 1921 as an International Red Cross volunteer. In the Bulgarian capital, Parashchuk was a very popular sculptor who contributed to the decoration of many major public buildings. Projects that Parashchuk executed include the ornamental frames of the Sofia Court House gates, the Bulgarian National Bank lion decorations and zodiac clock, history-related reliefs in the Rakovski Defence and Staff College, the facade decoration of the SS. Cyril and Methodius"
"to other sources, Austrian sculptor Rudolf Weyr), whereas Italian Abramo Peruchelli did the stonecutting work. It was inaugurated on 22 October 1895, but was planned and worked on ever since the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, the construction being hindered by a chronic lack of funds and negligence, and taking a whole 17 years. This ignited a wave of indignation among the Bulgarian intellectuals of the time, with the poet Konstantin Velichkov even branding this carelessness in an 1881 poem (see text). A draft for the monument featured a large Christian cross over a crescent, but it was rejected as"
"by an anonymous graffiti artist. The words ""Moving with the times"", written in Bulgarian, appear below the artwork. The monument that the artist graffitied was originally built in 1954 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Russian liberation of Bulgaria. As a protest to the heightened security in St Petersberg due to the 2011 International Economic Forum, Voina (meaning ""War"") - a graffiti group - painted a huge phallus on the Liteiny Bridge. The general idea is that the penis erects as the bridge rises to allow traffic to pass through. The annual Innovation awards gave Voina the prize for"
"gate in gratitude to Inari, the god of worldly prosperity. Notes Other sources The Gates The Gates were a group of gates comprising a site-specific work of art by Bulgarian artist Christo Yavacheff and French artist Jeanne-Claude, known jointly as Christo and Jeanne-Claude. The artists installed 7,503 vinyl ""gates"" along of pathways in Central Park in New York City. From each gate hung a panel of deep saffron-colored nylon fabric. The exhibit ran from February 12, 2005 through February 27, 2005. According to Christo's web site, all told, 7,503 individual gates were installed. The books and other memorabilia distributed by"
"The Gates The Gates were a group of gates comprising a site-specific work of art by Bulgarian artist Christo Yavacheff and French artist Jeanne-Claude, known jointly as Christo and Jeanne-Claude. The artists installed 7,503 vinyl ""gates"" along of pathways in Central Park in New York City. From each gate hung a panel of deep saffron-colored nylon fabric. The exhibit ran from February 12, 2005 through February 27, 2005. According to Christo's web site, all told, 7,503 individual gates were installed. The books and other memorabilia distributed by Christo and Jeanne-Claude refer to the project as ""The Gates, Central Park, New"
"famous in a poem by Apollinaire, was dedicated in 1895. Three bridges were built for the 1900 Exposition: the Pont Alexandre-III, dedicated by Czar Nicholas II of Russia in 1896, which connected the Left Bank with the grand exposition halls of the Grand Palais and Petit Palais; the Passerelle Debilly, a foot bridge that linked two sections of the Exposition; and a railroad bridge between Grenelle and Passy. Two more bridges were dedicated in 1905: the Pont de Passy (now the Pont de Bir-Hakeim), and the Viaduc d'Austerlitz, crossed by the metro. The work of creating parks, squares and promenades"
"contemplations. In 2005, he installed the sculptural composition The Bridge outside the new Jagiellonian University, outlining a new project of collaboration among old European universities, named European University Bridges. He lives and works in Ljubljana, Maribor and Zagreb. He draws designs and produces models of sculptural compositions, seeking solutions for public installations. In his work, he connects engineering, mathematics, design and an extra dimension. At his Maribor and Zagreb ateliers, he makes large compositions in clay, plaster and wood and has them cast in bronze at the Art Foundry in Zagreb. The basic recurring motif of his work is the"
"Christo, Castro and Free Love Christo, Castro and Free Love is a novel by the Bulgarian writer Georgi Tenev. The author tries to dramatize the relation between the life of a journalist intellectual and the world of the big figures in art and politics. On the one side stands the main character. On the other side are Christo Javacheff and Fidel Castro. In the novel Christo is going to “wrap” the rebuilt World Trade Center Twin Towers at New York. Purely fictional and oneiric experiences are inseparably interwoven with large sections of real personages or of slightly modified personages and"
"albeit with a new steel middle section designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Reconstruction began in January 1992, with the war-damaged parts of the bridge rebuilt. It opened to pedestrians and traffic on 9 November 1994, the fifth anniversary of the opening of the Berlin Wall. The U-Bahn line to Warschauer Straße station was reopened a year later. Since 1997, a neon installation entitled ""Stone - Paper - Scissors"" by Thorsten Goldberg has adorned the bridge. Its two elements are engaged in a constant game of rock, paper, scissors, suggesting the arbitrariness of immigration decisions, both during the Cold"
"University is located there. Friedrichstraße was Berlin's legendary street during the ""Roaring Twenties"" and today, it combines twentieth-century traditions with the modern architecture of contemporary Berlin. Places of significance in the area include the Admiralspalast, the Friedrichstadt Palast, and the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, home to the Berliner Ensemble. Potsdamer Platz is a quarter that was built in its entirety after the Berlin Wall was deconstructed in 1995. To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the Gemäldegalerie, and is flanked by the Neue Nationalgalerie and the Berliner Philharmonie. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a"
"copper over forms by Georges Récipon. In the same political spirit, the Trinity Bridge in Saint Petersburg was conceived as a memorial to the Franco-Russian Alliance. It was designed by Gustave Eiffel, and the first stone was laid in August 1897 by French president Félix Faure. In June 2017, with Paris competing against Los Angeles to host the 2024 Olympics, Paris turned some of its world-famous landmarks over to sports and installed boards on the Alexandre III bridge that spanned the Seine. Pont Alexandre III The Pont Alexandre III is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris."
"Reconciliation was designed by architects Peter Roth and Rudolph Sass as a church and is oval in shape with a façade of wooden rods. The chapel includes a prayer room and materials from the former ""Versöhnungskirche"" (reconciliation church), which stood on the site until it was destroyed in 1985 because it was inside the border strip. Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer The Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer (Berlin Wall Memorial) commemorates the division of Berlin by the Berlin Wall and the deaths that occurred there. The monument was created in 1998 by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal State of Berlin. It"
"White Crosses White Crosses (in German: ""Weiße Kreuze"") is a memorial for those who died during the Cold War at the Berlin Wall. It is located at the shore of the river Spree in Berlin next to the Reichstag building, which houses the German parliament. Established by the private group ""Berliner Bürger-Verein"" on the 10th anniversary of the Berlin Wall in 1971 it was first located east of the Reichstag on a fence directly in front of the wall. After the German reunification in 1990 it kept its location until construction of the new government buildings next to the Reichstag"
"was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann. One of the crosses at the White Crosses memorial site next to the Reichstag building is devoted to him. On 13 August 2010 the Britzer Allee between Treptow and Neukölln was renamed Chris-Gueffroy-Allee. Memorials to his death are located in the ""White Crosses"" memorial, next to the Reichstag building, in the ""Window Of Remembrance"" of the Berlin Wall Memorial in Berlin and near the former scene of the attempted escape, on the Teltow Canal. Chris Gueffroy Chris Gueffroy (21 June 1968 – 6 February 1989) was the last person to be shot while"
"victims of the wall. The selection contains the first and last victim who were killed by gunfire. Most of the victims died between 1961 and 1965. White Crosses White Crosses (in German: ""Weiße Kreuze"") is a memorial for those who died during the Cold War at the Berlin Wall. It is located at the shore of the river Spree in Berlin next to the Reichstag building, which houses the German parliament. Established by the private group ""Berliner Bürger-Verein"" on the 10th anniversary of the Berlin Wall in 1971 it was first located east of the Reichstag on a fence directly"
"on fugitives. On 18 February 1968 a couple trying to overcome the barriers nearby was killed by members of the East German Border Troops. After the Wall came down in the course of the 1989 Peaceful Revolution, the riverside was rebuilt as part of the new governmental district around the Reichstag parliament building, including the rebuilt ""Kronprinzenbrücke"" designed by Santiago Calatrava. From 2005 onwards, the cleared premises of the former theatre were used as ""Bundespressestrand"" restaurant, named after a neighbouring news conference building. After a temporarily appearance of the Occupy Berlin movement, the area since 2011 is the construction site"
"War and for today's asylum seekers and poverty migrants. Since the creation of the unified Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough in 2001, the Oberbaum Bridge no longer crosses a jurisdictional boundary. The bridge was used as the location for the defection of Karla to George Smiley and British intelligence in the book and mini series, Smiley's People. Oberbaum Bridge The Oberbaum Bridge () is a double-deck bridge crossing Berlin's River Spree, considered one of the city's landmarks. It links Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg, former boroughs that were divided by the Berlin Wall, and has become an important symbol of Berlin’s unity. The lower deck"
"relationship, particularly because of Christo's refugee status, and temporarily estranged themselves from their daughter. In 1961, Christo and Jeanne-Claude covered barrels at the port of Cologne, their first collaboration. In 1962, the couple tackled their first monumental project, ""Rideau de Fer"" (Iron Curtain). Without consent of authorities and as a statement against the Berlin Wall, they blocked off Rue Visconti, a small street near the River Seine, with oil barrels. Jeanne-Claude stalled approaching police, persuading them to allow the piece to stand for a few hours. Although he was simultaneously holding his first exhibition at a gallery, it was the"
"Gothic architecture, the 50 euro note of the Renaissance, the 100 euro note of Baroque and Rococo, the 200 euro note of Art Nouveau and the 500 euro note of modern architecture. The initial designs by Robert Kalina were of actual bridges, including the Rialto Bridge in Venice and the Pont de Neuilly in Paris, and were subsequently rendered more generic. In 2011, Dutch artist Robin Stam and the town of Spijkenisse in the Netherlands built seven bridges of colored concrete after the designs on the seven euro banknotes. The euro banknotes bear the signature of the President of the"
"the fall of the Berlin Wall. It was founded by CEO of Axel springer Mathias Döpfner and the CEO of RHJI Leonhard Fisher as a privately funded project. The museum was opened by Chancellor Angela Merkel with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev also in attendance. The museum will tell the story of the Glienicke Bridge, which from 1949 to 1989 was famous as the ""Bridge of Spies"" as it was used for exchanging captured agents between the Soviet bloc and the free West. A video installation by Stefan Roloff is part of"
"Brandenburg Gate is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany which appears on Germany's euro coins (10-cent, 20-cent and 50-cent). The Reichstag building is the traditional seat of the German Parliament, which was renovated during the 1950s after severe World War II damage. The building was again remodeled by British architect Norman Foster during the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to parliamentary proceedings and a view of the city. Potsdamer Platz is a quarter built after 1995, following the demolition of the Berlin Wall. To the west is the Kulturforum,"
"- from 1750 through the Prenzlauer Tor. Since the beginning of the 18th century, several cemeteries have been built outside the former city in front of the ""Hallesches Tor"". The area was named ""Am Halleschen Thore"" around 1848. In the years 1876 to 1879, Heinrich Strack erected arcaded residential and commercial buildings and the ""Belle-Alliance-Brücke"" as a representative entrance to the city centre of Berlin instead of the gate. The complex was decorated with four groups of figures depicting trade and traffic. After severe war damage and post-war demolition, the bridge was restored in the 1950s and 1980s and two"
"October 1991, one of the umbrellas in California was toppled by high winds, killing one woman and injuring several others. The exhibit was ordered closed immediately. A second death occurred during the removal of the umbrellas. After the project ""The Umbrellas,"" Christo and Jeanne-Claude concerned themselves again with wrapping the Reichstag in Berlin. With the support of the President of the Parliament, Rita Süssmuth, Christo and Jeanne-Claude worked to convince the elected Members of Parliament, going from office to office, writing explanatory letters to each of the 662 delegates and innumerable telephone calls and negotiations. On 25 February 1995, after"
"lectures at universities and conferences worldwide. With Atelier Hapsitus, the pluri-disciplinary company he founded in Beirut, he created large-scale urban art projects in different cities including Beirut, Prague, London, Tokyo, Nara and Melbourne. His project for Prague's Manes Bridge in the spring of 1997 was both a commemoration of the city's post-communist liberalization and an echo of its history, with the placement of his works in parallel to the baroque sculptures on the Charles Bridge. The post-civil war 1997–2000 itinerant urban art project he created for central Beirut was one of five worldwide selected by the Van Alen Institute in"
"Lego-Brücke The Lego-Brücke (English: Lego Bridge) is a concrete beam bridge which crosses over the ""Schwesterstraße"" in the North Rhine-Westphalian city of Wuppertal, Germany. In 2011, graffiti and street artist Martin Heuwold repainted the bridge in the style of Lego bricks, receiving national and international media attention for his work. The work was awarded the Deutscher Fassadenpreis Advancement Prize in 2012. In 2011, artist Martin Heuwold was inspired to paint one of the bridges along the Wuppertal Northern Railway which had been decommissioned in 1991. He thought of Lego bricks as a theme, commenting, ""My daughters play with Lego bricks,"""
"If realised, it will be the only lasting large-scale Christo/Jeanne-Claude artwork. ""For information about the early work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude see:"" ""For information about specific projects of Christo and Jeanne-Claude see:"" ""For general information about the life and work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude see:"" Christo and Jeanne-Claude Christo Vladimirov Javacheff and Jeanne-Claude are a married couple who created environmental works of art. Christo and Jeanne-Claude were born on the same day, June 13, 1935; Christo in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, and Jeanne-Claude in Morocco. They first met in Paris in October 1958 when Christo painted a portrait of Jeanne-Claude's mother. They"
"sculpture. It is a monument dedicated to freedom of conscience and to immigration with the spirit of Europeanism. The original Bohemian Church otherwise Bethlehem Church was built between 1733 and 1735 in the middle of the Friedrichstadt (now the Mitte district) of Berlin, representing one of the most positive chapters of relations between Germany and Bohemia. Thanks to King Frederick William I of Prussia, Czech refugees leaving their homeland for religious reasons were admitted to the Friedrichstadt district of Berlin. It was a monument to the tolerance pervading the foundation of the Prussian State. In 1943, it was badly damaged"
"financing. Finally enough works of art were sold to raise the money and, on 10 October 1971, the orange-coloured curtain was ready for hanging, but was torn to shreds by wind and rock. While a second curtain was being manufactured, Christo received a request from a Berlin art historian to wrap the Reichstag in response to the 1961 ""Project for Wrapping a Public Building."" On 10 August 1972, the second attempt to hang the cloth succeeded, but only 28 hours later it was destroyed by a storm gale in excess of 60 miles per hour. The project was shown in"
"Christie’s in London in 2008. Karl Schmidt-Rottluff Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (Karl Schmidt until 1905; 1 December 1884 – 10 August 1976) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker; he was one of the four founders of the artist group Die Brücke. Schmidt-Rottluff was born in Rottluff, nowadays a district of Chemnitz, on 1 December 1884. He attended the humanistische gymnasium (classics-oriented secondary school) in Chemnitz where he befriended Erich Heckel. In 1905 he enrolled in architecture at the Sächsische Technische Hochschule in Dresden, following in Heckel's footsteps, but gave up after one term. While there, however; Erich Heckel introduced him to"