"Roger Bacon Roger Bacon (; or """", also "" Rogerus""; ), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism. In the early modern era, he was regarded as a wizard and particularly famed for the story of his mechanical or necromantic brazen head. He is sometimes credited (mainly since the 19th century) as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by Aristotle and by the Arab scientist Alhazen. His linguistic work has been heralded for its early"
"De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae (in English: ""On the miraculous things in sacred scripture"") is a Latin treatise written around 655 by an anonymous Irish writer and philosopher known as Augustinus Hibernicus or the Irish Augustine. The author's nickname is in reference to the philosopher Augustine of Hippo. This ""Augustine"" was born in Ireland sometime in the first half of the seventh century and is noted especially for his natural philosophy. Around the year 655 he wrote a treatise called ""De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae"". It has long been regarded as an exceptional work, in that it demonstrates"
"by the 1320s. Astrology, magic and palm reading were also considered important forms of knowledge in medieval England, although some doubted their reliability. The period produced some influential English scholars. Roger Bacon (c. 1214–94), a philosopher and Franciscan friar, produced works on natural philosophy, astronomy and alchemy; his work set out the theoretical basis for future experimentation in the natural sciences. William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347) helped to fuse Latin, Greek and Islamic writing into a general theory of logic; ""Ockham's Razor"" was one of his oft-cited conclusions. Despite the limitations of medieval medicine, Gilbertus Anglicus published the ""Compendium Medicinae"","
"Thomas Bradwardine Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury. As a celebrated scholastic philosopher and doctor of theology, he is often called Doctor Profundus (medieval epithet, meaning ""the Profound Doctor""). Bradwardine was born in Sussex either at Hartfield or at Chichester, where his family was settled, members of the smaller gentry or burghers. Bradwardine was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford where he was a fellow by 1321; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound"
"Erasmus Darwin Erasmus Darwin (12 December 173118 April 1802) was an English physician. One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor and poet. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. Darwin was a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers. He turned down an invitation of George III's to become"
"Polydore Vergil Polidoro Virgili, commonly Latinised as Polydorus Vergilius, or anglicised as Polydore Vergil (or Virgil), and often known as Polydore Vergil of Urbino (""c."" 1470 – 18 April 1555) was an Italian humanist scholar, historian, priest and diplomat, who spent most of his life in England. He is particularly remembered for his works the ""Proverbiorum libellus"" (1498), a collection of Latin proverbs; ""De inventoribus rerum"" (1499), a history of discoveries and origins; and the ""Anglica Historia"" (drafted by 1513; printed 1534), an influential history of England. He has been dubbed the ""Father of English History"". Vergil is sometimes referred"
"on the work of Jean Buridan. Bradwardine's work on kinematics was also influential to Buridan. His ""De Causa Dei"" influenced the theology of John Wycliffe on grace and predestination. Thomas Bradwardine Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury. As a celebrated scholastic philosopher and doctor of theology, he is often called Doctor Profundus (medieval epithet, meaning ""the Profound Doctor""). Bradwardine was born in Sussex either at Hartfield or at Chichester, where his family was settled, members of the smaller gentry or burghers. Bradwardine was a"
"by the Dominican order, and Duns Scotus was promoted by the Franciscan order. Despite this, Godfrey of Fontaines writings have, by the 1960s, regained much popularity. Godfrey of Fontaines Godfrey of Fontaines (born sometime before 1250, died October 29 in 1306 or 1309). His name in Latin was Godefridus de Fontibus, and was a scholastic philosopher and theologian, designated by the title Doctor Venerandus. He made contributions to a diverse range of subjects ranging from moral philosophy to epistemology. However, he is best known today for his work on metaphysics. Godfrey was born sometime before 1250 in the principality of"
"of Hales (died 1245), John of Rupella (died 1245), William of Melitona (died 1260), St. Bonaventure (died 1274), Cardinal Matthew of Aquasparta (died 1289), John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1292), Richard of Middletown (died c. 1300), etc., belonged. He was known as ""Doctor Subtilis"" because of the subtle distinctions and nuances of his thinking. Later philosophers in the sixteenth century were less complimentary about his work and accused him of sophistry. This led to the word ""dunce,"" which developed from the name ""Dunse"" given to his followers in the 1500s, becoming used for ""somebody who is incapable of scholarship."""
"Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1843 ""The Birth-Mark"" and 1844 ""The Artist of the Beautiful"", William Douglas O'Connor's 1891 ""The Brazen Android"" (where Bacon devises it to terrify King Henry into accepting Simon de Montfort's demands for greater democracy), John Cowper Powys's 1956 ""The Brazen Head"", and Robertson Davies's 1970 ""Fifth Business"". Roger Bacon Roger Bacon (; or """", also "" Rogerus""; ), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism. In the early modern era, he was regarded as a wizard and particularly famed"
"1951. His famous ""Parable of the Invisible Gardener"" is a dialectic on the existence or absence of God. He was cremated and his ashes were buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge. John Wisdom Arthur John Terence Dibben Wisdom (12 September 1904, Leyton, Essex9 December 1993, Cambridge), usually cited as John Wisdom, was a leading British philosopher considered to be an ordinary language philosopher, a philosopher of mind and a metaphysician. He was influenced by G.E. Moore, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Sigmund Freud, and in turn explained and extended their work. He is not to be confused"
"Annus mirabilis Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles) is a Latin phrase that means ""wonderful year"", ""miraculous year"" or ""amazing year"". This term was originally used to refer to the year 1666, and today is used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered. Prior to this, however, Thomas Dekker used the phrase ""mirabilis annus"" in his 1603 pamphlet ""The Wonderful Year"", ""Wherein is shewed the picture of London lying sick of the plague."" The beginning of the Scientific Revolution when: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known written usage of the Latin phrase"
"John Wycliffe John Wycliffe (; also spelled ""Wyclif"", ""Wycliff"", ""Wiclef"", ""Wicliffe"", ""Wickliffe""; 1320s – 31 December 1384), an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, Biblical translator, reformer, English priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford, became an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is considered an important predecessor to Protestantism. Wycliffe attacked the privileged status of the clergy, which bolstered their powerful role in England. He then attacked the luxury and pomp of local parishes and their ceremonies. Wycliffe also advocated translation of the Bible into the vernacular. In 1382 he completed a"
"""Anglica Historia"""". Polydore Vergil Polidoro Virgili, commonly Latinised as Polydorus Vergilius, or anglicised as Polydore Vergil (or Virgil), and often known as Polydore Vergil of Urbino (""c."" 1470 – 18 April 1555) was an Italian humanist scholar, historian, priest and diplomat, who spent most of his life in England. He is particularly remembered for his works the ""Proverbiorum libellus"" (1498), a collection of Latin proverbs; ""De inventoribus rerum"" (1499), a history of discoveries and origins; and the ""Anglica Historia"" (drafted by 1513; printed 1534), an influential history of England. He has been dubbed the ""Father of English History"". Vergil is"
"made, such as the early flight of Eilmer of Malmesbury (who had studied Mathematics in 11th century England), and the metallurgical achievements of the Cistercian blast furnace at Laskill. At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy in these texts began to be extended by scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method, influenced"
"Hugh of Evesham Hugh of Evesham (died 1287) was a 13th-century English churchman, physician and alchemist. Given his name, it is likely that he came from Evesham, Worcestershire. Hugh studied at Oxford University in the 1260s. At some point in his student career he became friends with John Peckham, future Archbishop of Canterbury. According to the manuscript of John Bale's mid-16th century ""Index Britanniae Scriptorum"" ), he was a Doctor of Medicine and the author of ""Quaestiones"" on Isaac's ""liber febrium."" In 1269, Master Hugh of Evesham was one of the professors at Oxford who became drawn into the controversy"
"Gilles de Corbeil Gilles de Corbeil (Latin: ""Egidius de Corbolio"" or ""Egidius Corboliensis""; also ""Aegidius"") was a French royal physician, teacher, and poet. He was born in approximately 1140 and died in the first quarter of the 13th century. He is the author of four medical poems and a scathing anti-clerical satire, all in Latin dactylic hexameters. Gilles de Corbeil was born in Corbeil-Essonnes. He studied at the Schola Medica Salernitana, absorbing its theories and practices and becoming a teacher himself. He praises his teachers Romuald Guarna and Peter Musandinus (in turn the student of Bartholomew of Salerno) in his"
"is the one described by Newton. A descendant of the original tree can be seen growing outside the main gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, below the room Newton lived in when he studied there. The National Fruit Collection at Brogdale can supply grafts from their tree, which appears identical to Flower of Kent, a coarse-fleshed cooking variety. Religion Writings by Newton Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a ""natural philosopher"") who is widely recognised as one of the most"
"De mirabilibus urbis Romae De mirabilibus urbis Romae, preserved in a single manuscript in Cambridge, England, is a medieval guide in Latin to the splendours of Rome, which was written in the mid-twelfth century by a certain Magister Gregorius (""Master Gregory"") of Oxford. The outlook here is even more secular than the ""Mirabilia Urbis Romae"", Roberto Weiss noted. Gregorius spent much of his time describing and even measuring the Roman ruins, and, according to Erwin Panofsky ""had yielded so thoroughly to the 'magic spell' (""magica quaedam persuasio"") of a beautiful Venus statue that he felt compelled to visit it time"
"a reference to the popular ""De mirabilibus mundi"" (""On the Miracles of the World"") attributed to Albertus Magnus. Nicholas of Poland Nicholas of Poland, also known as Nicholas of Montpellier () (b. c. 1235, Silesia; d. Kraków, c. 1316), was a medieval Polish-German friar and healer of Silesian origin. A member of the Dominican Order, around 1250 he moved to Montpellier, where he taught in the Dominican school. Around 1270, he returned to Silesia and entered the Dominican convent at Kraków (Cracow), where he provided medical as well as spiritual care to the people. A popular and charismatic healer, Nicholas"
"legibus, sive de miraculis; reliquisque en tois bibliois memoratis, quæ medicæ indagini subjici possunt"", London, (two editions in the same year), reprinted at Amsterdam 1699. In this work he tried to show that the miraculous cures performed by Jesus Christ and his apostles may be accounted for on natural principles. Its appearance made a sensation, and Connor's religious orthodoxy became suspect. Other works were: Attribution Bernard Connor Bernard Connor or O'Connor M.D. (c.1666–1698) was an Irish physician and historian. Connor was born in County Kerry about 1666, and was instructed by private tutors. With the intention of adopting the medical"
"Robert Holcot Robert Holcot, OP, (c.1290-1349) was an English Dominican scholastic philosopher, theologian and influential Biblical scholar. He was born in Holcot, Northamptonshire. A follower of William of Ockham, he was nicknamed the ""Doctor firmus et indefatigabilis"". He made important contributions to semantics, the debate over God’s knowledge of future contingents, discussions of predestination, grace, and merit, and philosophical theology more generally. Modern interest in Holcot has been limited. His influence in the late Middle Ages, however, was clearly great, as is evidenced by the number of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century manuscripts of his work that have survived. For example, there"
"""A great leap in the dark,"" uttered in his final conscious moments. His body was interred in St John the Baptist's Church, Ault Hucknall, in Derbyshire. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes (; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book ""Leviathan"", which expounded an influential formulation of social contract theory. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics"
"Gilbert Knowles Gilbert Knowles (1667–1734) was an English Roman Catholic priest, botanist and poet. He is known only for his ""Materia Medica Botanica"" (London, 1723, 4to), this work is dedicated to Dr. Richard Mead, and consists of 7355 Latin hexameters. Four hundred plants of the materia medica are described and their uses in medicine explained. Various episodes, some of which may yet be read with pleasure, are interwoven with the subject for the sake of ornament. Knowles alludes to his verses as being written ""rudi Minerva"", and evidently was a close student both of Virgil's style and matter. A portrait"
"Peter Fabell Peter Fabell or Fabel (""fl."" 15th century) was a reputed English magician who lived in Edmonton. A literary figure during the 16th and 17th century, he is considered by David Kathman to have been a historical figure, whatever the accretion of folklore to his name. He appears as the protagonist in the play ""The Merry Devil of Edmonton"", printed 1608. He was known as a magician and dabbler in alchemy. In the prologue to the play it is proclaimed that the ‘merry devil,’ Peter Fabell, was ‘a renowned scholar.’ John Weever in his ‘Funerall Monuments’ (1631) says under"
"of the figure of Pythagoras. Some of the magical acts attributed to him include: Empedocles (c. 490 – c. 430 BCE) too has ascribed to him marvelous powers associated with later magicians: that is, he is able to heal the sick, rejuvenate the old, influence the weather and summon the dead. E.R. Dodds in his 1951 book, ""The Greeks and the Irrational"", argued that Empedocles was a combination of poet, magus, teacher, and scientist. Dodds argued that since much of the acquired knowledge of individuals like Pythagoras or Empedocles was somewhat mysterious even to those with a rudimentary education, it"
"1390. He died sometime between 18 March 1390 and 1 February 1391. John de Peebles John de Peebles [Peblys] was a 14th-century bishop of Dunkeld and chancellor of Scotland. He was a graduate of the University of Paris by 1351, where he became both a determinant and licentiate. He chose to remain there and soon became procurator of the ""English nation"" before obtaining a doctorate in Canon law. From 1360 he was an official in the bishopric of Glasgow and was master of the hospital of Peebles. By 1365 he was treasurer of Glasgow. Eventually he held canonries and prebends"
"the Latin scientific canon, ""De Naturalibus Facultatibus"" appearing in London in 1523. Debates on medical science now had two traditions, the more conservative Arabian and the liberal Greek. The more extreme liberal movements began to challenge the role of authority in medicine, as exemplified by Paracelsus' symbolically burning the works of Avicenna and Galen at his medical school in Basle. Nevertheless, Galen's pre-eminence amongst the great thinkers of the millennium is exemplified by a 16th-century mural in the refectory of the Great Lavra of Mt Athos. It depicts pagan sages at the foot of the Tree of Jesse, with Galen"
"(mathematical physicist), Florence Nightingale (the founder of modern nursing), Joseph Lister (pioneer of antiseptic surgery), Charles Barkla (best known for the study of X-rays), Sir Charles Sherrington (known for his work on the functions of neurons), Sir Edward Appleton (physicist), Sir Owen Richardson (physicist), Maurice Wilkins (best known for contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA), Rosalind Franklin (best known for contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA), Mario Vargas Llosa (writer), Sir Roger Penrose (mathematical physicist) and John Ellis (theoretical physicist). The neoclassical facade of King's, with the passage which connects the Strand to the"
"Coeli on the Capitoline. Under the entry for the word Dorbel, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the date of his death as 1455. The meaning of Dorbel (based on the name of Nicholas de Orbellis) is given as: a scholastical pedant, a dull-witted person, dolt. His chief works are: Nicolas d'Orbellis Nicolas d'Orbellis was a French Franciscan theologian and philosopher, of the Scotist school. He was born about 1400. He seems to have entered the monastery of the Observantines, founded in 1407, one of the first in France. He appears to have been professor of theology and philosophy in the"
"Godfrey of Fontaines Godfrey of Fontaines (born sometime before 1250, died October 29 in 1306 or 1309). His name in Latin was Godefridus de Fontibus, and was a scholastic philosopher and theologian, designated by the title Doctor Venerandus. He made contributions to a diverse range of subjects ranging from moral philosophy to epistemology. However, he is best known today for his work on metaphysics. Godfrey was born sometime before 1250 in the principality of Liège in present-day Belgium. He was likely born at Fontaines-les-Hozémont, a château owned by his noble family. Godfrey was a student at the University of Paris"
"Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (; 22 January 15619 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman, who served as Attorney General, and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are credited with developing the scientific method, and remained influential through the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. Most importantly, he argued this could be achieved by use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. While"
"Alexander of Hales Alexander of Hales (also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius; 21 August 1245), also called ""Doctor Irrefragibilis"" (by Pope Alexander IV in the ""Bull De Fontibus Paradisi"") and ""Theologorum Monarcha"", was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School. Alexander was born at Hales, Shropshire (today Halesowen, West Midlands), England, between 1180 and 1186. He came from a rather wealthy country family. He studied at the University of Paris and became a master of arts sometime before 1210. He began to read theology in 1212 or 1213, and became a regent master"