"(""e.g."", Lucius Julius Caesar and Lepidus' brother). Most, however, were killed, in some cases gruesomely. Cicero, his younger brother Quintus Tullius Cicero (one of Julius Caesar's legates) and Marcus Favonius were all killed in the proscription. Cicero's head and hands were famously cut off and fastened to the Rostra. Proscription Proscription () is, in current usage, a ""decree of condemnation to death or banishment"" (""Oxford English Dictionary (OED)"") and can be used in a political context to refer to state-approved murder or banishment. The term originated in Ancient Rome, where it included public identification and official condemnation of declared enemies"
"of the play, Cassius mentions to one of his subordinates that the day, October 3, is his birthday, and dies shortly afterwards. Gaius Cassius Longinus Gaius Cassius Longinus (; October 3, before 85 BC – October 3, 42 BC) was a Roman senator, a leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar, and the brother in-law of Marcus Junius Brutus. He commanded troops with Brutus during the Battle of Philippi against the combined forces of Mark Antony and Octavian, Caesar's former supporters, and committed suicide after being defeated by Mark Antony. Cassius was elected as a Tribune of the"
"this time to Sicily. Back in Rome, Julius Caesar was killed on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his killers. The Second Triumvirate was formed by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemelius Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the faction of Cassius and Brutus was the second triumvirate's first"
"Marcus Tullius Cicero by Greek tutors. Like his father, Marius advanced his political career through popularist tactics. During the Social War, he served under Lucius Porcius Cato, whom one source claims Marius killed at the Battle of Fucine Lake over Cato's claims that Cato's achievements were on par with the elder Marius's victory over the Cimbri. Seeking to strengthen his political alliances, the elder Marius married his son to Licinia, a daughter of Lucius Licinius Crassus. In the political turmoil launched by his father in 88 BC to strip his rival Lucius Cornelius Sulla of command of the Roman forces"
"Brutus the Younger Marcus Junius Brutus (the Younger) (; 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC), often referred to as Brutus, was a politician of the late Roman Republic. After being adopted by his uncle he used the name Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, but eventually returned to using his original name. He took a leading role in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Brutus was close to General Julius Caesar, the leader of the Populis faction. However, Caesar's attempts to assume greater power for himself put him at greater odds with the Roman elite and members of the Senate. Brutus eventually"
"Gaius Cassius Longinus Gaius Cassius Longinus (; October 3, before 85 BC – October 3, 42 BC) was a Roman senator, a leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar, and the brother in-law of Marcus Junius Brutus. He commanded troops with Brutus during the Battle of Philippi against the combined forces of Mark Antony and Octavian, Caesar's former supporters, and committed suicide after being defeated by Mark Antony. Cassius was elected as a Tribune of the Plebs in 49 BC. He opposed Caesar, and he commanded a fleet against him during Caesar's Civil War: after Caesar defeated Pompey"
"as a character in Shakespeare's play ""Julius Caesar"". Publius Volumnius Publius Volumnius was a 1st-century BC Roman philosopher, and a friend and companion of Marcus Junius Brutus who led the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. Volumnius and Brutus had been students of philosophy together. Volumnius accompanied Brutus on his fateful campaign to the East, which culminated in Brutus' suicide after his defeat by the Triumvirs in the Second Battle of Philippi (October 23, 42 BC). The historian Plutarch, in his ""Life of Brutus"", uses Volumnius' recollections as a source for an account of the prodigies which supposedly preceded the death"
"Licinius Macer. The work was later cited by Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Quintus Aelius Tubero Quintus Aelius Tubero (born 74 BC – fl. 11 BC) was a Roman jurist, statesman and writer. He may have been a Roman consul with Paullus Fabius Maximus in 11 BC. He was the son of Lucius Aelius Tubero, a friend of Cicero. In 48, he fought alongside Pompey at Pharsalus. In 44 BC, he unsuccessfully prosecuted Ligarius, who was defended by Cicero. The prosecution was later memorialized by Cicero in his Pro Ligario. Thereafter, Tubero abandoned oratory and began studying civil law under"
"sections of this latter work were incorporated by Justinian I into his ""Pandectae"", but nothing of the rest of his works is extant today. Speeches by Scaevola extant in ancient times were praised by Cicero. He was also the originator of cautelary law giving his name to the cautio muciana and the praesumptio muciana. Scaevola was killed in the civil unrest surrounding the power struggle between Sulla and Gaius Marius the Younger in 82 BC. Refusing to side with the Marians, he was pursued by them and killed in the temple of the Vestals and his body thrown into the"
"was put to death in the Tullianum on 5 December 63 BC, along with other senatorial supporters of Catiline. The legitimacy of these killings, which were carried out on the personal command of the consuls and without a judicial trial, was disputed. Cicero argued that his actions were lawful under the ""Senatus consultum ultimum"", but was exiled in 58 BC after the people's tribune, Publius Clodius Pulcher, Cicero's bitter enemy, passed a law prohibiting extrajudicial killings of Roman citizens, and then accused Cicero of having violated it. This is an example of an ex post facto law. He was recalled"
"Publius Volumnius Publius Volumnius was a 1st-century BC Roman philosopher, and a friend and companion of Marcus Junius Brutus who led the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. Volumnius and Brutus had been students of philosophy together. Volumnius accompanied Brutus on his fateful campaign to the East, which culminated in Brutus' suicide after his defeat by the Triumvirs in the Second Battle of Philippi (October 23, 42 BC). The historian Plutarch, in his ""Life of Brutus"", uses Volumnius' recollections as a source for an account of the prodigies which supposedly preceded the death of Brutus. Volumnius' writings were also drawn upon"
"Marcus Caelius Rufus Marcus Caelius Rufus (28 May 82 BC – after 48 BC) was an orator and politician in the late Roman Republic. He was born into a wealthy equestrian family from Interamnia Praetuttiorum (Teramo), on the central east coast of Italy. He is best known for his trial for public violence (""de vi publica"") in March 56 BC, when Cicero defended him in the extant speech ""Pro Caelio"", and as both recipient and author of some of the best-written letters in the ""ad Familiares"" corpus of Cicero's extant correspondence. He may be the Rufus named in the poems"
"which Cicero gave his famous speech in defense of Archias' claims to Roman citizenship. Later, in 58 and 57 BC, Marcus Lucullus belonged to the group that worked behind the scenes to enable Cicero's return from exile. When his brother, Lucius Lucullus, lost his mental powers, Marcus Lucullus became his legal guardian; he buried him at his Tusculan estate in 56 BC. Marcus Lucullus himself died not long after. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus (c. 116 – soon after 56 BC), younger brother of the more famous Lucius Licinius Lucullus, was a supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla"
"Lucius Volusius Maecianus Lucius Volusius Maecianus (c. 110 – 175) was a Roman jurist, the tutor in Law of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Originally of the equestrian class, Maecianus was adlected by emperor Marcus Aurelius into the Roman senate ""inter praetorios"", or with the rank of praetor. Maecianus was suffect consul in an undetermined ""nundinium"" around AD 166. He was ""praefectus annonae"" and augustalian prefect of Egypt in 161. While governor of Alexandria he was slain by the soldiers, as having participated in the rebellion of Avidius Cassius in 175. (Cassius was his son-in-law by marriage to his daughter Volusia"
"position, fell into a trap, and Marcellus was slain. Gravely wounded, Crispinus was unable to return to Rome in order to hold the elections for the following year, and accordingly the senate dispatched Sextus Julius Caesar and two other envoys to meet with him, and urge the consul to appoint a dictator for the purpose of holding the elections. Crispinus nominated Titus Manlius Torquatus, who oversaw the election of new magistrates, but Crispinus himself died from his wounds before the end of the year. Sextus Julius Caesar (praetor 208 BC) Sextus Julius Caesar was a Roman praetor in 208 BC,"
"and in 97, he was elected censor. He held a command in the Social War in 90. During the civil war between Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Antonius supported the latter. This cost him his life; Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna executed him when they obtained possession of Rome in 87. Throughout Antonius' political career, he continued to appear as a mediative defender or an accuser in Roman courts of law. Antonius' modern reputation for eloquence derives from the authority of Cicero, since none of his speeches survive. He is one of the chief speakers in Cicero's ""De"
"his family"". A Marcus Appuleius who was consul in 20 BC may have been another descendant. Lucius Appuleius Saturninus Lucius Appuleius Saturninus (died late 100 BC) was a Roman populist and tribune. He is most notable for introducing a series of legislative reforms, alongside his associate Gaius Servilius Glaucia and with the consent of the famous Gaius Marius, during the last years of the second century BC. Senatorial opposition to these laws eventually led to an internal crisis, the declaration of the ""senatus consultum ultimum"", and the deaths of Saturninus, Glaucia, and their followers in 100 BC. As ""quaestor"" (104"
"first blow, attacking Caesar from behind and hitting his neck, after Tillius Cimber had distracted the dictator by grabbing his toga. The other assassins then joined in. At the time Casca held the office of Tribune of the People. After the assassination he fled Rome, and his colleague in the tribunate, P. Titius, had him deprived of his office. Casca joined Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, the leaders of the assassins, during the Liberators' civil war against the Second Triumvirate, Caesar's former supporters. He seems to have died, probably by suicide, in the aftermath of their defeat at"
"populist tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, who had been declared a public enemy by the Senate after a candidate for the consulship had been murdered during an election. Caesar was one of the two judges, and Suetonius says he had bribed Labienus to bring the prosecution. The charge was the archaic offence of ""perduellio"", a form of treason, the punishment for which was crucifixion. Rabirius was defended by Quintus Hortensius, who argued that he had not killed Saturninus, and Cicero, who argued that the killing of Saturninus was lawful as it had been done under the ""senatus consultum ultimum"", a declaration"
"precursors thusly: Nazifa Zaki and Hamida Ahmadzai fought over rocket attacks into Afghanistan from Pakistan. Tax bill sparks brawls in the parliament of Algeria. Roman general and dictator Julius Caesar was famously assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March, 44 BC during a meeting of the Roman Senate. The senators, led by Cassius and Brutus and calling themselves Liberatores, had conspired in secret to kill Caesar and considered various ways to do so. Ultimately, they decided to kill him during a meeting of the senate, since only senators would be allowed in the meeting and Caesar"
"of this affair apparently motivated Scaurus to support the legislative reforms of Marcus Livius Drusus the Younger, tribune in 91 and the son of Scaurus' former colleague as censor. Alongside Lucius Licinius Crassus, Scaurus was Drusus' main conservative champion and helped pass his extensive legislative programme. However, after the sudden death of Crassus in September 91, Drusus rapidly lost his support in the Senate, and the consul Lucius Marcius Philippus succeeded in abrogating Drusus' laws on religious technicalities. After Drusus' assassination and the subsequent outbreak of the Social War (91-88 BC), Scaurus was prosecuted in 90 under the special court"
"end for the Republicans allied with Caesar Octavian, but the situation would change completely the following autumn with the formation of the Second Triumvirate of Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. Mark Antony had dominated the political situation in Rome for only a short time after the Assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC. An incongruous coalition among some of Caesar's assassins, the resurgent Senatorial faction led by Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the followers of the dictator's young heir, Caesar Octavian—the future emperor Augustus—had quickly caused difficulties for the consul Antony by eroding his consensus of support within the Caesarian"
"Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero (; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as consul in the year 63 BC. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. His influence on the Latin language was so immense that the subsequent history of prose, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century, was said to be either a reaction against or a return to his style. Cicero introduced the"
"killed in Egypt by soldiers who Aulus Gabinius had left there after restoring Ptolemy Auletes to the throne. His second wife was Cato's daughter Porcia, whom he married sometime between 58 and 53 BC. He may have had a daughter called Calpurnia who was the first wife of Roman senator Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus. After Bibulus' death Porcia married Brutus, who was to be a ringleader of Caesar's assassins. Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (c. 102 BC – 48 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic, who served in several magisterial positions alongside Julius Caesar and conceived a"
"of ancient sources from T.R.S. Broughton, ""The Magistrates of the Roman Republic"" (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, pp. 338–339, 362, 374, 382, 386, 426–427; vol. 3 (1986), pp. 48–49. Lucius Marcius Censorinus (consul 39 BC) Lucius Marcius Censorinus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 39 BC, during the Second Triumvirate. He and his colleague Gaius Calvisius Sabinus had been the only two senators who tried to defend Julius Caesar when he was assassinated on the Ides of March in 44 BC, and their consulship under the triumvirate was a recognition of their loyalty. Marcius Censorinus was proconsul"
"After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, there was a civil war between the Caesarians, the supporters of Caesar, and the Pompeians, the supporters of Pompey, who had led the forces of the Roman senate against Caesar during Caesar's Civil War (49-45 BC). In this civil war, the Liberators' Civil War (43-42 BC), the Pompeians were led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, the leaders of the conspiracy to murder Caesar. They fought against Octavian and Mark Antony, two members of the Second Triumvirate, an alliance between the three leaders of the Caesarians. Cassius"
"Quintus Aelius Tubero Quintus Aelius Tubero (born 74 BC – fl. 11 BC) was a Roman jurist, statesman and writer. He may have been a Roman consul with Paullus Fabius Maximus in 11 BC. He was the son of Lucius Aelius Tubero, a friend of Cicero. In 48, he fought alongside Pompey at Pharsalus. In 44 BC, he unsuccessfully prosecuted Ligarius, who was defended by Cicero. The prosecution was later memorialized by Cicero in his Pro Ligario. Thereafter, Tubero abandoned oratory and began studying civil law under Aulus Ofilius. He married a daughter of Servius Sulpicius Rufus. With her, he"
"note of the work in a consolatory letter to Heliodorus of Altino. A popular piece of writing until its loss, the ""Consolatio"" is widely accepted as the distinct work that transmitted the earlier ""consolatio"" literary tradition to the Romans of the late Republic. In 1583, Italian scholar Carlo Sigonio claimed to have discovered a non-fragmentary version of the ""Consolatio"", although most scholars now agree that this work was a fake, with modern stylometric methods backing this up. Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was an Ancient Roman philosopher and politician, famous for his oratory"
"Assassination of Julius Caesar The assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, and Marcus Junius Brutus. They stabbed Caesar (23 times) to death in a location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March 15 March 44 BC. Caesar was the Dictator of the Roman Republic, having recently been declared ""dictator perpetuo"" by the Senate of the Roman Republic. This declaration made many senators fear that Caesar wanted to overthrow the Senate in favor of totalitarianism, as well as the fear"
"his own power, Sulla conducted a surprising and illegal action: he marched to Rome with his legions, killing all those who showed support to Marius's cause and impaling their heads in the Roman Forum. In the following year, 87 BC, Marius, who had fled at Sulla's march, returned to Rome while Sulla was campaigning in Greece. He seized power along with the consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna and killed the other consul, Gnaeus Octavius, achieving his seventh consulship. In an attempt to raise Sulla's anger, Marius and Cinna revenged their partisans by conducting a massacre. Marius died in 86 BC, due"
"Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He is also known as an author of Latin prose. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as ""Populares"" were opposed by the"
"Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex (died 82 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic and an important early authority on Roman law. He is credited with founding the study of law as a systematic discipline. He was elected Pontifex Maximus (chief priest of Rome), as had been his father and uncle before him. He was the first Roman Pontifex Maximus to be murdered publicly, in Rome in the very Temple of the Vestal Virgins, signifying a breakdown of historical norms and religious taboos in the Republic. Scaevola was elected tribune in 106 BC, aedile in 104"
"him to join the conspiracy. Lucius Minucius Basilus Lucius Minucius Basilus (died 43 BC) was a military commander and politician of the late Roman Republic, a trusted associate of Julius Caesar, who later participated in Caesar's assassination. It was to Basilus that Cicero wrote his first excited note after hearing of the assassination of Caesar. In the notes to Cicero's ""Selected Letters"", Basilus is described:L. Minucius Basilus had been a prominent officer, probably a ""legatus"" under Caesar in Gaul, and apparently served also in the civil war. He was, however, mortally offended because Caesar would not give him a province"