"approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenant Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as the ""comte d'Artagnan"", was killed by a musket shot outside Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in Alexandre Dumas' novel ""The Vicomte de Bragelonne"", part of the D'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678. In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht, during the War of Austrian Succession. The French took the city for the"
"during the reign of Louis XI (1461–1483). Alexander Dumas's ""The Three Musketeers"" (1844) is another famous French historical romance. Set in 1625, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although D'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age: Athos, Porthos and Aramis and gets involved in affairs of the state and court. In genre, ""The Three Musketeers"" is primarily a historical and adventure novel."
"appear in several novels: There are also biographies of de Batz: Jean, Baron de Batz Jean Pierre de Batz, Baron de Sainte-Croix, known as the Baron de Batz or de Bance, (26 January 1754 – 10 January 1822), was a French royalist and businessman. He was born in Goutz-les-Tartas (Gers), and died in Chadieu, near Vic-le-Comte (Puy-de-Dôme). His life and actions in the service of Louis XVI inspired several popular novelists, including Baroness Orczy (""Eldorado"", 1913), Rafael Sabatini (""Scaramouche"", 1921) and more recently Juliette Benzoni (""Le Jeu de l'amour et de la mort"" series, 1999–2000). Under the Constituent Assembly, de"
"Jean, Baron de Batz Jean Pierre de Batz, Baron de Sainte-Croix, known as the Baron de Batz or de Bance, (26 January 1754 – 10 January 1822), was a French royalist and businessman. He was born in Goutz-les-Tartas (Gers), and died in Chadieu, near Vic-le-Comte (Puy-de-Dôme). His life and actions in the service of Louis XVI inspired several popular novelists, including Baroness Orczy (""Eldorado"", 1913), Rafael Sabatini (""Scaramouche"", 1921) and more recently Juliette Benzoni (""Le Jeu de l'amour et de la mort"" series, 1999–2000). Under the Constituent Assembly, de Batz's reputation as a financier led to his 28 May 1790"
"Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas (, ; ; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie ; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas (French for 'father'), was a French writer. His works have been translated into many languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials, including ""The Count of Monte Cristo"", ""The Three Musketeers"", ""Twenty Years After"", and """". His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200 films. Dumas' last novel, ""The Knight of Sainte-Hermine,"""
"Georges (novel) Georges is a short novel by Alexandre Dumas, père set on Isle de France (Mauritius), from 1810 to 1824. This novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in ""The Count of Monte Cristo"", and because race and racism are at the center of this novel, and this was a topic on which Dumas, despite his part-African ancestry, rarely wrote. ""Georges"" was first published in 1843. It has been republished in English as ""George; or, the Planter of the Isle of France"". A new translation by Tina Kover,"
"its own right. The plaster statue was replaced by a concrete copy in 1985. Ogier the Dane Ogier the Dane (; ) is a legendary knight of Charlemagne who appears in many Old French ""chansons de geste"". In particular, he features as the protagonist in ""La chevalerie Ogier"" (ca. 1220), which belongs to the ""Geste de Doon de Mayence"" (""cycle of the rebellious vassals""). The first part of this epic, the ""enfance""[""s""] (childhood exploits) of Ogier, is marked by his duel against a Saracen from whom he obtains the sword Corte, followed by victory over another Saracen opponent from whom"
"off, pursued by the British Royal Navy. After a naval engagement the British ship is sunk and they escape. Georges: Georges is the protagonist of the novel. He is a light-skinned mulatto who is easily mistaken as white. Georges (novel) Georges is a short novel by Alexandre Dumas, père set on Isle de France (Mauritius), from 1810 to 1824. This novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in ""The Count of Monte Cristo"", and because race and racism are at the center of this novel, and this was a"
"unhappily confined to a chair, dying in Paris. His best-known works included ""Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges"" (1840), ""Les Oeufs de Paques"" (1856) and ""Le Pauvre Diable"" (reprinted 1871). Roger de Beauvoir Roger de Beauvoir (8 November 1806, Paris – 27 August 1866) was the pen name of French Romantic novelist and playwright Eugène Auguste Roger de Bully. His wit, good-looks and adventurous lifestyle made him well known in Paris, where he was a friend of Alexandre Dumas, père. Of independent means, he wed actress and author Léocadie Doze in 1847. He was imprisoned for three months and fined 500 francs"
"in the genus ""Schistura"" which are each named after one of the Three Musketeers, ""S. aramis"" and ""S. porthos"". Athos (character) Athos, Count de la Fère, is a fictional character in the novels ""The Three Musketeers"", ""Twenty Years After"", and ""The Vicomte de Bragelonne"" by Alexandre Dumas, père. He is a highly fictionalised version of the historical musketeer Armand de Sillègue d'Athos d'Autevielle (1615–1644). In ""The Three Musketeers"", he and the other two musketeers, Porthos and Aramis, are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan. He has a mysterious past connecting him with the villain of the novel, Milady de Winter."
"The Count of Monte Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo () is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (""père"") completed in 1844. It is one of the author's most popular works, along with ""The Three Musketeers"". Like many of his novels, it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet. Another important work by Dumas, written prior to his work with Maquet, was the short novel ""Georges""; this novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in ""The Count of Monte Cristo"". The story"
"Charles returned to Béarn and took over his father's abbacy. His grandfather was indeed a Huguenot captain, though there is no proof of Henri d'Aramitz being himself a Protestant (he married a devout Catholic). Henri d'Aramitz's uncle, the Comte de Troisville, called him to Paris along with his cousins Armand d'Athos and Isaac de Porthau based on their reputation for swordsmanship. On this occasion Aramitz had the chance to meet the Comte d'Artagnan. The ""Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan,"" written by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras, later served as the basis for Alexandre Dumas's novel ""The Three Musketeers"". In May 1640"
"historical research; Dumas then expanded the plot, removing some characters, including new ones, and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style. ""The Three Musketeers"" was first published in serial form in the newspaper ""Le Siècle"" between March and July 1844. In 1625 France, d'Artagnan (a poor young nobleman) leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard. At a house in Meung-sur-Loire, an older man derides d'Artagnan's horse. Insulted, d'Artagnan demands a duel. But the older man's companions instead beat d'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a metal tong that breaks his"
"in hunting, and he wrote a book on the subject, ""La Chasse Royale"", which was published long after his death, in 1625. It is a valuable source for those interested in the history of hounds and hunting. Charles IX is a supporting character in Alexandre Dumas's 1845 historical novel ""Queen Margot"", which focuses on the marriage between Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois. The book depicts Charles as both a cold-hearted king who takes pleasure in the hunt, and a lonely and vulnerable man, influenced in politics by his relatives and allies. In this work of fiction, he is"
"May 1862, and was a huge popular success, though it was criticized by Gustave Flaubert who said he found ""no truth or greatness in it."" Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870) left Paris in 1851, just before the Empire, partly because of political differences with Napoleon III, who was then Prince-President, but largely because he was deeply in debt and wanted to avoid creditors. After travelling to Belgium, Italy and Russia, he returned to Paris in 1864 and wrote his last major work, ""The Knight of Sainte-Hermine"", before he died in 1870. The son of Dumas, Alexandre Dumas fils (1824–1895), became the most"
"de Balzac's most famous novel ""Eugénie Grandet"", which depicted in part her family, who was living at the time in the French city of Sartrouville. In 1833, as he revealed in a letter to his sister, Honoré de Balzac entered into a secret intrigue, with Marie (aka ""Maria"") du Fresnay, who was then 24. Her marriage to Charles Antoine Du Fresnay, son of Charles Du Fresnay, former mayor of Sartrouville (portrayed as ""Charles Grandet, nephew of the former mayor of Saumur"" in Eugénie Grandet) had been a failure from the start, with a 23-year age difference between them. In this"
"in the poem ""La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche"" (written ca. 1200–1215). Here he is the son of Geoffroy de Danemarche given as a hostage to Charlemagne. Ogier's son is slain by Charlot, son of Charlemagne. Ogier attacks Charlot and demands his life in revenge, resulting in his banishment. Ogier wars with Charlemagne for seven years and survives prison for another seven years. They eventually make peace and Ogier goes to fight at Charlemagne's side against the Saracens, in which battle he slays the giant Brehus. The work consists of twelve parts (or ""branches"") of varying lengths. Ogier, a condemned hostage,"
"Athos (character) Athos, Count de la Fère, is a fictional character in the novels ""The Three Musketeers"", ""Twenty Years After"", and ""The Vicomte de Bragelonne"" by Alexandre Dumas, père. He is a highly fictionalised version of the historical musketeer Armand de Sillègue d'Athos d'Autevielle (1615–1644). In ""The Three Musketeers"", he and the other two musketeers, Porthos and Aramis, are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan. He has a mysterious past connecting him with the villain of the novel, Milady de Winter. The oldest by some years, Athos is described as noble and handsome but also very secretive, drowning his secret"
"Ogier the Dane Ogier the Dane (; ) is a legendary knight of Charlemagne who appears in many Old French ""chansons de geste"". In particular, he features as the protagonist in ""La chevalerie Ogier"" (ca. 1220), which belongs to the ""Geste de Doon de Mayence"" (""cycle of the rebellious vassals""). The first part of this epic, the ""enfance""[""s""] (childhood exploits) of Ogier, is marked by his duel against a Saracen from whom he obtains the sword Corte, followed by victory over another Saracen opponent from whom he wins the horse Broiefort. In subsequent parts, Ogier turns into a rebel with"
"Twenty Years After Twenty Years After () is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, first serialized from January to August 1845. A book of ""The d'Artagnan Romances"", it is a sequel to ""The Three Musketeers"" and precedes ""The Vicomte de Bragelonne"" (which includes the sub-plot ""Man in the Iron Mask""). The novel follows events in France during the Fronde, during the childhood reign of Louis XIV, and in England near the end of the English Civil War, leading up to the victory of Oliver Cromwell and the execution of King Charles I. Through the words of the main characters, particularly Athos,"
"between his army and Fierebras of Alexander, in which the Crown of Thorns and other relics are recaptured for the Christians. ""Ogier le Danois"" links the tales of Charlemagne with Arthurian legends, as common characters and places are introduced. Ogier, the Danish hero and enemy of Charlemagne, marries an English princess and becomes King of England, bearing a son by Morgan le Fee while he is shipwrecked on Avalon. ""Quatre fils Aimon"" or ""Le livre de Renault de Montauban"" tells the story of four brothers who flee from persecution by Charlemagne, going on a crusade on Bayard, the magic horse."
"The Two Dianas The Two Dianas () is a historical novel published in 1846-7 under the name of Alexandre Dumas but mostly or entirely written by his friend and collaborator Paul Meurice. The ""two Dianas"" of the title are Diane de Poitiers (the mistress of Henry II) and her supposed daughter Diana de Castro. The novel's setting is earlier than Dumas's better known ""Valois trilogy"". The principal character is Gabriel, comte de Montgomery; other characters include Martin Guerre, Catherine de Médicis and Ambroise Paré. When Meurice later published a dramatisation of the novel, a letter supposedly written by Dumas was"
"into the water where they struggle and Mordaunt is killed. The character of Milady previously appeared in the ""Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan"" (1700), a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras, which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV. In Courtilz's novel (one of the literary sources for the more famous novel by Dumas), Milady is one of the exiled English Queen Henrietta Maria's ladies-in-waiting. Dumas changed Milady's background significantly; from another Courtilz novel (""Mémoires de M. le Comte de Rochforte"", 1687) Dumas partly derived the idea of the branded woman, which he applied to"
"Czar's death. Dumas refers to Grisier with great respect in ""The Count of Monte Cristo"", ""The Corsican Brothers"", and in his memoirs. Dumas depended on numerous assistants and collaborators, of whom Auguste Maquet was the best known. It was not until the late twentieth century that his role was fully understood. Dumas wrote the short novel ""Georges"" (1843), which uses ideas and plots later repeated in ""The Count of Monte Cristo"". Maquet took Dumas to court to try to get authorial recognition and a higher rate of payment for his work. He was successful in getting more money, but not"
"a secret message in the petals of a carnation. According to the biography ""La vie d'Alexandre Dumas père"" by J. Lucas-Dubreton, Dumas had originally titled the work ""Le Chevalier de Rougeville"", but changed the title to ""Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge"" after receiving a complaint from the son of the Marquis de Rougeville. (French) Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (translated as ""The Knight of Maison-Rouge: A Novel of Marie Antoinette"" or ""The Knight of the Red House"") was written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is related to a series referred to as the Marie Antoinette romances,"
"of admirers, she becomes one of the most famous courtesans in Paris, attracting even Franz Liszt. Among many struck by her fame and charm is a young writer Alexandre Dumas, fils, son of the illustrious writer Alexandre Dumas, père. For a while he persuades her to stay with him in the country, in the hope it will assuage her tuberculosis and curb her wild spending. But she wants to go out as she has lived and, returning to her Parisian world, dies in 1847 at age 23, leaving behind massive debt. Alexandre turns her story into a novel, which is"
"becomes Morgan le Fay's paramour. This is how the story culminates in ""Roman d'Ogier"", a reworking in Alexandrines written in the 14th century, as well as its prose redaction retitled ""Ogier le Danois"" (""Ogyer le Danois"") printed in a number of editions from the late 15th century onwards. There are also several texts that might be classed as ""histories"" which refer to Ogier. Girart d'Amiens' ""Charlemagne"" contains a variant of Ogier's ""enfances"". Jean d'Outremeuse's ""Ly Myreur des Histors"" writes of Ogier's combat with the ""capalus"" (chapalu). Philippe Mouskes's 13th-century ""Chronique rimée"" writes on Ogier's death. Ogier is the main character"
"However, Dumas also frequently works into the plot various injustices, abuses and absurdities of the old regime, giving the novel an additional political aspect at a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The author's father, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, had been a well-known General in France's Republican army during the French Revolutionary Wars. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in ""Twenty Years After"" and """". The twentieth century"
"his return to France in 1440, Charles married Marie of Cleves in Saint-Omer (daughter of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves) and had three children: The critically acclaimed historical novel ""Het Woud der Verwachting / Le Forêt de Longue Attente"" (1949) by Hella Haasse (translated into English in 1989 under the title ""In a Dark Wood Wandering"") gives a sympathetic description of the life of Charles, Duke of Orléans. Charles is also a major character in Margaret Frazer's ""The Maiden's Tale"", a historical mystery and fictional account of a few weeks of his life in England in the autumn of 1439,"
"Dumas indicated as his source ""Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan"" (1700), a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras, printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam, which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV. It was in this book, he said, that d'Artagnan relates his first visit to M. de Tréville, captain of the Musketeers, where in the antechamber, he met three young Béarnese with the names Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. This information struck the imagination of Dumas so much—he tells us—that he continued his investigation and finally encountered once more the names of the three musketeers"
"Dumas' ""The Count of Monte Cristo"" (1844), the title character describes with fascination the semaphore line's moving arms. ""I had at times seen rise at the end of a road, on a hillock and in the bright light of the sun, these black folding arms looking like the legs of an immense beetle."" He later bribes a semaphore operator to relay a false message in order to manipulate the French financial market. Dumas also describes in details the functioning of a Chappe telegraph line. In Hector Malot's novel ""Romain Kalbris"" (1869), one of the characters, a girl named Dielette, describes"
"Monte-Cristo, and to collect books, manuscripts, autographs and other materials on Dumas. Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas (, ; ; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie ; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas (French for 'father'), was a French writer. His works have been translated into many languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials, including ""The Count of Monte Cristo"", ""The Three Musketeers"", ""Twenty Years After"", and """". His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth"
"Marie de' Medici, a systematic discrediting of all women and their political role revived Margaret's black legend. It is in the 19th century that the myth of Queen Margot was born. The nickname was invented by Alexandre Dumas père who titled his first novel on the Trilogy of Valois: ""La Reine Margot"" (1845), describing in the novel the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the intrigues of subsequent courtesies. The historian Jules Michelet instead exploited the figure of Princess Valois to denounce the ""depravity"" of the ""Ancien Régime"". Between the 19th and 20th centuries some historians such as Count Léo de"