"head of government retains executive power. The two co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include veto over government acts. Both are represented in Andorra by a delegate, although since 1993, both France and Spain have their own embassies. As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those that deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation. Although the institution of the co-princes is viewed by some as an anachronism,"
"world's sole constitutional diarchy or co-principality. Located in the Pyrenees between Spain and France, it has two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell (a prince-bishop) in Spain and the President of France (inherited ""ex officio"" from the French kings, who themselves inherited the title from the counts of Foix). It is the only situation in which an independent country's (co-)monarch is democratically elected by the citizens of another country. In a personal union, separate independent states share the same person as monarch, but each realm retains its separate laws and government. The sixteen separate Commonwealth realms are sometimes described as being"
"in November 2007. The co-princes of Andorra are the president of the French Republic, who is elected by the French people, and the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, who is appointed by the Pope. The absolute monarch of Vatican City, the Pope, is elected by the College of Cardinals. The current ruler is Pope Francis. Luxembourg also used agnatic primogeniture until 20 June 2011, when absolute primogeniture was introduced. One issue that occasionally rises is whether the monarchies are too expensive when compared to republics, or whether particular monarchies are more expensive than others, to maintain. This comparison may be"
"the majority sees them as both a link with Andorra's traditions and a way to balance the power of Andorra's two much larger neighbors. The way the two princes are chosen makes Andorra one of the most politically distinct nations on earth. One co-prince is the man or woman who is currently serving as President of France, currently Emmanuel Macron (it has historically been any head of state of France, including kings and emperors of the French). The other is the current Roman Catholic bishop of the Catalan city of La Seu d'Urgell, currently Joan Enric Vives i Sicilia. As"
"Dacian monarchies may be included as well, as may the dual occupants of the ranks of the Inca Empire. Modern examples of diarchies are Andorra, whose princes are the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell in Spain; San Marino, whose republic is led by two Captains Regent; and Swaziland, where sovereignty rests jointly in the king and his mother. Andorra is a parliamentary co-principality. Its princes are (""ex officio"") the French president and the bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain. Since 1962, the French president has been elected by universal suffrage within France. The bishop of the diocese"
"her name is Eugenia de Borbón Vargas). The couple had twin sons, Louis and Alphonse, on 28 May 2010 in New York City. Their father has conferred upon them the historic French titles of, respectively, Duke of Burgundy (""duc de Bourgogne""), and Duke of Berry (""duc de Berry""). (In Spain, the twins are ""Don"" Luis and ""Don"" Alfonso de Borbón Vargas). Prince Louis, as Legitimist Dauphin of France, is expected to succeed his father as head of the French royal house, the senior Bourbon/Capetian line, in Legitimist reckoning. However, under Spanish law, and assuming Felipe VI does not in future"
"Duke of Vendôme, Prince Gennaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and Henry Lecharny. Marie-Liesse's witnesses were her mother, her sister Eléonore, and Florence Bouteiller. Eudes and Marie-Liesse have two children: Eudes is fourth in line to the Orleanist succession to the French throne after his brother Prince Jean, duc de Vendôme, and his nephews, Prince Gaston and Prince Joseph. Prince Eudes, Duke of Angoulême Prince Eudes Thibaut Joseph Marie of Orléans, Duke of Angoulême (born 18 March 1968), is the youngest son of Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France, Orleanist claimant to the throne of France, and of Duchess Marie Therese"
"missionaries are active and operate without restriction. The Constitution acknowledges a special relationship with the Catholic Church ""in accordance with Andorran tradition"" and recognizes the ""full legal capacity"" of the bodies of the Catholic Church, granting them legal status ""in accordance with their own rules."" One of the two constitutionally designated princes of the country (who serves equally as joint head of state with the president of France) is Bishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília of the Spanish town of La Seu d'Urgell. The Catholic religious celebration on September 8 of the Verge de Meritxell (Virgin of Meritxell) is a national"
"with the French head of state (currently its President). Prince-bishop A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty. Thus the principality or prince-bishopric ruled politically by a prince-bishop could wholly or largely overlap with his diocesan jurisdiction, since some parts of his diocese, even the city of his residence, could be exempt from his civil rule, obtaining the status of free imperial city. If the episcopal see is an archbishopric, the correct term is prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular (monastic) clergy is prince-abbot. A prince-bishop is usually considered an elected"
"aristocratic families (namely Salla i Ermengol del Conflent, Eribau i Folcs dels Cardona, Guillem Guifré de Cerdanya and Ot de Pallars) between the years 981 and 1122. Also important is the diocese's patronage of Andorra, with the bishop holding the role of ""ex officio"" Co-Prince of the Pyrenean Catalan-speaking nation jointly with the President of the French Republic (and formerly, the King of France). Andorra was ceded to the Bishop of Urgell by the Count Ermengol VI of Urgell in 1133. Up to 1802, the ecclesiastical border corresponded with the royal one established under the Treaty of the Pyrenees in"
"residing in France, and the other is the Bishop of Urgell, residing in Spain. Each co-prince is represented in Andorra by a delegate, though these persons hold no formal title. In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a coup d'état, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favor of an emergency office (such as the original Roman Dictator) or eliminated by a new ""provisionary"" regime, such as a collective of the junta type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a military governor (an early"
"was modernized in 1993 after the Andorran constitutional referendum, when the constitution was drafted by the Co-Princes and the General Council and approved on 14 March by 74.2% of voters, with a 76% turnout. The first elections under the new constitution were held later in the year. The same year Andorra became a member of the United Nations and the Council of Europe. Andorra is a parliamentary co-principality with the President of France and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell (Catalonia, Spain) as Co-Princes. This peculiarity makes the President of France, in his capacity as Prince of Andorra, an elected reigning"
"France as ""Philip VIII"", the Duke of Guise became, at least for his Orleanist supporters, titular king of France as ""Jean III"". The title was disputed by members of the Spanish Anjou branch of the family, descended from Louis XIV. The couple had four children: Princess Isabelle died in Larache, Morocco. Princess Isabelle of Orléans (1878–1961) Princess Isabelle of Orléans (Isabelle Marie Laure Mercédès Ferdinande; 7 May 1878 – 21 April 1961) was a member of the French Orleanist royal family and by marriage Duchess of Guise. Isabelle was born at Eu, France, the third daughter and fifth child of"
"claim to the French throne, nor the fact that Louis Alphonse issued the wedding invitations styled as ""Duke of Anjou"". As from 2005, the couple resided in Venezuela, where he worked at ""Banco Occidental de Descuento"", before moving to the United States. Subsequently, they took up residence in Madrid. Louis Alphonse and María Margarita had their first child, Eugénie, on 5 March 2007, at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami. She was baptised at the papal nunciature in Paris in June 2007. Her godparents are Prince Charles-Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma and his wife Constance. Legitimists recognise her as Princess Eugénie (in Spain"
"Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France and ""ex officio"" Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012. Born in Paris, he is of 1/2 Hungarian Protestant, 1/4 Greek Jewish and 1/4 French Catholic origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002, he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur (1993–1995) during François Mitterrand's second term. During Jacques Chirac's second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances. He was the"
"as the legal successor to the count of Foix in regard to the paréage. Andorra was annexed by the First French Empire together with Catalonia in 1812–1813. After the Empire's demise, Andorra became independent again. The current joint monarchs are Bishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília and President Emmanuel Macron of France. Belgium has been a kingdom since 21 July 1831 without interruption, after it became independent from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands with Léopold I as its first king. Belgium is the only remaining popular monarchy in the world: The monarch is formally known as the ""King of the"
"applies to both the President of the Republic and to chief judges. Similarly, the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada is addressed by francophone parliamentarians as """"Monsieur/Madame le/la Président(e)"""". In Pierre Choderlos de Laclos's novel ""Les Liaisons Dangereuses"" of 1782, the character identified as ""Madame la Présidente de Tourvel"" (""Madam President of Tourvel"") is the wife of a magistrate in a ""parlement"". The fictional name Tourvel refers not to the ""parlement"" in which the magistrate sits, but rather, in imitation of an aristocratic title, to his private estate. Once the United States adopted the title of ""president"" for"
"movement advocating for Charles X's remains to be buried along with other French monarchs in Basilica of St Denis reportedly began a process of repatriation in late 2016, although the current head of the House of Bourbon, Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou has stated, in early 2017, that he wishes the remains of his ancestors to remain at the monastery crypt. Charles X married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia, and Maria Antonietta of Spain, on 16 November 1773. The couple had four children – two sons and two daughters – but"
"titles traditional in France's royal house. So, too does the Legitimist claimant. Thus, Charles-Philippe, Duke of Anjou and Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou are contemporaries and cousins — both reared in Spain, as it happens — but nominally represent different and competing rationales for restoration of the French monarchy. Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou Prince Charles-Philippe Marie Louis of Orléans, Duke of Anjou (; born 3 March 1973 in Paris, France) is a Prince and member of the House of Orléans. He is the older of two sons of Prince Michel d'Orléans, Count of Évreux, and his wife the"
"and accepting illegal campaign contributions at the issue of this custody. Governmental functions Electoral mandates European Parliament National Assembly of France Regional Council General Council Municipal Council Political functions Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France and ""ex officio"" Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012. Born in Paris, he is of 1/2 Hungarian Protestant, 1/4 Greek Jewish and 1/4 French Catholic origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002, he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister"
"in June 2013, May 2015, 2016, and 2017 and also with Princess Rym al-Ali in April 2011; Liechtenstein: with Hereditary Prince Alois and his wife Princess Sophie in June 2010; Lithuania: with Vytautas Landsbergis, former President of Lithuania and his wife Gražina Ručytė-Landsbergienė in June 2015; Luxembourg: with her 2nd cousin Prince Guillaume in September 2014; Senegal: with Viviane Wade, 3rd First Lady of Senegal in November 2008; Spain: with her 2nd cousin Felipe, Prince of Asturias and his wife Princess Letizia in April 2009; Switzerland: with members of the Swiss Federal Council in October 2002; United Kingdom: with her"
"in 1984 and his father's one in 1989, he respectively became, under the same pretension, ""Duke of Bourbon"" and ""Duke of Anjou"". He is the current legitimist pretender to the title of King of France as ""Louis XX"". As pretender, he has not, so far, re-created the title, conferring on his twin sons, the titles of ""Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy"" and ""Duke of Berry"" respectively. Duke of Touraine Duke of Touraine was a title in the Peerage of France, relating to Touraine. It was first created in 1360 for Philip, youngest son of King John II of France."
"transferred to the Presidents of the Republic, and hence is currently held by Emmanuel Macron. This applies even when the French President is not a Catholic or is an atheist. The proto-canon of the papal basilica of Saint Mary Major is the King of Spain, currently Felipe VI. Before the Reformation, the King of England was a canon of the basilica of Saint Paul outside the Walls. It has traditionally been said that the King of England (now the British Sovereign) is a canon or prebendary of St David's Cathedral, Wales. However, this is based on a misconception. The canonry"
"Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known in France as cohabitation. Variants of the French semi-presidential system, developed at the beginning of the Fifth Republic by Charles de Gaulle, are used in France, Portugal, Romania, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and several post-colonial countries which have emulated the French model. In Finland, although the 2000 constitution moved towards a ceremonial presidency, the system is still formally semi-presidential, with the President of Finland retaining e.g. foreign policy and appointment powers. The parliamentary republic, is a parliamentary system in which the presidency is largely"
"Prince of Orange Prince of Orange (or Princess of Orange if the holder is female) is a title originally associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France. Under the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Frederick William I of Prussia ceded the Principality of Orange to King Louis XIV of France (while retaining the title as part of his dynastic titulature). After William III of England died without children, a dispute arose between Johan Willem Friso and Frederick I of Prussia, which was settled in the Treaty of Partition (1732); consequently, Friso's son, William IV had"
"father a son, the Spanish crown will be inherited by his elder daughter Leonor, Princess of Asturias, who will become queen regnant, and if Felipe does have a son, that son will inherit the Spanish throne regardless of the genealogical seniority of the Anjou branch. Louis and Alphonse were baptised on 5 September 2010 at St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. Louis' godparents were Arancha Martínez-Bordíu and Francisco D'Agostino and Alphonse's were Amparo Corell de Trenor, and Lorenzo Perales. The couple are expecting their fourth child together, a boy, in Spring 2019. Titles and styles of pretence in France: Titles"
"Prince d'Orléans Prince d'Orléans (""Prince of Orleans"" in English) is a title generally used by junior members of the Royal House of France instead of or in addition to the traditional Petit-fils de France. The current French royal family are descended in the male line from Philippe I, Duke of Orléans the younger son of Louis XIII of France. Accordingly, they are often called the House of Bourbon-Orléans. Since the title ""Petit-fils de France"" meaning ""Grandson of France"" is not understood by non-French speakers (or even by French speakers unfamiliar with their history) it can cause confusion in the modern"
"proto-canon of the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. The current President of France is Emmanuel Macron, who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017. The presidency of France was first publicly proposed during the July Revolution of 1830, when it was offered to the Marquis de Lafayette, who demurred in favor of Prince Louis Phillipe. 18 years later, during the opening phases of the 2nd Republic, the title was created for a popularly elected Head of state, the first of whom was Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, nephew of the Emperor. Bonaparte served until he staged an auto coup against the"
"intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown (""de jure"" after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the minting of money; the muster of military troops and the right to wage war and contract treaties; local judicial authority and constabular enforcement; and the habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a ""Fürst"" would become known as ""Prinzen"". The husband of a queen regnant is usually titled ""prince consort"" or simply ""prince"", whereas the"
"to twin boys, Prince Louis, Duke of Burgundy and Prince Alphonse, Duke of Berry (Spanish: Luis and Alfonso), on 28 May 2010. They currently live in Madrid, Spain. Cassani Pironti, Fabio. ""Bref crayon généalogique de S.A.R. la Princesse Marie-Marguerite, Duchesse d'Anjou, née Vargas Santaella"", Le Lien Légitimiste, n. 16, 2007. Marie Marguerite, Duchess of Anjou Marie Marguerite, Duchess of Anjou (""née"" María Margarita Vargas Santaella; born 21 October 1983) is a Venezuelan heiress and wife of Louis Alphonse of Bourbon, Duke of Anjou, who is considered by Legitimists to be the head of the French Royal House, making Marie Marguerite"
"France with Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Princess Christina of the Netherlands and Princess Maria de las Nieves of Bourbon-Parma as her godparents. In 1981, when she was six, her parents decided to divorce. She moved together with her mother and her brothers and sister to the Soestdijk Palace (Baarn), the then residence of the former Queen of the Netherlands. They lived at the palace for a number of years with her grandparents, the in 1980 abdicated Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Later on they lived for a while in a villa at Wijk bij"
"France, while for the latter, the House of France is identified only with the House of Orléans, which is only one component of the House of Bourbon. The rule of male primogeniture for the transmission of the ancient crown of France is therefore subject, since the death of the Count of Chambord, to the recognition or not by partisans of one or the other waivers made during Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which prevented the union of the kingdoms of Spain and France under one monarch. The will of Charles II of Spain in 1700 was in congruence with the"
"Prince Eudes, Duke of Angoulême Prince Eudes Thibaut Joseph Marie of Orléans, Duke of Angoulême (born 18 March 1968), is the youngest son of Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France, Orleanist claimant to the throne of France, and of Duchess Marie Therese of Württemberg. Eudes was born in Paris. After his parents separated, he was raised by his mother. His godparents were Patricia Bemberg and paternal uncle Prince Thibaut, Count of La Marche. On 27 September 1987, Eudes was given the title ""duc d'Angoulême"" by his grandfather, Henri, Count of Paris. On 19 June 1999, Eudes was married in"