"Mathematics of general relativity The mathematics of general relativity refers to various mathematical structures and techniques that are used in studying and formulating Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. The main tools used in this geometrical theory of gravitation are tensor fields defined on a Lorentzian manifold representing spacetime. This article is a general description of the mathematics of general relativity. The principle of general covariance states that the laws of physics should take the same mathematical form in all reference frames and was one of the central principles in the development of general relativity. The term 'general covariance' was"
"Jakob Laub Jakob Johann Laub (born as Jakub Laub, 7 February 1884 in Rzeszów – 22 April 1962 in Fribourg) was a physicist from Austria-Hungary, who is best known for his work with Albert Einstein in the early period of special relativity. He was the son of Abraham Laub and Anna Maria Schenborn. Laub, who converted from the Jewish to the Catholic faith and changed his name from ""Jakub"" into ""Jakob Johann"", first visited High School in Rzeszów. Next stations were the University of Vienna, the University of Kraków and finally the University of Göttingen, where he studied mathematics under"
"many scientific papers on different topics. Jakob Laub Jakob Johann Laub (born as Jakub Laub, 7 February 1884 in Rzeszów – 22 April 1962 in Fribourg) was a physicist from Austria-Hungary, who is best known for his work with Albert Einstein in the early period of special relativity. He was the son of Abraham Laub and Anna Maria Schenborn. Laub, who converted from the Jewish to the Catholic faith and changed his name from ""Jakub"" into ""Jakob Johann"", first visited High School in Rzeszów. Next stations were the University of Vienna, the University of Kraków and finally the University of"
"the most well-known equation in physics: E=mc². It belongs to the revolutionizing papers of Albert Einstein concerning the Theory of Relativity. In 1905, his paper “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper” (“The electrodynamics of objects in motion”) established the Special Theory of Relativity, which revolutionized the understanding of space and time. In 1915, he published the General Theory of Relativity, in which the curvature of spacetime brings about gravity. Nowadays, Albert Einstein is seen by many as the epitome of a scientist and a genius. He also used his fame outside of the scientific community in his efforts to further international understanding"
"Alexander Moszkowski Alexander Moszkowski (15 January 1851 – 26 September 1934) was a German satirist, writer and philosopher of Polish-Jewish descent. He was the brother of the composer and pianist Moritz Moszkowski. He was a friend of many celebrities in Berlin, among them the theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, about whom he was the first to publish a book in the summer of 1920 and consequently popularize the Theory of Relativity. In his autobiography he wrote: ""At the beginning of the 20th century the question of the conceivability of other worlds with modified physics and mathematics will be highly employed."" He"
"Hans Albert Einstein Hans Albert Einstein ( ; May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was a Swiss-American engineer and educator, the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. Hans A. Einstein was a professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, and was recognized for his research on sediment transport. His papers are held at the Water Resources Collections and Archives in the University of California, Riverside Libraries and in the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections and Archives. Hans Albert Einstein was born on May 14, 1904 in Bern, Switzerland, where his"
"Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat (née Baudot) (March 5, 1912 – December 3, 1980) was a French theoretical physicist. She received her doctorate in 1939 under the supervision of Louis de Broglie. She is best known for her work related to Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Her research focused on synthesizing the concepts gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces within the basic framework provided by Einstein's theory of relativity. Along with the help of Einstein and Schrödinger, she played a role in developing Unified Field Theory. Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat was born in March 5, 1912, in Charolles, a commune in the Southern Burgundy"
"information society. Alexander Moszkowski Alexander Moszkowski (15 January 1851 – 26 September 1934) was a German satirist, writer and philosopher of Polish-Jewish descent. He was the brother of the composer and pianist Moritz Moszkowski. He was a friend of many celebrities in Berlin, among them the theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, about whom he was the first to publish a book in the summer of 1920 and consequently popularize the Theory of Relativity. In his autobiography he wrote: ""At the beginning of the 20th century the question of the conceivability of other worlds with modified physics and mathematics will be highly"
"Rudolf Einstein, was the son of Raphael Einstein, a brother of Albert's paternal grandfather. Thus Albert and Elsa were first cousins through their mothers and second cousins through their fathers. Einstein (English /'ain-stain/, German /'ain-ʃtain/): 1. German: habitation name from various places named with a Middle High German derivative of the verb ""einsteinen"" ‘to enclose, surround with stone’ because of the unsettled social climate of the Middle Ages. 2. Jewish (Ashkenazic): adaptation of the German name or else an ornamental name using the ending ""–stein"" ‘stone’. Variant (of 2): ""'Azfer"". Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February"
"Albert Einstein came up with the theory of relativity. Nuclear physics was a product of New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford's work on the atomic nucleus, Danish physicist Niels Bohr's identification of atomic structure and American physicist Carl David Anderson's discovery of the positron. Other advances included English physicist James Chadwick discovering the neutron, while French scientists Irène Joliot-Curie and her husband Frédéric Joliot-Curie studied artificial radioactivity. Further nuclear research was carried out by Enrico Fermi, who transmuted uranium based on Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka's theories on the atom. German scientist Otto Hahn derived barium from uranium, while uranium was split"
"as well as by day. Other related personalities are Abraham ibn Ezra, whose the Moon crater ""Abenezra"" named after, David Gans, Judah ibn Verga, Mashallah ibn Athari an astronomer, The crater ""Messala"" on the Moon is named after him. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist and is considered as one of the most prominent scientists in history, often regarded as the ""father of modern physics"". His revolutionary work on the relativity theory transformed theoretical physics and astronomy during the 20th century. When first published, relativity superseded a 200-year-old theory of mechanics created primarily by Isaac Newton. In the field"
"Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation"", which was published in 1913 and was one of the two fundamental papers which established Einstein's theory of gravity. Grossmann died of multiple sclerosis in 1936. The community of relativists celebrates Grossmann's contributions to physics by organizing Marcel Grossmann meetings every three years. Marcel Grossmann Marcel Grossmann (, April 9, 1878 – September 7, 1936) was a mathematician and a friend and classmate of Albert Einstein. Grossmann was a member of an old Swiss family from Zurich. His father managed a textile factory. He became a Professor of Mathematics at the Federal Polytechnic"
"Einstein family The Einstein family is the family of the renowned physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). Einstein's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Jakob Weil, was his oldest recorded relative, born in the late 17th century, and the family continues to this day. Albert Einstein's great-great-grandfather, Löb Moses Sontheimer (1745–1831), was also the grandfather of the prominent tenor Heinrich Sontheim (1820–1912) of Stuttgart. Albert's three children were from his relationship with his first wife, Mileva Marić, his daughter Lieserl being born a year before they married. Albert Einstein's second wife was Elsa Einstein, whose mother Fanny Koch was the sister of Albert's mother, and whose father,"
"Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire Immediate Family: Son of Moses Ainstein, Husband of Borichle Einstein, Father of Moyses Einstein. ƐịṇşţƏîŊ Birthdate: estimated before 1675 Immediate Family: Father of Baruch Moses Ainstein Einstein family The Einstein family is the family of the renowned physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). Einstein's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Jakob Weil, was his oldest recorded relative, born in the late 17th century, and the family continues to this day. Albert Einstein's great-great-grandfather, Löb Moses Sontheimer (1745–1831), was also the grandfather of the prominent tenor Heinrich Sontheim (1820–1912) of Stuttgart. Albert's three children were from his relationship with his first wife, Mileva Marić,"
"Albert Brudzewski Albert Brudzewski, ""also"" Albert Blar (of Brudzewo), Albert of Brudzewo or Wojciech Brudzewski (in Latin, ""Albertus de Brudzewo""; c.1445–c.1497) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician, philosopher and diplomat. Albert (in Polish, ""Wojciech""), who would sign himself """"de Brudzewo"""" (""of Brudzewo""), was born about 1445, in Brudzewo, near Kalisz. Scant information exists about his early life. It is only known that as a 23-year-old he matriculated at the Kraków Academy (now Jagiellonian University), where he remained through nearly all his life, teaching there for two decades. He served as the Academy's dean, as ""procurator"" (administrator of its property), and as"
"Bernhard Caesar Einstein Bernard Caesar Einstein (10 July 1930 – 30 September 2008) was a Swiss-American physicist, the son of Hans Albert Einstein. Of the three known biological grandchildren of Albert Einstein, all sons of Hans, he was the only one to survive childhood. Bernard Einstein was the son of Hans Albert Einstein and Frieda Einstein (née Knecht), who had married in 1927 in Switzerland. He was born on 10 July 1930 in Dortmund, Germany, where Hans Albert was involved in a bridge building project. Hans Albert was the only one of Albert Einstein's three children to marry and have"
"of the Special Theory of Relativity, as Albert Einstein published it in 1905. He demonstrated the kinematic nature of this effect, by deriving it from the principle of relativity and the constancy of the speed of light. FitzGerald married, on 21 December 1885, Harriette Mary, daughter of the Reverend John Hewitt Jellett, Provost of Trinity College Dublin. He had eight children by her, three sons and five daughters. FitzGerald was the nephew of George Johnstone Stoney, the Irish physicist who coined the term ""electron"". After the particles were discovered by J. J. Thomson and Walter Kaufmann in 1896, FitzGerald was"
"Albert Einstein Science Park The Albert Einstein Science Park is located on the hill Telegrafenberg in Potsdam, Germany. The park was named after the physicist Albert Einstein. The best known buildings in the park are the Einstein Tower, an astrophysical observatory that was built to perform checks of Einstein's theory of General Relativity; and the Great Refractor of Potsdam, which today belong to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam. These buildings, along with various astronomical, meteorological, and geophysical observatories were integrated into an English country garden. The park had already been designed by the middle 19th century according to plans by the"
"electricity travelling through a telegraph wire is often credited with inspiring the 16-year-old Albert Einstein to think about travelling along with a beam of light and seeing it stationary. Such thought experiments eventually led to his famous theory of special relativity. He was the uncle of Eduard Bernstein, a Social Democratic theorist and activist. Aaron Bernstein Aaron David Bernstein (6 April 1812, Danzig12 February 1884, Berlin) was a German Jewish author, reformer and scientist. His translation of the Song of Songs (published under the pseudonym of A. Bernstein, 1834) and his publication of ""Young Germany"" () established his reputation as"
"providing confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity, which Albert Einstein had proposed in 1916. Andrew de la Cherois also wrote a book on astronomy entitled ""The Story of the Stars"". Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin (6 February 1865 – 20 September 1939) was an astronomer of French and Huguenot descent who was born in Cushendun, County Antrim, Ireland. He was educated in England at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He worked at the Royal Greenwich Observatory and went on several solar eclipse expeditions. He was president of the Royal Astronomical Society"
"Elsa Einstein Elsa Einstein (18 January 1876 – 20 December 1936) was the second wife and cousin of Albert Einstein. Their mothers were sisters, making them first cousins, and further, their fathers were first cousins, making them second cousins. Elsa had the surname of Einstein at birth, lost it when she took the name of her first husband Max Löwenthal, and regained it in 1919 when she married her cousin Albert. Elsa, the daughter of Rudolf Einstein, was born in Hechingen in January 1876. She had two sisters: Paula (c. 1878–c. 1955) and Hermine (1872–1942). Rudolf was a textile manufacturer"
"health made it difficult for her to continue giving her lectures. She died shortly after her last lecture. Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat (née Baudot) (March 5, 1912 – December 3, 1980) was a French theoretical physicist. She received her doctorate in 1939 under the supervision of Louis de Broglie. She is best known for her work related to Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Her research focused on synthesizing the concepts gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces within the basic framework provided by Einstein's theory of relativity. Along with the help of Einstein and Schrödinger, she played a role in developing Unified"
"equivalence hypothesis. Alfred Bucherer Alfred Heinrich Bucherer (* 9 July 1863 in Cologne; † 16 April 1927 in Bonn) was a German physicist, who is known for his experiments on relativistic mass. He also was the first who used the phrase ""theory of relativity"" for Einstein's theory of special relativity. He studied from 1884 until 1899 at the University of Hannover, the Johns Hopkins University, the University of Strassburg, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Bonn. In Bonn he habilitated in 1899 and taught there until 1923. In 1903 Bucherer published the first German-language book to be completely"
"in the house on Mercer Street. Elsa Einstein Elsa Einstein (18 January 1876 – 20 December 1936) was the second wife and cousin of Albert Einstein. Their mothers were sisters, making them first cousins, and further, their fathers were first cousins, making them second cousins. Elsa had the surname of Einstein at birth, lost it when she took the name of her first husband Max Löwenthal, and regained it in 1919 when she married her cousin Albert. Elsa, the daughter of Rudolf Einstein, was born in Hechingen in January 1876. She had two sisters: Paula (c. 1878–c. 1955) and Hermine"
"Herbert Dingle Herbert Dingle (2 August 1890 – 4 September 1978) was an English physicist and natural philosopher, who served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1951 to 1953. He is best known for his opposition to Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity and the protracted controversy that this provoked. Dingle was born in London, but spent his early years in Plymouth, where he was taken following the death of his father, and where he attended Plymouth Science, Art and Technical Schools. Due to lack of money, he left school at the age of 14 and found employment"
"Peter Bergmann Peter Gabriel Bergmann (Berlin, 24 March 1915 – Seattle, 19 October 2002) was a German-American physicist of Jewish origins best known for his work with Albert Einstein on a unified field theory encompassing all physical interactions. He also introduced primary and secondary constraints into mechanics. After obtaining his Ph.D at the German University in Prague in 1936 under the direction of Philipp Frank he went to work with Einstein, as his research assistant, at the Institute for Advanced Study between 1936 and 1941. In 1942, Bergmann published the first textbook on general relativity, ""Introduction to the Theory of"
"relativity than the works of Albert Einstein and Hermann Minkowski. Alfred Robb Alfred Arthur Robb FRS (18 January 1873 in Belfast – 14 December 1936 in Castlereagh) was a Northern Irish physicist. Robb studied at Queen's College in Belfast (BA 1894) and at St John's College in Cambridge (Tripos 1897, MA 1901)]. He then proceeded to University of Göttingen, where, guided by Woldemar Voigt, he wrote his dissertation on the Zeeman effect. He also worked under J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory. The Croix de Guerre was awarded to him for WWI service in the Red Cross, and in"
"von Rothschild's years of financial support, the 719 Albert Amor asteroid was named in his memory by astronomer Johann Palisa. Albert Salomon Anselm von Rothschild Albert Salomon Anselm Freiherr von Rothschild (October 29, 1844 – February 11, 1911) was a banker in Austria-Hungary and a member of the Rothschild banking family of Austria. Businesses that he owned included Creditanstalt and the Northern Railway. Born in Vienna, he was the youngest son of Anselm von Rothschild (1803–1874) and Charlotte von Rothschild (1807–1859). Known in the family as ""Salbert,"" he was educated in Vienna and Brünn/Brno. On his father's death in 1874,"
"as slide shows. He also loved music, as denoted on his gravestone, and he played flute and piano. Hans Albert Einstein died due to heart failure on July 26, 1973 (aged 69) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US. Hans Albert Einstein Hans Albert Einstein ( ; May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was a Swiss-American engineer and educator, the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. Hans A. Einstein was a professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, and was recognized for his research on sediment transport. His papers are held at the"
"Hendrik Lorentz Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (; 18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations underpinning Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. According to the biography published by the Nobel Foundation, ""It may well be said that Lorentz was regarded by all theoretical physicists as the world's leading spirit, who completed what was left unfinished by his predecessors and prepared the ground for the fruitful reception of the new ideas based"
"the early years of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity caused bitter controversy within the worldwide physics community. There were many physicists, especially the ""old guard"", who were suspicious of the intuitive meanings of Einstein's theories. While the response to Einstein was based in part on his concepts being a radical break from earlier theories, there was also an anti-Jewish element to some of the criticism. The leading theoretician of the ""Deutsche Physik"" type of movement was Rudolf Tomaschek, who had re-edited the famous physics textbook ""Grimsehl's Lehrbuch der Physik"". In that book, which consists of several volumes,"
"Alfred Bucherer Alfred Heinrich Bucherer (* 9 July 1863 in Cologne; † 16 April 1927 in Bonn) was a German physicist, who is known for his experiments on relativistic mass. He also was the first who used the phrase ""theory of relativity"" for Einstein's theory of special relativity. He studied from 1884 until 1899 at the University of Hannover, the Johns Hopkins University, the University of Strassburg, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Bonn. In Bonn he habilitated in 1899 and taught there until 1923. In 1903 Bucherer published the first German-language book to be completely based on"
"Banesh Hoffmann Banesh Hoffmann (6 September 1906 – 5 August 1986) was a British mathematician and physicist known for his association with Albert Einstein. Banesh Hoffmann was born in Richmond, Yorkshire, on 6 September 1906. He studied mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Oxford, where he earned his bachelor of arts and went on to earn his doctorate at Princeton University. While at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, Hoffmann collaborated with Einstein and Leopold Infeld on the classic paper ""Gravitational Equations and the Problem of Motion."" Einstein’s original work on general relativity was based on two"