"Morse code are formed. From 1845 until well into the second half of the 20th century, commercial telegraphic code books were used to shorten telegrams, e.g. ""Pascoela = Natives have plundered everything from the wreck"". The following Table of Morse code abbreviations and further references to Brevity codes such as the Q code, Z code and R-S-T system serve to facilitate fast and efficient Morse code communications. To make Morse code communications faster and more efficient, there are many internationally agreed patterns or conventions of communication which include: extensive use of abbreviations, use of brevity codes such as the RST"
"Morse code Morse code is a character encoding scheme used in telecommunication that encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations called ""dots"" and ""dashes"" or ""dits"" and ""dahs"". Morse code is named for Samuel F. B. Morse, an inventor of the telegraph. The International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals (prosigns). Each Morse code symbol is formed by a sequence of dots and dashes. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in Morse code transmission."
"applications. Morse code Morse code is a character encoding scheme used in telecommunication that encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations called ""dots"" and ""dashes"" or ""dits"" and ""dahs"". Morse code is named for Samuel F. B. Morse, an inventor of the telegraph. The International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals (prosigns). Each Morse code symbol is formed by a sequence of dots and dashes. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in Morse code"
"most common letter in English, the letter ""E"", has the shortest code: a single dot. Because the Morse code elements are specified by proportion rather than specific time durations, the code is usually transmitted at the highest rate that the receiver is capable of decoding. The Morse code transmission rate (""speed"") is specified in ""groups per minute"", commonly referred to as ""words per minute"". Morse code is usually transmitted by on-off keying of an information carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light or sound waves. The current or wave is present during time period of the dot"
"The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash within a character is followed by period of signal absence, called a ""space"", equal to the dot duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space of duration equal to three dots, and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots. To increase the efficiency of encoding, Morse code was designed so that the length of each symbol is approximately inverse to the frequency of occurrence in text of the English language character that it represents. Thus the"
"Morse is dah-dah-di-dah, which can be memorized by the phrase ""God save the Queen"", and the Morse for ""F"" is di-di-dah-dit, which can be memorized as ""Did she like it."" A well-known Morse code rhythm from the Second World War period derives from Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, the opening phrase of which was regularly played at the beginning of BBC broadcasts. The timing of the notes corresponds to the Morse for ""V"", di-di-di-dah, understood as ""V for Victory"" (as well as the Roman numeral for the number five). Prosigns for Morse code are special (usually) unwritten procedural signals or symbols that"
"Telegraph code A telegraph code is one of the character encodings used to transmit information through telegraphy machines. The most famous such code is Morse code. Morse code can be transmitted and received with very simple electrical equipment, such as the electrical telegraph invented in 1816. Morse code represents each letter of the alphabet as a series of ""dots and dashes"" (short and long bursts of electronically-generated noise). The speed of sending is directly related to the length of the shortest (dot) element: a dash is three dots long, an inter-character gap is the same length (3 dots), and inter-word"
"or dash and absent during the time between dots and dashes. Morse code can be memorized, and Morse code signalling in a form perceptible to the human senses, such as sound waves or visible light, can be directly interpreted by persons trained in the skill. Because many non-English natural languages use other than the 26 Roman letters, Morse alphabets have been developed for those languages. In an emergency, Morse code can be generated by improvised methods such as turning a light on and off, tapping on an object or sounding a horn or whistle, making it one of the simplest"
"receiving Morse code when it is taught as a language that is heard, instead of one read from a page. To reflect the sounds of Morse code receivers, the operators began to vocalize a dot as ""dit"", and a dash as ""dah"". Dots which are not the final element of a character became vocalized as ""di"". For example, the letter ""c"" was then vocalized as ""dah-di-dah-dit"". Morse code was sometimes facetiously known as ""iddy-umpty"", and a dash as ""umpty"", leading to the word ""umpteen"". The Morse code, as it is used internationally today, was derived from a much refined proposal"
"only. To station S1 from station S2. Roger (R) Thank you (TU) see you again (CUAGN) Best regards (73) To station S1 from station S2: Signing off. In International Morse code there is no ""distinct"" dot-dash sequence defined only for the mathematical equal sign [=]; rather the same code (""–···–"" or ""dah di di di dah"") is shared by ""double hyphen"" [=] and the procedural sign for ""section separator"" notated as . It is fairly common in the ""Recommended International Morse Code"" for punctuation codes to be shared with prosigns. For example, the code for plus or cross [+] is"
"system. They indicated air routes and navigational markers, rather than airfields. Each lighthouse signalled a single Morse letter. This letter was visible for around , and was unique within a radius. Like the Pundit Light, they were also trailer-mounted with a generator set, but used a single continuous white lamp with the flashing provided by rotating shutters. Pundit Beacon A Pundit Beacon or Landmark Beacon was an airfield navigational and identification beacon, used by the British Royal Air Force (RAF) in the period around World War II. Each airfield was allocated a unique two letter Pundit Code, usually based on"
"Morse code for non-Latin alphabets This is a summary of the use of Morse code to represent alphabets other than Latin. The Greek Morse code alphabet is very similar to the Latin alphabet. It uses one extra letter for Greek letter ""Χ"" and does not use the codes for Latin letters ""J"", ""U"" and ""V"". The ""tonos"" is not transmitted in Morse code; the receiver can simply infer which vowels require one. The ""Greek diphthongs"" presented in the bottom three rows of the table are specified in old Greek Morse-code tables but they are never used in actual communication, the"
"in the English version (ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ and ẓ). (These represent Arabic-style emphatic consonants while the remaining underlined letters (c̱, q̱ and x̱) represent clicks.) Accents and punctuation do not appear. The French and English sets are otherwise identical. Notes: The 1982 revision of the alphabet was made by Michael Mann and David Dalby, who had attended the Niamey conference. It has 60 letters; some are quite different from the 1978 version. Another key feature of this alphabet is that it included only lower-case letters, making it unicase. A typewriter keyboard was proposed as well: for the additional characters,"
"and Mediterranean Sea) traffic was in 'dotty' or 'dashy' Morse during the entire war. In popular culture, this is mostly remembered in the book ""The Codebreakers"" by Kahn and in the national archives of the UK and Australia (whose SIGINT operators copied most of this Morse variant). Kahn's cited sources come from the popular press and wireless magazines of the time. Other forms of 'Fractional Morse' or 'Fractionated Morse' have emerged. Decoding software for Morse code ranges from software-defined wide-band radio receivers coupled to the Reverse Beacon Network, which decodes signals and detects CQ messages on ham bands, to smartphone"
"Three Dot Dash is a mash-up of Morse code, used by telegraphs, and the two-fingered ""V"" gesture that has come to be known as the peace sign. In Morse code, ""V"" is •••– Inspired by the late 13-year-old poet Mattie Stepanek, Three Dot Dash is a yearlong leadership and mentoring program that teaches teen leaders how to effectively ""tell their stories"" during the Just Peace Summit using various forms of media, current technology and distribution methods to gain media attention and public support for their causes. Three Dot Dash creates a sustainable worldwide network of individuals, corporations and nonprofit organizations"
"and became effective on 1 July 1908. ' remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. ' is still recognized as a standard distress signal that may be used with any signaling method. The distress signal is a continuous sequence of three dots, three dashes, and three dots, with no spaces between the letters (notated by the overscore). In International Morse Code, three dots form the letter ""S"", and three dashes make the letter ""O"", so """"S O S"""" became a way to remember the order of the"
"special signal, , repeated at short intervals."" (In American Morse code, which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century, three dashes stood for the numeral """"5"""", so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as """"S 5 S"""".) In contrast to CQD, which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter, the ' distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence ""dits"" and ""dahs"", and not as individual letters. There was no problem as long as operators were aware that"
"used for seven years, was not identical with Morse's, but Morse code was eventually adopted with the addition of several special signals. Another signalling lamp was the Begbie lamp, a kerosene lamp with a lens to focus the light over a long distance. Flashing lights were the second generation of signalling in the Royal Navy, after the flag signals most famously used to spread Nelson's rallying-cry before the Battle of Trafalgar. During the trench warfare of World War I when wire communications were often cut, German signals used three types of optical Morse transmitters, called """", the intermediate type for"
"were also published in ""QST"", Another example occurred in 1966 when prisoner of war Jeremiah Denton, brought on television by his North Vietnamese captors, Morse-blinked the word ""TORTURE"". In these two cases, interpreters were available to understand those series of eye-blinks. International Morse code is composed of five elements: Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways: originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire, but also as an audio tone, a radio signal with short and long tones, or as a mechanical, audible, or visual signal (e.g. a flashing light) using devices like an Aldis lamp or"
"in Baltimore is on display in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. In its original implementation, the Morse Code specification included the following: Various other companies and countries soon developed their own variations of the original Morse Code. Of special importance was one standard, originally created in Germany by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848, which was simpler—it eliminated the long intra-character spaces and the two long dashes—but also included changes in the sequences for eleven of the letters and most of the numerals. The Gerke code had a distinct advantage for use on undersea telegraph cables. Cables suffer from"
"hidden. A radio code was devised to send messages via BBC broadcasts; this was based on Morse code: a one-syllable word was a dot, a two syllable word a dash. Such messages were preceded by a bell tone. A method of hiding a message in innocuous-looking outgoing letters to the United States was devised: all incoming letters were screened for such messages before delivery. These were signaled by having the date in numbers rather than letters. American officers who were privy to the secret and codes debriefed incoming prisoners and sent any useful information back to the United States. MIS-X"
"single slash as a scratch comma and a double slash (//) as a dash. The double slash developed into the double oblique hyphen and double hyphen or before being usually simplified into various single dashes. In the 18th century, the mark was generally known in English as the ""oblique"". The variant ""oblique stroke"" was increasingly shortened to ""stroke"", which became the common British name for the character, although printers and publishing professionals often instead used referred to it as an ""oblique"". In the 19th and early 20th century, it was also widely known as the ""shilling mark"" or ""solidus"", from"
"to transmit only numerals, and to use a codebook to look up each word according to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded by Alfred Vail in 1840 to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. Vail estimated the frequency of use of letters in the English language by counting the movable type he found in the type-cases of a local newspaper in Morristown. The shorter marks were called ""dots"", and the longer ones ""dashes"", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shorter sequences of dots and dashes."
"in Kent, between the A20 and M20), was implemented to confuse German night fighters with native German-speakers, and coordinated by the RAF Y Service. Bletchley Park in north Buckinghamshire was the principal Allied centre for codebreaking. The Colossus computer, arguably the world's first, began working on Lorentz codes on 5 February 1944, with Colossus 2 working from June 1944. The site was chosen, among other reasons, because it is at the junction of the Varsity Line (between Oxford and Cambridge) and the West Coast Main Line. The Harwell computer (Dekatron), now at the National Museum of Computing at Bletchley, was"
"airway, and flash the red or green course lights with the Morse code ID of one of 10 letters: W, U, V, H, R, K, D, B, G or M. The letters represent the digits of 1 through 10 (W = 1, ..., M = 10). The course lights turn on for 0.5 second for a dot, 1.5 second for a dash with a 0.5 second between each dot or dash. A pause of 1.5 seconds separates each letter. To help remember the letters and their sequence number, pilots memorized the following: ""When Undertaking Very Hard Routes, Keep Direction By"
"only one set of digits was needed; thus the word ""do"", coded as ""220"", used a ""2"" flag, a ""first repeat"" flag here serving as a second 2, and a ""0"" flag. The end of the message would be indicated by an ""end of code"" flag (blue over yellow diagonally split). Popham's code was famously used for the ""England expects that every man will do his duty"" signal at Trafalgar by Nelson: for this, a team of four to six men would have prepared and hoisted the flags onboard Lord Nelson's flagship , the whole process taking about 4 minutes."
"naval operations, and did not mention modern inventions such as aircraft. The signals used four symbols not present in ordinary Morse code (given the names alpha, beta, gamma and rho), which caused some confusion until all those involved in interception learnt to recognise them and use a standardised way to write them. Ships were identified by a three-letter group beginning with a beta symbol. Messages not covered by the predetermined list could be spelled out using a substitution table for individual letters. The sheer size of the book was one reason it could not easily be changed, and the code"
"was later made the standard by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States and Canada, became known as American Morse code or ""railroad code"". American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments. In aviation, pilots use radio navigation aids. To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters (usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name) in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. For example, the VOR-DME based at Vilo Acuña Airport"
"Morse code. That reduced the possibility of operator error. Nebel designed the cipher to provide an army on the move with encryption that was more convenient than trench codes but was still secure. In fact, the Germans believed the ADFGVX cipher was unbreakable. For the plaintext message, ""Attack at once"", a secret mixed alphabet is first filled into a 5 × 5 Polybius square: i and j have been combined to make the alphabet fit into a 5 × 5 grid. By using the square, the message is converted to fractionated form: Next, the fractionated message is subject to a"
"as 𐐿𐐱𐐻 () in the case of North American English and as 𐐿𐐫𐐻 () in the case of Scottish English. For those exhibiting both mergers, both would be written 𐐿𐐪𐐻 (). There have been several published versions of the alphabet. Most versions (including the versions used in ""The Deseret First Book"", ""The Deseret Second Book"", ""The Deseret News"" and ""The Book of Mormon"") had only 38 letters, but some versions contained two ligatures, 𐐧 (ew) and 𐐦 (oi). In place of 𐐮𐐭 or 𐐷𐐭, 𐑏 was to be used; in place of 𐐱𐐮, 𐑎. In the 23 February 1859 edition"
"little point in learning to read Morse as above; rather, the of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned, for both sending and receiving. All Morse code elements depend on the dot length. A dash is the length of 3 dots, and spacings are specified in number of dot lengths. An unambiguous method of specifying the transmission speed is to specify the dot duration as, for example, 50 milliseconds. Specifying the dot duration is, however, not the common practice. Usually, speeds are stated in words per minute. That introduces ambiguity because words have different numbers of characters,"
"D D (named ""dee"" ) is the fourth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek and Latin, the letter represented ; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was superfluous but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, Δ. The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a loop and a tall vertical stroke. It developed by gradual variations on the"
"a heliograph, a common flashlight, or even a car horn. Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope - a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a dash. Morse code is transmitted using just two states (on and off). Historians have called it the first digital code. Morse code may be represented as a binary code, and that is what telegraph operators do when transmitting messages. Working from the above ITU definition and further defining a bit as a dot time, a Morse code sequence may be made from a combination of the following five-bit"