"effective as a biological pesticide for ""L. decemlineata"" when used in combination with the bacterium ""Bacillus thuringiensis"". Crop rotation is, however, the most important cultural control of ""L. decemlineata"". Rotation may delay the infestation of potatoes and can reduce the build-up of early season beetle populations because the adults emerging from diapause can only disperse to new food sources by walking. One 1984 study showed that rotating potatoes with non-host plants reduced the density of early season adults by 95.8%. Other cultural controls may be used in combination with crop rotation: Mulching the potato crop with straw early in the"
"are morphological similar to the Colorado potato beetle, a pest of potato crops. The larvae are humpbacked in appearance, yellow-green in colour, and may measure in length at maturity. ""Z. exclamationis"" is native to North America. Adult beetles are phytophagus and associated with the sunflower species ""Helianthus annuus"" (common sunflower), ""H. giganteus"" (giant sunflower), and ""H. petiolaris"" (prairie sunflower). It is a major economic pest to sunflower production in North America. Overwintering adults emerge in late May or early June. Shortly after emergence, the beetles begin to feed, mate and lay eggs singly on stems and undersides of leaves. Adults"
"a different species. The original host plant of the Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" was the buffalo bur, ""Solanum rostratum"", in Mexico. No association has been found between ""Lebia grandis"" and ""Leptinotarsa 'decemlineata"" on this host plant. In the 1850s, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" began to feed on the potato plant and spread rapidly eastwards on potato crops. ""Lebia grandis"" may have had a relationship prior to this with the false potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa juncta"" which feeds on horsenettle, ""Solanum carolinense"". Another closely related chrysomid beetle, ""Leptinotarsa haldemani"" is recorded from Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona and Mexico, where it lives on wild species"
"nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable. Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate"
"growers in California. California produces approximately 90% of the United States’ winter vegetable crop, and has incurred an estimated $500 million in crop damage due to silverleaf whitefly populations. Across the agricultural industry, this pest is thought to cost the state $774 million in private sector plant sales, 12,540 jobs, and $112.5 million in personal income. On a national scale, the United States has suffered crop and ornamental plant damages in excess of $1 billion. This species of whitefly is a particularly devastating pest because it feeds on over 500 plant species. Common hosts are agricultural crops including tomatoes, squash,"
"Cabbage moth ""Note: the small white species of butterfly is commonly called a ""cabbage moth"" in North America."" ""Mamestra brassicae"", or the cabbage moth, is primarily known as a pest that is responsible for severe crop damage of a wide variety of plants species. While known colloquially as the cabbage moth, the name is a misnomer as the species is known to feed on many fruits, vegetables, and other crops with the ""Brassica"" vegetable crops (i.e. cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts) being most preferred. Other notable host plants include tobacco, sunflower, and tomato, making this pest species particularly economically damaging. The"
"Spotted cucumber beetle The spotted cucumber beetle (""Diabrotica undecimpunctata"") is a species of cucumber beetle that is native to North America. The beetle is also a major agricultural pest insect in North America. In the adult form, it eats and damages leaves of many crops, including cucumbers, soybeans, cotton, beans, and many others. In the larval form, which is known as the southern corn rootworm, it tunnels through the roots of young plants, stunting or killing them. These native pests have a wide range of host plants, but will readily infest a field of crop plants, most notoriously corn. Adult"
"has caused the destruction of millions of acres of ponderosa and lodgepole pine trees in Colorado. According to an annual assessment by the state's forest service, 264,000 acres of trees in Colorado were infested by the mountain pine beetle at the beginning of 2013. This was much smaller than the 1.15 million acres that were affected in 2008 because the beetle has already killed off most of the vulnerable trees (Ward). Mountain pine beetles inhabit ponderosa, whitebark, lodgepole, Scots, jack pine, and limber pine trees. Normally, these insects play an important role in the life of a forest, attacking old"
"S. et al. Cabbage moth ""Note: the small white species of butterfly is commonly called a ""cabbage moth"" in North America."" ""Mamestra brassicae"", or the cabbage moth, is primarily known as a pest that is responsible for severe crop damage of a wide variety of plants species. While known colloquially as the cabbage moth, the name is a misnomer as the species is known to feed on many fruits, vegetables, and other crops with the ""Brassica"" vegetable crops (i.e. cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts) being most preferred. Other notable host plants include tobacco, sunflower, and tomato, making this pest species particularly"
"typically only occur during June and July for a few hours at a time. Tobacco, corn, rice and some other crops have been engineered to express genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The introduction of Bt crops during the period between 1996 and 2005 has been estimated to have reduced the total volume of insecticide active ingredient use in the United States by over 100 thousand tons. This represents a 19.4% reduction in insecticide use. In the late 1990s, a genetically modified potato that was resistant to the Colorado potato beetle was withdrawn because major buyers rejected"
"rare and threatened endemic trees such as ""Alectryon macrococcus"", ""Colubrina oppositifolia"", ""Caesalpinia kavaiensis"", and ""Flueggea neowawraea"", at risk. Some 225 species of plants in 62 families have been recorded as acting as hosts for this beetle. In a natural broad-leafed forest it does not normally cause much damage, but when it infects plantations of susceptible host plants it may become a pest. Major crops where it does serious damage are coffee, tea, avocado and cocoa. In India it attacks ""Khaya grandifoliola"" and ""Khaya senegalensis"", which are grown as shade trees in plantations, and similarly in Africa it attacks ""Erythrina"" sp."
"in the far east of Russia and has been expanding its range in the second half of the 20th century and is now found over most of Russia, north-east China, northern Korea and Japan. This species causes damage to agricultural crops in the three families Solanaceae (potato, tomato, aubergine and pepper), Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, melon, water-melon and pumpkin) and Fabaceae (soya and haricot beans). However the optimal host plant for the reproduction of over-wintered beetles and the development of their larvae is the potato. The loss in yield of potato tubers may reach 25% in heavy infestations. Control is by the"
"adults. The species is known for causing damage to crops. The damaged plants include sorghum, soybeans, sweet corn, small grains, and some vegetables. They feed on both sides of a leaf (upper and lower parts), including epidermis and the veins. They also transmit Stewart's wilt; by removing the leaf tissue from the plant, they open a wound which allows the disease to begin spreading from plant to plant. The disease organism is ""Pantoea stewartii"". Chaetocnema pulicaria Chaetocnema hortensis, also known as the corn flea beetle and clover flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle from Chrysomelidae family, found in"
"making the crop unmarketable. The larvae feed on the plants for a few weeks, then drop to the ground to pupate. One year may see two or three generations of the beetle. The adults overwinter in a dormant state underground or in nearby leaf litter. Various insecticides are licensed for control. The parasitic wasp, ""Tetrastichus coeruleus"", occurring mainly in the United States and Europe, can cause up to 71% mortality in the field and has been successfully used for biological control. The similar spotted asparagus beetle (""Crioceris duodecimpunctata"") is also a pest as an adult, feeding on tender shoots and"
"broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, melons, cotton, carrots, sweet potato, cucumber, and pumpkin, and ornamental plants such as poinsettia, crepe myrtle, garden roses, lantana, and lilies. It can cause specific damage to certain host plants, like ""silverleaf"" on squash, irregular ripening of tomatoes, whitestalk in broccoli and cauliflower, white stem in poinsettia, and light root in carrots. Multiple methods of control can be used to combat these prevalent agricultural pests. Some major control methods include, application of oils, use of natural enemies such as Aphelinidae parasitoids, employment of trap crops, release of insect growth regulators, and implementation of traps. Most of these"
"of withered plants. The nematode also introduces viruses to plants, including tobacco rattle virus, which causes the disease corky ringspot in potatoes. A potato tuber with corky ringspot has large brown rings on its surface and discolored spots inside. Entire potato crops can be made unmarketable by the appearance of the disease. The nematode has been observed in over 100 plant hosts, including turfgrasses such as St. Augustine grass and bermudagrass, vegetables such as cabbage and tomato, and other crops such as corn, sorghum, sugarcane, peanut, and soybean. It is a pest of vineyards in California. It is most abundant"
"host plant and start feeding. The females start laying eggs within a week or so. There may be five generations over the course of the summer. The beetles are most destructive in March and April while the plants are small. They feed on the leaves, buds and flowers and can defoliate the plants; the grubs bore into the roots and damage the stems and fruits that lie on the soil. ""R. foveicollis"" favours pumpkin (""Cucurbita maxima"") over other curcurbit crops, but will also feed on squash (""Cucurbita pepo""), muskmelon (""Cucumis melo""), cucumber (""Cucurbita sativus""), watermelon (""Citrullus lanatus"") and the sponge"
"Beetle kill in Colorado The mountain pine beetle has killed large numbers of the lodgepole pine trees in the northern mountains of the US state of Colorado. The more recent outbreak of another bark beetle pest, the spruce beetle, is threatening higher-elevation forests of Engelmann spruce. Chemical prevention is effective but too costly for large-scale use. Dead trees increase the incidence of wildfires, and may contribute to climate change as they decay. Uses have been found for the dead wood including composting and in construction, and potentially to make biochar. Mountain pine beetles infest the lodgepole pine, which makes up"
"by ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" (the Colorado potato beetle) and has been recorded as being eaten at very low rates by pupae of an unidentified species of the family Gelechiidae. Parasitic nematodes of the genus ""Pratylenchus"" have been found on lesions on its roots, however causing little damage. The fungus ""Rhizoctonia solani"" was found causing root rot, particularly under wet conditions in plants damaged by trampling. The plant is also affected by ""Erysiphe cichoracearum"", causing downy mildew. Fruits are eaten by a variety of native animals, including ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite, wild turkey, and striped skunk. Most mammals avoid eating the stems and"
"walnut and the native southern California black walnut, ""Juglans californica"". Recently the beetle and fungus have spread to areas of the United States with much colder climates. In Denver, Colorado during 2001 the first cases of black walnut mortality due to cankerous sores caused by the walnut twig beetle and the fungus, ""Geosmithia morbida"", which the walnut twig beetle carries, were recorded, and by 2008 nearly all of the black walnuts in Denver, Colorado had been eliminated. A similar instance occurred during this same time period in Delta, a city nearly four hundred kilometers west of Denver. Bark beetles are"
"sufficient numbers to effect complete control. Populations may need to be augmented by releasing adult beetles but rearing these in bulk presents certain difficulties that have not yet been overcome. Other predators such as the spotted lady beetle (""Coleomegilla maculata"") also prey on Colorado potato beetles but ""Lebia grandis"" is constrained by its chrysomelid larval host to habituate potato fields while other predators may disperse to other sources of food. The historical records for ""Lebia grandis"" show that it was present in areas where ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" was not found. This would seem to imply that at one time it parasitized"
"potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth, the green peach aphid (""Myzus persicae""), the potato aphid, beet leafhoppers, thrips, and mites. The potato cyst nematode is a microscopic worm that thrives on the roots, thus causing the potato plants to wilt. Since its eggs can survive in the soil for several years, crop rotation is recommended. During the crop year 2008, many of the certified organic potatoes produced in the United Kingdom and certified by the Soil Association as organic were sprayed with a copper pesticide to control potato blight (""Phytophthora infestans"")."
"of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the Zapotec, and Maya civilizations. The larvae of many lepidopteran species are major pests in agriculture. Some of the major pests include Tortricidae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae. The larvae of the Noctuidae genus ""Spodoptera"" (armyworms), ""Helicoverpa"" (corn earworm), or ""Pieris brassicae"" can cause extensive damage to certain crops. ""Helicoverpa zea"" larvae (cotton bollworms or tomato fruitworms) are polyphagous, meaning they eat a variety of crops, including tomatoes and cotton. ""Peridroma saucia"" (variegated cutworms) are described as one of the most damaging pests to gardens, with the ability to destroy entire gardens and fields"
"Carrot fly The carrot fly (""Chamaepsila rosae"") is a pest of gardens and farms, and mainly affects the crop of carrots, but can also attack parsnips, parsley and celery. It is a member of the family Psilidae (order Diptera). Crop damage is caused by the creamy-yellow larvae (maggots) feeding on the outer layers of the carrot root. In autumn, they may penetrate further into the root. The legless larvae are up to 10 mm in length. Foliage becomes wilted and discoloured. Leaves turn rusty red to scarlet with some yellowing. Rusty-brown tunnels are seen under the outer skin of mature"
"Zealand. It has also been recorded from Brazil and Argentina, beginning in 1996. This species causes damage to agricultural crops primarily in the family Solanaceae, especially potatoes; other crops include pumpkin, turnips, radishes, beans and spinach. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a species of beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is commonly known as the 28-spotted potato ladybird or the Hadda beetle. It feeds on the foliage of potatoes and other solanaceous crops. It was previously called ""Epilachna vigintioctopunctata"" and is a cryptic species complex. It is very often confused with a closely related species, ""Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata"", which occurs in"
"Chrysomeloidea The Chrysomeloidea are an enormous superfamily of beetles, with tens of thousands of species, mostly in the families Cerambycidae (the long-horned beetles) and Chrysomelidae, the leaf beetles. Several species in these two families are important plant pests. The spotted cucumber beetle is a serious pest of vegetables and is a very common insect on all sorts of flowers. The Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"", attacks potatoes and other members of the Solanaceae. The Asian long-horned beetle is a serious pest of trees where it has been introduced. Some authorities have suggested removing the Cerambycidae and related families (Disteniidae, Oxypeltidae,"
"during World War II. Like Germany, the nation suggested that the Colorado potato beetle, aimed at the enemy's food sources, would be an asset during the war. As early as 1939 biological warfare experts in France suggested that the beetle be used against German crops. Germany is known to have pursued entomological warfare programs during World War II. The nation pursued the mass-production, and dispersion, of the Colorado potato beetle (""Lepinotarsa decemlineata""), aimed at the enemy's food sources. The beetle was first found in Germany in 1914, as an invasive species from North America. There are no records that indicate"
"draw naturally occurring and newly emerging populations of this stink bug to target crops in the spring. Spined soldier bug The spined soldier bug (""Podisus maculiventris"") is a species of insect common in North America. They are predators of gypsy moth caterpillars and the larvae of beetles such as the Colorado potato beetle and the Mexican bean beetle. Since the Mexican bean beetle is widely regarded as a notorious agricultural pest in North America, soldier bugs are generally considered useful garden insects.However, they will also kill monarch butterflies as they are attracted to the host plant monarchs use for nectar,"
"is capable to fully contain populations. To create more effective management programs and reduce pesticide use it’s essential to understand their dispersion, temporal and spatial patterns. Empoasca fabae Empoasca fabae belongs to family Cicadellidae and genus Empoasca within order Hemiptera. They are more commonly referred to as the potato leafhopper. In North America they are a serious agricultural pest. Every year millions of dollars are lost from reduced crop yields and on pest management. Crops that are impacted the most are potatoes, clover, beans, apples and alfalfa. Adults have pale to iridescent green bodies with 6 or 8 white spots"
"species, which includes several important economic pests. Reported prey include the larvae of Mexican bean beetle, European corn borer, diamondback moth, corn earworm, beet armyworm, fall armyworm, cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, Colorado potato beetle, velvetbean caterpillar, and flea beetles. When prey are scarce, the spined soldier bug may feed on plant juices, but this feeding is not reported to cause plant damage. ""Podisus maculiventris"" is associated with several crops including alfalfa, apples, asparagus, beans, celery, cotton, crucifers, cucurbits, eggplant, potatoes, onions, soybeans, sweet corn and tomatoes. The effectiveness of this species in preying on economic pests resulted in its use"
"""Solanum rostratum"" is the ancestral host plant of the Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"", but this pest adopted the potato, ""Solanum tuberosum"" as a new (and more succulent) host, a fact first reported in eastern Nebraska in 1859. It then expanded its range rapidly eastward on potato crops in the next two decades. Solanum rostratum Solanum rostratum is a species of nightshade (genus ""Solanum"") that is native to the United States and northern and central Mexico. Common names include buffalobur nightshade, buffalo-bur, spiny nightshade, Colorado bur, Kansas thistle, Mexican thistle, and Texas thistle. It is an annual, self-compatible herb that"
"infection of the rice kernels by fungi such as species of the ubiquitous genus ""Fusarium"". In South America, the small rice stink bug, ""Oebalus poecilus"" (also ""Solubea poecila""), is the most destructive pest of rice crops. It attacks rice, barley, oats, corn, and wheat, while it occasionally attacks soybean, cotton, and guava. The small rice stink bug looks similar to the rice stink bug. Oebalus pugnax The rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax, is a flying insect in the shield bug family Pentatomidae native to North America that has become a major agricultural pest in the Southern United States. It has"
"and Vesperidae) from Chrysomeloidea to create a separate superfamily ""Cerambycoidea"" (e.g.,), but in the absence of evidence to support the monophyly of the resulting groups, this proposal has not yet been accepted by the scientific community. Chrysomeloidea The Chrysomeloidea are an enormous superfamily of beetles, with tens of thousands of species, mostly in the families Cerambycidae (the long-horned beetles) and Chrysomelidae, the leaf beetles. Several species in these two families are important plant pests. The spotted cucumber beetle is a serious pest of vegetables and is a very common insect on all sorts of flowers. The Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa"