Which word, meaning to censor, abridge or expurgate is taken from the name of the man who in 1807 published an expurgated 10 volume set of the works of Shakespeare entitled ‘The Family Shakspeare’?
"to Which Is Added, Some Account of the Late Thomas Bowdler, Esq. Editor of the Family Shakspeare"". In Bowdler's childhood, his father had entertained his family with readings from Shakespeare. Later in life, Bowdler realized that his father had been omitting or altering passages he felt unsuitable for the ears of his wife and children. Bowdler felt it would be worthwhile to publish an edition which might be used in a family whose father was not a sufficiently ""circumspect and judicious reader"" to accomplish this expurgation himself. In 1807 the first edition of the Bowdlers' ""The Family Shakspeare"" was published"
"Expurgation Expurgation, also known as bowdlerization, is a form of censorship which involves purging anything deemed noxious or offensive from an artistic work, or other type of writing of media. The term ""bowdlerization"" is a pejorative term for the practice, particularly the expurgation of lewd material from books. The term derives from Thomas Bowdler's 1818 edition of William Shakespeare's plays, which he reworked in order to make them more suitable for women and children. He similarly edited Edward Gibbon's ""Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"". A ""fig-leaf edition"" is such a bowdlerized text, deriving from the practice of covering"
"the genitals of nudes in classical and Renaissance statues and paintings with fig leaves. Expurgation Expurgation, also known as bowdlerization, is a form of censorship which involves purging anything deemed noxious or offensive from an artistic work, or other type of writing of media. The term ""bowdlerization"" is a pejorative term for the practice, particularly the expurgation of lewd material from books. The term derives from Thomas Bowdler's 1818 edition of William Shakespeare's plays, which he reworked in order to make them more suitable for women and children. He similarly edited Edward Gibbon's ""Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire""."
"imaginative children"". Some examples of alterations made by Bowdler's edition: Prominent modern literary figures such as Michiko Kakutani (in the New York Times) and William Safire (in his book, ""How Not to Write"") have accused Bowdler of changing Lady Macbeth's famous ""Out, damned spot!"" line in ""Macbeth"" to ""Out, crimson spot!"" But Bowdler did not do that. Thomas Bulfinch and Stephen Bulfinch did, in their 1865 edition of Shakespeare's works. Thomas Bowdler Thomas Bowdler, LRCP, FRS (; 11 July 1754 – 24 February 1825) was an English physician best known for publishing ""The Family Shakspeare"", an expurgated edition of William"
"uprooting a century and a half of the national canon"". The 18th century's first Shakespeare edition, which was also the first illustrated edition of the plays, was published in 1709 by Jacob Tonson and edited by Nicholas Rowe. The plays appeared in ""pleasant and readable books in small format"" which ""were supposed ... to have been taken for common or garden use, domestic rather than library sets"". Shakespeare became ""domesticated"" in the 18th century, particularly with the publication of family editions such as Bell's in 1773 and 1785–86, which advertised themselves as ""more instructive and intelligible; especially to the young"
"Expletive deleted The phrase expletive deleted refers to profanity which has been censored by the author or by a subsequent censor, usually appearing in place of the profanity. The phrase became popular after the Watergate scandal. Compelled by a subpoena to provide the contents of the White House taping system to the House Judiciary Committee in April 1974, President Richard Nixon ordered transcripts of the tapes to be prepared. After a cursory inspection of the transcripts, Nixon, shocked at viewing several profanity-laced discussions amongst the White House's inner-circle, ordered that every use of profanity be replaced by ""[EXPLETIVE DELETED]."" The"
"When wet he took his 'E's."" In 1879 ""The New York Times"" published an article on the dispute, reporting on a pamphlet by James Halliwell-Phillipps attacking the ""Shakspere"" trend. Many of the most important Victorian Shakespeare publishers and scholars used this spelling, including Charles Knight, whose ""The Pictorial Edition of the Works of Shakspere"" was very popular, and Edward Dowden, in ""Shakspere: a critical study of his mind and art"". In Britain the New Shakspere Society was founded in 1873 by Frederick James Furnivall and, in America, the Shakspere Society of Philadelphia adopted the spelling. The former folded in 1894,"
"and it was only when he was dealing with Shakespeare's work that he became at all unethical..."" Harsher verdicts have also been rendered. A descendant of William's brother co-printer John Jaggard, known as Captain William Jaggard (1868–1947), set up a printing and bookselling establishment in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1909 — the Shakespeare Press, 4 Sheep Street. The bibliophilic later Jaggard was responsible for the massive ""Shakespeare Bibliography"" (1911). Though he tried, he never proved his descent but his grandson Patrick has now done so on Family Search. William Jaggard William Jaggard (c. 1568 – November 1623) was an Elizabethan and Jacobean"
"first quarto of ""Henry V"", quarto ""King Lear"", the ""Richard III"", the quarto of ""Othello"", the first quarto of ""Romeo and Juliet"", and ""The Taming of a Shrew"", an alternate version of ""The Taming of the Shrew"". The general editors of the series are Philip Brockbank (1984-1990) and Brian Gibbons (1990-present), with individual editors, or pairs of, assigned to cover separate plays and poetry. The Cambridge Shakespeare The Cambridge Shakespeare is a long-running series of critical editions of William Shakespeare's works published by Cambridge University Press. The name encompasses three distinct series: ""The Cambridge Shakespeare"" (1863–1866), ""The New Shakespeare"" (1921–1969),"
"the plays, but seldom quoted the original text. Though ""The Family Shakespeare"" was considered a negative example of censorship by the literary establishment and its commitment to the ""authentic"" Shakespeare, the Bowdlers' expurgated editions made it more acceptable to teach Shakespeare to wider and younger audiences. As said by the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne, ""More nauseous and more foolish cant was never chattered than that which would deride the memory or depreciate the merits of Bowdler. No man ever did better service to Shakespeare than the man who made it possible to put him into the hands of intelligent and"
"10 Shakespearean quartos to which he did not have clear rights, some with false dates and title pages (the False Folio affair). Indeed, his contemporary Thomas Heywood, whose poetry Jaggard had pirated and misattributed to Shakespeare, specifically reports that Shakespeare was ""much offended with M. ""Jaggard"" (that altogether unknown to him) presumed to make so bold with his name."" Heminges and Condell emphasised that the Folio was replacing the earlier publications, which they characterised as ""stol'n and surreptitious copies, maimed and deformed by frauds and stealths of injurious impostors"", asserting that Shakespeare's true words ""are now offer'd to your view"
"namely a syntactic expletive or expletive attributive. In this technical sense an expletive need not be rude. Expletive deleted The phrase expletive deleted refers to profanity which has been censored by the author or by a subsequent censor, usually appearing in place of the profanity. The phrase became popular after the Watergate scandal. Compelled by a subpoena to provide the contents of the White House taping system to the House Judiciary Committee in April 1974, President Richard Nixon ordered transcripts of the tapes to be prepared. After a cursory inspection of the transcripts, Nixon, shocked at viewing several profanity-laced discussions"
"been considered profane, where needed to preserve metre or meaning. In 2009, Cambridge University Press reissued all nine volumes as part of their ""Cambridge Library Collection"" which aims to preserve access to ""books of enduring scholarly value"". The reissued editions are: ""The New Shakespeare"" was published between 1921 and 1969. The series was edited by Arthur Quiller-Couch and J. Dover Wilson. The earlier volumes of the series contain critical introductions by Quiller-Couch (signed ""Q"") and written in a ""belles lettres"" style that, according to R. A. Foakes in ""The Oxford Handbook to Shakespeare"" (2003), have been ""largely forgotten"". The textual"
"four might have been a John Shakespeare, of Warwickshire, who apprenticed with Jaggard in 1610–17. (""Shakespeare"" was a common name in Warwickshire in that era; John was no known relation to the playwright.) W. W. Greg has argued that Edward Knight, the ""book-keeper"" or ""book-holder"" (prompter) of the King's Men, did the actual proofreading of the manuscript sources for the First Folio. Knight is known to have been responsible for maintaining and annotating the company's scripts, and making sure that the company complied with cuts and changes ordered by the Master of the Revels. Some pages of the First Folio"
"centre is most commonly used, and why it is sometimes hyphenated. Kathman argues that any name that could be divided into two clear parts was liable to be hyphenated, especially if the parts could be interpreted as distinct words. Later editions of Shakespeare's works adopted differing spellings, in accordance with fashions of modernised spelling of the day, or, later, of attempts to adopt what was believed to be the most historically accurate version of the name. When he was referred to in foreign languages, he acquired even more variant spellings. 18th-century French critics were known to use ""Shakpear, Shakespehar, Shakespeart,"
"offend his imputed sense of modesty by naming him as the author of some great or worthy deed or act. Fillet (redaction) To fillet in the sense of literary editing is a form of censorship or redaction effected by ""cutting out"" central letters of a word or name, as if the skeleton of a fish, and replacing them with dashes, to prevent full disclosure (e.g. ' for ""William Pitt""). It was frequently practiced in publications of the 18th century in England. Its purpose was to inform interested readers in an obfuscated manner whilst at the same time avoiding the risk"
"number of series of literary and historical criticism to accompany the Arden Shakespeare Third Series and Arden Early Modern Drama imprints. Arden Shakespeare The Arden Shakespeare is a long-running series of scholarly editions of the works of William Shakespeare. It presents fully edited modern-spelling editions of the plays and poems, with lengthy introductions and full commentaries. There have been three distinct series of the Arden Shakespeare over the past century, and the third series has not yet been completed. Arden was the maiden name of Shakespeare's mother, Mary, but the primary reference of the enterprise's title is named after the"
"by his nephew Thomas in his memoir of Thomas Bowdler the elder, was changed in later editions (from 1847 on) to ""Shakespeare"", reflecting changes in the standard spelling of Shakespeare's name. The Bowdlers were not the first to undertake such a project. Bowdler's commitment to not augmenting or adding to Shakespeare's text, instead only removing sensitive material, was in contrast with the practice of earlier editors. Nahum Tate as Poet Laureate had rewritten the tragedy of ""King Lear"" with a happy ending; In 1807, Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb published ""Tales from Shakespeare"" for children with synopses of 20 of"
"The Cambridge Shakespeare The Cambridge Shakespeare is a long-running series of critical editions of William Shakespeare's works published by Cambridge University Press. The name encompasses three distinct series: ""The Cambridge Shakespeare"" (1863–1866), ""The New Shakespeare"" (1921–1969), and ""The New Cambridge Shakespeare"" (1984–). ""The Cambridge Shakespeare"" was edited by William George Clark and William Aldis Wright and released in nine volumes between 1863 and 1866. Clark and Wright used the ""First Folio"" (1623) as their base text and collated it with the second, third, and fourth folios as well as all the known quarto editions. The edition modernized the orthography to"
"family of publishers in the Canongate. James, having moved to Edinburgh from Kelso in 1802, was the printer of the Waverley novels and these were first read in his house, prior to their printing. John, though partly to blame for Scott's loss of his fortune in the midst of his career, was a very dear friend to Scott, who is said to have openly wept at his funeral and whispered the above words on the plaque to John Gibson Lockhart. Scott had nicknames for both men: John was ""Rigdumfunnidos""; James was ""Aldiboronti-phoscophornio"". Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) was Professor of Moral Philosophy"
"person who wrote the works, and that the name was used as a pseudonym for the true author. Shakespeare's surname was hyphenated as ""Shake-speare"" or ""Shak-spear"" on the title pages of 15 of the 48 individual quarto (or ""Q"") editions of Shakespeare's plays (16 were published with the author unnamed) and in two of the five editions of poetry, published before the First Folio. Of those 15 title pages with Shakespeare's name hyphenated, 13 are on the title pages of just three plays, ""Richard II"" (Q2 1598, Q3 1598, Q4 1608, and Q5 1615), ""Richard III"" (Q2 1598, Q3 1602,"
"by puns on the words ""shake"" and ""spear"" in Shakespeare's contemporaries. Hunter also argued that the spelling should follow established pronunciation and pointed to the poems, stating that ""we possess ""printed evidence"" tolerably uniform from the person himself"" supporting ""Shakespeare"". Although Dowden, the most influential voice in Shakespearean criticism in the last quarter of the 19th century, used the spelling ""Shakspere"", between 1863 and 1866 the nine-volume ""The Works of William Shakespeare"", edited by William George Clark, John Glover, and William Aldis Wright, all Fellows of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, had been published by the university. This"
"Rochfort-Smith's ""Four-text Hamlet,"" an innovative experiment which reproduced four versions of ""Hamlet"" in parallel columns to enable textual analysis, but had only completed a prototype of the first act before Rochfort-Smith's untimely death. New Shakspere Society The New Shakspere Society was founded in autumn 1873 by Frederick James Furnivall in order ""to do honor to Shakspere, to make out the succession of his plays, and thereby the growth of his mind and art; to promote the intelligent study of him, and to print Texts illustrating his works and times..."" Furnivall deliberately used an archaic spelling of Shakespeare's name in order"
"William Jaggard William Jaggard (c. 1568 – November 1623) was an Elizabethan and Jacobean printer and publisher, best known for his connection with the texts of William Shakespeare, most notably the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays. Jaggard's shop was ""at the sign of the Half-Eagle and Key in Barbican."" He was the son of a John Jaggard, a citizen of London and a barber-surgeon by profession; the elder Jaggard was already deceased when his son began an eight-year apprenticeship with printer Henry Denham at Michaelmas (29 September) 1584. William Jaggard became a ""freeman"" (a full member) of the Stationers Company"
"First Folio Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies is the 1623 published collection of William Shakespeare's plays. Modern scholars commonly refer to it as the First Folio. The First Folio is considered one of the most influential books ever published in the English language. Printed in folio format and containing 36 plays (see list of Shakespeare's plays), it was prepared by Shakespeare's colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell. It was dedicated to the ""incomparable pair of brethren"" William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and his brother Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery (later 4th Earl of Pembroke). Although 18 of"
"William Shakespeare. Johnson's friend John Aikin eulogized him as ""the father of the booktrade"". He has also been called ""the most important publisher in England from 1770 until 1810"" for his appreciation and promotion of young writers, his emphasis on publishing inexpensive works directed at a growing middle-class readership, and his cultivation and advocacy of women writers at a time when they were viewed with skepticism. Johnson was the second son of Rebecca Turner Johnson and John Johnson, a Baptist yeoman who lived in Everton, Liverpool. Religious Dissent marked Johnson from the beginning of his life, as two of his"
"False Folio False Folio is the term that Shakespeare scholars and bibliographers have applied to William Jaggard's printing of ten Shakespearean and pseudo-Shakespearean plays together in 1619, the first attempt to collect Shakespeare's work in a single volume. There are only two complete extant copies. One is part of the collection of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, DC. The other is held in the Special Collections at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas. The term ""false folio"" intentionally evokes the folio collections of Shakespeare's works that appeared later: the First Folio of 1623 and its three seventeenth-century successors."
"in four duodecimo volumes, containing 24 plays. In 1818 the second edition, covering all 36 available plays, was published. Each play is preceded by an introduction wherein Bowdler summarizes and justifies his changes to the text. According to his nephew's ""Memoir,"" the first edition was prepared by Bowdler's sister, Harriet, but both were published under Thomas Bowdler's name. This was likely because a woman could not then publicly admit that she was capable of such editing and compilation, nor that she understood Shakespeare's racy verses. By 1850 eleven editions had been printed. The spelling ""Shakspeare"", used by Bowdler and also"
"New Shakspere Society The New Shakspere Society was founded in autumn 1873 by Frederick James Furnivall in order ""to do honor to Shakspere, to make out the succession of his plays, and thereby the growth of his mind and art; to promote the intelligent study of him, and to print Texts illustrating his works and times..."" Furnivall deliberately used an archaic spelling of Shakespeare's name in order to distinguish his Society from the earlier Shakespeare Society (1840–1853) organized by John Payne Collier. Its first official meeting was held on 13 March 1874 at University College London, and by the next"
"the first series of editions to bring this discovery to bear on editing Shakespeare. The series was also the first to apply Pollard's recognition of the primacy of the quartos to textual work. The last volume of the series was ""Henry VIII"", edited by J. C. Maxwell in 1969. ""The New Cambridge Shakespeare"" began in 1984, and several editions were published each year, so that today, all of Shakespeare's plays and poems are available in the series. The series was designed to replace ""The New Shakespeare"" series. The New Cambridge editions feature lengthy introductions and copious annotation. They are distinctive"
"and the husband is honoured because he forgives. ""The Tragedy of Lady Jane Grey"" followed in 1715, and as this play was not successful, it was his last foray into the medium. Rowe published the first 18th-century edition of William Shakespeare in six volumes in 1709 (printed by Tonson) and is also considered the first editor of Shakespeare. His practical knowledge of the stage helped him divide the plays into scenes (and sometime acts), with the entrances and exits of the players noted. He also normalized the spelling of names and prefixed each play with a list of the ""dramatis"
"his publication of the questionable collection ""The Passionate Pilgrim"" under Shakespeare's name in 1599. Jaggard printed an expanded edition of the same work in 1612. In 1619 Jaggard was at the center of the cryptic False Folio affair; and in the period 1621–23 his print shop was occupied on the massive task of bringing the First Folio into print. Given his apparently less-than-respectable links with ""The Passionate Pilgrim"" and the False Folio, commentators have wondered why John Heminges and Henry Condell, the two members of the King's Men who compiled the texts of the First Folio, chose Jaggard for the"
"people. William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the ""Bard of Avon"". His extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 39 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon,"