Which 17th century French philosopher and religious thinker, has given his name to the SI unit of pressure?
"Internal pressure Internal pressure is a measure of how the internal energy of a system changes when it expands or contracts at constant temperature. It has the same dimensions as pressure, the SI unit of which is the pascal. Internal pressure is usually given the symbol formula_1. It is defined as a partial derivative of internal energy with respect to volume at constant temperature: formula_2 Internal pressure can be expressed in terms of temperature, pressure and their mutual dependence: formula_3 This equation is one of the simplest thermodynamic equations. More precisely, it is a thermodynamic property relation, since it holds"
"(CGPM), it was revised and it extended the scope and responsibilities of the BIPM to other fields in physics. In 1960, at the 11th meetings of the CGPM, the system of units it had established was named the International System of Units, with the abbreviation SI. Before the French Revolution, which started in 1789, French units of measurement were based on the Carolingian system, introduced by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (800 – 814 AD) which in turn were based on ancient Roman measures. Charlemagne brought a consistent system of measures across the entire empire. However, after his death,"
"named after Blaise Pascal, noted for his contributions to hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, and experiments with a barometer. The name pascal was adopted for the SI unit newton per square metre (N/m) by the 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1971. The pascal can be expressed using SI derived units, or alternatively solely SI base units, as: where N is the newton, m is the metre, kg is the kilogram, s is the second, and J is the joule. One pascal is the pressure exerted by a force of magnitude one newton perpendicularly upon an area of one square"
"and its definition, was deprecated in favor of the Avogadro constant and its definition. Based on measurements made through the middle of 2017 which calculated a value for the Avogadro constant of ""N"" = , the redefinition of SI units is planned to take effect on 20 May 2019. The value of the constant will be fixed to exactly . The Avogadro constant is named after the early 19th-century Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro, who, in 1811, first proposed that the volume of a gas (at a given pressure and temperature) is proportional to the number of atoms or molecules regardless"
"Ampere The ampere (; symbol: A), often shortened to ""amp"", is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. The International System of Units defines the ampere in terms of other base units by measuring the electromagnetic force between electrical conductors carrying electric current. The earlier CGS measurement system had two different definitions of current, one essentially the same as the SI's and the other using electric charge as the base unit, with the unit of charge defined by"
"(now commonly known as the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, crediting Gotthilf Hagen as well), which applies to laminar flow, that is, non-turbulent flow of liquids through pipes of uniform section, such as blood flow in capillaries and veins. The equation in standard fluid dynamics notation is or or formula_3 where: The poise, the unit of viscosity in the CGS system, was named after him. Attempts to introduce ""poiseuille"" as the name of the SI unit Pa·s had little success. Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (; 22 April 1797 – 26 December 1869) was a French physicist and physiologist. Poiseuille"
"He thought that the attraction and repulsion were due to different kinds of fluids. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; ; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist. He is best known for developing what is now known as Coulomb's law, the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on friction. The SI unit of electric charge, the coulomb, was named in his honour in 1908. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born in Angoulême, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, an inspector of the royal demesne"
"Poiseuille The poiseuille (symbol Pl) has been proposed as a derived SI unit of dynamic viscosity, named after the French physicist Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (1797–1869). In practice the unit has never been widely accepted and most international standards bodies do not include the poiseuille in their list of units. The third edition of the IUPAC Green Book, for example, lists Pa⋅s as the SI-unit for dynamic viscosity, and does not mention the poiseuille. The equivalent cgs unit, the poise, symbol P, is most widely used when reporting viscosity measurements. Dimension: MLT Equivalent in SI base units: 1 Pl ="
"André-Marie Ampère André-Marie Ampère (; ; 20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as ""electrodynamics"". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. An autodidact, Ampère was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after him. His name is also one of the"
"1 kg⋅m⋅s Poiseuille The poiseuille (symbol Pl) has been proposed as a derived SI unit of dynamic viscosity, named after the French physicist Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (1797–1869). In practice the unit has never been widely accepted and most international standards bodies do not include the poiseuille in their list of units. The third edition of the IUPAC Green Book, for example, lists Pa⋅s as the SI-unit for dynamic viscosity, and does not mention the poiseuille. The equivalent cgs unit, the poise, symbol P, is most widely used when reporting viscosity measurements. Dimension: MLT Equivalent in SI base units: 1"
"Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; ; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist. He is best known for developing what is now known as Coulomb's law, the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on friction. The SI unit of electric charge, the coulomb, was named in his honour in 1908. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born in Angoulême, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, an inspector of the royal demesne originally from Montpellier, and Catherine Bajet. He was baptised at the parish church of"
"philosophers like Torricelli and Pascal, air had weight, the pressure would be less at higher altitudes. Therefore, Pascal wrote to his brother-in-law, Florin Perier, who lived near a mountain called the Puy de Dome, asking him to perform a crucial experiment. Perier was to take a barometer up the Puy de Dome and make measurements along the way of the height of the column of mercury. He was then to compare it to measurements taken at the foot of the mountain to see if those measurements taken higher up were in fact smaller. In September 1648, Perier carefully and meticulously"
"mean sea level. This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere. The BIPM's 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) later defined one standard atmosphere to equal precisely 1,013,250 dynes per square centimetre (101.325 kPa). In 1743, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of the ""Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon"", working independently of Celsius, developed a scale where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water. On 19 May 1743 he published the design of a mercury thermometer, the ""Thermometer of Lyon"" built by the craftsman Pierre Casati"
"physicist and mathematician who discovered the principle of the barometer in 1644. The unit's name ""torr"" is written in lower case, while its symbol (""Torr"") is always written with upper-case initial; including in combinations with prefixes and other unit symbols, as in ""mTorr"" (millitorr) or ""Torr⋅L/s"" (torr-litres per second). The symbol (uppercase) should be used with prefix symbols (thus, mTorr and millitorr are correct, but mtorr and milliTorr are not). The torr is sometimes incorrectly denoted by the symbol ""T"", which is the SI symbol for the tesla, the unit measuring the strength of a magnetic field. Although frequently encountered,"
"Archives from France and the establishment of the Metric system. One of the earliest pressure measurement devices was the Mercury barometer, credited to Torricelli (1643), which read atmospheric pressure using Mercury. Soon after, water-filled manometers were designed. All these would have linear calibrations using gravimetric principles, where the difference in levels was proportional to pressure. The normal units of measure would be the convenient inches of mercury or water. In the direct reading hydrostatic manometer design on the right, applied pressure P pushes the liquid down the right side of the manometer U-tube, while a length scale next to the"
"Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal (; ; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defence of the scientific method. In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines. After three years"
"solutions. Avogadro is hailed as a founder of the atomic-molecular theory. Amedeo Avogadro Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, () Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August 17769 July 1856), was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of molecules. In tribute to him, the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a substance, , is known as the Avogadro constant, one of the seven SI base units"
"after him. There is also a statue of Papin with his investion in Blois, at the top of the Escalier Denis Papin, a stairway. Denis Papin Denis Papin FRS (22 August 1647 – 26 August 1713) was a French physicist, mathematician and inventor, best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester, the forerunner of the pressure cooker and of the steam engine. Born in Chitenay (Loir-et-Cher, Centre-Val de Loire Région), Papin attended a Jesuit school there, and from 1661 attended University at Angers, from which he graduated with a medical degree in 1669. In 1673, while working with"
"just that through spectroscopy. Auguste Comte Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (; 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher and writer who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. Influenced by the utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the ""positive philosophy"" in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French Revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences. Comte was a major influence on 19th-century thought, influencing the work of"
"crater named Becquerel on Mars. The uranium-based mineral becquerelite was named after Henri. Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him. Becquerel was born in Paris into a wealthy family which produced four generations of physicists: Becquerel's grandfather (Antoine César Becquerel), father (Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel), and son (Jean"
"a major inspiration to Italian educator Maria Montessori. In the 1870s Séguin published three works in the field of thermometry, a field he had been devoting himself to since 1866: ""Thermomètres physiologiques"" (Paris, 1873); ""Tableaux de thermométrie mathématique"" (1873); and ""Medical Thermometry and Human Temperature"" (New York, 1876). He also devised a special ""physiological thermometer"" in which zero was the standard temperature of health. In addition, a medical symptom known as ""Séguin's signal"" is named after him, being described as an involuntary muscle contraction prior to an epileptic attack. Édouard Séguin Édouard Séguin (January 20, 1812 – October 28, 1880)"
"Amedeo Avogadro Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, () Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August 17769 July 1856), was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of molecules. In tribute to him, the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a substance, , is known as the Avogadro constant, one of the seven SI base units and represented by ""N"". Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro was born"
"Typical circuit breakers will provide 16 A. The current drawn by a number of typical appliances are: Ampere The ampere (; symbol: A), often shortened to ""amp"", is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. The International System of Units defines the ampere in terms of other base units by measuring the electromagnetic force between electrical conductors carrying electric current. The earlier CGS measurement system had two different definitions of current, one essentially the same as the SI's"
"based in Sèvres, France. In 1960, at the 11th conference of the CGPM, the metric system was overhauled and the resultant system named ""The International System of Units"", (also known as ""SI"", an abbreviation ""Système international d'unités""). The driving force behind the metric system was the need for a single, rational and universal system of weights and measures that could be used worldwide. The names of the units of measure used in the metric system consist of two parts: a unit name (for example ""metre"", ""gram"", ""litre"") and an associated multiplier prefix (for example ""milli-"" meaning , ""kilo-"" meaning 1000)."
"Denis Papin Denis Papin FRS (22 August 1647 – 26 August 1713) was a French physicist, mathematician and inventor, best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester, the forerunner of the pressure cooker and of the steam engine. Born in Chitenay (Loir-et-Cher, Centre-Val de Loire Région), Papin attended a Jesuit school there, and from 1661 attended University at Angers, from which he graduated with a medical degree in 1669. In 1673, while working with Christiaan Huygens and Gottfried Leibniz in Paris, he became interested in using a vacuum to generate motive power. Papin first visited London in 1675,"
"The text of part of an earlier version of this article was taken from the public domain resource ""A Short Account of the History of Mathematics"" by W. W. Rouse Ball (4th Edition, 1908) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (; 1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer and physicist, often described as the ""father of thermodynamics"". Like Copernicus, he published only one book, the ""Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire"" (Paris, 1824), in which he expressed, at the age of 27 years, the first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of"
"the pressure. In mathematical form, this can be stated as: The above relationship has also been attributed to Edme Mariotte and is sometimes referred to as Mariotte's law. However, Mariotte's work was not published until 1676. In 1787 the French physicist Jacques Charles found that oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and air expand to roughly the same extent over the same 80-kelvin interval. Later, in 1802, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published results of similar experiments, indicating a linear relationship between volume and temperature: Dalton's Law of partial pressure states that the pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the"
"Émile Amagat Émile Hilaire Amagat (2 January 1841, Saint-Satur – 15 February 1915) was a French physicist. His doctoral thesis, published in 1872, expanded on the work of Thomas Andrews, and included plots of the isotherms of carbon dioxide at high pressures. Amagat published a paper in 1877 that contradicted the current understanding at the time, concluding that the coefficient of compressibility of fluids decreased with increasing pressure. He continued to publish data on isotherms for a number of different gases between 1879 and 1882, and invented the hydraulic manometer, which was able to withstand up to 3200 atmospheres, as"
"The mole was added as a seventh fundamental unit in 1971. Giovanni Giorgi Giovanni Giorgi (27 November 1871 – 19 August 1950) was an Italian physicist and electrical engineer who proposed the ""Giorgi system"" of measurement, the precursor to the International System of Units (SI). Giorgi was born in Lucca and studied engineering at the Institute of Technology of Rome, he worked at Fornaci Giorgi in Ferentino, then was the director of the Technology Office of Rome between 1906 and 1923. He also taught at the University of Rome between 1913 and 1939. During World War II he moved to"
"Jean-Pierre Christin Jean-Pierre Christin (May 31, 1683 – January 19, 1755) was a French physicist, mathematician, astronomer and musician. His proposal in 1743 to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale (from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees, to where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water) was widely accepted and is still in use today. Christin was born in Lyon. He was a founding member of the """" and served as its Permanent Secretary from 1713 until 1755. His thermometer was known in France before the Revolution as"
"long, sealed at the top, filled it with mercury, and set it vertically into a basin of mercury. The column of mercury fell to about 76 cm, leaving a Torricellian vacuum above. As we now know, the column's height fluctuated with changing atmospheric pressure; this was the first barometer. The discovery of the principle of the barometer has perpetuated his fame (""Torricellian tube"", ""Torricellian vacuum""). The torr, a unit of pressure used in vacuum measurements, is named after him. ""12 years before Torricelli's observations, Descartes, the French philosopher, had made the same observation, although he does not appear to have"
"Poise (unit) The poise (symbol P; ) is the unit of dynamic viscosity (absolute viscosity) in the centimetre–gram–second system of units. It is named after Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (see Hagen–Poiseuille equation). The analogous unit in the International System of Units is the pascal-second (Pa⋅s): The poise is often used with the metric prefix ""centi-"" because the viscosity of water at 20 °C (NTP) is almost exactly 1 centipoise. A centipoise is one hundredth of a poise, or one millipascal-second (mPa⋅s) in SI units (1 cP = 10 Pa⋅s = 1 mPa⋅s). The CGS symbol for the centipoise is cP."
"Pierre Gassendi Pierre Gassendi (; also ""Pierre Gassend"", ""Petrus Gassendi""; 22 January 1592 – 24 October 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, astronomer, and mathematician. While he held a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him. He wrote numerous philosophical works, and some of the positions he worked out are considered significant, finding a way between skepticism and"