From the 14th century to the 18th century, which country was known as 'Lang Xang', translated as 'The Land Of The Million Elephants'?
"ribbon on which the Order was worn is red, ornamented with a yellow geometrical design. Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol The Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol, also called the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Umbrella, was the highest knighthood order of the Kingdom of Laos. The Order was founded on 1 May 1909 by King Sisavang Vong. The name of the order reflected an old name of Laos, Lan Xang Hom Khao which means ""million elephants and white umbrella"". No awards were made after the Kingdom of Laos came"
"Lanxang, the ""Land of One Million Elephants"", began in 1354 AD, when Somdej Phra Chao Fa Ngum (1354 - 1373 AD) returned to Mueang Sua (, เมืองซวา), thence renamed ""Xieng Thong"" (, เชียงทอง) and now known as Luang Prabang. From this base Lan Xang extended its sphere of influence to all of modern-day Laos and the Khorat Plateau of Thailand as well as parts of Sipsongbanna in southern China, Sip Song Chau Tai in northwestern Vietnam, Kengtung in Burma, and Stung Treng in Cambodia. The powerful Kingdom of Lan Xang had wealth and influence due to the location of its"
"during the migration period. In later centuries the Lao themselves would preserve the legend in written form, becoming one of the great literary treasures of Laos and one of the few depictions of life in Southeast Asia prior to Therevada Buddhism and Tai cultural influence. Lan Xang (1353–1707) was one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Also known as the ""Land of a million elephants under the white parasol"" the kingdom's name alludes to the power of the kingship and formidable war machine of the early kingdom. The founding of Lan Xang was recorded in 1353, after a series"
"and are also numerous in part of Sisaket Province. The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang was established in Luang Prabang in the 14th century by Fa Ngum. The kingdom's name means ""Million Elephants"", echoing the name of the neighboring northern kingdom of Lan Na ""Million Rice Paddies"". As the Khmer Empire continued to retreat under pressure from the neighboring Tai kingdoms of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and Lan Xang. Ayutthaya established a presence at Nakhon Ratchasima and Phimai. However, the bulk of the Khorat Plateau fell into the mandala of Lan Xang. Lao settlers began gradually moving across the Mekong into"
"8th–10th centuries. Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang (Million Elephants), which was founded in the 14th century by a Lao prince Fa Ngum, who, with 10,000 Khmer troops, took over Vientiane. Ngum was descended from a long line of Lao kings that traced back to Khoun Boulom. He made Theravada Buddhism the state religion and Lan Xang prospered. Within 20 years of its formation, the kingdom expanded eastward to Champa and along the Annamite mountains in Vietnam. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to the present-day Thai province of Nan in"
"early as 1511 in Ayutthaya, and by contrast the first European trade mission to Lan Xang was not until the 1640s. Access to advanced European weapons proved decisive during the Burmese invasions of Lan Xang and would become more important in subsequent wars with Vietnam and Thailand during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Lan Xang The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang Hom Khao (, ""lān sāng hom khāo"", ; ""Million Elephants and White Parasols"") existed as a unified kingdom from 1354 to 1707. For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia."
"to marriages between Indian men and local women. Laos, however, was a not a country during this time. The kingdom of Lan Xang (‘Land of a million elephants’) wasn’t established until the mid-13th century of the common era just years after all direct contact with India was completely diminished. Instead, the original Wat Ong Teu took its traits from other mixed ideas of architecture from surrounding countries that were established earlier than the 13th century. In essence, the variant notions of these Southeastern Asian countries on the Theravada Buddhist architecture of India, such as Cambodia and Siam (present day Thailand),"
"Fa Ngum was crowned, and named his Kingdom ""Lan Xang Hom Khao"" ""The Land of a Million Elephants and the White Parasol"", Fa Ngum continued his conquests to secure the areas around the Mekong by moving to take Sipsong Panna (modern Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture) and began moving south to the borders of Lanna along the Mekong. King Phayu of Lanna raised an army which Fa Ngum overwhelmed at Chiang Saen, forcing Lanna to cede some its territory and provide valuable gifts in exchange for mutual recognition. Having secured his immediate borders Fa Ngum returned to Muang Sua. In 1351"
"four centuries as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Due to Lan Xang's central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom became a popular hub for overland trade, becoming wealthy economically as well as culturally. After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke off into three separate kingdoms—Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three territories uniting to form what is now known as the country of Laos. It briefly gained freedom in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but was recolonised by France until it won autonomy in 1949. Laos became"
"assistance its anti-Japanese underground had provided to the Allied war effort. Lan Chang Province was named after the ancient Lan Xang kingdom, to which the area had once belonged. Its name means a 'Million Elephants'. In 1904, Siam was forced to cede the Laotian inhabited area of the Luang Prabang Range to colonial French Indochina. In August 1940, after a series of border clashes, the Axis-leaning government of Thailand attacked French military posts on the eastern banks of the Mekong between Vientiane and Champassak Province. Both Thailand and the French colonial government would declare war. The more modern Thai Army"
"took place against Lanna along the Nan River. In 1471 Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt invaded and destroyed the kingdom of Champa. Also in 1471, Muang Phuan revolted and several Vietnamese were killed. By 1478 preparations were being made for a full-scale invasion of Lan Xang in retribution for the rebellion in Muang Phuan and more importantly for supporting the Ming Empire in 1421. Around the same time a white elephant had been captured and brought to King Chakkaphat. The elephant was recognized as a symbol of kingship throughout Southeast Asia and Lê Thánh Tông requested the animal's"
"Vietnamese-Laotian War (1467–80) The Vietnamese-Laotian War of 1467–80, also known as the White Elephant War, was the biggest conflict between the historical Laotian state of Lan Xang and the Vietnamese Đại Việt of the later Lê Dynasty. It was known in the later years as the war that ""had shaped the history of Laos"". The war witnessed the rise of Vietnam as the undisputed power in Southeast Asia and proved the incapability of the Laotian Kingdom of Lan Xang to defend its territory. This quickly caused Lan Xang's power to fade and they were later absorbed into the Vietnamese tributary"
"differs significantly from the modern pronunciation of Kham mueang. Lan Na The Lan Na or Lanna Kingdom (, , ""Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields""; , , ; , , or , ), also known as Lannathai, was an Indianized state centered in present-day Northern Thailand from the 13th to 18th centuries. The Pali chronicles refer to the kingdom as Yonarattha or Yonkarattha (Kingdom of the Yuon) or Bingarattha (Kingdom of the Mae Ping). In the Chinese ""History of the Yuan"" it is called Babai Xifu (Pa-pai-si-fu) (), mentioned first in 1292. The cultural development of the Northern Thai people"
"From this time Lan Xang had no realistic chance of becoming a regional power. It became highly dependent on other states, even including Vietnam. Vietnamese-Laotian War (1467–80) The Vietnamese-Laotian War of 1467–80, also known as the White Elephant War, was the biggest conflict between the historical Laotian state of Lan Xang and the Vietnamese Đại Việt of the later Lê Dynasty. It was known in the later years as the war that ""had shaped the history of Laos"". The war witnessed the rise of Vietnam as the undisputed power in Southeast Asia and proved the incapability of the Laotian Kingdom"
"of conquests by Fa Ngum. From 1353–1560 the capital of Lan Xang was Luang Prabang (known alternately as ""Muang Sua"" and ""Xieng Dong Xieng Thong""). Under successive kings the kingdom expanded its sphere of influence over an area that now incorporates all of modern Laos, the Sipsong Chu Tai of Vietnam, Sipsong Panna of Southern China, Khorat Plateau region of Thailand, and the Stung Treng region of Northern Cambodia. Lan Xang existed as a sovereign kingdom for over 350 years. The first serious foreign invasion came from the Dai Viet in 1479, which was defeated, though leaving the capital of"
"Military history of Laos The Military history of Laos has been dominated by struggles against stronger neighbours, primarily Thailand and Vietnam, from at least the 18th century. Historically, Laos was subject to the will of its stronger neighbors, enforced by military means. By force of circumstances in warding off repeated foreign invasions, Laotians developed battle skills using elephants and compiled a history full of warlike deeds. Lan Xang, or the Kingdom of the Million Elephants, the first state in the recorded history of Laos, maintained a standing army of 150,000 men. Regiments included cavalry, infantry, and an elephant corps. Prince"
"horses and 800 elephants. It was the prelude of First Mongol invasion of Burma. It is worth mentioning that, Dehong Dai people immigrated to modern Assam in India during 13 to 14 centuries and then built up the kingdom of Ahom. It formed the latter-day Ahom people. Local Dai chief was the leader of Luchuan Lu, they were the successors of ""Guozhanbi"". ""Luchuan"" is the name that Yuan called, and ""Mong Mao"" is the self-call by the regime, they were same thing. Si Kefa enthroned the chieftain of Luchuan Lu in 1340 and sent troops annexed the state of Hsenwi,"
"The area of China south of the Nanling Mountains, known as the Lingnan (roughly modern Guangxi and Guangdong), was originally home to peoples known to the Chinese as the Hundred Yue (Baiyue). Large-scale Han Chinese migration to the area began after the Qin conquest of the region in 214 BC. Successive waves of immigration followed at times of upheaval in Northern and Central China, such as the collapse of the Han, Tang and Song dynasties. The most popular route was via the Xiang River, which the Qin had connected to the Li River by the Lingqu Canal, and then into"
"as the center of trade representing a large area of upland Southeast Asia covering Vietnam, Samrong Sen in Cambodia, and the Khorat Plateau in northeast Thailand, Danang City in Laos, and the North Cachar Hills of northeastern India. According to the Pongsawadan Meuang Puan or the Muang Puan Chronicles, the Tai Puan, a Buddhist Tai-Lao ethnic group, are said to be the first people who migrated in the 13th century from China and settled in this province; they had established trade in metals and forest produce and consequently were prosperous. During the mid 14th century they were subsumed into the"
"Lan Na The Lan Na or Lanna Kingdom (, , ""Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields""; , , ; , , or , ), also known as Lannathai, was an Indianized state centered in present-day Northern Thailand from the 13th to 18th centuries. The Pali chronicles refer to the kingdom as Yonarattha or Yonkarattha (Kingdom of the Yuon) or Bingarattha (Kingdom of the Mae Ping). In the Chinese ""History of the Yuan"" it is called Babai Xifu (Pa-pai-si-fu) (), mentioned first in 1292. The cultural development of the Northern Thai people had begun long before as successive kingdoms preceded Lan"
"until its fall in the 8th century AD. Langqên Zangbo Langqên Zangbo (; ) is a river in Ngari, Tibet, China. The name ""Langqên"", Tibetan for ""elephant"", is because of a valley that resembles an elephant trunk. This river is the main source of the Sutlej, a tributary of Indus River. It enters India at Shipki La pass. The source is south of Gangdise Range, in Ngari Prefecture. Its course is mainly in the Zanda County. The river drains an area of 22,760 km, and covers a length of 309 km. The drop in height is 3,256 m. Historically, the"
"and elephants were sent from Bintan by the king's adoptive mother, Queen Paramisuri. It was during this period that contacts with Yuan China was established. It was recorded that in 1320, Yuan China sent envoys to ""Long Ya Men"" (thought by some to stretch from modern-day Keppel Bay south to northwestern side of Sentosa and west to what is today Labrador Park) ""to obtain tame elephants"", and the natives of ""Long Ya Men"" returned with tributes and a trade mission to China in 1325. ""Long Ya Men"" was part of Temasek (the kingdom of Singapura) according to Chinese traveler Wang"
"and other tourist attractions are found, is being restored. Nan for centuries was a separate, autonomous kingdom with few relationships with the outside world. There is evidence of prehistoric habitation, but it wasn't until several small ""mueang"" united to form ""Nanthaburi"" on the Nan River in the mid-14th century, contemporaneously with the creation of Luang Prabang and the Lan Xang (Million Elephants) kingdom in Laos, that the city became notable. Associated with the Sukhothai Kingdom, the ""mueang"" took the title ""Wara Nakhon"" and played a significant part in the development of early Thai nationalism. By the end of the 14th"
"The elephant is also on the flag of the Kingdom of Laos with three elephants visible, supporting an umbrella (another symbol of royal power) until it became a republic in 1975. Other Southeast Asian realms have also displayed one or more white elephants. The elephant also lends its name to some landmarks in Asia. Elephanta Island (also called ""Gharapuri Island"") in Mumbai Harbour was given this name by 17th century Portuguese explorers who saw a monolithic basalt sculpture of an elephant near the entrance to what became known as the Elephanta Caves. The Portuguese attempted to take it home with"
"western side of the Yellow River, in contrast to the Liao (916–1125) and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties on its east and the Song in the southeast. The English term ""Tangut"" comes from the Mongolian name for the country, ""Tangghut"" (""Tangɣud""), believed to reflect the same word as ""Dangxiang"" () found in Chinese literature. The Tanguts originally came from the Tibet-Qinghai region, but migrated eastward in the 650s under pressure from the Tibetans. By the time of the An Lushan Rebellion in the 750s they had become the primary local power in the Ordos region in northern Shaanxi. The Tanguts sometimes fell"
"the 14th century, Tambralinga had occupied the entire Malay Peninsula and become one of the dominant south-east Asian states. By the end of the 14th century, Tambralinga had become a part of Siam (now Thailand) named Nakhon Si Thammaraj. At the time of the Sukhothai Kingdom, the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom was already listed as one of the kingdoms under control of the Thai, which it has remained during most of its history. It was usually known as Ligor to European merchants in the 16th century. During the period of the five separate states following the fall of Ayutthaya in"
"the mandala for the Kingdom of Lan Xang which extended from the borders of the Sipsong Panna with China south to Sambor below the Mekong rapids at Khong Island, and from the Đại Việtnamese border along the Annamite Range to the western escarpment of the Khorat Plateau. It was thus one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Fa Ngum again led Lan Xang to war in the 1360s against Sukhothai, in which Lan Xang was victorious in defense of their territory but gave the competing court factions and the war weary population a justification to depose Fa Ngum in"
"Lan Xang Kingdom. The Siamese wars in the 18th and 19th centuries resulted in the Tai Puans' loss of freedom. In subsequent years the Haw invaders from China ravaged the province and also Luang Prabang by looting. the Franco-Siamese treaties of In the 1890s came under French colonial rule under Treaty of French Indochina, which extended to a short period beyond World War II. During the Second Indochina War of the 1960s and 70s there was more suffering to the people of the province due to the Laotian Civil War between the Royalist and the Pathet Lao until the 1975"
"all the way to Eastern Linxia. This occurred at the twilight of the Yuan dynasty. East Linxia was described as a land of ""thorns and yellow earth"". The author estimated a number of 100,000 Mongolian Muslims. They spoke Mongolian but were all illiterate. The account described them as a community of one hundred thousand, Mongol by race, Islam by religion and Chinese by culture. The majority of them were monolingual. Dongxiang were also known as Santa (San-t'a) people, it was reported that many of them served in the army of the Hui General Ma Fuxiang. It was even said that"
"the east side of the Isthmus of Kra. The name Songkhla is actually the Thai corruption of Singgora (Jawi: سيڠڬورا); its original name means ""the city of lions"" in Malay (not to be confused with Singapura). This refers to a lion-shaped mountain near the city of Songkhla. Archaeological excavations on the isthmus between Lake Songkhla and the sea reveal that in the 10th through the 14th century this was a major urbanized area, and a center of international maritime trade, in particular with Quanzhou in China. The long Sanskrit name of the state that existed there has been lost; its"
"historical times as well as in the kingdom of Champa on the other side of the Indochinese Peninsula. In Siam, elephants were trained to throw the condemned into the air before trampling them to death. Alexander Hamilton provides the following account from Siam: The journal of John Crawfurd records another method of execution by elephant in the kingdom of Cochinchina (modern south Vietnam), where he served as a British envoy in 1821. Crawfurd recalls an event where ""the criminal is tied to a stake, and [Excellency's favourite] elephant runs down upon him and crushes him to death."" Elephants were used"
"evidenced by the fact that, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng, a replacement was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Ningbo and Ningxia Jewish communities. It then came under Mongol domination after Genghis Khan conquered Yinchuan in the early 13th century. Muslims from Central Asia also began moving into Ningxia from the west. The Muslim Dungan Revolt of the 19th century affected Ningxia. In 1914, Ningxia was merged with the province of Gansu. However, in 1928 it was detached from Gansu and became a separate province. Between 1914 and 1928, the Ma clique ruled the provinces"
"Asia around 1000 CE, displacing or absorbing earlier peoples and setting up mueang (city-states) on the peripheries of the Indianised kingdoms of the Mon and Khmer peoples. The Tai kingdoms of the Mekong Valley became tributaries of the Lan Xang mandala (Isan: ล้านซ้าง, RSTG: ""lan chang"", Lao: ລ້ານຊ້າງ, BGCN: ""lan xang"", ) from 1354-1707. Influences on the Isan language include Sanskrit and Pali terms for Indian cultural, religious, scientific, and literary terms as well as the adoption of the Pallava alphabet as well as Mon-Khmer influences to the vocabulary. Lan Xang split into the Kingdom of Vientiane, the Kingdom of"