Which English scientist and philosopher invented the magnifying glass in 1250?
"forming a magnified image was described in the ""Book of Optics"" by Ibn al-Haytham in 1021. After the book was translated during the Latin translations of the 12th century, Roger Bacon described the properties of a magnifying glass in 13th-century England. This was followed by the development of eyeglasses in 13th-century Italy. The magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user's eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The ""magnifying power"" is equivalent to angular magnification (this should not be confused with optical power, which is a different quantity)."
"magnifying glass is an icon of detective fiction, particularly that of Sherlock Holmes. ""The evidence indicates that the use of lenses was widespread throughout the Middle East and the Mediterranean basin over several millennia"". The earliest explicit written evidence of a magnifying device is a joke in Aristophanes's ""The Clouds"" from 424 BC, where magnifying lenses to start kindling were sold in a pharmacy, and Pliny the Elder's ""lens"", a glass globe filled with water, used to cauterize wounds. (Seneca wrote that it could be used to read letters ""no matter how small or dim""). A convex lens used for"
"of 88, Laurence Whistler was created a Knight Bachelor. Laurence Whistler Sir Alan Charles Laurence Whistler (21 January 1912 – 19 December 2000, always referred to as Laurence Whistler) was a British poet and artist. He devoted himself to glass engraving, on goblets and bowls blown to his own designs, and (increasingly, as he became more celebrated) on large-scale panels and windows in churches and private houses. He also engraved on three-sided prisms, some of them designed to revolve on a small turntable so that the prism's internal reflections complete the image. The best-known of these was done as a"
"/ Nimrud lens. There are many similar lenses from ancient Egypt, Greece and Babylon. The ancient Romans and Greeks filled glass spheres with water to make lenses. The earliest historical reference to magnification dates back to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 5th century BC, which depict ""simple glass meniscal lenses"". The earliest written record of magnification dates back to the 1st century AD, when Seneca the Younger, a tutor of Emperor Nero, wrote: ""Letters, however small and indistinct, are seen enlarged and more clearly through a globe or glass filled with water"". Emperor Nero is also said to have watched"
"include demigods, heroes and saints, even though his abundant drawings and sketchbooks prove that he was more interested in scenography. Claude Lorrain was described as kind to his pupils and hard-working; keenly observant, but an unlettered man until his death. John Constable described Claude as ""the most perfect landscape painter the world ever saw"", and declared that in Claude's landscape ""all is lovely – all amiable – all is amenity and repose; the calm sunshine of the heart"". The Claude glass, named after Lorrain in England although there is no indication he used or knew of it or anything similar,"
"Laurence Whistler Sir Alan Charles Laurence Whistler (21 January 1912 – 19 December 2000, always referred to as Laurence Whistler) was a British poet and artist. He devoted himself to glass engraving, on goblets and bowls blown to his own designs, and (increasingly, as he became more celebrated) on large-scale panels and windows in churches and private houses. He also engraved on three-sided prisms, some of them designed to revolve on a small turntable so that the prism's internal reflections complete the image. The best-known of these was done as a memorial to his elder brother, Rex Whistler. His son,"
"an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in Ptolemy's ""Optics"" (which however only survives in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by Ibn Sahl (10th century) and most notably by Alhazen (""Book of Optics"", ca. 1021). Latin translations of Ptolemy's ""Optics"" and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the development of ""reading stones"". Robert Grosseteste's treatise ""De iride"" (""On the Rainbow""), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to ""read the smallest letters at incredible distances"". A few years later in 1262, Roger Bacon is also"
"Newtonian telescope The Newtonian telescope, also called the Newtonian reflector or just the Newtonian, is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror. Newton's first reflecting telescope was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope. The Newtonian telescope's simple design makes it very popular with amateur telescope makers. Newton's idea for a reflecting telescope was not new. Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo had discussed using a mirror as the image forming objective soon after the invention of the"
"David Brewster Sir David Brewster (11 December 178110 February 1868) was a British scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in physical optics, mostly concerned with the study of the polarization of light and including the discovery of Brewster's angle. He studied the birefringence of crystals under compression and discovered photoelasticity, thereby creating the field of optical mineralogy. For this work, William Whewell dubbed him the ""father of modern experimental optics"" and ""the Johannes Kepler of optics."" A pioneer in photography, Brewster invented an improved stereoscope, which he called ""lenticular stereoscope"""
"Henry Gyles Henry Gyles or Giles (1640?-1709), was an English glass painter based in York. He was the fifth child of E. (perhaps Edmund) Gyles, a glazier from York, and lived in Micklegate in the city. His entry in the first edition of the ""Dictionary of National Biography"" credits him with ""the revival of the art of pictorial glass painting, which had become quite extinct in England."" His earliest dated window (1682) is the large west window of York Guildhall. His best known work is the east window in the chapel of University College, Oxford, presented by Dr. Radcliffe in"
"barley, and rye were discovered. Thus began the ""national"" drinks of Europe, including gin (England) and ""grappa"" (Italy). In 1437, ""burned water"" (brandy) was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany. Magnets (12th century) Magnets were first referenced in the ""Roman d'Enéas"", composed between 1155 and 1160. Mirrors (1180) The first mention of a ""glass"" mirror is in 1180 by Alexander Neckham who said ""Take away the lead which is behind the glass and there will be no image of the one looking in."" Illustrated surgical atlas (1345) Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280 − 1349) was"
"with the idea for an accurate mechanically simple eyepiece mount for amateur telescopes, the Crayford focuser. He is also known for designing dialyte based refracting telescopes, coming up with the ""Zerochromat"" retrofocally corrected refractor, including a folded 30-inch f/12 version he built in 1999. This refracting telescope is the largest ever built by an individual and the equal fifth-largest refractor ever built. Wall died on 27 January 2018. John Wall (inventor) John Wall (26 June 1932 – 27 January 2018) was an English design engineer, amateur astronomer, amateur telescope maker and member of the British Astronomical Association. He lived in"
"1271. By the 16th and 17th centuries, natural philosophy underwent an evolution beyond commentary on Aristotle as more early Greek philosophy was uncovered and translated. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the invention of the microscope and telescope, and the Protestant Reformation fundamentally altered the social context in which scientific inquiry evolved in the West. Christopher Columbus's discovery of a new world changed perceptions about the physical makeup of the world, while observations by Copernicus, Tyco Brahe and Galileo brought a more accurate picture of the solar system as heliocentric and proved many of Aristotle's theories"
"Philosophy"" of 1744. Desaguliers, who himself demonstrated the mill to the Royal Society, attributed the principle involved to Antoine Parent. French terms for the mill are ""tourniquet hydraulique"", ""moulin de Parent"" or ""roue à réaction"". A complex timeline of development ensued. Robert Barker (physician) Robert Barker (died 1745) was a British physician and inventor. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society from 1732. Barker invented both a reflecting microscope, exhibited in 1736, and ""Barker's mill"", a prototype reaction turbine (1743). According to James Dodson, he was a friend of Charles Labelye. He died in London, on 9 September 1745."
"the Middle East, with one shipment as large as 24,000 glasses. The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Serious historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of ""The Gazette of the United States"", suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825. Over time, the construction of"
"research, provided an opportunity to honour one of the University's most illustrious academics. Harold Hopkins (physicist) Harold Horace Hopkins FRS (6 December 1918 – 22 October 1994) was a British physicist. His Wave Theory of Aberrations, (published by Oxford University Press 1950), is central to all modern optical design and provides the mathematical analysis which enables the use of computers to create the wealth of high quality lenses available today. In addition to his theoretical work, his many inventions are in daily use throughout the world. These include zoom lenses, coherent fibre-optics and more recently the rod-lens endoscopes which 'opened"
"spherical glass by employing two hemispheres of glass mounted together with a small stop between them. Sir David Brewster found that Wollaston's form worked best when the two lenses were hemispheres and the central space was filled up with a transparent cement having the same refractive index as the glass. He therefore used a sphere from a single piece of glass with a deep groove cut in it. In 1829, Henry Coddington brought the Wollaston–Brewster lens into general notice and further refined the design by modifying the shape of the groove, though Coddington laid no claim to being its inventor."
"telescope would likely have had both a long–focal length objective lens and a long–focal length eyepiece. This would decrease aberrations without excessive magnification. Two men independently developed the octant around 1730: John Hadley (1682–1744), an English mathematician, and Thomas Godfrey (1704–1749), a glazier in Philadelphia. While both have a legitimate and equal claim to the invention, Hadley generally gets the greater share of the credit. This reflects the central role that London and the Royal Society played in the history of scientific instruments in the eighteenth century. Two others who created octants during this period were Caleb Smith, an English"
"glass products. Small glass containers or viles were used as containers and drinking vessels, to hold and preserve perfumes, oils, medicines and a myriad of other products. Glassmaking became important in England during the 1500s. By 1575, English glassmakers were producing Venetian-style glass. In 1674, an English glassmaker named George Ravenscroft patented a new type of glass in which he had changed the usual ingredients. This glass, called lead glass, contains a large amount of lead oxide. Lead glass, which is especially suitable for optical instruments, caused English glassmaking to prosper. Biles and his family perhaps resided at Burlington for"
"the period, and is thought to be based on the drawings of Sir John Tenniel for ""Alice in Wonderland"" and ""Alice Through the Looking Glass"". This link with Tenniel may date back to Tenniel's friendship with Paton when they were involved in a competition to decorate Westminster Hall. Illustrating Dodgson's books had Tenniel creating some of the most enduring characters of all time. Translating these fantasy figures into tangible objects is regarded as Crichton’s greatest triumph. Crichton created more than 34 animal-shaped silver and glass claret jugs between 1881 and 1882, many of these designs being registered at the Patents"
"Ferguson (three-point linkage revolutionised the farm tractor), Sir James Martin (ejection seat), Frank Pantridge (portable defibrillator), John Herschel, Bertrand Russell (analytic philosophy pioneer), Jim Marshall (guitar amplifier pioneer), Thomas Walter Jennings (Vox guitar and organ amplifiers), William Ramsay (discovered the noble gases), Peter Higgs (proposed Higgs boson), Harry Brearley (stainless steel), John Venn (Venn diagram), Jane Goodall, William Playfair (founder of statistical graphics; created bar chart and pie chart), Edward Raymond Turner (world's first colour motion picture film), Sir Jonathan Ive (Chief Design Officer of Apple Inc.), Thomas Bayes (Bayes theorem), Dorothy Hodgkin (X-ray crystallography), John Boyd Dunlop (pneumatic tyre),"
"made by Newton. His writings show that with the exception of his bravado, he would have arrived sooner at a discovery for which his mind was fully prepared. Dollond's paper recounts the successive steps by which he arrived at his discovery independently of Hall's earlier invention—and the logical processes by which these steps were suggested to his mind. In 1765 Peter Dollond (son of John Dollond) introduced the triple objective, which consisted of a combination of two convex lenses of crown glass with a concave flint lens between them. He made many telescopes of this kind. The difficulty of procuring"
"is the one described by Newton. A descendant of the original tree can be seen growing outside the main gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, below the room Newton lived in when he studied there. The National Fruit Collection at Brogdale can supply grafts from their tree, which appears identical to Flower of Kent, a coarse-fleshed cooking variety. Religion Writings by Newton Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a ""natural philosopher"") who is widely recognised as one of the most"
"been similarly honoured. His design for an insignia to denote the award of a ""King's Commendation for Brave Conduct"" was accepted and used for a period from 1943. George Kruger Gray George Kruger Gray (25 December 1880 – 2 May 1943) was an English artist, best remembered for his designs of coinage and stained glass windows. Kruger was born in 1880 at 126 Kensington Park Road, London, the son of a Jersey merchant, and was christened George Edward Kruger in Kensington. He received his tertiary education at the Bath School of Art (today Bath School of Art and Design a"
"a glass sphere in half. As the stones were experimented with, it was slowly understood that shallower lenses magnified more effectively. Around 1286, possibly in Pisa, Italy, the first pair of eyeglasses were made, although it is unclear who the inventor was. The earliest known working telescopes were the refracting telescopes that appeared in the Netherlands in 1608. Their inventor is unknown: Hans Lippershey applied for the first patent that year followed by a patent application by Jacob Metius of Alkmaar two weeks later (neither was granted since examples of the device seemed to be numerous at the time). Galileo"
"fitted were more truly ground. His graduations were especially correct. John Coventry (constructor of philosophical instruments) John Coventry (1735–1812) was an English constructor of scientific instruments. He made a reputation through the accuracy of his instruments. Coventry was born in Southwark. He worked with Benjamin Franklin and William Henly on electrical experiments, in the capacity of assistant. He was the inventor of a new hygrometer, more accurate than any which had been previously in use. This instrument was generally employed by the chemists and other scientific men of his day. His telescopes were found to be more accurately adjusted than"
"lantern remained a common medium until slide projectors came into widespread use during the 1950s. A few years before his death in 1736 Polish-German-Dutch physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit reportedly constructed a solar microscope, which basically was a combination of the compound microscope with camera obscura projection. It needed bright sunlight as a light source to project a clear magnified image of transparent objects. Fahrenheit's instrument may have been seen by German physician Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn who introduced the instrument in England, where optician John Cuff improved it with a stationary optical tube and an adjustable mirror. In 1774 English instrument"
"300 years. After the invention of the telescope Kepler set out the theoretical basis on how they worked and described an improved version, known as the ""Keplerian telescope"", using two convex lenses to produce higher magnification. Optical theory progressed in the mid-17th century with treatises written by philosopher René Descartes, which explained a variety of optical phenomena including reflection and refraction by assuming that light was emitted by objects which produced it. This differed substantively from the ancient Greek emission theory. In the late 1660s and early 1670s, Isaac Newton expanded Descartes' ideas into a corpuscle theory of light, famously"
"by Leonardo Fibonacci (1170–1250). A translation by Robert of Chester of the ""Algebra"" by al-Kharizmi is known as early as 1145. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 980–1037) compiled treatises on optical sciences, which were used as references by Newton and Descartes. Medical sciences were also highly developed in Islam as testified by the Crusaders, who relied on Arab doctors on numerous occasions. Joinville reports he was saved in 1250 by a “Saracen” doctor. Contributing to the growth of European science was the major search by European scholars such as Gerard of Cremona for new learning. These scholars were interested in ancient Greek"
"optics of which were first described basically by Kepler) and the reflecting goniometer (1809). He also developed the first lens specifically for camera lens, called the meniscus lens, in 1812. The lens was designed to improve the image projected by the camera obscura. By changing the shape of the lens, Wollaston was able to project a flatter image, eliminating much of the distortion that was a problem with many of that day's biconvex lenses. Wollaston also devised a cryophorus, ""a glass container containing liquid water and water vapor. It is used in physics courses to demonstrate rapid freezing by evaporation."""
"Dalton (Colour blindness), James Dewar (vacuum flask/Dewar flask), Alexander Parkes (celluloid), Sir John Randall (cavity magnetron), Ada Lovelace, Peter Durand, Alcock & Brown (first non-stop transatlantic flight), Henry Cavendish (discovered Hydrogen), Francis Galton, James Y. Simpson (chloroform as an anaesthetic), Sir Joseph Swan (Incandescent light bulb). Sir William Gull (Anorexia nervosa), George Everest, Edward Whymper (first ascent of Matterhorn), Daniel Rutherford, Arthur Eddington (luminosity of stars), Lord Rayleigh (why sky is blue), Norman Lockyer (discovered Helium), Sir Julian Huxley (formed WWF), Adam Smith (pioneer of modern economics and capitalism), John Maynard Keynes (Keynesian economics), Charles K. Kao (fiber optics), Harry"
"Salvino degli Armati. Around 1733, Scarlett was commissioned by Chester Moor Hall, the inventor of color-pure lenses, to produce a partial lens of the first Achromaten. However, he passed this order on to George Bass. He had also received the subcontract for the other lens part and recognized the color purity of the double lens. So Bass could later pass on the mystery of the Achromaten to John Dollond, who received the patent for their production in 1758. Edward Scarlett Edward Scarlett (1688 - 1743 in London) was an English optician and instrument maker, who first invented an eyeglass frame"
"received the report in November, and the English mathematician and astronomer Thomas Harriot, who used a six-powered telescope by the summer of 1609 to observe features on the moon. The Italian polymath Galileo Galilei was in Venice in June 1609 and there heard of the ""Dutch perspective glass"" by means of which distant objects appeared nearer and larger. Galileo states that he solved the problem of the construction of a telescope the first night after his return to Padua from Venice and made his first telescope the next day by fitting a convex lens in one extremity of a leaden"