What biological term from the Greek for 'virgin creation' denotes the growth and development of an embryo or seed without fertilization by a male?
"Mating of yeasts) and jellyfish, may also reproduce sexually. For instance, most plants are capable of vegetative reproduction—reproduction without seeds or spores—but can also reproduce sexually. Likewise, bacteria may exchange genetic information by conjugation. Other ways of asexual reproduction include parthenogenesis, fragmentation and spore formation that involves only mitosis. Parthenogenesis is the growth and development of embryo or seed without fertilization by a male. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some species, including lower plants (where it is called apomixis), invertebrates (e.g. water fleas, aphids, some bees and parasitic wasps), and vertebrates (e.g. some reptiles, fish, and, very rarely, birds and sharks)."
"Parthenocarpy In botany and horticulture, parthenocarpy (literally meaning ""virgin fruit"") is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. Stenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit, but the seeds are actually aborted while they are still small. Parthenocarpy (or stenospermocarpy) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature; if it affects every flower the plant can no longer sexually reproduce but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means. However, parthenocarpy of some fruits on a plant may be of value. Up to 20% of the fruits of wild"
"the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, ""naked"" and σπέρμα sperma, ""seed""), meaning ""naked seeds"", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilised state). Their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks as in Ginkgo. After being fertilised, the ovary starts to swell and develop into the fruit. With multi-seeded fruits, multiple grains of pollen are necessary for syngamy with"
"In some climates, normally-seeded pear cultivars produce mainly seedless fruit for lack of pollination. Parthenocarpy In botany and horticulture, parthenocarpy (literally meaning ""virgin fruit"") is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. Stenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit, but the seeds are actually aborted while they are still small. Parthenocarpy (or stenospermocarpy) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature; if it affects every flower the plant can no longer sexually reproduce but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means. However, parthenocarpy of some fruits on"
"new sporophyte without fertilization. It is important in ferns and in flowering plants, but is very rare in other seed plants. In flowering plants, the term ""apomixis"" is now most often used for agamospermy, the formation of seeds without fertilization, but was once used to include vegetative reproduction. An example of an apomictic plant would be the triploid European dandelion. Apomixis mainly occurs in two forms: In gametophytic apomixis, the embryo arises from an unfertilized egg within a diploid embryo sac that was formed without completing meiosis. In nucellar embryony, the embryo is formed from the diploid nucellus tissue surrounding"
"their reproductive biology."" Ectogenesis Ectogenesis (from the Greek ""ecto"", ""outer,"" and ""genesis"") is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment outside the body in which it would normally be found, such as the growth of an embryo or fetus outside the mother's body, or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host. The term was coined by British scientist J.B.S. Haldane in 1924. Ectogenesis of human embryos and fetuses would require an artificial uterus. An artificial uterus would have to be supplied by nutrients and oxygen from some source to nurture a fetus, as well as"
"Embryogenesis Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops. In mammals, the term refers chiefly to early stages of prenatal development, whereas the terms fetus and fetal development describe later stages. Embryogenesis starts with the fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell, (spermatozoon). Once fertilized, the ovum is referred to as a zygote, a single diploid cell. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of a multicellular embryo. Although embryogenesis occurs in both animal and plant development, this article addresses the"
"Ectogenesis Ectogenesis (from the Greek ""ecto"", ""outer,"" and ""genesis"") is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment outside the body in which it would normally be found, such as the growth of an embryo or fetus outside the mother's body, or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host. The term was coined by British scientist J.B.S. Haldane in 1924. Ectogenesis of human embryos and fetuses would require an artificial uterus. An artificial uterus would have to be supplied by nutrients and oxygen from some source to nurture a fetus, as well as dispose of waste"
"Fertilisation Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, insemination, pollination, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism. The cycle of fertilisation and development of new individuals is called sexual reproduction. During double fertilisation in angiosperms the haploid male gamete combines with two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus by the process of vegetative fertilisation. In Antiquity, Aristotle conceived the formation of new individuals through fusion of male and female fluids, with form and function emerging gradually, in a mode called by"
"Arrhenotoky Arrhenotoky (from Greek -τόκος ""-tókos"" ""birth of -"" + ἄρρην ""árrhēn"" ""male person""), also known as arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, is a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males. Typically, females are the offspring in parthenogenesis, hence the important distinction. The set of processes included under the term arrhenotoky depends on the author. Arrhenotoky may be restricted to the production of males that are haploid, or include diploid males that permanently inactivate one set of chromosomes (parahaploidy) or be used to cover all cases of males being produced by parthenogenesis (e.g. aphids where the males are XO diploids)."
"Embryology Embryology (from Greek , ""embryon"", ""the unborn, embryo""; and , ""-logia"") is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology. Embryology has a long history. Aristotle proposed the currently accepted theory of epigenesis, that organisms develop from seed or egg in a sequence of steps. The alternative theory, preformationism, that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves, however held sway until the 18th century. Modern embryology developed from the work of"
"Gymnosperm The gymnosperms , also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, ""Ginkgo"", and gnetophytes. The term ""gymnosperm"" comes from the Greek composite word ""γυμνόσπερμος"" (γυμνός gymnos, ""naked"" and σπέρμα sperma, ""seed""), meaning ""naked seeds"". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones,"
"the genome of ""Picea abies"" in 2013. Gymnosperm The gymnosperms , also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, ""Ginkgo"", and gnetophytes. The term ""gymnosperm"" comes from the Greek composite word ""γυμνόσπερμος"" (γυμνός gymnos, ""naked"" and σπέρμα sperma, ""seed""), meaning ""naked seeds"". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves,"
"typically parthenogenetic and viviparous and females produce unfertilized eggs which they retain within their bodies. The embryos develop within their mothers' ovarioles and the offspring are clones of their mothers. Female nymphs are born which grow rapidly and soon produce more female offspring themselves. In some instances, the newborn nymphs already have developing embryos inside them. Birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed"
"Pseudogamy Pseudogamy refers to aspects of reproduction. It has different (but related) meanings in zoology and in botany. In zoology it means a type of parthenogenesis in which the sperm stimulates the egg cell to develop into an embryo, but no genes from the male are inherited. Gynogenesis is a synonym. In botany, ""pseudogamy"" is also related to asexual reproduction. Wilhelm Olbers Focke (1881) is usually cited for the definition of the term. What he actually said was (page 525, translated) Thus in botany, ""pseudogamy"" means any reproductive process that requires pollination but does not involve male inheritance. It is"
"of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilisation occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell (ovum). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. Embryogenesis covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the"
"Apomixis In botany, apomixis was defined by Hans Winkler as replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization. Its etymology is Greek for ""away from"" + ""mixing"". This definition notably does not mention meiosis. Thus ""normal asexual reproduction"" of plants, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, has never been considered to be apomixis, but replacement of the seed by a plantlet or replacement of the flower by bulbils were categorized as types of apomixis. Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant. Some authors included all forms of asexual reproduction within apomixis, but that"
"age, or eleventh-week gestational age. After this time the embryo is referred to as a fetus. First attested in English in the mid-14c., the word ""embryon"" derives from Medieval Latin ""embryo"", itself from Greek (""embruon""), lit. ""young one"", which is the neuter of (""embruos""), lit. ""growing in"", from ἐν (""en""), ""in"" and βρύω (""bruō""), ""swell, be full""; the proper Latinized form of the Greek term would be ""embryum"". In animals, the development of the zygote into an embryo proceeds through specific recognizable stages of blastula, gastrula, and organogenesis. The blastula stage typically features a fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel, surrounded by"
"which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilisation. Thelytoky is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilized egg. Automixis is a form of thelytoky, but there are different kinds of automixis. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid zygote (see diagram). Colonies of ""Platythyrea punctata"" from Florida and the Caribbean Islands produce offspring almost exclusively by automictic thelytoky. Automixis appears to involve central fusion of two of the haploid products of meiosis (see diagram)."
"due to many environmental and epigenetic differences, that clones originated in the same ancestor might actually be genetically and epigenetically different. Agamogenesis is any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete. Examples are parthenogenesis and apomixis. Parthenogenesis is a form of agamogenesis in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in many plants, invertebrates (e.g. water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps), and vertebrates (e.g. some reptiles, amphibians, rarely birds). In plants, apomixis may or may not involve parthenogenesis. Apomixis in plants is the formation of a"
"The cycle completes with the pupation of the new larval cohort and the resumption of the reproductive phase. Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilisation. Thelytoky is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilized egg. Automixis is a form of thelytoky, but different kinds of automixis are seen. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid zygote. Because ""O. biroi"" can be very easily maintained in"
"without a soul, in various contexts, still has a moral worth that must be considered. Among Greek scholars, Hippocrates (c.460 – c.370 BC) believed that the embryo was the product of male semen and a female factor. But Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) held that only male semen gave rise to an embryo, while the female only provided a place for the embryo to develop, (a concept he acquired from the preformationist Pythagoras). Aristotle believed a fetus in early gestation has the soul of a vegetable, then of an animal, and only later became ""animated"" with a human soul by"
"ovaries containing seeds. Seedless fruits can develop in one of two ways: either the fruit develops without fertilization (parthenocarpy), or pollination triggers fruit development, but the ovules or embryos abort without producing mature seeds (stenospermocarpy). Seedless banana and watermelon fruits are produced on triploid plants, whose three sets of chromosomes make it very unlikely for meiosis to successfully produce spores and gametophytes. This is because one of the three copies of each chromosome can't pair with another appropriate chromosome before separating into daughter cells, so these extra third copies end up randomly distributed between the two daughter cells from meiosis"
"and could guide vision based behavior in the ""Xenopus"". Blastula The blastula (from Greek ""βλαστός"" (blastos), meaning ""sprout"") is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoele formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals. Embryo development begins with a sperm fertilizing an egg to become a zygote which undergoes many cleavages to develop into a ball of cells called a morula. Only when the blastocoele is formed does the early embryo become a blastula. The blastula precedes the formation of the gastrula in which the germ layers of"
"to germinate—grow out from the seed—it is called a seedling (plantlet). Bryophytes and ferns also produce an embryo, but do not produce seeds. In these plants, the embryo begins its existence attached to the inside of the archegonium on a parental gametophyte from which the egg cell was generated. The inner wall of the archegonium lies in close contact with the ""foot"" of the developing embryo; this ""foot"" consists of a bulbous mass of cells at the base of the embryo which may receive nutrition from its parent gametophyte. The structure and development of the rest of the embryo varies"
"(e.g., aphids) while the production of males by parthenogenesis is referred to as arrhenotoky (e.g., bees). When unfertilized eggs develop into both males and females, the phenomenon is called deuterotoky. Parthenogenesis can occur without meiosis through mitotic oogenesis. This is called ""apomictic parthenogenesis"". Mature egg cells are produced by mitotic divisions, and these cells directly develop into embryos. In flowering plants, cells of the gametophyte can undergo this process. The offspring produced by apomictic parthenogenesis are ""full clones"" of their mother. Examples include aphids. Parthenogenesis involving meiosis is more complicated. In some cases, the offspring are haploid (e.g., male ants)."
"Shell-less chick embryo culture Shell-less chick embryo culture is the process of growing chick embryos ""in vitro"", without their protective egg shells, for scientific observation. Chick embryos and other avian embryos have been biological models to visualize the developmental stages of embryos for education and to instigate embryological manipulations. Using this technique, observations can be made, whether it is a induced-malformation caused due to effect of teratogens or the route of viruses inoculations such as HIV or herpes simplex. Furthermore, preservation of endangered avian and development of transgenic birds using surrogate egg shell culture have been contrived by scientists across"
"Blastula The blastula (from Greek ""βλαστός"" (blastos), meaning ""sprout"") is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoele formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals. Embryo development begins with a sperm fertilizing an egg to become a zygote which undergoes many cleavages to develop into a ball of cells called a morula. Only when the blastocoele is formed does the early embryo become a blastula. The blastula precedes the formation of the gastrula in which the germ layers of the embryo form. A common feature of a vertebrate"
"Cryptogam A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds. ""Cryptogamae"" (Greek ', ""hidden"" + , ', ""to marry"") means hidden reproduction, referring to the fact that no seed is produced, thus cryptogams represent the non-seed bearing plants. Other names, such as ""thallophytes"", ""lower plants"", and ""spore plants"" are also occasionally used. As a group, Cryptogamae are the opposite of the Phanerogamae (Greek , ' = ""visible"") or Spermatophyta (Greek , ' = ""seed"" and , """" = ""plant""), the seed plants. The best known groups"
"or female gonads. These individuals are called gonozooids. Fertilized eggs produce slightly different individuals, featuring nine muscle bands, no gonads, and two stalks growing from each individual's body: the shorter one at the ventral side, and the longer one growing from the dorsal edge of the posterior siphon. These asexual individuals are informally called ""nurses"", and each one produces an astonishing number of mature progeny asexually; such progeny include both sexual and asexual zooids in three sequential ""generations"". The nurse produces buds (which grow into new zooids) in its ventral stalk, but the buds grow and mature on its dorsal"
"root form of Latin , genitive , meaning literally ""maiden"" or ""virgin""—a sexually intact young woman or ""sexually inexperienced woman"". As in Latin, the English word is also often used with wider reference, by relaxing the age, gender or sexual criteria. In this case, more-mature women can be virgins (The Virgin Queen), men can be virgins, and potential initiates into many fields can be colloquially termed ""virgins""; for example, a skydiving ""virgin"". In the latter usage, ""virgin"" means uninitiated. The Latin word likely arose by analogy with a suit of lexemes based on , meaning ""to be green, fresh or"
"Development of the human body Human development is the process of growth to maturity. The process begins with fertilisation, where an egg released from the ovary of a female is penetrated by a sperm cell from a male. The egg then lodges in the uterus, where an embryo and later fetus develop until birth. Further growth and development continues after birth, and includes both physical and psychological development, influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental and other factors. This continues throughout life, through childhood, and adolescence into adulthood. Development before birth, or prenatal development () is the process in which an embryo"
"the father's sperm in a technique called in vitro fertilization (IVF). ""In vitro"" is Latin for ""within glass"". Fertilized eggs are called embryos. As the embryos develop through mitosis, they are separated by sex. Embryos of the desired gender are implanted back in the mother's uterus. Prior to fertilization with IVF, the fertilized eggs can be genetically biopsied with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to increase fertilization success. Once an embryo grows to a 6-8 cell size, a small laser incision in the egg membrane (zona pellucida) allows safe removal of one of the cells. Every cell in the embryo contains"