Whose 19th century dictionary standardised US English?
"Century Dictionary The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia is one of the largest encyclopedic dictionaries of the English language. The first edition was published from 1889 to 1891 by The Century Company of New York, in six, eight, or ten volume versions (originally issued in 24 fascicles) in 7,046 pages with some 10,000 wood-engraved illustrations. It was edited by Sanskrit scholar and linguist William Dwight Whitney, with Benjamin Eli Smith's assistance. It was a great expansion of the smaller ""Imperial Dictionary of the English Language"", which in turn had been based on the 1841 edition of Noah Webster's ""American Dictionary"". After"
"American Dictionary of the English Language"" (1828). In Britain, the influences of those who preferred the French spellings of certain words proved decisive. In many cases AmE spelling deviated from mainstream British spelling; on the other hand it has also often retained older forms. Many of the now characteristic AmE spellings were popularized, although often not created, by Noah Webster. Webster chose already-existing alternative spellings ""on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology"". Webster did attempt to introduce some reformed spellings, as did the Simplified Spelling Board in the early 20th century, but most were not adopted. Later spelling changes"
"in the 19th century and appears to coincide with the development of phonetics as a science. In 1806, Noah Webster published his first dictionary, . It included an essay on the oddities of modern orthography and his proposals for reform. Many of the spellings he used, such as ""color"" and ""center"", would become hallmarks of American English. In 1807, Webster began compiling an expanded dictionary. It was published in 1828 as ""An American Dictionary of the English Language"". Although it drew some protest, the reformed spellings were gradually adopted throughout the United States. In 1837, Isaac Pitman published his system"
"Webster's Dictionary Webster's Dictionary is any of the dictionaries edited by Noah Webster in the early nineteenth century, and numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name. ""Webster's"" has become a genericized trademark in the U.S. for dictionaries of the English language, and is widely used in English dictionary titles. Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir to Noah Webster's original works, which are in the public domain. Noah Webster (1758–1843), the author of the readers and spelling books which dominated the American market at the time, spent decades of research in compiling his dictionaries. His first dictionary, ""A"
"to be known"". Samuel Johnson Jr. Samuel Johnson Jr. (March 10, 1757 – August 20, 1836) was the author of the first English dictionary compiled by an American, ""A school dictionary: being a compendium of the latest and most improved dictionaries"". It was printed in New Haven, in 1798, by Edward O'Brien. Martha Jane Gibson, from Yale University, sees Johnson Jr. as America's first lexicographer. He was a schoolteacher, born in the town of Guilford, Connecticut. Although he was a contemporary of British lexicographer Dr. Samuel Johnson, they were not related in any way. The coincidence of names leads many"
"much lesser extent, grammar and orthography. The first large American dictionary, ""An American Dictionary of the English Language"", known as Webster's Dictionary, was written by Noah Webster in 1828, codifying several of these spellings. Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and do not normally affect mutual intelligibility; these include: different use of some auxiliary verbs; formal (rather than notional) agreement with collective nouns; different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs (for example, AmE/BrE: ""learned""/""learnt"", ""burned""/""burnt"", ""snuck/sneaked"", ""dove/dived"") although the purportedly ""British"" forms can occasionally be seen in American English writing as well; different prepositions and adverbs in"
"Dictionary"", 1st edition The ""Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary"" (editor Noah Porter, Springfield, MA: C. & G. Merriam Co., 1913), from which copyright has lapsed and is now in the public domain, has been digitized in 1996 by MICRA, Inc. and is now available at various free online resources, including: Webster's Dictionary Webster's Dictionary is any of the dictionaries edited by Noah Webster in the early nineteenth century, and numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name. ""Webster's"" has become a genericized trademark in the U.S. for dictionaries of the English language, and is widely used in English"
"Samuel Johnson Jr. Samuel Johnson Jr. (March 10, 1757 – August 20, 1836) was the author of the first English dictionary compiled by an American, ""A school dictionary: being a compendium of the latest and most improved dictionaries"". It was printed in New Haven, in 1798, by Edward O'Brien. Martha Jane Gibson, from Yale University, sees Johnson Jr. as America's first lexicographer. He was a schoolteacher, born in the town of Guilford, Connecticut. Although he was a contemporary of British lexicographer Dr. Samuel Johnson, they were not related in any way. The coincidence of names leads many people to believe"
"American and British English spelling differences Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling standards had not yet developed. For instance, some spellings seen as ""American"" today were once commonly used in Britain and some spellings seen as ""British"" were once commonly used in the United States. A ""British standard"" began to emerge following the 1755 publication of Samuel Johnson's ""A Dictionary of the English Language"", and an ""American standard"" started following the work of Noah Webster and in particular his ""An American Dictionary of the English Language"", first published in 1828."
"The Nuttall Encyclopædia The Nuttall Encyclopædia: Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge is a late 19th-century encyclopedia, edited by Rev. James Wood, first published in London in 1900 by Frederick Warne & Co Ltd. ""The Nuttall Encyclopædia"" is named for Dr. Peter Austin Nuttall (d. 1869), whose works, such as ""Standard Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language"" (published in 1863), were eventually acquired by Frederick Warne, and would be published for decades to come. The title page proclaims this encyclopedia to be ""a concise and comprehensive dictionary of general knowledge consisting of over 16,000 terse and original"
"Compendious Dictionary of the English Language"", appeared in 1806. In it, he popularized features which would become a hallmark of American English spelling (""center"" rather than ""centre"", ""honor"" rather than ""honour"", ""program"" rather than ""programme"", etc.) and included technical terms from the arts and sciences rather than confining his dictionary to literary words. Webster was a proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. In ""A Companion to the American Revolution"" (2008), John Algeo notes: ""it is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in"
"development of Modern English was the codification of explicit norms for standard usage, and their dissemination through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755 Samuel Johnson published his ""A Dictionary of the English Language"" which introduced a standard set of spelling conventions and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the ""American Dictionary of the English language"" in an effort to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent from the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige"
"William Q. De Funiak William Quinby De Funiak (November 16, 1901 – November 2, 1981), who wrote as William Q. De Funiak, was an American writer and law academic who wrote what was probably the first systematic American-British, British-American dictionary. It was called exactly that: ""American-British, British-American Dictionary With Helpful Hints for Travelers"" and first published in the 1960s. He was born in Alabama and traveled abroad to lecture and study and visited Britain a good deal. He noted the linguistic differences between American English and British English and decided to produce a detailed glossary to aid the ""two peoples"
"second half of the eighteenth century, Johnson was the seminal authority on language, and the subsequent development of American lexicography was coloured by his fame."" For American lexicographers the ""Dictionary"" was impossible to ignore: ""America's two great nineteenth-century lexicographers, Noah Webster and Joseph Emerson Worcester, argued fiercely over Johnson's legacy ... In 1789 [Webster] declared that 'Great Britain, whose children we are, and whose language we speak, should no longer be ""our"" standard; for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language on the decline.'"" ""Where Webster found fault with Johnson, Joseph Worcester saluted him ... In"
"Soon after the publication of the ""American Dictionary"", by his father-in-law, Noah Webster (1828), Dr. Goodrich was entrusted by its author with power to superintend an abridgment of the work, which he did, conforming the orthography more nearly to the common standard. This edition, in the preparation of which he was assisted by Benjamin Silliman, Denison Olmsted, and others, was issued in 1847, and the “Universal” edition of the same work appeared in 1856. In 1859 the supplement was issued, to which comprehensive additions were made. At the time of his death Dr. Goodrich was engaged on a radical revision"
"Chicago (in order to work on his ""Dictionary of American English"") and was succeeded by J. R. R. Tolkien who held the post from 1925 to 1945. Joseph Bosworth Joseph Bosworth (1788 – 27 May 1876) was an English scholar of the Anglo-Saxon language and compiler of the first major Anglo-Saxon dictionary. Born in Derbyshire in 1788, Bosworth was educated at Repton School as a 'Poor Scholar' but left in his early teens and did not go to university. Despite the lack of a degree he somehow gained sufficient academic standing for the Church of England to allow him to"
"An Universal Etymological English Dictionary An Universal Etymological English Dictionary was a dictionary compiled by Nathan Bailey (or Nathaniel Bailey) and first published in London in 1721. It was the most popular English dictionary of the eighteenth century. As an indicator of its popularity it reached its 20th edition in 1763 and its 27th edition in 1794. Its last edition (30th) was in 1802. It was a little over 900 pages long. In compiling his dictionary, Bailey borrowed greatly from John Kersey's ""Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum"" (1706), which in turn drew from the later editions of Edward Phillips's ""The New World of"
"A Greek–English Lexicon A Greek–English Lexicon, often referred to as Liddell & Scott (), Liddell–Scott–Jones, or LSJ, is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language. The lexicon was begun in the nineteenth century and is now in its ninth (revised) edition. Based on the earlier ""Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache"" by the German lexicographer Franz Passow (first published in 1819, fourth edition 1831), which in turn was based on Johann Gottlob Schneider's ""Kritisches griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch"", it has served as the basis for all later lexicographical work on the ancient Greek language, such as the ongoing Greek–Spanish dictionary project ""Diccionario"
"etymological clarification and reform of American English promised to improve citizens' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and social stability. This presupposition animated Webster's ""Speller"" and ""Grammar"". In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, . In 1807 Webster began compiling an expanded and fully comprehensive dictionary, ""An American Dictionary of the English Language;"" it took twenty-six years to complete. To evaluate the etymology of words, Webster learned twenty-eight languages, including Old English (Anglo-Saxon), Gothic, German, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Dutch, Welsh, Russian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit. Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts"
"A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, also referred to as Kenyon and Knott, was first published by the G. & C. Merriam Company in 1944, and written by John Samuel Kenyon and Thomas A. Knott. It provides a phonemic transcription of General American pronunciations of words, using symbols largely corresponding to those of the IPA. A similar work for English pronunciation is the ""English Pronouncing Dictionary"" by Daniel Jones, originally published in 1917 and available in revised editions ever since. Edward Artin, who succeeded Kenyon as the pronunciation editor of ""Webster's Dictionary"", sought but"
"A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, also referred to as Kenyon and Knott, was first published by the G. & C. Merriam Company in 1944, and written by John Samuel Kenyon and Thomas A. Knott. It provides a phonemic transcription of General American pronunciations of words, using symbols largely corresponding to those of the IPA. A similar work for English pronunciation is the ""English Pronouncing Dictionary"" by Daniel Jones, originally published in 1917 and available in revised editions ever since. Edward Artin, who succeeded Kenyon as the pronunciation editor of ""Webster's Dictionary"", sought but"
"Dictionary of American English A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles (DAE) is a dictionary of terms appearing in English in the United States that was published in four volumes from 1938 to 1944 by the University of Chicago Press. Intended to pick up where the ""Oxford English Dictionary"" left off, it covers American English words and phrases in use from the first English settlements up to the start of the 20th century. The work was begun in 1925 by William A. Craigie. The first volume appeared in 1936 under the editorship of Craigie and James R. Hulbert, a"
"Noah Webster Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the ""Father of American Scholarship and Education"". His blue-backed speller books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with ""dictionary"" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as ""An American Dictionary of the English Language"". Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, Webster graduated from Yale College in 1778. He passed the bar examination"
"from the Imperial Dictionary of the English Language. More competition arrived in the form of the Merriam's revised edition of Webster's ""American Dictionary"", which appeared in 1864. Worcester's dictionary was posthumously revised in 1886, but was eclipsed by ""Webster's International"" and other dictionaries of the 1890s. In 1841 he married Amy Elizabeth McKean, but the couple had no children. McKean, daughter of the founder of Harvard College's Porcellian Club, had previously served as a teacher after taking over the post of Sophia Ripley. Around this time, Worcester was living in the Craigie House in Cambridge, Massachusetts, renting rooms from the"
"of his grammar and spelling were taken largely from chancery English. However, the ""correction"" of English grammar was not a large subject of formal study until the 18th century. Poet John Dryden remarked that the grammar in use in his day (second half of the 1600s) was an improvement over the usage of William Shakespeare. Dryden was himself the first to promulgate the rule that a sentence must not end with a preposition. Samuel Johnson's 1755 dictionary contributed to the standardization of English spelling. More influentially, the first of a long line of prescriptionist usage commentators, Robert Lowth, published ""A"
"A Dictionary of Modern English Usage A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926), by Henry Watson Fowler (1858–1933), is a style guide to British English usage, pronunciation, and writing. Covering topics such as plurals and literary technique, distinctions among like words (homonyms and synonyms), and the use of foreign terms, the dictionary became the standard for other guides to writing in English. Hence, the 1926 first edition remains in print, along with the 1965 second edition, edited by Ernest Gowers, and reprinted in 1983 and 1987. The 1996 third edition, re-titled as ""The New Fowler's Modern English Usage"" (revised in"
"English-speaking libraries have shared cataloging standards since the early 1800s. The first such standard is attributed to Anthony Panizzi, the Keeper of the Printed Books of the British Museum Library. His 91 rules, published in 1841, formed the basis for cataloging standards for over 150 years. Subsequent work in the 19th century was done by Charles Coffin Jewett, head of the Smithsonian library, which at the time was positioned to become the national library of the United States. Jewett used stereotype plates to produce the library's catalog in book form, and proposed the sharing of cataloging among libraries. His rules"
"Popular Encyclopedia or Conversations Lexicon The Popular Encyclopedia; or, Conversations Lexicon was a British encyclopaedia published by Blackie & Son, during the 19th century. It was originally based on the American ""Conversations Lexicon"" edition and translation, by Francis Lieber; which in turn was based on the German ""Conversations Lexicon"" in its 7th edition. The first editions were edited by Alexander Whitelaw, but the 1883 edition was led by Charles Annandale. The 1836 version of the encyclopaedia was titled: An 1841 edition was published in Glasgow, in 7 volumes, royal 8vo, and edited by Alexander Whitelaw. The specific mention that it"
"revision in 1847, which did not change any of the main text but merely added new sections, and a second update with illustrations in 1859. In 1864, Merriam published a greatly expanded edition, which was the first version to change Webster's text, largely overhauling his work yet retaining many of his definitions and the title """"An American Dictionary"". This began a series of revisions that were described as being ""unabridged"" in content. In 1884 it contained 118,000 words, ""3000 more than any other English dictionary"". With the edition of 1890, the dictionary was retitled ""Webster's International"". The vocabulary was vastly"
"dix-neuvième"". Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle The Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle (""Great Universal Dictionary of the 19th Century""), often called the Grand Larousse du dix-neuvième, is a French encyclopedic dictionary. It was planned, directed, published, and to a substantial degree written by Pierre Larousse, though he also relied on anonymous fellow contributors and though he died in 1875, before its completion. The publication of the ""Grand dictionnaire universel"" in 15 volumes of 1500 pages extended from 1866 to 1876. Two supplements were published in 1877 and 1890. Volumes 1-15, covering A-Z, were issued from 1866 to 1876."
"America, but he did not originate them. Rather [...] he chose already existing options such as ""center, color"" and ""check"" on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology"". In William Shakespeare's first folios, for example, spellings such as ""center"" and ""color"" are the most common. He spent the next two decades working to expand his dictionary. In 1828, at the age of 70, Noah Webster published his ""American Dictionary of the English Language"" in two quarto volumes containing 70,000 entries, as against the 58,000 of any previous dictionary. There were 2,500 copies printed, at $20 for the two volumes. At"
"A Dictionary of the English Language Published on 4 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language. There was dissatisfaction with the dictionaries of the period, so in June 1746 a group of London booksellers contracted Johnson to write a dictionary for the sum of 1,500 guineas (£1,575), equivalent to about £ in 2019. Johnson took seven years to complete the work, although he had claimed he could finish it in three. He did so single-handedly, with"
"American College Dictionary The American College Dictionary was the first Random House dictionary and was later expanded to create the ""Random House Dictionary of the English Language"". First published in 1947, ""The American College Dictionary"" was edited by Clarence Barnhart based on the 1927 New ""Century Dictionary"". The Random House publishing company entered the reference book market after World War II. They acquired the rights to the ""Century Dictionary"" and the ""Dictionary of American English"", both out of print. Many scholars participated in the development of the dictionary with over 300 specialists assisting. For medical and psychological in the dictionary,"