Which Persian tentmaker, astronomer, calendar reformer and poet lived from about 1050 to about 1123?
"Omar the Tentmaker (film) Omar the Tentmaker is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by James Young and featuring Boris Karloff. It was produced and adapted by Richard Walton Tully from his 1914 Broadway play of the same name. It is not known whether the film currently survives. As described in a film publication, Omar the tentmaker (Post) becomes an outcast because of his radical writings and improved calendar (a reference to the calendar reform by Omar Khayyam). His wife Shireen (Faire), whom he secretly married, is desired by the Shah (Beery), who has her brought to the harem."
"Ibn al-Shatir ʿAbu al-Ḥasan Alāʾ al‐Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ansari known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (; 1304–1375) was a Syrian Arab astronomer, mathematician and engineer. He worked as ""muwaqqit"" (موقت, religious timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and constructed a sundial for its minaret in 1371/72. Ibn al-Shatir most important astronomical treatise was ""kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul"" (""The Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Principles""). In it he drastically reformed the Ptolemaic models of the Sun, Moon and planets. His model incorporated the Urdi lemma, and eliminated the need for an equant by introducing an"
"Khaqani Khāqāni or Khāghāni () (1121/1122, Shamakhi, Shirwan – 1190, Tabriz), was a Persian poet. He was born in the historical region known as Shirvan (located now in present country of Azerbaijan), under the Shirvanshah (a vassal of the Seljuq empire) and died in Tabriz, Iran. Khaqani (real name, Afzaladdin Badil (Ibrahim) ibn Ali Nadjar) was born into the family of a carpenter in Shamakhy. Khaqani lost his father at an early age and was brought up by his uncle, Kafi-eddin Umar Shervani, a doctor and astronomer at the Shirvanshah’s court, who for seven years (until his death) acted ""both"
"Al-Khazini Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (, flourished 1115–1130) was an astronomer of Greek origin from Seljuk Persia. His astronomical tables written under the patronage of Sultan Sanjar ("""", 1115) is considered to be one of the major works in mathematical astronomy of the medieval period. He provided the positions of fixed stars, and for oblique ascensions and time-equations for the latitude of Marv in which he was based. He also wrote extensively on various calendrical systems and on the various manipulations of the calendars. He was the author of an encyclopedia on scales and water-balances."
"honour in 1970, as was the minor planet 3095 Omarkhayyam discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1980. Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyam (; ; 18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet. He was born in Nishapur, in northeastern Iran, and spent most of his life near the court of the Karakhanid and Seljuq rulers in the period which witnessed the First Crusade. As a mathematician, he is most notable for his work on the classification and solution of cubic equations, where he provided geometric solutions by the intersection of conics. Khayyam also contributed"
"is not constant but was in fact decreasing. In 11th-century Persia, Omar Khayyám compiled many tables and performed a reformation of the calendar that was more accurate than the Julian and came close to the Gregorian. Other Muslim advances in astronomy included the collection and correction of previous astronomical data, resolving significant problems in the Ptolemaic model, the development of the universal latitude-independent astrolabe by Arzachel, the invention of numerous other astronomical instruments, Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir's belief that the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres were subject to the same physical laws as Earth, the first elaborate experiments"
"astronomer, and as someone who wrote good poetry in Middle Persian and in New Persian. Bahram-e Pazhdo Bahram-e Pazhdo (, meaning ""Bahram (son) of Pazhdo"") was a Zoroastrian and Persian poet of the 13th century. Bahram-e Pazhdo's only surviving work is his ""Bahāriyyāt"" (), ""Spring"", a 330-couplet composition, in hazaj meter, that dates to 1257. The poem celebrates the spring season, the Iranian new year festival Nowruz, the prophet Zoroaster, the praise of Kings and leaders who upheld or propagated the Zoroastrian religion, the righteous deceased of that faith, as well as those who might copy his poem. According to"
"Masud Sa'd Salman Mas'ud-i Sa'd-i Salmān () was an 11th-century Persian poet of the Ghaznavid empire who is known as the prisoner poet. He lived from 1046 to 1121. He was born in 1046 in Lahore to wealthy parents from Hamadan, present-day Iran. his father Sa'd bin Salman was a great Persian ambassador who was sent to India by Ghaznavids.Masud was born there and he was highly learned in astrology, hippology, calligraphy, literature and also in Arabic and Indian languages. In 1085, he was imprisoned, in the fortress of Nay, for his complicity with Sultan Ibrahim's son, Mahmud. He was"
"days and reducing the interval between the fifth and sixth to 75 days. The new dates were: In 1079 AD by the order of the Jalal Al Din Shah Saljoghi the Islamic Calendar which was and is based on lunar system was replaced by Khayyam Calendar and was called Jalali Calendar. Khayyam and his team worked 8 years in Esfahan the capital of Iran during Saljoghis dynasty. The research and creation of Khayyam calendar was financially supported by the Jalal Al din Shah. Khayyam designed his calendar in witch the beginning of the new year, season and month are aligned"
"Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Qotb al-Din Mahmoud b. Zia al-Din Mas'ud b. Mosleh Shirazi (1236—1311) () was a 13th-century Iranian polymath and poet who made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism. He was born in Kazerun in October 1236 to a family with a tradition of Sufism. His father, Zia' al-Din Mas'ud Kazeruni was a physician by profession and also a leading Sufi of the Kazeruni order. Zia' Al-Din received his Kherqa (Sufi robe) from Shahab al-Din Omar Suhrawardi. Qutb al-Din was garbed by the Kherqa (Sufi robe) as blessing by his father at age of"
"Jalali calendar The Jalali calendar is a solar calendar that was used in Persia, variants of which today are still in use in Iran and Afghanistan. In Iran, the Persian names of the zodiac are used while in Afghanistan the original Arabic names are used, also known as the Solar Hijri Calendar. It gains approximately 1 day on the Julian calendar every 128 years. The tropical Jalali calendar (), which inherited some aspects from the Yazdgerdi calendar, was adopted on 15 March 1079 by the Seljuk Sultan Jalal al-Din Malik Shah I (for whom it was named), based on the"
"and a magnetic compass. He invented it for the purpose of finding the times of prayers. Other notable instruments invented by him include a reversed astrolabe and an astrolabic clock. Ibn al-Shatir ʿAbu al-Ḥasan Alāʾ al‐Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ansari known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (; 1304–1375) was a Syrian Arab astronomer, mathematician and engineer. He worked as ""muwaqqit"" (موقت, religious timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and constructed a sundial for its minaret in 1371/72. Ibn al-Shatir most important astronomical treatise was ""kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul"" (""The Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Principles"")."
"tables were translated into Persian before the end of the century. He wrote also an astrological introduction and an arithmetic treatise ""Kitab fi usul hisab al-hind"" (Principles of Hindu Reckoning, extant in Arabic and Hebrew). He was the teacher of Ahmad Nasawi. He is thought to have died in Baghdad. Kushyar Gilani Abul-Hasan Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bashahri Gilani (971–1029), also known as Kūshyār Gīlānī (), was an Iranian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer from Gilan, south of the Caspian Sea, Iran. His main work was probably done about the beginning of the eleventh century, and seems to have taken an"
"Shen Kuo (1031–1095). Being the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo was an avid scholar of astronomy, and improved the designs of several astronomical instruments: the gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra clock, and sighting tube fixed to observe the pole star indefinitely. When Jamal al-Din of Bukhara was asked to set up an 'Islamic Astronomical Institution' in Khubilai Khan's new capital during the Yuan Dynasty, he commissioned a number of astronomical instruments, including an armillary sphere. It was noted that ""Chinese astronomers had been building [them] since at least 1092"". The Greek astronomer Hipparchus (c. 190c. 120 BC)"
"the Coptic calendar, the Julian calendar, and the Semitic calendars of the Near East). Sultan Jalal commissioned the task in 1073. Its work was completed well before the Sultan's death in 1092, after which the observatory would be abandoned. The year was computed from the vernal equinox (Nowruz), and each month was determined by the transit of the sun into the corresponding zodiac region, a system that incorporated improvements on the ancient Indian system of the Surya Siddhanta (""Surya""=solar, ""Siddhanta""=analysis, 4th century), also the basis of most Hindu calendars. Since the solar transit times can have 24-hour variations, the length"
"found by taking the difference between the sun and the ascendant and adding it to the moon. If the 'part' thus calculated was in the 10th House in Libra, for instance, it suggested that money could be made from some kind of partnership. The calendar introduced by Omar Khayyám Neyshabouri, based on the classical zodiac, remains in effect in Afghanistan and Iran as the official Persian calendar. The Almagest, together with the original contributions of 9th to 10th century Persian astronomy such as the astrolabe, was introduced to Christian Europe beginning in the 11th century, by contact with Islamic Spain."
"Rumi Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā (, ""our master""), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (, ""my master""), and more popularly simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century Persian poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic originally from Greater Khorasan. Rumi's influence transcends national borders and ethnic divisions: Iranians, Tajiks, Turks, Greeks, Pashtuns, other Central Asian Muslims, and the Muslims of South Asia have greatly appreciated his spiritual legacy for the past seven centuries. His poems have been widely translated into many of the world's languages and transposed into"
"many names that would become famous in the world of literature and science lived during this and the following reigns. Among the best known are: Ishaq ibn Hunayn (d. 911) (son of Hunayn ibn Ishaq), a physician and translator of Greek philosophical works into Arabic; ibn Fadlan, explorer; al Battani (d. 923), astronomer; Tabari (d. 923), historian and theologian; al-Razi (d. 930), a philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine and chemistry; al-Farabi (d. 950), chemist and philosopher; Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036), mathematician; Alhazen (d. 1040), mathematician; al-Biruni (d. 1048), mathematician, astronomer, physicist; Omar"
"introduced a system with eight leap days in every cycle of 33 years. (Different rules, such as the 2820-year cycle, have also been accredited to Khayyam). However, the original Jalali calendar based on observations (or predictions) of solar transit would not have needed either leap years or seasonal adjustments. Owing to the variations in month lengths, and also the difficulty in computing the calendar itself, the Iranian calendar was modified to simplify these aspects in 1925 (1304 AP), resulting in the Solar Hijri calendar. Jalali calendar The Jalali calendar is a solar calendar that was used in Persia, variants of"
"Anania Shirakatsi Anania Shirakatsi (""Anania Širakac'i"", ; 610–685 AD), also known as Ananias of Shirak or Širak) was an Armenian philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, geographer and alchemist. His most famous works are ""Ashkharatsuyts"" (""Geography"") and ""Cosmography and the Calendar"". Robert H. Hewsen describes him as ""Armenia's First Scientist"". Scholars do not agree on where Anania was born. Some historians believe that he was born in Shirakavan; others, that the village of Anania in Shirak or the city of Ani was his birthplace. Upon the recommendation of several of his friends who were returning from Constantinople, he decided to find a suitable"
"Another notable Persian astrologer and astronomer was Qutb al-Din al Shirazi born in Iran, Shiraz (1236–1311). He wrote critiques of Ptolemy's Almagest and produced two prominent works on astronomy: 'The Limit of Accomplishment Concerning Knowledge of the Heavens' in 1281 and 'The Royal Present' in 1284, both of which commented upon and improved on Ptolemy's work, particularly in the field of planetary motion. Al-Shirazi was also the first person to give the correct scientific explanation for the formation of a rainbow. Ulugh Beyg was a fifteenth-century Timurid Sultan and also a mathematician and astronomer. He built an observatory in 1428"
"Abu Hanifa Dinawari Ābu Ḥanīfah Āḥmad ibn Dawūd Dīnawarī (815–896 CE, ) was an Islamic Golden Age polymath, astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian. He was born in the region of Dinawar, in Kermanshah in modern-day western Iran. He studied astronomy, mathematics and mechanics in Isfahan and philology and poetry in Kufa and Basra. He died in Dinawar. His most renowned contribution is ""Book of Plants"", for which he is considered the founder of Arabic botany. There is no consensus regarding his ethnic background among scholars. Ludwig Adamec considers him to be of Kurdish descent, while Encyclopedia of"
"Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī Bahāʾ al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al‐ʿĀmilī (also known as Sheikh Baha'i, ) (18 February 1547 – 1 September 1621) was an Arab Shia Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer and poet who lived in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in Safavid Iran. He was born in Baalbek, Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) but immigrated in his childhood to Safavid Iran with the rest of his family. He was one of the earliest astronomers in the Islamic world to suggest the possibility of the Earth's movement prior to the spread of the Copernican theory. He is considered"
"statements by Ptolemy. He proposed a different solar model from Ptolemy's. Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Hasan Khazini (; 900–971), also called Al-Khazin, was an Iranian Muslim astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan. He worked on both astronomy and number theory. Al-Khazin was one of the scientists brought to the court in Ray, Iran by the ruler of the Buyid dynasty, Adhad ad-Dowleh, who ruled from 949 to 983 AD. In 959/960 Khazini was required by the Vizier of Ray, who was appointed by ad-Dowleh, to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic. One of Al-Khazin's works ""Zij al-Safa'ih"" (""Tables"
"Ahmad Nahavandi Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahawandi () was a Persian astronomer of the 8th and 9th centuries. His name indicates that he was from Nahavand, a city in Iran. He lived and worked at the Academy of Gundishapur, in Khuzestan, Iran, at the time of Yahya ibn Khalid ibn Barmak, who died in 803 AD, where he is reported to have been making astronomical observations around the year 800AD. He and Mashallah ibn Athari were among the earliest Islamic era astronomers who flourished during the reign of al-Mansur, the second Abbasid Caliph. He also compiled tables called the comprehensive (Mushtamil)."
"Ahmad Nahavandi Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahawandi () was a Persian astronomer of the 8th and 9th centuries. His name indicates that he was from Nahavand, a city in Iran. He lived and worked at the Academy of Gundishapur, in Khuzestan, Iran, at the time of Yahya ibn Khalid ibn Barmak, who died in 803 AD, where he is reported to have been making astronomical observations around the year 800AD. He and Mashallah ibn Athari were among the earliest Islamic era astronomers who flourished during the reign of al-Mansur, the second Abbasid Caliph. He also compiled tables called the comprehensive (Mushtamil)."
"later 1854. Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī Bahāʾ al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al‐ʿĀmilī (also known as Sheikh Baha'i, ) (18 February 1547 – 1 September 1621) was an Arab Shia Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer and poet who lived in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in Safavid Iran. He was born in Baalbek, Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) but immigrated in his childhood to Safavid Iran with the rest of his family. He was one of the earliest astronomers in the Islamic world to suggest the possibility of the Earth's movement prior to the spread of the Copernican theory. He"
"at the time, in particular ""occasional, monthematic ""qit'a"" and the lyric ""ghazal"""". ""Badr's works contain verses and poems in Arabic, Azeri Turkish and various Caspian Sea dialects of Persian"". According to Paul E. Losensky, this reflects ""the multilingual environment"" in which Badr lived. In 1985, Badr's works were ""recovered, edited and published"". According to Losensky, this was made possible thanks to a ""unique manuscript"" which had ""apparently"" been prepared shortly after Badr's death. Badr died in 1450. The location of his grave remains unknown. Badr Shirvani Badr Shirvani (, ; sometimes Romanized ""Shirwani""; 1387–1450) was a Persian poet. He spent"
"Arabic literature and some of his poems are preserved in his works such as Mansha'at (منشآت) and even on his mathematical works. His works are in both Persian and Arabic. Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 886/1481), was a Persian mathematician, astronomer and man of letters. As his name suggests, he was from Kūbunān, a rural district approximately 150 km north-west of Kerman. He was active from 845 to 886 AH. He studied in a school named Sa'die and then became a teacher in that same school. It appears that he resided in Sari for a long time"
"patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language. The dynastic founder, Tughril Beg, turned his army against the Ghaznavids in Khorasan. He moved south and then west, conquering but not wasting the cities in his path. In 1055 the caliph in Baghdad gave Tughril Beg robes, gifts, and the title King of the East. Under Tughril Beg's successor, Malik Shah (1072–1092), Iran enjoyed a cultural and scientific renaissance, largely attributed to his brilliant Iranian vizier, Nizam al Mulk. These leaders established the observatory where Omar Khayyám did much of his experimentation for a new calendar, and they built religious schools"
"Istakhri Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri () (also ""Estakhri"", , i.e. from the Iranian city of Istakhr, b. - d. 957 AD [346AH]) was a 10th century travel-author and geographer who wrote valuable accounts in Arabic of the many Muslim territories he visited during the Abbasid era of the Islamic Golden Age. Istakhri met the celebrated traveller-geographer Ibn Haukul, while travelling in the Indus Valley and Haukul's magnum opus, ""Kitab al-Surat al-Ard"", incorporated the work of Istakhri. He has been described as being Persian. Istakhri's account of windmills is the earliest known. Istakhri's two surviving works are: An"
"would, eventually, become the most famous in the west is the ""Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam"". The Rubáiyát is a collection of poems by the Persian mathematician and astronomer Omar Khayyám (1048–1122). ""Rubaiyat"" means ""quatrains"": verses of four lines. ""Amir Arsalan"" was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as ""The Heroic Legend of Arslan"". Examples of early Persian proto-science fiction include Al-Farabi's ""Opinions of the residents of a splendid city"" about a utopian society, Al-Qazwini's futuristic tale of ""Awaj bin Anfaq"" about a man who travelled to Earth from a distant"
"al-A'lam death, his influence remained for at least three centuries as evidenced by the tables of Maragheh observatory which were largely based on his work and that of Ibn Yunus. Ibn al-A'lam 'Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn Abū l-Qasim al-'Alawi al-Sharif al-Husayni ,(), (Baghdad ,d 985 ) , was a 10th century Arab astronomer and astrologer. Very little is known about Ibn al-A'lam's life, and even his birth date has not been established by historians. Despite this fact, he seems to have been one of the most prominent astronomers of the 10th century, demonstrated by the big impact he seems to have"