Who was both the last President of Czechoslovakia and the first President of the Czech republic?
"the two nations and in 1959, embassies were established in each other's capitals, respectively. In August 1990, Czechoslovak President Václav Havel paid an official visit to Mexico. In 1991, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari paid an official visit to Czechoslovakia. In December 1992, Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Mexico established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 1 January 1993. In 2017, the Czech Republic and Mexico celebrated 95 years of the establishment of diplomatic relations. Presidential, Prime Ministerial and Foreign Ministerial Visits from Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic Presidential and Foreign Ministerial Visits from Mexico to the"
"after the fall of the communist regime is Václav Havel, last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic. The current first directly elected president is Miloš Zeman. The Czech Republic has had multiple Prime Ministers the first of which was latter Presidents Václav Klaus and Miloš Zeman. Another Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic were conservative politicians such as Mirek Topolánek, Petr Nečas and social democratic such as Vladimír Špidla, Jiří Paroubek, Bohuslav Sobotka. Diplomat Madeleine Albright is of Czech origin and fluent in Czech. Other well-known Czech diplomats were Jan Masaryk or Jiří Dienstbier. Czechs established"
"Václav Havel Václav Havel (; 5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, writer and former dissident, who served as the last President of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first President of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003. As a writer of Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs. His educational opportunities having been limited by his bourgeois background, Havel first rose to prominence as a playwright. In works such as ""The Garden Party"" and ""The Memorandum"", Havel used an absurdist style to criticize communism."
"Václav Klaus Václav Klaus (; born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician who served as the second President of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. He also served as the second and last Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, federal subject of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, from July 1992 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in January 1993, and as the first Prime Minister of the newly-independent Czech Republic from 1993 to 1998. Klaus was the principal co-founder of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS), a Czech free-market Eurosceptic political party. His presidency was marked by"
"to celebrate the election of Miloš Zeman as President of the Czech Republic. Čestmír Císař died on 24 March 2013 in Prague, at the age of 93. Čestmír Císař Čestmír Císař (2 January 1920 – 24 March 2013) was a Czech and Czechoslovak politician and diplomat. He served as the first Chairman of the Czech National Council from 1968 to 1969 when the Czech Republic was part of Czechoslovakia during the Communist era. A leading advocate for reforms of the Communist Party, Císař introduced a series of liberal reforms to Communist Czechoslovakia, becoming a major figure in the Prague Spring"
"to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development."" The full boundaries of the country and the organization of its government was finally established in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk had been recognized by World War I Allies as the leader of the Provisional Czechoslovak Government, and in 1920 he was elected the country's first president. He was re-elected in 1925 and 1929, serving as President until 14 December 1935 when he resigned due to poor health. He was succeeded by Edvard Beneš. Following the ""Anschluss"" of Nazi Germany and Austria in"
"Edvard Beneš Edvard Beneš, sometimes anglicised to Edward Benesh (; 28 May 1884 – 3 September 1948), was a Czech politician and statesman who was President of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938 and again from 1945 to 1948. As President, Beneš faced two major crises which both resulted in his resignation. His first resignation came after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938 which brought his government into exile, and the second came about with the 1948 communist coup. Beneš was also the 1st Minister of Foreign Affairs (1918–1935) and the 4th Prime Minister (1921–1922) of Czechoslovakia. A member of"
"statue of Václav Havel created by Georgian sculptor Jumber Jikia was unveiled in Tbilisi, Georgia. The Václav Havel Library Foundation donated a bust of Havel to Columbia University in New York City. This bust was unveiled on 27 September 2018 while Havel was being honored by former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Works by Václav Havel Media interviews with Václav Havel Václav Havel Václav Havel (; 5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, writer and former dissident, who served as the last President of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as"
"Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (), sometimes anglicised to Thomas Masaryk (7 March 1850 – 14 September 1937), was a Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist and philosopher. Until 1914 he advocated reforming the Austro-Hungarian monarchy into a federal state. With the help of the Allied Powers, he eventually succeeded in gaining the independence of a Czechoslovak republic as World War I ended in 1918. He founded Czechoslovakia and served as its first President, and so is called the ""President Liberator"" Masaryk was born to a poor working-class family in the predominantly Catholic city of Hodonín, Moravia (in the region of"
"and last term, finished first with 38.57%, followed by former President of the Czech Academy of Sciences Jiří Drahoš, who received 26.60%. In the second round, Miloš Zeman narrowly defeated Drahoš and was elected for a second term in office. The turnout was 66.60%, the highest since the 1998 legislative election. Former Prime Minister Miloš Zeman was elected as President of the Czech Republic in 2013, defeating Minister of Foreign Affairs Karel Schwarzenberg in the country's first direct presidential elections. Until 2012, all presidential elections in the Czech Republic were indirect, with the president being chosen by the Parliament of"
"Miloš Zeman Miloš Zeman (; born 28 September 1944) is a Czech politician serving as the third and current President of the Czech Republic since 8 March 2013. He previously served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2002. As Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party during the 1990s, he transformed his party into one of the country's major political forces. Zeman was Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Czech parliament, from 1996 until he became Prime Minister two years later in 1998. In January 2013, Zeman was elected President of"
"he delivered the Magistral Lecture to the World Federation of Scientists in Erice, Sicily. Václav Klaus is married to Livia Klausová, a Slovak economist. They have two sons, Václav, also an ODS politician, and Jan, an economist, and five grandchildren. Václav Klaus Václav Klaus (; born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician who served as the second President of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. He also served as the second and last Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, federal subject of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, from July 1992 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia"
"March 1938, the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's next target for annexation was Czechoslovakia. His pretext was the privations suffered by ethnic German populations living in Czechoslovakia's northern and western border regions, known collectively as the Sudetenland. Their incorporation into Nazi Germany would leave the rest of Czechoslovakia powerless to resist subsequent occupation. To a large extent, Czechoslovak democracy was held together by the country's first president, Tomáš Masaryk. As the principal founding father of the republic, Masaryk was regarded similar to the way George Washington is regarded in the United States. Such universal respect enabled Masaryk to overcome seemingly irresolvable"
"candidate. After the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence, he resigned as President on 20 July, saying that he would not preside over the country's breakup. However, when the Czech Republic was created as one of two successor states, he stood for election as its first president on 26 January 1993, and won. He did not have nearly the power that he had as president of Czechoslovakia. Although he was nominally the new country's chief executive, the framers of the Constitution of the Czech Republic intended to vest most of the real power in the prime minister. However, owing to"
"Republic Dürr, Jakub: Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs for European Issues of the Czech Republic Freudenstein, Roland: Deputy Director and Head of Research at the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies Hodač, Ivan: President of the Aspen Institute Central Europe Jaczewska, Beata: Executive Director of the International Visegrad Fund Jindrák, Rudolf: Foreign affairs advisor of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Bohuslav Sobotka, former ambassador to Germany Kovaříková, Dana: Director of the political section of the Representation of the European Commission in the Czech Republic Kratochvíl, Petr: Director of the Institute of International Relations Prague Lamy, Pascal: President Emeritus"
"votes. 1946 Czechoslovak presidential election The 1946 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 19 June 1946. It was first election since end of World War II. Edvard Beneš was elected for his second term. Edvard Beneš resigned in 1938 and emigrated to the United Kingdom. He formed the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and led the Czechoslovak resistance against Nazi Germany which occupied Czechoslovakia. He returned to Czechoslovakia after World War II and was confirmed as the President of Czechoslovakia in October 1945 by voting of parliament. New election was held on 19 June 1946. Beneš was the only candidate. He received all"
"and sent him out of the country as the ambassador of Czechoslovakia to Romania as a punishment. Czechoslovakian President Antonín Novotný resigned from office in March 1968 and was replaced by Alexander Dubček. Císař returned to Czechoslovakia from Romania at the behest of President Dubček. Císař was one of several presidential candidates within the Communist Party who campaigned for President of Czechoslovakia in the aftermath of Novotný resignation. He received widespread support from Czechoslovakian university students, as well as the support of Dubček in the KSČ election. However, Communist Party members chose General Ludvík Svoboda as the new President and"
"Olga Havlová Olga Havlová, born Šplíchalová (July 11, 1933 in Prague – January 27, 1996 in Prague) was the first wife of Václav Havel, the last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic. Olga Havel was born in Žižkov, ""one of the roughest, working-class districts of Prague"", in a working-class family. She spent her childhood in a way typical for such a harsh environment. Her parents split up when she was six years old. In a large family, also including Olga's older sister Jaroslava's family (a single mother of five children), any free hand was useful. Therefore,"
"Charlotte Garrigue Charlotte Garrigue Masaryk, , (20 November 1850 in Brooklyn, New York, United States – 13 May 1923 Lány, Czechoslovakia) was the wife of the Czechoslovak philosopher, sociologist, and politician, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first President of Czechoslovakia. Garrigue was born to a Unitarian family with Huguenot ancestry on her father's side and having a Mayflower passengers' descent on her mother's side. She was niece of Henry Jacques Garrigues and great-granddaughter of Christian Vilhelm Duntzfelt. In 1877, visiting a friend studying at a conservatory in Leipzig, Germany, she first met her future husband, Tomáš Masaryk, who was staying there"
"activist Václav Havel as President of Czechoslovakia on 29 December 1989. Within weeks, Havel negotiated the removal of all Soviet troops (approx. 73,500) from Czechoslovakia. As per the agreement, the Soviet/Russian troops departed within months. Free elections held in June 1990 legitimised this government and set the stage for addressing the remnants of the Communist party's power and the legacy of the Communist period. The main threat to political stability and the success of Czechoslovakia's shift to democracy appeared likely to come from ethnic conflicts between the Czechs and the Slovaks, which resurfaced in the post-Communist period. However, there was"
"1946 Czechoslovak presidential election The 1946 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 19 June 1946. It was first election since end of World War II. Edvard Beneš was elected for his second term. Edvard Beneš resigned in 1938 and emigrated to the United Kingdom. He formed the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and led the Czechoslovak resistance against Nazi Germany which occupied Czechoslovakia. He returned to Czechoslovakia after World War II and was confirmed as the President of Czechoslovakia in October 1945 by voting of parliament. New election was held on 19 June 1946. Beneš was the only candidate. He received all 298"
"1998 Czech presidential election The 1998 Czech presidential election took place on 20 January 1998 to elect a new President of the Czech Republic. The Parliament of the Czech Republic elected the president on the second round. Václav Havel was reelected President. The election is linked with controversial arrest of an opposition candidate Miroslav Sládek which was criticised by Havel's opponents. President of the Czech Republic was elected indirectly by a joint session of the Czech Parliament. Each ballot can have at most three rounds. In the first round, a victorious candidate requires an absolute majority in both the Chamber"
"state. Two days later, the legislature formally deleted the sections of the Constitution giving the Communists a monopoly of power. Barbed wire and other obstructions were removed from the border with West Germany and Austria in early December. On 10 December, President Gustáv Husák appointed the first largely non-communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigned. Alexander Dubček was elected speaker of the federal parliament on 28 December and Václav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on 29 December 1989. In June 1990, Czechoslovakia held its first democratic elections since 1946. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two countries—the Czech"
"Gustáv Husák Gustáv Husák (; 10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Slovak politician, president of Czechoslovakia and a long-term Secretary General of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1969–1987). His rule is known as the period of the so-called ""Normalization"" after the Prague Spring. Gustáv Husák was born as a son of an unemployed worker in Pozsonyhidegkút, Pozsony County, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (now part of Bratislava, Slovakia as Dúbravka). He joined the Communist Youth Union at the age of sixteen while studying at the grammar school in Bratislava. In 1933, when he started his studies at the"
"resigned as president of the first Czechoslovak Republic on 5 October 1938 after the Nazi coup. In London, he and other Czechoslovak exiles organized a Czechoslovak government-in-exile and negotiated to obtain international recognition for the government and a renunciation of the Munich Agreement and its consequences. After World War II broke out, a Czechoslovak national committee was constituted in France, and under Beneš's presidency sought international recognition as the exiled government of Czechoslovakia. This attempt led to some minor successes, such as the French-Czechoslovak treaty of 2 October 1939, which allowed for the reconstitution of the Czechoslovak army on French"
"Beneš became second president of Czechoslovakia. He led Czechoslovakia until 1938 when he had to leave Czechoslovakia due to World War II and formed the Czechoslovak government-in-exile. He became the leader of the resistance to Nazi Germany and returned to his position as the president of Czechoslovakia when the country was liberated. He resigned in 1948 due to the 1948 coup d'etat. 1935 Czechoslovak presidential election The 1935 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 18 December 1935. Edvard Beneš was elected the second President of Czechoslovakia and replaced Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Beneš's victory was considered unlikely due to lack of"
"1993 Czech presidential election The 1993 Czech presidential election was held on 26 January 1993 to elect the first President of independent Czech Republic. The first election was done indirectly by the members of the Czech Republic Parliament. Václav Havel was elected President. The election was complicated only by attacks of Republicans against Havel and by bomb threat to the Parliament. All 200 Members of Parliament voted. Six of them submitted invalid ballots while 22 submitted empty ballots. Havel received 109 votes and thus won the election in the first round. Communist candidate Stiborová received only 49 votes and Republican"
"1935 Czechoslovak presidential election The 1935 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 18 December 1935. Edvard Beneš was elected the second President of Czechoslovakia and replaced Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Beneš's victory was considered unlikely due to lack of support in a parliament but negotiations helped him to win much larger support than Masaryk has ever received. Edvard Beneš was considered Masaryk's successor since 1918. His candidacy in the 1934 election was opposed by the Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants and the large party of Social Democrats and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk decided to run for his fourth term. He was"
"two independent countries, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. After World War II, a political monopoly was held by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). Gustáv Husák was elected first secretary of the KSČ in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to the KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under umbrella of the National Front. Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed. Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992): In the 1930s,"
"2003 Czech presidential election The 2003 Czech presidential election took place in January and February 2003 to elect a new President of the Czech Republic. The Parliament of the Czech Republic failed to elect a candidate on the first 2 ballots on the 15 and 24 January. However, on the third round of the third ballot on the 28 February, Václav Klaus was elected President. In 2003 Václav Havel had served the maximum 2 consecutive terms as President of the Czech Republic, with his second term ending on 2 February 2003. A joint session of the Parliament of the Czech"
"2018 Czech presidential election Presidential elections were held in the Czech Republic in January 2018. The first round took place on 12 and 13 January. As no candidate won a majority, a run-off election between the top two candidates, Jiří Drahoš and President Miloš Zeman, was held on 26 and 27 January 2018. In the first round voters chose between nine candidates who qualified for the election either by gathering 50,000 signatures from the public, 10 signatures from Senators or 20 signatures from members of the Chamber of Deputies (MPs). Incumbent president Miloš Zeman, running for re-election to his second"
"1968 Czechoslovak presidential election The 1968 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 30 March 1968. Ludvík Svoboda replaced Antonín Novotný as the President of Czechoslovakia. It was the only time during Communist regime that the elected president didn't receive 100% of votes. The election was held as a result of Novotný's resignation during Prague Spring. Discussions about his successor started. The reformist wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia wanted an independent candidate and nominated Josef Charvát while others supported Ludvík Svoboda. Another suggested candidate was Čestmír Císař who was supported by students. It was eventually decided that Svoboda will"
"of Czechoslovakia, technically together with the coalition of the so-called National Front. Before the free democratic elections could take place after the revolution, a transitional government was created. 1989 President of Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák sworn in the Government of National Understanding (, ) headed by Marián Čalfa and he himself abdicated. It consisted of 10 communists and 9 non-communists and its main goal was to prepare for democratic elections, to establish market economy in the country and to start preparing a new constitution. On 8–9 June 1990, the Czechoslovakian parliamentary election of 1990 took place. Čalfa's second government was disbanded"