There are six types or flavours of Quark. Which one is missing: up, down, bottom, top, strange and ........?
"Model are classified according to how they interact (or equivalently, by what charges they carry). There are six quarks (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom), and six leptons (electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino). Pairs from each classification are grouped together to form a generation, with corresponding particles exhibiting similar physical behavior (see table). The defining property of the quarks is that they carry color charge, and hence interact via the strong interaction. A phenomenon called color confinement results in quarks being very strongly bound to one another, forming color-neutral composite particles (hadrons) containing either a quark"
"interfere with each other, this can make many colors. An example of this is the colors in soap bubbles. Quarks and other elementary particles are the topic of this chapter. Quarks are very small things that make up everything we see (matter). There are six different ""flavors"" of quarks: the up quark, down quark, strange quark, charmed quark, bottom quark, and top quark. Quarks also have three ""colors"": red, green, and blue. There are also anti-quarks, which are the opposite of the regular quarks. In total, there are 18 different types of regular quarks, and 18 different types of anti"
"for hadrons as well as quarks. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) contains six flavours of quarks. However, their masses differ and as a result they are not strictly interchangeable with each other. The up and down flavours are close to having equal masses, and the theory of these two quarks possesses an approximate SU(2) symmetry (isospin symmetry). Under some circumstances, the masses of quarks do not meaningfully contribute to the system's behavior, and can be ignored. The simplified behavior of flavour transformations can then be successfully modeled as acting independently on the left- and right-handed parts of each quark field. This approximate"
"the up, down, and strange quarks. The proton contains two up quarks and a down quark, the neutron contains one up quark and two down quarks, while the Lambda baryon contains one up quark, one down quark, and one strange quark. That is, each of these baryons is made of one up and one down quark, and an additional quark: up for the proton, down for the neutron, and strange for the Lambda baryon. Because of this correspondence to the up, down, and strange quarks, the Sakata model has the same SU(3) symmetry as the quark model, and can reproduce"
"badly broken, due to the much higher mass of the strange quark compared to the up and down. The discovery of charm, bottomness and topness could lead to further expansions up to SU(6) flavour symmetry, which would hold if all six quarks were identical. However, the very much larger masses of the charm, bottom and top quarks means that SU(6) flavour symmetry is very badly broken in nature (at least at low energies) and assuming this symmetry leads to qualitatively and quantitatively incorrect predictions. In modern applications, such as lattice QCD, isospin symmetry is often treated as exact while the"
"together with baryon number (which is not a flavour quantum number), completely specify numbers of all 6 quark flavours separately (as , i.e. an antiquark is counted with the minus sign). They are conserved by both the electromagnetic and strong interactions (but not the weak interaction). From them can be built the derived quantum numbers: The terms ""strange"" and ""strangeness"" predate the discovery of the quark, but continued to be used after its discovery for the sake of continuity (i.e. the strangeness of each type of hadron remained the same); strangeness of anti-particles being referred to as +1, and particles"
"mechanism, which is associated to the Higgs boson. It is hoped that further research into the reasons for the top quark's large mass of ~173 GeV/c, almost the mass of a gold atom, might reveal more about the origin of the mass of quarks and other elementary particles. Quarks are treated as zero-dimensional point-like entities of zero size in QCD; the lack of any detectable size in experiments puts an upper bound on their size of 10^-4 the size of a proton, i.e. less than 10^-19 metres The following table summarizes the key properties of the six quarks. Flavor quantum"
"and strange () quarks to be ""light"" and the charm (), bottom (), and top () quarks to be ""heavy"". The rules cover all the particles that can be made from three of each of the six quarks, even though baryons made of top quarks are not expected to exist because of the top quark's short lifetime. The rules do not cover pentaquarks. It is also a widespread (but not universal) practice to follow some additional rules when distinguishing between some states that would otherwise have the same symbol. Quarks carry a charge, so knowing the charge of a particle"
"the original definition. For all the quark flavour quantum numbers (strangeness, charm, topness and bottomness) the convention is that the flavour charge and the electric charge of a quark have the same sign. With this, any flavour carried by a charged meson has the same sign as its charge. Strangeness was introduced by Murray Gell-Mann, Abraham Pais and Kazuhiko Nishijima to explain the fact that certain particles, such as the kaons or the hyperons and , were created easily in particle collisions, yet decayed much more slowly than expected for their large masses and large production cross sections. Noting that"
"terms of quark content, these would become: By convention, the flavor quantum numbers (strangeness, charm, bottomness, and topness) carry the same sign as the electric charge of the particle. So, since the strange and bottom quarks have a negative charge, they have flavor quantum numbers equal to −1. And since the charm and top quarks have positive electric charge, their flavor quantum numbers are +1. Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (sometimes known as the NNG formula) relates the baryon number ""B"", the strangeness ""S"", the isospin ""I"" of quarks and hadrons to the electric charge ""Q"". It was originally given"
"up, down, and strange, then the color-flavor-locked pattern of Cooper pairing is This means that a Cooper pair of an up quark and a down quark must have colors red and green, and so on. This pairing pattern is special because it leaves a large unbroken symmetry group. The CFL phase has several remarkable properties. There are several variants of the CFL phase, representing distortions of the pairing structure in response to external stresses such as a difference between the mass of the strange quark and the mass of the up and down quarks. Color–flavor locking Color–flavor locking (CFL) is"
"the second strange and charm quarks, and the third bottom and top quarks. All searches for a fourth generation of quarks and other elementary fermions have failed, and there is strong indirect evidence that no more than three generations exist. Particles in higher generations generally have greater mass and less stability, causing them to decay into lower-generation particles by means of weak interactions. Only first-generation (up and down) quarks occur commonly in nature. Heavier quarks can only be created in high-energy collisions (such as in those involving cosmic rays), and decay quickly; however, they are thought to have been present"
"the decay of bottom Lambda baryons (). Outside particle physics laboratories, pentaquarks also could be produced naturally by supernovae as part of the process of forming a neutron star. The scientific study of pentaquarks might offer insights into how these stars form, as well as allowing more thorough study of particle interactions and the strong force. A quark is a type of elementary particle that has mass, electric charge, and colour charge, as well as an additional property called flavour, which describes what type of quark it is (up, down, strange, charm, top, or bottom). Due to an effect known"
"possible values for total isospin for any combination of quark flavours. Hadrons with the same quark content but different total isospin can be distinguished experimentally, verifying that flavour is actually a vector quantity, not a scalar (up vs down simply being a projection in the quantum mechanical ""z""-axis of flavour-space). For example, a strange quark can be combined with an up and a down quark to form a baryon, but there are two different ways the isospin values can combine - either adding (due to being flavour-aligned) or cancelling out (due to being in opposite flavour-directions). The isospin 1 state"
"Strange quark The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in subatomic particles called hadrons. Example of hadrons containing strange quarks include kaons (), strange D mesons (), Sigma baryons (), and other strange particles. According to the IUPAP the symbol s is the official name, while strange is to be considered only as a mnemonic. The name sideways has also been used because the s quark has a I value of 0 while the u (“up”) and d (“down”) quarks have"
"a somewhat crumbly texture (like ricotta). The basic quark this basic quark or skimmed quark (""Magerquark"") must under German Law have less than 10% fat by dry mass. Quark with higher fat content is made by adding cream after cooling. It has a very smooth and creamy texture and is slightly sweet (unlike sour cream). A firmer version called ""Schichtkäse"" (layer cheese) is often used for baking. Schichtkäse is distinguished from quark by having an added layer of cream sandwiched between two layers of quark. Quark is also often sold flavored with herbs, spices, or fruit. In general, dry mass"
"accepted (see ""November Revolution""). Strange quark The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in subatomic particles called hadrons. Example of hadrons containing strange quarks include kaons (), strange D mesons (), Sigma baryons (), and other strange particles. According to the IUPAP the symbol s is the official name, while strange is to be considered only as a mnemonic. The name sideways has also been used because the s quark has a I value of 0 while the u (“up”) and"
"Up quark The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It is part of the first generation of matter, has an electric charge of + ""e"" and a bare mass of .. Like all quarks, the up quark is an elementary fermion with spin , and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong"
"and down quark content of particles by the relation:<br> where the ""n""'s are the number of up and down quarks and antiquarks. In the ""isospin picture"", the four Deltas and the two nucleons were thought to be the different states of two particles. However, in the quark model, Deltas are different states of nucleons (the N or N are forbidden by Pauli's exclusion principle). Isospin, although conveying an inaccurate picture of things, is still used to classify baryons, leading to unnatural and often confusing nomenclature. The strangeness flavour quantum number ""S"" (not to be confused with spin) was noticed to"
"of elementary particle physics were proposed, which said that protons, neutrons and all other baryons, and also all mesons, are made from three kinds of fractionally-charged particles, the ""quarks"", that come in three different types or ""flavors"", called ""up"", ""down"", and ""strange"". Despite the capability of quark models to bring order to the ""elementary particle zoo"", their status was considered something like mathematical fiction at the time, a simple artifact of deeper physical reasons. Starting in 1969, deep inelastic scattering experiments at SLAC revealed surprising experimental evidence for particles inside of protons. Whether these were quarks or something else was"
"was the first known particle made of quarks from all three quark generations – namely, a down quark, a strange quark, and a bottom quark. The D0 and CDF collaborations reported the consistent masses of the new state. The Particle Data Group world average mass is . Unless specified, the non-up/down quark content of Xi baryons is strange (i.e. there is one up or down quark and two strange quarks). However a contains one up, one strange, and one bottom quark, while a contains one up and two bottom quarks. In 2012, the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider"
"topness) can characterize the quantum state of quarks, by the degree to which it exhibits six distinct flavours (u, d, s, c, b, t). Composite particles can be created from multiple quarks, forming hadrons, such as mesons and baryons, each possessing unique aggregate characteristics, such as different masses, electric charges, and decay modes. A hadron's overall flavour quantum numbers depend on the numbers of constituent quarks of each particular flavour. All of the various charges discussed above are conserved by the fact that the corresponding charge operators can be understood as ""generators of symmetries"" that commute with the Hamiltonian. Thus,"
"Topness Topness (T, also called truth), a flavour quantum number, represents the difference between the number of top quarks (t) and number of top antiquarks () that are present in a particle: By convention, top quarks have a topness of +1 and top antiquarks have a topness of −1.The term ""topness"" is rarely used; most physicists simply refer to ""the number of top quarks"" and ""the number of top antiquarks"". Like all flavour quantum numbers, topness is preserved under strong and electromagnetic interactions, but not under weak interaction. However the top quark is extremely unstable, with a half-life under 10"
"two up-quarks and one down-quark, its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up-antiquarks and one down-antiquark. As of August 2015, there are two known pentaquarks, and , both discovered in 2015 by the LHCb collaboration. Mesons are hadrons containing an even number of valence quarks (at least 2). Most well known mesons are composed of a quark-antiquark pair, but possible tetraquarks (4 quarks) and hexaquarks (6 quarks, comprising either a dibaryon or three quark-antiquark pairs) may have been discovered and are being investigated to confirm their nature. Several other hypothetical types of exotic meson may exist which do"
"Down quark The down quark or d quark (symbol: d) is the second-lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. Together with the up quark, it forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It is part of the first generation of matter, has an electric charge of − ""e"" and a bare mass of . Like all quarks, the down quark is an elementary fermion with spin , and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong"
"below, in table form for simplicity. Mesons are classified into types according to their spin configurations. Some specific configurations are given special names based on the mathematical properties of their spin configuration. Flavourless mesons are mesons made of pair of quark and antiquarks of the same flavour (all their flavour quantum numbers are zero: ""S"" = 0, ""C"" = 0, ""B""′ = 0, ""T"" = 0). The rules for flavourless mesons are: In addition: Flavoured mesons are mesons made of pair of quark and antiquarks of different flavours. The rules are simpler in this case: the main symbol depends on"
"(""bottom quark""), Q (""electric charge""), S (""strangeness""), C (""charmness""), B′ (""bottomness""), T (""topness""), as well as other subatomic particles (hover for name). Antiparticles are not listed in the table; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks (and vice versa), and Q, B, S, C, B′, T, would be of opposite signs. I, J, and P values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements. The standard model predicts that this particle cannot exist due to the short lifetime of the top quark. <br>"
"smaller with a curled-up rectangle shape (similar in cross-section to a quaver). Originally only available in cheese and smoky bacon flavours, the product line now contains three flavours: cheese, prawn cocktail and salt and vinegar. Ketchup and sweet and sour flavours were also introduced, but for a limited time only and are no longer available. A one pack (16.4 g) serving of regular Quavers contains 88 calories, of which 44 are from fat. Quavers contain a mixture of fats (4.9g): saturated fat 0.4g, polyunsaturated fat 0.6g and monounsaturated fat 3.8g. The sodium content is 170mg. Quavers have 88 calories in"
"numbers (isospin (""I""), charm (""C""), strangeness (""S"", not to be confused with spin), topness (""T""), and bottomness (""B""′)) are assigned to certain quark flavors, and denote qualities of quark-based systems and hadrons. The baryon number (""B"") is + for all quarks, as baryons are made of three quarks. For antiquarks, the electric charge (""Q"") and all flavor quantum numbers (""B"", ""I"", ""C"", ""S"", ""T"", and ""B""′) are of opposite sign. Mass and total angular momentum (""J""; equal to spin for point particles) do not change sign for the antiquarks. As described by quantum chromodynamics, the strong interaction between quarks is"
"slimming down and changing his miner hat for an Australian bush hat and Australian accent. Quisp was the winner and Quake cereal was discontinued, but Quake himself introduced a new sidekick, an orange kangaroo named Simon and a new orange-flavored cereal called Quake's Orange Quangaroos. In 1976, Quaker Oats ran another contest, this time asking children to choose between Quisp and Quangaroos. Quisp won again and Quangaroos was discontinued. In the late 1970s, Quisp was discontinued due to low sales. It was brought back in the mid-1980s, then again in the 1990s and in 2001, where it was relaunched as"
"quark. The Russian-style quark was introduced to Israel during the Aliyah of the 1990s by immigrants from the former Soviet Union, and is now available under the name ""tvorog"". Various cuisines feature quark as an ingredient for appetizers, salads, main dishes, side dishes and desserts. In Germany, quark is sold in cubic plastic tubs and usually comes in three different varieties, ""Magerquark"" (skimmed quark, <10% fat by dry mass.), ""regular"" quark (20% fat in dry mass) and ""Sahnequark"" (""creamy quark"", 40% fat in dry mass) with added cream. Similar gradations in fat content are also common in Eastern Europe. While"
"only three quarks (up, down, and strange) were thought to exist. Glashow and James Bjorken predicted a fourth quark in 1964, but there was little evidence for its existence. The GIM mechanism however, ""required"" the existence of a fourth quark, and the prediction of the charm quark is usually credited to Glashow, Iliopoulos, and Maiani. The mechanism relies on the unitarity of the charged weak current flavor mixing matrix, which enters in the two vertices of a one-loop box diagram involving formula_1-boson exchanges. Even though formula_2-boson exchanges are flavor-neutral (i.e. prohibit FCNC), the box diagram induces FCNC, but at a"
"should be strange matter in the universe: Strange matter Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a ""liquid"" of up, down and strange quarks. It is to be contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid containing only up and down quarks. At high enough density, strange matter is expected to be color superconducting. Strange matter is hypothesized to occur in the core of neutron stars, or, more speculatively, as"