What is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, equivalent to 'S'?
"of these letters is a matter of some debate. Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape: the letter Ϻ (""san""), which had been in competition with Σ (""sigma"") denoting the same phoneme /s/; the letter Ϙ (""qoppa""), which was redundant with Κ (""kappa"") for /k/, and Ϝ (""digamma""), whose sound value /w/ dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period. Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left, just like Phoenician, but scribes could freely alternate between directions. For a time, a writing style with"
"Sigma Sigma (uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not all caps), the final form (ς) is used, e.g. (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end. The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from Phoenician shin 𐤔 . The name of sigma, according to one hypothesis, may continue that of Phoenician Samekh."
"the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Sigma Sigma (uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not all caps), the final form (ς) is used, e.g. (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end. The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from Phoenician shin 𐤔 . The name"
"Omicron Omicron (uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, literally ""small o"": όμικρον < ὂ μικρόν - ""ò mikrón"", micron meaning 'small' in contrast to ""omega"") is the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 70. This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter ayin . In classical Greek, omicron represented the sound in contrast to ""omega"" and ""ου"" . In modern Greek, omicron represents the . Letters that arose from omicron include Roman O and Cyrillic O. The upper-case letter of omicron (O) was originally used in mathematics as a symbol for"
"Nu (letter) Nu (; uppercase Ν lowercase ν; ""ni"" ) or ny is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 50. It is derived from the ancient Phoenician language nun . Its Latin equivalent is N, though the lowercase resembles the Roman lowercase v (formula_1). The name of the letter is written in Ancient Greek and traditional Modern Greek polytonic orthography, while in Modern Greek it is written . The uppercase Nu is not used, because it is normally identical to Latin N. The lower-case letter ν is used"
"Theta Theta (, ; uppercase Θ or ϴ, lowercase θ (which resembles digit 0 with horizontal line) or ϑ; ""thē̂ta"" ; Modern: ""thī́ta"" ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals it has the value 9. In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or point in circle"
"indicate text style. Theta Theta (, ; uppercase Θ or ϴ, lowercase θ (which resembles digit 0 with horizontal line) or ϑ; ""thē̂ta"" ; Modern: ""thī́ta"" ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals it has the value 9. In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or"
"Upsilon Upsilon (; or ; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ""ýpsilon"" ) or ypsilon is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 400. It is derived from the Phoenician waw . The name of the letter was originally just “υ” (""y;"" also called ""hy"", hence ""hyoid"", meaning ""shaped like the letter υ""), but the name changed to “υ ψιλόν”, (""u psilon"", meaning 'simple u') to distinguish it from οι, which had come to have the same pronunciation. In early Greek it was pronounced like English ""oo"" . In Classical Greek, it"
"neighboring (but otherwise ""red"") alphabet of Euboia: a form of that resembled a Latin ""L"" () and a form of that resembled a Latin ""S"" (). <nowiki>*</nowiki>Upsilon is also derived from waw (). The classical twenty-four-letter alphabet that is now used to represent the Greek language was originally the local alphabet of Ionia. By the late fifth century BC, it was commonly used by many Athenians. In 403 BC, at the suggestion of the archon Eucleides, the Athenian Assembly formally abandoned the Old Attic alphabet and adopted the Ionian alphabet as part of the democratic reforms after the overthrow of"
"Xi (letter) Xi (uppercase Ξ, lowercase ξ; ) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is pronounced in Modern Greek, and generally or in English. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. Xi was derived from the Phoenician letter samekh . Xi is not to be confused with the letter chi, which gave its form to the Latin letter X. Both in classical Ancient Greek and in Modern Greek, the letter Ξ represents the sound . In some archaic local variants of the Greek alphabet, this letter was missing. Instead, especially in the"
"Psi (letter) Psi (; uppercase ', lowercase '; ""psi"" ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 700. In both Classical and Modern Greek, the letter indicates the combination /ps/ (as in English word ""lapse""). For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets, psi is usually transliterated as ""ps"". The letter's origin is uncertain. It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet. It appears in the 7th century BC, expressing /ps/ in the Eastern alphabets, but /kʰ/ in the Western alphabets (the sound expressed by Χ in the"
"Chi (letter) Chi (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; ) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced or in English. Its value in Ancient Greek was an aspirated velar stop (in the Western Greek alphabet: /ks/). In Koine Greek and later dialects it became a fricative (/) along with Θ and Φ. In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of high or front vowels ( or ) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative , as in German ""ich"" or like the ""h"" in some pronunciations of the English words ""hew"" and ""human"". In front of"
"R R (named ""ar/or"" ) is the 18th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for ""tp"", ""head"". It was used for by Semites because in their language, the word for ""head"" was ""rêš"" (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek 'Ρ' (""rhô"") and Latin R. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing ""rho"" as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants"
"N N (named ""en"" ) is the fourteenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like the English , because the Egyptian word for ""snake"" was ""djet"". It is speculated by many that Semitic people working in Egypt adapted hieroglyphics to create the first alphabet, and that they used the same snake symbol to represent N, because their word for ""snake"" may have begun with that sound. However, the name for the letter in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic"
"Mu (letter) Mu (uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek , or μυ—both ) or my is the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 40. Mu was derived from the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for water, which had been simplified by the Phoenicians and named after their word for water, to become 𐤌 (mem). Letters that arose from mu include the Roman M and the Cyrillic М. In Ancient Greek, the name of the letter was written and pronounced [mŷː]. In Modern Greek, the letter is spelled and pronounced . In"
"as a symbol for: These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Nu (letter) Nu (; uppercase Ν lowercase ν; ""ni"" ) or ny is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 50. It is derived from the ancient Phoenician language nun . Its Latin equivalent is N, though the lowercase resembles the Roman lowercase v (formula_1). The name of the letter is written in Ancient Greek and traditional Modern"
"Omega Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/Isopsephy (Gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means ""great O"" (""ō mega"", mega meaning ""great""), as opposed to omicron, which means ""little O"" (""o mikron"", micron meaning ""little""). In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω is a long open-mid ""o"" , comparable to the vowel of British English ""raw"". In Modern Greek, Ω represents the , the same sound as omicron. The letter omega is transcribed ""ō"" or"
"Lambda Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase ', lowercase '; ""lám(b)da"") is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound /l/. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Latin L and the Cyrillic letter El (Л, л). The ancient grammarians and dramatists give evidence to the pronunciation as () in Classical Greek times. In Modern Greek the name of the letter, Λάμδα, is pronounced . In early Greek alphabets, the shape and orientation of lambda varied."
"Rho Rho (; uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings. Rho is classed as a liquid consonant (together with lambda and sometimes the nasals mu and nu), which has important implications for morphology. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, it represents a trilled or tapped r. In polytonic orthography, a rho"
"O O (named ""o"" , plural ""oes"") is the 15th letter and the fourth vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ""ʿeyn"", meaning ""eye"", and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, cf. Proto-Sinaitic script). Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably , the sound represented by the cognate Arabic letter ع ""ʿayn"". The use of this Phoenician letter for a"
"M M (named ""em"" ) is the thirteenth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a ""Proto-Sinaitic"" (Bronze Age) adoption of the ""water"" ideogram in Egyptian writing. The Egyptian sign had the acrophonic value , from the Egyptian word for ""water"", ""nt""; the adoption as the Semitic letter for was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the Semitic word for ""water"", ""*mā(y)-"". The letter represents the bilabial nasal consonant sound in the orthography"
"leaving out six—for it is the Episemon and not a letter of the usual Greek alphabet:— 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30 Again, we find the fall of the twelfth Aeon, Sophia, indicated in the alphabet; for Λ, which arithmetically denotes 30, the number of the Aeons, is only the eleventh letter in the alphabet. But it set about to seek another like itself, and so the next letter is M, or ΛΛ. Again, add up the numerical value of all the letters of the alphabet ending with λ and we"
"Phi Phi (; uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; ""pheî"" ; ""fi"" ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Ancient Greek, it represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive (), which was the origin of its usual romanization as ""ph"". In modern Greek, it represents a voiceless labiodental fricative () and is correspondingly romanized as ""f"". Its origin is uncertain but it may be that phi originated as the letter qoppa and initially represented the sound before shifting to Classical Greek . In traditional Greek numerals, phi has a value of 500 () or 500,000 (). The Cyrillic"
"formatting to indicate the style of text. Omega Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/Isopsephy (Gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means ""great O"" (""ō mega"", mega meaning ""great""), as opposed to omicron, which means ""little O"" (""o mikron"", micron meaning ""little""). In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω is a long open-mid ""o"" , comparable to the vowel of British English ""raw"". In Modern Greek, Ω represents the , the same sound as omicron."
"Epsilon Epsilon (uppercase ', lowercase ' or lunate ; ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. The name of the letter was originally (), but the name was changed to (""e psilon"" ""simple e"") in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph , a former diphthong that had come"
"Pi (letter) Pi (; uppercase Π, lowercase π and ϖ; ) is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound . In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 80. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Pe (). Letters that arose from pi include Cyrillic Pe (П, п), Coptic pi (Ⲡ, ⲡ), and Gothic pairthra (𐍀). The upper-case letter Π is used as a symbol for: The lower-case letter π is used as a symbol for: An early form of pi was , appearing almost like a gamma with a hook. Variant pi or"
"K K (named ""kay"" ) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive. The letter K comes from the Greek letter Κ (kappa), which was taken from the Semitic kaph, the symbol for an open hand. This, in turn, was likely adapted by Semitic tribes who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for ""hand"" representing D in the Egyptian word for hand, ""d-r-t"". The Semites evidently assigned it the sound value instead, because their word for hand started with that sound."
"Tau Tau (uppercase Τ, lowercase τ; ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 300. The name in English is pronounced or , but in modern Greek it is . This is because the pronunciation of the combination of Greek letters αυ has changed from ancient to modern times from one of to either or , depending on what follows (see Greek orthography). Tau was derived from the Phoenician letter taw (𐤕). Letters that arose from tau include Roman T and Cyrillic Te (Т, т). The letter occupies"
"Big O notation (representing a function's asymptotic growth rate), but has fallen out of favor because omicron is indistinguishable from the Latin letter O and easily confused with the digit zero (0). Omicron is used to designate the fifteenth star in a constellation group, its ordinal placement a function of both magnitude and position. Such stars include Omicron Andromedae, Omicron Ceti, and Omicron Persei. These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Omicron Omicron (uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, literally ""small o"":"
"Kappa Kappa (uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive ϰ; , ""káppa"") is the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter kaph . Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman K and Cyrillic К. Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with ""c"" due to the Romans' transliterations into the Latin alphabet: Constantinople, Corinth, Crete. The cursive form is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but"
"Alphabet, represents the close-mid back rounded vowel. O O (named ""o"" , plural ""oes"") is the 15th letter and the fourth vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ""ʿeyn"", meaning ""eye"", and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, cf. Proto-Sinaitic script). Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably , the sound represented by the cognate Arabic letter ع ""ʿayn"". The"
"described as a ""sideways figure eight"" is unrelated to the ""8"" glyph in origin; it is first used (in the mathematical meaning ""infinity"") in the 17th century, and it may be derived from the Roman numeral for ""one thousand"" CIƆ, or alternatively from the final Greek letter, ω. The numeral eight in Greek numerals, developed in Classical Greece by the 5th century BC, was written as Η, the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet. The Chinese numeral eight is written in two strokes, ; the glyph is also the 12th Kangxi radical. 8 8 (eight) is the natural number following"
"Es (Cyrillic) Es (С с; italics: ""С с"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar fricative , like the pronunciation of in ""sand"". The Cyrillic letter Es is derived from a variant of the Greek letter Sigma known as ""lunate sigma"" (Ϲ ϲ), in use in the Greek-speaking world in early medieval times. It has no connection to the Latin letter C (C c), which is a descendant of the Greek letter Gamma (Γ γ); however, many languages (for different reasons) apply the value of to the Latin letter C, especially before front vowels"