The common name of what African tree comes from the mistaken belief of early settlers who thought that malaria was contracted from being around them?
"and brain which are the most constant post-mortem indications of chronic malaria infection. He related the prevalence of malaria in swampy areas to the presence of flies and recommended swamp drainage to prevent it. In the nineteenth century, the first drugs were developed to treat malaria and parasites were first identified as its source. French chemist Pierre Joseph Pelletier and French pharmacist Joseph Bienaimé Caventou separated in 1820 the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from powdered fever tree bark, allowing for the creation of standardized doses of the active ingredients. Prior to 1820, the bark was simply dried, ground to a"
"and the Netherlands. In the 1500s, it was the European settlers and their slaves who probably brought malaria on the American continent (we know that Columbus was suffering from this disease before his arrival in the new land). The Spanish Jesuit missionaries saw the Indians bordering on Lake Loxa Peru used the Cinchona bark powder to treat fevers. However, there is no reference to malaria in the medical literature of the Maya or Aztecs. The use of the bark of the ""fever tree"" was introduced into European medicine by Jesuit missionaries whose Barbabe Cobo who experimented in 1632 and also"
"the importation of African slaves, more serious parasitic diseases came to Colonial America. The cause of malaria was unknown until the late 19th century. Colonial physicians attributed it to ""miasma"" or bad air. In reality this disease is a parasite that is found in certain species of mosquitoes, which bred more rapidly as virgin soil was broken in the Carolina lowlands for rice cultivation. The parasite found the slaves as a reservoir for the infection of the mosquito. The mosquito then transmitted the parasite to other slaves and the white population, causing rapid development of highly malarious communities. The disease"
"Prosopis africana Prosopis africana is a flowering plant species in the genus ""Prosopis"" found in Africa. Its common names include African mesquite, iron tree, ""gele"" (Malinke) (traditional djembe wood) or ""somb"" tree. In the Serer creation myth, it is one of the sacred trees that grew not just first, but also within the primordial swamp on Earth. Seeds of ""P. africana"" are used in Nigeria to prepare daddawa, kpaye or okpeye, fermented products used as food condiments. Several species of bacteria especially ""Bacillus subtilis"", ""Bacillus licheniformis"", ""Bacillus megaterium"", ""Staphylococcus epidermidis"" and ""Micrococcus"" spp were found to be the most actively"
"Prosopis africana Prosopis africana is a flowering plant species in the genus ""Prosopis"" found in Africa. Its common names include African mesquite, iron tree, ""gele"" (Malinke) (traditional djembe wood) or ""somb"" tree. In the Serer creation myth, it is one of the sacred trees that grew not just first, but also within the primordial swamp on Earth. Seeds of ""P. africana"" are used in Nigeria to prepare daddawa, kpaye or okpeye, fermented products used as food condiments. Several species of bacteria especially ""Bacillus subtilis"", ""Bacillus licheniformis"", ""Bacillus megaterium"", ""Staphylococcus epidermidis"" and ""Micrococcus"" spp were found to be the most actively"
"the total deaths. In Sub-Saharan Africa, over 75% of cases were due to ""P. falciparum"", whereas in most other malarial countries, other, less virulent plasmodial species predominate. Falciparum malaria was familiar to the ancient Greeks, who gave the general name ""pyretós"" ""fever"". Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BCE) gave several descriptions on tertian fever and quartan fever. It was prevalent throughout the ancient Egyptian and Roman civilizations. It was the Romans who named the disease ""malaria""—""mala"" for bad, and ""aria"" for air, as they believed that the disease was spread by contaminated air, or miasma. A German physician, Johann Friedrich Meckel, must"
"bark stripped from the trunk are used as an emetic and as a prophylactic against malaria. Vachellia xanthophloea Vachellia xanthophloea is a tree in the Fabaceae family and is commonly known in English as the fever tree (local East African names include olerai, kimwea, murera, and mwelele). This species of ""Vachellia"" is native to eastern and southern Africa. It can be found in Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It has also become a landscape tree in other warm climates, outside of its natural range. The trees grow to a height of . The"
"plants to treat different illnesses. The two other top species used for malaria are Warburgia salutaris and Syzygium guinense, all of them are trees with bark as main plant part used. The few individuals of W. salutaris and some of the H. rubrostipulata found were heavily debarked. The trees are also difficult to access in the rainy season, when the mosquitoes and malaria are at the worst, as the forest is flooded for 2–3 months. The research by Ssesegawa and Kasenene initiated a community project. Two small nurseries were established with a little support from Uganda Forest Department, the People"
"It listed on the IUCN Red List as vunerable, and is threatened by habitat loss. Turraeanthus africana Turraeanthus africana is a species of plant in the Meliaceae (Mahogany) family, also known by the common names avodiré, apeya, engan, agbe, lusamba, wansenwa, African Satinwood, and African White Mahogany. The species is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. The genus name is derived from the botanist Turra (1607-1688) of Padua, Italy and ""arithos"", a Greek word meaning flower. ""Turraeanthus africana"" is described as a tree of the"
"by enslaved Africans to the colonies. Mosquitoes in the swamps and inundated rice fields of the Lowcountry picked up and spread the diseases to English and European settlers, as well. Malaria and yellow fever soon became endemic in the region. Because they had acquired some immunity in their homeland, Africans were more resistant to these tropical fevers than were the Europeans. As the rice industry was developed, planters continued to import enslaved Africans. By about 1708, South Carolina had a black majority. Coastal Georgia developed a black majority after rice cultivation expanded there in the mid-18th century. Malaria and yellow"
"The presence of stagnant water in these places was preferred by mosquitoes for breeding grounds. Irrigated gardens, swamp-like grounds, runoff from agriculture, and drainage problems from road construction led to the increase of standing water. The term malaria originates from Medieval —""bad air""; the disease was formerly called ""ague"" or ""marsh fever"" due to its association with swamps and marshland. The term first appeared in the English literature about 1829. Malaria was once common in most of Europe and North America, where it is no longer endemic, though imported cases do occur. Scientific studies on malaria made their first significant"
"common idea that disease was caused largely by miasmas, or literally ""polluted air."" (Malaria, a disease spread by mosquitoes that breed in marshy areas, got its name from the Italian words for ""bad air"" because people initially blamed it on marsh gas.) Originally, traps in plumbing drain pipes were designed to help keep this bad air from passing back into living spaces within buildings. However, during the Broad Street cholera outbreak in London, in the Summer of 1854, physician John Snow, among others, worked to prove that polluted water was the culprit, not the foul smells from sewage pipes. Subsequently,"
"of the plants implied by the name of the plant. Some early writers believed that the Yoruba people are actually an East African tribe who moved from the Nile River to the Niger area. For example, Dr. Jonathan Olumide Lucas claims that ""the Yoruba, during antiquity, lived in ancient Egypt before migrating to the Atlantic coast."" “With Egypt at its roots, it is therefore inevitable that African herbal medicine became associated with magic. Amulets and charms were more common than pills as preventions or curatives of diseases. Priests, who were from the earliest days the forefathers of science and medicine,"
"Turraeanthus africana Turraeanthus africana is a species of plant in the Meliaceae (Mahogany) family, also known by the common names avodiré, apeya, engan, agbe, lusamba, wansenwa, African Satinwood, and African White Mahogany. The species is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. The genus name is derived from the botanist Turra (1607-1688) of Padua, Italy and ""arithos"", a Greek word meaning flower. ""Turraeanthus africana"" is described as a tree of the rain forest, typically, 115 ft. (35m), and having a trunk diameter of 2 to 3"
"originated. They called it malaria (literally meaning ""bad air"") as they believed that the disease was a kind of miasma that was spread in the air, as originally conceived by Ancient Greeks. Then it was a medical consensus that malaria was spread due to miasma, the bad air. The first record of argument against the miasmatic nature of malaria was from an American physician John Crawford. Gorgas wrote an article ""Mosquital Origin of Malarial Disease"" in ""Baltimore Observer"" in 1807, but it provoked no consequences. An American physician Charles Earl Johnson provided a systematic and elaborate arguments against miasmatic origin"
"disease and the tropical climate precluded most permanent European settlement until the late nineteenth century. The discovery of valuable resources in Africa's interior and the introduction of quinine as a cure for malaria altered this longstanding trend, and a new wave of European immigrants arrived on the continent between 1890 and 1918. Most European settlers granted land in African colonies cultivated cereal crops or raised cattle, which were far more popular among the immigrants rather than managing the tropical plantations aimed at producing export-oriented crops such as rubber and palm oil. A direct consequence of this preference was that the"
"to have gotten the knowledge from Africa. Bonesetting is practiced by many groups of West Africa(the Akan, Mano, and Yoruba, to name a few). In Djenné the mosquito was identified to be the cause of malaria, and the removal of cataracts was a common surgical procedure (as in many other parts of Africa). The dangers of tobacco smoking were known to African Muslim scholars, based on Timbuktu manuscripts. Ancient Egyptian physicians were renowned in the ancient Near East for their healing skills, and some, like Imhotep, remained famous long after their deaths. Herodotus remarked that there was a high degree"
"30 million years old. Human malaria likely originated in Africa and coevolved with its hosts, mosquitoes and non-human primates. Malaria protozoa are diversified into primate, rodent, bird, and reptile host lineages. Humans may have originally caught ""Plasmodium falciparum"" from gorillas. ""P. vivax"", another malarial ""Plasmodium"" species among the six that infect humans, also likely originated in African gorillas and chimpanzees. Another malarial species recently discovered to be transmissible to humans, ""P. knowlesi"", originated in Asian macaque monkeys. While ""P. malariae"" is highly host specific to humans, there is some evidence that low level non-symptomatic infection persists among wild chimpanzees. About"
"is another word for malaria (""mal aria"" = bad air), since at that time people believed the air to cause the illness. Swamps are the breeding ground of Anopheles mosquitoes, the vectors of malaria which had been plaguing Sardinia since the Phoencian first arrived, until the swamps were drained and treated with DDT in the 20th century. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill. In 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years"
"History of malaria The history of malaria stretches from its prehistoric origin as a zoonotic disease in the primates of Africa through to the 21st century. A widespread and potentially lethal human infectious disease, at its peak malaria infested every continent, except Antarctica. Its prevention and treatment have been targeted in science and medicine for hundreds of years. Since the discovery of the parasites which cause it, research attention has focused on their biology, as well as that of the mosquitoes which transmit the parasites. References to its unique, periodic fevers are found throughout recorded history beginning in the first"
"disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity) led to a decline in the Amerindian population. From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa such as the Kongo, Igbo, Akan, Fon and Yoruba. Malaria was spread by the ""Anopheles"" mosquito and yellow fever was spread by the ""Aedes aegypti"" mosquito. Mosquitoes would ingest blood from one human who was a carrier of the disease and pass the virus to another human. The presence of mosquitos to act as a vector, combined with a reservoir of infected humans,"
"""medical books"" of the Mayans or Aztecs. European settlers and the West Africans they enslaved likely brought malaria to the Americas in the 16th century. In the book """", the author Charles Mann cites sources that speculate that the reason African slaves were brought to the British Americas was because of their immunity to malaria. Britain did not have large numbers of African slaves, there were plenty of unemployed workers who could come as indentured servants. In the area above the Mason–Dixon line, the malaria protozoa did not fare well, the English-speaking indentured servant proved more profitable as he would"
"a high percentage of protein. The flowers are often eaten by kudu. Common browsers of the tree include elephants, black rhino, giraffe and the eland. ""Acacia mellifera"" leaves can constitute an important part of goat diets. Senegalia mellifera Senegalia mellifera is a common thorn tree in Africa. The name ""mellifera"" refers to its sweet-smelling blossoms and honey. Its lumber turns pitch black when oiled. Common names of the tree include Blackthorn and Swarthaak (Afrikaans). It is listed as being not threatened. ""Senegalia mellifera"" is found in the dry areas of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. ""Senegalia mellifera"" can occur either"
"settlers: partial immunity was present to falciparum malaria. This malaria affected children and immigrants on some islands but not all. One contracts this disease by being bitten by an Anopheles mosquito which can be found on Africa and the Americas. Falciparum malaria sickens the human by attacking the human’s red blood cells and the parasite remains within the victim’s body for life which allows the cycle to continue. This malaria affected predominantly the adult European voyagers rather than predominantly the African slaves. The Caribbean countries whose inhabitants were the most affected were the Greater Antilles islands and other humid islands"
"an extent that they would not be affected by it. Reports of elephants becoming intoxicated from marula fruit, however, are persistent. Sclerocarya birrea Sclerocarya birrea, commonly known as the marula (Ancient Greek σκληρός, ""sklērós"", ""hard"", and κάρυον, ""káryon"", ""nut"", in reference to the stone inside the fleshy fruit), is a medium-sized dioecious tree, indigenous to the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa, the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa, and Madagascar. The tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown. It is characterized by a grey mottled bark. The tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low"
"presence of iridoids. The aromatic, oily, yellowish wood is used for firewood. It is attractive and makes a good shade tree. This plant is used medicinally by the Maasai people to treat malaria. It is used as a snuff or smoked for respiratory complaints such as common cold and cough. The bark can be purchased at markets in Tanzania, and elsewhere. Warburgia salutaris Warburgia salutaris (pepper-bark tree, , , , ) is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It is threatened by habitat"
"a large number of people. Because of the rare contact between races in the 15th century complete immunities were unable to be developed and those that were still caused some to be at least mildly affected by the disease. For example, before this time of exploration and travel, the Caribbean natives of the islands had never been exposed to malaria. Therefore, when the Europeans and African slaves began to inhabit the islands, the natives were greatly affected by it and died in astonishing numbers. Due to their genetics, the African slaves had somewhat of an advantage over the white, wealthy"
"malaria, venereal diseases and nausea. Bark extracts are also used for stomach ulcers. Compounds from Araliaceae display a wide range of pharmacological properties including antifungal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-brain tumour and antibacterial activity. Schefflera umbellifera Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill. is an evergreen to semi-deciduous Southern African tree of 15-20m growing in escarpment and coastal forest in Malawi, through eastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique along the east coast to South Africa, as far south as the Garden Route. It belongs to the Araliaceae or Cabbage Tree family and is one of some 600 species in the genus ""Schefflera"", created by J.R.Forst. & G.Forst."
"and then rubbed over the body. It was also a treatment to treat head lice. It is an important fodder and the wood was used to make fishing platforms. The current population is stable however as it is an important fodder for cattle, if the livestock populations increase, the tree would come under increasing threat. Sterculia africana Sterculia africana is a deciduous tree, belonging to the genus ""Sterculia"" and the family Malvaceae (previously the Sterculiaceae, now relegated to a sub-family). The species is sometimes called the ""mopopaja tree"". It is distributed throughout Northeast Africa to Arabia. ""Sterculia africana"" is a"
"erosion is thought to have occurred as well. Because of this, the species is listed as ""vulnerable"" on the IUCN Red List. Some of its populations have been offered protection, and some countries placed bans on its export. The foliage is eaten by the larvae of the moth ""Heteronygmia dissimilis"". Khaya anthotheca Khaya anthotheca, with the common name East African mahogany, is a large tree species in the Meliaceae family, native to tropical Africa. The name ""anthotheca"" was taken from the Greek word ""anthos"", meaning flower, while ""theca"" refers to a capsule. It is known by a number of other"
"the real facts. What is known is that problems connected to the area of health were the motive for the transfer of the old settlement which was founded and built by black slaves, located on the banks of the Itiquira River and the Paranã in the tropical Paranã valley. At the time a devastating fever swept the place, probably caused by the unhealthy climate of the river location, and the population was afflicted by a degenerative malaria. For fear of getting the disease the move was made very quickly. Even today it is not known who was responsible for the"
"Senegalia mellifera Senegalia mellifera is a common thorn tree in Africa. The name ""mellifera"" refers to its sweet-smelling blossoms and honey. Its lumber turns pitch black when oiled. Common names of the tree include Blackthorn and Swarthaak (Afrikaans). It is listed as being not threatened. ""Senegalia mellifera"" is found in the dry areas of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. ""Senegalia mellifera"" can occur either as a multi-trunked bush up to seven metres high with more or less a funnel-shaped crown, or as a single-trunked tree that can reach a height of up to nine metres. It can form an impenetrable"
"of these forests. In south Benin, where malaria is a common disease as in the rest of Africa, medicinal plants are used for treatment as an alternative to allopathic medicine. W National Park, IUCN Management Category II, a transboundary park among Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso, as a part of the Niger River, encompasses an area of in Benin; the prefix ""W"" is after the W-shaped bends in the Niger River that border's the park and which is fed the Tapoa River in the north, and the Mékrou River in the south. It is set in attitudinal range of 170"