What is a type of chemical mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another?
"bubbles dispersed in a solid. Dispersed media are commonly classified according to the nature of the two media and the volume fraction of the dispersed medium. At very low volume fraction the dispersed objects are not in contact with each other. At intermediate volume fraction they start to be in contact (they jam). And at even higher volume fraction, the dispersed objects deform in a tight packing. Another classification takes into account the typical size of the dispersed objects. When the objects are very small (typically < 1 micrometer), for example, one speaks of colloids. The following table provides an"
"Dispersity In physical and organic chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects can be in any form of chemical dispersion, such as particles in a colloid, droplets in a cloud, crystals in a rock, or polymer macromolecules in a solution or a solid polymer mass. Polymers can be described by molecular mass distribution; a"
"above-cited review article also introduces into some first complete non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory of dispersions. Dispersion (chemistry) A dispersion is a system in which discrete particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. The two phases may be in the same or different states of matter. They are different from solutions, where dissolved molecules do not form a separate phase from the solute. Dispersions are classified in a number of different ways, including how large the particles are in relation to the particles of the continuous phase, whether or not precipitation occurs, and the presence of"
"Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures A homogeneous mixture is a solid, liquid, or gaseous mixture that has the same proportions of its components throughout any given sample. Conversely, a heterogeneous mixture has components whose proportions vary throughout the sample. ""Homogeneous"" and ""heterogeneous"" are not absolute terms but depend on context and the size of the sample. In chemistry, a homogeneous suspension of material means that when dividing the volume in half, the same amount of material is suspended in both halves of the substance; however, it might be possible to see the particles under a microscope. An example of a homogeneous"
"Dispersion (chemistry) A dispersion is a system in which discrete particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. The two phases may be in the same or different states of matter. They are different from solutions, where dissolved molecules do not form a separate phase from the solute. Dispersions are classified in a number of different ways, including how large the particles are in relation to the particles of the continuous phase, whether or not precipitation occurs, and the presence of Brownian motion. In general, dispersions of particles sufficiently large for sedimentation are called suspensions,"
"spreads from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. The equation for this is shown below and is similar to the heat equation. where However, if a mixture is not of a pure concentration but consists of two species; then it is a binary flow, and the two flows must balance each other. This type of diffusion is referred to as ""equimolar counterdiffusion"", and the two species, A and B, are in combination with each other. As an example, if there are two groups of mixtures containing species A and B connected by a channel, then species A"
"of magic potions, and some (such as Dungeons & Dragons) have ""miscibility"" rules for what happens if a character mixes them, either in vitro or in vivo. ""Immiscible"" potions commonly produce in-game effects such as explosions. Miscibility Miscibility is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous solution. The term is most often applied to liquids, but applies also to solids and gases. Water and ethanol, for example, are miscible because they mix in all proportions. By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible"
"Emulsion An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms ""colloid"" and ""emulsion"" are sometimes used interchangeably, ""emulsion"" should be used when both phases, dispersed and continuous, are liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase). Examples of emulsions include vinaigrettes, homogenized milk, and some cutting fluids for metal working. Graphene and its modified forms are also a good example of recent unconventional surfactants helping"
"mixture is air. In physical chemistry and materials science this refers to substances and mixtures which are in a single phase. This is in contrast to a substance that is heterogeneous. A solution has been a special type of homogeneous mixture. Solutions are homogeneous because the ratio of solute to solvent remains the same throughout the solution even if homogenized with multiple sources, and stable because the solute will not settle out after any period of time, and it cannot be removed by a filter or by centrifuge. This type of mixture is very stable, i.e., its particles do not"
"Complementary distribution In linguistics, complementary distribution, as distinct from contrastive distribution and free variation, is the relationship between two different elements of the same kind in which one element is found in one set of environments and the other element is found in a non-intersecting (complementary) set of environments. The term often indicates that two superficially-different elements are the same linguistic unit at a deeper level, though more than two elements can be in complementary distribution with one another. Complementary distribution is the distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments in which one phone never appears in the same"
"Homogenization (chemistry) Homogenization or homogenisation is any of several processes used to make a mixture of two mutually non-soluble liquids the same throughout. This is achieved by turning one of the liquids into a state consisting of extremely small particles distributed uniformly throughout the other liquid. A typical example is the homogenization of milk, where the milk fat globules are reduced in size and dispersed uniformly through the rest of the milk. Homogenization (from ""homogeneous;"" Greek, ""homogenes"": ""homos,"" same + ""genos,"" kind) is the process of converting two immiscible liquids (i.e. liquids that are not soluble, in all proportions, one"
"Dispersed media A dispersed medium consists of two media that do not mix. More specifically, it contains discrete elements of one medium which are dispersed in a continuous second medium. The two media can be of very different nature. In particular, they can be a gas, a liquid or a solid. Many materials which we encounter during the day are dispersed media. For example, milk consists of oil drops dispersed in water, fog contains tiny water drops dispersed in air, shaving cream contains bubbles dispersed in a liquid, sand consists of solid grains in air and a kitchen sponge of"
"Equimolar counterdiffusion Equimolar counterdiffusion is an instance of molecular diffusion in a binary mixture, and occurs when equal numbers of molecules of the two substances are moving in opposite directions. There are three different types of diffusion: molecular, Brownian and turbulent. Molecular diffusion occurs in gases, liquids, and solids. Diffusion is a result of thermal motion of molecules. Usually, convection occurs as a result of the diffusion process. The rate at which diffusion occurs depends on the state of the molecules: it occurs at a high rate in gases, a slower rate in liquids, and an even slower rate in"
"Partition equilibrium Partition equilibrium is a special case of chemical equilibrium. The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase - either all gases or all solutions. However, it is also possible to get equilibria between substances in different phases, such as two liquids that do not mix (are immiscible). Partition equilibria are described by Nernst's distribution law. For example, ammonia (NH) is soluble in both water (aq) and the organic solvent trichloromethane (CHCl) - two immiscible solvents. If ammonia is first dissolved in water, and then an equal volume of trichloromethane is added, and"
"in several molar mass distributions, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE and UHMWPE. The concept of a ""chemical substance"" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate. He deduced that, ""All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound."" This is now known as the law of constant composition. Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the"
"common example is glucose, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the hemiacetal form. All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by purely mechanical processes. Butter, soil and wood are common examples of mixtures. Grey iron metal and yellow sulfur are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a"
"Powder mixture A powder is an assembly of dry particles dispersed in air. If two different powders are mixed perfectly, three theoretical powder mixtures can be obtained: the random mixture, the ordered mixture or the interactive mixture. A powder can be free-flowing if the particles do not stick together or cohesive if the particles cling to one another to form aggregates. The likelihood of cohesion increases with decreasing size of the powder particles; particles smaller than 100 µm are generally cohesive. A random mixture can be obtained if two different free-flowing powders of approximately the same particle size, density and"
"overview of the main types of dispersed media. See also: Dispersion Dispersed media A dispersed medium consists of two media that do not mix. More specifically, it contains discrete elements of one medium which are dispersed in a continuous second medium. The two media can be of very different nature. In particular, they can be a gas, a liquid or a solid. Many materials which we encounter during the day are dispersed media. For example, milk consists of oil drops dispersed in water, fog contains tiny water drops dispersed in air, shaving cream contains bubbles dispersed in a liquid, sand"
"formation of a random mixture (A) and an interactive mixture (B) by dry mixing two powder materials. Powder mixture A powder is an assembly of dry particles dispersed in air. If two different powders are mixed perfectly, three theoretical powder mixtures can be obtained: the random mixture, the ordered mixture or the interactive mixture. A powder can be free-flowing if the particles do not stick together or cohesive if the particles cling to one another to form aggregates. The likelihood of cohesion increases with decreasing size of the powder particles; particles smaller than 100 µm are generally cohesive. A random"
"Cohesion (chemistry) Cohesion (from Latin ""cohaesiō"" ""cling"" or ""unity"") or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. It is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules, which makes the distribution of orbiting electrons irregular when molecules get close to one another, creating electrical attraction that can maintain a microscopic structure such as a water drop. In other words, cohesion allows for surface tension, creating a ""solid-like"" state upon which light-weight or low-density materials can be placed. Water, for example,"
"High-shear mixers are used throughout the chemical process industries, wherever it is necessary to produce standardized mixtures of ingredients that do not naturally mix. These include: High-shear mixer A high-shear mixer disperses, or transports, one phase or ingredient (liquid, solid, gas) into a main continuous phase (liquid), with which it would normally be immiscible. A rotor or impeller, together with a stationary component known as a stator, or an array of rotors and stators, is used either in a tank containing the solution to be mixed, or in a pipe through which the solution passes, to create shear. A high-shear"
"Dispersion polymerization In polymer science, dispersion polymerization is a heterogeneous polymerization process carried out in the presence of a polymeric stabilizer in the reaction medium. Dispersion polymerization is a type of precipitation polymerization, meaning the solvent selected as the reaction medium is a good solvent for the monomer and the initiator, but is a non-solvent for the polymer. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, particles of polymer form, creating a non-homogeneous solution. In dispersion polymerization these particles are the locus of polymerization, with monomer being added to the particle throughout the reaction. In this sense, the mechanism for polymer formation and"
"shape are mixed (see figure A). Only primary particles are present in this type of mixture, i.e., the particles are not cohesive and do not cling to one another. The mixing time will determine the quality of the random mixture. However, if powders with particles of different size, density or shape are mixed the segregation can occur. Segregation will cause separation of the powders as, for example, lighter particles will be prone to travel to the top of the mixture whereas heavier particles are kept at the bottom. The term ""ordered mixture"" was first introduced to describe a completely homogeneous"
"Miscibility Miscibility is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous solution. The term is most often applied to liquids, but applies also to solids and gases. Water and ethanol, for example, are miscible because they mix in all proportions. By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible if there are certain proportions in which the mixture does not form a solution. For example, oil is not soluble in water so these two solvents are immiscible, while although butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) is significantly"
"Mixing ratio In chemistry and physics, the dimensionless mixing ratio is the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components. The term can refer either to mole ratio or mass ratio. In atmospheric chemistry, mixing ratio usually refers to the mole ratio ""r"", which is defined as the amount of a constituent ""n"" divided by the total amount of all ""other"" constituents in a mixture: The mole ratio is also called amount ratio. If ""n"" is much smaller than ""n"" (which is the case for atmospheric trace constituents), the mole ratio is almost identical"
"are redistributed among new strings according to definite rules. In the drug discovery process, the synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecules of interest has typically been a long and laborious process. Combinatorial chemistry has emerged in recent decades as an approach to quickly and efficiently synthesize large numbers of potential small molecule drug candidates. In a typical synthesis, only a single target molecule is produced at the end of a synthetic scheme, with each step in a synthesis producing only a single product. In a combinatorial synthesis, when using only single starting material, it is possible to synthesize a"
"typically used in gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The stationary phase in GC is a high boiling liquid bonded to solid surface and the mobile phase is a gas. Partition equilibrium Partition equilibrium is a special case of chemical equilibrium. The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase - either all gases or all solutions. However, it is also possible to get equilibria between substances in different phases, such as two liquids that do not mix (are immiscible). Partition equilibria are described by Nernst's distribution law. For example, ammonia (NH)"
"them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: ""the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature"". In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually"
"settle, or separate. As a homogeneous mixture, a solution has one phase (liquid) although the solute and solvent can vary: for example, salt water. Air can be more specifically described as a gaseous solution (oxygen and other gases dissolved in the major component, nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions. In gas intermolecular space is greatest and intermolecular force of attraction is least. In chemistry, a mixture is a substance containing two or more elements or compounds that are not"
"of mixing provides information about constitutive differences of intermolecular forces or specific molecular effects in the materials. The statistical concept of randomness is used for statistical mechanical explanation of the entropy of mixing. Mixing of ideal materials is regarded as random at a molecular level, and, correspondingly, mixing of non-ideal materials may be non-random. In ideal species, intermolecular forces are the same between every pair of molecular kinds, so that a molecule ""feels"" no difference between itself and its molecular neighbors. This is the reference case for examining corresponding mixing of non-ideal species. For example, two ideal gases, at the"
"Suspension (chemistry) In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation. The particles may be visible to the naked eye, usually must be larger than 1 micrometer, and will eventually settle. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium. The internal phase (solid) is dispersed throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation, with the use of certain excipients or suspending agents. An example of a suspension would be sand in"
"regions (for example, two glasses of water) have the same electrochemical potential for a certain chemical species (for example, a solute molecule): Allow the species to freely move back and forth between the two regions (for example, connect them with a semi-permeable membrane that lets only that species through). If the chemical potential is the same in the two regions, the species will occasionally move back and forth between the two regions, but on average there is just as much movement in one direction as the other, and there is zero net migration (this is called ""diffusive equilibrium""). If the"
"hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms. The chemical composition of a mixture can be defined as the distribution of the individual substances that constitute the mixture, called ""components"". In other words, it is equivalent to quantifying the concentration of each component. Because there are different ways to define the concentration of a component, there are also different ways to define the composition of a mixture. It may be expressed as molar fraction, volume fraction, mass fraction, molality, molarity or normality or mixing ratio. Chemical composition of a mixture can be represented graphically in plots like ternary plot and quaternary plot. Chemical"