The bacterium Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent for which childhood disease?
"with the help of antibiotics and other drugs. Prevention of bacterial pneumonia is by vaccination against ""Streptococcus pneumoniae"" (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children), ""Haemophilus influenzae"" type B, meningococcus, ""Bordetella pertussis"", ""Bacillus anthracis"", and ""Yersinia pestis"". Bacterial pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection. ""Streptococcus pneumoniae"" () is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in all age groups except newborn infants. ""Streptococcus pneumoniae"" is a Gram-positive bacterium that often lives in the throat of people who do not have pneumonia. Other important Gram-positive causes of pneumonia are ""Staphylococcus aureus"""
"children, the bacterium may become pathogenic and spread to other locations to cause disease. It spreads by direct person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets and by autoinoculation in persons carrying the bacteria in their upper respiratory tracts. It can be a cause of neonatal infections. ""S. pneumoniae"" is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly, and of septicemia in those infected with HIV. The organism also causes many types of pneumococcal infections other than pneumonia. These invasive pneumococcal diseases include bronchitis, rhinitis, acute sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, meningitis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis,"
"The bacterium then produces the toxin, which is absorbed into the bloodstream. The consumption of honey during the first year of life has been identified as a risk factor for infant botulism; it is a factor in a fifth of all cases. The adult form of infant botulism is termed ""adult intestinal toxemia"", and is exceedingly rare. Toxin that is produced by the bacterium within containers of food that have been improperly preserved is the most common cause of food-borne botulism. Fish that has been pickled without the salinity or acidity of brine that contains acetic acid and high sodium"
"by laboratory diagnosis, although whooping cough is known among wild gorillas. Several zoos also have a long-standing custom of vaccinating their primates against whooping cough. After the bacteria are inhaled, they initially adhere to the ciliated epithelium in the nasopharynx. Surface proteins of ""B. pertussis"", including filamentous hemaglutinin and pertactin, mediate attachment to the epithelium. The bacteria then multiply. In infants, who experience more severe disease, the bacteria spread down to the lungs. The bacteria secrete a number of toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin, a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells and thereby inhibits the mucociliary elevator by which mucus and"
"bacteria-free parts of the body like the blood or spinal fluid) requires hospitalization. Even with antibiotic treatments, 3-6% of all children with Hib meningitis die from the disease. Pneumococcal disease is caused by the bacteria ""Streptococcus pneumoniae"", also known as pneumococcus. This bacteria can cause many types of illnesses including ear infections and meningitis. This vaccine protects from more than 90 types of pneumococcal bacteria. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13 or Prevnar13) protects against the 13 types of bacteria that cause most of the severe illness in children. It can also help prevent ear infections. Previous infection from the disease"
"can be caused by bacteria such as ""Streptococcus"" and ""Pseudomonas"", and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as ""Shigella"", ""Campylobacter"", and ""Salmonella"". Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries. Koch's postulates are the standard to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. Each species has specific effect and causes symptoms in people who are infected. Some, if not most people who are infected with a pathogenic bacteria do not have symptoms. Immuno-compromised individuals"
"Pneumococcal infection A pneumococcal infection is an infection caused by the bacterium ""Streptococcus pneumoniae"", which is also called the pneumococcus. ""S. pneumoniae"" is a common member of the bacterial flora colonizing the nose and throat of 5–10% of healthy adults and 20–40% of healthy children. However, it is also a cause of significant disease, being a leading cause of pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, and sepsis. The World Health Organization estimate that in 2005 pneumococcal infections were responsible for the death of 1.6 million children worldwide. Pneumococcal pneumonia represents 15%–50% of all episodes of community-acquired pneumonia, 30–50% of all cases of acute"
"onset, as might be found with polio. AFP is the most common sign of acute polio, and used for surveillance during polio outbreaks. AFP is also associated with a number of other pathogenic agents including enteroviruses, echoviruses, West Nile virus, and adenoviruses, among others. The ""Clostridium botulinum"" bacteria are the cause of botulism. Vegetative cells of ""C. botulinum"" may be ingested. Introduction of the bacteria may also occur via endospores in a wound. When the bacteria are in vivo, they induce flaccid paralysis. This happens because ""C. botulinum"" produces a toxin which blocks the release of acetylcholine. Botulism toxin blocks"
"A number of infectious diseases can be transmitted either congenitally (before or at birth), and can cause serious neurodevelopmental problems, as for example the viruses HSV, CMV, rubella (congenital rubella syndrome), Zika virus, or bacteria like ""Treponema pallidum"" in congenital syphilis, which may progress to neurosyphilis if it remains untreated. Protozoa like ""Plasmodium"" or ""Toxoplasma"" which can cause congenital toxoplasmosis with multiple cysts in the brain and other organs, leading to a variety of neurological deficits. Some cases of schizophrenia may be related to congenital infections though the majority are of unknown causes. Metabolic disorders in either the mother or"
"F infant botulism had been reported in the United States. As opposed to the classic cause of botulism, C. botulinum, its environmental source is unknown. Therefore, it is unclear how to prevention infection. When very young infants become floppy and their breathing fails ( progressive respiratory failure) health care practitioners should consider this disease as a possible diagnosis. Clostridium baratii Clostridium baratii is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. It is a rare cause of infant botulism, in which newborns or infants lose their muscle tone, and develop trouble feeding due to a difficulty in breathing, which can be fatal. Newborns"
"children under 5 fell by an estimated 35%. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that can affect any part of the body, though it primarily affects the lungs. It is a disease that affects the poor and weak, and is far more common in developing countries. TB can either be in its latent or active form. TB can be latent for years, sometimes over a decade. Though TB research receives a mere 1/6th the funding of HIV research, the disease has killed more people in the last 200 years than any other infectious disease. According to the Liverpool School"
"Paratuberculosis Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. It is caused by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium avium"" subspecies ""paratuberculosis"". Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one), but have also been seen in a variety of nonruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally. Paratuberculosis is found worldwide, with some states in Australia (where it is usually called bovine Johne's disease or BJD) being the only areas proven to be"
"method to determine if meningitis is the cause of these symptoms is lumbar puncture (LP; an examination of the cerebrospinal fluid). The most common causes of neonatal meningitis is bacterial infection of the blood, known as bacteremia (specifically Group B ""Streptococci"" (GBS; ""Streptococcus agalactiae""), ""Escherichia coli"", and ""Listeria monocytogenes""). Although there is a low mortality rate in developed countries, there is a 50% prevalence rate of neurodevelopmental disabilities in ""E. coli"" and GBS meningitis, while having a 79% prevalence for non-""E. coli"" Gram-negative caused meningitis. Delayed treatment of neonatal meningitis may cause include cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, and learning deficiencies."
"β-hemolytic streptococci that destroys cells in the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia. Molecular mimicry to streptococcal antigens leading to an autoantibody production against the basal ganglia has long been thought to be the main mechanism by which chorea occurs in this condition. In 2012, antibodies in serum to the cell surface antigen; dopamine 2 receptor were shown in up to a third of patients in a cohort of Sydenham's chorea. Whether these antibodies represent an epi-phenomenon or are pathogenic, remains to be proven. There are many causes of childhood chorea, including cerebrovascular accidents, collagen vascular diseases, drug intoxication, hyperthyroidism,"
"discovered, and the Danish system, which groups them according to antigenic similarities. Pneumococcal infection A pneumococcal infection is an infection caused by the bacterium ""Streptococcus pneumoniae"", which is also called the pneumococcus. ""S. pneumoniae"" is a common member of the bacterial flora colonizing the nose and throat of 5–10% of healthy adults and 20–40% of healthy children. However, it is also a cause of significant disease, being a leading cause of pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, and sepsis. The World Health Organization estimate that in 2005 pneumococcal infections were responsible for the death of 1.6 million children worldwide. Pneumococcal pneumonia represents 15%–50%"
"In healthy children, such carriage rate varies from 2% to 17%. There are four methods for the transmission of this bacterium: inhalation of respiratory droplets, skin contact, contact with objects, surface, or dust that is contaminated with bacteria or, less commonly, transmission through food. Such bacteria can cause a variety of diseases such as streptococcal pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and scarlet fever. Although pharyngitis is mostly viral in origin, about 15 to 30% of all pharyngitis cases in children are caused by GAS; meanwhile, 5 to 20% of pharyngitis in adults are streptococcal. The number of pharyngitis cases"
"disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS), wherein autoimmune antibodies affect the basal ganglia, causing rapid onset of psychiatric, motor, sleep, and other symptoms in pediatric patients. GAS infection is generally diagnosed with a rapid strep test or by culture. ""S. agalactiae"", or group B ""Streptococcus"", GBS, causes pneumonia and meningitis in newborns and the elderly, with occasional systemic bacteremia. Importantly, ""Streptococcus agalactiae"" is the most common cause of meningitis in infants from one month to three months old. They can also colonize the intestines and the female reproductive tract, increasing the risk for premature rupture of membranes during pregnancy, and"
"be related to certain chronic conditions such as diabetes, infections, and other known causes. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines with recommendations to improve the chances of survival and health outcomes for preterm infants. Newborns are prone to infection in the first month of life. The organism S. agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) or (GBS) is most often the cause of these occasionally fatal infections. The baby contracts the infection from the mother during labor. In 2014 it was estimated that about one in 2000 newborn babies have GBS bacterial infections within the first week of life, usually evident as"
"mortality increased 800% in the five years following the pause in Pertussis vaccination. Since Scheibner’s claims were made, extensive scientific studies have found vaccination is in fact associated with a halving of the risk of SIDS. Scheibner has stated that infection with diseases such as polio, measles, whooping Cough and rubella are best managed through natural immunity, which is gained by contracting the diseases as a child. She claims that the only reason children die or suffer permanent disability from these diseases is due to medical mismanagement, and has argued that diseases such as measles and mumps can be beneficial."
"linked to birth defect agents acting during the first eight weeks from conception, though these cases are rare. Prenatal viral infection has been called the principal non-genetic cause of autism. Prenatal exposure to rubella or cytomegalovirus activates the mother's immune response and may greatly increase the risk for autism in mice. Congenital rubella syndrome is the most convincing environmental cause of autism. Infection-associated immunological events in early pregnancy may affect neural development more than infections in late pregnancy, not only for autism, but also for psychiatric disorders of presumed neurodevelopmental origin, notably schizophrenia. Teratogens are environmental agents that cause birth"
"1960s, GBS was recognized as a main cause of infections in newborns. In general, GBS is a harmless commensal bacterium being part of the human microbiota colonizing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of up to 30% of healthy human adults (asymptomatic carriers). ""S. agalactiae"" is also a common veterinary pathogen, because it can cause bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) in dairy cows. The species name ""agalactiae"" meaning ""no milk"", alludes to this. ""S. agalactiae"" is a Gram-positive coccus (spherical bacterium) with a tendency to form chains (streptococcus), beta-haemolytic, catalase-negative, and facultative anaerobe. ""S. agalactiae"" is the species designation for"
"complement-fixation testing methods that enabled the development of serological tests for syphilis (specifically, the development of the Wassermann test by August von Wassermann). The same technique is used today in serologic testing for countless other diseases. With Octave Gengou, he isolated ""Bordetella pertussis"" in pure culture in 1906 and posited it as the cause of whooping cough. He became Professor of Bacteriology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1907. In March 1916, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society and in 1930, delivered their Croonian Lecture. In this lecture, Bordet also concluded that bacteriophages, the bacteria-killing"
"Bartonellosis Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus ""Bartonella"". ""Bartonella"" species cause diseases such as Carrión´s disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders. Patients can develop two clinical phases: an acute septic phase and a chronic eruptive phase associated with skin lesions. In the acute phase (also known as Oroya fever or ""fiebre de la Oroya""), ""B. bacilliformis"" infection is a sudden, potentially life-threatening infection associated with high fever and decreased levels of circulating red blood cells (i.e., hemolytic anemia)and transient immunosuppression. ""B. bacilliformis"" is considered"
"to a complete descending flaccid paralysis. Although constipation is usually the first symptom of infant botulism, it is commonly overlooked. Honey is a known dietary reservoir of ""C. botulinum"" spores and has been linked to infant botulism. For this reason honey is not recommended for infants less than one year of age. Most cases of infant botulism, however, are thought to be caused by acquiring the spores from the natural environment. ""Clostridium botulinum"" is a ubiquitous soil-dwelling bacterium. Many infant botulism patients have been demonstrated to live near a construction site or an area of soil disturbance. Infant botulism has"
"difference in colonization rates between children and adults (very high to very low). ""M. catarrhalis"" has recently been gaining attention as an emerging human pathogen. It has been identified as an important cause in bronchopulmonary infection, causing infection through pulmonary aspiration in the upper pulmonary tract. Additionally, it causes bacterial pneumonia, especially in adults with a compromised immune system. It has also been known to cause infective exacerbations in adults with chronic lung disease, and it is an important cause in acute sinusitis, maxillary sinusitis, bacteremia, meningitis, conjunctivitis, acute purulent irritation of chronic bronchitis, urethritis, septicemia (although this is rare),"
"with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium tuberculosis"", which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally significant diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as ""Streptococcus"" and ""Pseudomonas"", and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as ""Shigella"", ""Campylobacter"", and ""Salmonella"". Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Bacteria can often be killed by antibiotics, which are usually designed to destroy the cell wall. This expels the pathogen's DNA, making it incapable"
"based on drawings of a pregnant woman's belly that she made as early as the 1940s. According to the Tate Gallery, the work ""is a roughly modelled organic form, its bulges and single opening suggesting a moving, living creature in the stages of evolution."" Microorganisms are the causative agents (pathogens) in many infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals. Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases such as plague, tuberculosis and anthrax. Protozoa cause diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery and toxoplasmosis. Microscopic fungi cause diseases such as ringworm, candidiasis and histoplasmosis. Pathogenic viruses cause diseases such as influenza, yellow fever and AIDS."
"as with most bacterial pathogens but past data reveals ""C. sordellii"" susceptibility to beta-lactams, clindamycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol but resistant to aminoglycosides and sulphonamides. Also associated with a pediatric case where patient presented with a broken arm and was pronounced dead due to infection of ""C. sordellii"" three days later. Clostridium sordellii Clostridium sordellii is a rare anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod with peritrichous flagella that is capable of causing pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitis, and myonecrosis. ""C. sordellii"" bacteremia and sepsis occur rarely. Most cases of sepsis from ""C. sordellii"" occur in patients with underlying conditions. Severe toxic shock syndrome among"
"Neonatal infection is also more likely with the premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) of the amniotic sac. Seven out of ten childhood deaths are due to infectious diseases: acute respiratory infection, diarrhea, measles, and malaria. Acute respiratory infection such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis account for 30% of childhood deaths; 95% of pneumonia cases occur in the developing world. Diarrhea is the second-largest cause of childhood mortality in the world, while malaria causes 11% of childhood deaths. Measles is the fifth-largest cause of childhood mortality. Folic acid for mothers is one way to combat iron deficiency. A few public"
"with half of these cases associated with exposure to poultry. In children, bacteria are the cause in about 15% of cases, with the most common types being ""Escherichia coli"", ""Salmonella"", ""Shigella"", and ""Campylobacter"" species. If food becomes contaminated with bacteria and remains at room temperature for a period of several hours, the bacteria multiply and increase the risk of infection in those who consume the food. Some foods commonly associated with illness include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs; raw sprouts; unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses; and fruit and vegetable juices. In the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa"
"vaccines. Pneumonia is the leading infectious disease cause of death among children worldwide. Existing knowledge on the etiologies of childhood pneumonia is largely based on studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s. With expanded use of new pneumonia vaccines and changes in host and environmental factors, a new evidence base that harnesses novel diagnostic technologies is needed. PERCH is a multi-center, case-control study of the etiology of severe and very severe pneumonia in children aged 1–59 months. With seven sites in Africa and Asia and a projected sample size of over 12,000 patients and controls, PERCH is the largest study"
"throughout the body. This disease also affects skin, mucous membranes, and the body's lymph nodes. Baker's lab is investigating the possibility of a viral causative agent for the disease. This disease mostly affects children under the age of 5. Causes remain unknown, however it is treatable within days if the symptoms are recognized early enough. If left untreated, it can lead to serious problems for the heart. Baker has also worked closely with coronaviruses, the causative agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. These are viruses that affect mostly the upper respiratory and GI tract of humans and are named because"
"the third-most-common cause of meningitis in newborns. ""Listeria monocytogenes"" can infect the brain, spinal cord membranes and/or the bloodstream of the host through the ingestion of contaminated food such as unpasteurized dairy or raw foods. ""L. monocytogenes"" is a Gram-positive, nonspore-forming, motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It is catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, and expresses a beta hemolysin, which causes destruction of red blood cells. This bacterium exhibits characteristic tumbling motility when viewed with light microscopy. Although ""L. monocytogenes"" is actively motile by means of peritrichous flagella at room temperature (20−25 °C), the organism does not synthesize flagella at body temperatures (37"