Burgess, Philby, Maclean...... . Who was known as the 'Fourth Man'?
"The book named Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild, as the fifth key member of the KGB-controlled ring. The other four were Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, Kim Philby, and Sir Anthony Blunt, the Queen's art curator. The media and press were split between positive and negative reaction to ""The Fifth Man"". The ""Irish Times"" reviewer Kieran Fagan said: ‘This book by an Australian journalist is very unusual... Few writers on espionage achieve the page-turning fluency of Roland Perry.’ ""The Weekend Australian"" reviewer Richard Hall said ‘it only takes a couple of phone calls to establish that the Rothschild operation had been"
"where he was awarded a BA in 1969 and a PhD in 1990. Hennessy was a Kennedy Memorial Scholar at Harvard University from 1971 to 1972. Hennessy was a journalist for the ""Times Higher Education Supplement"" from 1972–74. He wrote leaders for ""The Times"" from 1974–82, for which he was also the Whitehall correspondent. He was ""The Financial Times""' lobby correspondent at Westminster in 1976. In June 1977, Hennessy accused Donald Beves of being the ""fourth man"" in the affair of Philby, Burgess, and Maclean, but Geoffrey Grigson and others quickly leapt to the defense of Beves, considering him uninterested"
"England, where he met Maclean in his London club. The SIS planned to interrogate Maclean on 28 May 1951. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park. ""If he did not act at once it would be too late,"" the telegram read, ""because [Philby] would send his car to the scrap heap. There was nothing more [he] could do."" On 25 May (Maclean's thirty-eighth birthday), Burgess drove Maclean from his home in Tatsfield to Southampton, where the two of them boarded a boat to"
"Fourth Party The Fourth Party was a label given to a quartet of British MPs, Lord Randolph Churchill, Henry Drummond Wolff, John Gorst and Arthur Balfour, in the 1880–1885 parliament. They attacked what they saw as the weakness of both the Liberal government and the Conservative opposition. Despite the label, they were all backbench members of the Conservative Party. In the view of ""The New York Times"", they would ""act as skirmishers to the main body, popping out here and there to fire a shot at the Government and being ostensibly rebuked but really supported by the Conservative leaders."" The"
"since he was always looking for a flanking move. But it was rejected outright by both American and British generals. Shortly after the VENONA investigation began, Kim Philby, another member of the Cambridge Five, was assigned to Washington, serving as Britain's CIA-FBI-NSA liaison. He saw the VENONA material, and recognised that Maclean was Homer, which was confirmed by his KGB control. Believing that Maclean would confess to MI5, Philby and Guy Burgess decided that Burgess would travel to London, where Maclean was head of the Foreign Office's American desk, to warn him. Burgess received three speeding tickets in a single"
"France and then proceeded to Moscow. Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. The ""affair of the missing diplomats,"" as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow, attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess's disappearance, which identified him as complicit in Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a ""third man"" in Burgess and Maclean's spy"
"by the ambassador, Sir Oliver Franks, to return to London. Meanwhile, the US Army's Venona counterintelligence project, investigating the identity of a Soviet spy codenamed ""Homer"" who had been active in Washington a few years earlier, had unearthed strong evidence that pointed to Donald Maclean. Philby and his Soviet spymasters believed that Maclean might crack when confronted by British intelligence, and expose the entire Cambridge ring. Burgess was thus given the task, on reaching London, of organising Maclean's defection to the Soviet Union. Burgess returned to England on 7 May 1951. He and Blunt then contacted Yuri Modin, the Soviet"
"was an admirer of Franco and Hitler. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. In 1940 he began living with Aileen Furse in London. Their first three children, Josephine, John and Tommy Philby, were born between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, Philby finally arranged a formal divorce from Litzi. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda. Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950. Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean."
"and Burgess as part of a ""Ring of Five"", with Philby a 'probable' third, alongside two other agents whom he did not know. Of all the information provided by Golitsyn, the only item that was ever independently confirmed was the Soviet affiliation of John Vassall. Vassall was a relatively low-ranking spy who some researchers believe may have been sacrificed to protect a more senior one. At the time of Golitsyn's defection, Philby had already been accused in the press and was living in a country with no extradition agreement with Britain. Select members of MI5 and MI6 already knew Philby"
"that could be used in court. On account of his position in SIS Philby was kept apprised and so, as well as warning Moscow, he invented a pretext for requiring Guy Burgess, who was with Philby at the embassy in Washington, to be recalled to London so he could warn Maclean. A few days before Maclean was due to be arrested he and Burgess absconded to Russia. Burgess had not been under serious suspicion but the idea that the men had been warned led MI5 to suspect Philby for the first time. Archer and Arthur Martin were asked to compile"
"in Moscow, Miller met Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Kim Philby of the notorious Cambridge Five spy ring, and even served as a pall-bearer at Burgess' funeral in 1963. In 1964, Reuters sent him to their New York bureau but within a year he was back in Moscow, for the ""Daily Telegraph"". They stayed there till 1968 when he was sent to work in apartheid South Africa. From 1971, he worked as diplomatic correspondent for the ""Telegraph"". He described the USSR as, “a rotten system ... It was against everything – freedom, democracy, truth, religion, property, people, and more"" and,"
"attempted to convert British troops to communism. He urged their prosecution, observing that men had been hanged for lesser crimes after the Second World War. When fellow Labour MP Marcus Lipton used Parliamentary privilege to name Kim Philby as the 'third man' in the spy ring involving Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, Daines was concerned. He intervened on a speech by Lipton in the House of Commons on 7 November 1955 to observe that what Lipton had done was ""tantamount to a charge against that gentleman"" and ask him for the source of his information. Lipton declined to respond, and"
"1951, Burgess and Maclean made international headlines by disappearing. Their whereabouts were unclear for some time and the suspicion that they had defected to the Soviet Union turned out to be correct but was not made public until 1956 when the two appeared at a press conference in Moscow. It was obvious they had been tipped off and Philby quickly became the prime suspect, due to his close relations with Burgess. Though Burgess was not supposed to defect at the same time as Maclean, he went along. It has been claimed that the KGB ordered Burgess to go to Moscow."
"several times; according to Burgess's 1956 account to Driberg, the question of defection to Moscow was not raised until their third meeting, when Maclean said he was going and requested Burgess's help. Burgess had previously promised Philby that he would not go with Maclean since a double defection would put Philby's own position in serious jeopardy. Blunt's unpublished memoirs state that it was Moscow's decision to send Burgess with Maclean who, they thought, would be unable to handle the complicated escape arrangements alone. Burgess told Driberg that he had agreed to accompany Maclean because he was leaving the Foreign Office"
"the prewar meeting between Burgess and Churchill. Stage and screen works include Bennett's ""An Englishman Abroad"", Julian Mitchell's play ""Another Country"" and the subsequent film of same title, Granada TV's 1987 drama ""Philby, Burgess and Maclean"" (1977), the 2003 BBC miniseries ""Cambridge Spies"", and John Morrison's 2011 stage play ""A Morning with Guy Burgess"", set in the last months of his life and examining themes of loyalty and betrayal. Guy Burgess Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess (16 April 1911 – 30 August 1963) was a British diplomat and Soviet agent, belonging to the Cambridge Five spy ring that operated from"
"Fuchs had worked, David Greenglass, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The investigation into the British Embassy leak was still ongoing, and the stress of it was exacerbated by the arrival in Washington, in October 1950, of Burgess – Philby's unstable and dangerously alcoholic fellow Soviet spy. Burgess, who had been given a post as Second Secretary at the British Embassy, took up residence in the Philby family home and rapidly set about causing offence to all and sundry. Aileen Philby resented him and disliked his presence; Americans were offended by his ""natural superciliousness"" and ""utter contempt for the whole pyramid"
"leave him unsupervised. The situation in Washington was tense. From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan which would warn Maclean, currently in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. In early May 1951, Burgess got three speeding tickets in a single day – then pleaded diplomatic immunity, causing an official complaint to be made to the British Ambassador. Burgess was sent back to"
"Guy Burgess Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess (16 April 1911 – 30 August 1963) was a British diplomat and Soviet agent, belonging to the Cambridge Five spy ring that operated from the mid-1930s to the early years of the Cold War. His defection in 1951 to the Soviet Union, with his fellow spy, Donald Maclean, led to a serious breach in Anglo-American intelligence co-operation, and caused long-lasting disruption and demoralisation in Britain's foreign and diplomatic services. Born into a wealthy middle-class family, Burgess was educated at Eton College, the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth and Trinity College, Cambridge. An assiduous networker,"
"for arteriosclerosis and ulcers, on the latter occasion being close to death. In April 1962, writing to his friend Esther Whitfield, he indicated how his belongings should be allocated should he die – Blunt, Philby, and Chisekov were all named as beneficiaries. In that same month a ""Guardian"" letter-writer proposed that ""as an act of Christian charity"", Burgess should be given a safe conduct to visit his ailing mother in England. In January 1963 Philby defected to Moscow, having finally been unmasked – after official exoneration by Macmillan in 1956. He and Burgess kept apart, though they may have met"
"me, much later in life, to learn that he had been irresistibly attractive to most people he met"". Among those Burgess invited to broadcast were Blunt, several times, the well-connected writer-politician Harold Nicolson (a fruitful source of high-level gossip), the poet John Betjeman, and Kim Philby's father, the Arabist and explorer St John Philby. Burgess also sought out Winston Churchill, then a powerful backbench opponent of the government's appeasement policy. On 1 October 1938, during the Munich crisis, Burgess, who had met Churchill socially, went to the latter's home at Chartwell to persuade him to reconsider his decision to withdraw"
"positions within the Government (and, in Kim Philby's case, within British intelligence itself), from where they were able to provide the NKVD with sensitive information. The most successful of these agents—Harold ""Kim"" Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross—went undetected until after the Second World War, and were known as the Cambridge Five. MI5 experienced further failure during the Second World War. It was chronically unprepared, both organisationally and in terms of resources, for the outbreak of war, and utterly unequal to the task which it was assigned—the large-scale internment of enemy aliens in an attempt to"
"Landis called ""Four Jills in a Jeep"" (1944), made to accompany movie of the same name that year. In 1948, Max Lerner reviewed a ""Fortune (magazine)"", ""The Businessman in Fiction,"" by John Chamberlain, whom criticized for lumping left-leaning writers together as ""heretics"": Sinclair Lewis, Frederic Wakeman, John P. Marquand, Samuel Hopkins Adams, Lester Cohen, Norman Mailer, Christina Stead, Hiram Haydn, Robert Penn Warren, Charles Yale Harrison, Hugh MacLennan, Herman Wouk, Robert Rylee, Taylor Caldwell, Upton Sinclair, John Steinbeck, MacKinlay Kantor, Robert Wilder, Thomas Duncan, Merle Miller, Robert van Gelder, Mary McCarthy, Arthur Miller, Theodore Dreiser, John Dos Passos, Edwin Seaver,"
"Cambridge Five The Cambridge Spy Ring was a ring of spies in the United Kingdom, who passed information to the Soviet Union during World War II and was active at least into the early 1950s. None were ever prosecuted for spying. The number and membership of the ring emerged slowly from the 1950s onwards. As far as the general public was concerned, this started with the sudden flight of Donald Maclean (cryptonym: Homer) and Guy Burgess (cryptonym: Hicks) to the Soviet Union in 1951. Suspicion immediately fell on Kim Philby (cryptonym: Stanley), but he did not follow them until 1963."
"de la creme of diplomatic postings"". Philby had preceded Burgess to Washington and was serving there as local head of MI6, following in the path of Maclean who had worked as the embassy's first secretary between 1944 and 1948. Burgess soon reverted to his erratic and intemperate habits, causing regular embarrassment in British diplomatic circles. Despite this, he was given work of top-secret sensitivity. Among his duties, he served on the inter-allied board responsible for the conduct of the Korean War, which gave him access to America's strategic war plans. His frequent behavioural lapses did not prevent his being chosen"
"young and impressionable"". Yet Lownie points out that most of his fellow Cambridge communists did not work for the Russians, and indeed reassessed their position after the Nazi-Soviet Pact. Holzman stresses the high price of Burgess's political continuing commitment, which ""cost him everything else he valued: the possibility of fulfilling intimate relationships, the social life that revolved around the BBC, Fleet Street and Whitehall, even the chance to be with his mother as she lay dying"". Of the other Cambridge spies, Maclean and Philby lived out their lives in Moscow, dying in 1983 and 1988 respectively. Blunt, who was interrogated"
"four. John Hulse John Hulse (15 March 1708 – 14 December 1790) was an English clergyman. He is now known mainly as the founder of the series of Hulsean Lectures at the University of Cambridge. John Hulse was born at Middlewich, in Cheshire, the eldest of nineteen children from Thomas Hulse of Elworth Hall, Sandbach and Anne Webb of Middlewich. After attending Congleton grammar school, he entered St John's College, Cambridge in 1724 at the age of sixteen and graduated B.A. in 1728. In 1732 he was ordained and served small cures, first at Yoxall, Staffordshire, and afterwords at Goostrey,"
"blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background."" Arnold Deutsch was soon replaced by Theodore Maly (code-name Man), who was also Hungarian. Philby also dealt with Anatoly Gorsky (code-name Kap) the OGPU rezident in London and his predecessor, a German known as Reif (code-name Mar). Philby's first task for Otto was to make a list of his Cambridge contemporaries who might respond to discreet contact. He listed seven, including Donald Maclean"
"his debauchery at Victor Rothschild's home where Blunt and Burgess were living.<br> The Macleans became part of the social set that circulated between the Café Royal, the Gargoyle Club and the country house weekends of the Liberal establishment. Donald Maclean was promoted and given the prestigious assignment as Second Secretary at the British Embassy in Washington. Towards the end of April 1944, the Macleans set sail in convoy for New York, where they arrived on 6 May. Maclean served in Washington from 1944 to 1948, achieving promotion to First Secretary. Melinda Maclean was again pregnant, giving birth to a son"
"anyway, ""and I probably couldn't stick the job at the ""Daily Telegraph"""". Meanwhile, the Foreign Office had fixed Monday 28 May as the date for confronting Maclean with their suspicions. Philby notified Burgess who, on Friday 25 May, bought two tickets for a weekend channel cruise on the steamship ""Falaise"". These short cruises docked at the French port of St Malo, where passengers could disembark for a few hours without passport checks. Burgess also hired a saloon car, and that evening drove to Maclean's house at Tatsfield in Surrey, where he introduced himself to Maclean's wife Melinda as ""Roger Styles""."
"role in the War Office. On his first meeting in her office, Philby was surprised to see his old friend from Cambridge, Burgess, who was already working there. His time there, however, was short-lived; the under-funded section was absorbed by the new Special Operations Executive (SOE) in July 1940. Burgess was fired for ""irreverence"", and Philby was appointed as an instructor in the art of clandestine propaganda at the SOE's training establishment in Beaulieu, Hampshire. Philby's role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the OGPU. The new London ""rezident"", Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim),"
"English gentleman no longer existed, his observations on the species remain classic period commentaries. But there was also a deeply serious side to his writing. His highly acclaimed biographies feature such widely contrasting personalities as the sporting Earl of Lonsdale (""The Yellow Earl""), and, with Jon Connell, founder of ""The Week"" magazine, the life of the international fraudster Emil Savundra, which won the Crime Writer's Silver Dagger Award for the best non-fiction crime book of the year. In 1963, with Anthony Purdy, he published a book called ""Burgess and Maclean"". At that time he felt certain that the fourth shadowy"
"recommended Burgess, although with some reservations on account of the latter's erratic personality. Deutsch considered Burgess worth the risk, ""an extremely well-educated fellow, with valuable social connections, and the inclinations of an adventurer"". Burgess was given the codename ""Mädchen"", meaning ""Girl"", later changed to ""Hicks"". Burgess then persuaded Blunt that he could best fight fascism by working for the Soviets. A few years later another Apostle, John Cairncross, was recruited by Burgess and Blunt, to complete the spy ring often characterised as the ""Cambridge Five"". Finally recognising that he had no future career at Cambridge, Burgess left in April 1935."
"figure involved in the notorious spy ring of the 1950s was Sir Anthony Blunt. So sure was Sutherland that in the course of his research he approached Blunt for a meeting over a drink at the Travellers Club in London. Blunt's response was to threaten legal action should his name appear anywhere connected with the case. Further pressure was then placed on the authors from the highest level, and Sutherland and Purdy were obliged to suppress their information for reasons of national security. After Blunt's exposure some twenty years later, Sutherland immediately released ""The Fourth Man"", the first full uncensored"