What word completes this unique and 'grand' list? Plexicushion, Clay, ___, Decoturf
"courts, and 4 indoor hard courts. Westside Tennis Club The Club Westside is a private tennis club located in Houston, Texas. It was the former home (2001–2007) to the ATP Tour U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships. Gallery Furniture Stadium, located on the club's premises, was the home of the Houston Wranglers of World TeamTennis. The stadium also hosted the Tennis Masters Cup in 2003 and 2004. The club was unique in that it offered courts of all the Grand Slam surfaces: Rebound Ace (Australian Open), red clay (French Open), grass (Wimbledon), and DecoTurf (US Open). The clay courts were the"
"approximately half the size of the huge Late Pleistocene ""Megalonyx jeffersonii"" from the last ice age. Some West Indian island species were as small as a large cat; their dwarf condition typified both tropical adaptation and their restricted island environment. This small size also enabled them a degree of arboreality. Megalonychid ground sloths became extinct in North and South America around the end of the Pleistocene, and in the Antilles apparently by about 5000 BP, leaving two-toed tree sloths of genus ""Choloepus"" as the only surviving members of the family. ""Megalonyx"", which means ""giant claw"", is a widespread North American"
"largest, and the first tooth pointed forward slightly. The preserved jaw bone is about long. Turner and Calvo found their new genus to be the basalmost sebecosuchian. The type species is ""P. enderi"", named for Ender Wiggin, a character in Orson Scott Card's works. Pehuenchesuchus Pehuenchesuchus (meaning ""Pehuenche crocodile"", after the Mapuche name for the region in which it was found) is an extinct genus of sebecosuchian mesoeucrocodylian. It was discovered in rocks of the late Turonian-Coniacian-age Upper Cretaceous Río Neuquén Formation (Neuquén Group, near Rincón de los Sauces, Neuquén, Argentina. ""Pehuenchesaurus"" was described in 2005 by Alan Turner and"
"This specimen – SMNK-PAL 4017 – was studied by Gerald Mayr at the Senckenberg Museum. He determined that all the large seabird bones from the London Clay bones belonged to a single species of pelagornithid. To this, the scientific name ""Dasornis emuinus"" applies, a novel combination of the oldest valid genus and species names ever used for these fossils. Indeed, the importance of this specimen can hardly be underestimated, for the holotype skull of ""Dasornis ""londinensis"""" (which was used to establish the genus ""Dasornis"") is so badly preserved that its status as a pseudotooth bird was debated as recently as"
"includes some of the most unusual creatures to inhabit North America – animals such as:""Geochelone"", a giant bathtub-sized tortoise; ""Aiolornis incredibilis"", the largest flying bird of the Northern Hemisphere, with 17-ft (5.2-m) wing span; ""Paramylodon"", ""Megalonyx"" and ""Nothrotheriops"", giant ground sloths, some with bony armor within their skin; ""Pewelagus"", a very small rabbit (paleontologists can name with a sense of humor); ""Borophagus"", a hyena-like dog; ""Acrtodus"", a giant short-faced bear; ""Smilodon"", a saber-toothed cat; ""Miracinonyx"", the North American cheetah; ""Mammuthus imperator"", the largest known mammoth; ""Tapirus"", an extinct tapir; ""Equus enormis"" and ""Equus scotti"", two species of extinct Pleistocene horses;"
"size; they included the enormous brontotheres and the bizarre chalicotheres. The largest perissodactyl, an Asian rhinoceros called ""Paraceratherium"", reached , more than twice the weight of an elephant. It has been found in a cladistic study that the anthracobunids and the desmostylians - two lineages that have been previously classified as Afrotherians (more specifically closer to elephants) - have been classified as a clade that is closely related to the perissodactyls. The desmostylians were large amphibious quadrupeds with massive limbs and a short tail. They grew to in length and are thought to have weighed more than . Their fossils"
"species of now extinct llamas and ""Camelops"", at least two species of bison, the stag-moose, the shrub-ox and Harlan's muskox, 14 species of pronghorn (of which 13 are now extinct), horses, mammoths and mastodons, the beautiful armadillo and the giant armadillo-like ""Glyptotherium"", and giant beavers, as well as birds like giant condors and other teratorns. The nine-foot sabertooth salmon lived at the time as well. In contrast, today the largest North American land animal is the American bison. South American wildlife in the Pleistocene varied greatly; an example is the giant ground sloth, ""Megatherium"". The continent also had quite a"
"gigantic in size. ""Deinocheirus"" was mentioned and diagnosed as the only deinocheirid, while ""Therizinosaurus"" was mentioned to be the only therizinosaurid. Jacques Gauthier, in 1986, found that Deinocheiridae was synonymous with Ornithomimidae. He used Ornithomimidae as a similar group to Ornithomimosauria, including ""Elaphrosaurus"" (a non-coelurosaurian), ""Ajancingenia"" (then ""Ingenia""; an oviraptorid), ""Ornithomimus"", ""Struthiomimus"", ""Archaeornithomimus"", ""Gallimimus"", ""Dromiceiomimus"", ""Garudimimus"" and ""Deinocheirus"". In a 2014 study by Yuong-Nam Lee and his colleagues, describing new specimens of ""Deinocheirus"", it was found that the genus was indeed a close relative of ""Ornithomimus"", and that the family Deinocheiridae was valid and not monotypic. Lee ""et al."" analysed"
"aspects of the animal. Parts of these new specimens had been looted from Mongolia some years before, but were repatriated in 2014. ""Deinocheirus"" was an unusual ornithomimosaur, the largest of the clade at long, and weighing . Though it was a bulky animal, it had many hollow bones which saved weight. The arms were among the largest of any bipedal dinosaur at long, with large, blunt claws on its three-fingered hands. The legs were relatively short, and bore blunt claws. Its vertebrae had tall neural spines that formed a ""sail"" along its back. The tail ended in pygostyle-like vertebrae, which"
"and ""Phlaocyon"" in now believed to be part of very diverse clade of hypocarnivorous canids, the Phlaocyonini, and only distantly related to raccoons. ""P. mariae"" and ""P. yatkolai"", both known from isolated teeth and fragmentary material, are the largest and most derived species, and both display a tendency away from the hypocarnivorous dentition of the genus and towards a more hypercarnivorous dentition. ""Phlaocyon"" was about in body length, and looked more like a cat or raccoon than a dog, but its skull anatomy shows it to be a primitive canid. ""Phlaocyon"" probably lived like a raccoon, often climbing trees. Its"
"While considered a dubious iguanodontian in several reviews, which refer to it as ""Camptosaurus"" ""leedsi"", Jose Ignacio Ruiz-Omeñaca and coauthors have proposed that ""Callovosaurus"" is a valid genus, and the oldest known dryosaurid. ""Callovosaurus"" was found in the lower Oxford Clay, which has yielded a diverse reptile assemblage: ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, crocodyliforms, pterosaurs, sauropod dinosaurs, the stegosaurids ""Loricatosaurus"" and the dubious ""Lexovisaurus"", and the armoured dinosaur ""Sarcolestes"". These rocks were once thought to be somewhat younger, from the Oxfordian of the Late Jurassic, but they are now known to be middle Callovian in age. The diet of ""Callovosaurus"", like that of"
". Though only two extant species (the bluntnose sixgill shark and the bigeyed sixgill shark) were originally known, a third, the Atlantic sixgill shark, was found to exist. Hexanchus The sixgill sharks are a genus, Hexanchus, of deepwater sharks in the family Hexanchidae. These sharks are characterized by a broad, pointed head, six pairs of gill slits, comb-like, yellow lower teeth, and a long tail. The largest species can grow up to 8 m long and weigh over 600 kg (1320 lb). They are continental shelf-dwelling and abyssal plain scavengers with a keen sense of smell and are among the"
"a decorative building stone. Blue Lias is believed to have been quarried on the Polden Hills as early as the 15th century and was quarried in Puriton from the early 19th century until 1973, when the local cement works closed. Above the Lias is the Lower Oolite Series which are chiefly clays and oolitic limestone. The famous Bath Stone is obtained from the Great Oolite bed. Oxford Clay is the chief member of the Middle Oolite Series; and above this are the Upper Cretaceous rocks with Gault, Upper Greensand and Chalk. Alluvial flats and peat bogs occupy much of the"
"animals was Sarcosuchus, a giant crocodile with terrifying teeth. The ""Muséum""<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Menagerie is also located here. The herbarium of the museum, referred to by code P, includes a large number of important collections amongst its 8 million plant specimens. The historical collections incorporated into the herbarium, each with its P prefix, include those of Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (P-LA) René Louiche Desfontaines (P-Desf.), Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and Charles Plumier (P-TRF). The designation at CITES is FR 75A. It publishes the botanical periodical ""Adansonia"" and journals on the flora of New Caledonia, Madagascar, and Comoro Islands, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, Cameroon,"
"(10 ft) in length. The first and most complete specimen of ""Acamptonectes"" was discovered in 1958 in the Speeton Clay formation of North Yorkshire in England, but its description was never formally published. At the time, its describer regarded the fossil as a new species of ""Platypterygius"", another genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. In 2003, a new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur was discovered in Cremlingen, Germany. This was determined to be a new taxon, and the characteristics unique to it were also determined to exist in the 1958 Speeton Clay """"Platypterygius"""". A second Speeton Clay specimen was discovered in 1985. Ultimately, a collaboration"
"name ""magnus"" meaning ""great"" in Latin refers to the relatively large size of ""Zhuchengtyrannus"". ""Zhuchengtyrannus"" is known solely from the holotype ZCDM V0031, a nearly complete right maxilla and associated left dentary (lower jaw, both with teeth) housed at Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum. Casts of the holotype, IVPP FV 1794, are held at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology. ZCDM V0031 was collected in situ from the Wangshi Group at Zangjiazhuang quarry, Zhucheng City, dating to the Campanian stage, at least 73.5 million years ago. A second tyrannosaurid dentary (ZCDM V0030) and maxilla (ZCDM V0032) have also been collected at"
"Glypheoidea The Glypheoidea (containing the glypheoid lobsters), is a group of lobster-like decapod crustaceans which forms an important part of fossil faunas, such as the Solnhofen limestone. These fossils included taxa such as ""Glyphea"" (from which the group takes its name), and ""Mecochirus"", mostly with elongated (often semichelate) chelipeds. This group of decapods is a good example of a living fossil, or a lazarus taxon, since until their discovery in the 1970s, the group was considered to have become extinct in the Eocene. The superfamily Glypheoidea comprises five families. The two extant species, ""Neoglyphea inopinata"" and ""Laurentaeglyphea neocaledonica"", are both"
"Homotherium), the American lion, dire wolf, and the American cheetah. Some carnivores and omnivores survived the end of the Pleistocene era and were widespread in North America until Europeans arrived, such as grizzly bears, cougars, jaguars, grey and red wolves, bobcats, and coyotes. The cheetah could serve as a substitute for ""Miracinonyx"", keeping the population of pronghorns in check. Jaguars could be reintroduced back to areas of North America to control populations of prey animals. Some of the larger cats such as the African lion could act as a proxy for the Pleistocene American lion, they could be introduced to"
"and species, which they described in a monotypic genus as ""Macrodontopteryx oweni"". In 1977, the same authors erected the genus ""Neptuniavis"" for supposed procellariiform tarsometatarsi also found on the Isle of Sheppey; they included two species there. Already however, eminent avian paleontologists such as Storrs L. Olson were voicing their reservation about this proliferation of taxa in no uncertain terms. 2008: just ""Dasornis emuinus"" after all Almost 150 years after the description of """"L."" emuinus"", at the start of the 21st century, a rather well-preserved skull (lacking the beak) was discovered, once again in the Isle of Sheppey London Clay."
"Megalonyx Megalonyx (Greek, ""large claw"") is an extinct genus of ground sloths of the family Megalonychidae, which was endemic to North America from the Hemphillian of the Late Miocene through to the Rancholabrean of the Pleistocene, living from ~10.3 Mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately . Type species, ""M. jeffersonii"", measured about 3 m (9.8 ft) and weighed up to 1,000 kilograms. In 1796, Colonel John Stuart sent Thomas Jefferson, then Vice President of the United States, some fossil bones: a femur fragment, ulna, radius, and foot bones including three large claws. The discoveries were made in a cave in"
"""Icthyornis"" shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as ""Nyctosaurus"" and ""Pteranodon"". ""Pteranodon"" fossils are very common and it was probably a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was found in only the southern reaches of the Seaway. On the bottom, the giant clam ""Inoceramus"" left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with ""prisms"" of calcite deposited perpendicular to the surface, giving it a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area"
"in recent years has expanded scientific understanding of this massive predator. Although ""Deinosuchus"" was far larger than any modern crocodile or alligator, with the largest adults measuring in total length, its overall appearance was fairly similar to its smaller relatives. It had large, robust teeth built for crushing, and its back was covered with thick hemispherical osteoderms. One study indicated ""Deinosuchus"" may have lived for up to 50 years, growing at a rate similar to that of modern crocodilians, but maintaining this growth over a much longer time. ""Deinosuchus"" fossils have been described from 10 US states, including Texas, Montana,"
"floor was littered with bivalves, arthropods, gastropods and foraminifera while the pelagic zone was home to a wide variety of species from marine reptiles to teleosts. The Oxford Clay was so productive that over 100 genera have been recovered from the sediment. ""Muraenosaurus""’ role in the ecosystem is probably more comparable to elasmosaurs than other cryptoclidids due to the plesiosauromorph body plans shared between elasmosaurs and muraenosaurs. Cryptoclidids have varying morphology and it is difficult to assess their ecological role as a collective unit. Long necked plesiosaurs have been discovered with varying contents lithified within their stomachs which give some"
"Clovis, Wishstone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are significantly different from each other. Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids. They are enriched in the elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and bromine—all of which can be carried around in water solutions. The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates. The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates. This is exactly what is expected because"
"deposits or river channels, and their plague-like abundance in fossil sand dunes, Donald Prothero suggests that they were desert-dwelling animals. According to Prothero's interpretation, the high-placed eyes and nostrils served to filter out sand while burrowing. Leptaucheniinae Leptaucheniinae (""Delicate Necks"") was a taxon of small, goat-like oreodonts with proportionally big heads found throughout North America during the Late Oligocene. Because skeletons of ""Leptauchenia"" and ""Sespia"" have been found by the literal thousands, they are often quoted as being the most numerous fossil mammals in North America during the Late Oligocene. They had high-crowned, hypsodont teeth which were used to chew"
"""Deinosuchus"" grew faster than modern crocodilians, and had a similar maximum lifespan. In 1858, geologist Ebenezer Emmons described two large fossil teeth found in Bladen County, North Carolina. Emmons assigned these teeth to ""Polyptychodon"", which he then believed to be ""a genus of crocodilian reptiles"". Later discoveries showed that ""Polyptychodon"" was actually a pliosaur, a type of marine reptile. The teeth described by Emmons were thick, slightly curved, and covered with vertically grooved enamel; he assigned them a new species name, ""P. rugosus"". Although not initially recognized as such, these teeth were probably the first ""Deinosuchus"" remains to be scientifically"
"the stegosaurids ""Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"" and ""Loricatosaurus priscus"" (which are possibly synonyms), the basal ankylosaur ""Sarcolestes leedsi"", the ornithopod ""Callovosaurus leedsi"", and a second unnamed ornithopod taxon. Dinosaur eggs that have not yet been assigned to a taxon are also known from the Lower Oxford Clay. The theropods ""Eustreptospondylus"" and possibly ""Megalosaurus"" are also known from the Oxford Clay Formation, but slightly younger deposits (the Middle Member). In addition, the theropod ""Metriacanthosaurus"" is from an unknown level and age in the formation. Hundreds of invertebrates are known from the marine deposits, including bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, ammonites, teuthoids, a nautiloid, foraminifera, coelenterates,"
"condition typified both tropical adaptation and their restricted island environment. This small size also enabled them a degree of arboreality. ""Megalonyx"", which means ""giant claw"", was a widespread North American genus that lived past the close of the last (Wisconsin) glaciation, when so many large mammals died out. Remains have been found as far north as Alaska and the Yukon. Ongoing excavations at Tarkio Valley in southwestern Iowa may reveal something of the familial life of ""Megalonyx"". An adult was found in direct association with two juveniles of different ages, suggesting that adults cared for young of different generations. The"
"than previous estimates for the species. ""Deinosuchus"" has often been described as the largest crocodyliform of all time. However other crocodyliformes such as ""Purussaurus"", ""Rhamphosuchus"", and ""Sarcosuchus"" may have equaled or exceeded it in size. ""Deinosuchus"" was present on both sides of the Western Interior Seaway. Specimens have been described from 10 U.S. states: Utah, Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, New Jersey, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and North Carolina. David Schwimmer has said Deinosuchus fossils have been found in South Carolina and Delaware as well, but none of them from those two states have been formally described. A ""Deinosuchus"" osteoderm from"
"Glaciation"". Since the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) interglacial was named, the stratigraphy of Pleistocene deposits was found to be far more complex than the two glacial tills and one volcanic ash bed on which the Yarmouthian, Kansan, Nebraskan, and Aftonian glacial - interglacial nomenclature was originally based. Detailed research by various geomorphologists and Quaternary geologists demonstrated that the two glacial tills and one ash bed stratigraphic model, on which the Yarmouthian, Kansan, Nebraskan, and Aftonian glacial - interglacial nomenclature was based, was completely wrong. For example, the so-called ""Kansan"" glacial sediments in which the Yarmouth Soil developed are now known to date"
"creation of a new order for the desmostylians, described by . A major find was announced in October 2015 after scientists examined an extensive group of giant, tusked, quadruped, marine mammal fossils. This northernmost to date species discovery had been unearthed during excavation for the construction of a school in Unalaska, in the Aleutian Islands. A rendition of a group was drawn by Alaskan artist Ray Troll. Despite their similarities to manatees and elephants, desmostylians were entirely unlike any living creatures. Douglas Emlong's 1971 discovery of the new genus ""Behemotops"" from Oregon showed that early desmostylians had more proboscidean-like teeth"
"skeleton, IGM 100/2016, a partial juvenile skull, IGM 100/2018, an isolated mandible with some teeth, IGM 100/2019, a nearly complete skull and skeleton and IGM 100/2020, postcranial fragments. One skeleton of ""Haya"", IGM 100/2015, preserves a large mass of gastroliths. A cladistic analysis found it to form a clade with ""Jeholosaurus"" and ""Changchunsaurus"" within Ornithopoda. Han ""et al."" named this clade ""Jeholosauridae"" in 2012. ""Haya"" was first named by Peter J. Makovicky, Brandon M. Kilbourne, Rudyard W. Sadleir and Mark A. Norell in 2011 and the type species is ""Haya griva"". The generic name and the specific name are derived"
"Doedicurus Doedicurus clavicaudatus was a prehistoric glyptodont, living during the Pleistocene until the end of the last glacial period, some 11,000 years ago. Its name means ""pestle tail"", referring to how, if the spikes were removed from the end of the tail, it would resemble a pestle. This was the largest known glyptodont, and one of the better-known members of the South American Pleistocene megafauna. ""D. clavicaudatus"" inhabited woodlands and grasslands and was herbivorous. With a height of and an overall length of around , it could reach a mass of approximately . It had a huge domed carapace that"