In which country were the Tonton Macoute active?
"Street in Little Haiti, in Miami, Florida. Police later found a death list with D'Or's name on it, as well as two other prominent Haitian journalists. Billy Alexander, a Haitian American, was convicted of killing D'Or. It was alleged that Alexander, born ca. 1970, was contracted to kill D'Or for his opposition to Louis Thermitus, a local record store owner, who D'Or had accused of being a member of the Tonton Macoute and of supporting the regime that had ousted Haiti's elected President Aristide. At the time of his arraignment and later his conviction for the murder of D'Or and"
"disband in 1994. Tonton Macoute The Tonton Macoute () or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier. In 1970 the militia was renamed the ' (VSN""', Volunteers of the National Security). Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, ""Tonton Macoute"" (""Uncle Gunnysack""), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack () and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'état attempt against President François Duvalier, he purged the army and law"
"Tonton Macoute The Tonton Macoute () or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier. In 1970 the militia was renamed the ' (VSN""', Volunteers of the National Security). Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, ""Tonton Macoute"" (""Uncle Gunnysack""), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack () and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'état attempt against President François Duvalier, he purged the army and law enforcement agencies in"
"the abolition of slavery some free Africans and 55 Indian migrants arrived in the city. From 1864 to 197 the population decreased, mainly because of the lake of activity on it. Macouria Macouria is a commune of French Guiana located midway between Cayenne and Kourou, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The seat of the commune is the settlement of Tonate, and so the commune is also known unofficially as Macouria-Tonate. Macouria is one of the smallest cities of French Guiana. The city is separated in the east with Matoury, by the Larivot Bridge, crossing"
"as ""Baby Doc"". In 1959, François Duvalier formed a paramilitary force known as the Tonton Macoute, named after a mythic Haitian character who kidnapped misbehaving children, carried them off in a bag and ate them for breakfast. Duvalier authorized more than 10,000 Tonton Macoute, organized in 500 sections across the country, to maintain complete control over the population. ""The macoutes were Papa Doc's version of brownshirts and the Waffen SS, except that their usual uniform was blue jeans, T-shirts, sunglasses, and they carried clubs or pistols,"" wrote journalist and author Herbert Gold in ""Best Nightmare on Earth: A Life in"
"as dictators. They created the private army and terrorist death squads known as Tonton Macoutes. Many Haitians fled to exile in the United States and Canada, especially French-speaking Quebec. In the 1991 Canadian census, nearly 44,000 people described themselves as being of Haitian origin. By 2006, Canada had over 100,000 residents of Haitian origin. A list of Canadian operations in Haiti follows: Following the overthrow of the Duvalier regime, Haiti went through a period of political and economic turmoil. UN sponsored forces repeatedly intervened in an attempt to stabilize the situation. The Canadian government refused to recognize the 1988 Haitian"
"role in their actions. The ""Tonton Macoutes"" wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used with the intention of instilling fear and respect. Even their title of Tonton Macoute was embedded in Haitian lore of a bogeyman who took children away in his satchel or his Makoute. The ""Tontons Macoute"" were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in the 1961 election, in which Duvalier's official vote count was an ""outrageous"" and fraudulent , electing him to another term. They appeared"
"heritage by the Intellectuals, or the Griots after having been let go for years by those with education. The ""Tonton Macoute"" was heavily influenced by Vodou tradition with denim uniforms resembling clothing like Azaka Medeh the patron of farmers and the use of the machete in symbolic reference to Ogou a great general in Vodou tradition. Some of the most important members of the ""Tontons Macoute"" were Vodou leaders. This religious affiliation gave the ""Tontons Macoute"" a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important"
"to murder enemies of the state. After the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo there was a paramilitary force known ""la Patrulla 42"", or just ""la 42"", that used state terrorism to deploy fear in the population. During the 12-year regime of Joaquín Balaguer, the ""Frente Democrático Anticomunista y Antiterrorista"", most known as ""la Banda Colorá"", continued the practices of ""la 42"". The ""Tonton Macoute"" was a paramilitary force created in 1959 by Haitian dictator François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier that murdered 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians. In a way similar to the American Indian Wars, the early Mexican nation struggled against Apache raids."
"Macouria Macouria is a commune of French Guiana located midway between Cayenne and Kourou, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The seat of the commune is the settlement of Tonate, and so the commune is also known unofficially as Macouria-Tonate. Macouria is one of the smallest cities of French Guiana. The city is separated in the east with Matoury, by the Larivot Bridge, crossing the Cayenne river. Its southern limit is marked by the Montsinéry river, which is a serperation with the eponymous city. Westward there is Kourou and in the north the city is"
"in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. In 1985 the United States began to shut down funds to Haitian aid cutting nearly a million dollars from it within a year. Nonetheless the regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the ""Tontons Macoute"". ""Tonton Macoute"" day was July 29, 1985 and amongst festivities the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Docs Cabinet. In exuberance of celebration the ""Tonton Macoute"" went out into the streets and shot twenty-seven people in total"
"Roger Lafontant Roger Lafontant (1931–September 29, 1991) was the former leader of the Tonton Macoutes and the former Minister of dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier. He was the leader of an attempted coup d'état on January 1991, in Haiti, an effort which ultimately lead to his death. As a student studying to become a gynecologist, he founded the student branch of the Tontons Macoutes, which supported dictatorship under President François Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier. In November 1972, he became Minister of the Interior and National Defense Jean-Claude Duvalier was then rejected because of his personal ambitions. Lafontant was then sent"
"discovering a number of atolls in the Tuamotu Islands, including Pukapuka, Manihi, Rangiroa and Takapoto, followed by Tafahi, Niuafoʻou and Niuatoputapu in the Tonga Islands, and Alofi and Futuna in the Wallis and Futuna Islands. He then followed the north coasts of New Ireland and New Guinea and visited adjacent islands, including what became known as the Schouten Islands before reaching Ternate in September 1616. Although he had opened an unknown route (south of Cape Horn) for the Dutch, the VOC claimed infringement of its monopoly of trade to the Spice Islands. Schouten was arrested (and later released) and his"
"attempted coup. Roger Lafontant was arrested with a dozen accomplices, soldiers, and militia members of the Tontons Macoutes. On July 31, 1991, Lafontant was sentenced to life in prison for his attempted coup against the government of Haiti. He was killed in prison during a coup later that year on September 30, 1991. Roger Lafontant Roger Lafontant (1931–September 29, 1991) was the former leader of the Tonton Macoutes and the former Minister of dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier. He was the leader of an attempted coup d'état on January 1991, in Haiti, an effort which ultimately lead to his death. As a"
"Takume Takume or Pukamaru is an atoll of the Tuamotus chain in French Polynesia, located 790 km northeast of Tahiti and 6 km northeast of Raroia and to the west of Fangatau. This elongated atoll measures . Its lagoon has an area of Takume has many small motus on its reef; most are located on its eastern fringes. The long and deep lagoon has one navigable pass to enter it. Takume Atoll has 116 inhabitants. The main village is Ohomo. Takume and Raroia were called Napaite, ""the Twins"" (ite, two), by the ancient Paumotu people. The first recorded European who"
"effort quickly collapsed, and over the next few days Barbot and his men were chased down and killed. Clément Barbot Clément Barbot (1914 14 July 1963) was a top aide to Haitian President Francois Duvalier. Following a 1958 coup attempt, Barbot became the first leader of the Tonton Macoutes, a 'National Security Volunteer Militia' that brutally enforced Duvalier's despotic rule. After suffering a heart attack in May 1959, Duvalier named Barbot as his proxy; once he recovered he accused Barbot of trying to usurp him as President, and had him imprisoned. After he was released in 1963, Barbot, his brother"
"could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). The ""Tontons Macoutes"" murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. Luckner Cambronne led the ""Tontons Macoute"" throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. His cruelty earned him the nickname ""Vampire of the Caribbean"". This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting plasma from locals for sale."
"stability and unity. The bodies of some of the coup plotters were dragged through the streets of Port-au-Prince to cheering crowds, and Duvalier was photographed in uniform and hailed in the Haitian press as having led the counterattack on the coup plotters himself. Pasquet's was the first of many coup attempts against Duvalier's government. It had the effect of deepening Duvalier's fear of any dissent, and inspired him to create the National Security Volunteer Militias - the infamous ""Tonton Macoutes"" - which would terrorize Haiti for decades to come. After the Duvalier era, 'Sonson' Pasquet came to be seen in"
"less rural speaking both languages. Taounate is home to an annual Festival of Figs, organized by the Regional Directorate of Agriculture of Fez-Meknes. The festival includes many varieties of figs. Friday is market day in Taounate. Union Sportive de Taounate represents Taounate in association football. Taounate Taounate (Berber: Tawnat, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵜ; ) is a town in the Rif Mountains region of northern Morocco, and is the capital of Tawnat Province. It is located at around . The town had 37,616 inhabitants as of the 2014 Moroccan census. Taounate is located in the southern Rif Mountains, and the river Oued Sra and"
"Tusket Islands The Tusket Islands are a chain of islands located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Nova Scotia, south of the town Yarmouth. In 1633, Jean de Laite referred to the islands as ""Isles aux Tangneux"" in his work ""The New World"". The Mi'kmaq referred to the islands as ""Aglassawakade,"" or ""place of the English."" There is a local belief that pirate treasure is hidden on one of the islands. Several dwellings were built on the islands during early decades of European settlement. The islands stretch along the coast from Pinkney's Point to Wedgeport. Big Tusket Island"
"Résidents were posted on the three islands. On 9 April 1908, France declared the protectorates and Mayotte a single colony, Mayotte and dependencies. On 25 July 1912, it was annexed to Madagascar as a province of that colony. From 16 June 1940 to 1942 the colonial administration remained loyal to Vichy France (from 1942, under Free French), but 25 September 1942 to 13 October 1946 they were, like Madagascar, under British occupation. Until the opening of the Suez Canal, the islands used to be an important refuelling and provisioning station for ships from Europe to the Indian Ocean. Independence came"
"Tenarunga Tenarunga or Tenania, formerly Minto Island is a low, wooded and uninhabited atoll in the Acteon Group in the southeastern part of the Tuamotu Islands in French Polynesia. It is administratively a part of the Gambier Islands. Tenarunga is located northwest of Matureivavao, west of Vahanga and southeast of Tahiti. It has a land area of and a total area (lagoon inclusive) of . There are some buildings and a dock located on the north-east side of the island, indicating former and/or seasonal habitation. The atoll's lagoon is not accessible from the sea. The first recorded sighting of this"
"and the survivors resorted to cannibalism to reach the end of their three-month-long voyage. In 1842, France, following a successful military operation on behalf of a native chief (named Iotete) who claimed to be king of the whole of the island of Tahuata, took possession of the whole group, establishing a settlement (abandoned in 1859) on Nuku Hiva. French re-established control over the group in 1870, and later incorporated into the territory of French Polynesia. Paul Gauguin and other French artists traveled to the Marquesas Islands and other areas of Polynesia in the 19th century to live and work at"
"The soil was fertile, sandy loam, ideal for agriculture. Their territory extended from the Gibraltar and Flat Rock region through present-day Wyandotte. The Wyandotte were far from the enemy, protected by deep old growth forests, somewhat isolated from adjacent tribes, and on friendly terms with the neighboring white man - the village was not walled or palisaded. Government affairs were conducted in the Main Village, Gibraltar, the headquarters for the Council House, Achieves, and International Council Fires. The village was given the name ""Maquaqua"", or ""Monguagon"" in French. Chief Walk-in-the-Water headed the Monguagon village. His totem sign was the turtle"
"Tahiti. The growing prominence of Tahiti was evidenced in the activities of Teuruarii, who regularly visited Papeete for trade and entertainment. Teuruarii incurred much debt during these trips, and the need to pay off his creditors along with the restriction on trade prompted him to consider formal annexation to France. In May 1900, Teuruarii journeyed with a few island dignitaries to Papeete on the invitation of Gustave Gallet, the French governor, to discuss the possibility of annexing the island. On May 11, Teuruarii signed a statement of annexation, officially bringing Rurutu under French control. Months later, the ""L'Aube"" brought Gallet"
"who remained in the islands until their deaths. The United States Exploring Expedition under Charles Wilkes visited Funafuti, Nukufetau and Vaitupu in 1841. During the visit of the expedition to Tuvalu Alfred Thomas Agate, engraver and illustrator, recorded the dress and tattoo patterns of men of Nukufetau. In 1885 or 1886, the New Zealand photographer Thomas Andrew visited Funafuti and Nui. In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson, and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the ""Janet Nicoll"", a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney, Auckland and into"
"the group. It was previously owned by a man named Captain Nicholas but was redeemed in 1934. The island is home to many rare species including the Tuamotu sandpiper. Tenarunga Tenarunga or Tenania, formerly Minto Island is a low, wooded and uninhabited atoll in the Acteon Group in the southeastern part of the Tuamotu Islands in French Polynesia. It is administratively a part of the Gambier Islands. Tenarunga is located northwest of Matureivavao, west of Vahanga and southeast of Tahiti. It has a land area of and a total area (lagoon inclusive) of . There are some buildings and a"
"prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of the Government of the Moluccas (""Gouvernement der Molukken""). Ternate was occupied by British forces in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera, the entire west coast of New Guinea, and the central east coast of Sulawesi. By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied New Guinea had been added to the residency, but then its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being dissolved into"
"a mission from Djibouti across Ethiopia to the River Nile at Fashoda in southern Sudan, to converge with the expedition of Major Jean-Baptiste Marchand coming from Brazzaville with orders to secure the area around Fashoda as a French protectorate. The ultimate objective was an ambitious plan on the part of French government to establish an axis of French colonies across the continent from east to west, Dakar to Djibouti, in competition with the British Empire's Cape to Cairo vision of British colonies across the continent from north to south. Ethiopia, one of only two independent nations on the continent at"
"supervised gang rapes and gave orders to the soldiers performing them, in others he had surrogates perform them in his absence. Duvalier employed an organization of ex-soldiers, criminals, and other loyalists to his regime called ""Tontons Macoutes"". The term is Kreyòl for ""Uncle Knapsack"", a reference to the bogeyman of Haitian legend who would catch naughty children and kidnap them in his knapsack. Duvalier used the reference to voodoo, as well as violence such as rape and murder by the ""Tontons Macoutes"", to instill fear and repress opposition. The ""Tontons Macoutes"" remained active even after the presidency of Papa Doc"
"1842 France conducted a successful military operation on behalf of the native chief Iotete, who claimed he was king of the whole island of Tahuata. The government laid claim to the whole group and established a settlement on Nuku Hiva. That settlement was abandoned in 1857, but France re-established control over the group in 1870. It later incorporated the Marquesas into French Polynesia. Of all major island groups in the Pacific, the Marquesas suffered the greatest population decline in Polynesia from endemic diseases carried by Western explorers. The indigenous people suffered high rates of mortality, as they had no immunity"
"Mayotte Mayotte (, ; Shimaore: ""Maore"", ; ) is an overseas department and region of France officially named the Department of Mayotte (French: ""Département de Mayotte""). It consists of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Maore), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa, between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. The department status of Mayotte is recent and the region remains, by a significant margin, the poorest in France. Mayotte is nevertheless much more prosperous than the other"
"Taounate Taounate (Berber: Tawnat, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵜ; ) is a town in the Rif Mountains region of northern Morocco, and is the capital of Tawnat Province. It is located at around . The town had 37,616 inhabitants as of the 2014 Moroccan census. Taounate is located in the southern Rif Mountains, and the river Oued Sra and gorges are nearby. The town is situated on a plateau that overlooks the valley of the Oued Sra, as well as the Gargara gorges. In 2016, it was announced that a highway development plan, estimated to be completed by 2035, will benefit the Taounate area,"