Which type of tree form the Genus Betula?
"the latter to be identical to ""B. lutea"", but did confirm the existence of two varieties. Later, the name ""Betula lutea"" was determined illegitimate as it was superfluous to the older name that Michaux had listed as a synonym, ""Betula excelsa"" (1789). Additionally, the type specimen of ""Betula excelsa"" was found not to be a yellow birch, making ""Betula alleghaniensis"" the oldest and correct replacement name for the illegitimate ""B. lutea"". The specific epithet ""alleghaniensis"" means ""of the Allegheny Mountains"". In addition to ""yellow"" or ""golden"" birch, ""B. alleghaniensis"" has also been called gray birch, silver birch, tall birch, and"
"Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species reaching the Southern Hemisphere in the Andes in South America. Their typical flowers are catkins and often appear before leaves. In the past, the family was often divided into two families, Betulaceae (""Alnus"", ""Betula"") and Corylaceae (the rest). Recent treatments, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have described these two groups as subfamilies within an expanded Betulaceae: Betuloideae and"
"side. In cross section they appear lobed. Common shrub associates within the chaparral community include toyon. The leaves are distinctive in that they have smooth edges from the base to about half way up, then are wavy or toothed to the rounded tip. ""Betula"" is the birch genus, and the species name refers to the birch-like leaves. The white flowers are small, clustered, and mildly scented, similar to acacia. The fruit is a tubular achene with the long, plumelike flower style still attached. The genus name comes from the Greek ""kerkos"" (""tail""), referring to the tail-like appearance of the fruit;"
"strictly, two filaments divided into two branches, each bearing a half-anther. Anther cells open longitudinally. The pistillate aments are erect or pendulous, solitary; terminal on the two-leaved lateral spur-like branchlets of the year. The pistillate scales are oblong-ovate, three-lobed, pale yellow-green often tinged with red, becoming brown at maturity. These scales bear two or three fertile flowers, each flower consisting of a naked ovary. The ovary is compressed, two-celled, and crowned with two slender styles; the ovule is solitary. Each scale bears a single small, winged nut that is oval, with two persistent stigmas at the apex. ""Betula"" species are"
"(""Betula"") and hemlock (""Tsuga"") in mixed forests. It is also known to grow in urban settings when birch trees are nearby. A field study in Scotland concluded that the species is more likely to be present in older than in younger birch woodlands. Fruit bodies grow on the ground, scattered or grouped together. They are a component of the diet of the red squirrel, and serve as breeding sites for some fungus-feeding flies in the Drosophilidae and Mycetophilidae families. ""Lactarius torminosus"" mushrooms may be parasitized by the mold ""Hypomyces lithuanicus"", which produces a cream-ochre to cinnamon-colored granular or velvety growth"
"have diverged fully by the Oligocene, with all genera in the family (with the exception of ""Ostryopsis"") having a fossil record stretching back at least 20 million years from the present. According to molecular phylogeny, the closest relatives of the Betulaceae are the Casuarinaceae, or the she-oaks. The common hazel (""Corylus avellana"") and the filbert (""Corylus maxima"") are important orchard plants, grown for their edible nuts. The other genera include a number of popular ornamental trees, widely planted in parks and large gardens; several of the birches are particularly valued for their smooth, brightly coloured bark. The wood is generally"
"Agathosma betulina Agathosma betulina (previously ""Barosma betulina"") is a flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, native to the lower elevation mountains of western South Africa, where it occurs near streams in fynbos habitats. It is an evergreen shrub growing to tall. The leaves are opposite, rounded, about long and broad. The flowers are white or pale pink, with five petals; the fruit is a five-parted capsule which splits open to release the seeds. It is known by the common name round leaf buchu. The very similar plant ""Agathosma crenulata"" (previously ""Barosma crenulata"") is known as the oval leaf buchu, and"
"of the Betulaceae into six genera is uncontroversial, the placement of these genera into higher taxonomic ranks and the level of these ranks are debated. Extensive studies on the basis of ribulose- 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (""rbc""L) sequences, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, morphology, and various combined data sets support the dichotomy of the Betulaceae into two major clades. A few authors have divided the genera into two families, the Betulaceae (""Alnus"", ""Betula"") and Corylaceae (""Carpinus"", ""Ostrya"", ""Corylus"", ""Ostryopsis""). Many modern authors recognize two separate clades within the family, either as tribes Betuleae and Coryleae or subfamilies Betuloideae and Coryloideae. There has"
"Beta (plant) Beta is a genus in the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae. The best known member is the common beet, ""Beta vulgaris"", but several other species are recognised. Almost all have common names containing the word ""beet"". Wild ""Beta"" species can be found throughout the Atlantic coast of Europe, the Mediterranean coastline, the Near East, and parts of Asia including India. This genus consists of annual, biennial, or perennial species, often with fleshy, thickened roots. The stems grow erect or procumbent. The alternate leaves are petiolate or sessile, with ovate-cordate to rhombic-cuneate leaf blades, their margins mostly entire, with obtuse"
"Alder Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants (Alnus) belonging to the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America, as well as the northern and southern Andes. The common name ""alder"" evolved from Old English ""alor"", which in turn is derived from Proto-Germanic root ""aliso"". The generic name ""Alnus"" is the equivalent Latin name. Both the Latin and the Germanic words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root ""el-"", meaning ""red"""
"Cortusa Cortusa is a genus that consists of 19 species of delicate, hardy, alpine perennials, relative to ""Primula"" both in general appearance and habit of growth. The genus is named by the herbalist Matthiolus after his friend Cortusus, professor of botany at Padua, who discovered the plant called today ""Cortusa matthioli"". The plants are flowering herbaceous perennials native to the mountains of southern and eastern Europe, including the Alps and the Carpathians, and some species native to China. Most of the species are small spring bloomers for shade and rock garden. These low-growing and rather handsome little plants have clumps"
"Peltula Peltula is a genus of small dark brown to olive or dark gray squamulose lichens that can be saxicolous (grow on rock)) or terricolous (grow on soil). Members of the genus are commonly called rock-olive lichens. They are cyanolichens, with the cyanobacterium photobiont being from the ""Anacystis"" genus. They are umbillicate with flat to erect squamule lobes that attach from a central holdfast or cluster of rhizenes. Lichen spot tests are usually negative. The thallus of members of the genus are similar to members of ""Heppia"", ""Psora"", and ""Placidium"", although the first genus has cyanobacteria from the ""Scytonema"" genus,"
"Sclerocarya birrea Sclerocarya birrea, commonly known as the marula (Ancient Greek σκληρός, ""sklērós"", ""hard"", and κάρυον, ""káryon"", ""nut"", in reference to the stone inside the fleshy fruit), is a medium-sized dioecious tree, indigenous to the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa, the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa, and Madagascar. The tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown. It is characterized by a grey mottled bark. The tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands. The distribution of this species throughout Africa and Madagascar has followed the Bantu in their migrations, as"
"rockery or alpine garden. In cultivation in the UK this plant was accorded the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit in 1993. Campanula betulifolia Campanula betulifolia, the birch-leaved bellflower, is a flowering plant of the family Campanulaceae, native to Turkey, where it grows in crevices in volcanic cliffs. The plant was named in 1850 by the German botanist Karl Koch, following plant-collecting expeditions to the Caucasus. A small clump-forming herbaceous perennial growing to tall by wide, it has dark green birch-like leaves. In late Spring, clusters of narrow pink buds open to white bell-shaped flowers. There is also a"
"Beech Beech (""Fagus"") is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classification systems of the genus recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ""Engleriana"" and ""Fagus"". The ""Engleriana"" subgenus is found only in East Asia, and is notably distinct from the ""Fagus"" subgenus in that these beeches are low-branching trees, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. Further differentiating characteristics include the whitish bloom on the underside of the leaves, the visible tertiary leaf veins, and a long, smooth cupule-peduncle. ""Fagus japonica"", ""Fagus engleriana"","
"Campanula Campanula () is one of several genera in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower. It takes both its common and its scientific name from its bell-shaped flowers—""campanula"" is Latin for ""little bell"". The genus includes over 500 species and several subspecies, distributed across the temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest diversity in the Mediterranean region east to the Caucasus. The range also extends into mountains in tropical regions of Asia and Africa. The species include annual, biennial and perennial plants, and vary in habit from dwarf arctic and alpine species under 5"
"Frangula betulifolia Frangula betulifolia, the birchleaf buckthorn, is a shrub or small tree in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is native in northern Mexico in the Sierra Madre Occidental cordillera, and mountainous, desert regions of the Southwestern United States of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and far west Texas; besides being found in Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango of the Occidental cordillera, a large species locale occurs to the east in Nuevo León. ""Frangula betulifolia"" has large ovate leaves, and can grow to be a small tree from 3-10m tall. Blooms in spring, May–June, followed by black-purple fruits in fall. The inner"
"has not been identified but thought to be sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the related genus ""Lactarius"" and from ""Russula sardonia"". Russula betularum Russula betularum is a small, very pale member of the ""Russula"" (brittlegills) genus of mushrooms. It is usually white to very pale pink, inedible, and grows with birch trees. It is commonly known as the birch brittlegill. The specific epithet ""betularum"" ""of the birches"", refers to its association with birch (""Betula"" species). Some sources regard it as a variety of the sickener (""R. emetica""). The cap is convex to flattened, and often has a central depression."
"hard, tough and heavy, hornbeams particularly so; several species were of significant importance in the past where very hard wood capable of withstanding heavy wear was required, such as for cartwheels, water wheels, cog wheels, tool handles, chopping boards, and wooden pegs. In most of these uses, wood has now been replaced by metal or other man-made materials. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of the"
"folk remedy for various disorders. Dutch settlers in early times used Agathosma betulina commonly called buchu to make a brandy tincture. The tincture is still used today. Agathosma betulina Agathosma betulina (previously ""Barosma betulina"") is a flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, native to the lower elevation mountains of western South Africa, where it occurs near streams in fynbos habitats. It is an evergreen shrub growing to tall. The leaves are opposite, rounded, about long and broad. The flowers are white or pale pink, with five petals; the fruit is a five-parted capsule which splits open to release the seeds."
"Urtica ferox Urtica ferox, commonly known as tree nettle, or ongaonga in Māori, is a nettle that is endemic to New Zealand. It is sometimes known as ""Taraonga"", ""Taraongaonga"" or ""Okaoka"". Unlike other herbaceous species in the genus ""Urtica"", ongaonga is a large woody shrub. It has woody stems and unusually large stinging spines that can result in a painful sting that lasts several days. The shrub can grow to a height of with the base of the stem reaching in thickness. Ongaonga is the main food plant for larvae of the New Zealand red admiral butterfly or kahukura, ""Vanessa"
"vetch (""Vicia cracca""), which is attacked by at least nine ""Bruchus"" species, common vetch (""Vicia sativa""), which is host to five recorded species, and meadow vetchling (""Lathyrus pratensis"") and tuberous pea (""Lathyrus tuberosus""), which are each attacked by four species. Some ""Bruchus"" species are monophagous, living on just one host plant species. Some species of ""Lathyrus"" have an antipredator adaptation that may have evolved in response to ""Bruchus"" and other seed-beetles. The fruit pods develop a callus when attacked, by the beetle, and this growth is mediated by bruchins, compounds so far known only from seed-beetles. These beetles are univoltine,"
"Trema (plant) Trema is a genus of about 15 species of evergreen trees closely related to the hackberries (""Celtis""), occurring in subtropical and tropical regions of southern Asia, northern Australasia, Africa, South and Central America, and parts of North America. They are generally small trees, reaching tall. Previously included either in the elm family, Ulmaceae, or with ""Celtis"" in the Celtidaceae, genetic analysis has shown the Celtidaceae are best placed in the hemp family, Cannabaceae. The leaves are alternate, simple, long, ovate-acuminate to lanceolate with a long pointed tip, and evenly serrated margins. The fruit is a small drupe in"
"Cotula Cotula is a genus of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It includes plants known generally as water buttons or buttonweeds. The species within this genus can vary extensively in their habit, leaf division, involucre, receptacle and achenes. This makes it difficult to define them by comparing their morphology. The genus can only be defined by looking at the corollas of their flowers. Most are disciform (lacking ray florets). These corollas may be tubular, reduced or even absent. Another characteristic is their solitary heads growing on a peduncle. ""Cotula"" is the largest genus found in the Southern Hemisphere of"
"Campanula betulifolia Campanula betulifolia, the birch-leaved bellflower, is a flowering plant of the family Campanulaceae, native to Turkey, where it grows in crevices in volcanic cliffs. The plant was named in 1850 by the German botanist Karl Koch, following plant-collecting expeditions to the Caucasus. A small clump-forming herbaceous perennial growing to tall by wide, it has dark green birch-like leaves. In late Spring, clusters of narrow pink buds open to white bell-shaped flowers. There is also a pink-flowered form. As it has a cascading habit and requires sharp drainage it is suitable for planting in an elevated position in a"
"Alnus glutinosa Alnus glutinosa, the common alder, black alder, European alder or just alder, is a species of tree in the family Betulaceae, native to most of Europe, southwest Asia and northern Africa. It thrives in wet locations where its association with the bacterium ""Frankia alni"" enables it to grow in poor quality soils. It is a medium size, short-lived tree growing to a height of up to 30 metres (100 ft). It has short-stalked rounded leaves and separate male and female flower in the form of catkins. The small, rounded fruits are cone-like and the seeds are dispersed by"
"with the highest economical value in the order Caryophyllales. Therefore, the members of ""Beta"" and the related genus ""Patellifolia"" are interesting as Crop wild relatives. Beta (plant) Beta is a genus in the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae. The best known member is the common beet, ""Beta vulgaris"", but several other species are recognised. Almost all have common names containing the word ""beet"". Wild ""Beta"" species can be found throughout the Atlantic coast of Europe, the Mediterranean coastline, the Near East, and parts of Asia including India. This genus consists of annual, biennial, or perennial species, often with fleshy, thickened roots."
"and southern Nuevo León. Other states with more minor-sized locales are Nevada, Coahuila, and Tamaulipas. Ethnobotany Frangula betulifolia Frangula betulifolia, the birchleaf buckthorn, is a shrub or small tree in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is native in northern Mexico in the Sierra Madre Occidental cordillera, and mountainous, desert regions of the Southwestern United States of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and far west Texas; besides being found in Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango of the Occidental cordillera, a large species locale occurs to the east in Nuevo León. ""Frangula betulifolia"" has large ovate leaves, and can grow to be a small"
"Ferula Ferula (from Latin ""ferula"", ""rod"") is a genus of about 170 species of flowering plants in the carrot family, native to the Mediterranean region east to central Asia, mostly growing in arid climates. They are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 1–4 m tall, with stout, hollow, somewhat succulent stems. The leaves are tripinnate or even more finely divided, with a stout basal sheath clasping the stem. The flowers are usually yellow, rarely white, produced in large umbels. Many plants of this genus, especially ""F. communis"" are referred to as ""giant fennel,"" although they are not fennel in the strict"
"genera. It has thus been proposed to change the type species to one of the main lineages to avoid this problem. What seems certain however is that the basketflowers – presently treated as a section ""Plectocephalus"" – will be reinstated as a distinct genus in the near future. The rock-centauries (""Cheirolophus""), formerly usually included in ""Centaurea"", are now already treated as separate genus. Species presently placed in ""Centaurea"" include: Plant species placed in ""Centaurea"" in former times include: Centaurea Centaurea () is a genus of between 350 and 600 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members"
"some species of the genus ""Gaultheria"" in the family Ericaceae, including ""Gaultheria procumbens"", the wintergreen or eastern teaberry; some species of the genus ""Betula"" in the family Betulaceae, particularly those in the subgenus ""Betulenta"" such as ""B. lenta"", the black birch; all species of the genus ""Spiraea"" in the family Rosaceae, also called the meadowsweets; species of the genus ""Polygala"" in the family Polygalaceae. Methyl salicylate can be produced by esterifying salicylic acid with methanol. Commercial methyl salicylate is now synthesized, but in the past, it was commonly distilled from the twigs of ""Betula lenta"" (sweet birch) and ""Gaultheria procumbens"""
"detail in the article on stoats in New Zealand. Nothofagus Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia). The species are ecological dominants in many temperate forests in these regions. Some species are reportedly naturalised in Germany and Great Britain. The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, cupules and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and"
"Celtis Celtis is a genus of about 60–70 species of deciduous trees, commonly known as hackberries or nettle trees, widespread in warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, in southern Europe, southern and eastern Asia, and southern and central North America, south to central Africa, and northern and central South America. The genus is present in the fossil record at least since the Miocene of Europe, and Paleocene of North America and eastern Asia. Previously included either in the elm family (Ulmaceae) or a separate family, Celtidaceae, the APG III system places ""Celtis"" in an expanded hemp family (Cannabaceae). The"