What type of viper named for an African country has the highest venom yield of any snake?
"and each bite produces the largest quantities of venom of any venomous snake; this is partially due to the fact that, unlike many African vipers such as the Puff Adder, the Gaboon viper does not release after a bite, which enables it to inject larger amounts of venom. Yield is probably related to body weight, as opposed to milking interval. Brown (1973) gives a venom yield range of 200–1000 mg (of dried venom), A range of 200–600 mg for specimens 125–155 cm in length has also been reported. Spawls and Branch (1995) state from 5 to 7 ml (450–600 mg)"
"the breeding season is indefinite. ""Bitis nasicornis"" is considered to be one of the most dangerous snakes in Africa. Small doses of the snake's primarily hemotoxic venom can be deadly. This is unlike the Gaboon viper, the largest of the vipers, which uses a considerably larger amount of venom. ""Bitis nasicornis"" has both neurotoxic, as well as hemotoxic venom, as do most other venomous snakes. The hemotoxic venom in rhinoceros vipers is much more dominant. This venom attacks the circulatory system of the snake's victim, destroying tissue and blood vessels. Internal bleeding also occurs. When not in use, the rhino"
"SC. Venom yield tends to be lower in this species with Minton citing 10–18 mg per bite in specimens 48–62 cm while Brown suggest only 6 mg for the same sized specimens. However, bites from ""Vipera"" species are rarely as severe as those from larger ""Macrovipera"" or ""Daboia"". <nowiki>*</nowiki> Not including the nominate subspecies. Vipera Vipera is a genus of venomous vipers. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from Great Britain to Pacific Asia. The name is possibly derived from the Latin words ""vivus"" and ""pario"", meaning ""alive"""
"Echis Echis (common names: saw-scaled vipers, carpet vipers) is a genus of venomous vipers found in the dry regions of Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. They have a characteristic threat display, rubbing sections of their body together to produce a ""sizzling"" warning sound. The name ""Echis"" is the Latin transliteration of the Greek word for ""viper"" (""ἔχις""). Their common name is ""saw-scaled vipers"" and they include some of the species responsible for causing the most snakebite cases and deaths in the world. Twelve species are currently recognized. Saw-scaled vipers are relatively small snakes, the largest species"
"Echis ocellatus Echis ocellatus, known by the common names West African carpet viper and ocellated carpet viper, is a venomous species of viper endemic to West Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized. It is responsible for more human fatalities due to snakebite than all other African species combined. An antivenom called ""Echitab-plus-ICP"" is manufactured by the Costa Rican Instituto Clodomiro Picado and another called ""EchiTabG"" is manufactured by MicroPharm Ltd in the UK. The specific name, ""ocellatus"", is a reference to the distinctive series of ""eye-spots"" (ocelli) which runs the length of the body. The maximum total length (body +"
"venom is supposedly slightly less toxic than those of ""B. arietans"" and ""B. gabonica"". The maximum wet venom yield is 200 mg. One study reported this venom has the highest intramuscular LD value—8.6 mg/kg—of five different viperid venoms tested (""B. arietans"", ""B. gabonica"", ""B. nasicornis"", ""Daboia russelii"" and ""Vipera aspis""). Another showed little variation in the venom potency of these snakes, whether they were milked once every two days or once every three weeks. In rabbits, the venom is apparently slightly more toxic than that of ""B. gabonica"". In only a few detailed reports of human envenomation, massive swelling, which"
"subsequent antivenom treatment. Until recently, their venom has often been regarded as less toxic than that of many other species, perhaps because bites are uncommon, but this turned out not to be the case. There are now a number of reports of bites that have led to severe hemorrhaging of internal organs. Atheris hispida Atheris hispida is a venomous viper species endemic to Central Africa. It is known for its extremely keeled dorsal scales that give it a bristly appearance. No subspecies are currently recognized. The males of this species grow to maximum total length of : body , tail"
"Bitis arietans Bitis arietans is a venomous viper species found in savannah and grasslands from Morocco and western Arabia throughout Africa except for the Sahara and rain forest regions. It is responsible for causing the most snakebite fatalities in Africa owing to various factors, such as its wide distribution, frequent occurrence in highly populated regions, and aggressive disposition. Two subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here. The species is commonly known as the puff adder, African puff adder, or common puff adder. The word ""arietans"" means ""striking violently"" and is derived from the Latin ""arieto"". The average"
"shown that the hump-nosed viper, previously considered essentially harmless and misidentified as the saw-scaled viper, is capable of delivering a fatal bite. In regions of Kerala, India, it may be responsible for nearly 10% of venomous bites. Commonly used antivenoms in India do not appear to be effective against hump-nosed viper bites. According to the most conservative estimates, at least 81,000 snake envenomings and 11,000 fatalities occur in India each year, making it the most heavily affected country in the world. The Malayan pit viper and banded krait are two other species involved in a significant number of venomous bites."
"hard to access. Although there is much known about the protein compositions of venoms from Asian and American snakes, comparatively little is known of Australian snakes. The strength of venom differs markedly between species and even more so between families, as measured by median lethal dose (LD) in mice. Subcutaneous LD varies by over 140-fold within elapids and by more than 100-fold in vipers. The amount of venom produced also differs among species, with the Gaboon viper able to potentially deliver from 450–600 milligrams of venom in a single bite, the most of any snake. Opisthoglyphous colubrids have venom ranging"
"Macrovipera Macrovipera is a genus of venomous vipers that inhabit the semideserts and steppes of North Africa, the Near and Middle East, and the Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. These snakes are responsible for a number of bites in Africa and Western Asia every year. They have a reputation for being ill-tempered and can inject a lot of venom, which is why they should be considered as very dangerous. Two species are currently recognized. Except for ""M. schweizeri"", these snakes are all capable of exceeding in total length (body + tail). The head is broad, flat, and distinct from"
"Atractaspis aterrima Atractaspis aterrima, commonly known as the slender burrowing asp or mole viper, is a species of fossorial, venomous snake in the family Atractaspididae. The specific epithet, ""aterrima"", meaning ""blackest"", is the superlative form of the Latin adjective ""ater"", meaning ""black"". This snake is found in large parts of West, Middle, and East Africa. The Reptile Database lists the following countries (from west to east): Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali (southern), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso (southern), Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (northern), Uganda, and Tanzania."
"viperids because they use a combination of both sit-and-wait ambushing and active hunting. Active hunting is predominantly used in the months right before hibernation to increase energy intake before the long dormant period. Common names include Sahara sand viper, Avicenna viper, common sand viper, Egyptian asp, Cleopatra's asp, sand viper, Avicenna's sand viper, lesser cerastes. It is found in arid North Africa: Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Mali, Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Chad and Egypt. Sinai Peninsula: Egypt and Israel. The type locality given is ""Ægypto"" (Egypt). Cerastes vipera Cerastes vipera, common names Sahara sand viper and Avicenna viper, is a venomous viper"
"result is often death, or at best wholesale regurgitation. They are bad-tempered snakes and some specimens never settle down in captivity, always hissing and puffing when approached. This species is responsible for more snakebite fatalities than any other African snake. This is due to a combination of factors, including its wide distribution, common occurrence, large size, potent venom that is produced in large amounts, long fangs, their habit of basking by footpaths and sitting quietly when approached. The venom has cytotoxic effects and is one of the most toxic of any vipers based on LD50. The values in mice vary:"
"caused by vipers alone. In drier regions of the continent, such as sahels and savannas, the saw-scaled vipers inflict up to 90% of all bites. The puff adder is responsible for the most fatalities overall, although saw-scaled vipers inflict more bites in North African countries, where the puff adder is typically not found. The black mamba, although responsible for far fewer snakebite incidents, is the species which has the highest mortality rate in Africa and in the world. Most bites occur in industrial plantations, which attract many types of snake prey. Banana plantations are associated with vipers such as night"
"been no modern well-documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species. Venom yield has varied from 20–30 mg to 300 mg, but the venom toxicity is low with values of 10.8, 14.6, >16.0 mg/kg IV and 15 mg/kg SC being reported. Causus rhombeatus Causus rhombeatus is a venomous viper species endemic to subsaharan Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized. With an average total length (body + tail) of , this is the largest member of the genus ""Causus"". The longest individual ever recorded was a male, in total length, collected in eastern Zimbabwe."
"Vipera Vipera is a genus of venomous vipers. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from Great Britain to Pacific Asia. The name is possibly derived from the Latin words ""vivus"" and ""pario"", meaning ""alive"" and ""bear"" or ""bring forth""; likely a reference to the fact that most vipers bear live young. Currently, 24 species are recognized. The members of this genus tend to be stout and small in size, the largest of them, ""V. ammodytes"", can reach a maximum length of 95 cm and the smallest, ""V. monticola"","
"all of Africa, by virtue of its potent venom and frequent occurrence around houses. The venom of this snake tends to be thick and syrupy in consistency and dries into shiny pale flakes, not unlike yellow sugar. The Cape cobra's venom is made up of potent postsynaptic neurotoxins and might also contain cardiotoxins, that affect the respiratory system, nervous system, and the heart. The mouse SC for this species' venom is 0.72, while the IV and IP values are 0.4 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg, respectively. The average venom yield per bite is 100 to 150 mg according to Minton. The"
"but as the weight of the mother increases, larger eggs are produced, yielding larger young. Viperid snakes are found in the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia. In the Americas, they are native from south of the 48th parallel, through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and into South America. In the old world, viperids are located everywhere except Siberia, Ireland, and the continent of Australia. The adder, a viperid, is the only venomous snake found in Great Britain, and is also found north of the Arctic Circle in Norway and Sweden. Viperid venoms typically contain an abundance of protein-degrading enzymes, called"
"Vipera ammodytes Vipera ammodytes (other common names include horned viper, long-nosed viper, nose-horned viper, sand viper) is a venomous viper species found in southern Europe through to the Balkans and parts of the Middle East. It is reputed to be the most dangerous of the European vipers due to its large size, long fangs (up to 13 mm) and high venom toxicity. The specific name, ""ammodytes"", is derived from the Greek words ""ammos"", meaning ""sand"", and ""dutes"", meaning ""burrower"" or ""diver"", despite its preference for rocky habitats. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here. V. ammodytes"
"has been identified to be one of the highest in the world. Nonetheless, there are approximately 80 species of snakes found in Bangladesh; among them only few are venomous.These are cobra, krait, Russell’s viper, sawscaled viper, green snakes, and sea snakes. However, most of the bites are reported by nonvenomous snakes and even as many as 40% bites inflicted by venomous snakes do not produce signs of envenoming. On the Indian subcontinent, almost all snakebite deaths have traditionally been attributed to the Big Four, consisting of the Russell's viper, Indian cobra, saw-scaled viper, and the common krait. However, studies have"
"venomous and non-venomous, make South Africa their home. The largest is the African rock python, a non-venomous snake that kills its prey, which includes creatures up to the size of an antelope, by constriction. A much smaller species that also kills by constriction is the mole snake; as its name suggests, this snake preys on small mammals, most often rodents such as mole-rats. Many venomous snakes occur, some of which include famous examples such as the black mamba (one of the most deadly snakes in the world), eastern green mamba, boomslang, Cape cobra and rinkhals. Though human fatalities can occur,"
"Atheris nitschei Atheris nitschei is a venomous viper species found in Africa from Uganda and adjacent DR Congo to Rwanda, Tanzania and Burundi. The former subspecies ""Atheris nitschei rungweensis"" from southwestern Tanzania, northeastern Zambia and northern Malawi was elevated to species rank (""Atheris rungweensis""). The specific name, ""nitschei"", is in honor of German zoologist Hinrich Nitsche (1845–1902). The 1906 junior synonym, ""A. woosnami"", was in honor of Kenyan game ranger Richard Bowen Woosnam (1880–1915), who later fought in World War I and was killed in action at Gallipoli. ""A. nitschei"" is a relatively large and stout bush viper, growing to"
"Cerastes vipera Cerastes vipera, common names Sahara sand viper and Avicenna viper, is a venomous viper species endemic to the deserts of North Africa and the Sinai Peninsula. No subspecies are currently recognized. Adults average 20–35 cm (8-14 inches) in total length (body + tail), with a maximum total length of 50 cm (1.6 ft). Females are larger than males. Small and stout, it has a broad, triangular head with small eyes set well forward and situated on the junction of the side and the top of the head. Their hunting strategy is unique when compared to that of other"
"twice as toxic on average as venom from males. The amount of venom produced also varies. Reported yields include 20–35 mg of dried venom from specimens 41–56 cm in length, 6–48 mg (16 mg average) from Iranian specimens and 13–35 mg of dried venom from animals from various other localities. Yield varies seasonally, as well as between the sexes: the most venom is produced during the summer months and males produce more than females. ""*) Not including the nominate subspecies""<br> ) Type species Some sources also mention several other species: Echis Echis (common names: saw-scaled vipers, carpet vipers) is a"
"days and normally without any complications. No existing antivenins are known to counteract this venom. This species was previously considered to be a subspecies of ""C. rhombeatus"". Causus maculatus Causus maculatus is venomous viper species found mainly in West- and Central Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized. Common names include forest rhombic night adder, West African night adder and spotted night adder."" These snakes are small and stout, with an average length of 30-60 cm. Grows to a maximum size of about 70 cm, or perhaps slightly larger. The snout is obtuse with a rounded rostral scale. A single loreal"
"is the longest snake on the continent and is able to move at , making it unusually dangerous. Although black mambas cause only 0.5-1% of snakebites in South Africa, they produce the highest mortality rate and the species is responsible for many snake bite fatalities. The black mamba is the species with the highest mortality rate in every single nation in which it occurs, despite not being responsible for the most numerous number of snakebites. It is also the species which has the highest mortality rate worldwide. There are also venomous colubrids in Africa, although of these only two arboreal"
"Viperidae The Viperidae (vipers) is a family of venomous snakes found in most parts of the world, excluding Antarctica, Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Madagascar, various other isolated islands, and north of the Arctic Circle. All have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of snake venom. Four subfamilies are currently recognised. They are also known as viperids. The name ""viper"" is derived from the Latin word ""vipera"", -""ae"", also meaning viper, possibly from vivus (""living"") and parere (""to beget""), referring to the trait viviparity (giving live birth) common in vipers but not in snakes at large. All"
"some other factors. Deaths can be exceptional and probably occur in less than 15% of all untreated cases (usually in 2–4 days from complications following blood volume deficit and a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy), although some reports show that severe envenomations have a 52% mortality rate. Most fatalities are associated with poor clinical management and neglect. Bitis arietans Bitis arietans is a venomous viper species found in savannah and grasslands from Morocco and western Arabia throughout Africa except for the Sahara and rain forest regions. It is responsible for causing the most snakebite fatalities in Africa owing to various factors, such"
"""M. lebetina"" (Obst 1983) as well as ""M. mauritanica"" and ""M. deserti"" (Lenk et al. (2001). Macrovipera Macrovipera is a genus of venomous vipers that inhabit the semideserts and steppes of North Africa, the Near and Middle East, and the Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. These snakes are responsible for a number of bites in Africa and Western Asia every year. They have a reputation for being ill-tempered and can inject a lot of venom, which is why they should be considered as very dangerous. Two species are currently recognized. Except for ""M. schweizeri"", these snakes are all capable"
"small streams, sometimes in scrub and bush in valleys at higher elevations, and in mountain forests up to the bamboo zone at altitude. It is common in papyrus reed around small lakes. Atheris nitschei Atheris nitschei is a venomous viper species found in Africa from Uganda and adjacent DR Congo to Rwanda, Tanzania and Burundi. The former subspecies ""Atheris nitschei rungweensis"" from southwestern Tanzania, northeastern Zambia and northern Malawi was elevated to species rank (""Atheris rungweensis""). The specific name, ""nitschei"", is in honor of German zoologist Hinrich Nitsche (1845–1902). The 1906 junior synonym, ""A. woosnami"", was in honor of Kenyan"
"where it occurs. The local people consider it very dangerous. The venom of this snake can be neutralized by SAIMR antivenom Bitis parviocula Bitis parviocula is a venomous viper species found only in Ethiopia. It is large with a broad head and spectacular geometric markings. In 1995, the species was known from only three specimens, but additional information has surfaced since then. Little is known about its natural history or its venom. No subspecies are currently recognized. The specific name, ""parviocula"", meaning ""small-eyed"", is derived from the Latin words ""parvus"", meaning ""small"", and ""oculus"", meaning ""eye"". Of the first three"
"given is ""Jeep track above Farm Driehoek, Cederberg Mountains, Western Cape Province, South Africa; 32°25'44""S, 19°12'30""E, alt. 1380 m [4,528 ft]; 3219AC."" Bitis rubida Bitis rubida is a venomous viper species found only in Western Cape Province, South Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized. ""Bitis rubida"" was described as a new species in 1997 by William Roy ""Bill"" Branch. Prior to that time, specimens of this snake had been identified as belonging to several other species and subspecies of the genus ""Bitis"" (see ""Synonyms"" in ""Taxobox""). Maximum recorded total lengths (body + tail) are for females and for males. Several"