Which Frenchman was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature but refused it?
"Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow were brothers-in-law. Frits Zernike, who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, is the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate Gerard 't Hooft. Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that is recognisable worldwide, the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction. This includes films like ""The Prize"" and ""Nobel Son"" about fictional Nobel laureates as well as fictionalised accounts of stories surrounding real prizes such as ""Nobel Chor"", a film based on the unsolved theft of Rabindranath Tagore's prize. Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Literature"
"""Les Mots"" (""The Words""). The book is an ironic counterblast to Marcel Proust, whose reputation had unexpectedly eclipsed that of André Gide (who had provided the model of ""littérature engagée"" for Sartre's generation). Literature, Sartre concluded, functioned ultimately as a bourgeois substitute for real commitment in the world. In October 1964, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature but he declined it. He was the first Nobel laureate to voluntarily decline the prize, and remains one of only two laureates to do so. According to Lars Gyllensten, in the book ""Minnen, bara minnen"" (""Memories, Only Memories"") published in 2000,"
"for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation""). He never received a prize. French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was considered for the Literature prize in the 1950s, according to Swedish Academy archives studied by newspaper ""Le Monde"" on their opening in 2008. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus, but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, ""so long as he does not come back to novel"", while Camus won the prize in 1957. W. H. Auden's missing prize was attributed to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize winner Dag Hammarskjöld's ""Vägmärken"""
"of any other nation. The first Nobel Prize in Literature was a French author, while France's latest Nobel prize in literature is Patrick Modiano, who was awarded the prize in 2014. Jean-Paul Sartre was also the first nominee in the committee's history to refuse the prize in 1964. Medieval philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism until the emergence of Humanism in the Renaissance. Modern philosophy began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, and Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes revitalised Western philosophy, which had been declined after the Greek and Roman eras. His ""Meditations on First"
"According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper ""Le Monde"" on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, ""so long as he does not come back to novel"". Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957. Some attribute W. H. Auden's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld's ""Vägmärken"" (Markings) and to statements that Auden made during a"
"Sartre himself or someone close to him got in touch with the Swedish Academy in 1975 with a request for the prize money, but was refused. In 1945, he had refused the Légion d'honneur. The Nobel prize was announced on 22 October 1964; on 14 October, Sartre had written a letter to the Nobel Institute, asking to be removed from the list of nominees, and warning that he would not accept the prize if awarded, but the letter went unread; on 23 October, ""Le Figaro"" published a statement by Sartre explaining his refusal. He said he did not wish to"
"Prize but refused, stating, ""A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form."" Lê Đức Thọ, chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Peace Accords, declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam. During the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler hindered Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II. In 1958, Boris Pasternak declined his prize for literature due to fear of what"
"been favored to receive the Prize, but a committee member was later quoted as saying that they would have been ""too predictable, too popular."" The 1974 prize was denied to Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson—both Nobel judges and unknown outside their home country. Bellow won in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov took home the prize. The 1970 prize was awarded to Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who did not attend the ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the Soviet Union would prevent his return. His"
"as minor, inconsequential or transitional have won the prize. From 1901 to 1912, the committee's work reflected an interpretation of the ""ideal direction"" stated in Nobel's will as ""a lofty and sound idealism"", which caused Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola and Mark Twain to be rejected. Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia was cited as the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov took the prize. During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favoring writers from non-combatant countries. Another notable omission for the Prize is R. K. Narayan, an Indian writer known for"
"André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (in 1947). Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. The author of ""more than fifty books,"" at the time of his death his obituary in ""The New York Times"" described him as ""France's greatest contemporary man of letters"" and ""judged the greatest French writer of this century by the literary cognoscenti."" Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works,"
"Patrick Modiano Jean Patrick Modiano (; born 30 July 1945), generally known as Patrick Modiano, is a French novelist and recipient of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature. He previously won the 2012 Austrian State Prize for European Literature, the 2010 Prix mondial Cino Del Duca from the Institut de France for lifetime achievement, the 1978 Prix Goncourt for ""Rue des boutiques obscures"", and the 1972 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for ""Les Boulevards de ceinture"". His works have been translated into more than 30 languages and have been celebrated in and around France, but most of his"
"anti-colonialist, anti-capitalist left. Notes Sources Bibliography of André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 ""for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"". Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide exposes to public view the conflict and eventual"
"the prize should have gone to Roland Dorgelès for ""Les Croix de bois"", a novel about the First World War. The prize was supposed to be awarded to promising young authors, whereas Proust was not considered ""young"" at 48 – however Proust was a beginning author which is the only eligibility requirement, age being unimportant. In 1921, Rene Maran won the Goncourt with ""Batouala, veritable roman negre"", the first French novel to openly criticize European colonialism in Africa. The novel caused ""violent reactions"" and was banned in all the French colonies. In 1932, the prize was controversial for passing up"
"circulated in ""samizdat""—clandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were ""an insult to the Nobel Prize itself."" Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union. In 1974, Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, both members of"
"of his novels Patrick Modiano Jean Patrick Modiano (; born 30 July 1945), generally known as Patrick Modiano, is a French novelist and recipient of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature. He previously won the 2012 Austrian State Prize for European Literature, the 2010 Prix mondial Cino Del Duca from the Institut de France for lifetime achievement, the 1978 Prix Goncourt for ""Rue des boutiques obscures"", and the 1972 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for ""Les Boulevards de ceinture"". His works have been translated into more than 30 languages and have been celebrated in and around France, but"
"Albert Camus Albert Camus (; ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, and journalist. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay ""The Rebel"" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature at the age of 44 in 1957, the second youngest recipient in history. Camus did not consider himself to be an existentialist despite usually being classified as a follower of it, even in his lifetime."
"""literary success"". In November of the same year, 1964, he refused the Nobel Prize for Literature awarded for his work, described as ""rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age."" The Words (book) The Words () is Jean-Paul Sartre's 1963 autobiography. The text is divided into two near-equal parts entitled 'Reading' and 'Writing'. However, according to Philippe Lejeune, these two parts are only a façade and are not relevant to the chronological progression of the work. He considers the text to instead be divided into"
"Pasteur; Louis de Broglie; and Henri Poincaré. Many notable French writers have not become members of the Académie française. During 1855, the writer Arsène Houssaye devised the expression ""forty-first seat"" for deserving individuals who were never elected to the Académie, either because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable French authors who never became academicians include Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jean-Paul Sartre, Joseph de Maistre, Honoré de Balzac, René Descartes, Denis Diderot, Romain Rolland, Charles Baudelaire, Gustave Flaubert, Molière, Marcel Proust, Jules Verne, Théophile Gautier, and Émile Zola. The official uniform"
"it over and over again, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book. French novelist Michel Tournier published ""Friday, or, The Other Island"" (French ""Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique"") in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's ""Robinson Crusoe"" story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, J. M. G. Le Clézio, winner of the 2008 Nobel"
"never won; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, ""That prize was just out of Joyce's reach."" The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek's ""War with the Newts"" too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating ""Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation"". He was thus denied the prize. Spanish playwright Àngel Guimerà, who wrote in the Catalan language was nominated twenty-three times for the Nobel Prize, though he never won, due to controversy about the political significance"
"what he called ""explorean language"". His life and work influenced a new generation of Canadian artists, including iconic performance poets The Four Horsemen. Claude Gauvreau Claude Gauvreau (August 19, 1925 – July 7, 1971 in Montreal, Quebec) was a Canadian playwright, poet, sound poet and polemicist. He was a member of the radical Automatist movement and a contributor to the revolutionary Refus Global Manifesto. Gauvreau pursued classical studies at the Collège Sainte-Marie, and graduated with a B.A in Philosophy from Université de Montréal. He discovered modern art through his brother Pierre, who attended l'École des beaux-arts, and met painter Paul-Émile"
"Meursault Investigation"" by Kamel Daoud rewarded the previous year. The week before the official announcement of the results, Andras let it known, by his publisher and at the private request of the Académie Goncourt, that he refused to go to Paris, to signify his refusal to participate in the selection. Despite this, the Academy awarded him the prize. – Joseph Andras sent a letter to the Académie Goncourt to decline the prize and his endowment, justifying his decision by declaring that ""competition, and rivalry were in his eyes notions foreign to writing and creation."" This relatively unusual move, led some"
"is not clear why Anouilh was passed over, but the French poet Saint-John Perse had taken the Nobel in 1960, meaning that France was well represented on the roster of winners, and ""Svenska Dagbladet"" reveals that Jean-Paul Sartre, who won the prize in 1964, was starting to be seriously considered as a candidate."" In 1980, he was the first recipient of the Grand Prix du Théâtre de l'Académie française established that year. By the end of his career, Anouilh's reputation outstripped all his contemporaries. However, his repertoire remained unusually confined to theatre and film. Most French dramatists of the 1930s"
"literary genres, ranging from poetry to novel. In his last years, he seemed to have a preference for the fragment and the aphorism as evidenced by his latest publications. A member of the prix Renaudot from 1984 to 2011, following his resignation he was awarded the Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française in 1999 for all his work. André Brincourt André Brincourt (8 November 1920, Neuilly-sur-Seine then Seine (department) – 22 March 2016 aged 95) was a French writer and journalist. A former resistant, volunteer at eighteen during the Second World War (prisoner then escaped, he engaged in the"
"University, lecturing on his own novels. Although Robbe-Grillet was elected to the Académie française in 2004, in his eighties, he never was formally received by the ""Académie"" because of disputes regarding the Académie's reception procedures. Robbe-Grillet both refused to prepare and submit a welcome speech in advance, preferring to improvise his speech, as well as refusing to purchase and wear the Académie's famous green tails (""habit vert"") and sabre, which he considered outdated. His writing style has been described as ""realist"" or ""phenomenological"" (in the Heideggerian sense) or ""a theory of pure surface"". Methodical, geometric, and often repetitive descriptions of"
"the Square de Châtillon. Nicknamed ""L'ironique amusé"", he was invited by Raymond Queneau in 1968 to join the Oulipo (""Ouvroir de littérature potentielle"") group of experimental writers where he met Roland Barthes, Georges Perec, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, all of whom influenced his later production. That same year, he turned down the Viareggio Prize for ""Ti con zero"" (""Time and the Hunter"") on the grounds that it was an award given by ""institutions emptied of meaning"". He accepted, however, both the Asti Prize and the Feltrinelli Prize for his writing in 1970 and 1972, respectively. In two autobiographical essays published in"
"that he was critical of the ""three-tier"" nature of the order; Claude Ryan and Morley Callaghan, who both declined the honour in 1967; Mordecai Richler, who twice declined; and Marcel Dubé, Roger Lemelin and Glenn Gould, who all declined in 1970. However, all the above individuals, save for Gould and Weaver, later did accept appointment into the order. Others have rejected appointment on the basis of being supporters of the Quebec sovereignty movement, such as Luc-André Godbout, Rina Lasnier and Geneviève Bujold, while Alice Parizeau, another supporter of Quebec sovereignty, was criticized for accepting entry into the order despite her"
"Ernest Bourget Ernest Alexandre Joseph Bourget (10 March 1814 – 2 October 1864 in Thomery (Seine-et-Oise aged 50 ) was a 19th-century French playwright, lyricist and librettist. In 1847 at the Café des Ambassadeurs, Paul Henrion, Victor Parizot and Ernest Bourget refused to pay the bill as long as they would not receive anything from the performance of their works in the facility. The ensuing trial would mark the creation of the SACEM. According to recent research it was not this legendary event that Bourget took to trial. The contemporary journal ‘Le Droit‘ tells another story. M. Bourget was refused"
"(""Castle supper"", 1969), erotic fiction that has been read as a protest against the war in Algeria. Bernard Noël Bernard Noël (born 19 November 1930) is a French writer and poet. He received the ""Grand Prix national de la poésie"" (National Grand Prize of Poetry) in 1992 and the ""Prix Robert Ganzo"" (Robert Ganzo Prize) in 2010. Noël published his first book of poetry, ""Les Yeux Chimeres"", in 1955. This was followed by the prose poems ""Extraits du corps"" (""Essence of the body"" or ""Extracts from the text"") in 1958. He then waited nine years before publishing his next book,"
"and was interred in the Cimetière de Vemars, Val d'Oise, France. François Mauriac François Charles Mauriac (; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the"" Académie française"" (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the ""Légion d'honneur"" in 1958. He was a lifelong Catholic. François Charles Mauriac was born in Bordeaux, France. He studied literature at the University of Bordeaux, graduating in 1905, after which he moved to Paris to prepare for postgraduate study at the École"
"Bibliography of André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 ""for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"". Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide exposes to public view the conflict and eventual reconciliation of the two sides"
"and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity."" Of the 16 poets, Graves was the only one still living at the time of the commemoration ceremony. UK government documents released in 2012 indicate that Graves turned down a CBE in 1957. In 2012 the Nobel Records were opened after 50 years, and it was revealed that Graves was among a shortlist of authors considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature, along with John Steinbeck (winner), Lawrence Durrell, Jean Anouilh and Karen Blixen. Graves was rejected because even though he had written several historical novels he was"
"a passionate individualist and ferociously anti-Vichy. In 1950, he published a fierce attack on contemporary literary culture and literary prizes in the review ""Empédocle"" titled ""La Littérature à l'estomac"". When he won the ""Prix Goncourt"" for ""The Opposing Shore"" (""Le Rivage des Syrtes"") the following year, he remained consistent with his criticism and refused the prize. Gracq taught history and geography in secondary school (high school) until he retired in 1970. In 1979, he wrote the foreword to a re-edition of the ""Journal de l'analogiste"" (1954) by Suzanne Lilar, a work he called a ""sumptuous initiation to poetry"" (""""une initiation"