In botany, what name is given to a plant that grows on another plant non-parasitically?
"Terrestrial plant A terrestrial plant is a plant that grows on, in, or from land. Other types of plants are aquatic (living in water), epiphytic (living on trees) and lithophytic (living in or on rocks). The distinction between aquatic and terrestrial plants is often blurred because many terrestrial plants are able to tolerate periodic submersion and many aquatic species have both submersed and emersed forms. There are relatively few obligate submersed aquatic plants (species that cannot tolerate emersion for even relatively short periods), but some examples include members of Hydrocharitaceae and Cabombaceae, ""Ceratophyllum"", and ""Aldrovanda"", and most macroalgae (e.g. ""Chara"""
"(meaning 'plant'). Epiphytic plants are sometimes called ""air plants"" because they do not root in soil. An epiphyte is a plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant and derives its nutrition and water supply from the air and debris found in its immediate environment. Ephiphytes are a non-parasitic type of plant and differ from parasitic organisms in that this type of plant only relies on its host for physical support and does not necessarily have a negative effect on the host plant. Amongst the array of ""Myrmecodia"" plants and myrmecolphilious epiphytes, a vast diversity exists with plants that all have"
"“higher epidendroids”. Epiphytes are plants which grow above the ground, on top of other plants. They are not planted in the soil and are not parasitic (i.e. they do not feed on other plants; however, some types still damage their host in various ways). By growing on other plants, the epiphytes can reach to the light better or where they can avoid struggling for light. Many mosses and lichens are epiphytes, as are approximately 10 per cent of all seed plants and ferns. Epiphytes are common in some groups of plants, such as ferns, mosses, lichens, and algae. Over half"
"area than would be available to them otherwise. The term for a phoretic organism riding on another phoretic organism is hyperphoresis. A specialist mite (""Parasitellus fucorum)"" that parasitizes bumble bees (""Bombus sp."") avoids inbreeding depression in a single hive and to remain genetically independent of any specific host lineage by travelling to a new hive. This is accomplished by travelling on a foraging bee to a flower and detaching, waiting for and attaching to another bee potentially from a new hive, and infesting the new hive. These mites can survive on flowers for up to 24 hours and show a"
"between species in which both benefit. Examples include ""Rhizobium"" bacteria growing in nodules on the roots of legumes and insects pollinating the flowers of angiosperms. Commensalism is a type of relationship among organisms in which one organism benefits while the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. The organism that benefited is called the ""commensal"" while the other organism that is neither benefited nor harmed is called the ""host"". For example, an epiphytic orchid attached to the tree for support benefits the orchid but neither harms nor benefits the tree. The opposite of commensalism is amensalism, an interspecific relationship in"
"Parasitic plant A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirement from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are in almost every biome in the world. All parasitic plants have modified roots, named haustoria (singular: haustorium), which penetrates the host plants, connecting them to the conductive system – either the xylem, the phloem, or both. This provides them with the ability to extract water and nutrients from the host. Parasitic plants are classified depending on where the parasitic plant latches onto the host and the amount of nutrients it"
"is used to describe an annual plant that, if grown and bred in a small monoculture free of external pollen (e.g., an air-filtered greenhouse) produces offspring that are ""true to type"" with respect to phenotype; i.e., a true-breeding organism. Hybridisation can occur in the zones where geographical subspecies overlap. For example, the butterfly ""Limenitis arthemis"" has two major subspecies in North America, ""L. a. arthemis"" (the white admiral) and ""L. a. astyanax"" (the red-spotted purple). The white admiral has a bright, white band on its wings, while the red-spotted purple has cooler blue-green shades. Hybridisation occurs between a narrow area"
"reproduce asexually without the need for seeds. Clonal propagation is the production or division of vegetative structures which develop into new individual that are genetically identical to their progenitor. These vegetative structures can also form enlarged tubers that function as food storage. Monocots constitute the majority of plants with such structures, mainly in the families: Iridaceae, Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. There are many different types of clonal propagation, which are classified by the type of tissue propagating. Monocots can be classified as perfect (having bisexual flowers), monoecious (having separate male and female flowers on the same plant), dioecious (having flowers of"
"Vegetative reproduction Vegetative reproduction (also known as vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication or vegetative cloning) is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure. Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced artificially. Horticulturalists have developed asexual propagation techniques that use vegetative plant parts to replicate plants. Success rates and difficulty of propagation vary greatly. Monocotyledons typically lack a vascular cambium and therefore are harder to propagate. Plant propagation is the process of plant reproduction of a species or"
"Cleistogamy Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Especially well known in peanuts, peas, and pansy this behavior is most widespread in the grass family. However, the largest genus of cleistogamous plants is ""Viola"". The more common opposite of cleistogamy, or ""closed marriage,"" is called chasmogamy, or ""open marriage."" Virtually all plants that produce cleistogamous flowers also produce chasmogamous ones. The principal advantage of cleistogamy is that it requires fewer plant resources to produce seeds than does chasmogamy, because development of petals, nectar and large amounts of pollen is"
"snake plant (""Sansevieria trifasciata""), will produce mainly nonvariegated plants. Grafting is often not a complete cloning method because seedlings are used as rootstocks. In that case, only the top of the plant is clonal. In some crops, particularly apples, the rootstocks are vegetatively propagated so the entire graft can be clonal if the scion and rootstock are both clones. Apomixis (including apospory and diplospory) is a type of reproduction that does not involve fertilization. In flowering plants, unfertilized seeds are produced, or plantlets that grow instead of flowers. Hawkweed (""Hieracium""), dandelion (""Taraxacum""), some citrus (""Citrus"") and many grasses such as"
"growing not from a seed but from a meristem of the root at the base or at a certain distance from a tree or shrub. This is a phenomenon of natural asexual spread, also known in plants as vegetative reproduction. It is a plant propagation strategy and the complex of individuals formed by a mother plant and all its clones produced form a single genetic individual, a genet. The plant suckers are clones from the mother plant. The plant will have a genome identical to that from which it arose. Many species of plant reproduce through vegetative reproduction, such as"
"translates to 'upon a plant'. Some are aerophytes, which have a minimal root system and grow on shifting desert soil. Due to the epiphytic way of life of the plants the peculiarity arises that these bulbs do not lie in the ground, but hang in the air on branches. They are perennial herbaceous plants which exhibit a multitude of physiological and morphological differences making this genus an excellent example of diversity. Having native habitats that vary from being epiphytic and saxicolous, species have certain adaptations, such as root systems designed to anchor to other plants or substrates, and modified trichomes"
"volunteer plants, or ""rogue"" plants in an exercise often referred to as ""roguing"". Volunteer (botany) In gardening and agronomic terminology, a volunteer is a plant that grows on its own, rather than being deliberately planted by a farmer or gardener. Volunteers often grow from seeds that float in on the wind, are dropped by birds, or are inadvertently mixed into compost. Unlike weeds, which are unwanted plants, a volunteer may be encouraged by gardeners once it appears, being watered, fertilized, or otherwise cared for. The action of such plants – to sprout or grow in this fashion – may also"
"the pollen contributes no genetic material to the developing offspring. Other forms of apomixis occur in plants also, including the generation of a plantlet in replacement of a seed or the generation of bulbils instead of flowers, where new cloned individuals are produced. Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction where the offspring comes from one parent only, thus, inheriting the characteristics of the parent. A rhizome is a modified underground stem serving as an organ of vegetative reproduction; the growing tips of the rhizome can separate as new plants, e.g., polypody, iris, couch grass and nettles. Prostrate aerial stems,"
"new sporophyte without fertilization. It is important in ferns and in flowering plants, but is very rare in other seed plants. In flowering plants, the term ""apomixis"" is now most often used for agamospermy, the formation of seeds without fertilization, but was once used to include vegetative reproduction. An example of an apomictic plant would be the triploid European dandelion. Apomixis mainly occurs in two forms: In gametophytic apomixis, the embryo arises from an unfertilized egg within a diploid embryo sac that was formed without completing meiosis. In nucellar embryony, the embryo is formed from the diploid nucellus tissue surrounding"
"from the plants, and in their natural habitat they were never found anywhere else. Facultative mutualism is a type of relationship where the survival of both parties (plant and ants, in this instance), is not dependent upon the interaction. Both organisms can survive without the other species. Facultative mutualisms most often occur in plants that have extrafloral nectaries but no other specialized structures for the ants. These non-exclusive nectaries allow a variety of animal species to interact with the plant. Facultative relationships can also develop between non-native plant and ant species, where co-evolution has not occurred. For example, Old World"
"genera with non-resupinate flowers are ""Prasophyllum"", ""Cryptostylis"" and ""Caleana"". In fungi, the term ""resupinate"" describes a fruiting body consisting of a fertile surface adnate to the substrate. Certain genera such as ""Peniophora"" are notable for many of their species being resupinate. Resupination Resupination is derived from the Latin word ""resupinus"", meaning ""bent back with the face upward"" or ""on the back"". ""Resupination"" is the noun form of the adjective ""resupine"" which means ""being upside-down, supine or facing upward"". The word ""resupinate"" is generally only used in a botanical context - in everyday language, ""supine"" has a similar meaning. In botany,"
"Stipule In botany, stipule (Latin ""stipula"": straw, stalk) is a term coined by Linnaeus which refers to outgrowths borne on either side (sometimes just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). A pair of stipules is considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many species the stipules are inconspicuous or entirely absent (and the leaf is then termed exstipulate). In some older botanical writing, the term ""stipule"" was used more generally to refer to any small leaves or leaf-parts, notably prophylls. The position of stipules on a plant varies"
"Epigeal germination Epigeal germination (Ancient Greek [] 'above ground', from [] 'on' and [] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place above the ground. An example of a plant with epigeal germination is the common bean (""Phaseolus vulgaris""). The opposite of epigeal is hypogeal (underground germination). Epigeal is also not the same as hypogeal germination; both epigeal and hypogeal plants will grow differently. Epigeal germination implies that the cotyledons are pushed above ground. The hypocotyl (part of the stem below the cotyledon) elongates while the epicotyl (part of the stem above the"
"season to season (for biennials, until the next growing season, when they flower and die). New growth develops from living tissues remaining on or under the ground, including roots, a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at ground level) or various types of underground stems, such as bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns and most grasses. By contrast, non-herbaceous perennial plants are woody plants which have stems above ground that remain alive during the dormant season and grow shoots the"
"Monopodial Vascular plants with monopodial growth habits grow upward from a single point. They add leaves to the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The word ""Monopodial"" is derived from Greek ""mono-"", ""one"" and ""podial"", ""foot"", in reference to the fact that monopodial plants have a single trunk or stem. Orchids with monopodial growth often produce copious aerial roots that often hang down in long drapes and have green chlorophyll underneath the grey root coverings, which are used as additional photosynthetic organs. They do not have a rhizome or pseudobulbs so species adapted to dry periods have"
"Gravitropism Gravitropism (also known as geotropism) is a coordinated process of differential growth by a plant or fungus in response to gravity pulling on it. It is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants as well as other organisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first to scientifically document that roots show ""positive gravitropism"" and stems show ""negative gravitropism"". That is, roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e., downward) and stems grow in the opposite direction (i.e., upwards). This behavior can be easily demonstrated with any potted plant. When laid onto its side, the growing"
"Epiphyte An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. Epiphytes take part in nutrient cycles and add to both the diversity and biomass of the ecosystem in which they occur like any other organism. They are an important source of food for many species. Typically, the older parts of a plant will have more epiphytes growing on them. Epiphytes differ from parasites in that epiphytes grow on other plants for physical support and do not"
"flowers grow above. They are a characteristic of the Araceae family, for example jack–in–the–pulpit (species ""Arisaema triphyllum"") and wild calla (genus Calla). From classical Latin ""racemus"", cluster of grapes. Raceme A raceme ( or ) is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing ""pedicellate"" flowers (flowers having short floral stalks called pedicels) along its axis. In botany, an ""axis"" means a shoot, in this case one bearing the flowers. In indeterminate inflorescence-like racemes, the oldest flowers are borne towards the base and new flowers are produced as the shoot grows, with no predetermined growth limit. A plant that flowers on"
"Gemma (botany) A gemma (plural ""gemmae"") is a single cell, or a mass of cells, or a modified bud of tissue, that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual. This type of asexual reproduction is referred to as fragmentation. It is a means of asexual propagation in plants. These structures are commonly found in fungi, algae, liverworts and mosses, but also in some flowering plants such as pygmy sundews and some species of butterworts. Vascular plants have many other methods of asexual reproduction including bulbils and turions. The production of gemmae is a widespread means of asexual"
"Offset (botany) In botany and horticulture, an offset is a small, virtually complete daughter plant that has been naturally and asexually produced on the mother plant. They are clones, meaning that they are genetically identical to the mother plant. They divide mitotically. In the plant nursery business and gardens, they are detached and grown on in order to produce new plants. This is a cheap and simple process for those plants that readily produce offsets as it does not usually require specialist materials and equipment. Offsets form when meristem regions of plants, such as axillary buds or homologous structures differentiate"
"not secund, that is, the flowers are not all on one side of the inflorescence, are not all in one plane, nor is the plant in any way ""lop sided."" Rather the flowers surround the central stem of the inflorescence in a cylindrical manner, producing a highly congested raceme. Despite the generic epithet (literally ""upon a tree""), ""E. secundum"" frequently grows terrestrially. Due to this literal inappropriateness of the name and the origin of this plant in a country where English is not the common language, any ""common names"" constructed by literally translating the Linnaean binomial into English are completely"
"in length, except ""Lemna trisulca"", which is elongated and has a branched structure. ""Lemna"" thalli have a single root, which distinguishes this genus from the related genera ""Spirodela"" and ""Landoltia"". The plants grow mainly by vegetative reproduction: two daughter plants bud off from the adult plant. This form of growth allows very rapid colonisation of new water. Duckweeds are flowering plants, and nearly all of them are known to reproduce sexually, flowering and producing seed under appropriate conditions. Certain duckweeds (such as ""L. gibba"") are long-day plants, while others (such as ""L. minor"") are short-day plants. When ""Lemna"" invades a"
"Syntrophy Syntrophy, synthrophy, cross-feeding, or cross feeding [Greek ""syn"" meaning together, ""trophe"" meaning nourishment] is the phenomenon that one species lives off the products of another species. In this association, the growth of one partner is improved, or depends on the nutrients, growth factors or substrate provided by the other partner. Jan Dolfing described syntrophy as ""the critical interdependency between producer and consumer"". This term for nutritional interdependence is often used in microbiology to describe this symbiotic relationship between bacterial species. Morris ""et al"". have described the process as ""obligately mutualistic metabolism"". Syntrophy plays an important role in a large"
"multiple parallel evolution of myco-heterotrophs from mycorrhizal ancestors. Myco-heterotrophy Myco-heterotrophy (from Greek μύκης ""mykes"", ""fungus"", ἕτερος ""heteros"", ""another"", ""different"" and τροφή ""trophe"", ""nutrition"") is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis. A myco-heterotroph is the parasitic plant partner in this relationship. Myco-heterotrophy is considered a kind of cheating relationship and myco-heterotrophs are sometimes informally referred to as ""mycorrhizal cheaters"". This relationship is sometimes referred to as mycotrophy, though this term is also used for plants that engage in"
"Indeterminate growth In biology and botany, indeterminate growth is growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed. Thus, a plant that grows and produces flowers and fruit until killed by frost or some other external factor is called indeterminate. For example, the term is applied to tomato varieties that grow in a rather gangly fashion, producing fruit throughout the growing season, and in contrast to a determinate tomato plant, which grows in a more bushy shape and is most productive for a single, larger harvest, then either tapers"
"species from artificially provided food, while also profiting by following their recruitment trails to new food sources. In practice parabiosis hardly could be a purely neutral interaction. There can be consequent benefits from shared nest defence and maintenance even when there is neither direct cooperation nor inimical interaction between the two associated populations in a nest. Parabiosis Parabiosis, meaning ""living beside"", is a technical term in various contexts in fields of study related to ecology and physiology. It accordingly has been defined independently in at least three disciplines, namely experimental or medical physiology, the ecology of inactive physiological states, and"