What is the name of the Hungarian-born American professor whose rating system was approved at a meeting of the United States Chess Federation in St. Louis in 1960?
"writes mathematical formulas for the Elo rating system on Zuckerberg's dormitory room window. Behind the scenes, the movie claims, the Elo system is employed to rank girls by their attractiveness. The equations driving the algorithm are shown briefly, written on the window; however, they are slightly incorrect. Elo rating system The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor. The Elo system was originally invented as an improved chess rating system over the previously used Harkness"
"of rating chess players. The original chess rating system was developed in 1950 by Kenneth Harkness, the Business Manager of the United States Chess Federation. By 1960, using the data developed through the Harkness Rating System, Elo developed his own formula which had a sound statistical basis and constituted an improvement on the Harkness System. The new rating system was approved and passed at a meeting of the United States Chess Federation in St. Louis in 1960. In 1970, FIDE, the World Chess Federation, agreed to adopt the Elo Rating System. From then on until the mid-1980s, Elo himself made"
"He was a professor of philosophy and a languages teacher. He died in Budapest during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against the Soviet Union. He was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1950 and the International Arbiter (IA) title in 1951. He was the author of ""A sakkjáték elemei"" (Budapest 1951). Asztalos Memorial has been held regularly in Hungary since 1958 till 1971. Lajos Asztalos Lajos Asztalos (Ljudevit Astaloš) (29 July 1889, Pécs – 1 November 1956, Budapest) was a Hungarian chess International Master, professor, and languages teacher. At the beginning of his career, he tied for sixth-eighth at"
"Arpad Elo Arpad Emmerich Elo (born Árpád Imre Élő; August 25, 1903 – November 5, 1992) was the creator of the Elo rating system for two-player games such as chess. Born in Egyházaskesző, Austro-Hungarian Empire, he moved to the United States with his parents in 1913. Elo was a professor of physics at Marquette University in Milwaukee and a chess master. By the 1930s he was the strongest chess player in Milwaukee, then one of the nation's leading chess cities. He won the Wisconsin State Championship eight times. Elo died in Brookfield, Wisconsin. Elo is best known for his system"
"Kenneth Harkness Kenneth Harkness (byname of Stanley Edgar; November 12, 1896 – October 4, 1972) was a chess organizer. He is the creator of the Harkness rating system. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He was Business Manager of the United States Chess Federation from 1952 to 1959. He was also the editor of ""Chess Review"", which merged into ""Chess Life"". He had lived in Boca Raton, Florida. He became an International Arbiter in 1972. He was a member of the FIDE Permanent Rules Commission. Harkness was responsible for introducing Swiss system tournaments to the United States, and also introduced"
"scored 5.5/9 (+2 =7 -0), as Hungary won the team silver medals. Portisch is a Roman Catholic. Lajos Portisch Lajos Portisch (born 4 April 1937) is a Hungarian chess Grandmaster, whose positional style earned him the nickname, the ""Hungarian Botvinnik"". One of the strongest non-Soviet players from the early 1960s into the late 1980s, he participated in twelve consecutive Interzonals from 1962 through 1993, qualifying for the World Chess Championship Candidates' cycle a total of eight times (1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1988). Portisch set several all-time records in Chess Olympiads. In Hungarian Chess Championships, he either"
"János Flesch János Flesch (30 September 1933 – 9 December 1983) was a chess Grandmaster, chess writer and coach, born in Budapest, Hungary. He is best known for claiming a world record simultaneous blindfold exhibition when he played 52 opponents in Budapest in 1960. However, he was apparently allowed to consult scoresheets of the games and therefore his claim was disallowed. Flesch was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1963 and the Honorary Grandmaster (GM) title in 1980. He died in an automobile accident with his wife Ildiko Tenyei in Whitstable, England, in 1983. Represented Hungary on the Tel-Aviv"
"(1974). Richard Réti Richard Selig Réti (28 May 1889, Bazin (now Pezinok) – 6 June 1929, Prague) was an Austro-Hungarian, later Czechoslovak chess grandmaster, chess author, and composer of endgame studies. He was one of the principal proponents of hypermodernism in chess. With the exception of Nimzowitsch's book ""My System"", he is considered to be the movement's foremost literary contributor. Réti was born to a Jewish family in Bazin, Austria-Hungary (now Pezinok, Slovakia), where his father worked as a physician in the service of the Austrian military. His older brother Rudolph Reti (who did not use the acute accent) was"
"Richard Réti Richard Selig Réti (28 May 1889, Bazin (now Pezinok) – 6 June 1929, Prague) was an Austro-Hungarian, later Czechoslovak chess grandmaster, chess author, and composer of endgame studies. He was one of the principal proponents of hypermodernism in chess. With the exception of Nimzowitsch's book ""My System"", he is considered to be the movement's foremost literary contributor. Réti was born to a Jewish family in Bazin, Austria-Hungary (now Pezinok, Slovakia), where his father worked as a physician in the service of the Austrian military. His older brother Rudolph Reti (who did not use the acute accent) was a"
"it was discovered that the ratings were rapidly deflating. As a result, the classifications were dropped by 100 points so that since then experts were rated between 2000 and 2200. In 1960, the USCF adopted the new Elo rating system replacing the original Harkness System. There have been continuous adjustments to that system ever since, with the primary purpose of stabilizing the rating system against the forces of inflation and deflation, so that a chess expert today will be approximately the same strength as a chess expert was 20 or 40 years ago. This information stated here also applies in"
"thought of a player's true skill as the average of that player's performance random variable, and showed how to estimate the average from results of player's games. The US Chess Federation implemented Elo's suggestions in 1960, and the system quickly gained recognition as being both fairer and more accurate than older systems; it was adopted by FIDE in 1970. The highest FIDE rating of all time, 2881, was achieved by Magnus Carlsen on the March 2014 FIDE rating list. Chess has a very extensive literature. In 1913, the chess historian H.J.R. Murray estimated the total number of books, magazines, and"
"one player in every rating so far has been Magnus Carlsen, with Hikaru Nakamura occupying second place. Universal Rating System The Universal Rating System (URS) is a system for rating chess players devised by Jeff Sonas, Mark Glickman, J. Isaac Miller and Maxime Rischard. It was introduced to determine seedings and qualification for the 2017 Grand Chess Tour. The main difference from FIDE's Elo rating system is the combination of all three time controls (classical, rapid and blitz) into a single rating list, whereas FIDE maintains three different rating lists. The first rating list was published in January 2017, following"
"point what their next officially published rating will be, which helps promote a perception that the ratings are fair. The USCF implemented Elo's suggestions in 1960, and the system quickly gained recognition as being both fairer and more accurate than the Harkness rating system. Elo's system was adopted by the World Chess Federation (FIDE) in 1970. Elo described his work in some detail in the book ""The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present"", published in 1978. Subsequent statistical tests have suggested that chess performance is almost certainly not distributed as a normal distribution, as weaker players have greater winning chances"
"Universal Rating System The Universal Rating System (URS) is a system for rating chess players devised by Jeff Sonas, Mark Glickman, J. Isaac Miller and Maxime Rischard. It was introduced to determine seedings and qualification for the 2017 Grand Chess Tour. The main difference from FIDE's Elo rating system is the combination of all three time controls (classical, rapid and blitz) into a single rating list, whereas FIDE maintains three different rating lists. The first rating list was published in January 2017, following two years of research. Monthly rating lists from August 2016 onwards have been retroactively published. The number"
"Harold W. Kuhn Harold William Kuhn (July 29, 1925 – July 2, 2014) was an American mathematician who studied game theory. He won the 1980 John von Neumann Theory Prize along with David Gale and Albert W. Tucker. A former Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Princeton University, he is known for the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, for Kuhn's theorem, for developing Kuhn poker as well as the description of the Hungarian method for the assignment problem. Recently, though, a paper by Carl Gustav Jacobi, published posthumously in 1890 in Latin, has been discovered that anticipates by many decades the Hungarian algorithm. Kuhn"
"a higher number indicates a stronger player. In general, players' ratings go up if they perform better than expected and down if they perform worse than expected. The magnitude of the change depends on the rating of their opponents. The Elo rating system is currently the most widely used. The first modern rating system was used by the Correspondence Chess League of America in 1939. Soviet player Andrey Khachaturov proposed a similar system in 1946 . The first one that made an impact on international chess was the Ingo system in 1948. The USCF adopted the Harkness system in 1950."
"the Harkness rating system, which was a precursor to the Elo rating system. One method of tiebreaks in Swiss systems, where players tied on points are ranked by the sum of the opponents' scores minus the top score and the bottom score, is named after him. For his services, Harkness is in the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame. With Irving Chernev, Harkness co-wrote ""An Invitation to Chess."" He was responsible for a number of the first American chess rulebooks. Harkness died on a train in Yugoslavia, on his way to Skopje to be an arbiter at the Chess Olympiad. Harkness"
"Eric Schiller Eric Schiller (March 20, 1955 – November 3, 2018) was an American chess player, trainer, arbiter and one of the most prolific authors of books on chess in the 20th century. Schiller was born in New York City. He attended Guggenheim Elementary, Sousa Jr. High School and later Paul D. Schreiber High School. He graduated from the University of Chicago 1976, later teaching both there and at Wayne State University. In 1991, he earned his PhD in linguistics from the University of Chicago. After his undergraduate years, Schiller turned to music performance and founded a music group called"
"in both German and English (translated). Here is a list of his book titles (http://www.chessworld.org, the Egon Varnusz entry). Egon Varnusz Egon Varnusz (born Budapest, Hungary, November 15, 1933 - Budapest, June 26, 2008) was a Hungarian chess Master and writer. Varnusz competed in five Hungarian Chess Championships: in 1958, 1961, 1963, 1965, and 1966. In 1966, he made his best career result with 10.5/18, for 6th place, as Gideon Barcza won. Varnusz shared 2nd-3rd places in the medium-strength Master event at Salgótarján 1978 with 10/13. He holds the title of FM (FIDE Master), and his current FIDE rating is"
"was a participant in the FIDE ratings committee meeting in Athens in June 2010. Jeff Sonas graduated with honors with a B.S. in Mathematical and Computational Sciences from Stanford University in 1991. Jeff Sonas Jeff Sonas is a statistical chess analyst who invented the Chessmetrics system for rating chess players, which is intended as an improvement on the Elo rating system. He is the founder and proprietor of the Chessmetrics.com website, which gives Sonas' calculations of the ratings of current players and historical ratings going back as far as January 1843. Sonas writes that, ""Since the summer of 1999, I"
"Buchholz system The Buchholz system (also spelled Buchholtz) is a ranking or scoring system in chess developed by Bruno Buchholz (died ca. 1958) in 1932, for Swiss system tournaments . It was originally developed as an auxiliary scoring method, but more recently it has been used as a tie-breaking system. It was probably first used in the 1932 Bitterfeld tournament. It was designed to replace the Neustadtl score . The method is to give each player a raw score of one point for each win and a half point for each draw. When used as an alternate scoring system, each"
"László Polgár László Polgár (born 11 May 1946 in Gyöngyös), is a Hungarian chess teacher and educational psychologist. He is the father of the famous ""Polgár sisters"": Zsuzsa, Zsófia, and Judit, whom he raised to be chess prodigies, with Judit and Zsuzsa becoming the best and second best female chess players in the world, respectively. He has written well-known chess books such as ""Chess: 5334 Problems, Combinations, and Games"" and ""Reform Chess"", a survey of chess variants. He is also considered a pioneer theorist in child-rearing, who believes ""geniuses are made, not born"". Polgár’s experiment with his daughters has been"
"Shortly after, the British Chess Federation started using a system devised by Richard W. B. Clarke. The USCF switched to the Elo rating system in 1960, which was adopted by FIDE in 1970 . The Ingo system was designed by Anton Hoesslinger and published in 1948. It was used by the West German Chess Federation from 1948 until 1992 when it was replaced by an Elo-based system, Deutsche Wertungszahl. It influenced some other rating systems. This is a simple system where players' new ratings are the average rating of their competition minus one point for each percentage point above 50"
"Lajos Asztalos Lajos Asztalos (Ljudevit Astaloš) (29 July 1889, Pécs – 1 November 1956, Budapest) was a Hungarian chess International Master, professor, and languages teacher. At the beginning of his career, he tied for sixth-eighth at Budapest 1911 (third HUN-ch, Zoltán von Balla and Zsigmond Barász won); tied for 7-8th at Breslau (Wrocław) 1912 (18th DSB–Congress, B tourn, Bernhard Gregory won); took second, behind Gyula Breyer, at Temesvár 1912 (fourth HUN-ch); won at Debrecen 1913 (fifth HUN-ch); tied for 8-9th at Budapest 1913 (Rudolf Spielmann won), took fifth at Mannheim 1914 (""Hauptturnier A""); took 4th at Vienna 1917 (Quadrangular, Milan"
"Problems, Combinations, and Games"", which ""includes 5,334 different instructional situations--many taken from real matches--including 306 problems for checkmate in one move, 3,412 mates in two moves, 744 mates in three moves, 600 miniature games, 144 simple endgames, and 128 tournament game combinations, plus solutions, the basic rules of the game and an international bibliography."" It has been called ""One of the most iconic chess books ever written."" László Polgár László Polgár (born 11 May 1946 in Gyöngyös), is a Hungarian chess teacher and educational psychologist. He is the father of the famous ""Polgár sisters"": Zsuzsa, Zsófia, and Judit, whom he"
"Lajos Portisch Lajos Portisch (born 4 April 1937) is a Hungarian chess Grandmaster, whose positional style earned him the nickname, the ""Hungarian Botvinnik"". One of the strongest non-Soviet players from the early 1960s into the late 1980s, he participated in twelve consecutive Interzonals from 1962 through 1993, qualifying for the World Chess Championship Candidates' cycle a total of eight times (1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1988). Portisch set several all-time records in Chess Olympiads. In Hungarian Chess Championships, he either shared the title or won it outright a total of eight times (1958, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1965,"
"a small group of Hungarian relatives and friends in the evening of November 11, 1920. Samuel Gold Samuel Gold (July 2, 1835, Kővágó-Örs, Zala, Hungary – November 9, 1920, New York City, United States) was a Hungarian physician, journalist and composer of chess problems. He was born into a Jewish family in Kővágóörs, a town located on the shores of Lake Balaton. He learned playing chess at the age of 15 during his years spent in a high school. In 1857, he departured to Vienna for following the courses of a medical school. Gold published his first chess compositions in"
"avid chess player. Hajnal was the father of Peter Hajnal, the co-dean of the European College of Liberal Arts. Hajnal was the author of over 150 publications. Among the many co-authors of Paul Erdős, he had the second largest number of joint papers, 56. With Peter Hamburger, he wrote a textbook, ""Set Theory"" (Cambridge University Press, 1999, ). Some of his more well-cited research papers include Other selected results include: In 1992, Hajnal was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of the Republic of Hungary. In 1999, a conference in honor of his 70th birthday was held at DIMACS,"
"the ""big five"" most distinguished Hungarian mathematicians. The other honorees included Janos Horvath, János Aczél, Ákos Csaszar and László Fuchs. Gaal gave a talk entitled Steven Gaal Steven Alexander Gaal (February 22, 1924 – March 17, 2016) (also known as István Sándor Gál or I. S. Gál) was a Hungarian-American mathematician and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Minnesota-Minneapolis. Gaal received his Ph.D. under Frigyes Riesz and Lipót Fejér in 1947, although at the time, graduate study in Hungary did not exist in the formal way it is thought of today. There were no formalities of prelims, qualifying exams,"
"1951, and Knight Commander of the Bath in 1964. He is the father of politician Charles Clarke. He devised the English Chess Federation (formerly British Chess Federation) Grading System, first published in 1958, whereby points are scored by chess players for every game played in a registered competition. Richard W. B. Clarke Sir Richard William Barnes Clarke, KCB, OBE (commonly known as Otto Clarke) (13 August 1910 – 21 June 1975) was a British civil servant. Clarke was educated at Christ's Hospital, London and Clare College, Cambridge, where he was sixth wrangler in 1931. He sat the examinations of the"
"on the occasion of his 70th birthday, and another on his 75th. At Tulane University, Fuchs held the W. R. Irby Professorship from 1979 to 1992, and the Evelyn and John G. Phillips Distinguished Professorship from then until his retirement. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. László Fuchs László Fuchs (born June 24, 1924 in Budapest) is a Hungarian-American mathematician, the Evelyn and John G. Phillips Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Mathematics at Tulane University. He is known for his research and textbooks in group theory and abstract algebra. Fuchs was born on June 24, 1924"
"had withdrawn from competitive play. Although he was never formally awarded an international title in chess, his playing strength during his peak years, measured by his rating, places him at or near the International Master class. International titles were awarded by FIDE, the World Chess Federation, beginning in 1950, while international chess ratings were started in 1970. The United States was one of the first nations to implement a national rating system, using work done by Professor Arpad Elo, and his statistical methods were later adapted to international chess as well. The chessmetrics group, which retrospectively rates chess events and"
"obtained in the tournament. Unlike most other systems, lower numbers indicate better performance . The Harkness System was invented by Kenneth Harkness, who published it in 1956. It was used by the USCF from 1950 to 1960 and by some other organizations. When players compete in a tournament, the average rating of their competition is calculated. If a player scores 50%, they receive the average competition rating as their performance rating. If they score more than 50%, their new rating is the competition average plus 10 points for each percentage point above 50. If they score less than 50%, their"