In the USA, the Boll Weevil is a pest that attacks which crop?
"color, and is usually less than 6 mm long. Adult weevils overwinter in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields,and farms after diapause. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls. The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The oviposition leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger"
"Maize weevil The maize weevil (""Sitophilus zeamais""), known in the United States as the greater rice weevil, is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. It can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world, and in the United States, and is a major pest of maize. This species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed. The maize weevil also infests other types of stored, processed cereal products such as pasta, cassava, and various coarse, milled grains. It has even been known to attack fruit while"
"reached southeastern Alabama by 1915. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the US, traveling per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Mississippi State University has estimated, since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year. The bark beetle, elm leaf beetle and the Asian longhorned beetle (""Anoplophora glabripennis"") are among the species that attack elm trees. Bark beetles (Scolytidae) carry Dutch elm disease as they move from infected breeding sites to healthy trees. The disease"
"cotton bolls or maize ears. The cotton bollworm is a highly polyphagous species. The most important crop hosts are tomato, cotton, pigeon pea, chickpea, rice, sorghum, and cowpea. Other hosts include groundnut, okra, peas, field beans, soybeans, lucerne, ""Phaseolus"" spp., other Leguminosae, tobacco, potatoes, maize, flax, ""Dianthus"", ""Rosa"", ""Pelargonium"", ""Chrysanthemum"", ""Lavandula angustifolia"", a number of fruit trees, forest trees, and a range of vegetable crops. In Russia and adjacent countries, the larvae populate more than 120 plant species, favouring ""Solanum"", ""Datura"", ""Hyoscyamus"", ""Atriplex"", and ""Amaranthus"" genera. The greatest damage is caused to cotton, tomatoes, maize, chick peas, alfalfa, and tobacco."
"growers in California. California produces approximately 90% of the United States’ winter vegetable crop, and has incurred an estimated $500 million in crop damage due to silverleaf whitefly populations. Across the agricultural industry, this pest is thought to cost the state $774 million in private sector plant sales, 12,540 jobs, and $112.5 million in personal income. On a national scale, the United States has suffered crop and ornamental plant damages in excess of $1 billion. This species of whitefly is a particularly devastating pest because it feeds on over 500 plant species. Common hosts are agricultural crops including tomatoes, squash,"
"beetle"". The story concludes with the comment that the beetles were used as toys by young boys, and that the head was removed and worn as a pendant. About 75% of beetle species are phytophagous in both the larval and adult stages. Many feed on economically important plants and stored plant products, including trees, cereals, tobacco, and dried fruits. Some, such as the boll weevil, which feeds on cotton buds and flowers, can cause extremely serious damage to agriculture. The boll weevil crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico around 1892, and had"
"that such a high level of control can be established and maintained on the whole. It is estimated that adequate control can be achieved with the introduction of two European weevils, including one that is monophagous. However, the USDA's TAG group has blocked these introductions since 2004. In addition to being invasive, garlic mustard also is a threat to native North American ""Pieris"" butterflies such as ""Pieris oleracea"", as they preferentially oviposit on it, although it is toxic to their larvae. This family includes important agricultural crops, among which many vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard"
"display at Enterprise's Depot Museum, a few hundred feet away at 106 Railroad Street. There is a security camera nearby that monitors the monument for further vandalism. Boll Weevil Monument The Boll Weevil Monument in downtown Enterprise, Alabama, United States is a prominent landmark and tribute erected by the citizens of Enterprise in 1919 to show their appreciation to an insect, the boll weevil, for its profound influence on the area's agriculture and economy. Hailing the beetle as a ""herald of prosperity,"" it stands as the world's first monument built to honor an agricultural pest. The Monument consists of a"
"Geese became prolific and began to adversely affect pastures and crops. In 2011 restrictions on hunting them were dropped to allow them to be culled. Gorse was introduced as a hedgerow plant but has become the most expensive agricultural plant pest costing millions of dollars in efforts to control its spread over farmland. Other serious pasture and crop land plant pest are nodding thistle (""Carduus nutans""), Californian thistle (""Cirsium arvense""), ragwort (""Senecio jacobaea""), broom (""Cytisus scoparius""), giant buttercup (""Ranunculus acris""), fat-hen (""Chenopodium album""), willow weed (""Polygonum persicaria""), and hawkweed (""Hieracium"" species). Because of its geographical isolation New Zealand is free"
"population had exploded, going from approximately 500 in 1880 to 2,500 by 1920. Edgefield, it seemed, was finally getting back on its economic feet. Unfortunately, beginning in 1921 and 1922, the boll weevil, which had come from Central America and had been marching across the South since the turn of the century, finally arrived in Edgefield County, devastating the cotton crop on which the economy was almost entirely based. Farmers saw their production of cotton plummet by as much as 90 percent. Lands which had been devoted to cotton for more than a century were allowed to go idle. Sharecroppers,"
"even the monophagous weevil, ""Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis"", being blocked many times by the USDA's Technical Advisory Group, TAG, even though experts had expected that it would be approved as early as 2004. A fourth example is seen in the usefulness of beetle banks. Bull thistle plants, as an example thistle, produce Painted lady caterpillars which feed insect-eating birds. These birds, in turn, can feed upon pest insects in neighboring farm fields. The thistle plants also produce a great deal of nectar while they are in bloom. American goldfinches also eat the thistle seeds and use the down from seed pods to"
"infection of the rice kernels by fungi such as species of the ubiquitous genus ""Fusarium"". In South America, the small rice stink bug, ""Oebalus poecilus"" (also ""Solubea poecila""), is the most destructive pest of rice crops. It attacks rice, barley, oats, corn, and wheat, while it occasionally attacks soybean, cotton, and guava. The small rice stink bug looks similar to the rice stink bug. Oebalus pugnax The rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax, is a flying insect in the shield bug family Pentatomidae native to North America that has become a major agricultural pest in the Southern United States. It has"
"Rice weevil The rice weevil (""Sitophilus oryzae"") is a stored product pest which attacks several crops, including wheat, rice, and maize. The adults are around 2 mm long with a long snout. The body color appears to be brown/black, but on close examination, four orange/red spots are arranged in a cross on the wing covers. It is easily confused with the similar looking maize weevil, but there are several distinguishing features: Adult rice weevils are able to fly, and can live for up to two years. Females lay 2-6 eggs per day and up to 300 over their lifetime. The"
"Wheat weevil The wheat weevil (""Sitophilus granarius""), also known as the grain weevil or granary weevil, occurs all over the world and is a common pest in many places. It can cause significant damage to harvested stored grains and may drastically decrease crop yields. The females lay many eggs and the larvae eat the inside of the grain kernels. Adult wheat weevils are about long with elongated snouts and chewing mouth parts. Depending on the grain kernels, the size of the weevil varies. In small grains, such as millet or grain sorghum, they are small in size, but are larger"
"Vine weevil Black vine weevil (""Otiorhynchus sulcatus"") is an insect native to Europe but common in North America as well. It is a pest of many garden plants. The adult weevil is matte black with fused wing covers, and is unable to fly. It feeds at night on the outer edges of leaves, causing the leaves to have a notched margin. Broadleaved evergreen plants such as ""Camellia"", ""Rhododendron"", ""Euonymus"" and ""Bergenia"" are particularly prone to damage, although a wide range of different garden plants is susceptible to attack. Female weevils have the ability to reproduce parthenogenetically with fertilisation of eggs"
"as ""Solanum carolinense"". Few enemies of this weevil have been identified, but it is sometimes parasitised by the braconid wasp, ""Nealiolus curculionis"" and less frequently by the chalcid wasp, ""Eurytoma tylodermatis"". The adults feed on leaves producing ragged holes, but it is the larvae that cause most damage to the potato crop with their tunnelling activities. At one time this weevil was considered a serious pest of potatoes, however modern management practices have reduced its impact. The burning or removal of crop residues destroys the overwintering adults. Trichobaris trinotata Trichobaris trinotata, commonly known as the ""potato stalk borer"", is a"
"the potential to become agricultural pests. He made notes on 400 insect species in New Mexico and authored 90 publications. In 1892 Townsend traded positions with a friend and fellow entomologist, T.D.A. Cockerell, and became curator of the Public Museum in Kingston, Jamaica. Townsend focused on educating the local farmers about insect pests and how to control them. In 1894 he was rehired by the USDA to study the appearance of a new pest, the cotton boll weevil in Texas and northern Mexico. He quickly determined the seriousness of the threat and made recommendations for controlling the outbreak. In 1896"
"the larvae, however ""Acremonium lolii"" renders perennial ryegrass toxic to livestock at some stages of growth, putting them at risk of developing the disease perennial ryegrass staggers. Listronotus bonariensis Listronotus bonariensis is a species of weevil that is native to South America and is commonly known as the Argentine stem weevil. It is a pest of grasses and cereals, with the larvae being more destructive than the adult insects. It has spread to Australia and New Zealand, where it is regarded as a pest species. The Argentine stem weevil is a small grey insect up to long, with a waxy"
"are cream-coloured grubs with brownish heads. The Argentine stem weevil is native to South America where it is present in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. In these countries it is not considered to be economically important. It has spread to Australia and New Zealand, in both of which countries it is regarded as a pest species. In New Zealand, it is considered to be the most important insect pest in the country, causing a total loss estimated in 1991 to be NZ$78–251 million per year. This weevil feeds on a number of crop plants including perennial ryegrass, on which"
"Adults may also be controlled using the fungus ""Beauveria bassiana"", which is a biocontrol. Vine weevil Black vine weevil (""Otiorhynchus sulcatus"") is an insect native to Europe but common in North America as well. It is a pest of many garden plants. The adult weevil is matte black with fused wing covers, and is unable to fly. It feeds at night on the outer edges of leaves, causing the leaves to have a notched margin. Broadleaved evergreen plants such as ""Camellia"", ""Rhododendron"", ""Euonymus"" and ""Bergenia"" are particularly prone to damage, although a wide range of different garden plants is susceptible"
"that feed on the tassels. Like the European corn borer, this moth is susceptible to Bt corn, a crop which has been genetically modified to produce Bt toxin that harms the moth. This corn has been introduced to the Philippines, where it has been monitored to gather data on its relationship with the moth. It has been successful, producing higher yields than conventional corn breeds. Bt cotton has also had some success in China. Another method of controlling the pest in cotton crops is to intercrop with corn, growing some corn plants in the cotton field. The moth overwinters in"
"the way down to the root crown where it feeds and develops. The adult weevil does feed on the foliage, but most of the damage to the plant is done by the larva's feeding activity. Small plants can be killed by just the larval damage; larger plants may be stunted or unable to reproduce. The weevil favors Mediterranean sage, but it will also readily attack clary sage (""Salvia sclarea""), a similar but less troublesome weed in the area. This weevil is native to southern Eurasia. It was first introduced to the United States for invasive sage biocontrol in 1971. It"
"Hessian fly The Hessian fly or barley midge, ""Mayetiola destructor"", is a species of fly that is a significant pest of cereal crops including wheat, barley and rye. Though a native of Asia it was transported into Europe and later into North America, supposedly in the straw bedding of Hessian troops during the American Revolution (1775–83), thus the origin of its common name. There are usually two generations a year but may be up to five. In the spring the dark-coloured female lays about 250 to 300 reddish eggs on plants, usually where the stems are covered by leaves; the"
"suddenly in dire straights as the cost of production had not decreased along with the prices they received for their produce. The boll weevil pest was responsible for a great deal of the misery suffered by South Carolina cotton farmers after 1920. In 1922, South Carolina cotton farmers produced 22% fewer bales than they had in 1920. The South Carolina Office of Tourism encourages travelers to visit one monument in Blackstock. This monument, dedicated to the slave Burrel Hemphill, can be found on the front grounds of Hopewell ARP Church. The monument consists of a small stone building with a"
"The Boll Weevil Monument was dedicated on December 11, 1919, as a reminder of how the city adjusted in the face of adversity. It is the only monument to an agricultural pest in the world. In the early afternoon of March 1, 2007, Enterprise was hit by a devastating tornado (rated EF4) during the February–March 2007 Tornado Outbreak. The tornado caused nine deaths, injured over 121 others, and left severe damage in the city estimated at nearly $307,000,000, becoming the worst disaster in Enterprise history. The students names are Michael Bowen (16) Andrew (AJ) Jackson (16) Ryan Mohler (16), Peter"
"of chambering in a flower head; this can also be destructive to the plant. Adults do some damage as well when they feed on the foliage. Thistles which reproduce only via seed, such as musk thistle, are controlled well by this weevil and its seed head destroying larvae. Some thistles are able to reproduce vegetatively, and while they are impacted as well, they can sometimes survive. This weevil is native to Eurasia and North Africa. It was first introduced to the United States for thistle biocontrol in 1969, and it is now widely established in that country. The weevil was"
"""Platyptilia carduidactyla"", the bumble flower beetle ""Euphoria inda"", and the stem borer weevil ""Lixus pervestitus"". Large sections of several thistle populations have been damaged by one or more of these insects. The non-native flower head weevil ""Rhinocyllus conicus"" has the potential to damage the thistle; it was purposely introduced to North America in an attempt to control various species of invasive thistles which are noxious weeds, including musk thistle. The weevil was never released in New Mexico because of its potential to attack the native thistle; unfortunately, it has moved into the area on its own. So far its distribution"
"control can be achieved by growing a ""Desmodium"" (tick-trefoil) undercrop (see push–pull technology). The trefoil can be used as green manure or animal fodder after the harvest. Native To: Africa and Asia Date of U.S. Introduction: First identified in North Carolina in 1956 Means of Introduction: Accidental Impact: Parasitic plant that attacks agricultural crops, including corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and rice Description S. asiatica seedlings are not visible above ground, but white succulent shoots can be found attached to host roots. Mature plants have green foliage above ground, sparsely covered with coarse, short, white, bulbous-based hairs. Mature plants are normally 15–30"
"edges, rebuilding levees, winter flooding, and foliar spraying with pyrethroids such as lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior) or neonicotinoids such as clothianidin (Belay). The spraying of insecticides is the cheapest option available to growers. Host plant resistance has been investigated in rice but results have been less than desirable. Since the 1960s, out of 10,000 lines tested, only 2 showed moderate resistance to rice water weevil feeding. Unfortunately the 2 lines had poor agronomic traits, which led to their discontinued use http://jipm.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4/D1 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus is an insect belonging to the order coleoptera. It is native to North America, mostly in the"
"also been shown to feed on cotton thistle. This insect was the object of imprudent biological control introduction, and it became an invasive species that has threatened endangered native thistles in North America (Strong 1997). Establishment of this thistle head weevil as a biological control agent for cotton thistle has been unsuccessful in the Pacific Northwest. A thistle crown weevil (""Trichosirocalus horridus"") that feeds on musk, bull, plumeless, Italian, and creeping thistles will also feed on cotton thistle. In Australia, this insect has been shown to kill cotton thistle rosettes. The related ""Trichosirocalus briese"" is also being tested as a"
"Heliothis virescens Heliothis virescens, commonly known as the tobacco budworm, is a moth of the Noctuidae family found throughout the eastern and southwestern United States along with parts of Central America and South America. It is a major pest of field crops including tobacco (as its common name suggests) and cotton. However, it is able to thrive on a wide variety of host plants ranging from fruits, vegetables, flowers, and weeds. Control of this pest has proven to be particularly difficult due a variety of factors, but widespread insecticide and pesticide resistance have proven particularly concerning. The tobacco budworm is"
"food sources. Rice weevils in all stages of development can be killed by freezing infected food below -17.7 °C (0 °F) for a period of three days, or heating to 60 °C (140 °F) for a period of 15 minutes. Rice weevil The rice weevil (""Sitophilus oryzae"") is a stored product pest which attacks several crops, including wheat, rice, and maize. The adults are around 2 mm long with a long snout. The body color appears to be brown/black, but on close examination, four orange/red spots are arranged in a cross on the wing covers. It is easily confused with"
"population is heavy rains. Developing nymphs that are hit with rain become trapped in the soils, killing them. Their natural predators include the big-eye bug (""Geocoris bullatis""), and the tiny wasp (""Eumicrosoma beneficum""), which feast and parasitize on them. The chinch bug, a native to the United States and common in midwestern states, has had a great effect on humans. The chinch bug naturally feeds on wild prairie grasses. As the midwestern states were settled in the nineteenth century and crops of wheat, corn, sorghum and other grains were planted, they adapted well to these new species as habitat and"