Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last ruler of which empire?
"of the Romans""). They had also ceased to use Latin as the language of state after Emperor Heraclius (d. 641 AD). Historians have customarily treated the state of these later Eastern emperors under the name ""Byzantine Empire"". It is important to note, however, that the adjective ""Byzantine"", although historically used by Eastern Roman authors in a metonymic sense, was never an official term. Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last reigning Roman emperor. A member of the Palaiologos dynasty, he ruled the remnant of the Eastern Roman Empire from 1449 until his death in 1453 defending its capital Constantinople. He was"
"Michael VIII Palaiologos Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (, ""Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos""; 1223 – 11 December 1282) reigned as the Co-Emperor of the Empire of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261, and as Byzantine Emperor from 1261 until his death. Michael VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. He recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a restored Byzantine Empire. His reign would see considerable recovery of Byzantine power, including the enlargement of the Byzantine army and navy. It"
"Doukas (historian) Doukas or Dukas (after 1462) was a Byzantine historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine Emperor. He is one of the most important sources for the last decades and eventual fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans. The date of Doukas's birth is not recorded, nor is his first name or the names of his parents. He was born probably in the 1390s somewhere in western Asia Minor, where his paternal grandfather, Michael Doukas, had fled. Michael Doukas was eulogized by his grandson as a learned man, especially in matters of medicine. He had"
"Palaiologos in Constantinople in October 1448, the imperial throne fell to Constantine, who was crowned on 6 January 1449 in Mystras before departing for the capital. Two months later, he assumed his new role in Constantinople as Emperor Constantine XI. His younger brothers, Thomas and Demetrius remained in charge of the Morea as joint Despots in his place. Despite assurances to Constantine that they would pledge support to one another, both Thomas and Demetrius coveted the other's lands – in addition, they pressed claims against Venetian port possessions in the Morea, alienating the only power capable of aiding them in"
"number co-emperors as the extent of their rule was mostly nominal and, unless they inherited the throne later, did not hold independent supreme power as ""basileus autokrator"". By counting the western Constantine III, Constans II and Constantine Laskaris, all emperors reigning with supreme power under the name of Constantine, the numbering of Constantine Palaiologos would be ""Constantine XIV"". Some Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholics consider Constantine XI a saint (or a ""national martyr"" or ""ethnomartyr"", Greek: ). However, he has not been officially canonized by either Church, partly due to controversy surrounding his personal religious beliefs and partly because death in"
"Palaiologos and Demetrios Palaiologos, Despots of the Morea, and Andronikos Palaiologos, Despot of Thessalonica. As youngest son, Thomas was never expected to reign, but his children became the only surviving heirs of the defunct Palaiologan dynasty. Like other imperial sons, Thomas Palaiologos was made a Despot (""despotēs""), and from 1428 joined his brothers Theodore and Constantine in the Morea. After the retirement of Theodore during 1443, he governed together with Constantine, until the latter became emperor (as Constantine XI) during 1448. Thomas remained Despot of the Morea, but was forced to share the rule with his older brother Demetrios beginning"
"Paleologue. Sophia was a niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor. By the rules and laws of inheritance followed by most European monarchies of the time, Ivan could claim that he and his offspring were heirs of the fallen Empire, but the Roman traditions of the empire had never recognized automatic inheritance of the Imperial office. It was also Sophia's brother, Andreas Palaiologos, who held the rights of succession to the Byzantine throne. Andreas died in 1502, having sold his titles and royal and imperial rights to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. A stronger claim"
"Palaiologan Dynasty (novel series) Palaiologan Dynasty () is the collective name given to a trilogy of historical novels on the Palaiologan dynasty, the last ruling house of the Byzantine Empire, written by Greek author George Leonardos. The final book of the series, the author received the Greek State Literature Award in 2008. The trilogy is wrapped up with another novel, ""Sophia Palaiologina. From Byzantium to Russia"", which refers to the last descendant of the Palaiologos family, who was married to the Russian ruler Ivan III of Russia. It is a historical novel about a powerful Byzantine figure during a critical"
"crusade provoked war between the Ottomans and Trebizond in the summer of 1461. After a monthlong siege, David surrendered the city of Trebizond on August 14, 1461. With the fall of Trebizond, the last remnant of the Roman Empire was extinguished. The nephew of the last Emperor, Constantine XI, Andreas Palaeologos had inherited the title of Roman Emperor. He lived in the Morea (Peloponnese) until its fall in 1460, then escaped to Rome where he lived under the protection of the Papal States for the remainder of his life. He styled himself ""Imperator Constantinopolitanus"" (""Emperor of Constantinople""), and sold his"
"For many years it was thought that Doukas' history existed in a single manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale; however in the same library Vasile Grecu discovered a second manuscript containing Doukas' work, Bibliothèque Nationale MS. Gr. 1766 (Grecu's P1, dated 18th century), which allowed him to publish a new critical edition (Bucharest, 1958) with improvements on prior editions to which Grecu added a Romanian translation. Margoulias published the first English translation in 1975 based on Grecu's critical edition. Doukas (historian) Doukas or Dukas (after 1462) was a Byzantine historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine Emperor. He"
"1280, Constantine fought against the Serbs in Macedonia, and was then dispatched against the Turkish raiders in Asia Minor, where he was successful in clearing the Maeander River valley of their presence. He later rebuilt the famous Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople. In 1293, he was slandered to his brother, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328), and placed under arrest. He later became a monk, with the monastic name Athanasios. He died at Constantinople on 5 May 1306, and was buried at the Lips Monastery. From his marriage to Irene Palaiologina Raoulaina, he had one son, the ""panhypersebastos"" John Palaiologos."
"Theodora Tocco Theodora Tocco (née Maddalena Tocco) (died November 1429) was the first wife of Constantine Palaiologos while he was Despot of Morea. Her husband would become the last Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. Maddalena Tocco was a daughter of Leonardo II Tocco, Lord of Zante. Her father was a younger brother of Carlo I Tocco, Count of Cephalonia and Leukas. Carlo would serve Ruler of Epirus from 1411 to 1429. Leonardo seems to have died early. In 1424, Carlo I adopted Maddalena and her brother Carlo II Tocco. Carlo I was defeated at the Battle of the Echinades"
"an earthquake. The Byzantine nobility scattered, many going to Nicaea, where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court, or to Epirus, where Theodore Angelus did the same; others fled to Trebizond, where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire. Nicaea and Epirus both vied for the imperial title, and tried to recover Constantinople. In 1261, Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler, Baldwin II, by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII Palaiologos, the Empire had lost many of its key economic"
"a way to cast an aura of legitimacy on themselves. Alexios V was the last Byzantine Emperor to reign in Constantinople before the establishment of the Latin Empire, which controlled the city for the next 57 years, until it was recovered by the Nicaean Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. Alexios V Doukas Alexios V Doukas (; December 1204), in Latinised spelling Alexius V Ducas, was Byzantine emperor from 5 February to 12 April 1204, during the second and final siege of Constantinople by the participants of the Fourth Crusade. His family name was Doukas, but he was also known"
"Constantine was particularly common among emperors, showing their connection to the founder of Constantinople and the first Christian Roman Emperor, Constantine the Great. Whilst modern historiography generally recognizes eleven emperors by the name Constantine, numbering Constantine Palaiologos as ""Constantine XI"", older works have occasionally numbered him differently, with Gibbon numbering him ""Constantine XII"", after counting Constantine Laskaris (1204–05) as well. Particular confusion in the correct number of Constantines arises in that there are two different Roman Emperors numbered as ""Constantine III"", the Western Constantine III of the early fifth century and Constantine III of the seventh century. Additionally, the emperor"
"Hass Murad Pasha Hass Murad Pasha was an Ottoman commander of Eastern Roman origin. According to the 16th-century ""Ecthesis Chronica"", Hass Murad and his brother, Mesih Pasha, were sons of a certain Gidos Palaiologos, identified by the contemporary ""Historia Turchesca"" as a brother of a Byzantine Emperor. This is commonly held to have been Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine emperor, who fell during the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1453. If true, since Constantine XI died childless, and if the Ottomans had failed to conquer Constantinople, Mesih or Hass Murad might have succeeded him."
"abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1974. The two Greek kings who bore the name of Constantine, a name of great sentimental and symbolic significance, especially in the irredentist context of the ""Megali Idea"", were often, although never officially, numbered in direct succession to the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI, as Constantine XII and Constantine XIII respectively. Basileus Basileus () is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs in history. In the English-speaking world it is perhaps most widely understood to mean ""king"" or ""emperor"". The title was used by the Byzantine emperors, and has"
"told of God, his warrior saints and the last Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, who would awaken and leave the cave where angels had carried him and transformed him into marble. These heavenly powers would lead Greek soldiers to Constantinople. In this battle, they would also be accompanied by a ""xanthos genos"", a blond race of liberators come from the North. It was for this reason that the Greeks turned to the Russians, the only Orthodox not to have been conquered by the Turks, to help them recover their freedom. Russia, which was seeking a warm-water port, regularly confronted the Ottoman"
"Roman Empire and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the Eastern Roman Empire or (after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD) the Later Roman or Byzantine Empire. The subdivisions and co-emperor system were formally abolished by Emperor Zeno in 480 AD following the death of Julius Nepos last Western Emperor and the ascension of Odoacer as the ""de facto"" King of Italy in 476 AD. Historians generally refer to the continuing Roman Empire in the east as the Byzantine Empire after Byzantium, the original name of the town that Constantine I would elevate to the Imperial capital"
"died in November, 1429 at Stameron (either Estamira or Santameri Castle) while giving birth to a stillborn daughter. She was buried in Mystras. Theodora Tocco Theodora Tocco (née Maddalena Tocco) (died November 1429) was the first wife of Constantine Palaiologos while he was Despot of Morea. Her husband would become the last Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. Maddalena Tocco was a daughter of Leonardo II Tocco, Lord of Zante. Her father was a younger brother of Carlo I Tocco, Count of Cephalonia and Leukas. Carlo would serve Ruler of Epirus from 1411 to 1429. Leonardo seems to have died"
"in 1261; the Empire of Trebizond, whose importance declined over the 13th century, and whose claims were simply ignored; and the Empire of Nicaea, whose claims based on kinship with the previous emperors, control of the Patriarch of Constantinople, and possession of Constantinople through military prowess, prevailed. The successors of the emperors of Nicaea continued until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 under Constantine XI Palaiologos. These emperors eventually normalized the imperial dignity into the modern conception of an emperor, incorporated it into the constitutions of the state, and adopted the aforementioned title ""Basileus kai autokratōr Rhomaiōn"" (""Emperor and Autocrat"
"those who were officially recognized as rulers under the name Constantine, including those that only ruled nominally as co-emperors but with the supreme title, the total number of emperors named Constantine would be 18. By counting and numbering all previous co-emperors with that name, including Constantine (son of Leo V), Constantine (son of Basil I), Constantine Lekapenos and Constantine Doukas, Constantine Palaiologos would most appropriately be numbered as ""Constantine XVIII"". The same practice, though not recognizing the same amount of co-emperors, have in the past produced numberings for Constantine Palaiologos such as ""XIII"", ""XIV"" and ""XV"". Scholars commonly do not"
"Roman emperors. Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, was crowned the first Latin emperor as Baldwin I on 16 May 1204. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline. Weakened by constant warfare with the Bulgarians and the unconquered sections of the empire, it eventually fell when Byzantines recaptured Constantinople under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin"
"at the time was a prisoner in Epirus; eventually, he reached high office under Michael Palaiologos. Michael Palaiologos in the meantime consolidated his position, being named regent with the rank of ""megas doux"". Soon he took the title of ""despotes"", and in early 1259, he was crowned emperor. Ostensibly still the guardian and co-emperor of John IV, after the recapture of Constantinople in 1261 he sidelined and imprisoned John, being crowned sole emperor at the Hagia Sophia and founding the Palaiologan dynasty, the last ruling house of Byzantium. Of the contemporary sources, the history of Akropolites is the most negative"
"Michael IX Palaiologos Michael IX Palaiologos or Palaeologus (, ""Mikhaēl IX Palaiologos""), (17 April 1277 – 12 October 1320, Thessalonica, reigned as Byzantine co-emperor with full imperial style 1294/1295–1320. Michael IX was the eldest son of Andronikos II Palaiologos and Anna of Hungary, daughter of Stephen V of Hungary. Michael IX Palaiologos was acclaimed co-emperor in 1281 and was crowned in 1294 or 1295. In 1300, he was sent at the head of Alanian mercenaries against the Turks in Asia Minor, and in 1304–1305 he was charged with dealing with the rebellious Catalan Company. After successfully organizing the murder of"
"the bloodless confrontation in the Ugra River, and make his domains a powerful state. It was for this reason, as well as his patriotism and policies that Ivan III was proclaimed ‘the Great’, the first in Russian history. Ivan’s and Sophia’s grandson was Ivan the Terrible. Palaiologan Dynasty (novel series) Palaiologan Dynasty () is the collective name given to a trilogy of historical novels on the Palaiologan dynasty, the last ruling house of the Byzantine Empire, written by Greek author George Leonardos. The final book of the series, the author received the Greek State Literature Award in 2008. The trilogy"
"provinces such as Epirus to the Serbian Empire. Eventually, the consequences of these conflicts would allow for the Anatolian beyliks to rise in power, most notably the one of Osman, later called the Ottoman Empire. His successors would conquer more parts of the empire, until finally the city of Constantinople itself in 1453, under the leadership of Mehmed II. Michael VIII Palaiologos was the son of the ""megas domestikos"" Andronikos Palaiologos by Theodora Angelina Palaiologina, the granddaughter of Emperor Alexios III Angelos and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina. According to Deno John Geanakoplos, Michael's ancestry could be traced back to all three"
"Rome (31 BCE) and ended, in the west, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic King Odoacer (476 CE). In the east, it continued as the Byzantine Empire until the death of Constantine XI and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. The influence of the Roman Empire on western civilization was profound in its lasting contributions to virtually every aspect of western culture. The center of the early social structure, dating from the time of the agricultural tribal city state, was the family, which was not only marked by biological"
"ended the furthest line of descent of Byzantine (co-)emperors possible from his dynasty's founder, Michael VIII. The imperial status of both John VII and Andronikos V was purely honorary and they were not full-fledged co-emperors (although John VII had reigned as emperor in 1390 and as regent in Constantinople from 1399 to 1403). Andronikos V Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos (or Andronicus V Palaeologus) () (c. 1400 – c. 1407) was co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire with his father John VII Palaiologos. Andronikos V Palaiologos was the only known son of Emperor John VII Palaiologos and Irene Gattilusio, daughter of Francesco"
"Cleofa Malatesta Cleofa Malatesta da Pesaro (also Cleofe, Cleopa or Cleopha) (""floruit"" 1420 – died 1433) was an Italian noblewoman and the wife of Theodore II Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, brother of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor. She was a daughter of Malatesta dei Sonetti, Count of Pesaro, and Isabella Gonzaga. She married Theodore Palaiologos in Mystras on January 21, 1421, or sometime in 1422 in an arranged marriage that was part of an initiative of her uncle, Pope Martin V, to join Western (Roman Catholic) with Orthodox nobility, who in this way hoped to gain political alliances"
"VIII Palaiologos, the Nicaean emperor who had moved his capital to Constantinople, while the title was also claimed by William VII, Marquess of Montferrat. On 27 May 1267, the Treaty of Viterbo, transferred much of the rights to the Latin Empire fiefs from Baldwin II to Charles I of Sicily. Charles was to be confirmed in possession of Corfu and some cities in Albania. He was also given suzerainty over the Principality of Achaea and sovereignty of the Aegean Islands, excepting those held by Venice and Lesbos, Chios, Samos, and Amorgos. Baldwin and Marie spend the rest of their lives"
"After the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade and the partition of the Byzantine Empire among the Crusader leaders, Derkos became part of the new Latin Empire until 1247, when the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes captured it. Derkos served as the base of Andronikos IV Palaiologos in his failed usurpation attempt in 1373 against his father John V Palaiologos (r. 1341–1376, 1379–1391). By the 1420s, Derkos was one of the few cities still held by the Byzantines along the Black Sea coast. As such, it formed the appanage of the future Constantine XI Palaiologos (r. 1449–1453) in"
"a measure of its former power by Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282), the policies implemented during his reign had exhausted the state's resources, and the Empire's strength waned under his successor, Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328). During Andronikos II's long reign, the remaining Byzantine possessions in Asia Minor slowly fell to the advancing Turks, most notably the newly established Ottoman emirate. This caused a flood of refugees into Byzantium's European provinces, while at the same time the Catalan Company wrought havoc in the imperial domains. Taxes also rose dramatically to finance tributes to the Empire's enemies. A combination of these"