"""Being and Nothingness"" was a 1946 work by which French philosopher?"
"apology for sado-masochism"". He recalled that in 1960 its English translation became the first book he bought, and that he and his friends at school ""all claimed intimate knowledge of this book that few of us had read and none of us had understood."" The physician Frank Gonzalez-Crussi, writing in ""On the Nature of Things Erotic"" (1988), credited Sartre with being ""the first to realize that by an error of perspective the average man deludes himself into thinking that sexual desire is the same as desire of coition"", endorsing Sartre's view that ""Desire in no way implies by itself the"
"statement results in something that is in some way or other untrue. The concept of ""nothing"" arises in Hegel right at the beginning of his ""Logic"". The whole is called by Hegel the ""Absolute"" and is to be viewed as something spiritual. Hegel then has: The most prominent figure among the existentialists is Jean-Paul Sartre, whose ideas in his book ""Being and Nothingness"" (""L'être et le néant"") are heavily influenced by ""Being and Time"" (""Sein und Zeit"") of Martin Heidegger, although Heidegger later stated that he was misunderstood by Sartre. Sartre defines two kinds of ""being"" (être). One kind is"
"a clearer understanding of the Buddhist notion of non-being. It can also be associated more recently, with the emphasis placed upon absence or deferral by both Martin Heidegger and Jacques Derrida. French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy distinguishes nothingness from nothing. He writes, “Nothingness is not nothing [""rien""]...There is no ontology without the dialectic or the paradox of a meontology...Nothing is the thing tending toward its pure and simple being of a thing.” Nothing is “the vanishing, momentary quality of the smallest amount of beingness (""étantité"").” For Emmanuel Levinas, what was meontological was what had meaning beyond being, beyond ontology; for him"
"Existentialism Is a Humanism Existentialism Is a Humanism () is a 1946 work by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, based on a lecture by the same name he gave at Club Maintenant in Paris, on 29 October 1945. In early translations, Existentialism and Humanism was the title used in the United Kingdom; the work was originally published in the United States as Existentialism, and a later translation employs the original title. The work, once influential and a popular starting-point in discussions of Existentialist thought, has been widely criticized by philosophers, including Sartre himself, who later rejected some of the views he"
"Louis Lavelle Louis Lavelle (; July 15, 1883 – September 1, 1951) was a French philosopher. His magnum opus, ""La Dialectique de l'éternel présent"" (1922), is a systematic metaphysical work. Lavelle's other principal works include ""De l'Être"" (1928), ""De l'Acte"" (1937), ""Du Temps et de l'Eternité"" (1945), and ""De l'Âme Humaine"" (1951). Louis Lavelle was born in France in 1883 and died there in 1951. He was Professor at the College de France; at the Sorbonne; and lectured at German, Italian, Swiss, Belgian and Dutch universities. In 1947 he was recognized for his many philosophical and religious writings, and named"
"Shakespeare eloquently summarized the existential nihilist's perspective through Macbeth's mindset in the end of the eponymous play. Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche further expanded on these ideas, and Nietzsche, particularly, has become a major figure in existential nihilism. The atheistic existentialist movement spread in 1940s France. Jean-Paul Sartre's ""Being and Nothingness"" and Albert Camus' ""The Myth of Sisyphus"" discussed the topic. Camus wrote further works, such as ""The Stranger"", ""Caligula"", ""The Plague"", ""The Fall"" and ""The Rebel"". Other figures include Martin Heidegger and Jacques Derrida. In addition, Ernest Becker's Pulitzer Prize winning life's work ""The Denial of Death"""
"Léger Marie Deschamps Léger Marie Deschamps (10 January 1716 – 19 April 1774), Benedictine monk, known under his Benedictine name of Dom Deschamps, was a French philosopher and utopian socialist, who taught a form of modified Spinozism. During his lifetime he published very little, but corresponded with most of the leaders of the French Enlightenment. Rediscovered in 1862, he was hailed as a precursor of Hegel. His metaphysical system anticipates Hegel by asserting that truth includes contradictory elements, and he had much to say about how the concept Being collapses into that of Nothing. There was a further revival of"
"notion of consciousness, it simply means the power of seeing, it is nothing but a consciousness of the object which leads to an empty subjectivity. Michel Henry Michel Henry (; 10 January 1922 – 3 July 2002) was a French philosopher, phenomenologist and novelist. He wrote five novels and numerous philosophical works. He also lectured at universities in France, Belgium, the United States, and Japan. Michel Henry was born in Haiphong, French Indochina (now Vietnam), and he lived in French Indochina until he was seven years old. Following the death of his father, who was an officer in the French"
"Sartre cites the former and Bachelard's ""Water and Dreams"" in his ""Being and Nothingness"". His works include: Though most of Bachelard's major works on poetics have been translated into English, only a few of his works on the philosophy of science have been translated. Gaston Bachelard Gaston Bachelard ( ; ; 27 June 1884 – 16 October 1962) was a French philosopher. He made contributions in the fields of poetics and the philosophy of science. To the latter he introduced the concepts of ""epistemological obstacle"" and ""epistemological break"" (""obstacle épistémologique"" and ""rupture épistémologique""). He influenced many subsequent French philosophers, among"
"Vincent Descombes Vincent Descombes (; born 1943) is a French philosopher. His major work has been in the philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. Descombes is particularly noted for a lengthy critique in two volumes of the project he calls cognitivism, and which is, roughly, the view current in philosophy of mind that mental and psychological facts can ultimately be treated as, or reduced to, physical facts about the brain. Descombes has also written an introduction to modern French philosophy (""Le même et l'autre"") focused on the transition, after 1960, from a focus on the three H's, Georg Wilhelm"
"about that existentialism found itself in a hole of its own digging, and how the philosophical developments since then have amounted to walking in circles round that hole"". Many critics argue Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophy is contradictory. Specifically, they argue that Sartre makes metaphysical arguments despite his claiming that his philosophical views ignore metaphysics. Herbert Marcuse criticized Sartre's 1943 ""Being and Nothingness"" for projecting anxiety and meaninglessness onto the nature of existence itself: ""Insofar as Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it hypostatizes specific historical conditions of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics. Existentialism thus becomes"
"Jean-Luc Marion Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is a French philosopher and Roman Catholic theologian. Marion is a former student of Jacques Derrida whose work is informed by patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy. Much of his academic work has dealt with Descartes and phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl, but also religion. ""God Without Being"", for example, is concerned predominantly with an analysis of idolatry, a theme strongly linked in Marion's work with love and the gift, which is a concept also explored at length by Derrida. Marion was born in Meudon, Hauts-de-Seine, on 3"
"the University of Chicago. Descombes was a member of the French libertarian socialist group Socialisme ou Barbarie. Vincent Descombes Vincent Descombes (; born 1943) is a French philosopher. His major work has been in the philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. Descombes is particularly noted for a lengthy critique in two volumes of the project he calls cognitivism, and which is, roughly, the view current in philosophy of mind that mental and psychological facts can ultimately be treated as, or reduced to, physical facts about the brain. Descombes has also written an introduction to modern French philosophy (""Le même"
"Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise ""The Second Sex"", a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including ""She Came to Stay"" and"
"Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise ""The Second Sex"", a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including ""She Came to Stay"" and"
"Gabriel Marcel Gabriel Honoré Marcel (1889–1973) was a French philosopher, playwright, music critic and leading Christian existentialist. The author of over a dozen books and at least thirty plays, Marcel's work focused on the modern individual's struggle in a technologically dehumanizing society. Though often regarded as the first French existentialist, he dissociated himself from figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, preferring the term ""philosophy of existence"" or ""neo-Socrateanism"" to define his own thought. ""The Mystery of Being"" is a well-known two-volume work authored by Marcel. Marcel was born on 7 December 1889 in Paris, France. His mother Laure Meyer, who was"
"reality is only to be grasped as something essentially missing."" Renaud Barbaras Renaud Barbaras (born in 1955) is a French contemporary philosopher. An École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud alumnus, he is Chair of Contemporary Philosophy in the Sorbonne. A phenomenologist, his works have primarily focused on the philosophies of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. More recently, his readings of Czech philosopher Jan Patočka have influenced him into conceiving a phenomenology of life and accordingly, a cosmology in which man's place is to be thought anew. In 1999, Renaud Barbaras begins to build his own philosophy as he is confronted with"
"Albert Camus Albert Camus (; ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, and journalist. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay ""The Rebel"" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature at the age of 44 in 1957, the second youngest recipient in history. Camus did not consider himself to be an existentialist despite usually being classified as a follower of it, even in his lifetime."
"essayist and philosopher Clive James excoriated Sartre in his book of mini biographies ""Cultural Amnesia"" (2007). James attacks Sartre's philosophy as being ""all a pose"". Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines. Sartre was"
"Been"". Ray Brassier Raymond Brassier (; born 1965) is a member of the philosophy faculty at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, known for his work in philosophical realism. He was formerly Research Fellow at the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy at Middlesex University, London, England. Brassier is the author of ""Nihil Unbound: Enlightenment and Extinction"" and the translator of Alain Badiou's ""Saint Paul: The Foundation of Universalism"" and ""Theoretical Writings"" and Quentin Meillassoux's ""After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency"". He first attained prominence as a leading authority on the works of François Laruelle. Brassier"
"Totality and Infinity Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority () is a 1961 work of philosophy by Emmanuel Levinas. It is one of his early works, highly influenced by phenomenology. Levinas advances the thesis that all ethics derive from a confrontation with an other. This other, with whom we interact concretely, represents a gateway into the more abstract Otherness. The distinction between totality and infinity divides the limited world, which contains the other as a material body, from a spiritual world. Subjects gain access to this spiritual world, infinity, by opening themselves to the Otherness of the other. For"
"Religion and Nothingness Religion and Nothingness (""""; the original title translates literally as ""What is Religion?"") is a 1961 book by the Japanese philosopher Keiji Nishitani, in which the author discusses nihilism. The book was published in English translation in 1982, and received positive reviews, commending Nishitani for his understanding of both western and eastern philosophy. The appearance of the English translation increased interest in Nishitani's ideas among philosophers. ""Religion and Nothingness"" first appeared in English translation in 1982, generating increasing interest in Nishitani's ideas among philosophers, theologians, and religious scholars. The book received positive reviews from Donald L. Smith"
"""être-en-soi"", the brute existence of things such as a tree. The other kind is ""être-pour-soi"" which is consciousness. Sartre claims that this second kind of being is ""nothing"" since consciousness cannot be an object of consciousness and can possess no essence. Sartre, and even more so, Jaques Lacan, use this conception of nothing as the foundation of their atheist philosophy. Equating nothingness with being leads to creation from nothing and hence God is no longer needed for there to be existence. The understanding of 'nothing' varies widely between cultures, especially between Western and Eastern cultures and philosophical traditions. For instance,"
"edition of the complete works of Blondel is being published. Two volumes (as of 2013) have been published. Maurice Blondel Maurice Blondel (; 2 November 1861 – 4 June 1949) was a French philosopher, whose most influential works, notably ""L'Action"", aimed at establishing the correct relationship between autonomous philosophical reasoning and Christian belief. Blondel was born in Dijon in 1861. He came from a family who were traditionally connected to the legal profession, but chose early in life to follow a career in philosophy. In 1881, he gained admission to the École Normale Supérieure of Paris. In 1893 he finished"
"Bernard d'Espagnat Bernard d'Espagnat (22 August 1921 – 1 August 2015) was a French theoretical physicist, philosopher of science, and author, best known for his work on the nature of reality. ""Quote"": ""The doctrine that the world is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with facts established by experiment."" d'Espagnat was born on August 22, 1921 in Fourmagnac, France, but spent most of his early years in Paris, where his father, a post-impressionist painter, and mother imbued him with a love of classic literature and"
"Being and Time Being and Time () is a 1927 book by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger, in which the author seeks to analyse the concept of Being. Heidegger maintains that this has fundamental importance for philosophy and that, since the time of the Ancient Greeks, philosophy has avoided the question, turning instead to the analysis of particular beings. Heidegger attempts to revive ontology through a reawakening of the question of the meaning of being. He approaches this through a fundamental ontology that is a preliminary analysis of the being of the being to whom the question of being is"
"The Ethics of Ambiguity The Ethics of Ambiguity (French title: ""Pour une morale de l'ambiguïté"") is Simone de Beauvoir's second major non-fiction work. It was prompted by a lecture she gave in 1945, after which she claimed that it was impossible to base an ethical system on her partner Jean-Paul Sartre's major philosophical work ""Being and Nothingness"" (French title: ""L'Être et le néant""). The following year, over a six-month period, she took on the challenge, publishing the resulting text first as installments in ""Les Temps modernes"" and then, in November 1947, as a book. ""The Ethics of Ambiguity"" consists of"
"Les moments littéraires, n° 26, 2011. Portrait par Syliane Malinowski‑Charles. - Ma vie (1922–1947), un amour sous l’Occupation (My life (1922-1947), a love under occupation), HDiffusion, 2012. Marcel Conche Marcel Conche (born 27 March 1922 in Altillac), is a French philosopher, emeritus professor at the Sorbonne University (Paris). ""Philosophizing ad infinitum"" has been published by SUNY (State University of New York) Press, June 2014. It is the translation of one of his major works: ""Philosopher à l'infini"", published by PUF, Presses Universitaires de France, in 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012343/http://www.sunypress.edu/p-5869-philosophizing-ad-infinitum.aspx A recent publication (2003), the Tao Te Ching translation and comments in French,"
"comparatively evaluated Hindu and Bergsonian philosophies, especially in relation to intuition, consciousness and evolution. Henri Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II. Bergson is known for his arguments that processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature ""in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they"
"the totality of what exists, there can be nothing else besides it endowed with existence (Severino thereby refutes the concept of ontological difference as put forward by Heidegger). For Severino, therefore, the entire history of philosophy is based on the erroneous conviction that Being can become nothing. Not many of Severino’s works have been translated, due to the lack of interest in Italian philosophy in the rest of Europe. One of his crucial work has been translated into German: ""Vom Wesen des Nihilismus"", and into English as ""The Essence of Nihilism"". Emanuele Severino Emanuele Severino (February 26, 1929 in Brescia,"
"Jean-Yves Lacoste Jean-Yves Lacoste is a French philosopher. Lacoste is associated with what Dominique Janicaud called the ""theological turn in phenomenology"", along with other influential French phenomenologists like Michel Henry, Jean-Luc Marion and Jean-Louis Chrétien. Lacoste's work straddles philosophy and theology, and displays an interest in what might be called postmodern themes. He works in Paris and Cambridge and has a life membership at Clare Hall, Cambridge. Lacoste's influential 1994 book ""Experience and the Absolute"" argues against the modern prizing of ""religious experience"" and defends the view that God is knowable as lovable but does not give himself by way"
"not on the ideas of redemption or salvation, but on """"being here in our life"""". André Neher André Neher (22 October 1914 – 23 October 1988) was a French Jewish scholar and philosopher. Neher was born in Obernai, Bas-Rhin. He was a student at the Collège Freppel in Obernai, then at the Lycée Fustel de Coulange in Strasbourg. He became professor at the Collège Erckmann-Chatrian in Phalsbourg, then at the Lycée Kléber in Strasbourg. During World War II, he lived in Brive-la-Gaillarde, where he was a member of Rabbi David Feuerwerker's community. After the War, he became a professor at"
"Duration (philosophy) Duration (French: ""la durée"") is a theory of time and consciousness posited by the French philosopher Henri Bergson. Bergson sought to improve upon inadequacies he perceived in the philosophy of Herbert Spencer, due, he believed, to Spencer's lack of comprehension of mechanics, which led Bergson to the conclusion that time eluded mathematics and science. Bergson became aware that the moment one attempted to measure a moment, it would be gone: one measures an immobile, complete line, whereas time is mobile and incomplete. For the individual, time may speed up or slow down, whereas, for science, it would remain"