Following the French defeat who was the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944?
"Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline Led first by Philippe Pétain, the Vichy regime that replaced the French Third Republic in 1940 chose the path of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers. This policy included the Bousquet-Oberg accords of July 1942 that formalized the collaboration of the French police with the German police. This collaboration was manifested in particular by anti-Semitic measures taken by the Vichy government, and by its active participation in the genocide. The terms ""Zone libre"" (Free Zone), Vichy France, Vichy regime, southern zone, French State, and ""État français"" are all synonyms and refer to the state in the south"
"Germans, and the south established as Vichy France headed by the nationalist Marshal Philippe Pétain. In 1940, In the trauma of defeat, the church was concerned to preserve its existence and institutions. The Vichy regime hoped to maintain the position of France as a sovereign nation following the war. The church hierarchy sought accommodation with the new regimes but the relationship between the governments and the church deteriorated over the course of the war. Though Marshal Pétain himself had no religious convictions, he courted Catholic support. In contrast, his great rival, and leader of the Free French, General Charles de"
"Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (), Marshal Pétain (""Maréchal Pétain"") and The Old Marshal (""Le Vieux Maréchal""), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as 'The Lion of Verdun', and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state. Today he is widely regarded"
"the UK and the USSR was concluded in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. France was one of the original guarantors of Polish security and as such was one of the first countries to declare war on Germany. On May 10 1940 Germany began their attack on France. After six weeks of intense battling, on June 22 1940 following the Battle of France, the French government signed an armistice with Germany, leading to the foundation of Vichy France and the Free French Forces in exile. The leader of the Free French, Charles de Gaulle, took control of France in 1944 and"
"about Pétain, the most complete and documented biographies are: Other books used for citations in the article: Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (), Marshal Pétain (""Maréchal Pétain"") and The Old Marshal (""Le Vieux Maréchal""), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as 'The Lion of Verdun', and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was"
"the control of the French police until 1943 when administration was taken over by the SS, who placed officer Alois Brunner in charge of the camp. In 2001, Brunner's case was brought before a French court by Nazi hunter Serge Klarsfeld, which sentenced Brunner in absentia to a life sentence for crimes against humanity. After the 1940 defeat by Germany and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, the Republic was abolished and Vichy France was proclaimed. The Vichy government cooperated with Nazi Germany, hunting down foreign and French Jews and turning them over to the"
"part under German control, and a southern part under French control, based at Vichy and referred to as Vichy France, a rump state friendly to Germany. Many French soldiers, as well as those of other occupied countries, escaped to Britain. The General de Gaulle proclaimed himself the legitimate leader of Free France and vowed to continue to fight. Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony. Vyacheslav Molotov, the Foreign Policy Minister of the USSR, which was tied with Soviet–German non-aggression treaty, congratulated the Germans: ""We hand"
"French Empire. False rumours abounded that France had made major concessions regarding colonies and German control of French ports and the French feet. Germany controlled the entire French economy, and demanded huge reparations in gold and food. However nearly 2 million French soldiers became prisoners of war in Germany. They served as hostages and forced laborers in German factories. Vichy was intensely conservative and anti-Communist, but it was practically helpless. Vichy finally collapsed when the Germans fled in summer 1944. The United States granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral William D. Leahy to Paris as American ambassador. President Roosevelt"
"his capture. After his release, he served the Vichy government as Secretary-General to the Head of State until April 1942. In 1940, he was the commanding officer of the VIII Armée on the Lorraine front. He was imprisoned in La Bresse, with four other generals, on June 22, 1940. Freed following the intervention of Marshal Philippe Pétain, Laure became secretary general of the office of the head of state (secrétaire général du cabinet du chef de l'État) on November 15, 1940 and, in December, secretary general of the Légion française des combattants (LFC), the Vichy veterans organization, replacing Xavier Vallat."
"of combat between (Vichy) France and the Allies during World War II. Barely two weeks later, the Germans invaded the then-unoccupied zone of metropolitan France and ordered the complete dissolution of the Vichy French armed forces on 1 December 1942. General Jean C. Romatet: 23 September 1940 – 21 December 1942 Vichy French Air Force The Vichy French Air Force () was the aerial branch of the armed forces of Vichy France - the government of France that collaborated with the Axis powers following the defeat of France by Germany in 1940. The Vichy French Air Force existed between December"
"by the left of responsibility for the physical attack on Blum by a right-wing mob in the streets of Paris which occurred not long after this speech. After the German occupation of France in June 1940, Vallat supported the rise to power of Marshal Philippe Pétain at head of a collaborationist regime based in Vichy. On 10 July 1940, he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Pétain the authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. In March 1941, he was appointed as head of the"
"the title of ""head of the French state"" (""chef de l'État français""), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July Pétain designated Laval as Vice-President and his designated successor, and appointed Fernand de Brinon as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto, ""Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité"" (Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood), was replaced by ""Travail, Famille, Patrie"" (Work, Family, Fatherland); it was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of """"travaux forcés à perpetuité"""" (""forced labor in"
"the Vichy men as void; I shall have an explanation with them after the victory"". He and Churchill reached agreement on 7 August 1940, that Britain would fund the Free French, with the bill to be settled after the war (the financial agreement was finalised in March 1941). A separate letter guaranteed the territorial integrity of the French Empire. General Georges Catroux, Governor of French Indo-China (which was increasingly coming under Japan's thumb), disapproved of the armistice and congratulated de Gaulle, whom he had known for many years. He was sacked by Vichy and arrived in London on 31 August;"
"Navy. Sympathy with Britain was high, and many were willing to send munitions, but few Americans called for war. The fall of France in June 1940 brought a new regime known as Vichy France. Theoretically it was neutral, but in practice it was partly controlled by Germany until November 1942, when Germany took full control. Vichy was intensely conservative and anti-Communist, but it was practically helpless with Germany controlling half of France directly and holding nearly two million French POWs as hostages. Vichy finally collapsed when the Germans fled in summer 1944. The United States granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition,"
"came into force on 25 June. After a parliamentary vote on 10 July, Pétain became leader of the newly established authoritarian regime known as Vichy France, the town of Vichy being the seat of government. De Gaulle was tried ""in absentia"" in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason. He, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government, and considered Pétain's assumption of power to be an unconstitutional coup d'état. Despite de Gaulle's call to continue the struggle, few French forces initially pledged their support. By the end of July 1940,"
"finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945. Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and other leaders. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General Henri Giraud as a preferable alternative to de Gaulle, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa—Admiral François Darlan had landed in Algiers the day before Operation Torch. Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French XIX Army Corps, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. Darlan was neutralised within 15 hours by a 400-strong"
"terms of their armistice with Nazi Germany and were convinced they would never turn over their fleet to Germany. Vichy France was created on 10 July 1940, one week after the attack and was seen by the British as a puppet state of the Nazi regime. French grievances festered for years over what they considered a betrayal by their ally. On 27 November 1942, the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon foiled Operation Anton, a German attempt to capture the fleet. After the Fall of France in 1940 and the armistice between France and Nazi Germany, the British War"
"of Vichy France and instead maintained diplomatic relations with the French government in exile (also known as ""Free France"") led by General Charles de Gaulle in London. Full diplomatic relations were restored between both nations at the end of the war in Europe in 1944. In December 2005, a French citizen called Florence Cassez was arrested in Mexico and charged with kidnapping, organized crime and possession of firearms. She was found guilty by a Mexican court and sentenced to 60 years imprisonment. Cassez always maintained her innocence which began a diplomatic dispute between Mexico and France. At the time, President"
"Vichy France from 1940 to 1942 to keep it neutral, with scant success. With the fall of France, Britain and its dominions became the lone major force at war with Germany. Roosevelt, who was determined that Britain not be defeated, took advantage of the rapid shifts of public opinion; the fall of Paris especially led to a decline in isolationist sentiment. Radio coverage of the Battle of Britain, an aerial campaign in which Germany attempted to air superiority and bombed British targets, further galvanized American public opinion behind Britain. Overcoming the opposition of much of the military establishment, who doubted"
"was defeated and had to sign an armistice with Nazi Germany on June 22, 1940. French soldiers became prisoners of war in Germany, where they were assigned to munitions factories and served as hostages. Nazi Germany occupied three fifths of France's territory (the Atlantic seaboard and most of France north of the Loire), leaving the rest to the new Vichy collaboration government established on July 10, 1940 under Henri Philippe Pétain. Its senior leaders acquiesced in the plunder of French resources, as well as the sending of French forced labor to Nazi Germany; in doing so, they claimed they hoped"
"Jean Bichelonne Jean Bichelonne (24 December 1904 – 22 December 1944) was a French businessman and member of the Vichy government that governed France during World War II following the occupation of France by Nazi Germany. Jean Bichelonne was born on December 24, 1904 in Bordeaux. He graduated from the École Polytechnique. Bichelonne gained an early reputation for his brilliant organisational skill as well as his photographic memory. In 1937, he became member of the cabinet of the minister for public works, Henri Queuille. In 1939, he became chief of staff to Raoul Dautry, then Defence Minister. He was a"
"of Paris. Pierre Vaillandet Pierre Vaillandet (13 May 1888 - 25 November 1971) was a French politician. Vaillandet was born in Versailles. He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Chamber of Deputies from 1936 to 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Later on, he became one of the leaders of the National Popular Rally (RNP). He fled to Germany on 15 August 1944, shortly before"
"Vichy France as an entity with any kind of autonomy; it then became a puppet government for the occupied territories. In June 1943, the formerly Vichy-loyal colonial authorities in French North Africa led by Henri Giraud came to an agreement with the Free French to merge with their own interim regime with the French National Committee (""Comité Français National"", CFN) to form a provisional government in Algiers, known as the French Committee of National Liberation (""Comité Français de Libération Nationale"", CFLN) initially led by Darlan. After his assassination De Gaulle emerged as the uncontested French leader. The CFLN raised more"
"committee functioned as a provisional government for Algeria (then a part of metropolitan France) and the liberated parts of the colonial empire. Later it evolved into the Provisional Government of the French Republic, under the premiership of Charles de Gaulle. After the occupation of France in 1940, the Vichy regime was set up under Marshal Philippe Pétain to govern much of southern and central France. The Vichy regime distanced itself from the Allied Powers and signed an armistice with Nazi Germany. French resistance was split and disorganized, with the Free French forces established under Gen. Charles de Gaulle in Britain"
"Vichy French officers on 21 October 1942. With help from the Resistance, the Allies also succeeded in slipping French General Henri Giraud out of Vichy France on HMS ""Seraph""—passing itself off as an American submarine—intending to offer him the post of commander in chief of French forces in North Africa after the invasion. However, Giraud would take no position lower than commander in chief of all the invading forces, a job already given to Eisenhower. When he was refused, he decided to remain ""a spectator in this affair"". The Allies organised three amphibious task forces to simultaneously seize the key"
"June 22, 1940, roughly two-thirds of the country was put under direct German military control. The remaining part of southeast France, and the French colonies, were under a nominally independent government, headed by the First World War hero, Marshal Philippe Pétain, with its capital at Vichy. Japan, not yet allied with Germany until the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940, asked for German help in stopping supplies going through Indochina to China. Catroux, who had first asked for British support, had no source of military assistance from outside France, stopped the trade to China to avoid further provoking"
"Vichy anti-Jewish legislation Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II. These laws were, in fact, decrees of head of state Marshal Philippe Pétain, since Parliament was no longer in office as of . The motivation for the legislation was spontaneous and was not mandated by Germany. These laws were declared null and void on 9 August 1944 after liberation and on the restoration of republican legality. The statutes were aimed at depriving Jews of the right to hold public office, designating them as"
"Pierre Vaillandet Pierre Vaillandet (13 May 1888 - 25 November 1971) was a French politician. Vaillandet was born in Versailles. He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Chamber of Deputies from 1936 to 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Later on, he became one of the leaders of the National Popular Rally (RNP). He fled to Germany on 15 August 1944, shortly before the Liberation"
"such as Raphaël Aboulker, André Temime, Fernand Morali and Émile Atlan were arrested. In contrast, French soldiers who fought against the Americans were decorated. General Giraud succeeded Darlan, who was assassinated by Bonnier de la Chapelle on December 24, 1942, as commander-in-chief. With the approval of the British and Americans the collaborationist Marcel Peyrouton - the Interior Minister of the Vichy government, who had signed in October 1940 the abolition of Crémieux Decree - became the Governor General of Algeria on January 19, 1943 (the ""Peyrouton scandal ""). General Giraud repealed the Vichy anti-Jewish laws on March 14, 1943 and"
"all political sides, he exercised little power as president. On 10 July 1940, Lebrun enacted/promulgated the Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940 (see the Vichy 80) allowing Prime Minister Philippe Pétain to promulgate a new constitution. On 11 July, Lebrun was replaced by Pétain (although Lebrun never officially resigned) as head of state. He then fled to Vizille (Isère) on 15 July, but was captured on 27 August 1943 when the Germans moved into the region and was sent into captivity at the Itter Castle in Tyrol. On 10 October 1943 he was allowed to return to Vizille due to"
"decided otherwise, as some Nationalist sympathizers in France openly threatened civil war, just like in Spain. Also, the predecessor of Chamberlain, Stanley Baldwin, and his staff, including Anthony Eden, strongly opposed any aid for fear both of communism (the Soviet Union was supporting the Republicans) and of the war spreading into another world war. In 1940, the military defeat of the French Army, after only a month, caused much disillusion across Europe. As a consequence, the image and the reputation of France as Europe's military superpower were seriously compromised until after the war ended. Vichy France collaborated with Germany, which"
"by the traditional French officialdom. In November 1942 all of Vichy France was finally occupied by German forces. Vichy continued in existence but it was closely supervised by the Germans. The Vichy regime sought to collaborate with Germany, keeping peace in France to avoid further occupation although at the expense of personal freedom and individual safety. Some 76,000 Jews were deported during the German occupation, often with the help of the Vichy authorities, and murdered in the Nazis' extermination camps. General Charles de Gaulle in London declared himself on BBC radio to be the head of a rival government in"
"were shocked when the Allied front was broken through at Sedan by the Wehrmacht. According to the memoirs of Captain Andre Beaufre, after the front was broken, the feeling was rife in Georges' headquarters staff that the battle with the Germans was lost, with Beaufre himself witnessing Georges breaking into tears. On 19 May 1940 Gamelin and Georges were both dismissed, and General Weygand returned as head of the French Army. Once Marshal Pétain took power after the fall of France and the collapse of the French Third Republic, Georges refused to play any significant role in the new Vichy"