Which Greek philosopher is popularly known as 'The Weeping Philosopher' because of his melancholy nature?
"Heraclitus Heraclitus of Ephesus (; ; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, and a native of the city of Ephesus, then part of the Persian Empire. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the apparently riddled and allegedly paradoxical nature of his philosophy and his stress upon the heedless unconsciousness of humankind, he was called ""The Obscure"" and the ""Weeping Philosopher"". Heraclitus was famous for his insistence on ever-present change as being"
"Theophrastus. Later he was referred to as the ""weeping philosopher"", as opposed to Democritus, who is known as the ""laughing philosopher"". If Stobaeus writes correctly, Sotion in the early 1st century CE was already combining the two in the imaginative duo of weeping and laughing philosophers: ""Among the wise, instead of anger, Heraclitus was overtaken by tears, Democritus by laughter."" The view is expressed by the satirist Juvenal: The motif was also adopted by Lucian of Samosata in his ""Sale of Creeds"", in which the duo is sold together as a complementary product in the satirical auction of philosophers. Subsequently,"
"Lovecraft, Michel Houellebecq, Thomas Ligotti, Thomas Bernhard and Camilo Pessanha. In ""Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks"", Friedrich Nietzsche argued that the pre-Socratic philosophers such as Anaximander, Heraclitus (called ""the Weeping Philosopher"") and Parmenides represented a classical form of pessimism. Nietzsche saw Anaximander's philosophy as the ""enigmatic proclamation of a true pessimist"". Similarly, of Heraclitus' philosophy of flux and strife he wrote: Heraclitus denied the duality of totally diverse worlds—a position which Anaximander had been compelled to assume. He no longer distinguished a physical world from a metaphysical one, a realm of definite qualities from an undefinable ""indefinite."""
"to side with the intellectual instead. Xenophanes Xenophanes of Colophon (; ; c. 570 – c. 475 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic. Xenophanes lived a life of travel, having left Ionia at the age of 25 and continuing to travel throughout the Greek world for another 67 years. Some scholars say he lived in exile in Sicily. Knowledge of his views comes from fragments of his poetry, surviving as quotations by later Greek writers. To judge from these, his elegiac and iambic poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas, including Homer"
"Socrates Socrates (; , ; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, he made no writings, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers writing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. Other sources include the contemporaneous Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Aeschines of Sphettos. Aristophanes, a playwright, is the only source to have written during his lifetime. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive"
"philosopher himself. The group is the focus of a number of Holmes pastiches by Kim Newman. In the Rodgers and Hart musical ""The Boys From Syracuse"" (1938), the song ""Oh Diogenes!""—which extols the philosopher's virtues—contains the lyrics ""there was an old zany/ who lived in a tub;/ he had so many flea-bites / he didn't know where to rub."" Diogenes Diogenes (; , ""Diogenēs"" ), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (, ""Diogenēs ho Kynikos""), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. He was born in Sinope, an Ionian colony on the Black Sea, in"
"Xenophanes Xenophanes of Colophon (; ; c. 570 – c. 475 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic. Xenophanes lived a life of travel, having left Ionia at the age of 25 and continuing to travel throughout the Greek world for another 67 years. Some scholars say he lived in exile in Sicily. Knowledge of his views comes from fragments of his poetry, surviving as quotations by later Greek writers. To judge from these, his elegiac and iambic poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas, including Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the"
"Diogenes Diogenes (; , ""Diogenēs"" ), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (, ""Diogenēs ho Kynikos""), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. He was born in Sinope, an Ionian colony on the Black Sea, in 412 or 404 BC and died at Corinth in 323 BC. Diogenes was a controversial figure. His father minted coins for a living, and Diogenes was banished from Sinope when he took to debasement of currency. After being exiled, he moved to Athens and criticized many cultural conventions of the city. He modeled himself on the example of Heracles,"
"Epictetus Epictetus (; , ""Epíktētos""; 55 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Pamukkale, Turkey) and lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece for the rest of his life. His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his ""Discourses"" and ""Enchiridion"". Epictetus taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are beyond our control; we should accept calmly and dispassionately whatever happens. However, individuals are responsible for their"
"for the Actor"", lists the ""Enchiridion"" in the bibliography. Note 70. http://williamostephens.com Epictetus Epictetus (; , ""Epíktētos""; 55 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Pamukkale, Turkey) and lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece for the rest of his life. His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his ""Discourses"" and ""Enchiridion"". Epictetus taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are beyond our control; we should"
"committed suicide through grief. Lucian ranks Menippus with Antisthenes, Diogenes, and Crates as among the most notable of the Cynics. His works (written in a mixture of prose and verse) are all lost. He discussed serious subjects in a spirit of ridicule, and especially delighted in attacking the Epicureans and Stoics. Strabo and Stephanus call him the ""earnest-jester"" (, ""spoudogeloios""). His writings exercised considerable influence upon later literature, and the Menippean satire genre is named after him. Although the writings of Menippus no longer survive, there are some fragments of Varro's ""Saturae Menippeae"", which were written in imitation of Menippus."
"Ancient Greek, the majority of his understanding of Grecian mythology came from the translations into English. ""Ode on Melancholy"" contains references to classical themes, characters, and places such as Psyche, Lethe, and Proserpine in its description of melancholy, as allusions to Grecian art and literature were common among the ""five great odes"". Unlike the speaker of ""Ode on a Grecian Urn"", ""Ode to a Nightingale"", and ""Ode to Psyche"", the speaker of ""Ode on Melancholy"" speaks directly to the reader rather than to an object or an emotion. With only three stanzas, the poem is the shortest of the odes"
"hundred and nine. Likewise, there are myths concerning his death: a tradition, which is traced to Heraclides Ponticus, represented him as having been removed from the Earth; whereas others had him perishing in the flames of Mount Etna. The contemporary ""Life of Empedocles"" by Xanthus has been lost. Empedocles is considered the last Greek philosopher to write in verse and the surviving fragments of his teaching are from two poems, ""Purifications"" and ""On Nature"". Empedocles was undoubtedly acquainted with the didactic poems of Xenophanes and Parmenides—allusions to the latter can be found in the fragments—but he seems to have surpassed"
"aspect. He believed the goal of the soul is to be rid of water and become pure fire: the dry soul is the best and it is worldly pleasures that make the soul ""moist"". He was known as the ""weeping philosopher"" and died of hydropsy, a swelling due to abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin. However, Empedocles of Acragas , is best known for having selected all elements as his ""archai"" and by the time of Plato , the four Empedoclian elements were well established. In the ""Timaeus"", Plato's major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid he associated with fire"
"close friend Kristine McKenna stating that he ""thought human beings were the worst species that was ever dreamed up"". Morrissey, a songwriter, has been dubbed ""pop's most famous misanthrope"". Fernando Pessoa's ""factless autobiography"" ""The Book of Disquiet"" has been described as misanthropic. The pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus was by various accounts a misanthrope and a loner who had little patience for human society. In a fragment, the philosopher complained that ""people [were] forever without understanding"" of what was, in his view, the nature of reality. In Western philosophy, misanthropy has been connected to isolation from human society. In Plato's ""Phaedo"", Socrates"
"""a most noble philosophy, … taking the form of agnosticism and suspension of judgement."" Anaxarchus is said to have praised Pyrrho's ""indifference and sang-froid."" Anaxarchus is said to have possessed ""fortitude and contentment in life,"" which earned him the epithet ""eudaimonikos"" (""fortunate""), which may imply that he held the end of life to be ""eudaimonia."" Plutarch reports that he told Alexander the Great that there was an infinite number of worlds, causing the latter to become dejected because he had not yet conquered even one. Anaxarchus Anaxarchus (; ; ) was a Greek philosopher of the school of Democritus. Together"
"Dionysius the Renegade Dionysius the Renegade (; c. 330 – c. 250), also known as Dionysius of Heraclea, was a Stoic philosopher and pupil of Zeno of Citium who, late in life, abandoned Stoicism when he became afflicted by terrible pain. He was the son of Theophantus. In early life he was a disciple of Heraclides, Alexinus, and Menedemus, and afterwards of Zeno, who appears to have induced him to adopt Stoicism. At a later time he was afflicted with terrible eye pain, which caused him to abandon Stoic philosophy, and to join the Cyrenaics, whose doctrine, that hedonism and"
"but had a shelter for the visitors. They did not wear any clothes and thus compared themselves to the Olympian athletes. They shared their vegetarian meal with him. Gymnosophists Gymnosophists (Greek , ""gymnosophistai"", i.e. ""naked philosophers"" or ""naked wise men"") is the name given by the Greeks to certain ancient Indian philosophers who pursued asceticism to the point of regarding food and clothing as detrimental to purity of thought. They were noted to have been vegetarian by several Greek authors. There were also gymnosophists in upper Egypt who were called Ethiopean Gymnosophists by Apollonius of Tyana. In Greek literature they"
"as arising from both mind and water. A medieval scholium on Aristophanes' ""The Clouds"" attributes to Hippo the view that the heavens were like the dome () of an oven covering the Earth. Hippo (philosopher) Hippo (; , ""Hippon""; fl. 5th century BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is variously described as coming from Rhegium, Metapontum, Samos, and Croton, and it is possible that there was more than one philosopher with this name. Although he was a natural philosopher, Aristotle refused to place him among the other great Pre-Socratic philosophers ""because of the paltriness of his thought."" At some"
"Dionysios Skylosophos Dionysios Skylosophos (; c. 1560–1611), ""the Dog-Philosopher"" or ""Dogwise"" (""skylosophist""), as called by his rivals, was a Greek Orthodox bishop who led two farmer revolts against the Ottoman Empire, in Thessaly (1600) and Ioannina (1611), with Spanish aid. Dionysius was born in 1541, in Aydonat, Sesprotya, Ottoman Empire (modern Paramythia, Thesprotia, Greece). He was of Greek descent, from Macedonia (specifically Avdella, Grevena regional unit) with Epirotian parentage. At a very young age, Dionysius became a ""kaloyeros"" at Dichouni. At age 15, he went to Padua where he studied medicine, philosophy, philology, logic, astronomy, and poetry. He took the"
"distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms by Hippocrates in his ""Aphorisms"", where he characterized all ""fears and despondencies, if they last a long time"" as being symptomatic of the ailment. Aretaeus of Cappadocia later noted that sufferers were ""dull or stern; dejected or unreasonably torpid, without any manifest cause"". The humoral theory fell out of favor but was revived in Rome by Galen. Melancholia was a far broader concept than today's depression; prominence was given to a clustering of the symptoms of sadness, dejection, and despondency, and often fear, anger, delusions and obsessions were included. Physicians in the"
"Archilochus Archilochus (; ""Arkhilokhos""; c. 680c. 645 BC) was a Greek lyric poet from the island of Paros in the Archaic period. He is celebrated for his versatile and innovative use of poetic meters, and is the earliest known Greek author to compose almost entirely on the theme of his own emotions and experiences. Alexandrian scholars included him in their canonic list of iambic poets, along with Semonides and Hipponax, yet ancient commentators also numbered him with Tyrtaeus and Callinus as the possible inventor of the elegy. Modern critics often characterize him simply as a lyric poet. Although his work"
"same calm temper. He seemed insulting to Xenophon and Plato, as seen from the ""Memorabilia"", where he maintains a discussion against Socrates in defence of voluptuous enjoyment, and from the ""Phaedo"", where his absence at the death of Socrates, though he was only at Aegina, 200 stadia from Athens, is doubtless mentioned as a reproach. Aristotle, too, calls him a sophist, and notices a story of Plato's speaking to him, with rather undue vehemence, and of his replying with calmness. Aristippus imparted his doctrine to his daughter Arete who, in turn, imparted it to her son, Aristippus the Younger, who"
"Theodectes Theodectes (; c. 380 – c. 340 BCE) was a Greek rhetorician and tragic poet, of Phaselis in Lycia. He lived in the period which followed the Peloponnesian War. Along with the continual decay of political and religious life, tragedy sank more and more into mere rhetorical display. The school of Isocrates produced the orators and tragedians, Theodectes and Aphareus. He was also a pupil of Plato and an intimate friend of Aristotle. He at first wrote speeches for the law courts though he soon moved on to compose tragedies with success. He spent most of his life at"
"the very epitome of rational thought and as the founder of philosophy, Socrates freely admitted to experiencing what are now called ""command hallucinations"" (then called his 'daemon'). Pythagoras also heard voices. Hippocrates (470–ca. 360 BC) classified mental disorders, including paranoia, epilepsy, mania and melancholia. Through long contact with Greek culture, and their eventual conquest of Greece, the Romans absorbed many Greek (and other) ideas on medicine. The humoral theory fell out of favor in some quarters. The Greek physician Asclepiades (ca. 124–40 BC), who practiced in Rome, discarded it and advocated humane treatments, and had insane persons freed from confinement"
"1944. The 1985 film ""Meteor and Shadow"" was based on his life. Famous poems by Lapathiotis include: Napoleon Lapathiotis Napoleon Lapathiotis (; 31 October 1888 – 7 January 1944) was a Greek poet. A native of Athens, he began writing and publishing poetry when he was eleven. In 1907, along with others, he established the ""Igiso"" (""Ἡγησώ"", from the Attic Greek name ""Hēgēso"") magazine, in which he published his works. In 1909, he graduated from the law school of the University of Athens. His first book of poems was published in 1939. Lapathiotis was openly gay and had communist beliefs."
"of grief an act of evil. It is a willful act, going against the will of God to have all men share happiness."" The philosophy of Epictetus was an influence on the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121 to 180 A.D.) whose reign was marked by wars with the resurgent Parthia in western Asia and against the Germanic tribes in Europe. Aurelius quotes from Epictetus repeatedly in his own work, ""Meditations"", written during his campaigns in central Europe. In the sixth century, the Neoplatonist philosopher Simplicius, who was persecuted for his pagan beliefs during the reign of Justinian, wrote an extant"
"Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks () is an incomplete book by Friedrich Nietzsche. He had a clean copy made from his notes with the intention of publication. The notes were written around 1873. In it he discussed five Greek philosophers from the sixth and fifth centuries BC. They are Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Anaxagoras. He had, at one time, intended to include Democritus, Empedocles, and Socrates. The book ends abruptly after the discussion of Anaxagoras's cosmogony. Nietzsche stated that he wanted to present the outlooks of very worthy"
"air. </poem> In his ""History of Western Philosophy"", Bertrand Russell humorously quotes an unnamed poet on the subject – ""Great Empedocles, that ardent soul, Leapt into Etna, and was roasted whole."" In ""J R"" by William Gaddis, Karl Marx's famous dictum (""From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs"") is misattributed to Empedocles. In 2006, a massive underwater volcano off the coast of Sicily was named Empedocles. In 2016, Scottish musician Momus wrote and sung the song ""The Death of Empedokles"" for his album ""Scobberlotchers"". Empedocles Empedocles (; , ""Empedoklēs""; ) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher"
"Pyrrho Pyrrho of Elis (; ; ) was a Greek philosopher of Classical antiquity and is credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher. Pyrrho of Elis is estimated to have lived from around 365-360 BC until 275-270 BC. Pyrrho was from Elis, on the Ionian Sea. Diogenes Laërtius, quoting from Apollodorus of Athens, says that Pyrrho was at first a painter, and that pictures by him were exhibited in the gymnasium at Elis. Later he was diverted to philosophy by the works of Democritus, and according to Diogenes Laertius became acquainted with the Megarian dialectic through Bryson, pupil of"
"He had been using the mononym ""Pythagoras"" since his high school years. He died of a heart attack on November 12, 1979. Pythagoras Papastamatiou Pythagoras Papastamatiou (, 12 April 1930 – November 12, 1979), mainly known by the mononym Pythagoras, was a Greek lyricist and playwright. He was born in 1930 in Agrinio where he lived until he became 18 years old. His family was descended from Samos. His parents met each other in Smyrna (now Izmir, Turkey), shortly before the Asia Minor Catastrophe. The Asia Minor Catastrophe influenced his work later in his life (in 1972, he co-wrote the"
"and what he calls “a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined to a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined in a dark recess, with large iron fetters round their feet, a great weight about their neck…passing their time in filth, in torment, and in weeping”. He asks, “Which of these images shall we proclaim blessed”? He goes on to praise Diogenes of Sinopeus, the Cynic, for choosing his ascetic life, but only because he avoided the often fearful fates of other philosophers – such as Socrates being condemned. But there is no mention of he himself taking up the ascetic"
"and lack of reliability serves as the modern basis of criticism—that it is nearly impossible to know the real Socrates. Some controversy also exists about Socrates's attitude towards homosexuality and as to whether or not he believed in the Olympian gods, was monotheistic, or held some other religious viewpoint. However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic. Socrates Socrates (; , ; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the"