When it launched the satellite Alouette 1 in 1962, which country became the first non-superpower to enter the space race?
"Astérix (satellite) Astérix, the first French satellite, was launched on November 26, 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from the CIEES launch site at Hammaguir, French Algeria. With ""Astérix"", France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite in orbit after the USSR (""Sputnik 1"", 1957), the United States (""Explorer 1"", 1958), the United Kingdom (""Ariel 1"", 1962), Canada (""Alouette 1"", 1962), and Italy (""San Marco 1"", 1964), and the third to launch a satellite on its own (the UK, Canada and Italy's satellites were launched on American rockets). The satellite was originally designated A-1, as the French Army's"
"was launched by NASA from the Pacific Missile Test Range in California on 29 September 1962. Alouette I contributed significantly to the understanding of the electrical properties of the upper atmosphere. As a result of this success, Canada and the US signed an agreement relating to International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies, ISIS, and Canada launched Alouette II in 1965, ISIS I in 1969 and ISIS II in 1970. Under the pressure of World War II the Survey redoubled efforts to find strategic mineral resources and map the territory of Canada. The exploration of western Canada received major attention with the"
"of first launch in parentheses): <nowiki>*</nowiki> Previously the major part of Soviet Union Note that a larger number of countries other than those listed above have launched ""suborbital spacecraft"", and could also, in a loose sense, be considered spacefaring. If one considers merely launching an object beyond the Kármán line to be the minimum requirement of spacefaring, then Germany, with the V-2 rocket, became the first spacefaring nation in 1942. Also several countries, such as Canada, Italy and Australia, had semi-independent spacefaring capability, launching locally-built satellites on foreign launchers. Canada had designed and built satellites (Alouette 1 & 2) in"
"the launching of rockets as part of the Canadian Upper Atmosphere Research Programme. In 1958, the newly formed NASA in the US sought international partners for its nascent satellite programme. The Canadian response came from the Defence Research Establishment where Dr. John Chapman proposed that Canada build a satellite to study the properties of the ionosphere from above (the rockets from Churchill studied them from below). NASA accepted the proposal, and the DRE in Ottawa, with the help of RCA in Montreal and SPAR Aerospace in Toronto, overcame daunting engineering difficulties and built Alouette I, a 145 kg. satellite which"
"France became a space power independently, launching a payload into orbit from Algeria, before joining space launcher facilities in the multi-national Ariane project. The United Kingdom became a space power independently following a single payload insertion into orbit from Australia, before discontinuing official participation in space launch capability, including the Ariane project, in the 1970s. Thus, , nine countries and one inter-governmental organisation (ESA) currently have a proven orbital launch capability, and two countries (France, UK) formerly had such an independent capability. In all cases where a country has conducted independent human spaceflights (as of 2017, three - Russia, USA,"
"examined the relationship between two types of solar radiation and changes in the Earth's ionosphere. They took advantage of techniques developed in the Skylark programme. Ariel 1, the first satellite from a nation besides the United States or the Soviet Union, was launched aboard an American Thor-Delta rocket from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, at 18:00:16 GMT on 26 April 1962. Ariel 1 was among several satellites inadvertently damaged or destroyed by the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test on July 9, 1962, and subsequent radiation belt. It decayed from orbit on 24 April 1976. Ariel"
"It too remains a in Earth orbit . Alouette 2 Alouette 2 was a Canadian research satellite launched at 04:48 UTC on November 29, 1965 by a Thor Agena rocket with Explorer 31 from the Western test range at Vandenberg AFB in California. It was (like its predecessor Alouette 1, and Explorer 31) designed to explore the ionosphere. The name ""Alouette"" came from the French for ""skylark"" and from the title of a popular French-Canadian folk song. Alouette 2 was also known as ISIS-X since it was the first in a series of ISIS satellites: International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies."
"Alouette 2 Alouette 2 was a Canadian research satellite launched at 04:48 UTC on November 29, 1965 by a Thor Agena rocket with Explorer 31 from the Western test range at Vandenberg AFB in California. It was (like its predecessor Alouette 1, and Explorer 31) designed to explore the ionosphere. The name ""Alouette"" came from the French for ""skylark"" and from the title of a popular French-Canadian folk song. Alouette 2 was also known as ISIS-X since it was the first in a series of ISIS satellites: International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies. The next one was called ISIS-I. The Alouette"
"pressed by French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. For the first flight, designated as ""L-O1"" (Lancement [Launch] 01), the payload consisted of an Aeritalia-built test instrumentation system, known as CAT (Capsule Ariane Technologique), for the purpose of measuring all key stages of the ascent in great detail, such as noise, stress, acceleration, temperature, and pressure; this unit was also designed to simulate a real satellite payload. CAT was successfully placed into an orbit of 202 km by 35,753 km; the successful deployment of this payload indicated the end of the American monopoly on commercial satellite launches. On 26 March 1980, almost"
"Mars 2, 1956 France recognized though an agreement judging the Treaty of Fes as expired Morocco's independence, few days latter on Mars 20, 1956 the kingdom of Tunisia achieved its total independence from France as well. Finally, on October the 4th 1957, the Sputnik 1, the first artificial earth satellite is launched by the Soviet Union, announcing within the context of the Cold War, the beginning of the Space Age. It is at a moment at which the Cold War was taking place and causing the beginning of the Space Age, under the post Second World War and European reconstruction"
"Salyut 1 Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (; English translation: Salute 1) was the first space station of any kind, launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971. The Salyut program followed this with five more successful launches out of seven more stations. The final module of the program, Zvezda (DOS-8) became the core of the Russian segment of the International Space Station and remains in orbit. Salyut 1 originated as a modification of the military Almaz space station program then in development. After the landing of Apollo 11 on the Moon in July 1969, the Soviets"
"first artificial satellite that the United States successfully put into space was named SCORE and was launched in December 1958. Through it, then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent a Christmas message to the entire world. But SCORE stayed in orbit for only a few months. Its enormous surface and the orbit very close to the planet Earth made it reenter after only 500 laps around the planet. Telstar 1 was released on July 10, 1962 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, with a Delta rocket. In a rounded form, the satellite had a diameter of 88 centimeters and weighed"
"Humanity has achieved space flight but only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches: Russia (RSA or ""Roscosmos""), the United States (NASA), the member states of the European Space Agency (ESA), Japan (JAXA), China (CNSA), India (ISRO), Taiwan (National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan National Space Organization (NSPO), Israel (ISA), Iran (ISA), and North Korea (NADA). A German V-2 became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in Peenemünde, Germany. Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit (LEO) by the"
"first modern SETI experiment, named ""Project Ozma"", after the Queen of Oz in L. Frank Baum's fantasy books. Russia takes the lead in the space race as Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to orbit Earth in April. NASA astronaut Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space a month later, but does not go into orbit, although he is the first person to land with himself still inside his spacecraft thus technically achieving the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions. John Glenn achieves orbit in early 1962. Mariner 2 becomes the first probe to reach another planet, flying"
"The Soviet Union was the first nation to enter the space realm with their launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. The satellite was merely an 83.6 kilogram aluminum alloy sphere, which was a major down size from the original 1,000 kilogram design, that carried a radio and four antennas into space. This size was shocking to western scientists as America was designing a much smaller 8 kilogram satellite. This size discrepancy was apparent due to the gap in weapon technology as the United States was able to develop much smaller nuclear warheads than their soviet counterparts. The Soviet"
"most important forms of non-violent competition was the space race. The Soviets jumped out to an early lead in 1957 with the launching of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, followed by the first manned flight. The success of the Soviet space program was a great shock to the United States, which had believed itself to be ahead technologically. The ability to launch objects into orbit was especially ominous because it showed Soviet missiles could target anywhere on the planet. Soon the Americans had a space program of their own but remained behind the Soviets until the mid–1960s. American President John"
"the first citizen of a country other than the USA or USSR: Vladimír Remek of Czechoslovakia. Interkosmos also resulted in the first black and Hispanic person in space, Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez of Cuba, and the first Southeast Asian person in space, Phạm Tuân of Vietnam. Of the countries involved, only Bulgaria sent two cosmonauts in space, although the second one did not fly under the Interkosmos program, and the French spationaut, Jean-Loup Chrétien, flew on two separate flights. The Soviet Union also made offers of joint crewed spaceflight on a commercial basis to the United Kingdom, Japan and Finland resulting"
"States responded by launching Alan Shepard into space on a suborbital flight in a Mercury space capsule. With the launch of the Alouette I in 1963, Canada became the third country to send a satellite into space. The space race between the United States and the Soviet Union would ultimately lead to the landing of men on the moon in 1969. In 1967, the X-15 set the air speed record for an aircraft at or Mach 6.1. Aside from vehicles designed to fly in outer space, this record was renewed by X-43 in the 21st century. The Harrier Jump Jet,"
"dubbed the ""Space Race"". The race began in 1957, when both the US and the USSR made statements announcing they planned to launch artificial satellites during the 18 month long International Geophysical Year of July 1957 to December 1958. On July 29, 1957, the US announced a planned launch of the Vanguard by the spring of 1958, and on July 31, the USSR announced it would launch a satellite in the fall of 1957. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite of Earth in the history of mankind. On November 3, 1957, the"
"Ariel 1 Ariel 1 (also known as UK-1 and S-55), was the first British satellite, and the first satellite in the Ariel programme. Its launch in 1962 made the United Kingdom the third country to operate a satellite, after the Soviet Union and the United States. It was constructed in both the UK and the United States by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and SERC, under an agreement reached as the result of political discussions in 1959 and 1960. In late 1959, the Science and Engineering Research Council proposed the development of Ariel 1 to NASA, following an offer made"
"an atomic bomb in Algeria in 1960 and some operational French nuclear weapons became available in 1964. Then, France executed its first test of the much more powerful hydrogen bomb over its South Pacific Ocean test range in 1968; this first hydrogen bomb was dropped from a strategic bomber. France was the fourth de facto nuclear power after United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom. In 1965, France was the third nation, after the former USSR and the United States, to launch its own space satellite. The French no longer launch their own satellites, however, preferring instead to contribute to"
"race to be the pre-eminent power in space. Of the ten countries that have independently successfully launched a satellite into orbit, six are Asian: China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan and North Korea. China's first manned spacecraft entered orbit in October 2003, making China the first Asian nation to send a human into space. India is expected to demonstrate independent human spaceflight by 2020 and human landing on the moon by 2030, and Iran and Japan have plans for independent manned spaceflights around 2020. China is also still predicting manned mission to the Earth moon by 2025 and to Mars by"
"Interkosmos Interkosmos () was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union's allies with crewed and uncrewed space missions. The program included the allied east-European nations of the Warsaw Pact, CoMEcon, and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro-Soviet non-aligned nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations. Following the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, there were talks between NASA and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a ""Shuttle-Salyut"" program to fly Space Shuttle missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even"
"spacecraft was given a name ending with a ""7"" by its pilot. The Space Race began with the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1. This came as a shock to the American public, and led to the creation of NASA to expedite existing US space exploration efforts, and place most of them under civilian control. After the successful launch of the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958, manned spaceflight became the next goal. The Soviet Union put the first human, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, into a single orbit aboard Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. Shortly after this, on May"
"the Space Race with the Soviet Union, which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, almost four years earlier. The perception increased when, on April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut. American prestige was further damaged by the Bay of Pigs fiasco five days later. Convinced of the political need for an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America's space superiority, Kennedy asked his Vice President, Lyndon B. Johnson, in his role as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, to identify"
"term ""angkasawan"" was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program, and the Indian Space Research Organisation hope to launch a spacecraft in 2022 that would carry ""vyomanauts"", coined from the Sanskrit word for space. In Finland, the NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra, a Finnish American, has sometimes been referred to as ""sisunautti"", from the Finnish word ""sisu"". The first human in space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin, who was launched on April 12, 1961, aboard Vostok 1 and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes. The first woman in space was Soviet Valentina Tereshkova, who launched on June 16, 1963, aboard"
"Politics of the International Space Station Politics of the International Space Station begins with the 1972 milestone in co-operation between the United States and the Soviet Union in space, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. This cooperative venture resulted in the July 1975 docking of Soyuz 19 with an Apollo spacecraft. From 1978 to 1987, the USSR's Interkosmos programme included allied Warsaw Pact countries, and countries which were not Soviet allies, such as India, Syria and France, in manned and unmanned missions to Space stations Salyut 6 and 7. In 1986 the USSR extended this co-operation to a dozen countries in the"
"non-spacefaring countries in building their first satellite through the Joint Global Multi-Nation Birds satellite program, sponsored by Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT), which is a cross-border interdisciplinary satellite project for non-spacefaring countries. Four guest countries participated in the Birds-1 program: Ghana, Mongolia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh. ""GhanaSat-1"" was the first Ghanaian satellite launched into space. ""GhanaSat-1"" was assembled and tested by three students at All Nations University. The five 1U CubeSats, four built by the guest countries and one by KIT, were all identical in their design. The two-year period spanning the development, construction, launch and operation of the satellites engaged"
"Timeline of the Space Race This is a timeline of first achievements in spaceflight from the first intercontinental ballistic missile through the first multinational human-crewed mission—spanning the era of the Space Race. Two days after the United States announced its intention to launch an artificial satellite, on July 31, 1956, the Soviet Union announced its intention to do the same. Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957, beating the United States and stunning people all over the world. Project Vanguard transferred from the NRL to NASA immediately before launch. The Soviet Union had attempted an earlier rendezvous on August"
"Nixon campaigned on restoring law and order to a nation troubled with the new unrest. The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated the 1960s. The Soviets sent the first man, Yuri Gagarin, into outer space during the Vostok 1 mission on 12 April 1961 and scored a host of other successes, but by the middle of the decade the U.S. was taking the lead. In May 1961, President Kennedy set for the U.S. the goal of a manned spacecraft landing on the Moon by the end of the decade. In June 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became"
"were large enough to be adapted to carry the first artificial satellites into low Earth orbit. After the first satellites were launched in 1957 and 1958, the US worked on Project Mercury to launch men singly into orbit, while the USSR secretly pursued the Vostok program to accomplish the same thing. The USSR launched the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, into a single orbit in Vostok 1 on a Vostok 3KA rocket, on 12 April 1961. The US launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, on a suborbital flight aboard ""Freedom 7"" on a Mercury-Redstone rocket, on 5 May 1961."
"1 on 4 October 1957. ""Sputnik"" was the first artificial satellite in orbit around the Earth, and the surprise of its successful launch, compounded by the resounding failure of Project Vanguard to launch an American satellite after two attempts, has been dubbed the ""Sputnik crisis"" and was the impetus for the beginning of the Space Race. Trying to reclaim lost ground, the United States embarked on a series of new projects and studies, which eventually included the launch of Explorer 1 and the creation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and NASA. In 1949, the Armour Research Foundation"
"Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually controlled his spacecraft's attitude, and landed inside it. The first American in orbit was John Glenn aboard ""Friendship 7"", launched 20 February 1962 on a Mercury-Atlas rocket. The USSR launched five more cosmonauts in Vostok capsules, including the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. The US launched a total of two astronauts in suborbital flight and four into orbit through 1963. US President John F. Kennedy raised the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely by"