In the USA, the Colorado Beetle is a major pest that attacks which crop?
"the American pilots who dropped tremendous amounts of the potato beetle on the fields of the German Democratic Republic... from where the beetle invaded Polish territory"". The news report went on to describe the campaign launched by the Polish Ministry of Agriculture to eradicate the pest through the use of DDT (""Azotox"" in its Soviet bloc version), vigilance on Poland's Baltic coast, engagement of the Polish Air Force, and the general mobilization of society, particularly the youth. The newsreel concluded that ""the American pest will be unsuccessful both in Poland and Germany. The warmongers' provocation will crash and burn. Everyone"
"are morphological similar to the Colorado potato beetle, a pest of potato crops. The larvae are humpbacked in appearance, yellow-green in colour, and may measure in length at maturity. ""Z. exclamationis"" is native to North America. Adult beetles are phytophagus and associated with the sunflower species ""Helianthus annuus"" (common sunflower), ""H. giganteus"" (giant sunflower), and ""H. petiolaris"" (prairie sunflower). It is a major economic pest to sunflower production in North America. Overwintering adults emerge in late May or early June. Shortly after emergence, the beetles begin to feed, mate and lay eggs singly on stems and undersides of leaves. Adults"
"growers in California. California produces approximately 90% of the United States’ winter vegetable crop, and has incurred an estimated $500 million in crop damage due to silverleaf whitefly populations. Across the agricultural industry, this pest is thought to cost the state $774 million in private sector plant sales, 12,540 jobs, and $112.5 million in personal income. On a national scale, the United States has suffered crop and ornamental plant damages in excess of $1 billion. This species of whitefly is a particularly devastating pest because it feeds on over 500 plant species. Common hosts are agricultural crops including tomatoes, squash,"
"Cabbage moth ""Note: the small white species of butterfly is commonly called a ""cabbage moth"" in North America."" ""Mamestra brassicae"", or the cabbage moth, is primarily known as a pest that is responsible for severe crop damage of a wide variety of plants species. While known colloquially as the cabbage moth, the name is a misnomer as the species is known to feed on many fruits, vegetables, and other crops with the ""Brassica"" vegetable crops (i.e. cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts) being most preferred. Other notable host plants include tobacco, sunflower, and tomato, making this pest species particularly economically damaging. The"
"typically only occur during June and July for a few hours at a time. Tobacco, corn, rice and some other crops have been engineered to express genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The introduction of Bt crops during the period between 1996 and 2005 has been estimated to have reduced the total volume of insecticide active ingredient use in the United States by over 100 thousand tons. This represents a 19.4% reduction in insecticide use. In the late 1990s, a genetically modified potato that was resistant to the Colorado potato beetle was withdrawn because major buyers rejected"
"S. et al. Cabbage moth ""Note: the small white species of butterfly is commonly called a ""cabbage moth"" in North America."" ""Mamestra brassicae"", or the cabbage moth, is primarily known as a pest that is responsible for severe crop damage of a wide variety of plants species. While known colloquially as the cabbage moth, the name is a misnomer as the species is known to feed on many fruits, vegetables, and other crops with the ""Brassica"" vegetable crops (i.e. cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts) being most preferred. Other notable host plants include tobacco, sunflower, and tomato, making this pest species particularly"
"a different species. The original host plant of the Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" was the buffalo bur, ""Solanum rostratum"", in Mexico. No association has been found between ""Lebia grandis"" and ""Leptinotarsa 'decemlineata"" on this host plant. In the 1850s, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" began to feed on the potato plant and spread rapidly eastwards on potato crops. ""Lebia grandis"" may have had a relationship prior to this with the false potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa juncta"" which feeds on horsenettle, ""Solanum carolinense"". Another closely related chrysomid beetle, ""Leptinotarsa haldemani"" is recorded from Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona and Mexico, where it lives on wild species"
"Maize weevil The maize weevil (""Sitophilus zeamais""), known in the United States as the greater rice weevil, is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. It can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world, and in the United States, and is a major pest of maize. This species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed. The maize weevil also infests other types of stored, processed cereal products such as pasta, cassava, and various coarse, milled grains. It has even been known to attack fruit while"
"Spotted cucumber beetle The spotted cucumber beetle (""Diabrotica undecimpunctata"") is a species of cucumber beetle that is native to North America. The beetle is also a major agricultural pest insect in North America. In the adult form, it eats and damages leaves of many crops, including cucumbers, soybeans, cotton, beans, and many others. In the larval form, which is known as the southern corn rootworm, it tunnels through the roots of young plants, stunting or killing them. These native pests have a wide range of host plants, but will readily infest a field of crop plants, most notoriously corn. Adult"
"nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable. Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate"
"has caused the destruction of millions of acres of ponderosa and lodgepole pine trees in Colorado. According to an annual assessment by the state's forest service, 264,000 acres of trees in Colorado were infested by the mountain pine beetle at the beginning of 2013. This was much smaller than the 1.15 million acres that were affected in 2008 because the beetle has already killed off most of the vulnerable trees (Ward). Mountain pine beetles inhabit ponderosa, whitebark, lodgepole, Scots, jack pine, and limber pine trees. Normally, these insects play an important role in the life of a forest, attacking old"
"overwinter in soil in or near potato fields. In the spring Colorado potato beetles emerge from hibernation. By the time ""Lebia grandis"" beetles emerge a few weeks later, there are eggs and young larvae of their prey for them to eat and suitable pupae will soon be available for their larvae to attack. An adult beetle can eat about twenty three eggs or three third instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle each day. After mating, the females lay eggs singly in the soil near potato plants. A glandular secretion causes soil granules to stick to the eggs which serves"
"making the crop unmarketable. The larvae feed on the plants for a few weeks, then drop to the ground to pupate. One year may see two or three generations of the beetle. The adults overwinter in a dormant state underground or in nearby leaf litter. Various insecticides are licensed for control. The parasitic wasp, ""Tetrastichus coeruleus"", occurring mainly in the United States and Europe, can cause up to 71% mortality in the field and has been successfully used for biological control. The similar spotted asparagus beetle (""Crioceris duodecimpunctata"") is also a pest as an adult, feeding on tender shoots and"
"sufficient numbers to effect complete control. Populations may need to be augmented by releasing adult beetles but rearing these in bulk presents certain difficulties that have not yet been overcome. Other predators such as the spotted lady beetle (""Coleomegilla maculata"") also prey on Colorado potato beetles but ""Lebia grandis"" is constrained by its chrysomelid larval host to habituate potato fields while other predators may disperse to other sources of food. The historical records for ""Lebia grandis"" show that it was present in areas where ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" was not found. This would seem to imply that at one time it parasitized"
"potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth, the green peach aphid (""Myzus persicae""), the potato aphid, beet leafhoppers, thrips, and mites. The potato cyst nematode is a microscopic worm that thrives on the roots, thus causing the potato plants to wilt. Since its eggs can survive in the soil for several years, crop rotation is recommended. During the crop year 2008, many of the certified organic potatoes produced in the United Kingdom and certified by the Soil Association as organic were sprayed with a copper pesticide to control potato blight (""Phytophthora infestans"")."
"broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, melons, cotton, carrots, sweet potato, cucumber, and pumpkin, and ornamental plants such as poinsettia, crepe myrtle, garden roses, lantana, and lilies. It can cause specific damage to certain host plants, like ""silverleaf"" on squash, irregular ripening of tomatoes, whitestalk in broccoli and cauliflower, white stem in poinsettia, and light root in carrots. Multiple methods of control can be used to combat these prevalent agricultural pests. Some major control methods include, application of oils, use of natural enemies such as Aphelinidae parasitoids, employment of trap crops, release of insect growth regulators, and implementation of traps. Most of these"
"Beetle kill in Colorado The mountain pine beetle has killed large numbers of the lodgepole pine trees in the northern mountains of the US state of Colorado. The more recent outbreak of another bark beetle pest, the spruce beetle, is threatening higher-elevation forests of Engelmann spruce. Chemical prevention is effective but too costly for large-scale use. Dead trees increase the incidence of wildfires, and may contribute to climate change as they decay. Uses have been found for the dead wood including composting and in construction, and potentially to make biochar. Mountain pine beetles infest the lodgepole pine, which makes up"
"walnut and the native southern California black walnut, ""Juglans californica"". Recently the beetle and fungus have spread to areas of the United States with much colder climates. In Denver, Colorado during 2001 the first cases of black walnut mortality due to cankerous sores caused by the walnut twig beetle and the fungus, ""Geosmithia morbida"", which the walnut twig beetle carries, were recorded, and by 2008 nearly all of the black walnuts in Denver, Colorado had been eliminated. A similar instance occurred during this same time period in Delta, a city nearly four hundred kilometers west of Denver. Bark beetles are"
"of withered plants. The nematode also introduces viruses to plants, including tobacco rattle virus, which causes the disease corky ringspot in potatoes. A potato tuber with corky ringspot has large brown rings on its surface and discolored spots inside. Entire potato crops can be made unmarketable by the appearance of the disease. The nematode has been observed in over 100 plant hosts, including turfgrasses such as St. Augustine grass and bermudagrass, vegetables such as cabbage and tomato, and other crops such as corn, sorghum, sugarcane, peanut, and soybean. It is a pest of vineyards in California. It is most abundant"
"in the far east of Russia and has been expanding its range in the second half of the 20th century and is now found over most of Russia, north-east China, northern Korea and Japan. This species causes damage to agricultural crops in the three families Solanaceae (potato, tomato, aubergine and pepper), Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, melon, water-melon and pumpkin) and Fabaceae (soya and haricot beans). However the optimal host plant for the reproduction of over-wintered beetles and the development of their larvae is the potato. The loss in yield of potato tubers may reach 25% in heavy infestations. Control is by the"
"rare and threatened endemic trees such as ""Alectryon macrococcus"", ""Colubrina oppositifolia"", ""Caesalpinia kavaiensis"", and ""Flueggea neowawraea"", at risk. Some 225 species of plants in 62 families have been recorded as acting as hosts for this beetle. In a natural broad-leafed forest it does not normally cause much damage, but when it infects plantations of susceptible host plants it may become a pest. Major crops where it does serious damage are coffee, tea, avocado and cocoa. In India it attacks ""Khaya grandifoliola"" and ""Khaya senegalensis"", which are grown as shade trees in plantations, and similarly in Africa it attacks ""Erythrina"" sp."
"during World War II. Like Germany, the nation suggested that the Colorado potato beetle, aimed at the enemy's food sources, would be an asset during the war. As early as 1939 biological warfare experts in France suggested that the beetle be used against German crops. Germany is known to have pursued entomological warfare programs during World War II. The nation pursued the mass-production, and dispersion, of the Colorado potato beetle (""Lepinotarsa decemlineata""), aimed at the enemy's food sources. The beetle was first found in Germany in 1914, as an invasive species from North America. There are no records that indicate"
"cotton bolls or maize ears. The cotton bollworm is a highly polyphagous species. The most important crop hosts are tomato, cotton, pigeon pea, chickpea, rice, sorghum, and cowpea. Other hosts include groundnut, okra, peas, field beans, soybeans, lucerne, ""Phaseolus"" spp., other Leguminosae, tobacco, potatoes, maize, flax, ""Dianthus"", ""Rosa"", ""Pelargonium"", ""Chrysanthemum"", ""Lavandula angustifolia"", a number of fruit trees, forest trees, and a range of vegetable crops. In Russia and adjacent countries, the larvae populate more than 120 plant species, favouring ""Solanum"", ""Datura"", ""Hyoscyamus"", ""Atriplex"", and ""Amaranthus"" genera. The greatest damage is caused to cotton, tomatoes, maize, chick peas, alfalfa, and tobacco."
"by ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" (the Colorado potato beetle) and has been recorded as being eaten at very low rates by pupae of an unidentified species of the family Gelechiidae. Parasitic nematodes of the genus ""Pratylenchus"" have been found on lesions on its roots, however causing little damage. The fungus ""Rhizoctonia solani"" was found causing root rot, particularly under wet conditions in plants damaged by trampling. The plant is also affected by ""Erysiphe cichoracearum"", causing downy mildew. Fruits are eaten by a variety of native animals, including ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite, wild turkey, and striped skunk. Most mammals avoid eating the stems and"
"Weevil. Boll weevil The boll weevil (""Anthonomus grandis"") is a beetle which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. The adult insect has a long snout, is"
"and Vesperidae) from Chrysomeloidea to create a separate superfamily ""Cerambycoidea"" (e.g.,), but in the absence of evidence to support the monophyly of the resulting groups, this proposal has not yet been accepted by the scientific community. Chrysomeloidea The Chrysomeloidea are an enormous superfamily of beetles, with tens of thousands of species, mostly in the families Cerambycidae (the long-horned beetles) and Chrysomelidae, the leaf beetles. Several species in these two families are important plant pests. The spotted cucumber beetle is a serious pest of vegetables and is a very common insect on all sorts of flowers. The Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa"
"amounts to nearly US$1 billion in the U.S. alone. A decline in pollinator services and loss of fruit production has been caused by honey bees infected by the invasive varroa mite. Introduced rats (""Rattus rattus"" and ""R. norvegicus"") have become serious pests on farms, destroying stored grains. Invasive plant pathogens and insect vectors for plant diseases can also suppress agricultural yields and nursery stock. Citrus greening is a bacterial disease vectored by the invasive Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Because of the impacts of this disease on citrus crops, citrus is under quarantine and highly regulated in areas where ACP has"
"fruit explodes, spreading seeds up to . The plant also reproduces through lateral root buds, which allow it to spread densely. It can be identified by its leaves, which are small and linear, measuring up to long by only wide. This plant is considered a noxious weed in many places, including Colorado in the United States. Like some other non-native plants, it invades the habitat of native species. It is known to be harmful to cattle and horses, but not sheep. It can be difficult to control. Biological pest control methods have been attempted, involving the release of several European"
"Boll weevil The boll weevil (""Anthonomus grandis"") is a beetle which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. The adult insect has a long snout, is grayish"
"coffee plants, primarily in Latin America. Mycena citricolor, commonly referred to as American Leaf Spot, is a fungus that can affect the whole coffee plant. It can grow on leaves, resulting in leaves with holes that often fall from the plant. Over 900 species of insect have been recorded as pests of coffee crops worldwide. Of these, over a third are beetles, and over a quarter are bugs. Some 20 species of nematodes, 9 species of mites, and several snails and slugs also attack the crop. Birds and rodents sometimes eat coffee berries, but their impact is minor compared to"
"host plant and start feeding. The females start laying eggs within a week or so. There may be five generations over the course of the summer. The beetles are most destructive in March and April while the plants are small. They feed on the leaves, buds and flowers and can defoliate the plants; the grubs bore into the roots and damage the stems and fruits that lie on the soil. ""R. foveicollis"" favours pumpkin (""Cucurbita maxima"") over other curcurbit crops, but will also feed on squash (""Cucurbita pepo""), muskmelon (""Cucumis melo""), cucumber (""Cucurbita sativus""), watermelon (""Citrullus lanatus"") and the sponge"
"Guatemala, Panama, Brazil and the Antilles all have ""H. virescens"" populations. ""Heliothis virescens"" larvae are a field crop pest, attacking a wide variety of crops. As its common name suggests, it is widely described as attacking tobacco plants of the ""Nicotiana"" species, but it also favors cotton, alfalfa, clovers, soybean, and flax plants. In addition to crop plants, it is a common pest of vegetables and fruits such as cabbage, cantaloupe, lettuce, pea, and tomato plants. Aside from plants that are grown for agricultural reasons, ""H. virescens"" larvae also attack flower crops such as geranium and a large variety of"
"adults. The species is known for causing damage to crops. The damaged plants include sorghum, soybeans, sweet corn, small grains, and some vegetables. They feed on both sides of a leaf (upper and lower parts), including epidermis and the veins. They also transmit Stewart's wilt; by removing the leaf tissue from the plant, they open a wound which allows the disease to begin spreading from plant to plant. The disease organism is ""Pantoea stewartii"". Chaetocnema pulicaria Chaetocnema hortensis, also known as the corn flea beetle and clover flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle from Chrysomelidae family, found in"