How was Frenchman Armand Jean du Plessis (1585-1642) known more familiarly?
"Catholic League. Gontaud was killed by a cannonball at the siege of Épernay on 26 July 1592. In 1585 he was chosen a godfather for Armand-Jean du Plessis, future cardinal Richelieu. He was a man of considerable literary attainments, and used to carry a pocketbook, in which he noted everything that appeared remarkable. Some of his letters are preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale and in the British Museum; these include a treatise on the art of war. His son, Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1562–1602), also became Marshal of France in 1594. A grandson of his second son, Henry,"
"and of the retention of New France, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec City to French rule under Champlain, after the settlement had been taken by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America. Richelieu has been depicted in popular fiction frequently, most notably as a leading character in Alexandre Dumas's novel ""The Three Musketeers"" and its numerous film adaptations. Born in Paris, Armand du Plessis was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons:"
"Jean de Metz Jean de Metz (also Jean de Nouillonpont) (born c. 1398) was a French nobleman who is known primarily for his role in the exploits of Joan of Arc. His alternative name derives from Nouillonpont, a village in the Meuse département then in the jurisdiction of Lorraine. According to Vita Sackville West's ""Saint Joan of Arc"", he was ""of relatively gentle birth"", though his parents were not noble. He had been in trouble ""for swearing a ""vilain servant"" and for flinging an award of money on the ground"", but was otherwise an ordinary ""man of the sword"". His"
"Jean Armand Charlemagne Jean Armand Charlemagne (born Bourget (Seine) 30 November 1753 – died Paris 6 March 1838) was a French dramatic author. Originally intended for the church, he turned first to being a lawyers clerk and then a soldier. He served in the American War of Independence, and on returning to France (1783) began to employ his pen on economic subjects, and later in writing for the stage. He became the author of a large number of plays, poems and romances, among which may be mentioned the comedies ""M. de Crac à Paris"" (1793), ""Le Souper des Jacobins"" (1795)and"
"Encyclopedia, ALFA and the World Press Encyclopedia"". Du Plessis was born to Jean-Pierre, a World War II veteran with the British SAS and architect, and Simone Jeanne, a therapist for dyslexic children. He moved to Richmond, Virginia and attended Virginia Commonwealth University, supporting himself by cleaning floors at Johnston-Willis Hospital, working as a waiter, a substitute teacher at an all-black school, and as a campus police officer for one summer. After graduating from VCU with a degree in philosophy, he studied at the University of Richmond, where he received a master's degree, and went on to the University of Virginia"
"a stillborn two-headed child, a cousin, in the garden of his family home at Pithiviers in north-central France. James Paris du Plessis James Paris du Plessis (born ""c."" 1666 Pithiviers, France; died ""c."" 1735 London) was a servant of the famous 17th-century English diarist Samuel Pepys and the author of “A Short History of Human Prodigies, and Monstrous Births: of Dwarfs, Sleepers, Giants, Strong Men, Hermaphrodites, Numerous Births, and Extreme Old Age, &c.”, an unpublished manuscript he produced between 1730 and 1733 that is preserved in the British Library in London. Du Plessis' bizarre 320-page manuscript is illustrated with hand-coloured"
"François le Clerc François or Francis Le Clerc, known as ""Jambe de Bois"" (""Peg Leg""), (died 1563) was a 16th-century French privateer, originally from Normandy. He is credited as the first pirate in the modern era to have a ""peg leg"". He was often the first to board an enemy vessel during an attack or raid. It was this brazen style that eventually caused him to suffer the loss of a leg and severe damage to one arm while fighting the English at Guernsey in 1549. Although many pirates would have had their careers ended by such an injury, le"
"statue became known as 'Pink Pete'. Over the years, his statue was repeatedly vandalized with paint, but being made of extremely hard rock, it survived intact. The seminary eventually buried the hatchet and his statue was moved to the seminary grounds fifty years later, in an event attended by his daughter. Johannes du Plessis Johannes du Plessis (1868–1935) was a South African theologian and Protestant missionary. Du Plessis is perhaps most remembered for helping lead an interracial coalition to push for reforms to empower black South Africans and lessen government discrimination in the early 1920s, such as by limiting the"
"Armand d'Artois Armand d'Artois (3 Octobre 1788 – 28 March 1867) was a 19th-century French playwright and librettist, and also Achille d'Artois's brother. Aimed at the bar, he first worked by an attorney but the success of his play ""Les Finacés"" in 1808, decided him to devote entirely to literature. In 1814, he joined the guards of the king of Belgium and left the military service after receiving the Legion of Honour in 1818. A very prolific author, he wrote under various collective pseudonyms such as Emmanuel, with Emmanuel Arago, M. Sapajou, with Francis baron d'Allarde and Gabriel de Lurieu."
"Jean Louis Petit Jean-Louis Petit (13 March 1674 – 20 April 1750) was a French surgeon and the inventor of a screw-type tourniquet. He was first enthusiastic about anatomy and received a master's certificate in surgery in Paris in 1700. He became a member of the French Royal Academy of Sciences in 1715 and was named director of the French Royal Academy of Surgery by the king when it was created in 1731. He acquired great notoriety because of his skill and experience, thanks to his case reports of hemorrhage, lacrimal fistula and operation on the frenum, for his treatise"
"Jeanne des Armoises Jeanne des Armoises (also Claude des Armoises; ) was a French adventurer living in the 15th century. She was reportedly a soldier in the Pope's army in Italy. Following Joan of Arc's execution, several young women came forward claiming to be the Maid, including Claude des Armoises. In 1434 Joan of Arc's brothers Pierre and Jean temporarily accepted Jeanne des Armoises as the actual Joan. Over the next 6 years, the brothers and their ""sister"" traveled from town to town, beginning at Orléans, receiving lavish gifts from Joan's many admirers, among them, Princess Elizabeth of Luxembourg (1390-1451),"
"Adah Isaacs Menken, an American actress then less than half his age and at the height of her career. The English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his later life, described him as ""the most generous, large-hearted being in the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face of the earth. His tongue was like a windmill – once set in motion, you never knew when he would stop, especially if the theme was himself."" Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas) was born in 1802 in Villers-Cotterêts in the"
"the Palais des Beaux Arts in Lille. and another version of the same subject in the Hermitage. His work is mostly known from a series of chiaoscuro woodcuts made by Ludolph Büsinck in the 1620s after his smaller religious and genre compositions. Georges Lallemand Georges Lallemand (before 1575–1636) was a French artist. His name is sometimes given as ""Lallemant"". Lallemand was born in Nancy in around 1575. Nothing is known of his artistic education, but he is often assumed to have been a pupil of Jacques Bellange, whose work seems to have had a significant impact on him. He moved"
"Charles du Plessis d'Argentré Charles du Plessis d'Argentré (May 16, 1673 – October 17, 1740) was a French Catholic theologian and bishop of Tulle. He entered the seminary of St. Sulpice at Paris, and studied theology at the Sorbonne; he was ordained priest in 1699, and was made Doctor of Theology in 1700. He held successively the offices of Abbé de Sainte Croix de Guingamp, Dean of Laval, Vicar-General of the Bishop of Tréguier (1707), and Royal Almoner. He was made Bishop of Tulle in 1723. Among his writings are: He edited the theological works of Martin Grandin (Paris, 1710–12)"
"Émile Armand Émile Armand (pseudonym of Ernest-Lucien Juin Armand; 26 March 1872 – 19 February 1963) was an influential French individualist anarchist at the beginning of the 20th century and also a dedicated free love/polyamory, intentional community, and pacifist/antimilitarist writer, propagandist and activist. He wrote for and edited the anarchist publications ""L’Ère nouvelle"" (1901–1911), ""L’Anarchie"", ""L'EnDehors"" (1922–1939) and ""L’Unique"" (1945–1953). Armand was born in Paris on 26 March 1872. He was a son of a participant of the Paris Commune. At first, he embraced Christianity through the Salvation Army then became an atheist. Around 1895–1896, Armand discovered anarchism through coming"
"Peletier du Mans (born 1517) was one of the scholars who reformed the French language. He improved Nicolas Chuquet's long scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers (""milliards"" instead of ""thousand million"", etc.). With the death in 1477 of Charles the Bold, France and the Habsburgs began a long process of dividing his rich Burgundian lands, leading to numerous wars. In 1532, Brittany was incorporated into the Kingdom of France. France engaged in the long Italian Wars (1494–1559), which marked the beginning of early modern France. Francis I faced powerful foes, and he was captured at Pavia. The French"
"aux Clercs near Paris. Armand d'Athos Armand, Seigneur de Sillègue, d'Athos, et d'Autevielle (""Lord of Sillègue, Athos, and Autevielle""), better known as Armand d'Athos (c. 1615 – December 21, 1643), was a Gascon black musketeer of the Maison du Roi in 17th century France. He took his name from a small market town of Athos-Aspis on the Gave d'Oloron, close to Sauveterre-de-Béarn and Autevielle. Athos was the first cousin once removed to the Comte de Troisville and first cousin of Isaac de Porthau. According to the semi-fictional ""Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan"", he formed a close friendship with Henri d'Aramitz and"
"of the French Revolution. Marie arranged the 1615 marriage of Louis to Anne of Austria, the daughter of King Philip III of Spain. In 1617, however, Louis conspired with Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes to dispense with her influence, having her favorite Concino Concini assassinated on 26 April of that year. After some years of weak government by Louis's favorites, the King made Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, a former protégé of his mother, the chief minister of France in 1624. Richelieu advanced an anti-Habsburg policy. He arranged for Louis' sister, Henrietta Maria, to marry King Charles I of"
"Pierre Beaumarchais Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (; 24 January 1732 – 18 May 1799) was a French polymath. At various times in his life, he was a watchmaker, inventor, playwright, musician, diplomat, spy, publisher, horticulturist, arms dealer, satirist, financier, and revolutionary (both French and American). Born a provincial watchmaker's son, Beaumarchais rose in French society and became influential in the court of Louis XV as an inventor and music teacher. He made a number of important business and social contacts, played various roles as a diplomat and spy, and had earned a considerable fortune before a series of costly court"
"Johannes du Plessis Johannes du Plessis (1868–1935) was a South African theologian and Protestant missionary. Du Plessis is perhaps most remembered for helping lead an interracial coalition to push for reforms to empower black South Africans and lessen government discrimination in the early 1920s, such as by limiting the pass laws. He was ordained by the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, although relations between him and the DRC declined in his later life over his liberal and modernist theological views, culminating in an accusation of heresy and his dismissal as professor at the University of Stellenbosch. Du Plessis helped"
"ends meet. For lack of funds, the young Alexandre Dumas was unable to get even a basic secondary education. Marie-Louise persistently lobbied the French government to be paid her military widow's pension. Marie-Louise and the young Alexandre blamed Napoleon Bonaparte's ""implacable hatred"" for their poverty. Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (; also known as Alexandre Dumas; 25 March 1762 – 26 February 1806) was a general in Revolutionary France and after Abram Petrovich Gannibal in Imperial Russia, was one of the highest-ranking men of African descent ever in a European army. He was the first person of"
"best. It was followed by ""Penthée"" (1637), ""La Mort de Seneque"" (1644), ""La Mort de Crispe"" (1645) and the ""Parasite"" (1654). He was also the author of some admirable lyrics. Three of his best plays are printed in the ""Théâtre français"" of 1737. He took his pseudonym from Tristan l'Hermite, a shadowy figure of the late Middle Ages who was provost of the marshals of the King's household under Louis XI of France. He died due to tuberculosis. François Tristan l'Hermite François l'Hermite (c. 1601 – 7 September 1655) was a French dramatist who wrote under the name Tristan l'Hermite."
"priest's longstanding and popular ""cultus"" - or veneration - which acted as a prerequisite for beatification for older causes of sainthood. André Abellon Blessed André Abellon (1375 - 15 May 1450) was a French Roman Catholic priest and a professed member from the Order of Preachers. He became a Dominican after hearing the peaching of Saint Vincent Ferrer and studied art before joining their ranks. Abellon gained fame as a noted preacher and confessor but became a prominent figure after tending to victims of the plague in Aix-en-Provence in 1445. He was also a noted artist and painter with some"
"James Paris du Plessis James Paris du Plessis (born ""c."" 1666 Pithiviers, France; died ""c."" 1735 London) was a servant of the famous 17th-century English diarist Samuel Pepys and the author of “A Short History of Human Prodigies, and Monstrous Births: of Dwarfs, Sleepers, Giants, Strong Men, Hermaphrodites, Numerous Births, and Extreme Old Age, &c.”, an unpublished manuscript he produced between 1730 and 1733 that is preserved in the British Library in London. Du Plessis' bizarre 320-page manuscript is illustrated with hand-coloured drawings by the author himself. These include ""John Grimes, a Dwarf"", ""Two Sisters conjoined"", ""A Woman Seven foot"
"the Montmartre area, has been named after him since 1881. Armand Durantin Anne-Adrien-Armand Durantin, also called Armand de Villevert, (4 April 1818 – 30 December 1891) was a 19th-century French playwright and novelist. First a lawyer, Durantin turned to literature and collaborated with the ""France littéraire"" and the ""Echo français"" as well as with other magazines. He then began to write theatre plays but success remained modest until the day the Théâtre du Gymnase announced a comedy in four acts, without the author's name, entitled ""Heloise Paranquet"". How Montigny, then director of the Gymnase, had mounted this play aroused public"
"in his pride when Elizabeth turned down his request, he sailed for the Azores Islands. He was killed there in 1563, while hunting down Spanish treasure ships. François le Clerc François or Francis Le Clerc, known as ""Jambe de Bois"" (""Peg Leg""), (died 1563) was a 16th-century French privateer, originally from Normandy. He is credited as the first pirate in the modern era to have a ""peg leg"". He was often the first to board an enemy vessel during an attack or raid. It was this brazen style that eventually caused him to suffer the loss of a leg and"
"Suzanne du Plessis-Bellière Suzanne de Rougé, Marquise du Plessis-Belliere et de Fay les Nemours, née ""de Bruc de Monplaisir"" (c. 1605–1705) was the wife of Jacques de Rougé du Plessis-Bellière, Marquis du Plessis-Bellière, of the House of Rougé. She was one of France's most famous women of her time. She had a court of artists and statesmen around her. She was often in opposition to the King Louis XIV, and inspired with her adventurous life some well known stories, such as Angélique. She was called ""Elise"" by Dumas in his ""Le Vicomte de Bragelonne"". She was widowed in 1654. She"
"he received in his early years made him lame for life, and gave him the nickname ""Armand Le Boiteux"" (the limper). But he did not withdraw from the military career, and he held a command in Guise's regiment of light horse in 1557. A little later he became chief of a cavalry regiment, and in the French Wars of Religion he repeatedly distinguished himself. His service to the royal cause at the Battle of Dreux, Battle of Saint-Denis, Battle of Jarnac and Battle of Moncontour was rewarded in 1569 by his appointment as a privy councillor of the king and"
"one has the right to judge your way of conducting yourself, even if it were the case that your friend's wife be hostile to these relations. Every woman united to an anarchist (or vice versa), knows very well that she should not exercise on him, or accept from him, domination of any kind."" Émile Armand Émile Armand (pseudonym of Ernest-Lucien Juin Armand; 26 March 1872 – 19 February 1963) was an influential French individualist anarchist at the beginning of the 20th century and also a dedicated free love/polyamory, intentional community, and pacifist/antimilitarist writer, propagandist and activist. He wrote for and"
"Armand Jean d'Allonville Armand Jean d'Allonville (13 July 1732, Dommartin-le-Saint-Père, Toul diocese, Champagne – 24 January 1811, London) was a French nobleman from an old family in Beauce. He was nicknamed ""le balafré"" and served as maréchal des Camps et des armées du Roi, commander of the exiled Les Gentilshommes de la province de Champagne, then those of Brittany and the régiment d'Allonville. He was a member of the Oysonville-Arnancourt branch of the Allonville family, named after their fiefdoms in Beauce, then in Champagne. He was one of the sons of marquis Edmé d'Allonville (1694–1783) and the brother of Antoine"
"Caesar, duc de Choiseul César, duc de Choiseul, comte du Plessis-Praslin (1602 – 23 December 1675) was a Marshal of France and French diplomat, generally known for the best part of his life as the maréchal (marshal) du Plessis-Praslin. He came of an old family of Choiseul, which arose in the valley of the Upper Marne in the 10th century and divided into many branches, three of the names of which, Hostel, Praslin and du Plessis, were borne, at one time or another, by César. Entering the army at the age of fourteen as proprietary colonel of an infantry regiment,"
"own expense. Some of the most eminent men of Canada owed their training to him. The passage of the education law of 1824 was to a great extent his work, and his correspondence with Lord Bathurst on this subject proved him a man of great diplomatic force. Attribution Joseph-Octave Plessis Joseph-Octave Plessis (March 3, 1763 – December 4, 1825) was a Canadian Roman Catholic clergyman from Quebec. He was the first archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec after the diocese was elevated to the status of an archdiocese. Plessis cultivated a new generation of priests during the difficult"
"17th century France through the eyes of a fictitious Protestant doctor turned spy. A ""genuine scholar of language"", Merle wrote the novels using many of the appropriate French speech rhythms and idioms of the historical period. The series made Merle a household name in France, with the author repeatedly called the Alexandre Dumas of the 20th century. Merle was married three times, and had four sons and two daughters. He died in 2004 at age 95 of a heart attack in Montfort-l'Amaury, France. Kirkup called the ""Fortune de France"" series ""spectacular"" and dubbed it Merle's ""major achievement"". Douglas Johnson of"