Taking its name from the Latin word for magpie, what medical disorder is characterized by an appetite for non-nutritive substances (e.g., clay)?
"animals. The expansion of its nidopallium is approximately the same in its relative size as the brain of chimpanzees, orangutans and humans. The magpie was described and illustrated by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in his ""Historiae animalium"" of 1555. In 1758 Linnaeus included the species in the 10th edition of his ""Systema Naturae"" under the binomial name ""Corvus pica"". The magpie was moved to a separate genus ""Pica"" by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. ""Pica"" is the Classical Latin word for this magpie. The Eurasian magpie is almost identical in appearance to the North American black-billed magpie"
"homesickness, depression, and alienation. Ampo snack Ampo is a snack made by soil originated from Central Java and East Java, Indonesia. The snack consists of pure clay, without any mixture of ingredients. Ampo usually consumed as a light meal or snack, especially loved by the women who are pregnant. This habit of eating clay is also known as geophagy, human geophagy may be related to pica, a classified eating disorder in the DSM-IV characterized by abnormal cravings for nonfood items. The habit of many owned by people from various countries in the world, although most of the countries that have"
"Pagophagia Pagophagia (from Greek: ""pagos"", frost, + ""phagō"", to eat) is the compulsive consumption of ice or iced drinks. It is a form of the disorder pica. It has been associated with iron deficiency anemia, and shown to respond to iron supplementation, leading some investigators to postulate that some forms of pica may be the result of nutritional deficiency. Chewing ice may lessen pain in glossitis related to iron deficiency anemia. However, the American Dental Association recommends not chewing ice because it can crack teeth; instead ice should be allowed to melt in the mouth. Folk wisdom (and some early"
"uses combining forms of ""poly-"" + ""-phagia"", from the Greek words πολύς (polys), ""very much"" or ""many"", and φαγῶ (phago), ""eating"" or ""devouring"". Polyphagia Polyphagia or hyperphagia is excessive hunger or increased appetite. In medicine, polyphagia (sometimes known as hyperphagia) is a medical sign meaning excessive hunger and abnormally large intake of solids by mouth. It can be caused by disorders such as diabetes, Kleine–Levin syndrome (a malfunction in the hypothalamus), and the genetic disorders Prader–Willi syndrome and Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause hyperphagia. Causes of increased appetite include: Polyphagia usually occurs early"
"indicated that autoimmune (MRL/lpr) mice readily consume solutions with cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug that prevents inflammatory damage to internal organs. However, further studies provided contradictory evidence. Many animals eat soil or clay, a behaviour known as ""geophagy"". Clay is the primary ingredient of kaolin. It has been proposed that for primates, which can logically be extended to other animals, there are four hypotheses relating to geophagy in alleviating gastrointestinal disorders or upsets: Furthermore, two hypotheses pertain to geophagy in supplementing minerals and/or elements: Tapirs, forest elephants, colobus monkeys, mountain gorillas and chimpanzees seek out and eat clay, which absorbs intestinal"
"Carphologia Carphologia (or carphology) is a lint-picking behavior that is often a symptom of a delirious state. Often seen in delirious or semiconscious patients, carphologia describes the actions of picking or grasping at imaginary objects, as well as the patient's own clothes or bed linens. This can be a grave symptom in cases of extreme exhaustion or approaching death. The word carphology is derived from the ancient Greek """" (""karphologia""), as a compound of the two Greek elements: ""κάρϕος"" (""karphos"", ""straw""), and ""λέγειν"" (""legein""), here in its sense of ""to collect"" rather than the more usual sense of ""to say,"
"benefit stomatitis and glossitis. The nutrients obtained from nonfoods such as soil or ice will vary widely depending on geographic location. For example, ice made from hard water will contain more minerals, especially calcium and magnesium, but simply drinking the water will provide the same minerals. Pagophagia Pagophagia (from Greek: ""pagos"", frost, + ""phagō"", to eat) is the compulsive consumption of ice or iced drinks. It is a form of the disorder pica. It has been associated with iron deficiency anemia, and shown to respond to iron supplementation, leading some investigators to postulate that some forms of pica may be"
"Coprophilia Coprophilia (from Greek ""κόπρος, kópros—excrement"" and ""φιλία, philía—liking, fondness""), also called scatophilia or scat (Greek: ""σκατά, skatá-feces""), is the paraphilia involving sexual arousal and pleasure from feces. In the ""Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"" (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, it is classified under 302.89 – Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) and has no diagnostic criteria other than a general statement about paraphilias that says ""the diagnosis is made if the behavior, sexual urges, or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning"". Furthermore, the DSM-IV-TR notes, ""Fantasies,"
"the 1800s, geophagia was a common practice among the slave population. Geophagia is a form of pica in which the person consumes earthly substances such as clay, and is particularly prevalent to augment a mineral-deficient diet. Noteworthy is the fact that Kaolin was consumed by west Africans enslaved in the South-eastern United States, particularly the Georgia belt, due to the anti-diarrheal qualities in the treatment of dysentery and other abdominal ailments. The practice of consuming Kaolin rocks was thereafter studied scientifically, the results of which led to the subsequent pharmaceutical commercialization of Kaolinite, the clay mineral contained in Kaolin. Kaolinite"
"Polydipsia Polydipsia is excessive thirst or excess drinking. The word derives from the Greek () ""very thirsty"", which is derived from (, ""much, many"") + (, ""thirst""). Polydipsia is a nonspecific symptom in various medical disorders. It also occurs as an abnormal behaviour in some non-human animals, such as in birds. This symptom is characteristically found in diabetics, often as one of the initial symptoms, and in those who fail to take their anti-diabetic medications or whose condition is poorly controlled. It can also be caused by a change in the osmolality of the extracellular fluids of the body, hypokalemia,"
"Polyphagia Polyphagia or hyperphagia is excessive hunger or increased appetite. In medicine, polyphagia (sometimes known as hyperphagia) is a medical sign meaning excessive hunger and abnormally large intake of solids by mouth. It can be caused by disorders such as diabetes, Kleine–Levin syndrome (a malfunction in the hypothalamus), and the genetic disorders Prader–Willi syndrome and Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause hyperphagia. Causes of increased appetite include: Polyphagia usually occurs early in the course of diabetic ketoacidosis. However, once insulin deficiency becomes more severe and ketoacidosis develops, appetite is suppressed. The word ""polyphagia"" ()"
"Dermatophagia Dermatophagia (from Ancient Greek ""δέρμα"" - skin - and ""φαγεία"" - eating) is a compulsion disorder of gnawing or biting one's own skin, most commonly at the fingers. This action can either be conscious or unconscious. Those affected with dermatophagia typically bite the skin around the nails, leading to bleeding and discoloration over time. Some people also bite on their skin on their finger knuckles which can lead to pain and bleeding just by moving their fingers. It has been proposed that dermatodaxia would be a more fitting term for this disorder, as the suffix '-phagia' implies that the"
"Kleptomania Kleptomania or klopemania is the inability to refrain from the urge for stealing items and is usually done for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. First described in 1816, kleptomania is classified in psychiatry as an impulse control disorder. Some of the main characteristics of the disorder suggest that kleptomania could be an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly associated with other psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety and eating disorders, and alcohol and substance abuse. Patients with kleptomania are typically treated with therapies in other areas due to the comorbid grievances rather than"
"and blood pressure. Kleptomania Kleptomania or klopemania is the inability to refrain from the urge for stealing items and is usually done for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. First described in 1816, kleptomania is classified in psychiatry as an impulse control disorder. Some of the main characteristics of the disorder suggest that kleptomania could be an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly associated with other psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety and eating disorders, and alcohol and substance abuse. Patients with kleptomania are typically treated with therapies in other areas due to the comorbid"
"Ampo snack Ampo is a snack made by soil originated from Central Java and East Java, Indonesia. The snack consists of pure clay, without any mixture of ingredients. Ampo usually consumed as a light meal or snack, especially loved by the women who are pregnant. This habit of eating clay is also known as geophagy, human geophagy may be related to pica, a classified eating disorder in the DSM-IV characterized by abnormal cravings for nonfood items. The habit of many owned by people from various countries in the world, although most of the countries that have the habit of eating"
"sometimes referred to as xylophagia. Lignophagia Lignophagia is the abnormal behaviour of chewing and eating wood. It has been recorded in several species, but perhaps most commonly in horses where it is usually called, simply, ""wood chewing"". Lignophagia is a form of the pica disorder, in which normally non-nutritive substances are chewed or eaten. For some animals, wood is the normal primary food source; such animals are known as xylophagous. A related stereotypy in horses is cribbing, where a horse grabs a board or other edged object with its teeth, arches its neck and sucks in air. While this activity"
"Commission. Coprophilia Coprophilia (from Greek ""κόπρος, kópros—excrement"" and ""φιλία, philía—liking, fondness""), also called scatophilia or scat (Greek: ""σκατά, skatá-feces""), is the paraphilia involving sexual arousal and pleasure from feces. In the ""Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"" (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, it is classified under 302.89 – Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) and has no diagnostic criteria other than a general statement about paraphilias that says ""the diagnosis is made if the behavior, sexual urges, or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning"". Furthermore, the DSM-IV-TR notes,"
"Melancholia Melancholia (from ' ""gall bladders"" also Latin ""lugere"" lugubriousness to mourn, Latin ""morosus"" moroseness of self-will or fastidious habit, and old English ""wist wistfulness"" of intent or saturnine) is a concept from ancient or pre-modern medicine. Melancholy was one of the four temperaments matching the four humours. In the 19th century, ""melancholia"" could be physical as well as mental, and melancholic conditions were classified as such by their common cause rather than by their properties. The name ""melancholia"" comes from the old medical belief of the four humours: disease or ailment being caused by an imbalance in one or"
"Lignophagia Lignophagia is the abnormal behaviour of chewing and eating wood. It has been recorded in several species, but perhaps most commonly in horses where it is usually called, simply, ""wood chewing"". Lignophagia is a form of the pica disorder, in which normally non-nutritive substances are chewed or eaten. For some animals, wood is the normal primary food source; such animals are known as xylophagous. A related stereotypy in horses is cribbing, where a horse grabs a board or other edged object with its teeth, arches its neck and sucks in air. While this activity may cause some tooth marks"
"Excoriation disorder Excoriation disorder is an obsessive-compulsive spectrum mental disorder that is characterized by the repeated urge or impulse to pick at one's own skin to the extent that either psychological or physical damage is caused. Although research strongly suggests that this urge to pick is a body-focused repetitive behavior requiring professional mental health treatment, excoriation disorder's similarity in symptoms to issues like drug abuse means proper treatment is rarely pursued. Since the DSM-5 (2013), excoriation disorder is classified as ""L98.1 Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder"" in ICD-10; and is no longer classified in ""Impulse control disorder"" (f63)"". Excoriation disorder is defined"
"clay by sick or injured animals in the second century AD. This type of geophagia has been documented in ""many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, butterflies and isopods, especially among herbivores"". Many species of South American parrots have been observed at clay licks, and sulphur-crested cockatoos have been observed ingesting clays in Papua New Guinea. Analysis of soils consumed by wild birds show that they often prefer soils with high clay content, usually with the smectite clay families being well represented. The preference for certain types of clay or soil can lead to unusual feeding behaviour. For example, Peruvian Amazon"
"Durophagy Durophagy is the eating behavior of animals that consume hard-shelled or exoskeleton bearing organisms, such as corals, shelled mollusks, or crabs. It is mostly used to describe fish, but is also used when describing reptiles, including fossil turtles, placodonts and invertebrates, as well as ""bone-crushing"" mammalian carnivores such as hyenas. Durophagy requires special adaptions, such as blunt, strong teeth and a heavy jaw. Bite force is necessary to overcome the physical constraints of consuming more durable prey and gain a competitive advantage over other organisms by gaining access to more diverse or exclusive food resources earlier in life. Those"
"Klismaphilia Klismaphilia (or ""klysmaphilia""), from the Greek words (""enema"", from , ""deluge, flood"") and (""(fraternal) love""), is a paraphilia involving enjoyment of, and sexual arousal from, enemas. The term ""klismaphilia"" was coined in 1973 by Dr. Joanne Denko, an early investigator in this field, to describe the activities of some of her patients, whom she referred to as ""klismaphiliacs"". The term ""klismaphile"" is also in use for describing a person with klismaphilia, and is considered synonymous with klismaphiliac. Klismaphiles can gain satisfaction of enemas through fantasies, by actually receiving or giving one, or through the process of eliminating steps to"
"profess"". Thus, carphology literally means ""to behave as though one were collecting straw"". This refers to the involuntary picking or grasping movements sometimes seen in delirious patients in exhaustion, stupor, or high fever. The Latin equivalent is floccillation which derives from """", ""a piece of wool or straw"". The late Latin ""crocydismus"", still used in continental European psychiatry, is also synonymous and derived from the ancient Greek ""κροκύς"" (""krokus"", ""bit of fluff"" or ""dust""). It appears first in the writings of Aretaeus and later of Galen. Carphologia Carphologia (or carphology) is a lint-picking behavior that is often a symptom of"
"depraved Appetite of Things directly preternatural, as Chalk, Cinders, Earth, Sand, &c"". One of his case studies was that of an 11-year-old girl who was found, on investigation, to have been eating large quantities of coal. Chlorosis is briefly mentioned in Casanova's ""Histoire de ma vie"": ""I do not know, but we have some physicians who say that chlorosis in girls is the result of that pleasure onanism indulged in to excess"". In 1841, the Bohemian doctor and pharmacist Albert Popper published a treatment for Chlorosis containing ""Vitriolum martis"" (sulfuric acid and iron) and ""Sal tartari"" (potassium carbonate) in ""Österreichische"
"the disorder from other mental illnesses in which appetite loss was a secondary symptom and from physical ""wasting"" diseases, such as tuberculosis, diabetes, and cancer. William Stout Chipley Dr. William Stout Chipley (October 16, 1810 – February 11, 1880) was an early American psychologist. Chipley was born in Lexington, Kentucky, October 18, 1810, the only son of the Rev. Stephen Chipley, a pioneer of Lexington. William Chipley graduated from the Transylvania University in 1832. He was later renowned for his work relating to brain diseases and held two jobs: a professor of medicine at Transylvania University and the warden of"
"Acedia Acedia (; also accidie or accedie , from Latin ""acedĭa"", and this from Greek ἀκηδία, ""negligence"", ἀ- ""lack of"" -κηδία ""care"") is a state of listlessness or torpor, of not caring or not being concerned with one's position or condition in the world. It can lead to a state of being unable to perform one's duties in life. Its spiritual overtones make it related to but arguably distinct from depression. Acedia was originally noted as a problem among monks and other ascetics who maintained a solitary life. The ""Oxford Concise Dictionary of the Christian Church"" defines acedia (or accidie)"
"Concupiscence Concupiscence (from Late Latin noun ""concupiscentia"", from the Latin verb ""concupiscere"", from ""con-"", ""with"", here an intensifier, + ""cupi(d)-"", ""desiring"" + ""-escere"", a verb-forming suffix denoting beginning of a process or state) is an ardent, usually sensual, longing. In Catholic theology, concupiscence is seen as a desire of the lower appetite contrary to reason. There are nine occurrences of ""concupiscence"" in the Douay-Rheims Bible and three occurrences in the ""King James Bible"". It is also one of the English translations of the Koine Greek epithumia (ἐπιθυμία), which occurs 38 times in the New Testament. In Judaism, there is an"
"Vorarephilia Vorarephilia (often shortened to vore) is a paraphilia characterized by the erotic desire to be consumed by, or sometimes to personally consume, another person or creature, or an erotic attraction to the process of eating in general practice. Since vorarephilic fantasies cannot usually be acted out in reality, they are often expressed in stories or drawings shared on the Internet. The word ""vorarephilia"" is derived from the Latin ""vorare"" (to ""swallow"" or ""devour""), and Ancient Greek φιλία (""philía"", ""love""). The fantasy usually involves the victim being swallowed whole, though occasionally the victims are chewed up, and digestion may or"
"Compulsive buying disorder Compulsive buying disorder (CBD), or oniomania (from Greek ὤνιος ""ṓnios"" ""for sale"" and μανία ""manía"" ""insanity""), is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. According to Kellett and Bolton, compulsive buying ""is experienced as an irresistible–uncontrollable urge, resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity [that is] typically prompted by negative affectivity"" and results in ""gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties"". Most people with CBD meet the criteria for a personality disorder. Compulsive shopping is classified by ICD-10 (F63.8) as an ""impulse control disorder, not otherwise classified."" Several authors consider compulsive"
"Presently PLAY hands protective gloves exist in concept and prototype only, but this intervention method could improve the quality of life of those suffering from CP-induced dermatophagia. Dermatophagia Dermatophagia (from Ancient Greek ""δέρμα"" - skin - and ""φαγεία"" - eating) is a compulsion disorder of gnawing or biting one's own skin, most commonly at the fingers. This action can either be conscious or unconscious. Those affected with dermatophagia typically bite the skin around the nails, leading to bleeding and discoloration over time. Some people also bite on their skin on their finger knuckles which can lead to pain and bleeding"
"is sought out. Children's predilection to engage in geophagy makes them more susceptible to worm infestations. Other dangers associated with geophagia include damage to tooth enamel, the ingestion of a variety of bacteria, various forms of soil contamination, and intestinal obstruction. In the traditional societies, producing ampo by heat-treat (bake) the earth before consumption, and this tends to mitigate the risks to some extent. There is a psychological hypothesis, which is centred on the cravings reported by clay eaters. Researchers' attention was directed mainly towards pregnant and postpartum women and their emotional states. Geophagy was attributed to feelings of misery,"
"is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs, especially with respect to material wealth. Like pride, it can lead to not just some, but all evil. Sloth (Latin, ""tristitia"" or (""without care"")) refers to a peculiar jumble of notions, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states. It may be defined as absence of interest or habitual disinclination to exertion. In his ""Summa Theologica"", Saint Thomas Aquinas defined sloth as ""sorrow about spiritual good"". The scope of sloth is wide. Spiritually, ""acedia"" first referred to an affliction attending religious persons, especially monks, wherein"