What five word name is given to the 5th century massacre of British chieftains by the Saxons, the 1934 purge of Hitler's opponents in Germany, and the 1962 dismissal of seven Cabinet ministers by Harold Macmillan?
"(only Quebec dissenting) agreed to it. Treachery of the Long Knives The Treachery of the Long Knives () was a pseudohistorical massacre of British Celtic chieftains by Anglo-Saxon soldiers at a peace conference on Salisbury Plain in the 5th century. The story is not included in any contemporary accounts, but does feature centuries later in the semi-mythological histories of the ""Historia Brittonum"" and the ""Historia Regum Britanniae"". Though a popular cautionary tale in medieval Europe, no historical evidence for The Treachery of the Long Knives exists, and the story has been widely debunked as a purely literary construction by historians."
"Massacre of Verden The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October 782. Charlemagne claimed suzerainty over Saxony and in 772 destroyed the Irminsul, an important object in Saxon paganism, during his intermittent thirty-year campaign to Christianize the Saxons. The massacre occurred in Verden in what is now Lower Saxony, Germany. The event is attested in contemporary Frankish sources, including the ""Royal Frankish Annals"". Beginning in the 1870s, some scholars have attempted to exonerate Charlemagne of the massacre by way of a proposed manuscript error"
"people, as he put it in his July 13 speech to the Reichstag. Before its execution, its planners sometimes referred to the purge as ""Hummingbird"" (German: ), the codeword used to send the execution squads into action on the day of the purge. The codename for the operation appears to have been chosen arbitrarily. The phrase ""Night of the Long Knives"" in the German language predates the killings and refers generally to acts of vengeance. President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Over the next few months, during the so-called Gleichschaltung, Hitler dispensed with the need"
"death, but this is not secure. Historians are divided on the detail of Ælle's life and existence as it was during the least-documented period in English history of the last two millennia. By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years. Amongst the enemies of Roman Britain were the Picts of central and northern Scotland, and the Gaels known as Scoti, who were raiders from Ireland. Also vexatious were the Saxons, the name Roman writers gave to the peoples who lived in the northern part of what is now Germany and the southern"
"his army wiped out many Tibetans in northeast and eastern Qinghai and destroyed Tibetan Buddhist Temples. Ma also patronized the Panchen Lama, who was exiled from Tibet by the Dalai Lama's government. The Holocaust is widely recognized as genocide. The term appeared in the indictment of 24 German leaders. Count three of the indictment stated that all the defendants had ""conducted deliberate and systematic genocide – namely, the extermination of racial and national groups..."" The term ""the Holocaust"" (from the Greek ""hólos"", ""whole"" and ""kaustós"", ""burnt"") is often used to describe the killing of approximately six million European Jews, as"
"what quarter this completely different evaluation was coming now. Goebbels opinion was that it was best for state propaganda on historical matters to align with popular opinion, and thus with and not against Charlemagne. As an example of Charlemagne's post-1935 rehabilitation in Nazi Germany, in 1944 the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS ""Charlemagne"", a body of French volunteers, was named after the ""pan-European Germanic hero"" instead of after Joan of Arc. Massacre of Verden The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October"
"the method of execution as hanging rather than beheading. The ""Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae"", a law code promulgated by Charlemagne, has traditional been dated to 782–85, in response to the Widukind's rebellion. More recently, Yitzhak Hen has suggested a later date (c. 795), based on the influence of Islamic theology of ""jihad"" through the Spaniard Theodulf of Orléans. This theory has not found wide acceptance. Janet L. Nelson calls the massacre ""exemplary legal vengeance for the deaths of [Charlemagne's ministers] and their men in the Süntel Hills"". According to her, even if the Frankish leaders at the Süntel were at"
"official ""rehabilitation"" by Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels, after which Charlemagne was officially presented in a positive manner in Nazi Germany. An entry for the year 782 in the first version of the ""Royal Frankish Annals"" (""Annales Regni Francorum"") records a Saxon rebellion, followed by a Frankish victory in the battle of the Süntel before Charlemagne arrived and put down the rebellion. Charlemagne ordered the execution of 4,500 Saxons near the confluence of the Aller and the Weser, in what is now Verden. Regarding the massacre, the entry reads: The ""Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi"" (Annals of Einhard), which are a"
"and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives, which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the murders, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. On 2 August 1934, Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the ""Law Concerning the Highest State"
"Names of the Holocaust Names of the Holocaust vary based on context. ""The Holocaust"" is the name commonly applied in English since the mid-1940s to the systematic extermination of 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. The term is also used more broadly to include the Nazis' systematic murder of millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, the Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities, gay men, and political and religious opponents, which would bring the total number of Holocaust victims to between 11 million and 17 million people. In Judaism, Shoah"
"in Lower Saxony, Charlemagne is recorded as having ordered the execution of 4,500 Saxon prisoners, known as the Massacre of Verden (""Verdener Blutgericht""). The killings triggered three years of renewed bloody warfare (783–785). During this war, the Frisians were finally subdued and a large part of their fleet was burned. The war ended with Widukind accepting baptism. Thereafter, the Saxons maintained the peace for seven years, but in 792 Westphalia again rebelled. The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793, but the insurrection was unpopular and was put down by 794. An Engrian rebellion followed in 796, but the presence"
"(German 'Grove of the Saxons') in Verden, a monument to commemorate the massacre consisting of 4,500 large stones. The monument was used as both a memorial to the event and as a meeting place for the ""Schutzstaffel"". The memorial was inscribed to ""Baptism-Resistant Germans Massacred by Karl, the Slaughterer of the Saxons"". In the same year the annual celebration of Charlemagne in Aachen, where he is buried, was cancelled and replaced by a lecture on ""Karl the Great, Saxon Butcher."" The attacks on Charlemagne as ""Sachsenschlächter"" (slaughterer of the Saxons) and a tool of the Church and the Papacy were"
"his name with the blood of national warriors on German history"". Ever the ""Herrenreiter"" (gentleman rider) confident that he would surmount any obstacle, Papen was not perturbed by this barely veiled threat of violence against himself if the ""Potempa five"" were executed. On 2 September 1932, Papen in his capacity as ""Reich"" Commissioner for Prussia reduced the sentences of the five SA men down to life imprisonment, supposedly because the ""Potempa five"" were not aware of his law at the time they castrated and murdered Pietrzuch, but in reality because he was hoping for Nazi support of his government. The"
"Pride's Purge. In 1648-1650, the moderate members of the English Long Parliament were purged by the army. Parliament would suffer subsequent purges under the Commonwealth including the purge of the entire House of Lords. Counter-revolutionaries such as royalists were purged as well as more radical revolutionaries such as the Levellers. After the Restoration, obstinate republicans were purged while some fled to New England. The Shanghai massacre of 1927 and the Night of the Long Knives of 1934, in which the leader of a political party turned against and killed a particular section or group within the party, are commonly called"
"of Dresden, Wilhelm Külz (altogether, nine out of twenty mayors in large Saxon cities resigned as a direct result of Nazi pressures). In September, Dix's artworks were mockingly showcased in large exhibit of ""degenerate art"" held in Dresden. In June 1934, Hitler, together with Hermann Göring, and ""Schutzstaffel"" leader Heinrich Himmler, launched the Night of the Long Knives, during which the ""Sturmabteilung"" was purged and many of its leaders, whom Hitler viewed as potential rivals, were killed (Ernst Röhm included). Killinger, a leader in the SA, barely survived the purge, and was deposed from all his offices a few days"
"rival, in particular because of Röhm's ambition to merge the army and the SA under his own leadership. Additionally, Hitler was uncomfortable with Röhm's outspoken support for a ""second revolution"" to redistribute wealth. In Röhm's view, President Hindenburg's appointment of Hitler as Chancellor on January 30, 1933 had brought the Nazi Party to power, but had left unfulfilled the party's larger goals. Finally, Hitler used the purge to attack or eliminate German critics of his new regime, especially those loyal to Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, as well as to settle scores with old enemies. At least 85 people died during"
"Christians to resist the taking of human life, even if it meant losing their own lives. Hitler's order for the ""Aktion T4"" Euthanasia Programme was dated 1 September 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland. As word of the programme spread, protest grew, until finally, Bishop von Galen delivered his famous August 1941 sermons denouncing the programme as ""murder"". On 3 August 1941, in one of his series of denunciations, von Galen declared: Von Galen's three powerful sermons of July and August 1941 earned him the nickname of the ""Lion of Münster"". The sermons were printed and distributed illegally. Hitler wanted"
"""Magdeburg mercy"" and ""Magdeburg quarter"" also arose as a result of the sack, used originally by Protestants when executing Roman Catholics who begged for quarter. The massacre was forcefully described by Friedrich Schiller in his 1792 work ""History of the Thirty Years' War"" and perpetuated in a poem by Goethe. A scene of Brecht's play ""Mother Courage and Her Children"", written in 1939, also refers to the incident. Administrator Christian William of Brandenburg was badly injured and taken prisoner. He later converted to Catholicism and was released. He received an annual sum of taler from the revenues of the archbishopric"
"as the ""deliberate surrender of small nations in the face of Hitler's blatant bullying"". The book's slogan, ""Let the guilty men retire"", was an attack on members of the National Government before Winston Churchill became Prime Minister in May 1940. Most were Conservatives, although some were National Liberals and one was Ramsay MacDonald, the late leader of the Labour Party. Several were current members of Churchill's government. The book shaped popular thinking about appeasement for twenty years; it effectively destroyed the reputation of former Prime Ministers Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain, and contributed to the defeat of the Conservative Party"
"""SS-Hauptscharführer"" Gogol and Edward F. Lambrecht, a prison guard known among the prisoners as ""Gråbein"" (Grayleg)—an appellation used in reference to wolves. The camp commanders used the nearby forest (Falstadskogen) as a site for extrajudicial executions of POWs, and following show trials of political and Jewish prisoners. The first executions took place on 7 March 1942, when Olav Sverre Benjaminsen, Abel Lazar Bernstein, David Isaksen, Wulf Isaksen, and David Wolfsohn were shot. All of these, except Benjaminsen, were Jewish. In June 1942, Ljuban Vukovic, a Yugoslav POW, was made the first grave digger in the forest. He survived and became"
"after the crime as he feared an escalation of Nazi violence nationwide. In September 1932, the government commuted the sentences to life imprisonment, on the ground that the new decree was unknown to the defendants at the time of the murder. The ""Potempa Five"" became a significant point of contention in the debates between Hitler, von Papen, and President Paul von Hindenburg over the extent of Nazi participation in the German government. On January 30, 1933, continuing political chaos led to Hitler being appointed Chancellor. On March 21, 1934, the Nazi government introduced legislation that granted amnesty to anyone in"
"punishment of the Saxons after the First Battle of Langensalza, he wore a hair shirt and stood barefoot in the snow in what has become known as the Walk to Canossa. Gregory lifted the excommunication, but the German aristocrats, whose rebellion became known as the Great Saxon Revolt, were not as willing to give up their opportunity and elected a rival king, Rudolf von Rheinfeld. Three years later, Pope Gregory declared his support for von Rheinfeld, and excommunicated Henry IV again. Henry IV then proclaimed Antipope Clement III to be pope and Rudolf von Rheinfeld died in 1080, effectively ending"
"60,000 at the 1934 rally. Deputy Reich Chancellor von Papen, a conservative Catholic nobleman, delivered an indictment of the Nazi government in his Marburg speech of 17 June. His speech writer Edgar Jung, a Catholic Action worker, seized the opportunity to reassert the Christian foundation of the state, pleaded for religious freedom, and rejected totalitarian aspirations in the field of religion, hoping to spur a rising, centred on Hindenberg, Papen and the army. Hitler decided to strike at his chief political opponents in the Night of the Long Knives. The purge lasted two days over 30 June and 1 July"
"presented their old battle flags to Hitler's SA and SS. It was a sign of allegiance to their new authority, the Nazi state. When Hitler's internal purge of the party, the Night of the Long Knives, came in 1934, a large number of Freikorps leaders were targeted for killing or arrest, including Ehrhardt and Röhm. Historian Robert GL Waite claims that in Hitler's ""Röhm Purge"" speech to the ""Reichstag"" on 13 July 1934, he implied that the Freikorps were one of the groups of ""pathological enemies of the state"". In French, the Freikorps are referred to as ""Corps Franc."" Starting"
"that 7,000–8,000 prisoners were aboard ships in the Bay of Lübeck. In the afternoon of 3 May 1945, the British 5th reconnaissance regiment advanced northwards to Neustadt, witnessing the ships burning in the bay and rescuing some severely emaciated prisoners on the beach at Neustadt, but otherwise finding mostly the bodies of women and children massacred that morning. On 3 May 1945, three days after Hitler's suicide and only one day before the unconditional surrender of the German troops in northwestern Germany at Lüneburg Heath to Field Marshal Montgomery, ""Cap Arcona"", ""Thielbek"", and the passenger liner ""Deutschland"" were attacked as"
"to attacks against the Baltic German landowners, the burning of manors, and the torture and even killing of members of the nobility. During the 1905 Revolution groups of rebels burned over 400 manor houses and German owned buildings and killed 82 Germans. In response Cossack punitive expeditions aided by German nobles and officers burned down hundreds of farms, arrested and deported thousands and summarily executed at least 2,000 people. Reaction to 1905 Revolution included a scheme by Karl Baron von Manteuffel-Szoege and Silvio Broedrich-Kurmahlen to pacify the countryside by settling up to 20,000 ethnic German farmers, mostly from Volhynia, in"
"by the Wehrmacht and SS, villages were raided. There Maquis French resistance fighters, and 39 British paratroopers of the Special Air Service, part of the Operation Loyton were executed; the latter as part of Hitler's Commando Order. Isselhorst ordered the execution of the captured British SAS members, as well as a number of French civilians, three French priests and four US airmen. The prisoners were taken over the Rhine river on trucks to Gaggenau on 21 November 1944. The leader of the execution commando, Karl Beck, thought it unwise to leave mass graves of shot allied soldiers in an area"
"was hoped the speech might spur a rising, centred on Hindenberg, Papen and the army. Hitler decided to strike at his chief political opponents both within and without the Nazi movement in a bloody purge: the Night of the Long Knives. The purge lasted two days over 30 June and 1 July 1934. Leading rivals of Hitler in the Nazi movement were murdered, along with over 100 opposition figures, including high-profile Catholic resistors. Erich Klausener became the first Catholic martyr. Hitler personally ordered the arrest of Jung and his transfer to Gestapo headquarters, Berlin. Like Klausener, he was murdered in"
"away. On the Eastern Front, evidence of this practise is found in Hitler's infamous Commissar Order in which he ordered the summary execution of all political commissars captured among Soviet soldiers as well as the execution of all Communist Party members in German held territory. The Einsatzgruppen carried out these executions in the east. In Spain, the White Terror (or the ""Francoist Repression"") refers to the atrocities committed by the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War as well as the atrocities that were committed afterwards in Francoist Spain. Most historians agree that the death toll of the White Terror was"
"in the course of arbitrary actions by lower SS echelons in the province of Silesia. In September 1934 Heinrich Himmler—eager to shield his SS men from legal prosecution—managed to convince Hitler to change his mind on the latter six people, whose names as a consequence, were subsequently added to the official list whose killing was to be considered rightful and which now encompassed 83 names. The list of 77 or 83 names respectively was kept in several copies—which were stored under lock and key—in the Ministry of Justice and the Gestapo Headquarters. After a law entitled ""Gesetz über Maßnahmen der"
"everything that has happened since 1945 is public knowledge world-wide, whereas the bloody terror of the Nazis was in fact kept a secret from the German people."" The reference to East Germans concerns the expulsion of Germans after World War II from territories across eastern Europe, which displaced about 15 million and killed another 0.5-0.6 million, involved gang-rapes and looting throughout East Germany, East Prussia, and Austria, and harshly punitive de-industrialization policies. On September 23, 1966, Heidegger was interviewed by Rudolf Augstein and Georg Wolff for ""Der Spiegel"" magazine, in which he agreed to discuss his political past provided that"
"of the British Army's No. 2 Commando, captured after the highy successful Operation Musketoon, were executed at Sachsenhausen. They were shot on 23 October 1942, five days after Adolf Hitler issued his commando order calling for the killing of all captured members of commando units. Four SOE agents led by Lt Cdr Mike Cumberlege RNR, who took part in the 1943 Operation Locksmith in Greece intended to blow up the Corinth Canal and were captured in May 1943, were held in Sachsenhausen's infamous Zellenbau isolation cells for more than a year before being executed in February/March 1945. Some 30,000 inmates"
"to resign in protest. He sacked a third of his Cabinet in a brutal reshuffle which came to be known as the ""Night of the Long Knives"". Macmillan later claimed that he had intended to postpone the full reshuffle until the autumn. Unless one counts Butler's removal in December 1955, Lloyd was the only Chancellor of the postwar era to be sacked outright until Norman Lamont in May 1993. He was replaced by Reginald Maudling, then seen as a potential future Leader of the Conservative Party, and whose remit was to reflate the economy going into the next General Election"