Acid is derived from the Latin word meaning what?
"Caprylic acid Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon saturated fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. Its compounds are found naturally in the milk of various mammals, and as a minor constituent of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. It is an oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell and taste. Two other acids are named after goats via the Latin word ""capra"": caproic acid (C6) and capric acid (C10). Along with caprylic acid (C8) these total 15% in goat milk fat. Caprylic acid is used commercially in"
"Acid An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid). The first category of acids is the proton donors or Brønsted acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion HO and are known as Arrhenius acids. Brønsted and Lowry generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous solvents. A Brønsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H."
"comes from the Latin word ""acidus"", signifying that members of this genus love a sour, acidic environment. ""Thio"" is derived from the Greek word ""thios"" and describes the use of sulfur as an energy source, and ""bacillus"" describes the shape of these microorganisms, which are small rods. The species name, ""caldus"", is derived from the Latin word for warm or hot, denoting this species' love of a warm environment. ""Thiobacillus caldus"" was reclassified into ""Acidithiobacillus"", one of three new genera (also including ""Halothiobacillus"" and ""Thermithiobacillus"") created to further classify members of the genus which fall into the alpha-, beta-, and"
"nomenclature. The name ""acetic acid"" derives from ""acetum"", the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself. ""Glacial acetic acid"" is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. Similar to the German name ""Eisessig"" (""ice-vinegar""), the name comes from the ice-like crystals that form slightly below room temperature at (the presence of 0.1% water lowers its melting point by 0.2 °C). A common symbol for acetic acid is ""AcOH"", where ""Ac"" is the pseudoelement symbol representing the acetyl group −C(=O)−; the conjugate base, acetate (), is thus represented as ""AcO"". (The ""Ac"" is not to be"
"Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς ""oxys"", ""acid"", literally ""sharp"", referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής ""-genes"", ""producer"", literally ""begetter"", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. One of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work ""Pneumatica"", Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck. Philo"
"acid ""by convention"" is represented by a letter, but in nature there is nothing which ties alanine, a molecule, to the Latin letter A, a vowel, so this convention was disregarded in the latter watermarks. In the minimal genome organism the watermark were encoded as amino acids, with V as U, both in reference to Latin inscriptions and the lack of a standard amino acid for U containing the names of the researchers: (VENTERINSTITVTE, CRAIGVENTER, HAMSMITH, CINDIANDCLYDE, GLASSANDCLYDE). In the synthetic organism, instead the Latin alphabet—which in English has 26 letters, which is covered only in base 4 with 3"
"Oxyacid An oxyacid, or oxoacid, is an acid that contains oxygen. Specifically, it is a compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, with at least one hydrogen atom bond to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H cation and the anion of the acid. Generally, oxyacids are simply oxyanions attached to a positively-polarized hydrogen, which can be split off as a cation. Examples: carbonic acid HCO / (OC(OH)), sulfuric acid HSO / (OS(OH)). Under Lavoisier's original theory, all acids contained oxygen, which was named from the Greek ὀξύς (""oxys"": acid, sharp) and the root -γενής"
"its initial meaning. In her view """"acid"" connotes the fragmentation of experience and dislocation of meaning due to the unstructuring effects on thought patterns which the psycho-active drug LSD or 'Acid' can bring about. In the context of the creation of ""Acid Tracks"" it indicated a concept rather than the use of psycho-active drugs in itself. Some accounts disavow psychedelic connotations. One theory, holding that ""acid"" was a derogatory reference towards the use of samples in acid house music, was repeated in the press and in the British House of Commons. In this theory, the term ""acid"" came from the"
"aldehydes are prone to undergo hydrogen atom abstraction in the presence of free radicals, a fact accounts for the ease with which aldehydes undergo autoxidation. The common names for aldehydes do not strictly follow official guidelines, such as those recommended by IUPAC, but these rules are useful. IUPAC prescribes the following nomenclature for aldehydes: The word ""aldehyde"" was coined by Justus von Liebig as a contraction of the Latin ""alcohol dehydrogenatus"" (dehydrogenated alcohol). In the past, aldehydes were sometimes named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, ""vinous aldehyde"" for acetaldehyde. (""Vinous"" is from Latin ""vinum"" ""wine"", the traditional source of"
"Romans used the word ""sandarac"" to refer to arsenic sulfide particularly red arsenic sulfide. In medieval Latin the term ""sandaraca"" meant red lead as well as red arsenic sulfide. The word's resin/varnish meaning came to Europe from Arabic in the early 16th century. To distinguish this meaning from the Greek and medieval Latin meaning, it was occasionally called ""Arabian sandarac"" or ""sandaracha Arabum"" in New Latin writings. The name in Arabic was and is سندروس ""sandarūs"". Sandarac Sandarac (or sandarach) is a resin obtained from the small cypress-like tree ""Tetraclinis articulata"". The tree is native to the northwest of Africa"
"Succinic acid Succinic acid () is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH)(COH). The name derives from Latin ""succinum"", meaning amber. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. It is marketed as food additive E363. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all"
"in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some"
"Acid salt Acid salts are a class of salts that produce an acidic solution after being dissolved in a solvent. Its formation as a substance has a greater electrical conductivity than that of the pure solvent. An acidic solution formed by acid salt is made during partial neutralization of diprotic or polyprotic acids. A ""half-neutralization"" occurs due to the remaining of replaceable hydrogen atoms from the partial dissociation of weak acids that have not been reacted with hydroxide ions (OH) to create water molecules. Acid salt is an ionic compound consisted of an anion, contributed from a weak parent acid,"
"example, carbon dioxide, CO, is the anhydride of carbonic acid, HCO, and sulfur trioxide, SO, is the anhydride of sulfuric acid, HSO. These anhydrides react quickly with water and form those oxyacids again. Many organic acids, like carboxylic acids and phenols, are oxyacids. Their molecular structure, however, is much more complicated than that of inorganic oxyacids. Most of the commonly encountered acids are oxyacids. Indeed, in the 18th century, Lavoisier assumed that all acids contain oxygen and that oxygen causes their acidity. Because of this, he gave to this element its name, ""oxygenium"", derived from Greek and meaning ""acid-maker"", which"
"Roman aristocracy. In the 16th-century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described the production of acetone from the dry distillation of lead acetate, ketonic decarboxylation. The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid's properties that for centuries chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances. French chemist Pierre Adet proved them identical. In 1845 German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesised acetic acid from inorganic compounds for the first time. This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination"
"of a base, and they are still among the most common bases. The word ""alkali"" is derived from Arabic ""al qalīy"" (or ""alkali""), meaning ""the calcined ashes"" (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide (""slaked lime""), a far more strongly basic substance known as ""caustic potash"" (potassium hydroxide) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps, one of the caustic processes that rendered soaps from"
"Gastric acid Gastric acid, gastric juice or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The acid plays a key role in digestion of proteins, by activating digestive enzymes, and making ingested proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids. Gastric acid is produced by cells in the lining of the stomach, which are coupled in feedback systems to increase acid production when needed. Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate, a base, to buffer the fluid, ensuring"
"injury. As of 2016 the inhibition of succinate-mediated ROS production was under investigation as a therapeutic drug target. Succinic acid Succinic acid () is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH)(COH). The name derives from Latin ""succinum"", meaning amber. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. It is marketed as food additive"
"Angelic acid Angelic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid. It is mostly found in the plants of the family Apiaceae. German pharmacist Ludwig Andreas Buchner isolated angelic acid in 1842 from the roots of garden angelica (""Angelica archangelica"") which gave the acid its name. Angelic acid is a volatile solid with a biting taste and pungent sour odor. It is the ""cis"" isomer of 2-methyl-2-butenoic acid, which easily converts to the ""trans"" isomer, tiglic acid, upon heating or reaction with inorganic acids. The reverse transformation occurs much less readily. The salts and esters of angelic acid are called angelates."
"from Prussian blue. In English, it became known popularly as ""prussic acid."" In 1787, the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet showed that prussic acid did not contain oxygen, an important contribution to acid theory, which had hitherto postulated that acids must contain oxygen (hence the name of oxygen itself, which is derived from Greek elements that mean ""acid-former"" and are likewise calqued into German as ""Sauerstoff""). In 1811, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac prepared pure, liquified hydrogen cyanide. In 1815, Gay-Lussac deduced Prussic acid's chemical formula. The radical ""cyanide"" in hydrogen cyanide was given its name from cyan, not only an English"
"used to enhance the taste of food. Substances with similar properties came to be known as salts, in particular ""Epsom salt"" (magnesium sulfate, found in a bitter saline spring in the English town of Epsom). Ammonium (with the little-used formal name nitrogen trihydride) was first extracted from sal ammoniac, meaning ""salt of Amun"". Ancient Romans noticed crystals of it in Egyptian temples devoted to the god Amun; the crystals had condensed from the smoke of burning camel dung. Lead acetate was called ""sugar of lead"". However, other names like ""sugar of lead"" (lead(II) acetate), ""butter of antimony"" (antimony trichloride), ""oil"
"Latin name of ""sodanum"" was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic ""suda"", meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times. Although sodium, sometimes called ""soda"", had long been recognized in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names ""Natronium"" for Humphry Davy's ""sodium"" and ""Kalium"" for Davy's ""potassium"". The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814"
"did not support either. ""Azote"" later became ""nitrogen"" in English, although it has kept the earlier name in French and several other European languages. Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to ""oxygène"" in 1777 from the Greek roots "" (oxys)"" (acid, literally ""sharp"", from the taste of acids) and ""-γενής (-genēs)"" (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids. Chemists (such as Sir Humphry Davy in 1812) eventually determined that Lavoisier was wrong in this regard (hydrogen forms the basis for acid chemistry), but by then the name was too well established. ""Oxygen"" entered the"
"acid was discovered by Austrian chemist Johann Heller in 1837, by analyzing the products of heating a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal. The name comes from Greek ""ῥοδίζω"" (""rhodizō"", ""to tinge red""), on account of the color of its salts. Rhodizonates tend to have various shades of red, from yellowish to purplish, in transmitted light, with a greenish luster in reflected light. Potassium rhodizonate can be prepared with good yield and purity by oxidizing inositol with nitric acid and reacting the result with potassium acetate in the presence of oxygen. The rhodizonate crystallizes out of the solution due to"
"Idem idem. is a Latin term meaning ""the same"". It is commonly abbreviated as id., which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ""ibid.""). It is also used in academic citations to replace the name of a repeated author. ""Id."" is employed extensively in Canadian legislation and in legal documents of the United States to apply a short description to a section with the same focus as the previous. ""Id"" is masculine and neuter; ead. (feminine), is the abbreviation for eadem, which also translates to ""the same"". As an abbreviation, ""Id."" always takes a"
"wine to air, because acetic acid-producing bacteria are present globally. The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the 3rd century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including ""white lead"" (lead carbonate) and ""verdigris"", a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate. Ancient Romans boiled soured wine to produce a highly sweet syrup called ""sapa"". Sapa that was produced in lead pots was rich in lead acetate, a sweet substance also called ""sugar of lead"" or ""sugar of Saturn"", which contributed to lead poisoning among the"
"The second element comes also from Latin ""ardens"", (hot, flaming). It was first attested in English in the late 13th century, though it was found as a surname a century earlier. Archeological excavations in the Indus Valley (Indian Subcontinent) have revealed that mustard was cultivated there. That civilization existed until about 1800 BC. The Romans were probably the first to experiment with the preparation of mustard as a condiment. They mixed unfermented grape juice (the must) with ground mustard seeds (called ""sinapis"") to make ""burning must"", ""mustum ardens"" — hence """". A recipe for mustard appears in ""De re coquinaria"","
"name derives from Latin ""calx"" ""lime"", which was obtained from heating limestone. Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for calcium supplementation, in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity; still, in"
"sodium carbonate decahydrate (hydrated soda ash) that makes up most of the historical salt. The English and German word ""natron"" is a French cognate derived from the Spanish ""natrón"" through Latin ""natrium"" and Greek νίτρον ""nitron"". This derives from the Ancient Egyptian word ""nṯry"" 'natron'. ""Natron"" refers to Wadi El Natrun or Natron Valley in Egypt, from which natron was mined by the ancient Egyptians for use in burial rites. The modern chemical symbol for sodium, Na, is an abbreviation of that element's New Latin name ""natrium"", which was derived from ""natron"". Historical natron was harvested directly as a salt"
"of various substances"". One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals. In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal. This redefinition was based on his extensive work on the chemical composition of organic acids, finishing the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids started by Davy. Liebig's definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition. The first modern"
"Picric acid Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (ON)CHOH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name ""picric"" comes from the Greek πικρός (""pikros""), meaning ""bitter"", reflecting its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols. Like other highly nitrated organic compounds, picric acid is an explosive, hence its primary use. It has also been used in medicine (antiseptic, burn treatments) and dyes. Picric acid was probably first mentioned in the alchemical writings of Johann Rudolf Glauber. Initially, it was made by nitrating substances such as animal horn, silk, indigo, and natural resin, the synthesis"
"Acidic oxide Acidic oxides, or acid anhydrides, are oxides that react with water to form an acid, or with a base to form a salt. They are oxides of either nonmetals or of metals in high oxidation states. Their chemistry can be systematically understood by taking an oxoacid and removing water from it, until only an oxide remains. The resulting oxide belongs to this group of substances. An inorganic anhydride (a somewhat archaic term) is acid anhydride without an organic moiety. Acidic oxides are not Brønsted–Lowry acids because they do not donate protons; however, they are Arrhenius acids because they"
"from the Vindhya basin have been dated back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago. The singular ""alga"" is the Latin word for ""seaweed"" and retains that meaning in English. The etymology is obscure. Although some speculate that it is related to Latin ""algēre"", ""be cold"", no reason is known to associate seaweed with temperature. A more likely source is ""alliga"", ""binding, entwining"". The Ancient Greek word for seaweed was φῦκος (""phŷcos""), which could mean either the seaweed (probably red algae) or a red dye derived from it. The Latinization, ""fūcus"", meant primarily the cosmetic rouge. The etymology is uncertain,"