Who was the Iranian Ayatollah who sentenced Salman Rushdie to death in absentia after the publication of the novelist's 'Satanic Verses'?
"taken place. Justifications offered for the alleged executions vary, but one of the most common theories advanced is that they were in retaliation for the 1988 attack on the western borders of Iran by the PMOI Mujahedin. However, this does not fully account for the targeting of other leftist groups who opposed the Mujahedin invasion. Salman Rushdie is a prominent contemporary figure accused of apostasy. In 1989 a fatwa was issued by Ayatollah Khomeini, the ruler of Iran at the time, calling for the death of Salman Rushdie for the blasphemy of authoring the book ""The Satanic Verses"". Hossein Soodmand,"
"the relations between the two countries. Khomeini, the spiritual leader of Iran at that time, declared a death sentence for Salman Rushdie for certain anti-Islamic remarks in his book ""The Satanic Verses"" published in 1988. The Saudi government, which took this religious decree against Rushdie as an act aimed at gaining Muslim sympathy across the world, came up with its own verdict of making Rushdie appear before an Islamic tribunal before he could be delivered a death sentence. When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, Iran criticised and condemned the invasion. This stance from Iran, in favor of the Kuwaitis, and"
"in his hearing and in his presence."" Though Rushdie publicly regretted ""the distress that publication has occasioned to sincere followers of Islam"", the fatwa was not revoked. Rushdie himself was not killed but Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese translator of the book ""The Satanic Verses"", was murdered and two other translators of the book survived murder attempts. In a speech given to a huge crowd after returning to Iran from exile 1 February 1979, Khomeini made a variety of promises to Iranians for his coming Islamic regime: a popularly elected government that would represent the people of Iran and with which"
"religious duty and that the result is a marginal issue?"" In an interview with Gareth Porter, Mohsen Rafighdoost, the eight-year war time minister of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, disclosed how Khomeini had opposed his proposal for beginning working on both nuclear and chemical weapons by a fatwa which had never been made public in details of when and how it was issued. In early 1989, Khomeini issued a fatwā calling for the assassination of Salman Rushdie, an India-born British author. Rushdie's book, ""The Satanic Verses"", published in 1988, was alleged to commit blasphemy against Islam and Khomeini's juristic ruling"
"""an anti-religious novel. It is, however, an attempt to write about migration, its stresses and transformations."" On 14 February 1989—Valentine's Day, and also the day of his close friend Bruce Chatwin's funeral—a ""fatwā"" ordering Rushdie's execution was proclaimed on Radio Tehran by Ayatollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of Iran at the time, calling the book ""blasphemous against Islam"". (Chapter IV of the book depicts the character of an Imam in exile who returns to incite revolt from the people of his country with no regard for their safety.) A bounty was offered for Rushdie's death, and he was thus forced"
"novel ""The Satanic Verses"" by Salman Rushdie which it called an ""anti-Islamic"" work that ""contains filthy remarks and ridicules fundamental beliefs of Islam"". A leader of the Japanese association of Pakistanis joined the condemnations of Rushdie, saying he deserved to die because of the book. Subsequently, the Japanese translator Hitoshi Igarashi was found slain at a university northeast of Tokyo on 12 July 1991. Japan has some Urdu-language media aimed at Pakistanis, such as the freely distributed ""Pak Shimbun"", as well as other Japanese-language publications targeted towards Muslims at large. Pakistanis in Japan As early as 1950, only three years"
"September 2012. Joseph Anton was Rushdie's secret alias. In February 1997, Ayatollah Hasan Sane'i, leader of the bonyad panzdah-e khordad (Fifteenth of Khordad Foundation), reported that the blood money offered by the foundation for the assassination of Rushdie would be increased from $2 million to $2.5 million. Then a semi-official religious foundation in Iran increased the reward it had offered for the killing of Rushdie from $2.8 million to $3.3 million. In November 2015, former Indian minister P. Chidambaram acknowledged that banning ""The Satanic Verses"" was wrong. In 1998, Iran's former president Mohammad Khatami proclaimed the fatwa “finished”; but it"
"Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has no intention, nor is it going to take any action whatsoever, to threaten the life of the author of 'The Satanic Verses' or anybody associated with his work, nor will it encourage or assist anybody to do so"". The Satanic Verses controversy ""The Satanic Verses"" controversy, also known as the Rushdie Affair, was the heated and frequently violent reaction of Muslims to the publication of Salman Rushdie's novel ""The Satanic Verses"", which was first published in the United Kingdom in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. Many Muslims"
"would not have dared to do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are ready to give their lives to defend our prophet's honour and we have to be ready to do anything for that."" In 1990, soon after the publication of ""The Satanic Verses"", a Pakistani film entitled ""International Gorillay"" (""International Guerillas"") was released that depicted Rushdie as a villain plotting to cause the downfall of Pakistan by opening a chain of casinos and discos in the country; he is ultimately killed at the end of the movie. The film was popular with Pakistani audiences, and"
"light of the controversy over ""The Satanic Verses"": in a dramatized version of the Islamabad police firing on a mob on 12 February 1990 when five demonstrators were killed and 83 injured, their younger sister is killed by the police while demonstrating against Rushdie. The three brothers decide to avenge her and Islam’s honor by hunting down and killing Rushdie. They receive the help of a female police officer in the course of their mission. Salman Rushdie, played by Afzaal Ahmad, is portrayed in the film as a sadistic criminal mastermind, working for an international conspiracy devoted to destroying Islam"
"an extension of the Iranian embassy. At this juncture, Ziauddin Sardar left the Institute. In 1989, following the publication of Salman Rushdie's ""The Satanic Verses"" and the ensuing controversy, Siddiqui established the Muslim Parliament of Great Britain, which he described as ""an independent representative political body for Muslims."" The Muslim Institute also become closely associated with the Muslim Parliament. The sudden death of Siddiqui in April 1996 ended the Muslim parliament and also concluded the Institute's relationship with Iran. The new director, academic and political activist, Ghyasuddin Siddqui, initiated a series of monthly brainstorming sessions to rethink the work of"
"response to the prominent display of Salman Rushdie's ""The Satanic Verses"", which had been banned by a fatwa by Iranian clerics one month prior. An undetonated pipe bomb was subsequently discovered in the store. In response the staff unanimously voted to keep the book on display despite the attack and the increasing willingness of chain bookstores to bow to pressure to withdraw it. Cody's pioneered a well-regarded author-reading series. Some prominent authors and notables who appeared at Cody's were: Tom Robbins, Norman Mailer, Ken Kesey, Alice Walker, Allen Ginsberg, Maurice Sendak, Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, Muhammad Ali, and Salman Rushdie."
"Ahmad Khatami Sayyid Ahmad Khatami (, born 8 May 1960) is a senior Iranian cleric, as well as a senior member of the Assembly of Experts. In December 2005, Ali Khamenei appointed him as Tehran’s substitute Friday prayer leader. He was born in the city of Semnan, Iran. He studied at seminaries in Qom and Semnan. In 2006, during the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy, Khatami asked the Pope to ""fall on his knees in front of a senior Muslim cleric and try to understand Islam."" In 2007, he addressed the death sentence issued by Imam Khomeini against Salman Rushdie,"
"The Satanic Verses The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdie's fourth novel, first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. As with his previous books, Rushdie used magical realism and relied on contemporary events and people to create his characters. The title refers to the satanic verses, a group of Quranic verses that refer to three Pagan Meccan goddesses: Allāt, Uzza, and Manāt. The part of the story that deals with the ""satanic verses"" was based on accounts from the historians al-Waqidi and al-Tabari. In the United Kingdom, ""The Satanic Verses"" received"
"Knighthood of Salman Rushdie In mid-June 2007 Salman Rushdie, the British Indian novelist and author of the controversial novel ""The Satanic Verses"", was created a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II. This action brought much controversy around the world in many countries with Muslim majority populations. Soon after the news of the knighthood was released protests against the honour were held in Malaysia and in Pakistan where effigies of the writer were publicly burnt. On 19 June 2007, governments in both Pakistan and Iran summoned their British ambassadors to officially protest against the award. While many groups and individuals have"
"Verses"", a novel written by Salman Rushdie became controversial in the 1990s due to the allegedly inflammatory and insulting text about Islamic prophet Muhammad, his wives and the ""Companions"" causing worldwide protests. The Indian government banned the book fearing protests from politicians and religious clerics. Shahabuddin claimed that the book was an ""indecent vilification of the Holy Prophet"". He also felt that the book would be rejected by any civilised society. ""BBC"" wrote that he was instrumental in getting the book banned in India. Rushdie hailed Shahabuddin and Khurshed Alam Khan extremists for opposing the book. On 13 October 1988,"
"Ayub Masih, a Christian, was convicted of blasphemy and sentenced to death in 1998. He was accused by a neighbor of stating that he supported British writer Salman Rushdie, author of ""The Satanic Verses"". Lower appeals courts upheld the conviction. However, before the Pakistan Supreme Court, his lawyer was able to prove that the accuser had used the conviction to force Masih's family off their land and then acquired control of the property. Masih has been released. On September 22, 2006, a Pakistani Christian named Shahid Masih was arrested and jailed for allegedly violating Islamic ""blasphemy laws"" in the country"
"British embassy in Tehran, Ayatollah Khomeini issued a ""fatwa"" ordering Muslims across the world to kill British author Salman Rushdie. Diplomatic ties with London were broken off only to be resumed at a chargé d'affaires level in 1990. Relations normalized in 1998 during President Mohammad Khatami's reformist administration, and Jack Straw became the first high-ranking British politician to visit Tehran in 2001 since the revolution. Relations suffered a setback in 2002 when David Reddaway was rejected by Tehran as London's ambassador, on charges of being a spy, and further deteriorated when Iran seized eight British sailors in Arvand River near"
"This was the first time they had commented on the issue since publication. The Satanic Verses The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdie's fourth novel, first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. As with his previous books, Rushdie used magical realism and relied on contemporary events and people to create his characters. The title refers to the satanic verses, a group of Quranic verses that refer to three Pagan Meccan goddesses: Allāt, Uzza, and Manāt. The part of the story that deals with the ""satanic verses"" was based on accounts from"
"accused by a neighbor of stating that he supported British writer Salman Rushdie, author of ""The Satanic Verses"". Lower appeals courts upheld the conviction. However, before the Pakistan Supreme Court, his lawyer was able to prove that the accuser had used the conviction to force family off their land and then acquired control of the property. has been released. In October 2001, gunmen on motorcycles opened fire on a Protestant congregation in the Punjab, killing 18 people. The identities of the gunmen are unknown. Officials think it might be a banned Islamic group. In March 2002, five people were killed"
"Hitoshi Igarashi Igarashi was born in 1947. He completed his doctoral programme in Islamic art at the University of Tokyo in 1976, and was research fellow at the Royal Academy of Iran until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Igarashi was an associate professor of comparative Islamic culture at the University of Tsukuba. He translated Avicenna's ""The Canon of Medicine"" and Salman Rushdie's ""Satanic Verses"" and wrote books on Islam, including ""The Islamic Renaissance"" and ""Medicine and Wisdom of the East"". In 1989 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwa, calling for the death of ""the author of the Satanic Verses book,"
"more radical Ayatullah Khomeini and other members in the revolutionary Iranian leadership. This explains some reports that the Institute was funded by the Iranian government. Siddiqui supported the death sentence placed on Salman Rushdie. In 1998, despite an apparent relaxation of the fatwa against the author, Siddiqui remained a supporter of the decision, criticising the Iranian leadership by saying to the BBC News that it had no authority to revoke the fatwa, and ""the position of the Muslim Parliament is independent of what may or may not happen in Tehran"". His support for the fatwa issued by Khomeini continued as"
"and author Salman Rushdie among the names announced in advance. Rushdie later cancelled, and indeed cancelled his complete tour of India citing possible threats to his life as the primary reason. Rushdie investigated police reports that hitmen had been hired to assassinate him and implied that the police might have exaggerated the potential danger. Police said that Ruchir Joshi, Jeet Thayil, Hari Kunzru and Amitava Kumar fled Jaipur on the advice of officials at the Jaipur Literature Festival after reading excerpts from ""The Satanic Verses"", which is banned in India. Kunzru later wrote, ""Our intention was not to offend anyone's"
"to death). The book was banned in India as hate speech directed towards a specific religious group. ""The Satanic Verses"" consists of a frame narrative, using elements of magical realism, interlaced with a series of sub-plots that are narrated as dream visions experienced by one of the protagonists. The frame narrative, like many other stories by Rushdie, involves Indian expatriates in contemporary England. The two protagonists, Gibreel Farishta and Saladin Chamcha, are both actors of Indian Muslim background. Farishta is a Bollywood superstar who specialises in playing Hindu deities. (The character is partly based on Indian film stars Amitabh Bachchan"
"daily newspaper that discussed the limits on the Supreme Leader's powers, the rights of unorthodox clerics and groups to air their views, the right of women to divorce, and whether laughing and clapping were un-Islamic. On 27 November 1999, the Special Court for the Clergy found Nouri guilty, and sentenced him to five years' imprisonment and a fine. Nouri was released on 5 November 2002. In 1988, in the United Kingdom, Salman Rushdie published ""The Satanic Verses"", a novel. Muslims in the United Kingdom accused Rushdie of blasphemy. Some Muslims called upon the Crown to prosecute Rushdie but it did"
"is also the founder and chairman of the ""Small Kindness"" charity, which initially assisted famine victims in Africa and now supports thousands of orphans and families in the Balkans, Indonesia, and Iraq. He served as chairman of the charity Muslim Aid from 1985 to 1993. In 1989 following an address by Islam to students at London's Kingston University, where he was asked about the fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, author of the novel ""The Satanic Verses"", Islam made a series of comments that appeared to show his support for the fatwa. He released a statement the following"
"Press. In the late 1970s he was appointed publisher and president of Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). From 1978 to 1997, he was chairman and CEO of the Penguin group, overseeing Penguin’s companies in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, and India. During his time at Penguin, Mayer courted controversy as he agreed to publish Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, ""The Satanic Verses"". The book led to a a major argument with Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issuing a ""fatwā"" instructing Muslims to kill the author. Mayer himself also became the recipient of threats. After"
"of a leader. Still worse for him were the publication abroad and broadcast on the BBC of his letters condemning the post-war wave of executions in March 1989. Montazeri also criticized Khomeini's fatwa ordering the assassination of author Salman Rushdie saying: ""People in the world are getting the idea that our business in Iran is just murdering people."" On 26 March 1989, a furious Khomeini strongly denounced Montazeri's actions, and two days later announced that Montazeri had resigned his post. Montazeri did not protest his loss, issuing a message concluding, ""I ask all brothers and sisters not to utter a"
"controversies raised in the non-Muslim world, especially over depictions of Muhammad, questionning issues relating to the religious offense to minorities in secular countries. A key case was the 1989 fatwa against English author Salman Rushdie for his 1988 book entitled ""The Satanic Verses"", the title of which refers to an account that Muhammad, in the course of revealing the Quran, received a revelation from Satan and incorporated it therein until made by Allah to retract it. Several translators of his book into foreign languages have been murdered. In the UK, many supporters of Salman Rushdie and his publishers advocated unrestricted"
"earlier published Salman Rushdie's ""The Satanic Verses"" (1988), and personally delivered a copy of the book to the Iranian embassy in Paris He was attacked in defamation for articles published in ""L'Idiot international"" by Jack Lang and others. He never defended himself during the trials, and never went in Appeal Court. He had to auction off his flat in order to pay damages to Bernard Tapie who had successfully charged him with defamation. He died in a road accident, in Deauville in 1997, leaving a son. Works by Jean-Edern Hallier Works about Jean-Edern Hallier Library of Congress ; British Library"
"""one of the most significant events in postwar literary history."" Even before the publication of ""The Satanic Verses"", the books of Salman Rushdie had stoked controversy. Rushdie saw his role as a writer ""as including the function of antagonist to the state"". His second book ""Midnight's Children"" angered Indira Gandhi because it seemed to suggest ""that Mrs. Gandhi was responsible for the death of her husband through neglect"". His 1983 ""roman à clef"" ""Shame"" ""took an aim on Pakistan, its political characters, its culture and its religion... [It covered] a central episode in Pakistan's internal life, which portrays as a"
"Farhad Daneshjoo Farhad Daneshjoo () (born 4 March 1955 in Damghan) is an Iranian academic and the former president of the Azad University, which was elected for this position on 17 January 2012 and removed from his office by the university's central committee on 18 September 2013. He is said to have been a student of PhD in England at the time of Ayatollah Khomeini's Fatwa on Salman Rushdie's death sentence. He was expelled from England as one of the students burning a bookshop selling Salman Roshdi's books. He was president of the Tarbiat Modares University for eight years. He"
"Salman Rushdie Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, ""Midnight's Children"" (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed to be ""the best novel of all winners"" on two separate occasions, marking the 25th and the 40th anniversary of the prize. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. He combines magical realism with historical fiction; his work is concerned with the many connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations. His fourth novel, ""The Satanic Verses"" (1988), was the subject of a major"