"out with NASA. Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the Cassini–Huygens space probe, to which ESA contributed by building the Titan landing module Huygens. As the successor of ELDO, ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. Ariane 1, launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the Ariane 4, which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established ESA as the world leader in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the"
"Cora (rocket) Cora is the name of a single-stage French experimental rocket, which was propelled with nitrogen tetroxide and UDMH. The Cora rocket served for component testing for the planned Europa Rocket, which was eventually built by the European Launcher Development Organisation, the predecessor to the modern European Space Agency. The first stage of the Cora was 5.5 metres long and had a diameter of 2 metres. It weighed with fuel 9.85 tons. The entire rocket had a length of 11.5 metres and a takeoff weight of 16.5 tonnes. It was powered by a three-nozzle engine that provided 220 KN"
"Rosetta (spacecraft) Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with ""Philae"", its lander module, ""Rosetta"" performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft flew by Mars and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme, after ""SOHO""""Cluster"" and ""XMM-Newton"". On 6 August 2014, the spacecraft reached the comet and performed a series of manoeuvres to eventually orbit the comet at distances of . On 12 November, its lander module"
"(AAM). The propulsion module uses a RD-843 rocket engine liquid-fuel rocket burning pressure-fed UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide as propellants. The AVUM avionics module contains the main components of the avionics sub-system of the vehicle. The maiden flight occurred on 13 February 2012. Developments costs for the Vega rocket were €710 million, with ESA spending an additional €400 million to sponsor five development flights between 2012 and 2014. Commercial launch cost have been estimated at €32 million including Arianespace's marketing and service costs or €25 million for a rocket alone, assuming launch rate of 2 per year. By increasing flight rate"
"September 2016, Vangelis released the studio album ""Rosetta"" in honour of the mission, which was used on 30 September in the ""Rosetta's final hour"" streaming video of the ESA Livestream event ""Rosetta Grand Finale"". Rosetta (spacecraft) Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with ""Philae"", its lander module, ""Rosetta"" performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft flew by Mars and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme,"
"also build parts of the radar and camera, and provide a mass spectrometer. The spacecraft would be developed by Lockheed Martin and derived from their proven central core cylinder designs. This configuration has been successfully applied on ""Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter"", ""Juno"", ""MAVEN"", and ""OSIRIS-REx"". The spacecraft would use Ultraflex solar arrays made by Orbital ATK. The Italian Space Agency (ASI) and its contractor Thales would supply the digital portion of the radar altimeter and parts of the telecommunications system. On 20 November 2017 NASA selected two other proposals for additional concept studies: Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return (CAESAR), and Dragonfly)."
"European companies on the Volga rocket engine project. The company continues to research and explore new engine concepts, such as the tripropellant, bi-modal engines of the RD-700 family (RD-701 and RD-704). On 1 June 2016 - the company successfully tested first-stage engine named RD-181 - a modified version of the RD-191 for Antares. On 10 August 2016 - the company successfully tested first-stage engine named PDU-99 ""ПДУ-99"" for RS-28 Sarmat. NPO Energomash NPO Energomash “V. P. Glushko” is a major Russian rocket engine manufacturer. The company primarily develops and produces liquid propellant rocket engines. Energomash originates from the Soviet design"
"and Delta IV launch vehicles, and is planned for use on the Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle. Northrop Grumman has recently indicated plans to utilize the RL10 on their Omega rocket. As of December 2017, Atec-manufactured valves have flown on 140 consecutive successful flights. Notable RL10 missions which launched with Atec-manufactured valves include NASA’s New Horizons probe to Pluto, the LCROSS Lunar Impactor, and the Orion Exploration Flight Test 1. In 2013, Atec began work on 27 lithium-ion battery adapter plates to be used on the International Space Station. The electrical system of the International Space Station previously used 48 nickel–hydrogen"
"of 1,500 kilograms to an altitude of 700 kilometers. The rocket, named after Vega, the brightest star in the constellation Lyra, is a single-body launcher (no strap-on boosters) with three solid rocket stages: the P80 first stage, the Zefiro 23 second stage, and the Zefiro 9 third stage. The upper module is a liquid rocket called AVUM. The improved version of the P80 stage, the P120C, will be used as the side boosters of the Ariane 6. Italy is the leading contributor to the Vega program (65%), followed by France (13%). Other participants include Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland and"
"and Vega C first stage. P80 (rocket stage) P80 is a solid-fuel first-stage rocket motor used on the European Space Agency Vega rocket (in the P80FW version). It is the world's largest and most powerful one-piece solid-fuel rocket engine. The P80's development was led by a joint team of ESA, CNES and ASI since 2005, with Avio selected as the prime contractor. The first test of the P80 engine was completed at Guiana Space Centre in November 2006 followed by qualification tests in December 2007. The first launch was completed on 13 February 2012, with the first commercial launch following"
"P80 (rocket stage) P80 is a solid-fuel first-stage rocket motor used on the European Space Agency Vega rocket (in the P80FW version). It is the world's largest and most powerful one-piece solid-fuel rocket engine. The P80's development was led by a joint team of ESA, CNES and ASI since 2005, with Avio selected as the prime contractor. The first test of the P80 engine was completed at Guiana Space Centre in November 2006 followed by qualification tests in December 2007. The first launch was completed on 13 February 2012, with the first commercial launch following on 7 May 2012. Total"
"European Commission and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in December 2015. The company is responsible for testing liquid propulsion engines for the DLR at its propulsion test facilities in the Airport of Teruel. In April 2016, PLD Space secured a further $1.56 million from Spain's TEPREL reusable launcher engine program. TEPREL (Acronym for Spanish Reusable Propulsion Technologies for Launchers) will help PLD Space to continue their liquid rocket engine program,\ the first one in Spain dedicated to boost the small satellite industry in Europe. This project will help PLD Space to develop a 35 kN rocket engine qualified for flight."
"Europa (rocket) The Europa rocket was an early expendable launch system of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO), which was the precursor to the European Space Agency (ESA). It was developed with the aim to delivering space access technology, and more specifically to facilitate the deployment of European-wide telecommunication and meteorological satellites into orbit. The Blue Streak missile predated the Europa programme, having originally been developed by Britain primarily for military purposes, however it was cancelled in 1960. Efforts to repurpose the Blue Streak, such as the studied Black Prince expendable launch system, eventually cumulated in the multinational Europa programme."
"Ariane 6 Ariane 6 is a launch vehicle developed and manufactured by ArianeGroup under the authority of the European Space Agency (ESA), with a first test flight scheduled for 2020. When development is completed, it will become the newest member in the Ariane launch vehicle family. The final design was selected in December 2014, favoring a liquid-fuelled core with large solid rocket boosters over the initial solid-fuel rocket design. The motivation for Ariane 6 is to replace Ariane 5 at half the cost, and allow double the number of launches each year. Two variants of Ariane 6 are being developed:"
"Rocket Boosters, four RS-25D engines built for the Space Shuttle program and an Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage. EM-1 is intended to demonstrate the integrated spacecraft systems prior to a crewed flight, and in addition, test a high speed reentry (11 km/s) on Orion's thermal protection system. On 16 January 2013, NASA announced that the European Space Agency will build the Orion Service Module based on its Automated Transfer Vehicle, so the flight could also be regarded as a test of ESA hardware as well as American, and of how the ESA components interact with the American Orion components. The Exploration"
"Programme for Research and Technological Development, FP6. The Principal Investigator for the mission was Professor John Plane from the University of Leeds. The HotPay-2 payload, built by ARR contained instruments from School of Chemistry at University of Leeds (UK), Sodankyla Observatory (Finland), University of Stockholm (Sweden), Dartmouth College (US), Graz Technical University (Austria), Technical University of Kosice (Slovakia) and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria). The successful research flight was conducted using a two-stage (VS-30/Orion) sounding rocket, which reached an apogee of 380.6 kilometres. On 28 January, Boeing, Lockheed Martin and the United States Navy announced that a test launch of"
"by four international industry strategic suppliers; Volvo Aero of Sweden (Regen cooled nozzle), Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) of Japan (Fuel Turbopump), Techspace Aero of Belgium (Fuel Inlet and LOX control valve) and Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (CADB) of Russia (LOX Turbopump). RL60 The RL60 is a cryogenic rocket engine under development by Pratt & Whitney. The design is a high energy LH2/LOX expander cycle, capable of multiple restarts in space. In 2003, Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion had 90% of the work completed for the new RL60 replacement of the RL10 engine. The RL60 is a cryogenic upper stage engine,"
"which made a call for submissions for a reusable spaceplane. One of the submissions was by the Italian Space Agency, that presented their own Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe (PRIME program) which went ahead to develop the precursor called Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) and the resulting Space RIDER. Funding was initially approved by the ESA in 2016, with the project being led by the Italian Aerospace Research Centre (CIRA). Thales Alenia Space and Lockheed Martin were tasked with completing the design by 2019. In November 2017, the ESA provided funding to Thales Alenia Space and Avio to build"
"Ariane 5 Ariane 5 is a European heavy-lift launch vehicle that is part of the Ariane rocket family, an expendable launch system designed by the Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES). It is used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO). Ariane 5 rockets are manufactured under the authority of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the French spatial agency Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. Airbus Defence and Space is the prime contractor for the vehicles, leading a consortium of other European contractors. Ariane 5 is operated and marketed by Arianespace as part of the ""Ariane"""
"Apogee: 120 km (70 mi). Forschungsflugkörper The Forschungsflugkörper (German for ""research aircraft"") was a sounding rocket manufactured by ERNO from 1972–1974 for the DLR. It was a single stage rocket that consisted of 1xFFK. Germany was the country that developed and tested this spacecraft. It had 3 launches, two of which were failures. It was a fairly small craft with a weight of 300 kg, a length of 4.00 metres, a core diameter of 0.25 metres, and apogee of 120 km. DLR C-FFK-45 Test mission Nation: Germany. Agency: DLR. DLR C-FFK-46 Test mission Nation: Germany. Agency: DLR. DLR C-FFK-47 Test"
"bus. ECAPS ECAPS is a Swedish space company, established in 2000 by the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) and Volvo Aero with the primary purpose of developing rocket propellants safer than hydrazine, but with the same application areas. The company was acquired in 2017 and is currently part of the Bradford group of space systems companies, which is itself part of the larger AIAC group of manufacturing companies One of the developed propellants is HPGP, a name for a propellant blend consisting primarily of ammonium dinitramide, ammonia, methanol and water. Another name for the propellant is LMP-103S, which refers to the"
"none at all for use on other rockets. AJ-60A is the largest monolithic solid rocket motor currently in production. The stages are designed to be transported by truck. AJ-60A AJ-60A is a solid rocket booster produced by Aerojet Rocketdyne. They are currently used as strap-on boosters on United Launch Alliance's Atlas V rocket. The AJ-60A rocket motor was developed between 1999 and 2003 for use on the Atlas V. In 2015, ULA announced that the Atlas V will switch to new GEM 63 boosters produced by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. A stretched version of this booster will be used on"
"Rolls-Royce Deutschland. The new low emission lean burn combustor and unshrouded HP turbine units are Rolls-Royce UK supplied. Downstream is a variable-geometry IP turbine from Avio and ITP's new high duty LP turbine. Volvo Aero has provided a new turbine exhaust casing. Hispano Suiza’s new accessory gearbox, Goodrich’s new distributed control system, and Techspace Aero’s new oil system are also fitted. Initial testing of the ANTLE engine has now concluded. ANTLE ANTLE (Affordable Near-Term Low Emissions) is a Rolls-Royce plc led research programme, funded by the EU, through the EEFAE (Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Aero Engine) project. All major European"
"Vega (rocket) Vega (, meaning ""Advanced generation European carrier rocket""), is an expendable launch system in use by Arianespace jointly developed by the Italian Space Agency and the European Space Agency. Development began in 1998 and the first launch took place from the Guiana Space Centre on February 13, 2012. Arianespace has ordered launchers covering the period until at least the end of 2018. It is designed to launch small payloads — 300 to 2,500 kg satellites for scientific and Earth observation missions to polar and low Earth orbits. The reference Vega mission is a polar orbit bringing a spacecraft"
"first flight of the Ariane 6 rocket with Vinci is planned for 2020. In July 2017, Ariane Group reported that the first flight models of the combustion chamber had entered production. Vinci (rocket engine) Vinci is a European Space Agency cryogenic liquid rocket engine currently under development. It is designed to power the new upper stage of Ariane 6. Vinci is an expander cycle rocket engine fed with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Its biggest improvement from its predecessor, the HM7B (which powers the ESC-A), is the capability of restarting up to five times. It is also the first European"
"for the OneWeb satellite constellation. Future Galileo launches are booked on Ariane 6 starting in 2020. On 11 September 2018 Arianespace announced a firm order by Eutelsat for five commercial communication satellites over several years, and the French CNES converted one of their three contracted launches for spy satellites from a Soyuz to an Ariane 6. Ariane 6 Ariane 6 is a launch vehicle developed and manufactured by ArianeGroup under the authority of the European Space Agency (ESA), with a first test flight scheduled for 2020. When development is completed, it will become the newest member in the Ariane launch"
"S400 (rocket engine) The S400 is a family of pressure fed liquid propelled rocket engines manufactured by ArianeGroup (former Airbus DS) at the Orbital Propulsion Centre in Lampoldshausen, Germany. They burn MMH and MON as propellant, have a thrust range between and and can vary the O/F ratio between 1.50 and 1.80. The chamber and throat are made of a platinum alloy, it uses double cone vortex injectors and uses both film and radiative cooling. The S400 engines are used as primary apogee engines for telecommunication satellite platforms such as the Spacebus of Thales Alenia Space as well as space"
"II and II+ is shown in the table below. Stratos III is an expendable sounding rocket developed by the student rocketry team Delft Aerospace Rocket Engineering of the TU Delft. The project started in 2016 as a successor of the Stratos II+ mission with the purpose of reclaiming the European altitude record for student rocketry, currently owned by the German team HyEnD. The Stratos III rocket is 8.2 m tall and is powered by the DHX-400 Nimbus, 400 kNs impulse hybrid rocket engine. The DHX-400 Nimbus utilizes nitrous oxide as its oxidizer and a mixture of paraffin, sorbitol and aluminum"
"Eurostar E3000 The Eurostar E3000 is a generic satellite model most commonly used for commercial and military communications satellites manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space (formerly Astrium). It is a member of Airbus Defence and Space's Eurostar family. It utilises a chemical, bi-propellant propulsion system for orbit raising and on-station manoeuvres with an optional plasma propulsion system (PPS). The PPS harnesses the Newtonian effect as a result of the ionisation of xenon gas employed by the use of Hall effect plasma thrusters. This system is most commonly used for North-South station-keeping. The E3000 was the first commercial satellite family to"
"to IRAS. A number of follow-up studies resulted in the selection of ISO as the next installment for the ESA Scientific Programme in 1983. Next came a Call for Experiment and Mission Scientist Proposals to the scientific community, resulting in the selection of the scientific instruments in 1985. The four instruments chosen were developed by teams of researchers from France, Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Design and development of the satellite started in 1986 with Aérospatiale's space division (currently absorbed into Thales Alenia Space) leading an international consortium of 32 companies responsible for manufacture, integration and testing of the"
"propellant rocket engine technology to be used on their launchers. The TEPREL engine, called after the Spanish reusable engine program that is financing its development, uses kerosene and liquid oxygen as propellants. So far, several versions of this engine, intended to propel Miura 1, have been developed and tested on the company's own liquid propulsion test facilities located in Teruel, Spain. The TEPREL-DEMO engine was first tested in 2015. It is a calorimetric engine model, intended to demonstrate combustion stability as well as to acquire relevant information such as ignition and shut-down sequences, pressures and temperatures along the engine, thrust"
"test on the International Space Station. A number of long-duration engine firings are planned. Ad Astra Rocket Company The Ad Astra Rocket Company is an American rocket propulsion company dedicated to the development of advanced plasma rocket propulsion technology. Located in Webster, Texas, three miles away from NASA's Johnson Space Center, the company was incorporated on January 14, 2005. The President and CEO of Ad Astra Rocket Company is retired astronaut, Dr. Franklin Chang Díaz. The company has been working on Chang Díaz's concept of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket, known by its acronym VASIMR. The VASIMR is intended"
"a European spacecraft manufacturer. EADS Astrium were responsible for the build and delivery of Skynet 5 satellites in orbit, whilst subsidiary company Paradigm will be responsible for provision of service to the MoD. Paradigm have also been contracted to provide communications services to NATO using spare capacity on the satellites. The Skynet 5 satellite is based on the Eurostar E3000 bus design, weighs about , has two solar panels each about fifteen metres long, and has a power budget of five kilowatts. It has four steerable transmission dishes, and a phased-array receiver designed to allow jamming signals to be cancelled"