"of the conjoined tendons into the anteromedial proximal tibia. From anterior to posterior, the pes anserinus is made up of the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. The tendon's name, which literally means ""goose's foot,"" was inspired by the pes anserinus's webbed, footlike structure. The conjoined tendon lies superficial to the tibial insertion of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee. Pes anserine bursitis can be treated with a variety of physical therapy treatments, steroids to reduce inflammation, or surgery if necessary. Physical therapy treatments include therapeutic ultrasound, electrical stimulation (E-stim), rehabilitative exercises, and ice. Therapeutic ultrasound"
"though Huxley presented the Ichthyopsida as an informal unit and never ventured to forward a Linnaean rank for the group. The term ichthyopsida means ""fish-face"" or ""fish-like"" as opposed to the sauropsida or ""lizard-face"" animals (reptiles and birds) and the mammals. The group representing an evolutionary grade rather than a clade, the term anamniote is now used as an informal way of denoting the physical property of the group, rather than as a systematic unit. Anamniotes The anamniotes are an informal group comprising the fishes and the amphibians, the so-called ""lower vertebrates"", which lay their eggs in water. They are"
"Prosimian Prosimians are a group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorisoids, and adapiforms), as well as the haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms, i.e. all primates excluding the simians. They are considered to have characteristics that are more ""primitive"" (ancestral or plesiomorphic) than those of simians (monkeys, apes, and humans). Simians emerged within the Prosimians as sister group of the haplorhine tarsiers, and therefore cladistically belong to this group. However, simians are traditionally excluded, rendering prosimians paraphyletic. Consequently, the term ""prosimian"" is no longer widely used in a taxonomic sense, but is still"
"while the shrikes are carnivorous. The terms ""passerine"" and ""Passeriformes"" are derived from the scientific name of the house sparrow, ""Passer domesticus"", and ultimately from the Latin term ""passer"", which refers to sparrows and similar small birds. The order is divided into three suborders, Tyranni (suboscines), Passeri (oscines), and the basal Acanthisitti. Oscines have the best control of their syrinx muscles among birds, producing a wide range of songs and other vocalizations (though some of them, such as the crows, do not sound musical to human beings); some such as the lyrebird are accomplished imitators. The acanthisittids or New Zealand"
"take insects or carrion. The animals may live in social groups usually numbering six to eight. The longevity record for a captive animal was almost 23 years. The two species of ""Atherurus"", an Asian and an African variety, are: Brush-tailed porcupine The brush-tailed porcupines are a genus, Atherurus, of Old World porcupines found in Asia or Africa. The brush-tailed porcupines have bodies covered in quills like their New World relatives. These quills are shorter and not as visually prominent as those seen in the genus ""Hystrix"", but considerably more so than in ""Trichys"". They have a prominent tuft on the"
"be assigned to any genus living today, though most, if not all, may be fairly close to ""Branta"": Anserinae The Anserinae are a subfamily in the waterfowl family Anatidae. It includes the swans and true geese. Under alternative systematical concepts (see e.g., Terres & NAS, 1991), it is split into two subfamilies, the Anserinae contain the geese and the ducks, while the Cygninae contain the swans. Swans True geese Unresolved These two genera are distinct from other geese and often elevated to a subfamily of their own (Cereopsinae), or alternatively into the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae: Some enigmatic subfossils of very"
"Anteater Anteater is a common name for the four extant mammal species of the suborder Vermilingua (meaning ""worm tongue"") commonly known for eating ants and termites. The individual species have other names in English and other languages. Together with the sloths, they are within the order Pilosa. The name ""anteater"" is also colloquially applied to the unrelated aardvark, numbat, echidnas, pangolins and some members of the Oecobiidae. Extant species are the giant anteater ""Myrmecophaga tridactyla"", about long including the tail; the silky anteater ""Cyclopes didactylus"", about long; the southern tamandua or collared anteater ""Tamandua tetradactyla"", about long; and the northern"
"Pongidae Pongidae, or the Pongids, is an obsolete primate taxon containing the gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. They are sometimes called ""great apes"". Pongidae is now known to be paraphyletic. Pongids gave rise to Hominina around seven mya. The corresponding crown group for this taxon is Hominidae. Pongidae has seven extant member species. This taxon is rarely used today but is of historical significance.. The pongid skull contains the following features that are absent or less pronounced in humans: The following adaptations are for arboreal and knuckle walking locomotion and are not found in humans: The australopithecines show intermediate character states"
"and do not spin cocoons. The characters used to define this group are subtle, but they are nonetheless fairly recognizable. Anthophorini The Anthophorini are a large tribe in the subfamily Apinae of the family Apidae. Species in this tribe are often referred to as digger bees, although this common name is sometimes also applied to members of the tribe Centridini. It has over 750 species worldwide that were previously classified in the family Anthophoridae; the vast majority of species are in the genera ""Amegilla"" and ""Anthophora"". All Anthophorini species are solitary, though many nest in large aggregations. Nearly all species"
"Australopithecine Australopithecines are generally all species in the related ""Australopithecus"" and ""Paranthropus"" genera, and it typically includes ""Kenyanthropus"", ""Ardipithecus"", and ""Praeanthropus"". All these related species are now sometimes collectively classified as a subtribe of the Hominini tribe called Australopithecina. They are the extinct, close relatives of humans and, with the extant genus ""Homo"", comprise the human clade. Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are now called Hominina (""see Hominidae; terms ""hominids"" and hominins""). The terms ""australopithecine"", et al., come from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae. Members"
"primates, consisting of tarsiers and the simians. Simians are divided into two groups: catarrhine (narrow-nosed) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine (""flat-nosed"") or New World monkeys of South and Middle America. Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys (such as baboons and macaques), gibbons and great apes; New World monkeys include the capuchin, howler and squirrel monkeys. Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa, South Asia, and East Asia, although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe. New primate species are still being discovered. More than 25"
"infraorder level. The term ""prosimian"" is considered taxonomically obsolete, although it is used to emphasize similarities between strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and the early primates. Prosimian Prosimians are a group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorisoids, and adapiforms), as well as the haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms, i.e. all primates excluding the simians. They are considered to have characteristics that are more ""primitive"" (ancestral or plesiomorphic) than those of simians (monkeys, apes, and humans). Simians emerged within the Prosimians as sister group of the haplorhine tarsiers, and therefore cladistically belong to this group. However,"
"Synapsid Synapsids (Greek, 'fused arch'), synonymous with theropsids (Greek, 'beast-face'), are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes. They are easily separated from other amniotes by having a temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye, leaving a bony arch beneath each; this accounts for their name. Primitive synapsids are usually called pelycosaurs or pelycosaur-grade synapsids; more advanced mammal-like ones, therapsids. The non-mammalian members are described as mammal-like reptiles in classical systematics; they can also be called stem mammals or proto-mammals. Synapsids evolved"
"Anserinae The Anserinae are a subfamily in the waterfowl family Anatidae. It includes the swans and true geese. Under alternative systematical concepts (see e.g., Terres & NAS, 1991), it is split into two subfamilies, the Anserinae contain the geese and the ducks, while the Cygninae contain the swans. Swans True geese Unresolved These two genera are distinct from other geese and often elevated to a subfamily of their own (Cereopsinae), or alternatively into the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae: Some enigmatic subfossils of very large goose-like birds from the Hawaiian Islands do not appear to be moa-nalos (goose-sized dabbling ducks). They cannot"
"confusing, the paper uses it, as does associated publicity material. Simians (anthropoids) include monkeys and apes, which in turn includes humans. Franzen et al. in their 2009 paper place ""Darwinius"" in the ""Adapoidea group of early primates representative of early haplorhine diversification"". This means that, according to these authors, the adapiforms would not be entirely within the Strepsirrhini lineage as hitherto assumed, but would qualify as a transitional fossil (a ""missing link"") between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini, and so could be ancestral to humans. They also suggest that tarsiers have been misplaced in the Haplorrhini and should be considered Strepsirrhini. To"
"Satyrus (ape) Satyrus (also known as callitrix or cericopithicus) is a species of ape described in some medieval bestiaries. It is said to always give birth to twins. Of these twins, it hates one, but loves the other. The ape is also described as lively and having a pleasant face. The satyrus was one of many creatures from folklore included in early editions of Carl Linnaeus' ""Systema Naturae"", alongside other legendary creatures, under the wastebasket taxon of ""Animalia Paradoxa"". In translation, Linneaus is quoted as saying that the satyrus is ""hairy, bearded, with a manlike body, gesticulating much, very fallacious,"
"Arachnid Arachnids () are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, although the front pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function, while in other species, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. The term is derived from the Greek word (""aráchnē""), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne who was turned into a spider. Spiders are the largest order in the class, which also includes scorpions, ticks, mites, harvestmen, and solifuges. Almost"
"Anseriformes Anseriformes is an order of birds that comprise about 180 living species in three families: Anhimidae (the 3 screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. All species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. The males, except for the screamers, also have a penis, a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves. All are web-footed for efficient swimming (although some have subsequently become mainly terrestrial). The Anseriformes and the Galliformes (pheasants, etc.) are the"
"Others restrict the name Anseriformes only to the crown group formed by all modern species, and label the larger group including extinct relatives of anseriformes in the clade Anserimorphae (which this article and related pages have adopted). While the order is generally considered to be monotypic, a 2017 paper concerning the evolution and phylogeny of giant fowl by Worthy and colleagues have found phylogenetic support in finding the mihirungs (Dromornithidae) to be the sister taxon to the gastornis. The mihirungs are also another family of giant flightless birds that have been classified as anserimorphs either as crown anseriforms closely related"
"Archosaur Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians. This group also includes all extinct dinosaurs, extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosauria, the archosaur clade, is a crown group that includes the most recent common ancestor of living birds and crocodilians. It includes two main clades: Pseudosuchia, which includes crocodilians and their extinct relatives, and Avemetatarsalia, which includes birds and their extinct relatives (such as non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs). Archosaurs can be distinguished from other tetrapods on the basis of several synapomorphies, or shared characteristics, first found in a common ancestor. The simplest"
"in part, the tremendous evolutionary radiation of the condylarths that we can observe throughout the Paleocene, resulting in the different groups of ungulates (or ""hoofed mammals"") that form the dominant herbivores in most Cenozoic animal communities on land, except on the island continent of Australia. Among recent mammals, Paenungulata (hyraxes, elephants, and sea cows), Perissodactyla (horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs), Artiodactyla (pigs, deer, antelope, cows, camels, hippos, and their relatives), Cetacea (whales), and Tubulidentata (aardvarks) are traditionally regarded as members of the Ungulata. Besides these, several extinct animals also belong to this group, especially the endemic South American orders of ungulates,"
"words (), expressing the ""absence"" (this prefix is an alpha privative), and (), meaning ""animal tail"". It refers to the tailless character of these amphibians. About 88% of amphibian species are classified in the order Anura. These include around 4,810 species in 33 families, of which the Leptodactylidae (1,100 spp.), Hylidae (800 spp.) and Ranidae (750 spp.) are the richest in species. The use of the common names ""frog"" and ""toad"" has no taxonomic justification. From a classification perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family Bufonidae are considered ""true toads"". The use"
"because of their physical similarities to those animals, but these similarities have since been determined to be not a sign of a common ancestor, but of convergent evolution. All have evolved powerful digging forearms, long tongues, and toothless, tube-like snouts to subsist by raiding termite mounds. This similarity is the reason aardvarks are also commonly called ""anteaters""; the pangolin has been called the ""scaly anteater""; and the word ""antbear"" is a common term for both the aardvark and the giant anteater. All anteaters have elongated snouts equipped with a thin tongue that can be extended to a length greater than"
"unclear. A conservative estimate for the divergence of haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) and strepsirrhines is 58 to 63 mya. A consensus is emerging that places omomyids as a sister group to tarsiers, eosimids as a stem group to simians (non-tarsier haplorhines), and ""Djebelemur"", an African genus likely to be related to an early Asian branch of cercamoniine adapiforms, as a stem group to modern strepsirrhines, including lemurs. In 2009, a highly publicized and scientifically criticized publication proclaimed that a 47-million-year-old adapiform fossil, ""Darwinius masillae"", demonstrated both adapiform and simian traits, making it a transitional form between the prosimian"
"is composed of (""rhino-"", ""nose""), (""keras"", ""horn"") and ""ontos"": on: with a horn on the nose. The plural in English is ""rhinoceros"" or ""rhinoceroses"". The collective noun for a group of rhinoceroses is ""crash"" or ""herd"". The name has been in use since the 14th century. The family Rhinocerotidae consists of only four extant genera: ""Ceratotherium"" (White rhinoceros), ""Dicerorhinus"" (Sumatran rhinoceros), ""Diceros"" (Black rhinoceros) and ""Rhinoceros"" (Indian and Javan rhinoceros). The living species fall into three categories. The two African species, the white rhinoceros and the black rhinoceros, belong to the tribe Dicerotini, which originated in the middle Miocene, about"
"Strepsirrhini Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini (; ) is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar, galagos (""bushbabies"") and pottos from Africa, and the lorises from India and southeast Asia. Collectively they are referred to as strepsirrhines. Also belonging to the suborder are the extinct adapiform primates that thrived during the Eocene in Europe, North America, and Asia, but disappeared from most of the Northern Hemisphere as the climate cooled. Adapiforms are sometimes referred to as being ""lemur-like"", although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms does not support this comparison. Strepsirrhines are"
"Prum, R.O. ""et al."" (2015). Australaves Australaves is a recently defined clade of birds, consisting of the Eufalconimorphae (passerines, parrots and falcons) as well as the Cariamiformes (including seriemas and the extinct ""terror birds""). They appear to be the sister group of Afroaves. As in the case of Afroaves, the most basal clades have predatory extant members, suggesting this was the ancestral lifestyle; however, some researchers like Darren Naish are skeptical of this assessment, since some extinct representatives such as the herbivorous ""Strigogyps"" lead other lifestyles. Basal parrots and falcons are at any rate vaguely crow-like and probably omnivorous. Cladogram"
"pangolins, armadillos, and anteaters. He believed it was most likely a primitive, isolated member of ""Edentata"", a group in which he included aardvarks, pangolins, and Xenarthra (sloths, armadillos, and anteaters). He rejected some alternatives, such as a close affinity to aardvarks or the possibility that the material assigned to ""Plesiorycteropus"" did not in fact represent a single animal. Bryan Patterson, who revised tubulidentates (the order of which the aardvark is the only living representative) in the 1970s, accepted ""Plesiorycteropus"" as a member of the group, dismissing many similarities with pangolins and other animals as convergent. However, he placed it as"
"phylogenic nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, ape describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. ""Ape"" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as the Barbary ape. In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to the superfamily Hominoidea. This grouping comprises the two families Hylobatidae, the lesser apes or gibbons, and Hominidae, the great apes, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, ""Homo"", and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative ""Gigantopithecus"". According to Schrago & Russo, apes and Old World monkeys split"
"is ancient and hard to resolve, a third taxonomic arrangement with three suborders is sometimes used: Prosimii, Tarsiiformes, and Anthropoidea. More often, the term ""prosimian"" is no longer used in official taxonomy, but is still used to illustrate the behavioral ecology of tarsiers relative to the other primates. In addition to the controversy over tarsiers, the debate over the origins of simians once called the strepsirrhine clade into question. Arguments for an evolutionary link between adapiforms and simians made by paleontologists Gingerich, Elwyn L. Simons, Tab Rasmussen, and others could have potentially excluded adapiforms from Strepsirrhini. In 1975, Gingerich proposed"
"Haplorhini Haplorhini (the haplorhines or the ""dry-nosed"" primates, the Greek name means ""simple-nosed"") is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini. The name is sometimes spelled Haplorrhini. The simians include catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes including humans), and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys). The extinct omomyids, which are considered to be the most basal haplorhines, are believed to be more closely related to the tarsiers than to other haplorhines. The exact relationship is not yet fully established – Williams, Kay and Kirk (2010) prefer the view that tarsiers"
"is a species of monkey, if ever one has been seen."" Satyrus (ape) Satyrus (also known as callitrix or cericopithicus) is a species of ape described in some medieval bestiaries. It is said to always give birth to twins. Of these twins, it hates one, but loves the other. The ape is also described as lively and having a pleasant face. The satyrus was one of many creatures from folklore included in early editions of Carl Linnaeus' ""Systema Naturae"", alongside other legendary creatures, under the wastebasket taxon of ""Animalia Paradoxa"". In translation, Linneaus is quoted as saying that the satyrus"
"of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives. Anatidae systematics, especially regarding placement of some ""odd"" genera in the dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches. Anatidae is traditionally divided into subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae. The Anatinae consists of tribes Anatini, Aythyini, Mergini and Tadornini. The higher-order classification below follows a phylogenetic analysis performed by Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and John Boyd's website. Some fossil anseriform taxa not assignable with certainty to a family are: Unassigned Anatidae: In addition, a considerable number of mainly Late Cretaceous and"