"sources also report epizootics known as ""blain"" or ""black-blain"" in the 13th and 14th centuries, but it is not clear if the disease involved was the same as ""gloss-anthrax"". Blain (animal disease) Blain was an animal disease of unknown etiology that was well known in the eighteenth- and nineteenth centuries. It is unclear whether it is still extant, or what modern disease it corresponds to. According to Ephraim Chambers' eighteenth-century ""Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences"", blain was ""a distemper"" (in the archaic eighteenth-century sense of the word, meaning ""disease"") occurring in animals, consisting in a ""Bladder"
"Orf (also known as scabby mouth, contagious ecthyma or soremouth) is a skin disease leaving lesions that is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Cutaneous anthrax is also called woolsorter's disease, as the spores can be transmitted in unwashed wool. More seriously, the organisms that can cause spontaneous enzootic abortion in sheep are easily transmitted to pregnant women. Also of concern are the prion disease scrapie and the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as both can devastate flocks. The latter poses a slight risk to humans. During the 2001 FMD pandemic in the UK, hundreds of sheep were culled and some"
"is still being done on the pathogen, specifically on finding resistant strains. Farmers should avoid planting susceptible cultivars, and avoid infected seed in order to ensure there will be no infection of the pathogen. This disease can survive in freezing to warm climates, threatening wheat populations throughout the world. Bacterial leaf streak Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), also known as black chaff, is a common bacterial disease of wheat. The disease is caused by the bacterial species ""Xanthomonas translucens"" pv. undulosa. The pathogen is found globally, but is a primary problem in the US in the lower mid-south and can reduce"
"Eyespot (wheat) Eyespot is an important fungal disease of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungus Tapesia yallundae (syn: ""Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides""; W-type [anamorph]; ""Oculimacula yallundae"") and Tapesia acuformis (syn: ""Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides""; R-type [anamorph]; ""Oculimacula acuformis""). It is also called Strawbreaker. Eyespot is more severe where wheat is grown continuously and when the weather is cool and moist. Treating crops against eyespot with fungicide costs millions to farmers and is complicated by the pathogen becoming resistant to the more commonly used fungicides. Severe cases of the disease can reduce yield by up to 40%. It is most common in temperate regions such"
"was that cultivar. Stewart's wilt Stewart's wilt is a serious bacterial disease of corn caused by the bacterium Pantoea stewartii. This bacterium affects plants, particularly types of maize such as sweet, flint, dent, flower, and popcorn. The disease is also known as bacterial wilt or bacterial leaf blight and has shown to be quite problematic in sweet corn. The disease is endemic in the mid-Atlantic and Ohio River Valley regions and in the southern portion of the Corn Belt. Stewart's wilt can be a serious disease of many corn types, including: sweet, dent, flint, flower, and popcorn. Sweet corn and"
"Bacterial leaf streak Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), also known as black chaff, is a common bacterial disease of wheat. The disease is caused by the bacterial species ""Xanthomonas translucens"" pv. undulosa. The pathogen is found globally, but is a primary problem in the US in the lower mid-south and can reduce yields by up to 40 percent. BLS is primarily seed-borne (the disease is transmitted by seed) and survives in and on the seed, but may also survive in crop residue in the soil in the off-season. During the growing season, the bacteria may transfer from plant to plant by"
"- most notably in maize. Sclerophthora macrospora Sclerophthora macrospora is a protist plant pathogen of the class Oomycota. It causes downy mildew on a vast number of cereal crops including oats, rice, maize, and wheat as well as varieties of turf grass. The common names of the diseases associated with ""Sclerophthora macrospora"" include “crazy top disease” on maize and yellow tuft disease on turf grass. The disease is present all over the world, but it is especially persistent in Europe. ""Sclerophthora macrospora"" has a wide host range, consisting of crops such as turf grass, maize, oats, rice, and wheat. The"
"in the flock. Fowl cholera Fowl cholera is also called avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia. It is the most common pasteurellosis of poultry. As the causative agent is ""Pasteurella multocida"", it is considered as a zoonosis. Adult birds and old chickens are more susceptible. In parental flocks, cocks are far more susceptible than hens. Besides chickens, the disease also concerns turkeys, ducks, geese, raptors, and canaries. Turkeys are particularly sensitive, with mortality ranging to 65%. The recognition of this pathological condition is of ever increasing importance for differential diagnosis with avian influenza. The disease was first recorded in"
"Fowl cholera Fowl cholera is also called avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia. It is the most common pasteurellosis of poultry. As the causative agent is ""Pasteurella multocida"", it is considered as a zoonosis. Adult birds and old chickens are more susceptible. In parental flocks, cocks are far more susceptible than hens. Besides chickens, the disease also concerns turkeys, ducks, geese, raptors, and canaries. Turkeys are particularly sensitive, with mortality ranging to 65%. The recognition of this pathological condition is of ever increasing importance for differential diagnosis with avian influenza. The disease was first recorded in the 18th century."
"by wearing respiratory protection such as facemasks. It was recognised as a distinct clinical syndrome in the 1980s. Previously, cases had been reported and given various names such as pulmonary mycotoxicosis, silo unloader’s syndrome, grain fever, toxin fever, humidifier fever, mill fever, toxic alveolitis or allergic alveolitis. In 1994, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health published case reports and highlighted the urgency for study of the syndrome. Research and data collection in the agricultural industry is difficult, as many workers are casual. Organic dust toxic syndrome Organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) is a potentially severe flu-like syndrome originally"
"to assist with preventing infection although, none will completely prevent the disease. Bacterial leaf streak is a pathogen known to infect and damage wheat varieties. The pathogen has also been known to infect other small grain all cereal crops such as rice, barley and triticale. The strains of the pathogen are named differently according to the species they infect. It is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. Resistant wheat cultivars offer the best protection against yield loss, but little is known about the inheritance of resistance. The disease is most common on wheat and can be found on"
"and early May when the weather warms up. Aceria tosichella Aceria tosichella, commonly known as the wheat curl mite (WCM), is a global cereal pest and a vector for spreading and transmission of viruses like wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) The distribution of this eriophyid mite is observed mostly in the wheat producing areas of Europe, North and South America When it feeds on wheat, ""A. tosichella"" transmits the wheat streak mosaic virus. Infected plants show long yellow streaks, associated with some degree of chlorosis which may lead to death of the affected foliage. In"
"Spot blotch (wheat) Spot blotch is a leaf disease of wheat caused by ""Cochliobolus sativus"". ""Cochliobolus sativus"" also infects other plant parts and in conjunction with other pathogens causes common root rot and black point. Foliar blight or Helminthosporium leaf blight (HLB) or foliar blight has been a major disease of wheat (""Triticum aestivum"" L.) worldwide. Foliar blight disease complex consists of spot blotch and tan spot. Spot blotch is favored in warmer environments, whereas tan spot is favored in cooler environments such as United States. The spot blotch form of foliar blight is severe particularly in warmer growing areas"
"Aceria tosichella Aceria tosichella, commonly known as the wheat curl mite (WCM), is a global cereal pest and a vector for spreading and transmission of viruses like wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) The distribution of this eriophyid mite is observed mostly in the wheat producing areas of Europe, North and South America When it feeds on wheat, ""A. tosichella"" transmits the wheat streak mosaic virus. Infected plants show long yellow streaks, associated with some degree of chlorosis which may lead to death of the affected foliage. In Oklahoma, the disease usually appears in late April"
"Sclerophthora macrospora Sclerophthora macrospora is a protist plant pathogen of the class Oomycota. It causes downy mildew on a vast number of cereal crops including oats, rice, maize, and wheat as well as varieties of turf grass. The common names of the diseases associated with ""Sclerophthora macrospora"" include “crazy top disease” on maize and yellow tuft disease on turf grass. The disease is present all over the world, but it is especially persistent in Europe. ""Sclerophthora macrospora"" has a wide host range, consisting of crops such as turf grass, maize, oats, rice, and wheat. The pathogen’s lack of host specificity"
"efficiency. Heritability estimates were low to high in terms of AUDPC. To increase efficiency of selection use of selection index has been suggested. The index includes days to heading (maturity related trait), thousand kernel weight, and area under foliar blight disease progress curve. Spot blotch (wheat) Spot blotch is a leaf disease of wheat caused by ""Cochliobolus sativus"". ""Cochliobolus sativus"" also infects other plant parts and in conjunction with other pathogens causes common root rot and black point. Foliar blight or Helminthosporium leaf blight (HLB) or foliar blight has been a major disease of wheat (""Triticum aestivum"" L.) worldwide. Foliar"
"fact that the viral symptoms are short lived and mimic nutritional deficiencies, the virus’s economic significance is often overlooked. The virus contributes to lower kernel weight, tiller number, and test weight leading to lower grain yield leading to a loss in profit. 2) Cowger, Christina, and Randy Weisz. Soilborne Wheat Mosaic And Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus. Rep. USDA Agricultural Research Service, n.d. Web. <https://ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/66452500Publications/Cowger/CowgerWeisz05.pdf>. 5)""SBWMV."" University of Delaware Kent County Agricultural Extension. Web. <http://extension.udel.edu/kentagextension/tag/sbwmv/>. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is a rod-shaped plant pathogen that can cause severe stunting and mosaic in susceptible wheat, barley and"
"Weaver Syndrome Bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (BPDME), also known as weaver syndrome, is a genetic disorder of cattle, characterized by hindlimb weakness and ataxia. It has been observed in male and female Brown Swiss cattle. It is known as 'weaver syndrome' because of the animals' 'weaving' gait while walking. BPDME is a genetic autosomal recessive disorder. The signs of BPDME are first noticed in cattle aged 5–8 months, and include a weaving gait, along with weakness and lack of voluntary coordination of the muscles of the hind limbs (known as ataxia). Signs progressively worsen, and by 18–36 months of age,"
"Cutaneous leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as oriental sore, tropical sore, chiclero ulcer, chiclero's ulcer or Aleppo boil, ’’’Delhi Boil’’’) is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly. There are about twenty species of ""Leishmania"" that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. This disease is considered to be a zoonosis (an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans), with the exception of ""Leishmania tropica"" — which is often an anthroponotic disease (an infectious disease that is naturally"
"High plains disease High plains disease is a viral disease afflicting wheat and maize. It is caused by the negative-sense ssRNA virus wheat mosaic virus. Symptoms are similar to wheat streak mosaic virus, with leaf veins showing yellow flecks and streaks, followed by leaf margin purpling in maize. Depending on the timing of infection, stunting and death occur. Plants can be doubly infected with high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus. High plains virus is spread by wheat curl mites, ""Aceria tosichella"", which are small enough to be carried on air currents. Sandbur grass species are a known host"
"Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is a rod-shaped plant pathogen that can cause severe stunting and mosaic in susceptible wheat, barley and rye cultivars. The disease has often been misdiagnosed as a nutritional problem, but this has actually allowed in part for the fortuitous visual selection by breeding programs of resistant genotypes. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus is part of the genus ""Furovirus"". Members of this genus are characterized by rigid rod-shaped particles and positive sense RNA genomes consisting of two molecules that are packaged into separate particles that code for either replication, mobility, structure or defense"
"wheat, is notoriously complex, with five types of spores (macrocyclic) and two distinct host plants (heteroecious). This fungus is an obligate biotrophic (feeding on the living plant tissue) pathogen of cereal crops that can cause extensive yield loss (Schumann and Leonard, 2000). Until the advent of resistant cultivars, stem rust of wheat was considered a devastating pathogen capable of re-infecting plants in the same field over time and reaching epidemic levels. Dr. Allen's research on stem rust of wheat pathology on specific cultivars contributed to the understanding of how to control this cereal pathogen. Dr. Ruth F. Allen's surviving heirs,"
"the animal is unable to rise. Affected animals are euthanized for welfare reasons. Weaver Syndrome Bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (BPDME), also known as weaver syndrome, is a genetic disorder of cattle, characterized by hindlimb weakness and ataxia. It has been observed in male and female Brown Swiss cattle. It is known as 'weaver syndrome' because of the animals' 'weaving' gait while walking. BPDME is a genetic autosomal recessive disorder. The signs of BPDME are first noticed in cattle aged 5–8 months, and include a weaving gait, along with weakness and lack of voluntary coordination of the muscles of the hind"
"for the wheat curl mite. High plains disease also may occur on barley, oats and rye, and on drooping brome ""Bromus tectorum"" and yellow foxtail ""Setaria pumila"" grasses. An ELISA test is available to detect high plains disease. Infection can be avoided by elimination of volunteer crop and wild host plants prior to planting. Resistant varieties of maize exist. High plains disease High plains disease is a viral disease afflicting wheat and maize. It is caused by the negative-sense ssRNA virus wheat mosaic virus. Symptoms are similar to wheat streak mosaic virus, with leaf veins showing yellow flecks and streaks,"
"The most well known of them is the infection by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pathovar Musacerum which creates bacterial wilt, also known as borijje and wol’a by the Kore people.The first observation of this disease was reported by Yirgou and Bradbury in 1968. The manifestation of the bacterial wilt is taking place in the apical leaves that will wilt then dry and finally lead to the drying of the whole plant.The only way to avoid the spreading of the disease is in uprooting, burning and burying plants as well as in applying strict control of the knives and tools used"
"Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a plant pathogenic fungus and can cause a disease called white mold if conditions are conducive. ""S. sclerotiorum"" can also be known as cottony rot, watery soft rot, stem rot, drop, crown rot and blossom blight. A key characteristic of this pathogen is its ability to produce black resting structures known as sclerotia and white fuzzy growths of mycelium on the plant it infects. These sclerotia give rise to a fruiting body in the spring that produces spores in a sac which is why fungi in this class are called sac fungi (Ascomycetes). This pathogen"
"Phaeolus schweinitzii Phaeolus schweinitzii, commonly known as velvet-top fungus, dyer's polypore, or dyer's mazegill, is a fungal plant pathogen that causes butt rot on conifers such as Douglas-fir, spruce, fir, hemlock, pine, and larch. ""P. schweinitzii"" is a polypore, although unlike bracket fungi the fruiting body may appear terrestrial when growing from the roots or base of the host tree. The fruiting bodies, appearing in late summer or fall, commonly incorporate blades of grass, twigs, or fallen pine needles as they grow. As these fruiting bodies age, the pore surface turns from yellow to greenish yellow, the top becomes darker,"
"Wheat streak mosaic virus Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae that infects plants in the Poaceae family, especially wheat (""Triticum spp.""); it is globally distributed and vectored by the wheat curl mite, particularly in regions where wheat is widely grown. First described in Nebraska in 1922, stunted growth and the eponymous “streaks” of yellowed, non-uniform discoloration are characteristic of WSMV infection. As it has been known to cause 100% crop mortality, WSMV is a subject of ongoing scientific research. WSMV is a flexible, rod-shaped virus composed of a positive-sense single-strand RNA genome"
"Stewart's wilt Stewart's wilt is a serious bacterial disease of corn caused by the bacterium Pantoea stewartii. This bacterium affects plants, particularly types of maize such as sweet, flint, dent, flower, and popcorn. The disease is also known as bacterial wilt or bacterial leaf blight and has shown to be quite problematic in sweet corn. The disease is endemic in the mid-Atlantic and Ohio River Valley regions and in the southern portion of the Corn Belt. Stewart's wilt can be a serious disease of many corn types, including: sweet, dent, flint, flower, and popcorn. Sweet corn and popcorn cultivars are"
"Rainscald Rainscald (also known as ""dermatophilosis"", ""rain rot"" and ""streptothricosis"") is a common skin disease in horses that is caused by the bacterium ""Dermatophilus congolensis"". This is the same organism that causes Mud fever in horses. This disease is very common in cows, sheep and goats and is also found occasionally in cats, dogs, and humans. D. congolensis is a gram-positive bacterium that is thought to originate from the soil. It commonly causes disease in moist tropical areas, but can also be found in wet northern environments. Moisture and high temperatures facilitate the dispersal and penetration of zoospores into the"
"are potential reservoirs of both the virus and the mite.” “A cool spring will delay the onset of severe symptoms and moderate damage, but an early, warm spring will maximize impact on the plants.” A second virus that is often found in wheat and associated with wheat streak mosaic is the high plains virus (HPV). The high plains virus usually occurs along with wheat streak mosaic virus on both wheat and corn and is known to be transmitted only by the wheat curl mite. Both viruses can be positively identified by a serological test such as ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)."
"Laurel wilt Laurel wilt, also called laurel wilt disease, is a vascular disease caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola, which is transmitted by the invasive redbay ambrosia beetle, ""Xyleborus glabratus"". The disease affects and kills members of the laurel family. The avocado is perhaps the most commercially valuable plant affected by laurel wilt. Symptoms of laurel wilt include wilted stems and leaves and dark streaking in the wood. Laurel wilt can spread in at least two ways: one is via the beetle's natural reproduction and migration. A second way is through the sale and transport of beetle-infested wood, a result"
"Cowden syndrome Cowden syndrome (also known as Cowden's disease and multiple hamartoma syndrome) is an autosomal dominant inherited condition characterized by benign overgrowths called hamartomas as well as an increased lifetime risk of breast, thyroid, uterine, and other cancers. It is often underdiagnosed due to variability in disease presentation, but 99% of patients report mucocutaneous symptoms by age 20-29. Despite some considering it a primarily dermatologic condition, Cowden's syndrome is a multi-system disorder that also includes neurodevelopmental disorders such as macrocephaly. The incidence of Cowden's disease is about 1 in 200,000, making it quite rare. Furthermore, early and continuous screening"