"Aphid Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in colour. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A typical life cycle involves flightless females giving living birth to female nymphs without the involvement of males. Maturing rapidly, females breed profusely so that the number of these insects multiplies quickly. Winged females may develop later in the season, allowing the insects to colonise new plants. In temperate regions, a phase of sexual reproduction occurs in the autumn, with the insects often overwintering"
"aphids. It is found throughout temperate areas of Western Europe, Asia, and North America and in the cooler parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South America. In the warmer parts of its range, apterous individuals can survive the winter and they may continue to reproduce asexually all year round. It is known to be migratory. Black bean aphid The black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) is a small black insect in the"" Aphis"" genus, with a broad, soft body, a member of the order Hemiptera. Other common names include blackfly, bean aphid, and beet leaf aphid. In the warmer months"
"Aphis nerii Aphis nerii is an aphid of the family Aphididae. Its common names include oleander aphid, milkweed aphid, sweet pepper aphid, and nerium aphid. The oleander aphid is widespread in regions with tropical and Mediterranean climates. In Poland, oleander aphid has only been reported from a glasshouse. Small populations of oleander aphid are present in gardens in London, England. Female aphids lay live young (nymphs), a process known as viviparity. Female aphids reproduce by parthenogenesis, males have never been observed in the wild but have been produced under laboratory conditions. Females may be wingless or winged (alate), the production"
"the plants it visits. Protection against pea aphids includes the use of chemical insecticides, natural predators and parasitoids, and the selection of resistant cultivars. No insecticide resistance is documented in ""A. pisum"", as opposed to many aphid pests. Pea aphids, although collectively designated by the single scientific name ""A. pisum"", encompass several biotypes described as cryptic species, subspecies or races, which are specialized on different host species. Therefore, the pea aphid is more accurately described as a species complex. The pea aphid is thought to be of Palearctic origin, but it is now commonly found worldwide under temperate climate. The"
"Black bean aphid The black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) is a small black insect in the"" Aphis"" genus, with a broad, soft body, a member of the order Hemiptera. Other common names include blackfly, bean aphid, and beet leaf aphid. In the warmer months of the year, it is found in large numbers on the undersides of leaves and on the growing tips of host plants, including various agricultural crops and many wild and ornamental plants. Both winged and wingless forms exist, and at this time of year, they are all females. They suck sap from stems and leaves and"
"of its host. The species can be a vector of at least ten plant viruses including cabbage black ringspot virus, radish mosaic virus, cauliflower mosaic virus and turnip mosaic virus. Lipaphis erysimi Lipaphis erysimi is a species of aphid of the family Aphididae. Its common names include mustard aphid and turnip aphid. It is found in most temperate and tropical areas of the world and feeds only on cruciferous plants. The insects are almost exclusively female and are very prolific, with wingless females producing around one hundred young during a lifespan of a few weeks. The wingless female is pale"
"species. Most aphids have a pair of cornicles (siphunculi), abdominal tubes on the dorsal surface of their fifth abdominal segment, through which they exude droplets of a quick-hardening defensive fluid containing triacylglycerols, called cornicle wax. Other defensive compounds can also be produced by some species. Aphids have a tail-like protrusion called a cauda above their rectal apertures. When host plant quality becomes poor or conditions become crowded, some aphid species produce winged offspring (alates) that can disperse to other food sources. The mouthparts or eyes can be small or missing in some species and forms. Many aphid species are monophagous"
"pink, or almost colorless. Aphids have antennae with two short, broad basal segments and up to four slender terminal segments. They have a pair of compound eyes, with an ocular tubercle behind and above each eye, made up of three lenses (called triommatidia). They feed on sap using sucking mouthparts called stylets, enclosed in a sheath called a rostrum, which is formed from modifications of the mandible and maxilla of the insect mouthparts. They have long, thin legs with two-jointed, two-clawed tarsi. The majority of aphids are wingless, but winged forms are produced at certain times of year in many"
"black and the antennae and legs are pale with brown tips. Winged females have a black thorax and green abdomen, often with three pairs of blackish spots on the front three segments and dark semicircular spots in front of and behind the cornicles. ""Aphis pomi"" has a widespread distribution in Europe, western Asia as far east as India and Pakistan, North Africa and North America. In Israel and the eastern United States, the more common aphid on apple trees is the spirea aphid, ""Aphis spiraecola"". This has a wide range of host plants and a faster rate of reproduction than"
"gall, an abnormal swelling of plant tissue. Aphids can live inside the gall, which provides protection from predators and the elements. A number of galling aphid species are known to produce specialised ""soldier"" forms, sterile nymphs with defensive features which defend the gall from invasion. For example, Alexander's horned aphids are a type of soldier aphid that has a hard exoskeleton and pincer-like mouthparts. A woolly aphid, ""Colophina clematis"", has first instar ""soldier"" larvae that protect the aphid colony, killing larvae of ladybirds, hoverflies and the flower bug ""Anthocoris nemoralis"" by climbing on them and inserting their stylets. Although aphids"
"Aphis gossypii Aphis gossypii is a tiny insect, an aphid (""greenfly"") in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It is a widely distributed pest of a variety of agricultural crops in the families Cucurbitaceae, Rutaceae and Malvaceae. Common names include cotton aphid, melon aphid and melon and cotton aphid. It is not known where this species originated, but it is now found in tropical and temperate regions throughout the world except extreme northern areas. It is common in North and South America, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Brazil, East Indies,"
"Aphis pomi Aphis pomi, commonly known as the apple aphid (the literal meaning of its binomial name), or the green apple aphid, is a true bug in the family Aphididae. It is found on young growth of apple trees and on other members of the rose family where it feeds by sucking sap. Reproduction is mainly by parthenogenesis, in which unmated females give birth to live young. Wingless females have a pear-shaped bright green or yellowish-green body, undusted with wax particles, and grow to a maximum length of about . The cauda (tail-like elongation of the body) and cornicles are"
"pea aphid (""Acyrthosiphon pisum""), ""Aphis affinis"", cowpea aphid (""Aphis craccivora""), cotton aphid (""Aphis gossypii""), milkweed aphid (""Aphis nerii""), spirea aphid (""Aphis spiraecola""), leafcurling plum aphid (""Brachycaudus helichrysi""), cabbage aphid (""Brevicoryne brassicae""), ""Cervaphis quercus"", ""Cervaphis rappardi indica"", turnip aphid (""Lipaphis pseudobrassicae""), ""Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae"", potato aphid (""Macrosiphum euphorbiae""), rose aphid (""Macrosiphum rosae""), ""Melanaphis donacis"", ""Melanaphis sacchari"", ""Myzus nicotianae"", green peach aphid (""Myzus persicae""), ""Pentalonia nigronervosa"", corn aphid (""Rhopalosiphum maidis""), ""Sitobion rosaeiformis"", ""Taoia indica"", ""Toxoptera aurantii"", ""Therioaphis ononidis"", ""Therioaphis trifolii"", ""Uroleucon compositae"" and ""Uroleucon sonchi"", species of leafhopper including ""Empoascanara indica"" and ""Idioscopus clypealis"", the scale insect species ""Orthezia insignis"", the Asian citrus"
"Lipaphis erysimi Lipaphis erysimi is a species of aphid of the family Aphididae. Its common names include mustard aphid and turnip aphid. It is found in most temperate and tropical areas of the world and feeds only on cruciferous plants. The insects are almost exclusively female and are very prolific, with wingless females producing around one hundred young during a lifespan of a few weeks. The wingless female is pale green or whitish green with two rows of dark bands on the thorax and abdomen which unite into a single band near the tip of the abdomen. The antennae are"
"from plants. This aphid is usually seen in large numbers and is a tiny, plump insect about two millimetres long with a small head and bulbous abdomen. The body is blackish or dark green in colour. Many adults are devoid of wings, a state known as aptery. Winged forms, known as alates, are longer and more slender than aptates and have shiny black heads and thoraxes. The membranous wings of the alates are held angled over the body. The antennae are less than two-thirds of the length of the body and both they and the legs are pale yellow in"
"Aphis craccivora Aphis craccivora, variously known as the cowpea aphid, groundnut aphid or black legume aphid, is a true bug in the family ""Aphididae"". Originally of probable Palearctic origin, it is now an invasive species of cosmopolitan distribution. ""Aphis craccivora"" is a small species of aphid. The female has a glossy black or dark brown body with a prominent cauda (tail-like protrusion), and legs in some shade of brown or yellow. The antennae have six segments and these and the limb segments, cauda and cornicles are pale proximally (close to the body) and dark distally (further from the body). The"
"Aphididae The Aphididae are a very large insect family in the aphid superfamily (Aphidoidea), of the order Hemiptera. Several thousand species are placed in this family, many of which are well known for being serious plant pests. They are also the family of insects containing most plant virus vectors (around 200 known) with the green peach aphid (""Myzus persicae"") being one of the most prevalent and indiscriminate carriers. Aphids originated in the late Cretaceous about (Mya), but the Aphidinae which comprises about half of the 4700 described species and genera of aphids alive today come from their most recent radiation"
"and decreases their risk of hyperparasitism. Larvae completing their development late in the year cause the aphids to crawl downwards and find concealed spots. Here the wasp larva forms a cocoon inside the hollowed-out body of the host, spends the winter as a diapausing larva called a prepupa, and pupates in the spring to continue its life-cycle. Aphidius nigripes Aphidius nigripes is a species of parasitoid wasp in the subfamily Aphidiinae of the family Braconidae. It is the most common parasitoid of the potato aphid ""Macrosiphum euphorbiae"" in eastern North America. Many other species of aphids may also serve as"
"adults do not have wax on their dorsal surface but the nymphs are lightly dusted with wax. Winged females are up to long and have cross-barring on the abdomen. Wingless females are a little smaller. ""Aphis craccivora"" is believed to be Palearctic in origin but has expanded its range so that now it is near cosmopolitan. In recent years its range has extended further north in Siberia and Canada and further south in Chile and Argentina. It is abundant in the Mediterranean area and subtropics and in the tropics it is one of the most common aphid species. ""Aphis craccivora"""
"Aphidius nigripes Aphidius nigripes is a species of parasitoid wasp in the subfamily Aphidiinae of the family Braconidae. It is the most common parasitoid of the potato aphid ""Macrosiphum euphorbiae"" in eastern North America. Many other species of aphids may also serve as hosts. Adult ""A. nigripes"" emerge in the spring and find ""M. euphorbiae"" hosts before the aphid moves from its winter food plant, or primary host plant. Around June, the aphid moves to its secondary host, the potato, and the wasp accompanies it. Female ""Aphidius nigripes"" emit pheromones soon after emerging from their pupa to attract winged males."
"as eggs. The life cycle of some species involves an alternation between two species of host plants, for example between an annual crop and a woody plant. Some species feed on only one type of plant, while others are generalists, colonising many plant groups. About 5,000 species of aphid have been described, all included in the family Aphididae. Around 400 of these are found on food and fibre crops, and many are serious pests of agriculture and forestry, as well as an annoyance for gardeners. So-called dairying ants have a mutualistic relationship with aphids, tending them for their honeydew, and"
"nature of these insects large aggregations are common. Ten species of Ichneumonoidea, nine of Chalcidoidea, various Coccinellidae, and ""Trioxys curvicaudus"" are recorded as parasitoids on ""Eucallipterus"". The distribution of young and mature aphids on the leaf surfaces is dictated by their stylet length - the short stylets of young aphids cannot penetrate the lignin of the sclerenchyma of large veins and are thus restricted to feeding on smaller veins. Eucallipterus tiliae Eucallipterus tiliae, also known as the Linden aphid or Lime-tree aphid, is a member of the family Aphididae. Native to Eurasia in recent times, it is now found worldwide"
"with 283 species, and ""Synalpheus"", with 146 species. Alpheidae Alpheidae is a family of caridean snapping shrimp characterized by having asymmetrical claws, the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound. Other common names for animals in the group are pistol shrimp or alpheid shrimp. The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 1119 species within 38 or more genera. The two most prominent genera are ""Alpheus"" and ""Synalpheus"", with species numbering well over 250 and 100, respectively. Most snapping shrimp dig burrows and are common inhabitants of coral reefs, submerged seagrass flats,"
"is beneficial to the aphids as the ants deter and remove predators that might feed on the aphids; these include the larvae of the midge ""Aphidoletes aphidimyza"" and parasitoids which lay their eggs in the aphid nymphs. High levels of infestation by the aphids can cause stunted shoots, disfigured fruit and premature leaf fall, especially in young trees, and sooty mould may form on excess honeydew secretions. Aphis pomi Aphis pomi, commonly known as the apple aphid (the literal meaning of its binomial name), or the green apple aphid, is a true bug in the family Aphididae. It is found"
"Acanthophis Acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes. Commonly called ""death adders"", they are native to Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands, and are among the most venomous snakes in the world. The name of the genus derives from the Ancient Greek ""acanthos""/ἄκανθος ('spine') and ""ophis""/ὄφις ('snake'), referring to the spine on the death adder's tail. Seven species are listed by ITIS, though it remains unclear how many species this genus includes, with figures ranging from 4 to 15 species being quoted. Although the death adders resemble vipers of the family Viperidae, they are actually members of the family Elapidae,"
"wing beats in synchrony. All aphids have very small eyes, sucking mouthparts in the form of a relatively long, segmented rostrum, and fairly long antennae. These insects are so small (a few millimeters in length), that winds can transport them for fairly long distances. They are often green, but might be red or brown, as well. They move quite slowly and cannot jump or hop. Aphids excrete a sugary liquid called honeydew, because the plant sap from which they feed contains excess carbohydrates relative to its low protein content. To satisfy their protein needs, they absorb large amounts of sap"
"became commonly known as coachwhip bird or stockwhip bird. John Gould recorded the aboriginal term ""Djou"" from the Hunter Region of New South Wales. Its specific name is derived from its olive colouration, though was soon placed in the new genus ""Psophodes"" by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield, derived from the Greek ""psophōdes""/ψοφωδης meaning 'noisy'. The family placement has changed, some now placing it in a large broadly defined inclusive Corvidae, while others split it and several other genera into the quail-thrush family Cinclosomatidae. Other research proposes that the quail-thrushes are themselves distinctive, leaving the whipbirds and wedgebills in"
"Alpheidae Alpheidae is a family of caridean snapping shrimp characterized by having asymmetrical claws, the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound. Other common names for animals in the group are pistol shrimp or alpheid shrimp. The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 1119 species within 38 or more genera. The two most prominent genera are ""Alpheus"" and ""Synalpheus"", with species numbering well over 250 and 100, respectively. Most snapping shrimp dig burrows and are common inhabitants of coral reefs, submerged seagrass flats, and oyster reefs. While most genera and species"
"and April. The common snout orchid was first formally described in 1791 by Johann Gerhard König who gave it the name ""Epidendrum ophrydis"" and published the description in ""Observationes botanicae :sex fasciculis comprehensae"". In 1997 Gunnar Seidenfaden changed the name to ""Dienia ophrydis"". The specific epithet (""ophrydis"") is derived from the Ancient Greek word ""ophyrs"" meaning ""brow"" or ""eyebrow"". ""Dienia ophrydis"" grows in wet forests, often near streams and swampy areas. It is the most widespread species in the genus and is found China, Cambodia, Bhutan, India, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri lanka Thailand, Vietnam, New Guinea"
"Anaspidea The clade Anaspidea, commonly known as sea hares (""Aplysia"" species and related genera), are medium-sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamilies Aplysioidea and Akeroidea. The common name ""sea hare"" is direct translation from Latin ""lepus marinus"", as the animal's existence was known in Roman times. The name derives from their rounded shape and from the two long rhinophores that project upwards from their heads and that somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as"
"autumn, winged forms move to different host plants, where both males and females are produced. These mate and the females lay eggs which overwinter. The specific name of the black bean aphid, ""fabae"" comes from the Latin ""faba"" meaning a ""bean"", a plant on which this aphid often feeds. ""Aphis fabae"" is in the superfamily Aphidoidea and the subgenus ""Aphis"". Some taxonomists consider it a group of related species, or possibly biotypes. Fauna Europaea lists six subspecies: The black bean aphid is a small, soft-bodied insect that has specialised piercing and sucking mouthparts which are used to suck the juice"
"words (), expressing the ""absence"" (this prefix is an alpha privative), and (), meaning ""animal tail"". It refers to the tailless character of these amphibians. About 88% of amphibian species are classified in the order Anura. These include around 4,810 species in 33 families, of which the Leptodactylidae (1,100 spp.), Hylidae (800 spp.) and Ranidae (750 spp.) are the richest in species. The use of the common names ""frog"" and ""toad"" has no taxonomic justification. From a classification perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family Bufonidae are considered ""true toads"". The use"
"a barbed arrowhead point, the seedhead forming a burr which attaches itself to animal fur or feathers for dispersal. Several ""Acaena"" species in New Zealand are known by the common name bidibid. The word is written variously ""bidi-bidi"", ""biddy-biddy"", ""biddi-biddi"", ""biddi-bid"" and a number of other variations. These names are the English rendition of the original Māori name of ""piripiri"". The plant is also called the New Zealand burr. The species ""Acaena microphylla"" has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The generic name ""Acaena"" is derived from the Greek ""akaina"" (thorn), referring to the spiny hypanthium. Some"