"rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of refraction (subsequently to, but independently of, Snell) and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. His explanation of the colours, however, was based on a mechanical version of the traditional theory that colours were produced by a modification of white light. Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of the light of all the colours of the rainbow,"
"color in question. The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum—named using the Latin word for ""appearance"" or ""apparition"" by Isaac Newton in 1671—include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the ""pure spectral"" or ""monochromatic"" colors. The table at right shows approximate frequencies (in terahertz) and wavelengths (in nanometers) for various pure spectral colors. The wavelengths listed are as measured in air or vacuum (see refractive index). The color table should not be interpreted as a definitive list—the pure spectral colors form a continuous spectrum, and how it is divided"
"ROYGBIV ROYGBIV or Roy G. Biv is an initialism for the sequence of hues commonly described as making up a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. The initialism is sometimes referred to in reverse order, as VIBGYOR. In Classical Antiquity, Aristotle claimed there was a scale of seven basic colors. In the Renaissance, several artists tried to establish a new sequence of up to seven primary colors from which all other colors could be mixed. In line with this artistic tradition, Newton divided his color circle, which he constructed to explain additive color mixing, into seven colors."
"the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton, and it does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is called a ""non-spectral color"". It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. It is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue. In color theory, a ""purple"" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves). The spectral colors violet and indigo are not purples according to color theory, but they are purples according to common English usage since"
"scientists refined Newton's color circle, eventually giving it twelve colors: the three primary colors (yellow, blue, and red); three secondary colors (green, purple and orange), made by combining primary colors; and six additional tertiary colors, made by combining the primary and secondary colors. In 1793, the American-born British scientist Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753–1814), coined the term complementary colors. While staying at an inn in Florence, he made an experiment with candles and shadows, and discovered that colored light and the shadow cast by the light had perfectly contrasting colors. He wrote, ""To every color, without exception, whatever may be"
"Any distinct bands perceived are an artefact of human colour vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photo of a rainbow, only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maximum, then fading towards the other side. For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, remembered by the mnemonic ""Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain"" (ROYGBIV). Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew."
"description of them in East Asia. He also gave reasoning (earlier proposed by Sun Sikong, 1015–1076) that rainbows were formed by the shadow of the sun in rain, occurring when the sun would shine upon it. Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction ""is basically in accord with modern scientific principles."" In Europe, Roger Bacon (1214–1294) was the first to suggest that the colors of the rainbow were caused by the reflection and refraction of sunlight through rain drops. Shen hypothesized that rays of sunlight refract before reaching the surface of the"
"""Roy G. Biv"". James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz accepted indigo as an appropriate name for the color flanking violet in the spectrum. Later scientists conclude that Newton named the colors differently from current usage. According to Gary Waldman, ""A careful reading of Newton's work indicates that the color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue is then what we would name blue-green, cyan or light blue."" If this is true, Newton's seven spectral colors would have been: Red: Orange: Yellow: Green: Blue: Indigo: Violet: The human eye does not readily differentiate hues in the wavelengths"
"of surviving manuscripts, his work was not as influential as those of Pecham and Bacon, yet his importance, and that of Pecham, grew with the invention of printing. Theodoric of Freiberg (ca. 1250–ca. 1310) was among the first in Europe to provide the correct scientific explanation for the rainbow phenomenon, as well as Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311) and his student Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1260–1320) mentioned above. Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600. Both lunar and solar eclipses presented unexplained phenomena, such as unexpected shadow sizes, the red color"
"dogs in the first book of his ""Naturales Quaestiones"". The 2nd century Roman writer and philosopher Apuleius in his ""Apologia"" XV says ""What is the cause of the prismatic colours of the rainbow, or of the appearance in heaven of two rival images of the sun, with sundry other phenomena treated in a monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse."" The prelude to the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire, England in 1461 is supposed to have involved the appearance of a halo display with three ""suns"". The Yorkist commander, later Edward IV of England, convinced his initially frightened troops that"
"In Europe, Ibn al-Haytham's ""Book of Optics"" was translated into Latin and studied by Robert Grosseteste. His work on light was continued by Roger Bacon, who wrote in his ""Opus Majus"" of 1268 about experiments with light shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colours of the rainbow. In addition, Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42° above the horizon. Theodoric of Freiberg is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He"
"Fuchsia (color) Fuchsia (, ) is a vivid purplish red color, named after the color of the flower of the fuchsia plant, which took its name from the 16th century German botanist Leonhart Fuchs. The color fuchsia was first introduced as the color of a new aniline dye called fuchsine, patented in 1859 by the French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin. The dye was renamed magenta later in the same year, to celebrate a victory of the French army at the Battle of Magenta on June 4, 1859, near the Italian city of that name. In the RGB color model, used to"
"and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photograph of a rainbow (only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maxima, then fading to a minima at the other side of the arc). For colors seen by a normal human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (popularly memorized by mnemonics like Roy G. Biv). However, color-blind persons will see fewer colors. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne"
"the Great Flood, God set the rainbow to a seal the alliance with man and nature, promising that there will never be another Flood. The rainbow thus became a symbol of Peace across the earth and the sky, and, by extension, among all men. The flag usually has the colours violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red from top to bottom, but some have the violet stripe below the blue one (as in the picture at the right) or a white one at the top. A picture of Capitini's first peace flag, carried by Anna Capitini and Silvana Mencaroni,"
"peace by carrying a ""Flag of the Races"" (also called the ""Flag of the Human Race"") with five horizontal stripes (from top to bottom they were red, white, brown, yellow, and black). The first rainbow flags were commissioned by the fledgling pride committee and were produced by a team led by Baker that included artist Lynn Segerblom. Segerblom was then known as Faerie Argyle Rainbow; she created the original dyeing process for the flags. Baker is said to have gotten the idea for the rainbow flag from the ""Flag of the Races"" in borrowing it from the Hippie movement of"
"Shirazi advised him to consult the ""Book of Optics"" of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), and Farisi made such a deep study of this treatise that Shirazi suggested that he write what is essentially a revision of that major work, which came to be called the ""Tanqih"". Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi himself was writing a commentary on works of Avicenna at the time. Farisi is known for giving the first mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow, and an explication of the nature of colours that reformed the theory of Ibn al-Haytham Alhazen. Farisi also ""proposed a model where the ray of light from"
"Indigo Indigo is a deep and rich color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine. It is traditionally regarded as a color in the visible spectrum, as well as one of the seven colors of the rainbow: the color between violet and blue; however, sources differ as to its actual position in the electromagnetic spectrum. The color indigo is named after the indigo dye derived from the plant ""Indigofera tinctoria"" and related species. The first known recorded use of indigo as a color name in"
"His color sequence including the tertiary color indigo is kept alive today by the ""Roy G. Biv"" mnemonic. Originally he used only five colors, but later he added orange and indigo to match the number of musical notes in the major scale. The Munsell color system, the first formal color notation system (1905), names only five ""principal hues"": red, yellow, green, blue, and purple (although note that Munsell's purple is not a spectral hue). Another traditional mnemonic device has been to turn the initial letters of seven spectral colors into a sentence. In Britain the most common is ""Richard Of"
"in colored light. These ideas and many personal color observations were summarized in two founding documents in color theory: the ""Theory of Colors"" (1810) by the German poet and government minister Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and ""The Law of Simultaneous Color Contrast"" (1839) by the French industrial chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul. Painters have long used more than three RYB primary colors in their palettes, and at one point considered red, yellow, blue and green to be the ""four"" primaries. Red, yellow, blue and green are still widely considered the four psychological primary colors, though red, yellow and blue are sometimes listed"
"names do not necessarily agree with those in English. The division used by Isaac Newton, in his color wheel, was: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet; a mnemonic for this order is ""Roy G. Biv"". Less commonly, ""VIBGYOR"" is also used for the reverse order. In modern divisions of the spectrum, indigo is often omitted. One needs at least trichromatic color vision for there to be a distinction between spectral and non-spectral colours: trichromacy gives a possibility to perceive both hue and saturation in the chroma. In color models capable of representing spectral colors, such as CIELUV, a"
"which resulted in a six stripe version of the flag — red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. In 1989, the rainbow flag came to nationwide attention in the United States after John Stout sued his landlords and won when they attempted to prohibit him from displaying the flag from his West Hollywood, California, apartment balcony. For the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots in 1994, flag creator Baker was commissioned to create the world's largest rainbow flag. It took months of planning and teams of volunteers to coordinate every aspect. The flag utilized the basic six colors and measured"
"avoid disease appears to pre-date the Incan empire. In New Age and Hindu philosophy, the seven colours of the rainbow represent the seven chakras, from the first chakra (red) to the seventh chakra (violet). Rainbows are generally described as very colourful and peaceful. The rainbow occurs often in paintings. Frequently these have a symbolic or programmatic significance (for example, Albrecht Dürer's Melancholia I). In particular, the rainbow appears regularly in religious art (for example, Joseph Anton Koch's ""Noah's Thank Offering""). Romantic landscape painters such as Turner and Constable were more concerned with recording fleeting effects of light (for example, Constable's"
"by Islam long before the West. Jabir ibn Hayyan, is widely regarded as the founder of chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and equipment still used by chemists today such as distillation. Biruni was the first scientist to formally propose that the speed of light is finite, before Galileo tried to experimentally prove this. Kamal al-Din Al-Farisi (1267–1318) born in Tabriz, Iran, is known for giving the first mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow, and an explication of the nature of colours that reformed the theory of Ibn al-Haytham. Al-Farisi also ""proposed a model where the ray of light"
"Mauve Mauve (, ) is a dark purple colour named after the mallow flower (French: ""mauve""). The first use of the word ""mauve"" as a colour was in 1796–98 according to the ""Oxford English Dictionary"", but its use seems to have been rare before 1859. Another name for the colour is mallow, with the first recorded use of ""mallow"" as a color name in English in 1611. Mauve contains more grey and more blue than a pale tint of magenta. Many pale wildflowers called ""blue"" are actually mauve. Mauve is also sometimes described as pale violet. The synthetic dye mauve"
"Americans, or that Native ways will die out to be replaced by the new ways of the ""Rainbow"" people. The legend said [the Native Americans] would also be joined by many of their light-skinned brothers and sisters, who would in fact be the reincarnate souls of the Indians who were killed or enslaved by the first light-skinned settlers. It was said that the dead souls of these first people would return in bodies of all different colours: red, white, yellow and black. Together and unified, like the colours of the rainbow, these people would teach all of the peoples of"
"Standard color lists were first formulated in 1930 and reached their present form in 1955. Ruby (color) Ruby is a color that is a representation of the color of the cut and polished ruby gemstone and is a shade of red or pink. The first recorded use of ""ruby"" as a color name in English was in 1572. Displayed at right is the Pantone color rubine red. At right is displayed the color ruber. The source of this color is: ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)--Color Sample of Ruber (color sample #254). Medium ruby is the color called ""ruby"" in"
"is a natural number, the critical incidence angle for times internally reflected rays escapes the domain formula_2. This results in a rainbow of the -th order shrinking to the antisolar point and vanishing. The classical Greek scholar Aristotle (384–322 BC) was first to devote serious attention to the rainbow. According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, ""Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to his work, although not all of this was"
"Magenta took its name from an aniline dye made and patented in 1859 by the French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin, who originally called it ""fuchsine"". It was renamed to celebrate the Italian-French victory at the Battle of Magenta fought between the French and Austrians on June 4, 1859, near the Italian town of Magenta in Lombardy. A virtually identical color, called roseine, was created in 1860 by two British chemists: Chambers Nicolson and George Maule. The web color magenta is also called fuchsia. Magenta is an extra-spectral color, meaning that it is not found in the visible spectrum of light. Rather,"
"uncritical."" In Book I of ""Naturales Quaestiones"" (c. 65 AD), the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows extensively, including those of Aristotle. He notices that rainbows appear always opposite to the sun, that they appear in water sprayed by a rower, in the water spat by a fuller on clothes stretched on pegs or by water sprayed through a small hole in a burst pipe. He even speaks of rainbows produced by small rods (virgulae) of glass, anticipating Newton's experiences with prisms. He takes into account two theories: one, that the rainbow is"
"introduced indigo as one of the seven base colors of his work. In the mid-1660s, when Newton bought a pair of prisms at a fair near Cambridge, the East India Company had begun importing indigo dye into England, supplanting the homegrown woad as source of blue dye. In a pivotal experiment in the history of optics, the young Newton shone a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism to produce a rainbow-like band of colors on the wall. In describing this optical spectrum, Newton acknowledged that the spectrum had a continuum of colors, but named seven: ""The originall or primary"
"The color displayed at right is rose taupe. The first recorded use of ""rose taupe"" as a color name in English was in 1924. Source of color: ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955) – Color Sample of rose Taupe (color sample #19). At right is displayed the color rose ebony. The first recorded use of ""rose ebony"" as a color name in English was in 1924. Source of color: ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955) – Color Sample of rose Ebony (color sample #47) The color rosewood is named after rosewood. The first recorded use of ""rosewood"" as a color"
"the eye contained nerve fibers which were sensitive to three different colors. This foreshadowed the modern understanding of color vision, in particular the finding that the eye does indeed have three color receptors which are sensitive to different wavelength ranges. At about the same time as Young discovered additive colors, another British scientist, David Brewster (1781–1868), the inventor of the kaleidoscope, proposed a competing theory that the true primary colors were red, yellow, and blue, and that the true complementary pairs were red–green, blue–orange, and yellow–purple. Then a German scientist, Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821–1894), resolved the debate by showing that"
"It was used in the decoration of the Terracotta Army. The color royal purple is shown at right. This tone of purple is bluer than the ancient Tyrian purple. The first recorded use of ""royal purple"" as a color name in English was in 1661. In 1990, ""royal purple"" was formulated as one of the Crayola crayon colors. Mauveine was first named in 1856. Chemist Sir William Henry Perkin, then eighteen, was attempting to create artificial quinine. An unexpected residue caught his eye, which turned out to be the first aniline dye—specifically, ""Perkin's mauve"" or ""mauveine"" is sometimes called ""aniline"