"1964. The link with infectious mononucleosis was uncovered in 1967 by Werner and Gertrude Henle at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, after a laboratory technician handling the virus contracted the disease: comparison of serum samples collected from the technician before and after the onset revealed development of antibodies to the virus. Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the disease produces few or no symptoms. In young adults, the disease often results in fever, sore throat,"
"venereal diseases, and candida albicans (fungus). Mononucleosis (mono), known among teenagers as the “kissing disease”, is another prominent condition that can come from saliva exchange. It is a contagious viral disease in the herpes virus family. In addition to kissing, however, mono can also “be spread when a person coughs, sneezes, or shares objects such as drinking glass or water bottles.” There are only certain stages when it is contagious, mostly during the fever stage, but during those times it is transferrable through saliva exchange. Other serious and possibly life-threatening diseases have been found to be connected to oral hygiene."
"humans bite around the lips or face, which is how the term ""kissing bug"" was formed. This is dangerous because, ""T. indictiva"" occasionally defecate during or after a blood meal, which can leave behind fecal matter containing ""T. cruzi."" ""T. indictiva"" is one of the main vectors of ""T. cruzi"", the hemoflagellate protozoan that causes Chagas disease. ""T. cruzi"" is transmitted through infectious feces left by ""T. indictiva"" after a blood meal. ""T. cruzi"" then usually enters the vertebrate by contaminating the bite site or through a nearby mucous membrane. Enzootic infection is prevalent across the southern United States, where"
"with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of ""Pneumocystis carinii"" pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, an unexpected number of homosexual men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the"
"common strain. The RNA of the HIV-1 virus uses the kissing stem loop interaction as a means of recognition, the main step of interaction of the Dimerization initiation site (DIS) to form the duplex. To study the kissing stem-loop loop interaction, It was seen that the Dimerization initiation site (DIS) complex was essential to the replication of the HIV type 1 virus in the eukaryotic cell, and any changed to the stem loop structure diminished the dimerization interaction. Experimentally, it has been seen that, in vivo, mutating the Dimerization initiation site (DIS) obstructed the dimerization of the DIS complex. Kissing"
"linkage structure (DLS), a the non-coding region in the 5' UTR. For the kissing loop interaction to occur, there is a triple interaction that involves a 5'-flanking purine and 2 centralized bases in the complementary strand. This interaction transcripts in the major groove of the kissing loop dimer. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can be transmitted via the interactions of bodily fluids. There are two types of HIV viruses, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2). From the two types of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus strain, HIV-1 is the most"
"Epstein–Barr virus The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (""mono"" or ""glandular fever""). It is also associated with various non-malignant, premalignant, and malignant Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases such as Burkitt lymphoma, hemophagocytic lympohistiocytosis, and Hodgkin's lymphoma; non-lymphoid malignancies such as gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus such as hairy leukoplakia and central nervous system lymphomas. The virus is also"
"the clips and the trailing thread clipped into the complex eye. Shuttle kissing was widely opposed by weavers who thought it led to byssinosis, a lung disease caused by cotton fibres lodging in the air passages. Shuttles were shared and would be kissed by several weavers and tacklers. They were grimy, and the use of lipstick rendered them sticky. A piece of rabbit fur was a component of the shuttle, harbouring additional pathogens. In United States, Board of Health physicians agreed that there was a potential risk of spreading disease, and united, persuaded the state legislature in Massachusetts to enact"
"Chancroid Chancroid ( ) (also known as soft chancre and ulcus molle) is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia. Chancroid is known to spread from one individual to another solely through sexual contact. While uncommon in the western world, it is the most common cause of genital ulceration worldwide. These are only local and no systemic manifestations are present. The ulcer characteristically: About half of infected men have only a single ulcer. Women frequently have four or more ulcers, with fewer symptoms. The initial ulcer may be mistaken as a ""hard"" chancre, the typical"
"2 to 6 weeks. With 4 weeks being the most common. Persons with infectious mononucleosis may be able to spread the infection to others for a period of weeks. However, no special precautions or isolation procedures are recommended, since the virus is also found frequently in the saliva of healthy people. In fact, many healthy people can carry and spread the virus intermittently for life. These people are usually the primary reservoir for person-to-person transmission. For this reason, transmission of the virus is almost impossible to prevent. The clinical diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is suggested on the basis of the"
"present in almost 100% of Kaposi sarcoma lesions, whether HIV-related, classic, endemic, or iatrogenic. In Europe and North America, KSHV is transmitted through saliva. Thus, kissing is a theoretical risk factor for transmission. Higher rates of transmission among gay and bisexual men have been attributed to ""deep kissing"" sexual partners with KSHV. Another alternative theory suggests that use of saliva as a sexual lubricant might be a major mode for transmission. Prudent advice is to use commercial lubricants when needed and avoid deep kissing with partners with KSHV infection or whose status is unknown. KSHV is also transmissible via organ"
"extremely low as transmission would require an open wound. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers transmission of Hepatitis B via French kissing to be an unlikely mode of infection. Occasionally syphilis can be passed through prolonged French kissing, but this usually requires contact with an active lesion. French kissing is an unlikely mode of transmission of infection by Hepatitis B or gonorrhea. French kiss In English informal speech, a French kiss, also known as a deep kiss, is an amorous kiss in which the participants' tongues extend to touch each other's lips or tongue. A ""kiss with the tongue"""
"known as ""baiser Florentin"" (""Florentine kiss""). The Petit Robert 2014 French dictionary, released on May 30, 2013, added the French verb ""se galocher"" — slang for kissing with tongues — making it the first time a single word described the practice (except in Quebec, where the verb ""frencher"" means French kissing; Australia, where the term ""pash"" is used; the English verb ”shift” is used in casual conversation in Ireland; the German verb ""knutschen""; the Italian verbs ""limonare"" and ""pomiciare""; and the Hungarian verb ""megcsókol/csókolózik""). French kissing carries moderate risk of HPV. The possibility of contracting HIV from French kissing is"
"Triatoma infestans Triatoma infestans, commonly called winchuka ""(vinchuca)"" in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, barbeiro in Brazil and also known as ""kissing bug"" or ""barber bug"" in English, is a blood-sucking bug (like virtually all the members of its subfamily Triatominae) and the most important vector of ""Trypanosoma cruzi"" which can lead to Chagas disease. It is widespread in the Southern Cone countries of South America; in all these countries ""T. infestans"" is almost an exclusively domestic species, except in Bolivia where sylvatic forms have been recorded in rock piles in association with wild guinea pigs. This region has joined the"
"Histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis (also known as ""Cave disease"", ""Darling's disease"", ""Ohio valley disease"", ""reticuloendotheliosis"", ""spelunker's lung"" and ""caver's disease"") is a disease caused by the fungus ""Histoplasma capsulatum"". Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected; this is called disseminated histoplasmosis, and it can be fatal if left untreated. Histoplasmosis is common among AIDS patients because of their suppressed immunity. In immunocompetent individuals, past infection results in partial protection against ill effects if reinfected. ""Histoplasma capsulatum"" is found in soil, often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings. Disruption of"
"virus is the emergence of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, two rare cancers. EBV appears to play an important role in these malignancies, but is probably not the sole cause of disease. Most individuals exposed to people with infectious mononucleosis have previously been infected with EBV and are not at risk for infectious mononucleosis. In addition, transmission of EBV requires intimate contact with the saliva (found in the mouth) of an infected person. Transmission of this virus through the air or blood does not normally occur. The incubation period, or the time from infection to appearance of symptoms, ranges from"
"Kaposi’s Sarcoma, and eight had died less than 24 months after the diagnosis was made. By 1982, the condition was referred to in the medical community as (Gay-related immune deficiency (GRID), ""gay cancer,"" and ""gay compromise syndrome."" It was not until July 1982 that the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was suggested to replace GRID, and even then it was not until September that the CDC first used the AIDS acronym in an official report. It is now well understood that HIV does not only affect the gay community but can also infect anybody, regardless of sex, ethnicity, or"
"been studied by people including Cesare Lombroso, Ernest Crawley, Charles Darwin, Edward Burnett Tylor and modern scholars such as Elaine Hatfield. Kristoffer Nyrop identified a number of types of kisses, including kisses of love, affection, peace, respect and friendship. He notes, however, that the categories are somewhat contrived and overlapping, and some cultures have more kinds, including the French with twenty and the Germans with thirty. Kissing another person's lips has become a common expression of affection or warm greeting in many cultures worldwide. Yet in certain cultures, kissing was introduced only through European settlement, before which it was not"
"the breast milk contains HIV. AIDS can also be further spread through un-sterilized instruments like needles, razors, knives. This mainly affects traditionalists who are exposed to such objects especially during circumcision. There is a general belief that one can be infected during the act of deep kissing. However, according to the doctor at the center, this is only possible if the uninfected person has a sore in the mouth or if that person swallows twenty liters of saliva of the infected person. Normal kissing usually does not carry those risks. NHC teaches about the signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS. There"
"a zooflagellate protozoan that inhabits the blood and causes Chagas disease. An estimated 6 to 8 million people are currently infected with Chagas disease, primarily in South America. There are currently around 28,000 new cases of Chagas disease annually, a significant decrease from 700,000 new cases diagnosed in 1990. Like other species of kissing bugs, ""Triatoma sanguisuga"" is known to bite humans in the face, usually around the mouth or eyes, and feed off the blood. This normally occurs during sleep. These bites are usually not particularly painful, but they are irritating. It is common for the sleeping victim to"
"Eosinophilic folliculitis Eosinophilic folliculitis (also known as ""Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis"" and ""Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis"") is an itchy rash with an unknown cause that is most common among individuals with HIV, though it can occur in HIV-negative individuals where it is known by the eponym Ofuji disease. EF consists of itchy red bumps (papules) centered on hair follicles and typically found on the upper body, sparing the abdomen and legs. The name eosinophilic folliculitis refers to the predominant immune cells associated with the disease (eosinophils) and the involvement of the hair follicles. The cause of EF is unknown. A variety of"
"Dmitri Vrubel Dmitri Vladimirovich Vrubel (; born 14 July 1960) is a Russian painter. He is best known for his East Side Gallery-painting ""My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love,"" depicting the kissing communist leaders Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker. Vrubel was born in Moscow. His surname is a Russification of the common Polish surname Wróbel. ""My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love"" depicts the kissing communist leaders Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker. It was inspired by the kiss they had in 1979, during the celebration of the 30 years of the GDR. In 2009 the"
"medical officers in Lancashire. A list of diseases said to arise from shuttle kissing was compiled but close study could only find and document five actual cases. These were a cancer at Oswaldtwistle, tonsillitis at Rawtenstall, three deaths from tuberculosis at Bacup, phthisis at Tyldesley and scarlet fever at Burnley. The three deaths were examined in detail but no link to shuttle kissing was established and other forms of close contact were equally probable. Thus medical officers in Lancashire did not see this problem as within their remit, and were divided on causality. In 1918, Mr Middleton Hewat, Preston's Tuberculosis"
"person touches a chancre), warts, and conjunctivitis. This is from mother to child (more rarely father to child), often ""in utero"", during childbirth (also referred to as perinatal infection) or during postnatal physical contact between parents and offspring. In mammals, including humans, it occurs also via breast milk (transmammary transmission). Infectious diseases that can be transmitted in this way include: HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis. Many mutualistic organisms are transmitted vertically. Transmission due to medical procedures, such as touching a wound, an injection or transplantation of infected material. Some diseases that can be transmitted iatrogenically include: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease by injection"
"a kiss on the lips with the mouth closed or a kiss or kisses on the cheek. Cheek kissing is most common in Europe and Latin America and has become a standard greeting in Southern Europe. While cheek kissing is a common greeting in many cultures, each country has a unique way of kissing. In Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Poland, Lebanon and Egypt it is customary to “kiss three times, on alternate cheeks.” Italians and Hungarians usually kiss twice in a greeting and in Mexico and Belgium only one kiss is necessary. In Ecuador, women kiss on"
"diagnosed in 1985, which grew to 100 people infected by 1990. The primary group affected in the 1980s was hemophiliacs, but that shifted to sexual transmission in the late 80s and early 90s. Due to poor media coverage and the lack of momentum from activist groups, large misconceptions about the disease, homosexuals, and foreigners spread about the general population. Today, Japan remains one of the top providers of funds for global efforts such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria and World Health Organization for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. In April 2016, sexual contact was the primary"
"initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20–30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people. ""T. cruzi"" is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking ""kissing bugs"" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: ""vinchuca"" in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, ""barbeiro"" (the barber) in Brazil, ""pito"" in Colombia, ""chinche"" in Central America, and ""chipo"" in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites,"
"Kissing stem-loop A kissing stem-loop, or kissing stem loop interaction, is formed in RNA when two bases between two hairpin loops pair. These intra- and intermolecular kissing interactions are important in forming the tertiary or quaternary structure of many RNAs. RNA kissing interactions, also called loop-loop pseudoknots, occur when the unpaired nucleotides in one hairpin loop, base pair with the unpaired nucleotides in another hairpin loop. When the hairpin loops are located on separate RNA molecules, their intermolecular interaction is called a kissing complex. These interactions generally form between stem-loops. However, stable complexes have been observed containing only two intermolecular"
"a sexually transmitted infectious agent might be the etiological agent, and the syndrome was initially termed ""GRID"", or gay-related immune deficiency. Health authorities soon realized that nearly half of the people identified with the syndrome were not homosexual men. The same opportunistic infections were also reported among hemophiliacs, users of intravenous drugs such as heroin, and Haitian immigrants – leading some researchers to call it the ""4H"" disease. By August 1982, the disease was being referred to by its new CDC-coined name: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In New York City, Nathan Fain, Larry Kramer, Larry Mass, Paul Popham, Paul"
"Cutaneous leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as oriental sore, tropical sore, chiclero ulcer, chiclero's ulcer or Aleppo boil, ’’’Delhi Boil’’’) is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly. There are about twenty species of ""Leishmania"" that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. This disease is considered to be a zoonosis (an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans), with the exception of ""Leishmania tropica"" — which is often an anthroponotic disease (an infectious disease that is naturally"
"Chagas disease Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protist ""Trypanosoma cruzi"". It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae, or ""kissing bugs"". The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30–40% of people develop further symptoms 10–30 years after the"
"The term ""sexually transmitted infection"" is generally preferred over ""sexually transmitted disease"" or ""venereal disease"", as it includes those who do not have symptomatic disease. Until the 1990s, STIs were commonly known as ""venereal diseases"", the word ""venereal"" being derived from the Latin word venereus, and meaning relating to sexual intercourse or desire, ultimately derived from Venus, the Roman goddess of love. STIs have been euphemistically referred to as ""blood diseases"" and ""social diseases"" in the past. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the more inclusive term ""sexually transmitted infection"" since 1999. Public health officials originally introduced the term"
"disease. Borrelia afzelii, one of the borrelia species that is an agent of Lyme disease, is named in his honor. Arvid Afzelius As a student at the Karolinska institutet, Afzelius studied under the prominent dermatologist Moritz Kaposi (1837–1902) in Vienna. Kaposi has now become a household name because ""his"" sarcoma is a common lesion in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In a 1909 meeting of the Swedish Society of Dermatology, Arvid Afzelius presented research about an expanding, ring like lesion he had observed. Afzelius published his work 12 years later and speculated that the rash came from the bite of an"