"bodies are based in Luxembourg City, separate from the political institutions in Brussels and Strasbourg. The Court of Justice is based in the Palais building, currently under expansion, in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City. Luxembourg City was chosen as the provisional seat of the Court on 23 July 1952 with the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community. Its first hearing there was held on 28 November 1954 in a building known as Villa Vauban, the seat until 1959 when it would move to the Côte d'Eich building and then to the Palais building in 1972. In 1965,"
"European Union and signed by the then 10 heads of state and governments on 19 June 1983. The Court of Justice ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied in the same way in all EU countries, and that the law is equal for everyone. For example, it provides a check on that national courts do not give different rulings on the same issue. The Court also ensures that EU member states and institutions do what the law requires them to do. The Court is located in Luxembourg and has one judge from each member country. In the ""Bosmans case"""
"contrast to Parliament's vote of approval which must be cast on the Commission as a whole without the ability to accept or reject individual Commissioners. Once approval has been obtained from the Parliament the Commissioners can take office. The current President is Jean-Claude Juncker (EPP); his commission was elected in 2014. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the EU's judicial branch. It is responsible for interpreting EU law and treaties. It comprises the main chamber: Court of Justice, the General Court and the Civil Service Tribunal. The CJEU is located in Luxembourg. The ""European Central Bank"""
"International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (abbreviated ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It settles legal disputes between member states and gives advisory opinions to authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. It comprises a panel of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms. It is seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar"
"Norway and appointed by their Governments through common accord. When the EEA Agreement entered into force on 1 January 1994, the seat of the Court was the old EFTA capital Geneva. After the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union, it was decided to move the Court's seat to Luxembourg, where the European Court of Justice and the General Court are located. On 1 September 1996, the EFTA Court moved to Luxembourg. The EFTA Court is an independent judicial body, established under the “Surveillance and Court Agreement” (SCA) to ensure judicial oversight of the EEA Agreement in"
"Royal Courts of Justice The Royal Courts of Justice, commonly called the Law Courts, is a court building in London which houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. The High Court also sits on circuit and in other major cities. Designed by George Edmund Street, who died before it was completed, it is a large grey stone edifice in the Victorian Gothic style built in the 1870s and opened by Queen Victoria in 1882. It is one of the largest courts in Europe. It is located on Strand within the City of Westminster, near the"
"the Council of Europe, and all of its 47 member states are contracting parties to the Convention. The Court is based in Strasbourg, France. The Court was established on 21 January 1959 on the basis of Article 19 of the European Convention on Human Rights when its first members were elected by the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. The Convention charges the Court with ensuring the observance of the engagement undertaken by the contracting states in relation to the Convention and its protocols, that is ensuring the enforcement and implementation of the European Convention in the member states"
"or their rulings. Major criticisms include the following: International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (abbreviated ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It settles legal disputes between member states and gives advisory opinions to authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. It comprises a panel of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms. It is seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The"
"located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. The ICJ's primary purpose is to"
"1958 the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC)). The General Court was created in 1988 (known as the ""Court of First Instance"") and the Civil Service Tribunal was created in 2004. With the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the court system obtained its current name (Court of Justice of the European Union), while the original court itself (the former CJEC) was renamed ""Court of Justice"". The working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union is French. Court of Justice of the European Union The Court of Justice of the European"
"based in The Hague in the Netherlands. European Judicial Network The European Judicial Network (EJN) is a network of contact points within the EU designed to facilitate judicial cooperation across borders. With a focus on serious crime (such as organized crime, corruption, drug smuggling and terrorism), it helps form and maintain contacts between agencies in member states. The Network was created by Joint Action 98/428 in 1998, to fulfil recommendation no. 21 of the Action Plan to Combat Organised Crime adopted by the Council of the European Union on 28 April 1997. A priority of the EJN is the dissemination"
"is a founding member of the EU, NATO, OECD and WTO. Together with Belgium and Luxembourg it forms the Benelux economic union. The country is host to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and five international courts: the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EU's criminal intelligence agency Europol and judicial co-operation agency Eurojust. This has led to the city being dubbed ""the world's legal capital""."
"to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff. The Secretary-General alone is responsible for staff selection. The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies, and the UN General Assembly. The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to"
"European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. The Mackenzie-Stuarts moved to Luxembourg and set up home in a farming village where they quickly became part of its life. They worked hard to build up the spirit of the embryo British community and his wife, Anne, became a driving force in the European School. The Court of Justice was dominated by Robert Lecourt. With Jean-Pierre Warner, the Advocate General, Mackenzie-Stuart worked to overcome suspicions and engineer the synchromesh of potentially incompatible legal systems which has continued to work ever since. In reality, the work of the European Court touches very little on"
"Palace of Justice, Rome The Palace of Justice, Rome (Italian: ""Palazzo di Giustizia""), the seat of the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Judicial Public Library, is located in the Prati district of Rome. It fronts onto the ""Piazza dei Tribunali"", the ""Via Triboniano"", the ""Piazza Cavour"", and the ""Via Ulpiano"". The huge building is popularly called in Italian the ""Palazzaccio (the bad Palace)"". Designed by the Perugia architect Guglielmo Calderini and built between 1888 and 1910, the Palace of Justice is considered one of the grandest of the new buildings which followed the proclamation of Rome as the capital"
"of Justice), many of them built between the 1940s and the 1960s. Before the reduction of the number of ""comarcas"" due to the 2014 reform, each palace of Justice was usually a seat of a court, but now most of them are only seats of judgeships of larger courts. Besides the 23 generic competence judicial courts of each ""comarca"", there are also some subject-matter jurisdiction courts of first instance that have territorial jurisdiction over several ""comarcas"". These include the penal supervisory courts of Porto, Coimbra, Lisbon and Évora, the Maritime Court at Lisbon, the Intellectual Property Court at Lisbon, the"
"have put forward a new proposal, based on the partial merger of the two Courts. Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights The relationship between the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an issue in European Union law and human rights law. The ECJ rules on European Union (EU) law while the ECtHR rules on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which covers the 47 member states of the Council of Europe. Cases cannot be brought in the ECtHR against the European Union, but the Court"
"Palace of Justice, Vienna The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (""Oberster Gerichtshof"") of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstraße boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna. The building was projected by the Historicist architect Alexander Wielemans von Monteforte (1843–1911) as"
"the ECJ's official name was changed from the ""Court of Justice of the European Communities"" to the ""Court of Justice"" although in English it is still most common to refer to the Court as the European Court of Justice. The Court of First Instance was renamed as the ""General Court"", and the term ""Court of Justice of the European Union"" will officially designate the two courts, as along with its specialised tribunals, taken together. The ECJ is the highest court of the European Union in matters of Union law, but not national law. It is not possible to appeal the"
"In relation to matters of European Community Law, the European Court of Justice is the highest authority. The next highest Court is the Court of Appeal. This Court is composed of an odd number of judges not fewer than three. The Chief Justice is an ex-officio member of the Court of Appeal but may not hear appeals of his own decisions. The Supreme Court is composed of four judges — the Chief Justice and a further 3 puisne judges appointed by the Governor. The Court hears civil and criminal proceedings, including Family Jurisdiction, Court of Protection, Admiralty Jurisdiction and Ordinary"
"Eurojust Eurojust is an agency of the European Union (EU) dealing with judicial co-operation in criminal matters among agencies of the member states. It is seated in The Hague, Netherlands. Established in 2002, it was created to improve handling of serious cross-border and organised crime by stimulating investigative and prosecutorial co-ordination. Eurojust is composed of a college formed of 28 national members—experienced judges, prosecutors, or police officers of equivalent competence from each EU member state. The terms and duties of the members are defined by the state that appoints them. Eurojust also co-operates with third states and other EU bodies"
"family cases such as proceedings concerning children. Royal Courts of Justice The Royal Courts of Justice, commonly called the Law Courts, is a court building in London which houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. The High Court also sits on circuit and in other major cities. Designed by George Edmund Street, who died before it was completed, it is a large grey stone edifice in the Victorian Gothic style built in the 1870s and opened by Queen Victoria in 1882. It is one of the largest courts in Europe. It is located on Strand"
"A compromise agreement on the seat(s) of the unified court was eventually reached at the June European Council (28–29 June 2012), splitting the central division according to technology between Paris (the main seat), London and Munich. However, on 2 July 2012, the European Parliament decided to postpone the vote following a move by the European Council to modify the arrangements previously approved by MEPs in negotiations with the European Council. The modification was considered controversial and included the deletion of three key articles (6–8) of the legislation, seeking to reduce the competence of the European Union Court of Justice in"
"be incompatible with EU law by the Court of Justice of the European Union, as it would lead to a court not falling fully within the legal system of the European Union, thus being without the possibility to ask prejudicial questions to the EU court of justice. As a result, the court was established by an intergovernmental treaty between the participating states outside the framework of the EU but open only to members of the EU. The agreement was signed on 19 February 2013 in Brussels by 24 states, including all states participating in the enhanced cooperation measures except Bulgaria"
"EFTA Court The Court of Justice of the European Free Trade Association States (more commonly known as the EFTA Court) is a supranational judicial body responsible for the three EFTA members who are also members of the European Economic Area (EEA): Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. As members of the EEA, the three countries have access to the internal market of the European Union. Consequently, they are subject to a number of European laws. Enforcement of these laws would normally be carried out by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), however there were legal difficulties in giving Union institutions powers over"
"Belgium (the same location as the headquarters of the European Commission), while the EFTA Court has its headquarters in Luxembourg City (the same location as the headquarters of the European Court of Justice). Except for Switzerland, the EFTA members are also members of the European Economic Area (EEA). The EEA comprises three member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and 28 member states of the European Union (EU), including Croatia which is provisionally applying the agreement pending its ratification by all EEA countries. It was established on 1 January 1994 following an agreement with the European Community (which"
"European Court of Human Rights building The building of the European Court of Human Rights is located in the European Quarter of Strasbourg, France. It was designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership and Claude Buche and was completed in 1994. The building is located on the eastern corner of the water intersection, where the Ill river is crossed by the ""Canal de la Marne au Rhin"". The court was formerly located in a building located just across the canal, which was built in 1965 and designed by Bertrand Monnet, J. Apriell and Papillard. The building was designed in 1989 by"
"Koen Lenaerts Koen, Baron Lenaerts (; born 20 December 1954 in Mortsel) is the President of the Court of Justice of the European Union.. He is also a Professor of European Law at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and was a member of the Coudenberg group, a Belgian federalist think tank. Lenaerts obtained a candidate in law (summa cum laude) in 1974 at the Université de Namur. In 1977, he graduated with a licentiate in law at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (summa cum laude). He then went on to earn a Master of Laws (LLM) degree at Harvard Law School in"
"as a judge of the European Court of Justice. She succeeded Christiaan Timmermans as the Dutch judge. Prechal was named as the most powerful Dutch woman in the field of Justice and Public Order in 2012 by Opzij magazine. Sacha Prechal Alexandra 'Sacha' Prechal (born 15 March 1959 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Dutch law professor and judge. She has been a judge at the European Court of Justice since 10 June 2010. Prechal was born in 1959 in Prague. She studied law at the University of Groningen between 1977 and 1983 and received her title of Doctor of Laws"
"became President of the Court of Justice of the European Union and on 9 October 2018, he was reelected as its President. His mandate should end on 6 October 2021. In 2004 Lenaerts was ennobled a baron. Koen Lenaerts Koen, Baron Lenaerts (; born 20 December 1954 in Mortsel) is the President of the Court of Justice of the European Union.. He is also a Professor of European Law at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and was a member of the Coudenberg group, a Belgian federalist think tank. Lenaerts obtained a candidate in law (summa cum laude) in 1974 at the"
"Benelux Court of Justice The Benelux Court of Justice (, ) is a court, which is common to the Benelux countries Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. The organisation was established by the treaty of 31 March 1965. The court's budget rests with the Benelux Union and is of 9 judges of the supreme courts as well as (since 2017) 6 judges of the courts of appeal of the three countries. The court is mainly tasked with answering requests for preliminary rulings from the supreme courts regarding regulations which are common to the three countries and serves as a civil service tribunal"
"Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights The relationship between the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an issue in European Union law and human rights law. The ECJ rules on European Union (EU) law while the ECtHR rules on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which covers the 47 member states of the Council of Europe. Cases cannot be brought in the ECtHR against the European Union, but the Court has ruled that states cannot escape their human rights obligations by saying that they were"
"the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights. Its two main functions are therefore adjudicatory and advisory: Many countries in the Americas, including Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela, have been accused of human rights violations. The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law, and has observer status at the United Nations. The seat of the Council is in Strasbourg in France. The Council of Europe is responsible for both the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court"