"the camp system followed economic lines. The growth of the camp system coincided with the peak of the Soviet industrialization campaign. Most of the camps established to accommodate the masses of incoming prisoners were assigned distinct economic tasks. These included the exploitation of natural resources and the colonization of remote areas, as well as the realization of enormous infrastructural facilities and industrial construction projects. The plan to achieve these goals with ""special settlements"" instead of labor camps was dropped after the revealing of the Nazino affair in 1933; subsequently the Gulag system was expanded. The 1931–32 archives indicate the Gulag"
"the term ""Gulag"" originally referred to a government agency, in English and many other languages the acronym acquired the qualities of a common noun, denoting ""the Soviet system of prison-based, unfree labor"". Even more broadly, ""Gulag"" has come to mean the Soviet repressive system itself, the set of procedures that prisoners once called the ""meat-grinder"": the arrests, the interrogations, the transport in unheated cattle cars, the forced labor, the destruction of families, the years spent in exile, the early and unnecessary deaths. Western authors use the term ""Gulag"" to denote all the prisons and internment camps in the Soviet Union."
"Ilag Ilag is an abbreviation of the German word ""Internierungslager"". They were internment camps established by the German Army in World War II to hold Allied civilians, caught in areas that were occupied by the German Army. They included United States citizens caught in Europe by surprise when war was declared in December 1941 and citizens of the British Commonwealth caught in areas engulfed by the Blitzkrieg. Amongst the internees were British born citizens who were resident in the Channel Islands. In October 1941, Adolf Hitler ordered the internment of 8,000 British, in retaliation for the internment by the British"
"follow under the Stalin regime, laborers would see less and less freedoms in labor and the introduction of GULAG. Gulags or Glavnoye Upravleniye Lagerejare, are described as labor camps which were a police-run system of colonies and special settlements. The myth surrounding the Gulag was that these forced labor camps would reforge the Soviet citizen who could then become a foundation of the Soviet Society. The real function of the Soviet Gulag was the exploitation of human beings, which occurred by working the people to death or near death before discarding them. Approximately 20% of the prisoners would be freed"
"Asylum in Australia Asylum in Australia is governed by statutes and Government policies which seek to implement Australia's obligations under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, to which Australia is a party. Thousands of refugees have sought asylum in Australia over the past decade, with the main forces driving movement being war, civil unrest and persecution. The annual refugee quota is currently 20,000 people. From 1945 to the early 1990s, more than half a million refugees and other displaced persons were accepted into Australia. Historically, most asylum seekers arrived by plane. However, there was an increasing number of"
"especially dangerous by the State. All of them, as a rule, were sentenced to 10 years. During two and a half decades, since the end of the 1920s and till the day of Stalin‘s death, GULAG [official abbreviation for ""Main Administration of Camps""] was not only a huge camp agency containing thousands of camps and millions of convicts, but the country‘s way of life. GULAG was an absolutely necessary element of the system. Without the GULAG cheap slave labour, Stalin‘s socialist modernization programme of the country‘s economy would have been impossible. Without the total fear in the face of the"
"and north. The Gulag possessed both punitive and economic functions. The Gulag was officially established on April 25, 1930 as the ULAG by the OGPU order 130/63 in accordance with the Sovnarkom order 22 p. 248 dated April 7, 1930. It was renamed as the Gulag in November of that year. The hypothesis that economic considerations were responsible for mass arrests during the period of Stalinism has been refuted on the grounds of former Soviet archives that have become accessible since the 1990s, although some archival sources also tend to support an economic hypothesis. In any case, the development of"
"the GULAG (the acronym for Chief Administration for Corrective Labor Camps, the penitentiary system in the Stalin years) was an effective instrument of political repression and there was no compelling requirement to develop an alternative and expensive psychiatric substitute. The abuse of psychiatry was a natural product of the later Soviet era. From the mid-1970s to the 1990s, the structure of mental health service conformed to the double standard in society, that of two separate systems which peacefully co-existed despite conflicts between them: The hundreds of hospitals in the provinces combined components of both systems. In the 1960s, a vigorous"
"name of any private residence, boat, vehicle, or charitable institution, on penalty of a £100 fine or six months in prison. The Australian government even petitioned the British government to enact similar restrictions. The men of the Australian Imperial Force, and the women who nursed them, coined many words of Digger slang, including ""Blighty"" for Great Britain (it being the name for a wound severe enough to get one returned to Britain for hospitalization), ""chocolate soldiers"" (and thence ""chocs"") for soldiers who were believed to be unwilling to fight, and ""six-bob-a-day tourists"" for the soldiers themselves (a reference to their"
"Swag (bedroll) In Australia, a swag is a portable sleeping unit. It is normally a bundle of belongings rolled in a traditional fashion to be carried by a foot traveller in the bush. Before motor transport was common, foot travel over long distances was essential to agriculture in the Australian bush. It is sometimes referred to as a ""backpack bed"". Swags have been carried by shearers, miners, the unemployed, and many others, some of whom would have been happy to have been called swagmen and some not. In Australia, the term swag is still widely used to refer to a"
"by the Bolshevik forces. These were known as the White emigres. Many of these refugees embarked from Manchuria, having been driven to Siberia by the rampant Red Army. A fourth wave of emigrants came to Australia after the Second World War, comprising Russian prisoners of war and displaced Russian citizens. These people faced persecution in Stalin's Soviet Union, being seen as collaborators or contaminated with dangerous Western influences. Many Russians, fearing forced repatriation to the Soviet Union where they faced death in the Gulag, claimed to be Polish to escape Stalin's dictat that all Soviet citizens must return. There had"
"Gulag: A History Gulag: A History, also published as Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps, is a non-fiction book covering the history of the Soviet Gulag system. It was written by American author Anne Applebaum and published in 2003 by Doubleday. ""Gulag"" won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the 2004 Duff Cooper Prize. It was also nominated for the National Book Critics Circle prize and for the National Book Award. The book charts the history of the Gulag organization from its beginnings under Lenin and the Solovki prison camp to the construction of the White Sea"
"Mount Gulaga Mount Gulaga, also Gulaga, and formerly known as Mount Dromedary, a mountain located in the south coast region of New South Wales, Australia, rises above the village of Central Tilba and is within the Gulaga National Park. At its highest point, it measures above sea level. Gulaga is the place of ancestral origin within the mythology of the Yuin people, the Indigenous Australians of the area. Gulaga itself symbolises the mother and provides a basis for Aboriginal spiritual identity; the mountain as well as the surrounding area holds particular significance for Aboriginal women. For the Yuin people it"
"Block (rural Australia) Block is an Australian term for a small agricultural landholding. Block settlement has been used by Governments to encourage decentralization and during financial depressions to give families of unemployed workers an opportunity (frequently illusory) to become primary producers. It may also refer to a lifestyle choice or ""hobby farm"" for those with an independent source of income. In parts of Australia, parcels of land of around were allocated by Government to working-class men at nominal rent during the depression of the 1890s with the object of giving them work and, potentially, a source of income. Some eventually"
"for political rather than criminal reasons. Some of the Gulag camps were located in very harsh environments, such as Siberia, which resulted in the death of a significant fraction of inmates before they could complete their prison terms. Officially, the Gulag was shut down in 1960, though they remained de facto in action for some time after. Many deaths were also caused by involuntary deportations of entire ethnic groups. (""see"" population transfer in the Soviet Union). Many Prisoners of War taken during World War II were not released as the war ended and died in the Gulags. Many German civilians"
"and become a Gulag inmate himself. Further, if an escaping prisoner was shot, guards could be fined amounts that were often equivalent to one or two weeks wages. In some cases, teams of inmates were dropped off in new territory with a limited supply of resources and left to set up a new camp or die. Sometimes it took several waves of colonists before any one group survived to establish the camp. The area along the Indigirka river was known as ""the Gulag inside the Gulag"". In 1926, the Oimiakon (Оймякон) village in this region registered the record low temperature"
"associated with libertarian socialism, anarchism and anti-authoritarianism, with some prison abolitionists arguing that imprisoning people for actions the state designates as crimes is not only inexpedient but also immoral. Prison A prison, also known as a correctional facility, jail, gaol (dated, British and Australian English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (American English), remand center, or internment facility (commonly used term in military theatres of war/involvement) is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state. Prisons are most commonly used within a criminal justice system: people charged with crimes"
"(when the Bolsheviks took power, peasants represented 80% of the population). The GULAG system was introduced in order to isolate and eliminate class-alien, socially dangerous, disruptive, suspicious, and other disloyal elements, whose deeds and thoughts were not contributing to the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Forced labor as a ""method of reeducation"" was applied in Solovki prison camp as early as the 1920s, based on Trotsky's experiments with forced labor camps for Czech war prisoners from 1918 and his proposals to introduce ""compulsory labor service"" voiced in ""Terrorism and Communism"". According to journalist Anne Applebaum, approximately 6,000 katorga"
"Stalag In Germany, stalag (; ) was a term used for prisoner-of-war camps. Stalag is a contraction of ""Stammlager"", itself short for ""Kriegsgefangenen-Mannschafts-Stammlager"". According to the Third Geneva Convention of 1929 and its predecessor, the Hague Convention of 1907, Section IV, Chapter 2, these camps were only for prisoners of war, not civilians. Stalags were operated in both World War I and World War II and were intended to be used for non-commissioned personnel (enlisted ranks in the US Army and other ranks in British Commonwealth forces). Officers were held in separate camps called ""Oflag"". During World War II, the"
"each year from the Gulags, but these were not rehabilitated criminals, they were usually prisoners who were too weak to perform duties any longer or were suffering from incurable diseases. The types of prisoners ranged from petty criminals to political prisoners. A 1993 study of the soviet archives revealed that between 14 and 18 million people were imprisoned in the Gulag labor camps from 1929 to 1953. A further 10 - 11 million people were either deported or were already in the penal system at the time There are no accurate or official archive records prior to 1929. The Gulag"
"effort. This led to deaths of millions of people in the affected area. The overall number of the 1932–1933 famine victims Soviet-wide is variously estimated as 6-7 million or 6–8 million. The Gulag ""was the branch of the State Security that operated the penal system of forced labour camps and associated detention and transit camps and prisons. While these camps housed criminals of all types, the Gulag system has become primarily known as a place for political prisoners and as a mechanism for repressing political opposition to the Soviet state."" Russian author and former prisoner Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote extensively about"
"particularly in Tasmania, as well as the forcible removal of children from Aboriginal communities, constitutes genocide. Many place names in Australia mark places of frontier massacres, for example Murdering Gulley in Newcastle. Place names also reveal discrimination, such as Mount Jim Crow in Rockhampton, Queensland, as well as racist policies, like Brisbane's Boundary Streets which used to indicate boundaries where Aboriginal people were not allowed to cross during certain times of the day. There is ongoing discussion about changing many of these names. From 1810, Aboriginal peoples were moved onto mission stations, run by churches and the state. While they"
"a majority of votes in the upper house. A recent innovation has been to remove the power of the upper house to block supply, as well as some other bills. The Australian Constitution provides a mechanism for breaking a deadlock between the two houses of Parliament, by means of a double dissolution and, if the deadlock is still not resolved, by a joint sitting of both houses of parliament. Gridlock (politics) In politics, gridlock or deadlock or political stalemate refers to a situation when there is difficulty passing laws that satisfy the needs of the people. A government is gridlocked"
"plan of destruction"" of the gulag population and no statement of official intent to kill them, and prisoner releases vastly exceeded the number of deaths in the Gulag. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, who survived eight years of Gulag incarceration, gave the term its international repute with the publication of ""The Gulag Archipelago"" in 1973. The author likened the scattered camps to ""a chain of islands"", and as an eyewitness he described the Gulag as a system where people were worked to death. In March 1940, there were 53 Gulag camp directorates (colloquially referred to as"
"Humpy A humpy (or gunyah) is a small, temporary shelter, traditionally used by Australian Aboriginals, with a standing tree usually used as the main support. They are also sometimes called a lean-to, since it can rely on the tree for support. These impermanent dwellings, made of branches and bark (particularly paperbark), are often built prior to the construction of more permanent buildings. The word humpy comes from the Jagera language (a Murri people from Coorparoo in Brisbane); other language groups would have different names for the structure. In South Australia, such a shelter is known as a ""wurley"" (also spelled"
"owing to the harsh treatment in the camps, who, according to both archives and memoirs, were numerous. The historian J. Otto Pohl estimates that some 2,749,163 prisoners perished in the labour camps, colonies and special settlements, although stresses that this is an incomplete figure. Though the death toll is still widely debated, no state or national institution has recognized the Gulag system as a genocide. Like the Soviet system, Mao Zedong's rule of China also installed an extremely deadly forced labor and prison system known as the Laogai or ""reform through labour"". According to Jean-Louis Margolin during the Campaign to"
"government supported by a number of independents. In May 2011, the Gillard government announced plans to address the issue by swapping new asylum seekers for long-standing assessed refugees in Malaysia. The so-called Malaysian Solution was eventually ruled unconstitutional, partly because Malaysia was not a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention. In 2011, Australia received 2.5% of the world's total number of claims for asylum. During 2012, more than 17,000 asylum seekers arrived via boat. The majority of the refugees came from Afghanistan, Iran, and Sri Lanka. In June 2012, an accident led to 17 confirmed deaths, with 70 other people"
"The lakes can be accessed by boat. Boats can be rented from Regatta Point or Beauty Point. Mount Gulaga Mount Gulaga, also Gulaga, and formerly known as Mount Dromedary, a mountain located in the south coast region of New South Wales, Australia, rises above the village of Central Tilba and is within the Gulaga National Park. At its highest point, it measures above sea level. Gulaga is the place of ancestral origin within the mythology of the Yuin people, the Indigenous Australians of the area. Gulaga itself symbolises the mother and provides a basis for Aboriginal spiritual identity; the mountain"
"his control. Different categories with the Gulags: The Gulag system consisted of over 30,000 camps which were broken down into three different categories dependent upon the number of prisoners held at that camp. A large camp normally held more than 25,000 prisoners each, a medium size camp held from 5,000 to 25,000 and the smallest camps held less than 5,000 prisoners each. These small camps were the most numerous of the labor camps. Within the penal system there were different types of camps: prisons, special prisons, special camps, corrective labor colonies, and special purpose camps such as the scientific prison"
"the largest non-English-speaking group in Australia up to the 20th century. Forty-Eighters is a term for those who participated in or supported the European Revolutions of 1848. Many emigrated as a result of those revolutions. In particular, following the ultimate failure of the ""March Revolution"" in Germany, a substantial number of Germans emigrated to Australia. See Forty-Eighters in Australia. Many Germans had emigrated to Australia to flee the rise of militarism and martial chauvinism in the land of their birth. Indeed, ""After the Unification of Germany under Prussia in 1870/1871, when Universal Conscription was brought in across all the States"
"Hay Internment and POW camps The Hay Internment and POW camps at Hay, New South Wales, Australia were established during World War II as prisoner-of-war and internment centres, due in no small measure to the isolated location of the town. Three high-security camps were constructed in 1940. The first arrivals were over two thousand refugees from Nazi Germany and Austria, most of whom were Jewish; they had been interned in the United Kingdom when fears of an armed invasion of Britain were at their peak. The British government then made the decision to forcibly transport these refugees to Australia on"
"Australian population. Of those who went to war, almost one in five did not return. It was common for families to lose more than one son and for small communities to lose a whole generation of men. In 1916 the British Government prohibited the exhumation and return of bodies. This, coupled with the impracticality of visiting distant graves ensured war memorials became an expression of public mourning, revered as cenotaphs (literally meaning 'empty tomb') by those who erected them. Placed at prominent locations, they became symbols of remembrance and were considered to be as sacred as grave sites. As such,"
"the Gulag workforce had increased by approximately 300,000 prisoners. Tattoos served to differentiate between an authority or ""thief in law"", and the many hundreds of thousands of political prisoners who were imprisoned during and shortly after World War Two for crimes not considered those of a ""Vor"" (thief). Some of the motifs came from English sailor tattoos, such as the flying tall ships, a heart pierced by a dagger, anchors, a serpent-entwined heart or a tiger baring its teeth. A thief's collection of tattoos represents his ""suit"" (""mast""), which indicates his status within the community of thieves and his control"