"Ken MacLeod, ""Warriors of Alavna"" by N. M. Browne, and in the feature films ""The Last Legion"", ""Centurion"" and ""The Eagle"". Scotland during the Roman Empire Scotland during the Roman Empire refers to the protohistorical period during which the Roman Empire interacted with the area that is now Scotland, which was known to them as ""Caledonia"". Roman legions arrived around 71, having conquered the Celtic tribes of ""Britain"" (England and Wales) over the preceding three decades. Aiming to annex all of the island of ""Albion"", Romans under Q. Petilius Cerialis and Gn. Julius Agricola invaded the Caledonians in the 70s"
"Roman Empire. The eagle has a red beak, tongue and claws, with open wings and feathers. In contrast to its predecessor, the eagle of the German Confederation, it has only one head, looking to the right, symbolising that important parts of the old empire, Austria and Bohemia, were not part of this new empire. Its legal basis was an imperial rescript: </onlyinclude> After the introduction of the republic the coat of arms of Germany was also altered accounting for the political changes. The Weimar Republic (1918–1933), retained the Reichsadler without the symbols of the former Monarchy (Crown, Collar, Breast shield"
"symbol of the Roman legions and more generally the Roman civilization that had such a powerful impact on Western culture; furthermore, some classical Roman traditions were carried on by the Eastern Roman Empire in the Southern and Eastern of Europe and the Holy Roman Empire in Central and Western Europe, transmitting the use of the golden eagle to several modern states. This association of the golden eagle with Rome has also led to the adoption of similar symbols in other countries; for instance, the adoption of the related and physically similar bald eagle as the national bird of the United"
"an aerial god. His identifying implement is the thunderbolt and his primary sacred animal is the eagle, which held precedence over other birds in the taking of auspices and became one of the most common symbols of the Roman army (see Aquila). The two emblems were often combined to represent the god in the form of an eagle holding in its claws a thunderbolt, frequently seen on Greek and Roman coins. As the sky-god, he was a divine witness to oaths, the sacred trust on which justice and good government depend. Many of his functions were focused on the Capitoline"
"Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire Over its long history, the Holy Roman Empire used many different heraldic forms, representing its numerous internal divisions. The ""Reichsadler"" (""Imperial Eagle"") was the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Roman Emperors and in modern coats of arms of Germany, including those of the Second German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the ""Third Reich"" (Nazi Germany, 1933–1945). The same design has remained in use by the Federal Republic of Germany since 1945, but under a different name, now called ""Bundesadler"" (""Union Eagle"" or ""Federal"
"Holy Roman Empire. The eagle was clearly derived from the Roman eagle and continues to be important in the heraldry of those areas once within the Holy Roman Empire. Within Germany the placement of one's arms in front of an eagle was indicative of princely rank under the Holy Roman Empire. The first mention of a double-headed eagle in the West dates from 1250 in a roll of arms of Matthew Paris for Emperor Frederick II. The French Imperial Eagle or ""Aigle de drapeau"" (lit. ""flag eagle"") was a figure of an eagle on a staff carried into battle as"
"the ""ver sacrum"" and their legends may explain the use of animal insignia by the Roman army. Gaius Marius was the first to adopt the eagle in all the ""signa militaria""; previously the eagle had been the first and highest of the ""signa"". Others in use were the wolf, the Minotaur, the horse and the boar. Andreas Alföldi has linked each animal with a Roman god, starting with the eagle and Jupiter and ending with the boar of Quirinus: thus the wolf would be related to Mars, the Minotaur to Liber and the horse to Neptune. Dumézil emphasizes the affinity"
"Aquila (Roman) An aquila, or eagle, was a prominent symbol used in ancient Rome, especially as the standard of a Roman legion. A legionary known as an aquilifer, or eagle-bearer, carried this standard. Each legion carried one eagle. The eagle was extremely important to the Roman military, beyond merely being a symbol of a legion. A lost standard was considered an extremely grave occurrence, and the Roman military often went to great lengths to both protect a standard and to recover it if lost; for example, see the aftermath of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where the Romans spent"
"Reichsadler The (""Imperial Eagle"") is the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Roman Emperors and in modern coats of arms of Germany, including those of the Second German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (Nazi Germany, 1933–1945). The same design has remained in use by the Federal Republic of Germany since 1945, albeit under the name (""Federal Eagle""). The """" can be traced back to the banner of the Holy Roman Empire, when the eagle was the insignia of Imperial power as distinguished from the Imperial states. It was meant"
"have decreed and do decree what follows: the Roman eagle with cross in its mouth shall be placed, as the emblem of Romania, above the army’s flags [...]"" The resulting designs, distributed on 1 September 1863, differ somewhat from those legislated in March. This, the Roman eagle, wings outstretched, wearing the princely crown, carries the princely scepter in its right talon and the sword in its left; on its breast appears an open shield topped by the princely crown. On the left of the shield, over azure and gold, is the Wallachian eagle (a cross in its beak, in left"
"the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime. The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the eagle and often depicted eagles in their art. Eagles are an exceptionally common symbol in heraldry, being considered the ""King of Birds"" in contrast to the lion, the ""King of Beasts"". They are particularly popular in Germanic countries such as Austria, due to their association with the Holy Roman Empire. The eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was two-headed, supposedly representing the two divisions, East and West, of the old Roman Empire. Heraldic eagles are"
"furs, multiple crests, inseparability of the crest, and repetition of charges in the shield and the crest. Mullets have six points (rather than five as in Gallo-British heraldry), and beasts may be colored with patterns, (barry, bendy, paly, chequy, ""etc.""). As in other European heraldic traditions, the most prominent among the birds and beasts are the eagle and lion. These two charges in particular had a special significance in Germany, where the eagle became symbolic of the Holy Roman Empire, and the lion came to represent certain feudal lords. As the political divide between these groups grew in the late"
"Roman Empire and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoological gardens across the world since the late 18th century. Cultural depictions of lions were prominent in the Upper Paleolithic period; carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France have been dated to 17,000 years ago, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures that coincided with the lion's former and current ranges. The lion's name, which is similar in many Romance languages, is derived from and (). The word () may also be related. In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the lion"
"inherited the Roman eagle as an imperial symbol. During his reign, Emperor Isaac I Comnenus (1057–59) modified it as double-headed, influenced by traditions about such a beast in his native Paphlagonia in Asia Minor (in turn reflecting possibly much older local myths). Many modifications followed in flag details, often combined with the cross. After the recapture of Constantinople by the Byzantine Greeks in 1261, two crowns were added (over each head) representing — according to the most prevalent theory — the newly recaptured capital and the intermediate ""capital"" of the empire of Nicaea. There has been some confusion about the"
"eagle, whilst eagles also fly upwards with them. The personified male figure (left) holding the obelisk represents the Campus Martius. Augustus had placed this obelisk there as a sundial and it was the site of the ritual of imperial deification ceremonies. The personified female figure in armour (right) saluting the emperor and empress represents Roma, and her shield depicts the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, suckled by a she-wolf. On these two almost identical sides, members of the cavalry circle the standing figures, two carrying military standards and the rest fully armored. Lacking a sense of space and"
"a proto-heraldic emblem believed to have been used by Charlemagne, the first Frankish ruler crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800, and derived ultimately from the ""Aquila"" or eagle standard, of the Roman army. By the 13th century the imperial coat of arms was generally recognised as: ""Or, an eagle displayed sable beaked and membered gules"" (a black eagle with wings expanded with red beak and legs on a gold field). During the medieval period the imperial eagle was usually single-headed. A double-headed eagle is attributed as the arms of Frederick II in the ""Chronica Majora"" (c. 1250)."
"into the caduceus. Mercury did not appear among the numinous ""di indigetes"" of early Roman religion. Rather, he subsumed the earlier Dei Lucrii as Roman religion was syncretized with Greek religion during the time of the Roman Republic, starting around the 4th century BC. From the beginning, Mercury had essentially the same aspects as Hermes, wearing winged shoes (talaria) and a winged hat (petasos), and carrying the caduceus, a herald's staff with two entwined snakes that was Apollo's gift to Hermes. He was often accompanied by a cockerel, herald of the new day, a ram or goat, symbolizing fertility, and"
"German Imperial Banner at the time of Henry the Fowler ( 919–936) and Otto the Great ( 936–973) depicted the Archangel Michael; at the time of Frederick Barbarossa ( 1155–90), an eagle; at the time of Otto IV ( 1209–15) an eagle hovering over a dragon, and since the time of Sigismund ( 1433–37), and ""perhaps earlier"", the Imperial Eagle, namely a black eagle in a yellow field, bearing the arms of the emperor's house on its breast. The "" (Imperial flag) was a field ensign of the Holy Roman Empire, originally an equestrian flag or gonfalon. An early bearer"
"decades attempting to recover the lost standards of three legions. No legionary eagles are known to have survived. However, a number of other Roman eagles, either symbolizing imperial rule or used as funeral emblems, have been discovered. The ""signa militaria"" were the Roman military ensigns or standards. The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is said to have been a handful (""manipulus"") of straw fixed to the top of a spear or pole. Hence the company of soldiers belonging to it was called a ""maniple"". The bundle of hay or fern was soon succeeded by the figures of animals,"
"John the Evangelist. The eagle as a symbol has a history much longer than that of heraldry itself. In Ancient Egypt, the falcon was the symbol of Horus, and in Roman polytheism of Jupiter. An eagle appears on the battle standard of Cyrus the Great in Persia, around 540 BC. The eagle as a ""heraldic animal"" of the Roman Republic was introduced in 102 BC by consul Gaius Marius. According to Islamic tradition, the Black Standard of Muhammad was known as (""rāyat al-ʿuqāb"") ""banner of the eagle"" (even though it did not depict an eagle and was solid black). In"
"Aquilifer An aquilifer was a soldier signifer bearing the eagle standard of a Roman legion. The name derives from the type of standard, ""aquila"" meaning ""eagle"" (which was the universal type used since 106 BC), and ""fers"", related to the Latin word for bringing or carrying. Before that time, the wolf, boar, bull and horse were also used. The eagle standard was the most important possession of the legion, and its loss was a terrible disgrace. The aquila emblem generally had up-raised wings surrounded by a laurel wreath. It was mounted on a narrow trapezoidal base and mounted on a"
"A symbol of its royal past and a token for the period during 1881 and 1947 when Romania was de facto and de jure a monarchy, ruled by the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen house through its Romanian branch, founded by Carol. The aquila, being the symbol of Latinity and a heraldic bird of the first order, symbolises courage, determination, the soaring toward great heights, power, grandeur. It is to be found also in Transylvania’s coat of arms. The shield on which it is placed is azure, symbolising the sky. The eagle holds in its talons the insignia of sovereignty: a mace and a"
"eagle was carried, as it had been for many centuries, with the legion, a legion being on that account sometimes called ""aquila"" (Hirt. Bell. Hisp. 30). Each cohort had for its own ensign the serpent or dragon, which was woven on a square piece of cloth ""textilis anguis"", elevated on a gilt staff, to which a cross-bar was adapted for the purpose, and carried by the ""draconarius"". Another figure used in the standards was a ball (orb), supposed to have been emblematic of the dominion of Rome over the world; and for the same reason a bronze figure of Victoria"
"the Imperial Throne, the coat of arms was changed to a black Russian Imperial Eagle with the Chi Rho symbol in the escutcheon. Bakov emphasized the Chi Rho symbolizes the formation of the Christian Monarchy in the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great who saw the symbol in the skies before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 AD. The eagle holds in its talons the sceptre and globus cruciger, two of the most prominent symbols of Christian monarchy. Romanov Empire (micronation) The Romanov Empire (), also known as the Imperial Throne (), formerly the Russian Empire (Российская Империя),"
"Imperial Eagle beaker An Imperial Eagle beaker (), or eagle glass, was a popular drinking vessel from the 16th until the late 18th century in the Holy Roman Empire. The glass was decorated with a double-headed eagle, usually in the shape of a quaternion. The ""Reichsadler"" means ""Imperial Eagle"" or double-headed eagle which was the emblem of the empire, while ""humpen"" refers to a cylindrical drinking glass. These beakers became the essential medium to represent the most popular explanatory model for the emergence of the Empire: the quaternion theory as represented by Hans Burgkmair. The Imperial Eagle beakers showed the"
"on the battlefield. The exception to the red colour appears to have been the Praetorian Guard, whose ""vexilla"", similar to their clothing, favoured a blue background. From the time of Marius (consul 107 BC), the standard of all legions was the ""aquila"" (""eagle""). The pole was surmounted by a sculpted eagle of solid gold, or at least gold-plated silver, carrying thunderbolts in its claws (representing Jupiter, the highest Roman god. Otherwise the pole was unadorned. No exemplar of a legionary eagle has ever been found (doubtless because any found in later centuries were melted down for their gold content). The"
"Double-headed eagle In heraldry and vexillology, the double-headed eagle is a charge associated with the concept of Empire. Most modern uses of the symbol are directly or indirectly associated with its use by the Roman/Byzantine Empire, whose use of it represented the Empire's dominion over the Near East and the West. The symbol is much older, and its original meaning is debated among scholars. The eagle has long been a symbol of power and dominion. The double-headed eagle motif appears to have its ultimate origin in the Ancient Near East, especially in Hittite iconography. It re-appeared during the High Middle"
"was issued to moravian states, but not accepted by them and never confirmed by Bohemian king George of Poděbrady. Also the letter is valid, but remained ineffective. An eagle is present on the official emblem of the Royal Air Force. Since 20 June 1782, the United States has used its national bird, the bald eagle, on its Great Seal; the choice was intended to at once recall the Roman Republic and be uniquely American (the bald eagle being indigenous to North America). The American Eagle has been a popular emblem throughout the life of the republic, with an eagle appearing"
"Draco (military standard) The draco (""dragon"" or ""serpent"", plural ""dracones"") was a military standard of the Roman cavalry. Carried by the ""draconarius"", the ""draco"" was the standard of the cohort as the eagle ""(aquila)"" was that of the legion. The ""draco"" may have been introduced to the Roman cavalry by Sarmatian units in the 2nd century . According to Vegetius, in the 4th century a ""draco"" was carried by each legionary cohort. The dragon was originally a Dacian emblem. According to Fiebiger, the Romans adopted it from the Dacians, after their defeat or from the Parthians. The Greek military writer"
"Aquila eagle continued to be used as a symbol. During the reign of Eastern Roman Emperor Isaac I Komnenos, the single-headed eagle was modified to double-headed to symbolise the Empire's dominance over East and West. Since the movements of a body of troops and of every portion of it were regulated by the standards, all the evolutions, acts, and incidents of the Roman army were expressed by phrases derived from this circumstance. Thus ""signa inferre"" meant to advance, ""referre"" to retreat, and ""convertere"" to face about; ""efferre"", or ""castris vellere"", to march out of the camp; ""ad signa convenire"", to"
"The German Empire of 1871–1918 had re-introduced the medieval coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperors, in use during the 13th and 14th centuries (a black single-headed eagle on a golden background), before the emperors adopted the double-headed eagle, beginning with Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1433. The single-headed Prussian Eagle (on a white background; blazoned: ""Argent, an eagle displayed sable"") was used as an escutcheon to represent the Prussian kings as dynasts of the German Empire. The Weimar Republic introduced a version in which the escutcheon and other monarchical symbols were removed. The German Imperial Eagle (""Reichsadler"") originates from"
"is not to be confused with the ', granted to the Electors of Saxony in their function as '. This latter flag showed two crossed swords in a black and white field. Some free imperial cities took to displaying symbols of the empire, especially the Imperial eagle, as part of their flags or coats of arms. Flags of the Holy Roman Empire The Flag of the Holy Roman Empire was not a national flag, but rather an imperial banner used by the Holy Roman Emperor; black and gold were used as the colours of the imperial banner, a black eagle"
"emperor should have two heads, while that of the future emperor should have one, a policy that was codified by the emperor Sigismund in 1401. The imperial double eagle was again resurrected by the emperor Francis II and became the symbol of the Austrian Empire. In medieval Germany, the eagle also represented the house of Hohenzollern. Even while the double eagle became the symbol of the Holy Roman Empire and the emperor, the single-headed eagle became the symbol of the German king. The emperor even granted certain princes and free cities in the empire the right to use the imperial"