"The hypothesis was focused around the idea that extended bouts of singing would lead to neuromuscular exhaustion because of the repetitive and stereotyped fashion of song bouts. Marcel and André proposed that the male great tits would have longer inter-strophe pauses towards the end of a song due to this exhaustion. By switching song types, the birds would be using alternative sound-producing muscles and nerves, therefore they would be able to recover a high percentage performance once again. A study completed by Angelika Poesel and Bart Kempenaers (2002) was aimed at explaining drift during blue tit (""Cyanistes caeruleus"") song and"
"Cyanistes Cyanistes is a genus of birds in the tit family Paridae. The genus was at one time considered as a subgenus of Parus. In 2005 an article describing a molecular phylogenetic study that had examined mitochondrial DNA sequences from members of the tit family, proposed that a number of subgenera including ""Cyanistes"" be elevated to genus status. This proposal was accepted by the International Ornithologists' Union and the British Ornithologists' Union. The genus contains three species: The name ""Cyanistes"" was introduced for the subgenus by the German naturalist Jakob Kaup in 1829. The word comes from the classical Greek"
"""kuanos"" meaning dark-blue. Cyanistes Cyanistes is a genus of birds in the tit family Paridae. The genus was at one time considered as a subgenus of Parus. In 2005 an article describing a molecular phylogenetic study that had examined mitochondrial DNA sequences from members of the tit family, proposed that a number of subgenera including ""Cyanistes"" be elevated to genus status. This proposal was accepted by the International Ornithologists' Union and the British Ornithologists' Union. The genus contains three species: The name ""Cyanistes"" was introduced for the subgenus by the German naturalist Jakob Kaup in 1829. The word comes from"
"Catananche caerulea Catananche caerulea is a greyish green perennial herbaceous plant with a basal leaf rosette and conspicuous blue-purple or sometimes white flowerheads, belonging to the daisy family. It is a popular garden plant and is often used in dried flower arrangements. Its vernacular names in French are catananche bleue, cigaline, and cupidone bleue, in German it is called Blaue Rasselblume, while in Italian it carries the name cupidone azzurro. In English it is sometimes called Cupid's dart. It is native to the Mediterranean region. The flower was supposedly used by the ancient Greeks as a key ingredient in a"
"orchid (""Orchis simia""), fragrant orchid (""Gymnadenia conopsea""), corydalis (""Corydalis pumila""), crocus (""Crocus flavus""). Species of mammals: brown bear (""Ursus arctos""), deer (""Cervus elaphus""), roe deer (""Capreolus capreolus""), gray wolf (""Canis lupus""), wild boar (""Sus scrofa""), European otter (""Lutra lutra""), lynx (""Lynx linx""), wildcat (""Felis silvestris""), pine marten (""Martes martes""), badger (""Males males""), pygmy shrew (""Sorex minutus""), Blasius's horseshoe bat (""Rhinolophus blasii"") or lesser mouse-eared bat (""Myotis blythii""). Species of birds: golden eagle (""Aquila chrysaetos""), lesser spotted eagle (""Aquila pomarina""), common kingfisher (""Alcedo athis""), hazel grouse (""Bonasa bonasia""), hen harrier (""Circus cyaneus""), Eurasian eagle-owl (""Bubo bubo""), short-toed snake eagle (""Circaetus gallicus""),"
"Pericallis × hybrida Pericallis"" × ""hybrida, known as cineraria, florist's cineraria or common ragwort is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated as a hybrid between ""Pericallis cruenta"" and ""P. lanata"", both natives of the Canary Islands. The hybrid was first developed in the British royal gardens in 1777. It was originally known as ""Cineraria"" × ""hybrida"", but the genus ""Cineraria"" is now restricted to a group of South African species, with the Canary Island species being transferred to the genus ""Pericallis""; some botanists also treat it in a broad view of the large and widespread genus ""Senecio""."
"and lower surfaces and making whitish irregular markings all over. Such affected leaves must be picked off and burned. Aphids are also a major pest. Pericallis × hybrida Pericallis"" × ""hybrida, known as cineraria, florist's cineraria or common ragwort is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated as a hybrid between ""Pericallis cruenta"" and ""P. lanata"", both natives of the Canary Islands. The hybrid was first developed in the British royal gardens in 1777. It was originally known as ""Cineraria"" × ""hybrida"", but the genus ""Cineraria"" is now restricted to a group of South African species, with the"
"early offshoot from the lineage of other tits, and more accurately regarded as a genus rather than a subgenus of ""Parus"". The azure tit not infrequently hybridizes with the blue tit in western Russia; the resulting birds are called Pleske's tit (""Cyanistes"" × ""pleskei"") and were once considered a distinct species. The population in central Asia, yellow-breasted tit (""C. c. flavipectus"" or ""Parus flavipectus""), is sometimes included as a subspecies of the azure tit. Azure tit The azure tit (""Cyanistes cyanus"") is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout Russia"
"used as ornamental landscape plants and also for wasteland reclamation (e.g. mine tailings) and sand dune stabilising. Tagasaste (""Chamaecytisus proliferus""), a Canary Islands native, is widely grown as sheep fodder. Species of broom popular in horticulture are purple broom (""Chamaecytisus purpureus""; purple flowers), Atlas broom (or Moroccan broom) (""Argyrocytisus battandieri"", with silvery foliage), dwarf broom (""Cytisus procumbens""), Provence broom (""Cytisus purgans"") and Spanish broom (""Spartium junceum""). Many of the most popular brooms in gardens are hybrids, notably Kew broom (""Cytisus"" ×""kewensis"", hybrid between ""C. ardoinii"" and ""C. multiflorus"") and Warminster broom (""Cytisus"" ×""praecox"", hybrid between ""C. purgans"" and ""C. multiflorus"")."
"It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Species include: Canarina Canarina is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae. They are herbaceous perennial vines with bell-shaped flowers. The best known species is ""C. canariensis"" from the laurel forests of the Canary Islands which is grown as an ornamental plant. ""Canarina canariensis"" is one of a group of unrelated Canarian plants that appear to be adapted for bird pollination, including the members of the genera ""Isoplexis"" and ""Lotus"". It was once thought that the original pollinators of these plants were sunbirds which had become extinct"
"caerulea""), common cottongrass (""Eriophorum angustifolium""), sedges (""Carex"" spp.) including star sedge (""Carex echinata""), green-ribbed sedge (""Carex binervis"") and flea sedge (""Carex pulicaris""); bog moss (""Sphagnum"" spp.), heath spotted-orchid (""Dactylorhiza maculata""), devils-bit scabious (""Succisa pratensis""), bog asphodel (""Narthecium ossifragum""), marsh violet (""Viola palustris""), meadow thistle (""Cirsium dissectum""), wood horsetail (""Equisetum sylvaticum""), lesser butterfly-orchid (""Platanthera bifolia"") and pale butterwort (""Pinguicula lusitanica""). Unimproved, herb-dominated neutral grassland consisting of: crested dogstail (""Cynosurus cristatus""), common knapweed (""Centaurea nigra""), red fescue (""Festuca rubra""), yellow oat-grass (""Trisetum flavescens""), quaking grass (""Briza media""), spring-sedge (""Carex caryophyllea""), glaucous sedge (""Carex flacca""), red clover (""Trifolium pratense""), ox-eye daisy (""Leucanthemum vulgare""),"
"which may re-seed spontaneously. It prefers full sun with good drainage. It is drought tolerant. Several selections are grown, among which 'Amor Blue', 'Major', supposedly with larger flowers, 'Alba' and 'Amor White', white with purple floret tubes. The cultivar ""C. caerulea"" 'Major' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. (confirmed 2017). Catananche caerulea Catananche caerulea is a greyish green perennial herbaceous plant with a basal leaf rosette and conspicuous blue-purple or sometimes white flowerheads, belonging to the daisy family. It is a popular garden plant and is often used in dried flower arrangements. Its vernacular names in"
"many of the showier orchid species. Despite its relative success, there is evidence that populations are declining. ""Neottia"" is Ancient Greek for bird's nest, and comes from the appearance of the roots in ""Neottia nidus-avis"". The species epithet ""ovata"" comes from the Latin ovatus, meaning ovate or egg-shaped, and describing the leaves of the plant. Twayblade is an old English word meaning two-leaf. The common name in Germany (Zweiblatt) is very similar and has the same meaning. Common twayblade was formerly placed in the genus ""Listera"", but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that ""Neottia nidus-avis"", the bird's-nest orchid, evolved within"
"Centaurea cyanus Centaurea cyanus, commonly known as cornflower or bachelor's button, is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe. In the past it often grew as a weed in cornfields (in the broad sense of ""corn"", referring to grains, such as wheat, barley, rye, or oats), hence its name. It is now endangered in its native habitat by agricultural intensification, particularly over-use of herbicides, destroying its habitat. It is also, however, through introduction as an ornamental plant in gardens and a seed contaminant in crop seeds, now naturalised in many other parts of the world, including"
"of their native range, e.g. in the UK, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. A natural hybrid ""C. siehei"" x ""C. luciliae"" also occurs. There has been considerable confusion over the correct names of species grown in gardens, with the most common being called either ""C. luciliae"", ""C. forbesii"" or ""C. siehei"". A 2005 Royal Horticultural Society publication which illustrates all three of these species states that the most common garden species is properly called ""C. siehei"". Three species were awarded the RHS Award of Garden Merit (H4 – hardy outdoors anywhere in the British Isles) in 1993 which was re-confirmed"
"birds, which helps the seeds to germinate. The new trees tend to sprout below the favorite resting places of the birds, along fence rows and the edge of woods. It is known to be host to a number of insect species, including the Giant Swallowtail ""(Papilio cresphontes)"" and the leaf beetle ""Derospidea brevicollis"". The name Hercules' club is also applied to ""Aralia spinosa"", also native to eastern North America. Unlike ""Zanthoxylum,"" ""Aralia"" has large twice-compound leaves and very large leaf scars, so the trees are easily distinguished. The benzophenanthridine alkaloid chelerythrine is the major active natural product found in ""Z."
"Clematis Clematis is a genus of about 300 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids have been popular among gardeners, beginning with ""Clematis"" × ""jackmanii"", a garden standby since 1862; more hybrid cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin. Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, a name invented for the sole British native, ""C. vitalba"", by the herbalist John Gerard; virgin's bower for ""C. terniflora"", ""C. virginiana"", and ""C. viticella""; old man's beard, applied to several with prominent seedheads; leather flower for"
"Kellogg's 1863 name ""Cyclobothra coerulea"" as basionym. Calochortus coeruleus Calochortus coeruleus, often misspelled as Calochortus caeruleus, is a bulbous plant of the lily family. It is known by the common name beavertail grass or blue star tulip. The plant is endemic to California. It is found only in the North California Coast Ranges, Southern Cascade Range, and Northern Sierra Nevada. ""Calochortus coeruleus"" is a distinctive plant bearing flowers with light blue spade-shaped petals covered in brushlike hairs. The botanical name ""Calochortus caeruleus"" is not accepted, being an orthographic variant (misspelling) of ""Calochortus coeruleus"". Watson in coining the name in 1875"
"which 'Loddon Royalist' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Anchusa azurea Anchusa azurea is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, known by the common names garden anchusa and Italian bugloss (or just ""bugloss""). It is a bristly perennial which reaches just over half a meter in height. It has straight lance-shaped leaves and petite tubular flowers of bright violet-blue. This species is native to Europe and western Asia and eastern Maghreb but is well-known elsewhere as a noxious weed. In Crete it is called agoglossos () and the locals eat the tender stems"
"viruses, slugs and snails, scale insects, aphids, earwigs, and green flower disease, which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma, a type of bacterium. Clematis Clematis is a genus of about 300 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids have been popular among gardeners, beginning with ""Clematis"" × ""jackmanii"", a garden standby since 1862; more hybrid cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin. Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, a name invented for the sole British native, ""C. vitalba"", by the"
"the same elaborate courtship display as the western grebe. The ""Clark"" of its common name—and its specific epithet ""clarkii""—honors John Henry Clark, a 19th-century American surveyor who was also a naturalist and collector. The genus name ""Aechmophorus"" comes from the Ancient Greek words αἰχμά (transliterated ""aichme""), meaning 'point of a spear', and φόρος (""phoros""), meaning 'bearing'; together translating as 'spear point bearer' and referring to the bird's long, dagger-like beak. In Mexico it is called achichilique pico naranja (the western grebe is called the ""achichilique pico amarillo""). A common name advocated in Spain for this bird is the calque achichilique"
"Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, known as blueblossom or blue blossom ceanothus, is an evergreen shrub in the genus ""Ceanothus"" that is endemic to California. The term 'Californian lilac' is also applied to this and other varieties of ceanothus, though it is not closely related to ""Syringa"", the true lilac. ""C. thyrsiflorus"" can grow more than tall in its native chaparral habitat. Flowers vary from different shades of blue to close to white. It is popular with birds, butterflies, and other pollinators. ""C. thyrsiflorus"" has been used in gardens extensively, and several cultivars have been selected. Popular garden varieties include:- ""Ceanothus"""
"(""Ichneumia albicauda""), steenbok (""Raphicerus campestris""), domestic goat, vervet monkey (""Chlorocebus pygerythrus""), Jameson's red rock hare (""Pronolagus randensis""), helmeted guineafowl, Swainson's francolin (""Pternistis swainsonii""), Natal francolin (""Pternistis natalensis""), southern red-billed hornbill (""Tockus rufirostris""), rock pigeon (""Columba livia""), white-necked raven (""Corvus albicollis""), leopard tortoise (""Stigmochelys pardalis"") and giant plated lizard (""Gerrhosaurus validus""). In the Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden of South Africa, the primary prey found around nests after a perceptible hyrax decline has become helmeted guineafowl and francolins, followed by cane rats, rabbits and dikdiks (""Rhynchotragus"" ssp.). Young baboons may also be hunted, even the large-bodied chacma baboons (""Papio ursinus"") which"
"of Corning Glass Works. Centaurea cyanus Centaurea cyanus, commonly known as cornflower or bachelor's button, is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe. In the past it often grew as a weed in cornfields (in the broad sense of ""corn"", referring to grains, such as wheat, barley, rye, or oats), hence its name. It is now endangered in its native habitat by agricultural intensification, particularly over-use of herbicides, destroying its habitat. It is also, however, through introduction as an ornamental plant in gardens and a seed contaminant in crop seeds, now naturalised in many other parts"
"Cynosurus echinatus Cynosurus echinatus is a species of grass known by the common names bristly dogstail grass, rough dog's-tail and hedgehog dogtail. It is native to southern Europe, and it is known in the Americas and Australia as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. An herbicide-resistant strain can be found growing as a weed in canola and wheat fields in Chile. This is an annual grass growing 10 to 50 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is a rounded or oval cluster or series of clusters of spikelets. The fertile spikelet has an awn up to a centimeter long. The"
"Modern Latin ""cilla"", ""tail""; this is a direct translation of the German ""Seidenschwanz"", ""silk-tail"", and refers to the silky-soft plumage of the bird. The species name ""garrulus"" is the Latin for ""talkative"" and was applied to this bird, as ""Garrulus Bohemicus"", by Conrad Gessner in 1555; the term is a reference to a supposed likeness to the Eurasian jay (""Garrulus glandarius"") rather than to the waxwing's vocalisations. The English name ""waxwing"" refers to the bright red tips of the secondary feathers on its wings, which look like drops of sealing wax, while ""Bohemian"" follows Gessner's usage, and may refer to"
"natural hybrids, ""C."" × ""corbariensis"", already grown by John Tradescant the Elder, and ""C."" × ""loretii"", a 19th-century introduction. Cultivars (those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit) include: Cistus Cistus (from the Greek ""kistos"") is a genus of flowering plants in the rockrose family Cistaceae, containing about 20 species (Ellul ""et al."" 2002). They are perennial shrubs found on dry or rocky soils throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal through to the Middle East, and also on the Canary Islands. ""Cistus"", with its many hybrids and cultivars, is commonly encountered as a garden"
"popular ornamental plant, grown for its strongly resin-scented foliage and conspicuous flowers. Its leaves yield a fragrant oleoresin known as labdanum, used in perfumes, especially as a fixative. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Cistus ladanifer Cistus ladanifer is a species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae. It is native to the western Mediterranean region. Common names include gum rockrose, laudanum, labdanum, common gum cistus, and brown-eyed rockrose. It is a shrub growing tall and wide. The leaves are evergreen, lanceolate, 3–10 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, dark green above and paler"
"Calochortus coeruleus Calochortus coeruleus, often misspelled as Calochortus caeruleus, is a bulbous plant of the lily family. It is known by the common name beavertail grass or blue star tulip. The plant is endemic to California. It is found only in the North California Coast Ranges, Southern Cascade Range, and Northern Sierra Nevada. ""Calochortus coeruleus"" is a distinctive plant bearing flowers with light blue spade-shaped petals covered in brushlike hairs. The botanical name ""Calochortus caeruleus"" is not accepted, being an orthographic variant (misspelling) of ""Calochortus coeruleus"". Watson in coining the name in 1875 spelled it ""caeruleus"" but he also cited"
"Undulated tinamou The undulated tinamou (""Crypturellus undulatus"") is a species of ground bird found in a wide range of wooded habitats in eastern and northern South America. ""Crypturellus"" is formed from three Latin or Greek words. ""Kruptos"" meaning covered or hidden, ""oura"" meaning tail, and ""ellus"" meaning diminutive. Therefore ""Crypturellus"" means small hidden tail. The species name ""undulatus"" originates from the Latin word for wave, and refers to the wave-like pattern on its plumage. All tinamous are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also ratites. Unlike other ratites, tinamous can fly, although in general, they are"
"genus of about six species. The name originates from Greek mythology. Chrysothemis was a daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon. Among its genus, ""Chrysothemis pulchella"" (beautiful) is the most widespread species, the most variable, and the one found most often in cultivation. Chrysothemis pulchella Chrysothemis pulchella (also known as sunset bells, black flamingo, copper leaf or simply chryothemis) is a tender tropical perennial plant that belongs to the Gesneriaceae family. It can be used as a shade area house plant or interior ornamental plant or in a greenhouse. During spring to summer, the plant blooms with very showy orange-red flowers. The"
"are available for garden use. ""A. punctata"" subsp. ""cupaniana"" has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Anthemis Anthemis is a genus of aromatic flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, closely related to ""Chamaemelum"", and like that genus, known by the common name chamomile; some species are also called dog-fennel or mayweed. ""Anthemis"" are native to the Mediterranean region and southwest Asia east to Iran. A number of species have also become naturalized in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world. ""Anthemis"" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including"
"Lotus corniculatus Lotus corniculatus is a common flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to grasslands in temperate Eurasia and North Africa. Common names include common bird's-foot trefoil, eggs and bacon, birdsfoot deervetch, and just bird's-foot trefoil, though the latter name is often also applied to other members of the genus. It is a perennial herbaceous plant, similar in appearance to some clovers. The name 'bird's foot' refers to the appearance of the seed pods on their stalk. Five leaflets are present, but with the central three held conspicuously above the others, hence the use of the name 'trefoil'."