"infected birds (for example in poultry processing plants) can cause mild conjunctivitis and influenza-like symptoms, but the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) otherwise poses no hazard to human health. Interest in the use of NDV as an anticancer agent has arisen from the ability of NDV to selectively kill human tumour cells with limited toxicity to normal cells. No treatment for NDV exists, but the use of prophylactic vaccines and sanitary measures reduces the likelihood of outbreaks. The causal agent, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a variant of avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. NDV/APMV-1 belong to the"
"in Europe, Asia, North & Latin America and Australia. GALVmed is currently working on 12 viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases that affect cattle, sheep and goats, pigs and poultry, some of which are zoonotic. The 12 diseases are: Cattle diseases: Sheep and goats diseases: Pigs diseases: Poultry diseases: Multi-species diseases: Twenty different veterinary products are currently being actively worked upon at various stages in the exploratory-proof of concept-development-registration-commercialization continuum: 11 vaccines, 4 pharmaceutical and 2 diagnostic products. Newcastle disease: One of GALVmed’s projects has focused on the prevention of Newcastle disease in the chickens kept by poor women in Nepal."
"through immediate contact between healthy birds and the bodily discharges of infected birds. This includes transmission through droppings, secretions from the nose, mouth and eyes. Newcastle disease spreads quickly among birds kept in captivity, such as commercially raised chickens. Symptoms include sneezing, gasping for air, nasal discharge, coughing, greenish and watery diarrhea, nervousness, depression, muscular tremors, drooping wings, twisting of head and neck, circling, complete paralysis, partial to complete drop in egg production and thin-shelled eggs, swelling of the tissues around the eyes and in the neck, and sudden death. Newcastle disease was first identified in Java, Indonesia, in 1926,"
"Avian paramyxovirus 2 Avian paramyxovirus 2 (APMV 2) is a virus belonging to the family ""Paramyxoviridae"" and genus ""Avulavirus."" The virus is a negative strand RNA virus containing a monopartite genome. Avian paramyxovirus 2 is one of nine serotypes belonging to the genus ""Avulavirus"". The most common serotype of avian paramyxovirus is serotype 1, the cause of Newcastle disease (ND). Avian paramyxovirus 2 has been known to cause disease, specifically mild respiratory infections in domestic poultry, including turkeys and chickens, and has many economic effects on egg production and poultry industries. The virus was first isolated from a strain in"
"and in 1927, in Newcastle upon Tyne, England (whence it got its name). However, it may have been prevalent as early as 1898, when a disease wiped out all the domestic fowl in northwest Scotland. Its effects are most notable in domestic poultry due to their high susceptibility and the potential for severe impacts of an epizootic on the poultry industries. It is endemic to many countries. The emergence and spread of new genotypes across the world represents a significant threat to poultry. This suggests that the disease is continuously evolving, leading to more diversity (Miller et al., 2009). Unfortunately,"
"time in Southern Africa Dr. Alders became aware of the importance of village chickens in the lives of people in undeveloped communities. It was apparent that viral Newcastle disease (ND) was endemic and causing significant mortality and loss of production in these small flocks. The development of a thermotolerant vaccine for ND meant that for the first time, control of this important livestock disease was possible in the most remote and underdeveloped regions. Together with Professor Spradbrow, Dr. Alders received funding from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) to implement a program of vaccine delivery in the field"
"genus ""Avulavirus"" in the family ""Paramyxoviridae"". Transmission occurs by exposure to faecal and other excretions from infected birds, and through contact with contaminated food, water, equipment, and clothing. NDV strains can be categorised as velogenic (highly virulent), mesogenic (intermediate virulence) or lentogenic (nonvirulent). Velogenic strains produce severe nervous and respiratory signs, spread rapidly, and cause up to 90% mortality. Mesogenic strains cause coughing, affect egg quality and production, and result in up to 10% mortality. Lentogenic strains produce mild signs with negligible mortality. In 1999, promising results were reported using an attenuated strain of the Newcastle virus, code named MTH-68,"
"hemagglutinate chicken RBCs except for avian paramyxovirus 5 which does not hemagglutinate RBCs from any species. Avian paramyxovirus 6 is unique to the presence of the SH gene between the F and HN genes. Avian paramyxovirus 11 has the longest genome among the APMVs. Table legend: ""*"" denotes type species. Newcastle disease is otherwise called Avian paramyxovirus 1 Avulavirus The genus ""Avulavirus"" is one of seven genera in the family ""Paramyxoviridae"" and contains viruses that used to be classified in the genus ""Rubulavirus"". In contrast to rubulaviruses, avulaviruses infect birds (hence the name ""avulaviruses"", a contraction of ""avian rubulavirus"") and"
"Coast fever (ECF) that affects cattle, Rift Valley fever (RVF)that affects cattle, sheep, goats, camels and also people, porcine cysticercosis, that affects pigs and also people, and Newcastle disease, that affects poultry. For these diseases, GALVmed and partners aimed to identify suitable mechanisms for the development of control tools (vaccines, diagnostics and pharmaceuticals) and to facilitate their access and adoption. They also aimed to develop data-driven decision making tools and to communicate, network and support advocacy and global access strategy requirements of project delivery. The PLSHL project also comprised funding to assess existing vaccines and diagnostics on a further three"
"open fields, and feed or preen during this time. The voice is a harsh ""kaaw-kaaw"". It is suspected that paramyxoviruses, such as PMV 1 that causes of Newcastle disease may be spread by ""Corvus splendens"". Outbreaks of Newcastle disease in India were often preceded by mortality in crows. They have also been found to carry ""Cryptococcus neoformans"", which can cause cryptococcosis in humans. House crows in Tanzania curiously showed an absence of blood parasites, although some species such as ""Trypanosoma corvi"" have been first described from this species. Pathologist T.R. Lewis expressed surprise at the numbers of haematozoa present in"
"virus, Newcastle disease virus, cytomegalovirus, canine distemper virus, feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, equine influenza virus, equine herpes virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1, African horse sickness virus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis C virus, bluetongue virus, pseudorabies virus, and diseases such as malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis were developed using engineered poxvirus vectors. While many vaccines are in preclinical or clinical development, six have been licensed for veterinary use. A prime-dose regimen with canarypox ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) vaccine and HIV-1 gp120 AIDSVAX B/E was found to be safe, well-tolerated and 31.2% effective"
"very relevant if occurring in genomic sequences coding for proteins, involved in adsorption to target cell or inducing immune responses. Transcriptional error variants may emerge with evolutional advantage in susceptible chickens. Large genomic changes will occur with entire gene interchanges, by reassortment, as for its replication, seven subgenomic mRNAs are produced and will enable reassortment in coinfections. Chicken respiratory diseases are difficult to differentiate and may not be diagnosed based on respiratory signs and lesions. Other diseases such as mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (chronic respiratory disease), Newcastle disease by mesogenic strains of Newcastle diseases virus (APMV-1), avian metapneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis,"
"in eastern North America, the little brown bat (""Myotis lucifugus""), could disappear from this region within 16 years. Severely infected bats emerge prematurely from hibernation, and if they survive long enough and enter a different hibernaculum, the likelihood of transmission is probably high, because they presumably carry a large load of fungal spores. Transmission of the infection is either physically from bat-to-bat contact, or from and hibernaculum-to-bat, through the exposure to spores of ""Geomyces- destructans"" that were present on a roosting substrate. Newcastle disease is a contagious bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species. The disease is contagious"
"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the ""Rhabdoviridae"" family, and from the genus ""Novirhabdovirus"". It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish such as trout and salmon. The disease may be referred to by a number of other names such as Chinook salmon disease, Coleman disease, Columbia River sockeye disease, Cultus Lake virus disease, Oregon sockeye disease, Sacramento River Chinook disease and sockeye salmon viral disease. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States, and"
"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the ""Rhabdoviridae"" family, and from the genus ""Novirhabdovirus"". It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish such as trout and salmon. The disease may be referred to by a number of other names such as Chinook salmon disease, Coleman disease, Columbia River sockeye disease, Cultus Lake virus disease, Oregon sockeye disease, Sacramento River Chinook disease and sockeye salmon viral disease. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States, and"
"Infectious bursal disease Infectious bursal disease, IBD (also known as Gumboro disease, infectious bursitis and infectious avian nephrosis) is a highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), characterized by immunosuppression and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. The disease was first discovered in Gumboro, Delaware in 1962. It is economically important to the poultry industry worldwide due to increased susceptibility to other diseases and negative interference with effective vaccination. In recent years, very virulent strains of IBDV (vvIBDV), causing severe mortality in chicken, have emerged in Europe, Latin America, South-East Asia,"
"worst affected, 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million killed as a precaution. The disease can be transmitted to human beings who eat or inhale material from infected carcasses. In humans, it is known as new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD), and by June 2007, it had killed 165 people in Britain, and six elsewhere with the number expected to rise because of the disease's long incubation period. Between 460,000 and 482,000 BSE-infected animals had entered the human food chain before controls on high-risk offal were introduced in 1989. A British inquiry into BSE concluded that the epidemic was"
"on payment of a small fee. Following a recent assessment of the project, the BMGF concluded that, “This is possibly the easiest, quickest and most economic way of reaching out to the poor of the world with visible results in helping alleviate poverty.” In 2015, GALVmed announced it was to bring Newcastle disease vaccination to 100,000 backyard poultry farmers in the Mayurbhanj district of Orissa, India. In partnership with Hester Biosciences Limited, GALVmed will use the thermostable Lasota vaccine for Newcastle disease. Although this vaccine needs to be transported and stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius, at village-level, it can be"
"a stress-free environment should decrease the amount of clinical disease seen in flocks. Avian nephritis virus Avian nephritis virus is an astrovirus which causes 'avian nephritis' in chickens. Causes: Infectious Stunting Syndrome — ISS — Baby Chick Nephritis — BCN. The virus has been reported in Japan, Europe, USA and New Zealand. The disease is mainly transmitted horizontally by the oro-faecal route, but rarely vertical transmission may occur. Clinical signs of the disease are normally only seen in chicks less than two weeks old, and these signs should be mild unless the chick is immunosuppressed. In mild cases diarrhea, stunted"
"Narcissus white streak virus 'Narcissus white streak virus"" (NWSV)""' is a plant pathogen of the family Potyviridae which infects plants of the genus ""Narcissus"", and is transmitted by aphids. It is among the commonest and most serious of the viral infections that infect narcissi, but appears to be confined to ""N. tazetta"". This virus causes narrow greenish-purple streaks that turn white to yellow, on the leaves and flower stalk after flowering, and premature senescence, which reduces bulb size and yields. Despite its importance, there is relatively little phylogenetic information on NWSV and its taxonomy remains unresolved. It has been proposed"
"Betanodavirus Betanodavirus or nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a viral genus classified in the family Nodaviridae. It contains four recognized species: ""Barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus"" (BFNNV), ""Redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus""(RGNNV), ""Striped Jack nervous necrosis virus"" (SJNNV) and ""Tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus"" (TPNNV), SJNNV being the type species. There are other 12 tentative species in the genus that haven't been recognized by the ICTV. Betanodaviruses cause a disease in fish called viral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). Betanodaviruses are small single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses, non-enveloped and spherical. The average diameter of the viral"
"other cattle to market. Most livestock must be identified. Each individual cow must have a ""passport"" issued by the British Cattle Movement Service. Other farm animals such as sheep, goats or pigs must have a herd mark. Designated notifiable diseases under the Diseases of Animals Act include anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease, fowl pest, bovine tuberculosis, BSE, scrapie, swine vesicular disease, Aujeszky's disease, bovine leukemia virus, rabies and warble fly. Under the Zoonoses Order conditions that can be transmitted to humans, such as brucellosis or salmonella, must also be notified. The United Kingdom suffered outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 1967 and 2001,"
"Although a vaccine to prevent the spread of the virus exists - and is utilised overseas, Australian authorities have reportedly not accessed this vaccine quickly enough. PPMV1 PPMV1 or pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 is a virus closely related to Newcastle disease which affects domestic pigeons and other bird species. It probably originated in the Middle East but has spread to Europe, the USA and Australia, where it has the potential to infect and kill native bird species. Pigeon paramyxovirus was first detected in Victoria in 2011, in NSW in 2012 and in Tasmania in 2013. It is now considered endemic"
"as a tentative member of the ""Potyvirus"" genus, but never formally accepted. Narcissus white streak virus 'Narcissus white streak virus"" (NWSV)""' is a plant pathogen of the family Potyviridae which infects plants of the genus ""Narcissus"", and is transmitted by aphids. It is among the commonest and most serious of the viral infections that infect narcissi, but appears to be confined to ""N. tazetta"". This virus causes narrow greenish-purple streaks that turn white to yellow, on the leaves and flower stalk after flowering, and premature senescence, which reduces bulb size and yields. Despite its importance, there is relatively little phylogenetic"
"available yet to prevent or control the disease. Neospora Neospora is a single celled parasite of livestock and companion animals. It was not discovered until 1984 in Norway, where it was found in dogs. Neosporosis, the disease that affects cattle and companion animals, has a worldwide distribution. ""Neosporosis"" causes abortions in cattle and paralysis in companion animals. It is highly transmissible and some herds can have up to a 90% prevalence. Up to 33% of pregnancies can result in aborted fetuses on one dairy farm. In many countries this organism is the main cause of abortion in cattle . Neosporosis"
"PPMV1 PPMV1 or pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 is a virus closely related to Newcastle disease which affects domestic pigeons and other bird species. It probably originated in the Middle East but has spread to Europe, the USA and Australia, where it has the potential to infect and kill native bird species. Pigeon paramyxovirus was first detected in Victoria in 2011, in NSW in 2012 and in Tasmania in 2013. It is now considered endemic in Australia. Potential ecological impacts include the transmission of a frequently fatal disease in many bird species worldwide, not just pigeons. Overseas it has infected raptors,"
"Marek's disease Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens. It is named after József Marek, a Hungarian veterinarian. Marek's disease is caused by an alphaherpesvirus known as 'Marek's disease virus' (MDV) or ""Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2"" (GaHV-2). The disease is characterized by the presence of T cell lymphoma as well as infiltration of nerves and organs by lymphocytes. Viruses ""related"" to MDV appear to be benign and can be used as vaccine strains to prevent Marek's disease. For example, the related Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT), causes no apparent disease in turkeys and continues to be used as"
"Infectious necrotic hepatitis Infectious necrotic hepatitis is a disease of large animals, especially sheep, caused by ""Clostridium novyi"" infection. The primary infection is intestinal and transferred by the faecal-oral route. Spores of ""C. novyi"" escape from the gut and lodge in the liver, where they remain dormant until some injury creates anaerobic conditions for them to germinate, causing local necrosis and widespread damage to the microvascular system, resulting in subcutaneous bleeding and blackening of the skin, hence the common name ""black disease."" In sheep, the disease, referred to as ""black disease"", results from interaction of bacteria (especially Clostridium novyi) and"
"Avian nephritis virus Avian nephritis virus is an astrovirus which causes 'avian nephritis' in chickens. Causes: Infectious Stunting Syndrome — ISS — Baby Chick Nephritis — BCN. The virus has been reported in Japan, Europe, USA and New Zealand. The disease is mainly transmitted horizontally by the oro-faecal route, but rarely vertical transmission may occur. Clinical signs of the disease are normally only seen in chicks less than two weeks old, and these signs should be mild unless the chick is immunosuppressed. In mild cases diarrhea, stunted growth and skin lesions are the common clinical signs. Clinical signs are more"
"Northern Territory Colonel Lionel Rose. A National Committee for the Control and Eradication of Pleuropneumonia was established, under the Chief of the CSIRO Division of Animal Health and Production, DA Gill. It defined infected, protected and disease-free areas. Once these were established, there were restrictions on the movement of cattle between zones. The national program was empowered to employ veterinary officers, stock inspectors and police across Australia. It was eradicated in Australia by 1973. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP – also known as lung plague), is a contagious bacterial disease that afflicts the lungs of cattle, buffalo, zebu,"
"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP – also known as lung plague), is a contagious bacterial disease that afflicts the lungs of cattle, buffalo, zebu, and yaks. It is caused by the bacterium ""Mycoplasma mycoides"", and the symptoms are pneumonia and inflammation of the lung membranes. The incubation period is 20 to 123 days. It was particularly widespread in the United States in 1879, affecting herds from several states. The outbreak was so severe that it resulted in a trade embargo by the British government, blocking U.S. cattle exports to Britain and Canada. This prompted the United States to"
"was made public, ICTV consulted widely with members of the Caliciviridae Study Group and carefully discussed the case. In addition to ""Norwalk agent"" and ""Norwalk virus"", the virus has also been called ""Norwalk-like virus"", ""small, round-structured viruses"" (SRSVs), Spencer flu and ""Snow Mountain virus"". Common names of the illness caused by noroviruses still in use include ""Roskilde illness"", ""winter vomiting disease"", ""winter vomiting bug"", ""viral gastroenteritis"", and ""acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis"". It also colloquially is known as ""stomach flu"", but this actually is a broad name that refers to gastric inflammation caused by a range of viruses and bacteria. Norovirus Norovirus,"
"Neospora Neospora is a single celled parasite of livestock and companion animals. It was not discovered until 1984 in Norway, where it was found in dogs. Neosporosis, the disease that affects cattle and companion animals, has a worldwide distribution. ""Neosporosis"" causes abortions in cattle and paralysis in companion animals. It is highly transmissible and some herds can have up to a 90% prevalence. Up to 33% of pregnancies can result in aborted fetuses on one dairy farm. In many countries this organism is the main cause of abortion in cattle . Neosporosis is now considered as a major cause of"