"with the subject. For example, the maximum score for the test in Finnish or Swedish as a first language is 114 points, in mathematics 66 points and in foreign languages 299 points. The tests are graded according to normal distribution into seven verbal grades with Latin names: ""improbatur"" (I), ""approbatur"" (A), ""lubenter approbatur"" (B), ""cum laude approbatur"" (C), ""magna cum laude approbatur"" (M), ""eximia cum laude approbatur"" (E) and ""laudatur"" (L), from bottom to top. (A rough literal translation of the grades is ""not approved"", ""approved"", ""gladly approved"", ""approved with praise"", ""approved with much praise"", ""approved with exceptional praise"", and"
"respectively and without any exceptions, in order to qualify for the Latin honors. In Spain, the Latin honors ""cum laude"" is used for PhD degrees only, and is awarded after a secret vote of the jury members, using envelopes that must be opened in a separate session, and requiring unanimity. Around 82% PhD candidates received ""cum laude"" in 2016. In Switzerland, the degrees ""rite"", ""cum laude"", ""magna cum laude"", ""insigni cum laude"" and ""summa cum laude"" are used, but the exact GPA corresponding to each varies by institution. In the UK the Latin ""cum laude"" is used in Latin versions"
"with mark ""5"" (excellent). Also, students are expected to have participated in research projects with visible results. In 1869, Harvard College became the first college in the United States to award final honors to its graduates. From 1872 to 1879, ""cum laude"" and ""summa cum laude"" were the two Latin honors awarded to graduates. Beginning in 1880, ""magna cum laude"" was also awarded: In his 1895 history of Amherst College, college historian William Seymour Tyler traced Amherst's system of Latin honors to 1881, and attributed it to Amherst College President Julius Hawley Seelye: Latin honors Latin honors are Latin phrases"
"""summa"" honors. It is sometimes used when the ""summa"" honor is reserved only for students with perfect academic records. A further rarely used distinction is that of ""Egregia Cum Laude"" which means ""with outstanding honor"" and is typically reserved for either students achieving summa cum laude honors in a particularly difficult subject area or recipients of a non-standard Bachelor's degree. For undergraduate degrees, Latin honors are used in only a few countries such as the United States, Israel, Indonesia, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines and Canada. Most countries use a different scheme, such as the British undergraduate degree classification (usually"
"(in ascending order) ""cum laude"" (""with honor/praise""), ""magna cum laude"" (""with great honor/praise""), ""summa cum laude"" (""with highest honor/praise""), and the occasionally seen ""maxima cum laude"" (""with maximal honor/praise""). Requirements for such notations of honors generally include minimum grade point averages (GPA), with the highest average required for the ""summa"" distinction (or ""maxima"", when that distinction is present). In the case of some schools, such as Bates College, Carleton College, Colby College, Middlebury College, Guilford College, Franklin College Switzerland, and larger universities like the University of Virginia, Princeton University, North Carolina State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, a senior thesis"
"dependent on the received average points from final exams and from average points from the university studies. In Italy, the ""cum laude"" notation (""""con lode"""" being the equivalent in Italian) is used as an increasing level of the highest grade for both exams (30/30) and degrees (110/110), in all its levels; sometimes passing an exam cum laude (30 e lode) has only an honorific meaning, but sometimes it influences the average grade and can be useful to the student so honored. In Italy """"110 e lode"""" (at institutions using a 110-point system) is the highest rank that can be achieved"
"Latin honors Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. This system is primarily used in the United States, many countries of continental Europe, and some Southeastern Asian countries with European colonial history, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, although some institutions use translations of these phrases rather than the Latin originals. The honors distinction should not be confused with the honors degrees offered in some countries. Generally, a college's or university's regulations set out definite criteria to be met in order for a student to obtain a"
"'+' and '–', which represent one-fourth a grade better or inferior. For example, the order is ""9 < 9+ < 9½ < 10– < 10"". The grade '10+' can also be awarded for a perfect performance with extra effort by the student. Upper secondary schools use the same grades for courses and course exams as comprehensive schools do, but the matriculation examination grades are in Latin. The grading system uses bell curve grading. The ""magna cum laude approbatur"" grade was introduced in 1970 and ""eximia cum laude approbatur"" in 1996. ""Laudatur"" grades achieved before 1996 are now counted as ""eximia"
"However, when a colleague asked him whether, if at the end of the course she could pass the examination, he would grant her the degree, he jokingly replied that he would. And so for six semesters, she had to study physiology independent of the classroom and of hands-on laboratory projects, using only his assistants’ notes and lab sketches. Finally, a four-hour oral examination by Kühne’s academic committee, proved her worthiness. The “Summa Cum Laude” degree, the highest honors, could not go to a woman, so Kühne invented a new phrase: “Multa Cum Laude Superavit"" in English meaning “she overcame with"
"6 or lower for one of the many exams (on a scale of 1–10, where 10 is the highest). Generally, less than 2% receive the ""cum laude"" distinction. It is also possible to receive a PhD degree ""cum laude"", although this honor is even rarer than for master's graduates. In view of the difficulty and subjectivity of determining this, some universities and fields of study very seldom award doctorates ""cum laude"". At Dutch University Colleges, ""cum laude"", ""magna cum laude"" and, exceptionally, ""summa cum laude"" may be used. In the Philippines, Junior High School Students under the new K-12 Curriculum"
"awarded the same bachelor's degree as students completing the standard curriculum but with the notation ""in cursu honorum"" on the transcript and the diploma. Usually, the above Latin honors are separate from the notation for this honors course, but a student in the honors course generally must maintain grades worthy of at least the ""cum laude"" notation anyway. Hence, a graduate might receive a diploma ""Artium Baccalaureatum rite"" or ""Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude"" in the regular course or ""Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in cursu honorum"" in the honors course. If the student has completed the requirements for an"
"of Harvard-level work, giving degree and certificate candidates the chance to prove themselves."" The ""most relevant predictor"" of success for students is a students' ""ability to do honors-level work at Harvard."" ALB students may graduate with the Latin honors, ""cum laude"", but ""magna""- and ""summa""- cum laude are not offered. ALM students may, upon graduation, be included in the ALM Dean's list for Academic achievement, based on strict GPA requirements--a 3.8 GPA or above. Many courses are offered online, but a degree cannot be earned entirely online as students are required to take classes on campus before earning their degree."
"during the academic studies, although many years ago there were some other notations (that were given only to those who had attained the ""lode""). These include : ""bacio e abbraccio accademico"" (""academic kiss and embrace"") ""menzione d'onore"" (""honor mention"") and ""dignità di stampa"" (""dignity of printing""), and were given based on various University-specific requirements, but without a legal value. In Malta, for Bachelor Honours degrees ""Summa Cum Laude"" refers to First Class Honours, ""Magna Cum Laude"" refers to Second Class Honours (Upper Division), ""Cum Laude"" refers to Second Class Honours (Lower Division) whilst ""Bene Probatus"" refers to Third Class Honours."
"France, usually the French honors ""très honorable avec félicitations du jury"", ""très honorable"" and ""honorable"" are used. However some Grandes Écoles, like the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, HEC Paris, use the Latin and English titles """"summa cum laude"" / ""graduated with highest honors"""" for the top 2% and """"cum laude"" / ""graduated with honors"""" for the next 5% of a year. Since 2016, honorifics ceased to be use for the completion of a PhD. In Germany, the range of degrees is: ""rite"" (""duly"" conferred, that is, the requirements are fulfilled), ""cum laude"" (with honors), ""magna cum laude"" (with great"
"Alma mater Alma mater (, ; pl. [rarely used] ) is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university, school, or college that one formerly attended. The phrase is variously translated as ""nourishing mother"", ""nursing mother"", or ""fostering mother"", suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Fine arts will often depict educational institutions using a robed woman as a visual metaphor. Before its current usage, ""alma mater"" was an honorific title for various Latin mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele, and later in Catholicism for the Virgin Mary. It entered academic usage when the University of Bologna adopted"
"in job advertisements, and should not be confused with the ""bona fide"" occupational qualifications or the employer's good faith effort, as described below. ""Bona fides"" is a Latin phrase meaning ""good faith"". Its ablative case is ""bona fide"", meaning ""in good faith"", it is often used as an adjective to mean ""genuine"". While today ""fides"" is concomitant to faith, a more technical translation of the Latin concept would be something like ""reliability"", in the sense of a trust between two parties for the potentiality of a relationship. In ancient Rome ""bona fides"" was always assumed by both sides, had implied"
"similar. When one attempts to extrapose a constituent out of one clause into another, the result is unacceptable. Classical Latin and Ancient Greek were known for a more extreme type of scrambling known as ""hyperbaton"", defined as a ""violent displacement of words"". This involves the scrambling (extraposition) of individual words out of their syntactic constituents. Perhaps the most well-known example is ""magnā cum laude"" ""with great praise"" (lit. ""great with praise""). This was possible in Latin and Greek because of case-marking: For example, both ""magnā"" and ""laude"" are in the ablative case. Hyperbaton is found in a number of prose"
"Professional degrees lasting longer than the standard 3 years such as the 5 year Bachelor of Pharmacy are awarded ""Egregia Cum Laude"". Postgraduate Diplomas and Master’s degrees may be awarded as Pass with Distinction (Summa Cum Laude), Pass with Merit (Magna Cum Laude) or Pass (Bene Probatus). In the Netherlands, both for bachelor's and master's programs, only one class of honors is used: ""cum laude"" (with honor). Typically it is reserved to mark exceptional achievement. It depends on an absolute minimal grade point average. Sometimes it is lost, despite a high average mark, when the student gets a mark of"
"Laureate In English, the word laureate has come to signify eminence or association with literary awards or military glory. It is also used for winners of the Nobel Prize, Gandhi Peace Award and the Student Peace Prize. In ancient Greece, the laurel (""Laurus nobilis"") was sacred to Apollo and as such sprigs of it were fashioned into a crown or wreath of honor for poets and heroes. This symbolism has been widespread ever since. ""Laureate letters"" in old times meant the dispatches announcing a victory; and the epithet was given, even officially (e.g. to John Skelton) by universities, to distinguished"
"about Lutheran doctrine. After two such issues, the focus of the journal was shifted exclusively to the translation of German and Latin writings. The original editors wanted the journal to continue to serve the campus even after their graduation. As a result of their efforts, the college adopted the publication as the official journal of the confessional language studies at MLC. The journal ended in 2011 when the then-current editors graduated. ""Studium Excitare"" is a Latin phrase that means ""to arouse zeal."" The phrase is often used in historic Lutheran writings. The title reflects the journal's mission to motivate current"
"Gaudy Gaudy or gaudie (from the Latin, ""gaudium"", meaning ""enjoyment"" or ""merry-making"") is a term used to reflect student life in a number of the ancient universities in the United Kingdom as well as other institutions such as Durham University and Reading University. It is generally believed to relate to the traditional student song, De Brevitate Vitae (On the Shortness of Life), which is commonly known as the ""Gaudeamus"" (Let's make merry) by virtue of its first word. At the University of Oxford a gaudy ('gaude' at New College, Oxford, pronounced the same) is a college feast. It is often"
"la carte by college staff. During formal hall, the Fellows and the Master of the college are entitled to sit at the High Table near the front of the hall, while students sit on benches or chairs at the long table. The College Grace is recited in Latin by a Fellow or Scholar (a student who achieved a First Class mark overall in the previous year) at the beginning of Formal Hall, and is as follows: Translation: When the High Table rises, the following concluding Grace is said ""Benedicamus Domino"" (Let us bless the Lord), with the response being ""Laus"
"delightedly, ""Oooh... you speak French!"" Q.E.D. Q.E.D. (also written QED and in italics: ""QED"") is an initialism of the Latin phrase meaning ""what was to be demonstrated"" or ""what was to be shown."" Some may also use a less direct translation instead: ""thus it has been demonstrated."" Traditionally, the phrase is placed in its abbreviated form at the end of a mathematical proof or philosophical argument when the original proposition has been restated exactly, as the conclusion of the demonstration or completion of the proof. The phrase, ""quod erat demonstrandum"", is a translation into Latin from the Greek (; abbreviated"
"laude"" if the average of grades is at least 8 or 8.5, and no individual grade under 6 or 7 has been awarded. In most cases, the final thesis needs to be awarded at least an 8 or 8.5. For an average grade better than 7, but not meeting the criteria for ""cum laude"", ""met genoegen"" (""with pleasure"") is sometimes awarded. Converting the numbers of the Dutch grading system into the letters of systems such as those used in the United States and Great Britain, is difficult, especially given the fact that the Dutch grading system is linear rather than"
"is also commonly used as an inposition, as in the phrase ""summa cum laude"", meaning ""with highest praise"", lit. ""highest with praise"". The term interposition has been used for adpositions in structures such as ""word for word"", (French) ""coup sur coup"" (""one after another, repeatedly""), (Russian) друг с другом (""one with the other""). This is not a case of an adposition appearing inside its complement, as the two nouns do not form a single phrase (there is no phrase *""word word"", for example); such uses have more of a coordinating character. Preposition stranding is a syntactic construct in which a"
"the phrase Papal legate. Legatus A legatus (anglicized as legate) was a high-ranking Roman military officer in the Roman Army, equivalent to a modern high-ranking general officer. Initially used to delegate power, the term became formalized under Augustus as the officer in command of a legion. From the times of the Roman Republic, legates had received large shares of the militaries rewards at the end of a successful campaign, which made the position a lucrative one, so it could often attract even distinguished consuls or other high-ranking political figures within Roman politics (e.g., the consul Lucius Julius Caesar volunteered late"
"achieves a perfect score in all final examinations and in all other subjects not requiring a final exam. A silver medal is awarded to high school students who have one or two grades of 4 (""хорошо"" in Russian or ""good"", being second highest grade) on their final exams or other subjects as listed in the high school diploma (""attestat o (polnom) srednem obrazovanii""). In Singapore, the Latin honors, ""cum laude"", ""magna cum laude"" and ""summa cum laude"" are used by Singapore Management University. Graduates from Singapore Management University have to achieve GPAs of 3.4, 3.6 and 3.8 out of 4.0"
"Quid pro quo Quid pro quo (""something for something"" in Latin) is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; ""a favour for a favour"". Phrases with similar meanings include: ""give and take"", ""tit for tat"", and ""you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours"" and ""one hand washes the other"". In common law, ""quid pro quo"" indicates that an item or a service has been traded in return for something of value, usually when the propriety or equity of the transaction is in question."
"in its current location in 1927, at the direction of architect Raul Otero. Alma mater Alma mater (, ; pl. [rarely used] ) is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university, school, or college that one formerly attended. The phrase is variously translated as ""nourishing mother"", ""nursing mother"", or ""fostering mother"", suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Fine arts will often depict educational institutions using a robed woman as a visual metaphor. Before its current usage, ""alma mater"" was an honorific title for various Latin mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele, and later in Catholicism for"
"in Latin, one in Chinese) was granted by the College of Arms. The field resembles the lions on the coat of arms of England, whereas the book on the shield is a common reference to university's role in learning and knowledge. The Latin motto ""Sapientia et Virtus"" is translated into English as ""Wisdom and Virtue"". The Chinese motto on the pages of the opened book, written from top to bottom, right to left in accordance with traditional Chinese writing direction, contains two phrases: 明德 (""ming tak"") and 格物 (""kak mat""), meaning ""illustrious virtue"" and ""the investigation of things"" respectively. The"
"in Latin for publication. Latin is used in most of the introductions to the critical editions of ancient authors in the Oxford Classical Texts series, and it is also nearly always used for the apparatus criticus of Ancient Greek and Latin texts. The University Orator at the University of Cambridge makes a speech in Latin marking the achievements of each of the honorands at the annual Honorary Degree Congregations, as does the Public Orator at the Encaenia ceremony at the University of Oxford. Harvard and Princeton also have Latin Salutatory commencement addresses every year. The Charles University in Prague and"
"maxim of Cassius apply."" American sociologist Peter Blau has used the concept of ""cui bono"" to differentiate organizations by whom has primarily benefited: owners; members; specific others; or the general society. General: Cui bono Cui bono? (), literally ""to whom is it a benefit?"", is a Latin phrase about identifying crime suspects. It expresses the utilitarian view that crimes usually benefit their perpetrators, especially financially. Which party benefits may not be obvious, and there may be a scapegoat. The phrase is a double dative construction. It can also be rendered as ""cui prodest?"" (""whom does it profit?"") and ""ad cuius"
"Double dative In Latin grammar, a double dative is the combination of a dative of reference with a dative of purpose. A common translation is ""As a (dative of purpose) to (dative of reference)."" In an example from Caesar (""Gallic War"" 7.50): ""suis saluti fuit"", ""he was the salvation of his men"", the dative of an abstract noun (""salus"" ""salvation"") expresses purpose while the dative of reference expresses the person or thing affected (""suus"", pl. ""sui"" ""his [men]""). The best known example is ""Cui bono?"" This phrase, taken from Cicero, is usually rendered in English as something like, ""Who benefits?"","