"South Lake Union area of Seattle, WA. The institute's research focused on four areas of infectious disease: HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and Emerging & Neglected Diseases (END) like African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and toxoplasmosis. CID Research was engaged in early stages of the scientific pipeline including bench science and malaria clinical trials and has expertise in immunology, vaccinology, and drug discovery. In 1976, founders Ruth W. Shearer, Ph.D., and Kenneth Stuart, Ph.D., set up a research laboratory in Issaquah, WA. Originally called the Issaquah Group for Health and Environmental Research, the name was soon changed to Issaquah Biomedical"
"""consumption"" at the time, as it appeared to consume an infected person's body. It is now known to be a bacterial disease, but the cause was unknown until the late 19th century. The infection spreads easily among a family; thus, when one family member died of consumption, other members were often infected and gradually lost their health. People believed that this was due to the deceased TB sufferer draining the life from other family members. The belief that consumption was spread in this way was widely held in New England and in Europe. In an attempt to protect the survivors"
"technical to the familiar. ""Phthisis"" (Φθισις) is a Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis; around 460 BCE, Hippocrates described phthisis as a disease of dry seasons. The abbreviation ""TB"" is short for ""tubercle bacillus"". ""Consumption"" was the most common nineteenth century English word for the disease. The Latin root ""con"" meaning ""completely"" is linked to ""sumere"" meaning ""to take up from under."" In ""The Life and Death of Mr Badman"" by John Bunyan, the author calls consumption ""the captain of all these men of death."" ""Great white plague"" has also been used. Tuberculosis was for centuries"
"and Unschuld explain that the medical term ""xulao"" 虛癆 ""depletion exhaustion"" includes infectious and consumptive pathologies, such as ""laozhai"" 癆瘵 ""exhaustion with consumption"" or ""laozhaichong"" 癆瘵蟲 ""exhaustion consumption bugs/worms"". They retrospectively identify ""feilao"" 肺癆 ""lung exhaustion"" and infectious ""feilao chuanshi"" 肺癆傳尸 ""lung exhaustion by corpse [evil] transmission as ""consumption/tuberculosis"". Describing foreign loanwords in early medical terminology, Zhang and Unschuld note the phonetic similarity between Chinese ""feixiao"" 肺消 (from Old Chinese ""**pʰot-ssew"") ""lung consumption"" and ancient Greek ""phthisis"" ""pulmonary tuberculosis"". The (c. 400 BCE – 260 CE) ""Huangdi Neijing"" classic Chinese medical text, traditionally attributed to the mythical Yellow Emperor, describes"
"Remote towns, initially isolated from the disease, slowly succumbed. The consumption deaths in the village of Holycross in Shropshire between 1750 and 1759 were one in six (1:6); ten years later, 1:3. In the metropolis of London, 1:7 died from consumption at the dawn of the 18th century, by 1750 that proportion grew to 1:5.25 and surged to 1:4.2 by around the start of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution coupled with poverty and squalor created the optimal environment for the propagation of the disease. It was during this century that tuberculosis was dubbed the White Plague, ""mal de vivre"","
"the flower of his youth, can [sic] dye without a touch of consumption."" In 1720, Benjamin Marten proposed in ""A New Theory of Consumptions more Especially of Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs"" that the cause of tuberculosis was some type of ""animalcula""—microscopic living beings that are able to survive in a new body (similar to the ones described by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1695). The theory was roundly rejected and it took another 162 years before Robert Koch demonstrated it to be true. In 1768, Robert Whytt gave the first clinical description of tuberculosis meningitis and in 1779, Percivall"
"family suffered a sequence of tuberculosis infections in the final two decades of the 19th century. Tuberculosis was called ""consumption"" at the time and was a devastating and much-feared disease. The mother, Mary Eliza, was the first to die of the disease, followed in 1883 by their eldest daughter, Mary Olive. In 1891, daughter Mercy and son Edwin also contracted the disease. Friends and neighbors of the family believed that one of the dead family members was a vampire (although they did not use that name) and had caused Edwin's illness. This was in accordance with threads of contemporary folklore"
"as part of the channel's ""Against the Crowd"" drama strand. Murrain Murrain is an antiquated term for various infectious diseases affecting cattle and sheep. It literally means ""death"" and was used in medieval times to represent just that. Murrain did not refer to a specific disease, but was an umbrella term for what are now recognized as a number of different diseases, including rinderpest, erysipelas, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, and streptococcus infections. Some of these could also affect humans. The term murrain also referred to an epidemic of such a disease. There were major sheep and cattle murrains in Europe during"
"Suzanna, died from consumption, her mother two years later from the same disease. Consumption was one of the most common diseases of the 18th and 19th centuries. It would later become known as tuberculosis. No one during Hannah's time knew how to cure it, so liquor became a medicine. It was because of these constant hardships in taking care of family members, ""Hannah found meaning in her life by going wherever she was needed, by doing for others whenever she could."" When she was no longer required on the farm in Joppa, Hannah moved to Rockport. It was there that"
"dependants. The principal beneficiary of this system was the English consumer. The potato was also used extensively as a fodder crop for livestock immediately prior to the famine. Approximately 33% of production, amounting to , was normally used in this way. Prior to the arrival in Ireland of the disease ""Phytophthora infestans"", commonly known as blight, there were only two main potato plant diseases. One was called ""dry rot"" or ""taint"", and the other was a virus known popularly as ""curl"". ""Phytophthora infestans"" is an oomycete (a variety of parasitic, non-photosynthetic algae, and not a fungus). In 1851, the Census"
"and ""mal du siècle"". It was seen as a ""romantic disease"". Suffering from tuberculosis was thought to bestow upon the sufferer heightened sensitivity. The slow progress of the disease allowed for a ""good death"" as sufferers could arrange their affairs. The disease began to represent spiritual purity and temporal wealth, leading many young, upper-class women to purposefully pale their skin to achieve the consumptive appearance. British poet Lord Byron wrote, ""I should like to die from consumption"", helping to popularize the disease as the disease of artists. George Sand doted on her phthisic lover, Frédéric Chopin, calling him her ""poor"
"nutritional deficiency. Of the nutritional deficiency diseases, the most commonly experienced were starvation and marasmus, as well as a condition at the time called dropsy. Dropsy (oedema) was a popular name given for the symptoms of several diseases, one of which, kwashiorkor, is associated with starvation. However, the greatest mortality was not from nutritional deficiency diseases, but from famine-induced ailments. The malnourished are very vulnerable to infections; therefore, these were more severe when they occurred. Measles, diphteria, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, most respiratory infections, whooping cough, many intestinal parasites, and cholera were all strongly conditioned by nutritional status. Potentially lethal diseases, such"
"Murrain Murrain is an antiquated term for various infectious diseases affecting cattle and sheep. It literally means ""death"" and was used in medieval times to represent just that. Murrain did not refer to a specific disease, but was an umbrella term for what are now recognized as a number of different diseases, including rinderpest, erysipelas, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, and streptococcus infections. Some of these could also affect humans. The term murrain also referred to an epidemic of such a disease. There were major sheep and cattle murrains in Europe during the 14th century, which, combined with the Little Ice Age,"
"across the meridian. Beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors, first from Spain and later from Portugal. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it in colonies. European infectious diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus) – to which the native populations had no immune resistance – caused large-scale depopulation of the native population under Spanish control. Systems of forced labor, such as the haciendas and mining industry's mit'a also contributed to the depopulation. After this, African slaves, who had developed immunities to"
"result, the number of people with tuberculosis, called ""lungers"", in the state grew alarmingly and without the services or facilities to support their needs. Tuberculosis was called consumption ""because its symptoms consumed those who had it."" In Denver, not knowing how to manage a population of homeless, ill people, many were taken to jail. In 1878 in Colorado Springs, 25 or more of 73 who were buried at Mount Washington Cemetery had tuberculosis. Of the people that died in the city most of them had come to Colorado Springs so ill that it was not surprising that they died. Because"
"a disease believed to be tuberculosis, called ""xulao bing"" (虛癆病 ""weak consumptive disease""), characterized by persistent cough, abnormal appearance, fever, a weak and fast pulse, chest obstructions, and shortness of breath. The ""Huangdi Neijing"" describes an incurable disease called ""huaifu"" 壞府 ""bad palace"", which commentators interpret as tuberculous. ""As for a string which is cut, its sound is hoarse. As for wood which has become old, its leaves are shed. As for a disease which is in the depth [of the body], the sound it [generates] is hiccup. When a man has these three [states], this is called 'destroyed palace'."
"European diseases such as smallpox and African ones such as malaria and yellow fever soon reduced the numbers of local Native Americans. Europeans were also very susceptible to malaria and yellow fever, and the supply of indentured servants was limited. African slaves became the dominant source of plantation workers because they were more resistant to malaria and yellow fever, and because the supply of slaves was abundant on the African coast. During the 18th century, sugar became enormously popular. Britain, for example, consumed five times as much sugar in 1770 as in 1710. By 1750 sugar surpassed grain as ""the"
"about its frequency before the 19th century, its incidence is thought to have peaked between the end of the 18th century and the end of the 19th century. Over time, the various cultures of the world gave the illness different names: ""phthisis"" (Greek), ""consumptione"" (Latin), ""yaksma"" (India), and ""chaky oncay"" (Incan), each of which make reference to the ""drying"" or ""consuming"" affect of the illness, cachexia. In the 19th century, TB's high mortality rate among young and middle-aged adults and the surge of Romanticism, which stressed feeling over reason, caused many to refer to the disease as the ""romantic disease""."
"used to have a severe cholera problem similar to those in some developing countries. There were three large cholera outbreaks in the 1800s, which can be attributed to ""Vibrio cholerae""'s spread through interior waterways like the Erie Canal and routes along the Eastern Seaboard. The island of Manhattan in New York City touched the Atlantic Ocean, where cholera collected just off the coast. At this time, New York City did not have as effective a sanitation system as it does today, so cholera was able to spread. Cholera morbus is a historical term that was used to refer to gastroenteritis"
"History of tuberculosis Consumption, phthisis and the White Plague are all terms used to refer to tuberculosis throughout history. It is generally accepted that ""Mycobacterium tuberculosis"" originated from other, more primitive organisms of the same genus ""Mycobacterium"". In 2014, results of a new DNA study of a tuberculosis genome reconstructed from remains in southern Peru suggest that human tuberculosis is less than 6,000 years old. Even if researchers theorize that humans first acquired it in Africa about 5,000 years ago, there is evidence that the first tuberculosis infection happened about 9,000 years ago. It spread to other humans along trade"
"Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic is a 2001 anti-consumerist book by John de Graaf, environmental scientist David Wann, and economist Thomas H. Naylor. Viewing consumerism (with its accompanying overwork and dissatisfaction) as a deliberately spread disease, the book consists of three parts—symptoms, origins, and treatment. Affluenza is described as ""a painful, contagious, socially transmitted condition of overload, debt, anxiety, and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more"". The book was considered one of the eight best non-fiction books of the year by ""Detroit Free Press"", and copies were given to every freshman by two universities. Amazon.com"
"Island and eastern Connecticut. There are many documented cases of families disinterring loved ones and removing their hearts in the belief that the deceased was a vampire who was responsible for sickness and death in the family, although the term ""vampire"" was never used to describe the dead. The deadly disease tuberculosis, or ""consumption"" as it was known at the time, was believed to be caused by nightly visitations on the part of a dead family member who had died of consumption themselves. The most famous, and most recently recorded, case of suspected vampirism is that of nineteen-year-old Mercy Brown,"
"Benjamin Marten Benjamin Marten (c.1690–1752) was an English physician from ""Theobald's Row"" near Red Lyon Square, Holborn, and one of several sons of a tailor. In 1720 he conjectured in """"A New Theory of Consumptions - More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs"""", that tuberculosis may be caused by """"wonderfully minute living creatures"""" that could lead to the lesions symptomatic of the disease, thereby expressing the theory of ""contagium vivum"" or 'living contagion'. He went on to state that """"it may be therefore very likely that by a habitual lying in the same bed with a consumptive patient,"
"histories illustratum.”"" Morton described these cases as “Nervous Atrophy, or Consumption.” The first, in 1684, involved a “Mr Duke’s daughter in St Mary Axe” (a street in the City of London). He writes of her thus: The girl consulted Dr Morton only after she had been ill for two years, and then only because she experienced frequent fainting fits. Morton described her as a “Skeleton only clad in skin.” He noted her “continual poring upon Books” despite her condition and that she was indifferent to the extreme cold of an unusually severe winter. She refused any treatment (which consisted of"
"consumption are to be found in Ancient Greek texts satirising the tragedian Euripides (c.480-c.406 B.C.), of Salamis Island, which portray the playwright's mother, Cleito, as a humble greengrocer, amongst whose wares was the vegetable ""scanthrix"" - the name of which found its way into Latin, in the modified form ""scandix"", as a name for chervil (a related, edible umbellifer). The edible plant ""scanthrix"" is mentioned also by the Ancient Greek writers Opion, Theophrastus, and Erasistratus of Ceos, while the variant form of the name ""scanthrox"" is used by Pedanius Dioscorides for the same plant. Among Latin authors, Pliny the Elder"
"used to describe the deceased. The deadly disease tuberculosis, or ""consumption"" as it was known at the time, was believed to be caused by nightly visitations on the part of a dead family member who had died of consumption themselves. The most famous, and most recently recorded, case of suspected vampirism is that of nineteen-year-old Mercy Brown, who died in Exeter, Rhode Island in 1892. Her father, assisted by the family physician, removed her from her tomb two months after her death and her heart was cut out and burnt to ashes. Among the Wyandots was the legend of the"
"as ""shosha roga"", which means ""exploitative disease"". Diseases such as these are nutrient deficiency disorders that can cause varying degrees of emaciation based on the type of nutrient(s) chronically and persistently lacking or absent from the diet of an individual. Emaciation was also a major cause of death in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. It was largely the result of a starvation diet imposed on the inmates. It became endemic during the last stages of the war when rations were restricted even further. Famine and third world conditions are usually involved. Severe emaciation can be caused by marasmus,"
"people and infecting thousands. The phrase (') was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino or Couvin, a Belgian astronomer, who wrote the poem ""On the Judgment of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn"" ('), which attributes the plague to a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn. In 1908, Gasquet claimed that use of the name ' for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J. I. Pontanus: ""Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"" ('). The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid"
"farms, where human excrement was used as fertilizer. Along with a poor diet came many diet-related diseases: beriberi, edema, scurvy, and pellagra were the most common, due to lack of vitamins. Other health problems caused by the lack of healthy food included severe diarrhea or constipation from the lack of oil and fiber. These two were often left untreated and, added to the continuous strain of 12 hours of manual labor, weakened the immune system. Eventually, death followed many of these conditions. Two diseases rampant among the populations of these camps were tuberculosis and hepatitis. Highly contagious, these were also"
"Affluenza Affluenza, a portmanteau of ""affluence"" and ""influenza"", is a term used by critics of consumerism. It is thought to have been first used in 1954, but it was popularised in 1997 with a PBS documentary of the same name and the subsequent book """" (2001, revised in 2005, 2014). These works define affluenza as ""a painful, contagious, socially transmitted condition of overload, debt, anxiety, and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more"". The term ""affluenza"" has also been used to refer to an inability to understand the consequences of one's actions because of financial privilege, such as in"
"died. The plagues have been attributed variously to smallpox, leptospirosis, and other diseases. Some European expedition captains were known to increase profits by capturing natives to sell as slaves. Such was the case when Thomas Hunt kidnapped several Wampanoag in 1614 in order to sell them later in Spain. One of Hunt's captives was a Patuxet named Tisquantum. Tisquantum eventually came to be known as Squanto (a nickname given to him by his friend William Bradford). After Squanto regained his freedom, he was able to work his way to England where he lived for several years, working with a shipbuilder."
"Miasma theory The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a ""miasma"" (μίασμα, ancient Greek: ""pollution""), a noxious form of ""bad air"", also known as night air. The theory held that the origin of epidemics was due to a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. Though miasma theory is typically associated with the spread of disease, some academics in the early nineteenth century suggested that the theory extended to other conditions as well, e.g. one could become obese by inhaling the odor"
"Miasma theory The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a ""miasma"" (μίασμα, ancient Greek: ""pollution""), a noxious form of ""bad air"", also known as night air. The theory held that the origin of epidemics was due to a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. Though miasma theory is typically associated with the spread of disease, some academics in the early nineteenth century suggested that the theory extended to other conditions as well, e.g. one could become obese by inhaling the odor"