"of the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (better known as the Wolfenden report) was published on 3 September 1957. It recommended that ""homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence"", finding that ""homosexuality cannot legitimately be regarded as a disease, because in many cases it is the only symptom and is compatible with full mental health in other respects."" In October 1957, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, spoke in support of the Wolfenden Report, saying that ""There is a sacred realm of privacy... into which the law, generally speaking, must not"
"Sexual Offences Act, 1957 The Sexual Offences Act, 1957 (Act No. 23 of 1957, originally the Immorality Act, 1957) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa which, in its current form, prohibits prostitution, brothel-keeping and procuring, and other activities related to prostitution. Before the law relating to sex offences was consolidated and revised by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, it also prohibited various other sex offences, including sex with children under the age of consent and sex with the mentally incompetent. As the Immorality Act it was infamous for prohibiting sex between"
"and homosexual behaviour. After the Second World War, due to the fame of several convicts, the Wolfenden report was commissioned by government, and was published in 1957. Thereupon came the publication of several books, both pro and contra the report. Of these books we can isolate two representatives: Lord Devlin wrote in favour of societal norms, or morals, while H. L. A. Hart wrote that the state could ill-regulate private conduct. In May 1965, Devlin is reported to have conceded defeat. The Street Offences Act 1959 prohibited England's prostitutes from soliciting in the streets. One Shaw published a booklet containing"
"a white person and a person of another race, until that prohibition was removed by a 1985 amendment. Sexual Offences Act, 1957 The Sexual Offences Act, 1957 (Act No. 23 of 1957, originally the Immorality Act, 1957) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa which, in its current form, prohibits prostitution, brothel-keeping and procuring, and other activities related to prostitution. Before the law relating to sex offences was consolidated and revised by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, it also prohibited various other sex offences, including sex with children under the age of"
"The Immorality Act, 1957, later renamed the Sexual Offences Act, 1957, repealed the 1927 Act (as amended) and introduced new offences for brothel keeping, pimping and procuring. Interracial sex was now criminalised as unlawful carnal intercourse between ""white"" and ""coloured"" people. The Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 criminalised ""committing an immoral or indecent act with such other person"" and also soliciting for the same. Municipal by-laws also contained provisions about prostitution. As part of the repeal of many petty apartheid laws under the government of P. W. Botha, the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act 1985 repealed"
"Homosexual Law Reform Society The Homosexual Law Reform Society was an organisation that campaigned in the United Kingdom for changes in the laws that criminalised homosexual relations between men. In 1954 the Conservative government set up a Departmental Committee to look into aspects of British sex laws. The resulting report, the Wolfenden Report, was published on 3 September 1957. On 5 March 1958, the academic A.E. (Tony) Dyson wrote a letter to ""The Times,"" published on the 7th, calling for reform of the law by the implementation of the Wolfenden Committee's recommendations and was signed by many distinguished people including"
"banned the marriage of interracial couples outside of South Africa, viewing foreign marriages as invalid and illegal. The Immorality Act, 1957 (Act No. 23 of 1957; subsequently renamed the Sexual Offences Act, 1957) repealed the 1927 and 1950 acts and replaced them with a clause prohibiting sexual intercourse or ""immoral or indecent acts"" between white people and anyone not white. It increased the penalty to up to seven years' imprisonment for both partners. The 1957 act also prohibited brothel-keeping, procuring, and living off the proceeds of prostitution; and it prohibited sexual intercourse with people under the age of sixteen. The"
"the previous law on sodomy contained in the Offences against the Person Act 1861 and the 1885 Labouchere Amendment which outlawed every homosexual act short of sodomy. The Act did not become law until a decade after the report was published in 1957. The historian Patrick Higgins has described a number of flaws with the report: ""its failure to understand or appreciate (except in the most negative terms) the importance of the homosexual subculture"". It later became known that Wolfenden's son Jeremy Wolfenden was gay. John Wolfenden came 45th in a list of the top 500 lesbian and gay heroes."
"Crittenden Report The Crittenden Report was the outcome of a 1957 investigation on the part of a United States Navy Board of Inquiry, officially known as the Board Appointed to Prepare and Submit Recommendations to the Secretary of the Navy for the Revision of Policies, Procedures and Directives Dealing With Homosexuals. Navy Captain S.H. Crittenden, Jr., chaired the Board. The Board evaluated Navy policies dealing with homosexual personnel that were based in part on the assertions made in the December 1950 final report of the Investigations Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Expenditure in Executive Departments, which said that all"
"were perceived as two increasing social problems, in the context of rising prosecutions. The committees terms of reference asked members to consider ‘the law and practice’ relating to both ‘homosexual offences and the treatment of persons convicted of such offences’ and to offences connected to ‘prostitution and solicitation for immoral purposes’. The association between homosexuality and prostitution reflected the committee’s assumption that both were forms of deviance threatening the family as ‘the basic unit of society’. The committee’s report in 1957 included as its first recommendation ‘That homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private be no longer a criminal offence’;"
"the interracial restrictions of the Immorality Acts. The Immorality Amendment Act, 1988 renamed the Immorality Act, 1957 to the Sexual Offences Act, 1957 and criminalised the act of prostitution. It also made the provisions of the 1957 Act gender neutral. In 2002, an appeal by brothel keepers and prostitutes in the country's Constitutional Court, submitting that the laws on prostitution were in breach of the constitution, was dismissed. The most recent legislative change was the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, section 11 which added Section 20(1)(aA) of the SOA, which states that any person who"
"Obscene Publications Act 1857 The Obscene Publications Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c.83), also known as Lord Campbell's Act or Campbell's Act, was a major piece of legislation in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland dealing with obscenity. For the first time, it made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The Act superseded a 1787 Royal Proclamation by George III titled ""Proclamation for the Discouragement of Vice"". The proclamation commanded the prosecution of those guilty of ""excessive drinking, blasphemy, profane swearing and cursing, lewdness, profanation"
"Abse, and a Conservative peer, Lord Arran, put forward proposals to change the way in which criminal law treated homosexual men by means of the Sexual Offences Bill. This attempt to liberalise the law relating to male homosexuality can be placed in a context of the rising number of prosecutions of homosexual men. In his 1965 Sexual Offences Bill, Lord Arran drew heavily upon the findings of the Wolfenden Report (1957) which recommended the decriminalisation of certain homosexual offences. The Wolfenden committee had been set up to investigate homosexuality and prostitution in 1954, and included on its panel a judge,"
"recommendation of the prewar Cadogan Report. Butler gave a very successful speech at the Conservative Conference in 1959. Despite the recommendations of the Wolfenden report he was not able to decriminalise homosexual acts between consenting adults (this did not happen until 1967), although Conservatives were happier to implement Wolfenden's recommended crackdown on street prostitution. He passed the Licensing Act 1961 and reformed the law on obscene publications. The Betting and Gaming Act legalised betting. Annual immigration from the Indian subcontinent had risen from 21,000 in 1959 to 136,000 in 1961; Butler introduced the first curbs on immigration (although the Eden"
"members protested for equal rights during the months of April–July 1966, followed by the August 1966 Compton's riot, where transgender street prostitutes in the poor neighborhood of Tenderloin rioted against police harassment at a popular all-night restaurant, Gene Compton's Cafeteria. The Wolfenden Report was published in Britain on 4 September 1957 after publicized convictions for homosexuality of well-known men, including Lord Montagu. Disregarding the conventional ideas of the day, the committee recommended that ""homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence"". All but James Adair were in favour of this and, contrary to some"
"Amendment Act, 1988 (Act No. 2 of 1988) renamed the Immorality Act, 1957 to the Sexual Offences Act, 1957. It criminalised, for the first time, a woman having sex with a person under the age of consent, for that purpose setting the age of consent at 16 for a boy and 19 for a girl. It also made it a crime to be a prostitute, where previously only certain acts related to prostitution (brothel-keeping, procuring, etc.) had been illegal. The legislation also noted that either gender could now be convicted of sexual offences. The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related"
"wrote in the ""New Statesman"" that in the mid-1950s, London police were aware that future Prime Minister Edward Heath was ""cottaging"" (seeking out anonymous sex partners in public lavatories) and that they warned him to stop, lest it damage his career. Coleman also claimed that gays ""ran"" the Conservative Party in London for many years, suggesting Heath may have been “protected”. “[Britain] had managed for decades with gay men holding a significant number of public offices”, Coleman wrote. In 1957, after the international conference Wolfenden50, the Conservative government appointed the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution 1957 to investigate what"
"and sold. Censorship battles continued in the next decades over other works of literature and art, such as ""Lady Chatterley's Lover"", expanding to include films. In 1957, the Supreme Court finally considered a case arising from an obscenity prosecution, ""Roth v. United States"". William Brennan wrote for a 6–3 majority that upheld the criminal conviction but abandoned the century-old Hicklin test in favor of a narrower definition of obscenity. It did not settle the issue, however, and the Warren Court had to hear more cases arising from subsequent prosecutions in the next decade, during which the Sexual Revolution began a"
"determining what can be considered obscene (the Hicklin test was used since a ruling in 1857, which the Court abandoned in ""Roth""). By 1960, the sexual revolution was in full swing in the United States, and newly defined social norms clashed with the established statutory and common law of the country. Since the ruling in ""Roth"" in 1957, many cases in state and federal courts were determined using the case as primary justification. Robert Eli Stanley was a Georgia resident suspected, with probable cause, of bookmaking. A warrant was granted to search his home. The searching officials did not find"
"public and labelled ""For official use"". After 1927, nothing was mentioned in the press about domestic prostitution. Even among sociologists, the topic was taboo: At the same time in the Western media, materials on Soviet prostitutes were published regularly. In 1959, after the publication in the British ""News of the World"" of an article on hotel prostitution, the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted a resolution on additional measures to combat prostitution (in particular, the hotels were banned from allowing ""strangers"" in after 23:00), but for Soviet journalists the theme remained forbidden. The first"
"recommended age of consent was 21 years (the age of majority in the UK then). The report also discussed the rise in street prostitution at the time, which it associated with ""community instability"" and ""weakening of the family"". As a result, there was a police crackdown on street prostitution following the report and the Street Offences Act 1959 was passed. The report's recommendations attracted considerable public debate, including a famous exchange of views in publications by Lord Devlin, a leading British judge, whose ideas and publications argued against the report's philosophical basis, and H. L. A. Hart, a leading jurisprudential"
"an in-depth report of the sexual experiences of American women in 1953. More than 8,000 women were interviewed by Alfred Kinsey and the staff of the Institute for Sex Research in a book titled ""Sexual Behavior in the Human Female"", popularly known as part of the Kinsey Report. The Kinsey Report's dispassionate discussion of homosexuality as a form of human sexual behavior was revolutionary. Up to this study, only physicians and psychiatrists studied sexual behavior, and almost always the results were interpreted with a moral view. Kinsey and his staff reported that 28% of women had been aroused by another"
"The 1957 Crittenden Report of the United States Navy Board of Inquiry concluded that there was ""no sound basis for the belief that homosexuals posed a security risk"" and criticized the prior Hoey Report: ""No intelligence agency, as far as can be learned, adduced any factual data before that committee with which to support these opinions"" and said that ""the concept that homosexuals necessarily pose a security risk is unsupported by adequate factual data."" The Crittenden Report remained secret until 1976. Navy officials claimed they had no record of studies of homosexuality, but attorneys learned of its existence and obtained"
"risk is unsupported by adequate factual data."" It advocated stringent anti-homosexual policies on grounds unrelated to national security. It said homosexuality was ""one of the very bad things in life...about which the majority of people know little or nothing...Homosexuality is wrong, it is evil, and it is to be branded as such...Homosexuality is an offense to all decent and law-abiding people, and it is not to be condoned on grounds of 'mental illness' any more than other crimes such as theft, homicide or criminal assault."" Completed on March 15, 1957, the report entails three main areas of consideration, namely: available"
"force on 29 August 1959. The actual reform of the law was limited, with several extensions to police powers included. The 1959 did, however, repeal the 1857 Act and became the main Act dealing with obscene publications. The Obscene Publications Act 1964 made several minor additional provisions to the 1959 Act. As of 2008 these latter two Obscene Publications Acts are still in force, albeit as amended by more recent legislation. Obscene Publications Act 1857 The Obscene Publications Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c.83), also known as Lord Campbell's Act or Campbell's Act, was a major piece of legislation"
"law from the United Kingdom. This included the prohibition of ""buggery"" and ""gross indecency"" between males. Similarly to the United Kingdom, lesbianism was never criminalised under Queensland law. A review of Queensland homosexual convictions between 1860 and 1954 revealed that judges tended to hand down sentences that, while still harsh, were at the lenient end of the scale. The release of the Wolfenden Report in the United Kingdom in 1957 marked the beginning of a change in official attitudes in the English-speaking world, with its recommendation that homosexuality be decriminalised. Homosexual sex was legalised in England and Wales in 1967."
"to implement the findings of the Wolfenden Report published in 1957. In 1964, Horsfall became one of the founders of the North West Committee for Homosexual Law Reform. The Sexual Offences Act 1967 began the decriminalisation of homosexuality. In 1971, the North West Committee became the Campaign for Homosexual Equality (CHE). In comparison to the radical Gay Liberation Front which had formed in 1970, CHE was a much more respectable and middle class campaigning group. Horsfall ran CHE from 1971 to 1974 and then became president for life. During the 1970s, Horsfall attempted to set up 'Esquire Clubs', co-owned social"
"system, a serviceman or woman found to be gay but who had not committed any sexual acts while in service would tend to receive an undesirable discharge. Those found guilty of engaging in sexual conduct were usually dishonorably discharged. A 1957 U.S. Navy study known as the Crittenden Report dismissed the charge that homosexuals constitute a security risk, but advocated stringent anti-homosexual policies because ""Homosexuality is wrong, it is evil, and it is to be branded as such."" It remained secret until 1976. Fannie Mae Clackum was the first service member to successfully appeal such a discharge, winning eight years"
"Immorality Act Immorality Act was the title of two acts of the Parliament of South Africa which prohibited, amongst other things, sexual relations between white people and people of other races. The first Immorality Act, of 1927, prohibited sex between whites and blacks, until amended in 1950 to prohibit sex between whites and all non-whites. The second Immorality Act, of 1957, continued this prohibition and also dealt with many other sex offences. The ban on interracial sex was lifted in 1985, but certain sections of the 1957 act dealing with prostitution remain in force as the ""Sexual Offences Act, 1957""."
"(1955) criticized ""witch hunts"" against homosexuals working in the U.S. government. and the purging of homosexuals from the government. GAP reports were concise, published soon after they were written and widely respected and influential. GAP is composed of over 200 leaders in psychiatry who meet twice a year to debate and think through pertinent issues in psychiatry. In over 50 years, GAP has shared Presidents with other national psychiatric organizations including: The American Psychiatric Association, the American College of Psychiatrists, and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. GAP has researchers recognized nationally and internationally in the areas of"
"into effect. The program was expanded further by this executive order by making all federal employment of homosexuals illegal. On July 8, 1953, the FBI forwarded to the U.S. Civil Service Commission information from the sex deviates program. In 1977–1978, 300,000 pages, collected between 1930 to the mid-1970s, in the sex deviates program were destroyed by FBI officials. During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed either had communist ties or were unduly influenced by communists or ""fellow travellers."" In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter"
"into force in 1861. It was similarly instituted throughout most of the British Empire due to the Christian religious beliefs of the British colonial governments. In 1977 Shakuntala Devi published the first study of homosexuality in India. Whilst convictions under Section 377 were rare, with no convictions at all for homosexual intercourse in the twenty years to 2009, Human Rights Watch have said that the law was used to harass HIV/AIDS prevention activists, as well as sex workers, men who have sex with men, and other LGBT groups. The group documents arrests in Lucknow of four men in 2006 and"
"and Robinson's contribution to remove the stigma of suicide from the statute books cannot be overestimated. He was also campaigner for homosexual law reform and a member of the Homosexual Law Reform Society's executive committee. In June 1960, he introduced the first full-scale Commons debate on the Wolfenden Report's proposals to end the law which criminalised consenting sex between men in private. He had also put forward a bill in 1961 to legalise abortion. His bill failed but Robinson was Minister of Health in 1967 when the Abortion Act 1967 came into force. In 1967, Robinson announced the British government's"