"made it clear that the Government during the War was indeed that of France. ""It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it’s convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."" Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's 1995 apology when he added, ""I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."" In the wake of the Holocaust, around 180,000 Jews remained in France, many of whom were refugees from Eastern Europe who either could or"
"to relocate to the town of Vichy, to the south in the ""zone libre"", which thus became the ""de facto"" capital of the French State. Following the Allied landings in French North Africa in November 1942, southern France was also militarily occupied by Germany and Italy to protect the Mediterranean coastline. Petain's government remained in Vichy as the nominal government of France, albeit one that was obliged by circumstances to collaborate with Germany from November 1942 onwards. The government at Vichy remained there until late 1944, when it lost its de facto authority due to the Allied invasion of France"
"in June 1940 in World War II, Pétain was appointed Prime Minister of France by President Lebrun at Bordeaux, and the Cabinet resolved to make peace with Germany. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the spa town of Vichy in central France. His government voted to transform the discredited French Third Republic into the French State, an authoritarian regime aligned with Germany. After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for treason. He was originally sentenced to death, but due to his age and World War I service his sentence was commuted to life in prison"
"cabinet of Petain are still owned by the ""Association pour défendre la mémoire du maréchal Pétain"" (Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain). Hôtel du Parc ""For the former hotel in Cannes, see Château Vallombrosa."" The Hôtel du Parc (Park Hotel) is a former hotel in the center of Vichy, a spa town in the center of France which hosted during the Second World War the government of the French state (""État français""), commonly known as Vichy France. The hotel hosted a part of the government offices and the private apartment and offices of the Maréchal Pétain,"
"an ""independent"" government at Vichy. Pétain however remained popular and engaged in a series of visits around France as late as 1944, when he arrived in Paris on 28 April in what Nazi propaganda newsreels described as a ""historic"" moment for the city. Vast crowds cheered him in front of the Hôtel de Ville and in the streets. Following the liberation of France, on 7 September 1944 Pétain and other members of the French cabinet at Vichy were relocated by the Germans to the Sigmaringen enclave in Germany, where they became a government-in-exile until April 1945. Pétain, however, having been"
"or it could not longer be regarded as the government"". Several ministers were still opposed to an armistice, and Weygand immediately lashed out at them for even leaving Paris. Like Pétain, he said he would never leave France. The government moved to Bordeaux, where French governments had fled German invasions in 1870 and 1914, on 14 June. By coincidence, on the evening of 14 June in Bordeaux de Gaulle dined in the same restaurant as Pétain; he came over to shake his hand in silence, and they never met again. Parliament, both senate and chamber, were also at Bordeaux and"
"Philippe Petain and the Vichy government. He was arrested in 1940 and interned in house arrest in Montelimar. He was assassinated there in July 1941 by a bomb set off at his house. It was believed to be the work of La Cagoule terrorists. Born in Montluçon, René Marx Dormoy (called Marx) attended local schools and became active in politics. He was elected mayor of his native town in 1926. He was elected in 1931 as representative of the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO, the Socialist Party of today) to the French National Assembly from the Allier ""département"". A"
"Pétain and the creation of the Vichy régime. As a consequence he was removed from office by the Vichy régime and interned at Saint-Paul-d'Eyjeaux where he remained until liberated in 1944. He was mayor of Nîmes and served in the provisional consultative and constituent assemblies from 1944 to 1946 but did not seek election to the new National Assembly of France when his term expired. Leaving politics, he moved to Carcassonne where he worked as a writer and journalist. He died in Carcassonne and is buried in the Cimetière de la Cité there. In addition to his military honours Bruguier"
"in France. In a letter of the 16 September 1940, Petain's government demanded the disbandment of the Belgian government, still at that time in Bordeaux: While the government under Pierlot was still in France, the Belgian Minister of Health, Marcel-Henri Jaspar, arrived in London on 21 June. Jaspar believed that the Pierlot government intended to surrender to the Germans, and was determined to prevent it. Jaspar held talks with Charles De Gaulle, and on 23 June gave a speech on BBC radio, in which he stated that he was personally forming an alternative government to continue the fight. His stance"
"Vichy France Vichy France () is the common name of the French State (""État français"") headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Evacuated from Paris to Vichy in the unoccupied ""Free Zone"" (""zone libre"") in the southern part of metropolitan France which included French Algeria, it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as the French colonial empire. From 1940 to 1942, while the Vichy regime was the nominal government of all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine, the German militarily occupied northern France. While Paris remained the ""de jure"" capital of France, the government chose"
"By the war's end, the French army occupied south-west Germany and a part of Austria. Marshal Petain, who ruled France under German supervision, 1940-44, adopted the ideology of National Revolution which was originally based on ideas which had been discussed for years. When the Franco-German reconciliation committee ""Comité France-Allemagne"" (""French-German Friendship Committee"") founded in 1935 in Paris it was an important element for Germany to get closer to France. It adopted Pro-European, Pro-German, anti British, anti liberal political and economic views. Key members of the Committee became the key leaders of the French collaborators with Nazis after 1940. When Marshal"
"who, in January 1920, was appointed Vice-Chairman of the revived ""Conseil supérieur de la Guerre"" (Supreme War Council). This was France's highest military position, whose holder was Commander-in-Chief designate in the event of war and who had the right to overrule the Chief of the General Staff (a position held in the 1920s by Petain's protégés Buat and Debeney), and Petain would hold it until 1931. Pétain was encouraged by friends to go into politics, although he protested that he had little interest in running for an elected position. He nevertheless tried and failed to get himself elected President following"
"to control its foreign colonies—to the extent it could defend them against the Free French—as well as its fleet, to the extent it could defend it against British naval attacks. The small town of Montoire-sur-le-Loir was the scene of two meetings. On October 22, 1940, Pierre Laval met with Hitler to set up a meeting on October 24 between Hitler and Pétain. It ended in a much-publicized handshake between the two, but in fact their discussions had been entirely general and no decisions had been made. Hitler was impressed with Petain's commitment to defend the French Empire. False rumours abounded"
"gallery in 1890. The Assembly declared war in 1914 and celebrated victory in 1918, but was badly divided in the 1930s and was unable to manage the economic crisis and the approach of World War II. In June 1940, as the German army approached the capital, the government and Assembly abandoned Paris and moved first to Tours, then to Bordeaux, and then, under the Pétain Government, to Vichy. The Germans used the Palais Bourbon as the military court for the Luftwaffe, and it also housed the offices of the French bureau which sent French workers to factories in Germany. German"
"21 November 1918. Pétain ended the war regarded ""without a doubt, the most accomplished defensive tactician of any army"" and ""one of France's greatest military heroes"" and was presented with his baton of Marshal of France at a public ceremony at Metz by President Raymond Poincaré on 8 December 1918. He was summoned to be present at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919. His job as Commander-in-Chief came to an end with peace and demobilisation, and with Foch out of favour after his quarrel with the French government over the peace terms, it was Petain"
"French—as well as its fleet, to the extent it could defend it against British naval attacks. In October 1942, Germany took it all over; the Vichy regime became entirely a puppet of the German occupiers. The small town of Montoire-sur-le-Loir was the scene of two meetings. On October 22, 1940, Pierre Laval met with Hitler to set up a meeting on October 24 between Hitler and Pétain. It ended in a much-publicized handshake between the two, but in fact their discussions had been entirely general and no decisions had been made. Hitler was impressed with Petain's commitment to defending the"
"meeting of the Anglo-French Supreme War Council with Churchill and the French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was taking place in Tours, on the Loire. On 14 June the French government left Tours and fled to Bordeaux, Wehrmacht troops entered Paris. On 15 June Reynaud resigned and Philippe Pétain became Prime Minister. Next morning, through the Spanish ambassador, Pétain asked Germany for a cease fire and announced this fact over the radio. The Wehrmacht troops advancing south across France into the area of Saumur were from the 1st Cavalry Division (Germany). The battle therefore set graduates of the German cavalry school"
"administration, the police, and other government functions. French government officials were given the choice of collaborating or losing their jobs. On September 2, 1941, all Paris magistrates were asked to take an oath of allegiance to Marshal Petain. Only one, Paul Didier, refused. Unlike the territory of Vichy France, governed by Marshal Pétain and his ministers, the document of surrender placed Paris in the occupied zone, directly under German authority, the ""Militärbefehlshabers in Frankreich"" (MBF). It stated: ""The government of France will immediately invite all the French authorities and administrative services in the occupied territories to conform with the regulations"
"Petain government on 9 November 1940, and another decree on the same date placed the mining industry under state control. The CCHF was replaced by the Comité d’organisation des combustibles minéraux solides. In 1944 the Director of Mines took over and supervised the nationalization of the coal mines and creation of the Charbonnages de France by law of 17 April 1946. Henry Darcy (1840–1926) started his career in 1863 in the Council of State, and was a prefect in several departments in 1873–77. He became chairman of the board of the Compagnie des Forges de Châtillon-Commentry et Neuves-Maisons in 1870,"
"out that Petain at Verdun was warning the French government that the ""game was up"" unless the British attacked. The government was concerned at the volume of shipping space being used for fodder and wanted to cut the number of cavalry divisions. Haig opposed this, believing that cavalry would still be needed to exploit the imminent victory. The Cabinet were mistaken, as most of the fodder was for the horses, donkeys and mules, which the BEF used to move supplies and heavy equipment. Discussing this matter with the King, who thought the war would last until the end of 1917,"
"the French government collapsed. On the 18 of June, de Gaulle spoke to the French people via BBC radio. He asked French soldiers, sailors and airmen to join in the fight against the Nazis. In France, De Gaulle's ""Appeal of June 18"" (""Appel du 18 juin"") was not widely heard, but subsequent discourse by de Gaulle could be heard nationwide. Some of the British Cabinet had attempted to block the speech, but were overruled by Winston Churchill. To this day, the Appeal of June 18 remains one of the most famous speeches in French history. Nevertheless, on 22 June, Petain's"
"Marshal of France. Fearing riots at the announcement of the sentence, De Gaulle ordered that Pétain be immediately transported on the former's private aircraft to Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees, where he remained from 15 August to 16 November 1945. The government later transferred him to the Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the Île d'Yeu, a small island off the French Atlantic coast. Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including Queen Mary and the Duke of Windsor, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of Fourth Republic"
"from Dunkirk, along with many French soldiers. Vichy France was established on 10 July 1940 to govern the unoccupied part of France and its colonies. It was led by Philippe Pétain, the aging war hero of the First World War. Petain's representatives signed a harsh Armistice on 22 June 1940 whereby Germany kept most of the French army in camps in Germany, and France had to pay out large sums in gold and food supplies. Germany occupied three-fifths of France's territory, leaving the rest in the southeast to the new Vichy government. However, in practice, most local government was handled"
"prime minister in 1942-44. Marshal Pétain, ""Chief of the French State"" and Verdun hero, was also condemned to death (14 August 1945), but his sentence was commuted to life three days later. Thousands of collaborators were summarily executed by local Resistance forces in so-called ""savage purges"" (""épuration sauvage""). German military administration in occupied France during World War II The Military Administration in France (; ) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called ' was renamed ' (""north zone"") in November"
"rest of Metropolitan France being an unoccupied zone, the ""zone libre"". The armistice called for the whole of Metropolitan France except Alsace-Lorraine to be governed by the newly formed Vichy government (""État Français"") led by Pétain, although in practice Pétain's authority in the occupied zones was very limited. Vichy was nominally independent, and still controlled French overseas colonies, but in practice was essentially a German client state. By the time of the armistice on 22 June, approximately 1.8 million French soldiers were in captivity; a figure representing roughly 10 percent of the total adult male population of France at the"
"– when the whole of France was occupied by Germany – and of a large part of France's colonial empire, until the colonies gradually fell under Free French control. The German invasion army entered Paris on 14 June 1940, following the battle of France. Pétain became the last Prime Minister of the French Third Republic on 16 June 1940. He sued for peace with Germany and on 22 June 1940, the French government concluded an armistice with Hitler. Under the terms of the agreement, Germany occupied two-thirds of France, including Paris. Pétain was permitted to keep an ""armistice army"" of"
"also called the ""royaume du maréchal"" (Marshal Philippe Pétain's kingdom) by the French author Jacques Delperrié de Bayac. Zone libre The zone libre (, ""free zone"") was a partition of the French metropolitan territory during World War II, established at the Second Armistice at Compiègne on 22 June 1940. It lay to the south of the demarcation line and was administered by the French government of Marshal Philippe Pétain based in Vichy, in a relatively unrestricted fashion. To the north lay the ""zone occupée"" (""occupied zone"") in which the powers of Vichy France were severely limited. In November 1942, the"
"came into force on 25 June. After a parliamentary vote on 10 July, Pétain became leader of the newly established authoritarian regime known as Vichy France, the town of Vichy being the seat of government. De Gaulle was tried ""in absentia"" in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason. He, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government, and considered Pétain's assumption of power to be an unconstitutional coup d'état. Despite de Gaulle's call to continue the struggle, few French forces initially pledged their support. By the end of July 1940,"
"for recruitment. Children, too, were the subject of propaganda. School books of the period often dwelt on patriotic duty for future soldiers and future nurses. Simplified versions of soldiers, sailors and nurses became popular for children and toys took on a military air. There is another museum with a similar name, near Paris, called the Museum of the Great War The Museum of the Great War () located near the heart of the World War I Somme battlefields, is housed within the Château de Péronne, a castle in the town of Péronne, France. Péronne was under German occupation during the"
"June 22, 1940, roughly two-thirds of the country was put under direct German military control. The remaining part of southeast France, and the French colonies, were under a nominally independent government, headed by the First World War hero, Marshal Philippe Pétain, with its capital at Vichy. Japan, not yet allied with Germany until the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940, asked for German help in stopping supplies going through Indochina to China. Catroux, who had first asked for British support, had no source of military assistance from outside France, stopped the trade to China to avoid further provoking"
"Baudouin was present at the Council of Ministers who met during the night of 21 June in Bordeaux to consider the terms. The Armistice was agreed, to come into effect at 12.35 on the morning of 25 June. The government subsequently moved from Bordeaux to Clermont-Ferrand, and then, at Baudouin's suggestion, to Vichy, considered to be a perfect place for the administration. On 30 June Pierre Laval suggested to Pétain, Baudouin and Raphael Alibert that the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies should be called together in joint session to consider new constitutional changes. Baudouin was against the proposal, on"
"meant he was out of a job. Raynauld embraced the plan for Anglo-French union, but Petain rejected it as a British plan to take over the French colonial empire and was able to convince the French cabinet to reject it. On 17 June 1940, Raynauld's government fell after the 9 ministers came out against his plans to continue the war and for Anglo-French union and President Albert Leburn appointed Marshal Petain as the new premier. The first action of the new Petain government was to announce that France would seek an armistice with Germany. In response, de Gaulle went on"
"World War II in France, the next days following the order of Maréchal Petain to cease fire on 17 June 1940. Following the German offensive of May 1940, the enemy progressing towards the Seine, the General Weygand, ordered to defend all the rivers likely to block the South the route of the invasion. Thus the principle of the Defense of the Loire was decided. The National School of Cavalry, commanded by Colonel Michon, was given the area from the confluence of the Vienne and Loire rivers at Montsoreau, to Gennes, a front of 40 km . Although Marshal Petain gave"