"solar wind around itself called the magnetosphere, which the wind cannot penetrate. The magnetosphere can be much larger than the planet itself. In contrast, non-magnetized planets have only small magnetospheres induced by interaction of the ionosphere with the solar wind, which cannot effectively protect the planet. Of the eight planets in the Solar System, only Venus and Mars lack such a magnetic field. In addition, the moon of Jupiter Ganymede also has one. Of the magnetized planets the magnetic field of Mercury is the weakest, and is barely able to deflect the solar wind. Ganymede's magnetic field is several times"
"years, as opposed to the similarly sized Great Red Spot of Jupiter, which has persisted for centuries. Of all known giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune emits the most internal heat per unit of absorbed sunlight, a ratio of approximately 2.6. Saturn, the next-highest emitter, only has a ratio of about 1.8. Uranus emits the least heat, one-tenth as much as Neptune. It is suspected that this may be related to its extreme 98˚ axial tilt. This causes its seasonal patterns to be very different from those of any other planet in the Solar System. There are still no"
"strong absorber of visible and ultraviolet radiation, and can only exist as a gas in a hot atmosphere. WASP-33b is the hottest exoplanet known, with a temperature of and is approximately four and a half times the mass of Jupiter. In February 2016, it was announced that NASA Hubble Space Telescope had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully. The atmospheric circulation of planets that rotate more slowly or have a thicker atmosphere allows more"
"and the Vulcan Stonn in the episode ""Amok Time"". Montaigne was also considered for the original role of Spock on that series. James Sikking would later appear as Captain Styles in the film """" (1984). ""The most brilliant planet in our solar system is Venus, named for the Greek Love-Goddess. It is closer to Earth than any other planet — twenty-eight million miles away. Until sometime in the last half of the twentieth century it is still a planet shrouded in mystery, enveloped in a heavy blanket of clouds and steam. Because its surface temperature was believed to be several"
"be 36,000 K. For the outer planets of the Solar System, internal heating powers the weather and wind instead of sunlight that powers the weather for terrestrial planets. The internal heating within gas giant planets raise temperatures higher than effective temperatures, as in the case of Jupiter, this makes 40 K warmer than given effective temperature. A combination of external and internal heating (which may be a combination of tidal heating and electromagnetic heating) is thought to make giant planets that orbit very close to their stars (hot Jupiters) into ""puffy planets"" (external heating is not thought to be sufficient"
"effects of internal heating because they are only 5 and 11% the mass of Earth respectively; they are nearly ""geologically dead"" (however, see Mercury's magnetic field and Geological history of Mars). Earth, being more massive, has a great enough ratio of mass to surface area for its internal heating to drive plate tectonics and volcanism. The gas giants have much greater internal heating than terrestrial planets, due to their greater mass and greater compressibility making more energy available from gravitational contraction. Jupiter, the most massive planet in the Solar System, has the most internal heating, with core temperature estimated to"
"HR 8799 e </math></ref> HR 8799 e is a large exoplanet, orbiting the star HR 8799, which lies 129 lightyears from Earth. This gas giant is between 5 and 10 times the mass of Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System. Due to their young age and high temperature all four discovered planets in the HR 8799 system are large, compared to all gas giants in the Solar System. HR 8799 e is the fourth planet orbiting HR 8799 in order of discovery. It is a young, hot and massive gas giant, and is fairly close to its star,"
"a temperature of , somewhat cooler than the equilibrium temperature of the Earth. It has a mass of 7.2 , and a likely radius of around 1.05 , based on its high mass. The planet orbits an (F-type) star named Kepler-419. The star has a mass of 1.39 and a radius of 1.75 . It has a surface temperature of 6430 K and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 12."
"in terms of habitability. Temperature must also be considered as Venus and the planets of Alpha Centauri B (discovered in 2012), Kepler-20 (discovered in 2011), COROT-7 (discovered in 2009) and the three planets of Kepler-42 (all discovered in 2011) are very hot, and Mars, Ganymede and Titan are frigid worlds, resulting also in wide variety of surface and atmospheric conditions. The masses of the Solar System's moons are a tiny fraction of that of Earth whereas the masses of extrasolar planets are very difficult to accurately measure. However discoveries of Earth-sized terrestrial planets are important as they may indicate the"
"show evidence of Methane and Acetylene but no Ammonia or Carbon Dioxide. There is currently no explanation why this planet shows strong methane absorption, but the other 3 planets in this system do not, despite all 4 planets having similar atmospheric temperatures. HR 8799 e </math></ref> HR 8799 e is a large exoplanet, orbiting the star HR 8799, which lies 129 lightyears from Earth. This gas giant is between 5 and 10 times the mass of Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System. Due to their young age and high temperature all four discovered planets in the HR 8799"
"or roughly the pressure found underwater on Earth. Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect. The water has probably photodissociated, and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the"
"the distance between the Earth and the Moon), the planet is among the hottest ever detected; its estimated temperature is approximately 1,650 degrees Celsius. ""This star-hugging planet must be at least 1.6 times the mass of Jupiter, otherwise the star's gravitational muscle would pull the planet apart,"" said team leader Kailash Sahu of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. Such USPPs seem to occur only around dwarf stars. The small star's relatively low temperature allows the planet to exist. ""USPPs occur preferentially around normal red dwarf stars that are smaller and cooler than our Sun,"" Sahu said. SWEEPS-10"
"with Jupiter than with the other giant planets, some have claimed that ""jovian planet"" is a more accurate term for them. Many of the exoplanets are much closer to their parent stars and hence much hotter than the giant planets in the Solar System, making it possible that some of those planets are a type not observed in the Solar System. Considering the relative abundances of the elements in the universe (approximately 98% hydrogen and helium) it would be surprising to find a predominantly rocky planet more massive than Jupiter. On the other hand, models of planetary-system formation have suggested"
"The star is host to a planetary system with two planets, Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c. The innermost planet has the highest temperature of any known planet known so far. On December 26, 2011, evidence for two extremely short-period planets was announced. They were detected by the reflection of starlight caused by the planets themselves, rather than through a variation in apparent stellar magnitude caused by them transiting the star. The measurements also suggested a smaller body between the two confirmed planets; this remains unconfirmed. Orbits of Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c have 7:10 orbital resonance and have the closest approach between planets of"
"surface of its parent star. The team hypothesized that the planet's magnetosphere was transferring energy onto the star's surface, increasing its already high 7,760 °C temperature by an additional 400 °C. Several planets or dwarf planets in the Solar System (such as Neptune and Pluto) have orbital periods that are in resonance with each other or with smaller bodies (this is also common in satellite systems). All except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites, often called ""moons"". Earth has one, Mars has two, and the giant planets have numerous moons in complex planetary-type systems. Many moons of the giant planets"
"the planets Jupiter and Saturn. It has a temperature of , close to that of Earth. It has a mass around 1.2 , and a radius less than or equal to around 1.01 . This makes it very similar to Jupiter, in terms of mass and radius. The planet orbits a (G-type) star named Kepler-90. The star has a mass of 1.2 and a radius 1.2 . It has a surface temperatures of 6080 K and has an estimated age of around 2 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature"
"by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses), which comprises 99.86% of all the mass in the Solar System, produces temperatures and densities in its core high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, making it a main-sequence star. This releases an enormous amount of energy, mostly radiated into space as electromagnetic radiation peaking in visible light. The Sun is a G2-type main-sequence star. Hotter main-sequence stars are more luminous. The Sun's temperature is intermediate between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun"
"has a temperature of . It has a mass of 2.5 and a radius of 0.96 . The planet orbits an (F-type) star named Kepler-419. The star has a mass of 1.39 and a radius 1.75 . It has a surface temperatures of 6430 K and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13. It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with"
"the second most massive and third largest terrestrial planet ever discovered, behind Kepler-277c in radius and PSR J1719-1438 b in both radius and mass. Due to its proximity to its host star, Kepler-277b is quite hot with an equilibrium temperature of about , hot enough to melt certain metals. Kepler-277b orbits close to its host star, with one orbit lasting 17.324 days. Its semi-major axis, or average distance from the parent object, is about 0.136 AU. For comparison, the planet Mercury in our Solar System takes 88 days to orbit at a distance of 0.38 AU. At this distance, Kepler-277b"
"Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two-and-a-half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants; the other two giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants. Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity. It is named after the Roman god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.94, bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows, and making it"
"of elements heavier than helium. The planet's effective temperature is 900 K, and is thus the hottest of the planets discovered in the Kepler-11 system. Kepler-11b orbits its host star every 10.30375 days at a distance of .091 AU. Planet Mercury, in comparison, orbits the Sun every 87.97 days from a distance of .387 AU. Kepler-11b's inclination of 88.5° means that it deviates slightly from the orbital plane, but it does so more than the other five planets with which Kepler-11b was discovered. Its close proximity to the star implies a strong insolation, which caused the planet to lose all"
"a better understanding of neutrino oscillation. Solar core The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 to 0.25 of solar radius. It is the hottest part of the Sun and of the Solar System. It has a density of 150 g/cm (150 times the density of liquid water) at the center, and a temperature of 15 million kelvins (15 million degrees Celsius, 27 million degrees Fahrenheit). The core is made of hot, dense plasma (ions and electrons), at a pressure estimated at 265 billion bar (3.84 trillion psi or 26.5 petapascals (PPa)) at"
"closer to the star Gliese 3470 in distance, than compared to the distance of the planet Mercury to Sun in our Solar System. Because of this the predicted temperature of the planet at which it is evaporating away is said to be at approximately 1700F. The predicted evaporation rate is also theorized to be ""3 times faster than that of the last evaporating exoplanet that was discovered."" It is also predicted that if any liquid vapors are present in the atmosphere they boil away. Once the atmosphere is evaporated only its possibly rocky core would remain. Gliese 3470 b Gliese"
"predicted to be relatively similar to Earth's, but is subject to significant swings as it orbits its star. The planet has a relatively high eccentricity, taking it very near to the predicted inner edge of the habitable zone. The planet's average equilibrium temperature is predicted to be , but is estimated to vary from at apoastron to at periastron. However, because of its large mass, it may have a dense atmosphere, which could make it much hotter and more like the planet Venus. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Gliese 832, orbited by a total of two planets. The"
"in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as . Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching . Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately . Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled ""arcs""), which was discovered in 1984, then later confirmed by ""Voyager 2"". Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613 contain plotted points that match up with what is"
"KELT-9b KELT-9b is the hottest gas giant exoplanet known, with a dayside temperature of between 4,050 and 4,600 K, which makes it hotter than M-type stars, and many K-type stars. It orbits HD 195689 (or KELT-9), a late B-type main sequence star about 620 light-years (190 parsecs) from Earth. The host star has a temperature of 10,170 K, which is remarkable, as transiting planets are not usually detected in orbit of hot stars; as a reference, only six A-type stars were known to have planets prior to KELT-9b discovery (WASP-33, an A-type star with a temperature of 7,430 K being"
"the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does. The average temperature on the surface is above the melting points of lead (600 K, 327 °C), tin (505 K, 232 °C), and zinc (693 K, 420 °C). The thick troposphere also makes the difference in temperature between the day and night side small, even though the slow retrograde rotation of the planet causes a single solar"
"that of the ice giants Neptune and Uranus. It has an equilibrium temperature of . It has an estimated minimum mass of around 5.1 , and a potential radius of 1.6 , based on its mass. The planet orbits a (G-type) star named 61 Virginis, orbited by a total of three planets. The star has a mass of 0.94 and a radius of 0.98 . It has a temperature of 5531 K and is about 8.96 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star has slightly less"
"± 0.5, ""minimum"" surface gravity of about 1.4 g and assuming an atmosphere like Earth's despite its far greater mass, an estimated temperature of 298 K (24.85 °C or 76.73 °F) at the top of its atmosphere. The estimated temperature is noted to be similar to temperatures in Southern France, but various atmospheric conditions prevalent in the planet have to be analyzed to estimate the temperature of the surface. An estimated radius of 1.3 is possible based on its mass. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named HD 85512. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of"
"larger, and Jupiter's is the strongest in the Solar System (so strong in fact that it poses a serious health risk to future manned missions to its moons). The magnetic fields of the other giant planets are roughly similar in strength to that of Earth, but their magnetic moments are significantly larger. The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are strongly tilted relative the rotational axis and displaced from the centre of the planet. In 2004, a team of astronomers in Hawaii observed an extrasolar planet around the star HD 179949, which appeared to be creating a sunspot on the"
"similar to that of the Sun. Metallicity plays a vital role in the formation of planets, as a more metal-rich star tends to form more dense planets. Kepler-11 has an effective temperature of 5680 (± 100) K, only slightly cooler than the Sun (5778 K). Kepler-11 hosts six known planets: Kepler-11b, Kepler-11c, Kepler-11d, Kepler-11e, and Kepler-11f, all of which form a tight group well within the orbit of Mercury. Kepler-11g is considerably farther away from Kepler-11 than its five sister planets. According to NASA, the planets orbiting Kepler-11 form the flattest and most compact system known. Kepler-11 has an apparent"
"reanalysis by Vogt supported its existence. A new study in 2014 concluded that it was a false positive; however, in 2015, a reanalysis of the data suggested that it could still exist. The planet is thought to be tidally locked to its star. If the planet has a dense atmosphere, it may be able to circulate heat. The actual habitability of the planet depends on the composition of its surface and the atmosphere. It is thought to have temperatures around −37 to −11 °C (−35 to 10 °F). By comparison, Earth has an average surface temperature of 15 °C (59"
"Earth with a radius that is 4 times greater than the Earth. This makes it similar to Neptune in terms of size and mass, but with a temperature that is not comparable to any planet in the Solar System (Venus, the hottest planet, is only 735 kelvins). Kepler-4b's eccentricity was assumed to be 0, however an independent reanalysis of the discovery data found a value of 0.25 ± 0.12, and a later reanalysis of the light curve discovered a secondary eclipse with depth 7.47 ± 1.82ppm at a phase of about 0.7. Kepler-4b Kepler-4b, initially known as KOI 7.01, is"