"and six externally. ""Brumaire"" was named for a month of the French Revolutionary calendar. ""Brumaire"" was in service during the First World War and saw action throughout on patrol and close blockade duty. She remained on active duty at the end of hostilities, when many of her class were de-commissioned. ""Brumaire"" was stricken and disarmed in 1928, and scrapped in 1930. French submarine Brumaire French submarine ""Brumaire"" (Q60) was a Laubeuf type submarine built for the French Navy prior to World War I. She was the name ship of her class. ""Brumaire"" was ordered by the French Navy as part"
"Brumaire Brumaire () was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word for fog, ""brume"", fog occurring frequently in France at that time of the year. Brumaire was the second month of the autumn quarter (""mois d'automne""). It started between 22 October and 24 October. It ended between 20 November and 22 November. It follows the Vendémiaire and precedes the Frimaire. In political/historical usage, Brumaire can refer to the coup of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII (9 November 1799), by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to"
"Thermidor Thermidor () was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ""thermal"" which comes from the Greek word ""thermos"" which means ""heat"". Thermidor was the second month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). It started July 19 or 20. It ended August 17 or 18. It follows the Messidor and precedes the Fructidor. During Year 2, it was sometimes called Fervidor. Because of the Thermidorian reaction—9 Thermidor Year II—the overthrow of revolutionary radical Maximilien Robespierre and his followers in that month, the word ""Thermidor"" has come to mean a retreat from"
"name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Other exceptions are the 8th day (Honey) and the 11th day (Wax). The original proposal of Fabre d'Églantine was Epicéa (Spruce) for the 8th and Thuya (White Cedar) for the 11th, but the National Convention shifted Honey and Wax from Nivôse to Frimaire thus foiling the original intention. Frimaire Frimaire () was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ""frimas"", which means ""frost"". Frimaire was the third month of the autumn quarter (""mois d'automne""). It started between 21 November and"
"Frimaire Frimaire () was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ""frimas"", which means ""frost"". Frimaire was the third month of the autumn quarter (""mois d'automne""). It started between 21 November and 23 November. It ended between 20 December and 22 December. It follows the Brumaire and precedes the Nivôse. Like all FRC months, Frimaire lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the"
"Nivôse Nivôse (; also ""Nivose"") was the fourth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""nivosus"", which means ""snowy"". Nivôse was the first month of the winter quarter (""mois d'hiver""). It started between 21 and 23 December. It ended between 19 and 21 January. It follows the Frimaire and precedes the Pluviôse. The new names for the calendar were suggested by Fabre d'Églantine on 24 October 1793. On 24 November the National Convention accepted the names with minor changes. So it was decided to omit the circumflex (""accent circonflexe"") in the names of"
"5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal or an agricultural tool, respectively. Thermidor Thermidor () was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ""thermal"" which comes from the Greek word ""thermos"" which means ""heat"". Thermidor was the second month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). It started July 19 or 20. It ended August 17 or 18. It follows the Messidor and precedes the Fructidor. During Year 2, it was sometimes called Fervidor. Because of the Thermidorian reaction—9 Thermidor Year II—the"
"Pluviôse Pluviôse (; also ""Pluviose"") was the fifth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""pluviosus"", which means ""rainy"". Pluviôse was the second month of the winter quarter (""mois d'hiver""), starting between the 20th and 22 January, and ending between the 18th and 20 February. It follows the Nivôse and precedes the Ventôse. On October 24, 1793 Fabre d'Églantine suggested new names for the French Republican Calendar and on the 24th November the National Convention accepted the names with minor changes. It was decided to omit the circumflex (""accent circonflexe"") in the names"
"Ventôse Ventôse (; also ""Ventose"") was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""ventosus"", which means ""windy"". Ventôse was the third month of the winter quarter (""mois d'hiver""). It started between 19 February and 21 February. It ended between 20 March and 21 March. It follows the Pluviôse and precedes the Germinal. New names for the calendar were suggested by Fabre d'Églantine on 24 October 1793 and on 24 November the National Convention accepted the names with minor changes. It was decided to omit the circumflex (""accent circonflexe"") in the names"
"of the winter months, so the month was named ""Pluviose"" instead of ""Pluviôse"". However, in Historiography the spelling ""Pluviôse"" is still preferred. Like all FRC months Pluviôse lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Each day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Pluviôse Pluviôse (; also ""Pluviose"") was the fifth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""pluviosus"", which means ""rainy""."
"of the winter months, so the month was named ""Ventose"" instead of ""Ventôse"". Historiography still prefers the spelling ""Ventôse"". Like all FRC months Ventôse lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Ventôse Ventôse (; also ""Ventose"") was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""ventosus"", which means ""windy"". Ventôse was the"
"Messidor Messidor () was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""messis"", which means ""harvest"". Messidor was the first month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). It started on 19 or 20 June. It ended on 18 or 19 July. It follows the Prairial and precedes the Thermidor. Like all FRC months Messidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of"
"replace it with the Consulate, as referenced by Karl Marx in his pamphlet, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, in which Marx parallels Napoleon's original coup with the later 1851 Coup of his nephew, Louis-Napoleon. Like all FRC months Brumaire lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Brumaire Brumaire () was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The"
"the winter months. So the month was named ""Nivose"" instead of ""Nivôse"". Historiography still prefers the spelling ""Nivôse"". Like all months in the French Republican Calendar, Nivôse lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). The 5th (Quintidi) day of every decade was named after a domestic animal, the 10th day (Decadi) after an agricultural tool (Decadi). Different from the other months the rest of the days were not named after an agricultural plant, but after a mineral or animal substance. Fabre d'Églantine says about this topic: Nivôse Nivôse (; also ""Nivose"") was the fourth"
"by September 14. September was called ""harvest month"" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. September is called ""Herbstmonat"", harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month ""Gerstmonath"", barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. Meteor showers that occur in September include the Aurigids, the Delta Aurigids which occur from mid-September to early October, the Southern Taurids, which occur from September 10 to November 20, and the Andromedids which occur from September 25 –"
"Germinal (French Republican Calendar) Germinal () was the seventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""germen"", ""germination"". Germinal was the first month of the spring quarter (""mois de printemps""). It started March 21 or March 22, and ended April 19 or April 20. It follows Ventôse and precedes Floréal. In the context of the French Revolution, ""Germinal"" sometimes refers to the downfall and execution of the Indulgents, Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins, which took place during Germinal of 1794, four months before the Thermidorian Reaction in which Robespierre himself was executed. The"
"Fructidor Fructidor () is the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""fructus"", which means ""fruit"". Fructidor is the third month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). By the Gregorian calendar, Fructidor starts on either August 18 or August 19 and ends exactly thirty days later, on September 16 or September 17. Fructidor follows the month of Thermidor and precedes the Sansculottides. The month is often used as a shorthand term for the Coup of 18 Fructidor. Like all French Republican months, Fructidor lasted thirty days and was divided into three weeks"
"a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Messidor Messidor () was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""messis"", which means ""harvest"". Messidor was the first month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). It started on 19 or 20 June. It ended on 18 or 19 July. It follows the Prairial and precedes the Thermidor. Like all FRC months Messidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day"
"Vendémiaire Vendémiaire () was the first month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Occitan word ""vendemiaire"" (grape harvester). Vendémiaire was the first month of the autumn quarter (""mois d'automne""). It started on the day of the autumnal equinox, which fell between 22 September and 24 September, inclusive. It thus ended between 21 October and 23 October, and was the season of the vintage in the wine districts of northern France. It follows the Sansculottides of the past year and precedes Brumaire. Like all FRC months Vendémiaire lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day"
"called decades (""décades"") which each lasted ten days. Within every decade, each day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the fifth - the ""Quintidi"" - which had the name of an animal, and the tenth - the ""Decadi"" - which had the name of an agricultural tool. Fructidor Fructidor () is the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""fructus"", which means ""fruit"". Fructidor is the third month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). By the Gregorian calendar, Fructidor starts on either August 18 or August 19 and ends exactly"
"the school. The French composer Fromental Halévy was named after the feast day of 'Fromental' in the Revolutionary Calendar, which occurred on his birthday in year VIII (27 May 1799). Neil Gaiman's ""The Sandman"" series included a story called ""Thermidor"" that takes place in that month during the French Revolution. The ""Liavek"" shared world series uses a calendar that is a direct translation of the French Republican calendar. Sarah Monette's ""Doctrine of Labyrinths"" series borrows the Republican calendar for one of the two competing calendars (their usage splits between social classes) in the fictional city of Mélusine. Jacques Rivette's 1974"
"Greek derivations formed the fundamental blocks from which the new systems were built. The new calendar was created by a commission under the direction of the politician Charles-Gilbert Romme seconded by Claude Joseph Ferry and Charles-François Dupuis. They associated with their work the chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, the mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange, the astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande, the mathematician Gaspard Monge, the astronomer and naval geographer Alexandre Guy Pingré, and the poet, actor and playwright Fabre d'Églantine, who invented the names of the months, with the help of André Thouin, gardener at the Jardin des Plantes"
"events of Germinal 1794 signaled the beginning of the end of the Reign of Terror. Like all FRC months, Germinal lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). The 26th and 27th changed their role in later years. Germinal (French Republican Calendar) Germinal () was the seventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word"
"of the French Republic's French Republican Calendar. The calendar was designed by the politician and agronomist Gilbert Romme, although it is usually attributed to Fabre d'Eglantine, who invented the names of the months. This Calendar featured a ten-day week so that Sunday would be forgotten as a religious day, and the months were named after the intrinsic qualities of the seasons. He contributed a large part of the new nomenclature; for example, the months of (""Prairial"" and ""Floréal"", as well as the days ""Primidi"" and ""Duodi""). The report which he made on the subject, on 24 October 1793, described the"
"Gregorian months, it counted the years from the death of the prophet Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Afghanistan and Persia. The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). The original French names are therefore listed below. As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There"
"measures, and to a famous trial known as the ""procès d'avril"". ""This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance."" April April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, the fifth in the early Julian, the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. April is commonly associated with the season of autumn in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, and spring in parts of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October"
"(Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Prairial Prairial () was the ninth month in the French Republican Calendar. This month was named after the French word ""prairie"", which means ""meadow"". It was the name given to several ships. Prairial was the third month of the spring quarter (""mois de printemps""). It started May 20 or May 21. It ended June 18 or June 19. It follows the Floréal and precedes the Messidor. Like all FRC months, Prairial lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called"
"France and other areas under French rule, including Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Malta, and Italy. Sylvain Maréchal, prominent anticlerical atheist, published the first edition of his ""Almanach des Honnêtes-gens"" (Almanac of Honest People) in 1788. On pages 14–15 appears a calendar, consisting of twelve months. The first month is ""Mars, ou Princeps"" (March, or First), the last month is ""Février, ou Duodécembre"" (February, or Twelfth). (The months of September [meaning ""the seventh""] through December [meaning ""the tenth""] are already numeric names, although their meanings do not match their positions in either the Julian or the"
"Floréal Floréal () was the eighth month in the French Republican Calendar. , which means ""flower"". Floréal was the second month of the spring quarter (""mois de printemps""). It started 20 April or 21 April. It ended 19 May or 20 May. It follows the Germinal and precedes the Prairial. Like all FRC months Floréal lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural"
"Prairial Prairial () was the ninth month in the French Republican Calendar. This month was named after the French word ""prairie"", which means ""meadow"". It was the name given to several ships. Prairial was the third month of the spring quarter (""mois de printemps""). It started May 20 or May 21. It ended June 18 or June 19. It follows the Floréal and precedes the Messidor. Like all FRC months, Prairial lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day"
"Weōdmōnaþ Ƿēodmōnaþ (modern English: ""Weed (or Grass) Month"") was the Anglo-Saxon name for the month of August. The name was recorded by the Anglo-Saxon scholar Bede in his treatise ""De temporum ratione"" (The Reckoning of Time), saying that ""Vueod-Monath is the month of weeds, as this is the time when they grow most abundantly” Ƿēodmōnaþ is also explained in Menologium of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles: “Agustus mōnaþ on ūre geþeōde ƿē nemnaþ Ƿeōdmōnaþ, for ðon ðe hī on ðam mōnþe mǣst geƿeaxaþ.” """"The month of ""Agustus"" we call the ""weed month"" in our language, for these grow most in this month.”"
"Weōdmōnaþ Ƿēodmōnaþ (modern English: ""Weed (or Grass) Month"") was the Anglo-Saxon name for the month of August. The name was recorded by the Anglo-Saxon scholar Bede in his treatise ""De temporum ratione"" (The Reckoning of Time), saying that ""Vueod-Monath is the month of weeds, as this is the time when they grow most abundantly” Ƿēodmōnaþ is also explained in Menologium of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles: “Agustus mōnaþ on ūre geþeōde ƿē nemnaþ Ƿeōdmōnaþ, for ðon ðe hī on ðam mōnþe mǣst geƿeaxaþ.” """"The month of ""Agustus"" we call the ""weed month"" in our language, for these grow most in this month.”"
"tool (Decadi). Floréal Floréal () was the eighth month in the French Republican Calendar. , which means ""flower"". Floréal was the second month of the spring quarter (""mois de printemps""). It started 20 April or 21 April. It ended 19 May or 20 May. It follows the Germinal and precedes the Prairial. Like all FRC months Floréal lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or"