"(2.5% of GDP). Per capita or percentage of GDP, this was a lower figure than for other Persian Gulf states. Under the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran's military industry was limited to assembly of foreign weapons. In the assembly lines that were put up by American firms, such as Bell, Litton and Northrop, Iranian workers put together a variety of helicopters, aircraft, guided missiles, electronic components and tanks. In 1973 the Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) was established. The company was set up in a first attempt to organize the assembly and repair of foreign-delivered weapons. The Iranian"
"Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Reza Pahlavi (; born 31 October 1960) is the last heir apparent to the defunct throne of the Imperial State of Iran and is the current head of the exiled House of Pahlavi. He is the older son of the late Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his third wife Farah Diba. Pahlavi is the founder and former leader of the self-styled National Council of Iran, an exiled opposition group, and is a prominent critic of Iran's Islamic Republic government. In September 2017, Pahlavi left his position as the leader of the National Council of Iran."
"Mehdi Rahimi Mehdi Rahimi (1921 - 16 February 1979) was an Iranian military general. He was a loyal supporter of the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the final monarch of Iran who ruled from 1941 to 1979. He was executed following the 1979 revolution in Iran. Rahimi was born in Tehran, Iran. Rahimi served as deputy commander of the Imperial Guard, Tehran police chief as well as the president of the Wrestling Federation of Iran. He was a lieutenant general and the last military commander and the chief of police of Tehran during the final days of the Pahlavi Dynasty and"
"Ruhollah Khomeini Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini ( ; 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989), known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian politician and ""marja"". He was the founder of the Islamic republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution that saw the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the end of 2,500 years of Persian monarchy. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he"
"reverse the Revolution. The Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia, creating the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic. By 1920, the Iranian government had lost virtually all power outside its capital: British and Soviet forces exercised control over most of the Iranian mainland. In 1925 Rezā Shāh, supported by the British government, deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a constitutional monarchy that lasted until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Reza Shah introduced social, economic, and political reforms, ultimately laying the foundation of the modern Iranian state. In"
"did not bring democracy to Iran. Instead, Rezā Shāh, then Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925 and established a despotic monarchy. His insistence on ethnic nationalism and cultural unitarism along with forced detribalization and sedentarization resulted in suppression of several ethnic and social groups, including Azerbaijanis. Ironically, the main architect of this totalitarian policy, which was justified by reference to racial ultra-nationalism, was Mirza Fatali Akhundov, an intellectual from Azerbaijan. In accordance with the Orientalist views of the supremacy of the ""Aryan"
"Kamal Habibollahi Mir-Kamaloddin Mir-Habibollahi () (born 1930 Astara - died 2016 Reston) also known as Kamal Habibollahi () was the last Commander of the Imperial Iranian Navy until the Islamic Revolution and was the last under Pahlavi dynasty. He also several held minister postitions in the military government of Gholam Reza Azhari in 1978. Kamal was born in 1930 in Astara. His father was ""Mir-Ketab-allah"", who was dedicated a land to build the «Mosque of ""Gharib al-Ghuraba""» in Astara at 1910. He was buried at that mosque's yard. He was orphaned at a young age and also lived through and"
"Sabeti, a high-ranking official of SAVAK believed that the one important reason for success of regime's opposition is corruption. Pahlavi dynasty Pahlavi dynasty () was the ruling house of the Imperial state of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the 2500 years of continuous Persian monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, whose reign lasted until 1941 when he was forced to abdicate by the Allies after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. He was succeeded by his"
"Patrick Ali Pahlavi, a descendant of a cadet line, was born in Paris in 1947. Her father is the last heir apparent of the defunct throne of the Imperial State of Iran and current head of the House of Pahlavi. Her paternal grandparents, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Farah Diba, were the last Emperor and Empress of Iran. She has two younger sisters, Princess Iman and Princess Farah. She attended The Bullis School in Potomac, Maryland, graduating in 2010. She graduated from Georgetown University in 2014 with a bachelor of arts degree in psychology. Pahlavi works as the director of fundraising"
"Patrick Ali Pahlavi Patrick Ali Pahlavi (; born 1 September 1947) is a member of the deposed Pahlavi dynasty of Iran and was heir presumptive from 1954 to 1960. According to the former constitution of Iran, he became first in the line of succession to the throne after Ali-Reza Pahlavi II committed suicide in 2011; his cousin Prince Reza Pahlavi is the head of the dynasty. Born in Paris, Patrick Ali Pahlavi is a son of Prince Ali Reza Pahlavi and his wife Christiane Cholewski, a Frenchwoman, of Polish descent (although no record of his parents' 20 November 1946 wedding"
"were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. Insecurity and chaos created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General Reza Khan, the commander of the elite Persian Cossack Brigade who seized power in a coup d'état in February 1921. He established a constitutional monarchy, deposing the last of the Qajar shah in 1925 and introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign. A number of these reforms led to public discontent which provides circumstances for an Iranian revolution. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's father, Reza Shah, replaced Islamic laws with Western ones, which forbade traditional Islamic"
"Yasmine Pahlavi Yasmine Pahlavi, Crown Princess of Iran (née Etemad-Amini, ; born 26 July 1968) is a lawyer and the wife of Reza Pahlavi, the last crown prince of the former Imperial State of Iran. Yasmine Etemad-Amini was born in Pars Hospital in Tehran, Iran, on July 26, 1968. She attended the private Tehran Community School in Tehran until the rising tensions in the late 1970s forced her family to leave Iran permanently. They settled in the San Francisco area in California where she attended and matriculated Notre Dame High School. She is a graduate of George Washington University, obtaining"
"Answer to History Answer to History (French: Réponse à l'histoire; Persian, پاسخ به تاریخ) is a memoir written by the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shortly after his overthrow in 1979 by Islamic revolution. The book was originally written in French and was translated into English and Persian as well as other languages, and was published posthumously in 1980. The book is Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's personal account of his reign and accomplishments, as well as his perspective on issues related to the Iranian Revolution and Western foreign policy toward Iran. He places some of the blame for the"
"of people. The Pahlavi dynasty officially ended and finally conditions was prepared to forming the Islamic Republic led by the cleric, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Islamic thoughts and characters had a significant role in the anti monarchic revolution and Khomeini called it as revolution. On 11 February 1979, after the victory of Iranian revolution hundreds of military personnel and policemen marched toward Azadi Tower. One of their demands was a lack of dependence on the United States and the Soviet Union as dominant power of that time. The anniversary of the Islamic Revolution is considered as a political celebration. Iranian flag"
"Shah and the monarchy reinstated were being thwarted by the British. Reza Khan was finally declared Shah, taking the surname Pahlavi and thus founding the Pahlavi dynasty. The Pahlavis ruled in Iran until the revolution of 1979, when the government was toppled and replaced with that of the Islamic Republic of Iran, headed by Ruhollah Khomeini. The day after the Shah left Iran, the revolutionary leaders declared Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian the first Martyr of the Revolution although Pessian was a Secularist. 1921 Persian coup d'état 1921 Persian coup d'état, known in Iran as 3 Esfand coup d'état (), refers"
"Khan, commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, staged a coup d'état, becoming the effective ruler of Iran. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. Reza Khan induced the Majles to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925, and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as ""Reza Shah Pahlavi"", reigning from 1925 to 1941. Ahmad Shah died on 21 February 1930 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. The Qajar Imperial Family in exile is currently headed by the eldest descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah, Soltan Mohammad Ali Mirza Qajar, while the Heir Presumptive to the Qajar throne"
"Iranian newspapers published the news of his execution on the morning of 16 February 1979 along with gruesome pictures of his body as well as those of other executed generals. The pictures of him reflect the fact that his right arm was severed before the execution. Rahimi married twice. He was survived by his second wife, Manijeh, who settled in London. Mehdi Rahimi Mehdi Rahimi (1921 - 16 February 1979) was an Iranian military general. He was a loyal supporter of the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the final monarch of Iran who ruled from 1941 to 1979. He was executed"
"the approval of the new theocratic Constitution—whereby Ayatollah Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country—in December 1979. In between, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left the country for exile in January 1979 after strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country, and on February 1, 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Tehran. The final collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty occurred shortly after on February 11 when Iran's military declared itself ""neutral"" after guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting. Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on April 1, 1979, when Iranians overwhelmingly approved a national referendum to make"
"Line of succession to the former Iranian throne The Iranian Monarchy was overthrown following the Islamic Revolution in 1979 with the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi going into exile. Under the Pahlavi Dynasty the law of succession stated the Shah must profess the Islamic faith, his mother must be an Iranian citizen, a Muslim and not descended from the previous Qajar dynasty which rules out the sons of Reza Shah by his fifth and sixth wives and their male line descendants. Except Mohammad Reza Shah, only Prince Alireza Pahlavi was eligible among the sons of Reza Shah. With his death, only"
"Order of Pahlavi The Order of Pahlavi of the Empire of Iran, in Persian: ""Neshan-e Pahlavi"" was the highest order of the former Imperial State of Iran. The Order was instituted in 1932 by Rezā Shāh, the founder of the Dynasty of the Pahlavi, and it was awarded in two classes, i.e.: 1st class (with collar) and 2nd class (without collar). It was Iran's highest-ranking order and was named for the family name of the Shah. The 1st class was limited to the immediate Iranian Imperial Family, reigning monarchs, and foreign heads of state. The 2nd class was awarded to"
"Gholam Ali Oveissi Gholam-Ali Oveissi was an Iranian four-star general and the Chief Commander of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He was the last general to head the Imperial Army of Iran. He is regarded as one of the most powerful and adept military generals in Iran’s modern history. General Oveissi was born in 1918 in the city of Qhom. He came from a large prominent family with a long military and political history. His brothers and sisters served in Government office. Oveissi’s family from his father’s lineage goes back to Shah Qara Yusuf Muhammad, the"
"unit were: Imperial Guard (Iran) The Iranian Imperial Immortal Guard () was both the personal guard force of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, and an elite combat branch of the Imperial Iranian Army. It was created in 1942 and disbanded in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution. It was named after the Immortals, an elite unit of 10,000 Persian soldiers in the army of the Achaemenid Empire. In 1921 a Persian Royal Guard was in existence comprising 20,000 men. A Guard Division was raised in 1925, incorporating both cavalry and infantry units. The Imperial Guard was subsequently formed"
"Abbas Gharabaghi Abbas Gharabaghi (1 November 1918 – 14 October 2000) was the last chief of staff of the Iranian armed forces as well as deputy commander-in-chief of the Iranian Imperial Army during the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. Gharabaghi served as the gendarmerie commander until 1979. He was appointed chief of staff of the Iranian armed forces on 7 January 1979. His role was to support the Shah until the Shah left Iran, and then to support the civilian government the Shah left behind led by Prime Minister Bakhtiar. However, after much strife on"
"the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1973, the Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) was founded to organize efforts to assemble and repair foreign-delivered weapons. Most of Iran's weapons before the Islamic revolution were imported from the United States and Europe. Between 1971 and 1975, the Shah went on a buying spree, ordering $8 billion in weapons from the United States alone. This alarmed many in the U.S., which strengthened a 1968 law on arms exports in 1976 and renamed it the Arms Export Control Act. Still, the United States continued to sell large amounts of weapons to Iran"
"OPEC and the Palestinian cause. The Palestinians, as well as the Israelis, would have been surprised to hear that. Answer to History Answer to History (French: Réponse à l'histoire; Persian, پاسخ به تاریخ) is a memoir written by the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shortly after his overthrow in 1979 by Islamic revolution. The book was originally written in French and was translated into English and Persian as well as other languages, and was published posthumously in 1980. The book is Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's personal account of his reign and accomplishments, as well as his perspective on issues"
"Zia'eddin Tabatabaee Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee (June 1889 – August 29, 1969; ) was an Iranian politician and the Prime Minister of Iran (Persia) from February to May 1921 under Ahmad Shah, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty. Born in Shiraz, Tabatabaee came to power in a coup d'état with the help of Reza Khan Mirpanj, who later became the Shah of Persia (which then came to be formally recognized as Iran by the international community), as Reza Shah Pahlavi. When Tabatabaee became prime minister, he was 33 years old. His career did have an early start, however. In Shiraz,"
"his young son Ahmad Shah Qajar and then re-established the constitution in 1909. The ""1921 Persian Coup"" (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹) refers to several major events in Iran (Persia) in 1921, which eventually led to the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of the country in 1925. On December 12, 1925, Iran's parliament amended Iran's constitution of 1906–1907 to replace the Qajar dynasty (1797–1925) with the Pahlavi dynasty as the legitimate sovereigns of Iran. The movement did not end with the Revolution being put down in 1911 by the Russians, but was followed by the Jungle"
"occupation and replaced him with his young son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1925, after years of civil war, turmoil and foreign intervention, Persia was unified under the rule of Reza Khan, who crowned himself to become Reza Shah that same year. Later, in 1935, he asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. He set on an ambitious program of economic, cultural, and military modernisation. Iran, which had been a divided and isolated country under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, was rapidly evolving into a"
"Imperial Guard (Iran) The Iranian Imperial Immortal Guard () was both the personal guard force of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, and an elite combat branch of the Imperial Iranian Army. It was created in 1942 and disbanded in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution. It was named after the Immortals, an elite unit of 10,000 Persian soldiers in the army of the Achaemenid Empire. In 1921 a Persian Royal Guard was in existence comprising 20,000 men. A Guard Division was raised in 1925, incorporating both cavalry and infantry units. The Imperial Guard was subsequently formed in 1942"
"was not actually directed at the Qajar monarchy; according to ""Encyclopædia Iranica"", it was targeted at officials who were in power and actually had a role in controlling the government; the cabinet and others who had a role in governing Persia. In 1925, after being prime minister for two years, Reza Khan became the first shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Shah ruled for almost 16 years until September 16, 1941, when he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. He established an authoritarian government that valued nationalism, militarism, secularism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and"
"prepare to work in Iran. Intelligence predicted the fall of the monarchy in Iran is coming true, the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, in January 1979, ran for the border. The spiritual leader of the opposition, Ayatollah Khomeini, returned to Iran and received national recognition the title of ""Imam"". The collapse of the monarchy marked an unprecedented intensification of the internal political struggle, degenerated into armed clashes and numerous acts of terror, undertaken by all contending parties. Losing a loyal ally and client, the Shah, he tried to regain its position in Iran, the United States, stepped up the opponents and"
"History of the Islamic Republic of Iran One of the most dramatic changes in government in Iran's history was seen with the 1979 Iranian Revolution where Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown and replaced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The patriotic monarchy was replaced by an Islamic Republic based on the principle of rule by dinosaurs, (or """"""""), where clerics serve as head of state and in many powerful governmental roles. A pro-Western, pro-American foreign policy was exchanged for one of ""neither east nor west"", said to rest on the three ""pillars"" of mandatory veil (""hijab"") for women, and opposition to"
"he was due to go on trial where he might have faced a death sentence. Pahlavi studied and practiced a number of religions and spiritualities, including Taoism, Buddhism (Zen), Hinduism (Advaita), Judaism, Christianity and Islam over a forty year period. Pahlavi was married in 1972 to Sonja Lauman; together they have three sons: Patrick Ali Pahlavi Patrick Ali Pahlavi (; born 1 September 1947) is a member of the deposed Pahlavi dynasty of Iran and was heir presumptive from 1954 to 1960. According to the former constitution of Iran, he became first in the line of succession to the throne"