"support amongst members to be carried out in a caring and inclusive environment; and by developing worldwide alliances with other polio and post-polio groups. It aims to be the first resource on polio and post polio syndrome. It has around 8,000 members and over 40 branches and groups across the UK. It publishes a bi-monthly newsletter, ""the bulletin""; and campaigns to raise awareness of PPS among healthcare professionals, members of parliament and the general public and supports the efforts of fellow Polio organisations in their attempts to eradicate the disease worldwide. The British Polio Fellowship, then called The Infantile Paralysis"
"Infantilism (physiological disorder) In medicine, Infantilism is an obsolete term for various, often unrelated disorders of human development, up to developmental disability, which consist of retention of the physical and/or psychological characteristics of early developmental stages (infant, child) into a relatively advanced age. Various types of infantilism were recognized, lumped together in the above superficial description. With better understanding of the endocrine system and genetic disorders, various disorders which included the word ""infantilism"" received other names. For example, Brissaud's infantilism, described by Édouard Brissaud in 1907 is now known as myxedema (a form of hypothyroidism); ""intestinal infantilism"" of Christian Archibald"
"Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. In about 0.5 percent of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move. This can occur over a few hours to a few days. The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck and diaphragm. Many people fully recover. In those with muscle weakness about 2 to 5 percent of children and 15 to 30 percent of adults die. Another 25 percent of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a"
"children aged five to nine years, when the risk of paralysis is greater; about one-third of the cases were reported in persons over 15 years of age. Accordingly, the rate of paralysis and death due to polio infection also increased during this time. In the United States, the 1952 polio epidemic became the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of the nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis. Intensive care medicine has its origin in the fight against polio. Most hospitals in the 1950s had limited access to iron lungs"
"case of 12-year-old child with progressive bulbar paralysis It is named for the Italian pathologist, Eugenio Fazio (1849–1902) and for the French physician, Paul Frederic Louis Londe (1864–1944). Fazio–Londe disease Fazio–Londe disease (FLD), also called progressive bulbar palsy of childhood, is a very rare inherited motor neuron disease of children and young adults and is characterized by progressive paralysis of muscles innervated by cranial nerves. FLD produces rapidly progressive weakness of tongue, face and pharyngeal muscles in a clinical pattern similar to myasthenia. Neuromuscular transmission may be abnormal in these muscles because of rapid denervation and immature reinnervation. Paralysis occurs"
"Little Foundation The Little Foundation is a London-based charity operating internationally. Named in honour of William Little, the English surgeon who described what became known as 'Little's disease', a spastic paralysis of both lower limbs which then became known as infantile cerebral palsy. The charity, founded in 1990 by the late Ian Dawson-Shepherd, initially focused on funding research into the causes of cerebral palsy but now has broader objectives seeking to fund research into not only the causes and prevention of cerebral palsy but also allied disorders which include autism, dyslexia, epilepsy, deafness and blindness, learning difficulties, and other forms"
"1938 as the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. In 1976 it became known as the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. In 2007, the formal name became the March of Dimes Foundation. The group was founded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 3, 1938, as a response to U.S. epidemics of polio, a condition that can leave people with permanent physical disabilities. Roosevelt was himself diagnosed with polio in 1921, although his symptoms are now known to be more consistent with Guillain–Barré syndrome – an autoimmune neuropathy which Roosevelt's doctors failed to consider as a diagnostic possibility. The foundation"
"first published in 1945, has become the recognized bible and authority in its field. Infantile cortical hyperostosis Infantile cortical hyperostosis is a self-limited inflammatory disorder of infants that causes bone changes, soft tissue swelling and irritability. The disease may be present at birth or occur shortly thereafter. The cause is unknown. Both familial and sporadic forms occur. It is also known as Caffey disease or Caffey's disease. An affected infant typically has the following triad of signs and symptoms: soft-tissue swelling, bone lesions, and irritability. The swelling occurs suddenly, is deep, firm, and may be tender. Lesions are often asymmetric"
"2009 a six-year-old girl diagnosed with microvillus inclusion disease became the third person in the UK to die of swine flu. Microvillus inclusion disease was first described in 1978 by Davidson et al. It was originally described as ""familial enteropathy"". Microvillous inclusion disease Microvillus inclusion disease, also known as Davidson's disease, congenital microvillus atrophy and, less specifically, microvillus atrophy (note: microvillus is often misspelled as microvillous), is a rare genetic disorder of the small intestine that is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is characterized by chronic, intractable diarrhea in new-born infants, starting in the first few days of"
"Fazio–Londe disease Fazio–Londe disease (FLD), also called progressive bulbar palsy of childhood, is a very rare inherited motor neuron disease of children and young adults and is characterized by progressive paralysis of muscles innervated by cranial nerves. FLD produces rapidly progressive weakness of tongue, face and pharyngeal muscles in a clinical pattern similar to myasthenia. Neuromuscular transmission may be abnormal in these muscles because of rapid denervation and immature reinnervation. Paralysis occurs secondary to degeneration of the motor neurons of the brain stem. It causes progressive bulbar paralysis due to involvement of motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei. The"
"or steering its resources toward a new mission. Basil O'Connor, then the organization's president, directed his staff to identify strengths and weaknesses and reformulate its mission. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) shortened its name to the National Foundation (NF) in 1958 and launched its ""Expanded Program"" against birth defects, arthritis, and virus diseases, seeking to become a ""flexible force"" in the field of public health. In the mid-1960s, the organization focused its efforts on prevention of birth defects and infant mortality, which became its mission. At that time, the cause of birth defects was unknown; only the effects"
"Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (INCL) or Santavuori disease or Hagberg-Santavuori disease or Santavuori-Haltia disease or Infantile Finnish type neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or Balkan disease is a form of NCL and inherited as a recessive autosomal genetic trait. The disorder is progressive, degenerative and fatal, extremely rare worldwide – with approximately 60 official cases reported by 1982, perhaps 100 sufferers in total today – but relatively common in Finland due to the local founder effect. The development of children born with INCL is normal for the first 8–18 months, but will then flounder and start to regress"
"1948 by Zellweger and Uelinger, who reported a patient with “half-sided osteochondrodermatitis and nevus ichthyosiformis.” The first case of CHILD syndrome with ocular manifestations in a patient suffering from progressive bilateral optic nerve atrophy was recently reported in 2010 by Knape et al. Paralympic skier and medallist Stephanie Jallen competes in classification LW9-1 at the Sochi Winter Paralympics. CHILD syndrome Congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects (also known as ""CHILD syndrome"") is a genetic disorder with onset at birth seen almost exclusively in females. The disorder is related to CPDX2, and also has skin and skeletal abnormalities, distinguished"
"half of the individuals that were classified as ""crippled"", became disabled before the age of 15. 43 percent became classified during active working years (ages 15–60) while only 6 percent became classified after age 60. Out of the 936 cases that identified as becoming disabled at childhood, 382 were attributed to the Polio Virus (Infantile Paralysis). These results confirmed the severity of virus's epidemic and suggested that preventive measure should be taken to limit the illness from spreading further. Overall the survey suggested that within Cleveland in 1916 out of every 100 individuals, six of them were classified as ""crippled"""
"Infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis Infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA) syndrome is a neurological genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. It is characterized by the association of benign familial infantile epilepsy (BIFE) at age 3–12 months and later in life with paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis. The ICCA syndrome was first reported in 1997 in four French families from north-western France and provided the first genetic evidence for common mechanisms shared by benign infantile seizures and paroxysmal dyskinesia. The epileptic origin of PKC has long been a matter of debates and PD have been classified as reflex epilepsies.Indeed, attacks of"
"Herter is called coeliac disease. The Turner syndrome was described as ""a syndrome of infantilism"" by Henry Turner himself. Terms such as ""genital infantilism"" (infantilism in development of genitals, hypogenitalism), or ""sexual infantilism"" (lack of sexual development after expected puberty or delayed puberty) may still be seen, and are considered to be synonyms of hypogonadism. ""Somatic infantilism"" refers to infantilism of overall bodily development. Speech infantilism is a speech disorder. Similarly to some other medical terms (cretinism, idiotism), ""infantilism""/""infantile"" may be used pejoratively (synonymous to ""immature""). Infantilism (physiological disorder) In medicine, Infantilism is an obsolete term for various, often unrelated"
"innovations. One of the most widespread was the proliferation of ""no spitting"" ordinances in the United States and elsewhere. In 1921 Franklin D. Roosevelt became totally and permanently paralyzed from the waist down. Although the paralysis (whether from poliomyelitis, as diagnosed at the time, or from Guillain–Barré syndrome) had no cure at the time, Roosevelt, who had planned a life in politics, refused to accept the limitations of his disease. He tried a wide range of therapies, including hydrotherapy in Warm Springs, Georgia (see below). In 1938 Roosevelt helped to found the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now known as"
"irritability. About one to five in 1000 cases progress to paralytic disease, in which the muscles become weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and, finally, completely paralyzed; this condition is known as acute flaccid paralysis. Depending on the site of paralysis, paralytic poliomyelitis is classified as spinal, bulbar, or bulbospinal. Encephalitis, an infection of the brain tissue itself, can occur in rare cases, and is usually restricted to infants. It is characterized by confusion, changes in mental status, headaches, fever, and, less commonly, seizures and spastic paralysis. Poliomyelitis is caused by infection with a member of the genus ""Enterovirus"" known as"
"assessments of his health have changed several times in the past century. Prior to World War II, infantile paralysis (or polio) was widely accepted as the cause. This is the diagnosis used in Robert Graves' Claudius novels, first published in the 1930s. Polio does not explain many of the described symptoms, however, and a more recent theory implicates cerebral palsy as the cause, as outlined by Ernestine Leon. Tourette syndrome has also been considered a possibility. As a person, ancient historians described Claudius as generous and lowbrow, a man who sometimes lunched with the plebeians. They also paint him as"
"Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine Polio (Infantile paralysis or poliomyelitis) epidemics were a concern during the summer months for children globally, with records of polio from the Egyptians and Greeks to the 1950s epidemics. In the summer of 1921, this epidemic became notorious when Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Democratic contender for the vice presidency, was struck down by polio at the age of 39. Two U.S. virologists, Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh and Albert B. Sabin of the University of Cincinnati emerged as the most prominent among dozens of American researchers on the quest for a"
"Konzo Konzo is an epidemic paralytic disease occurring among hunger-stricken rural populations in Africa where a diet dominated by insufficiently processed cassava results in simultaneous malnutrition and high dietary cyanide intake. Konzo was first described by Giovanni Trolli in 1938 who compiled the observations from eight doctors working in the Kwango area of the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo). The onset of paralysis (spastic paraparesis) is sudden and symmetrical and affects the legs more than the arms. The resulting disability is permanent but does not progress. Typically, a patient is standing and walking on the balls of"
"Hospitalism Hospitalism (or ""anaclitic depression"" in its sublethal form) was a pediatric diagnosis used in the 1930s to describe infants who wasted away while in hospital. The symptoms could include retarded physical development, and disruption of perceptual-motor skills and language. It is now understood that this wasting disease was mostly caused by a lack of social contact between the infant and its caregivers. Infants in poorer hospitals were less subject to this disease since those hospitals could not afford incubators which meant that the hospital staff regularly held the infants. The term was used by the psychotherapist René Spitz in"
"factors. The spastic diplegia form of CP came to be known as Little's disease. At around this time, a German surgeon was also working on cerebral palsy, and distinguished it from polio. In the 1880s British neurologist William Gowers built on Little's work by linking paralysis in newborns to difficult births. He named the problem ""birth palsy"" and classified birth palsies into two types: peripheral and cerebral. Working in Pennsylvania in the 1880s, Canadian-born physician William Osler (18491919) reviewed dozens of CP cases to further classify the disorders by the site of the problems on the body and by the"
"Karl Oskar Medin Karl Oskar Medin (14 August 1847 – 24 December 1927) was a Swedish pediatrician. He was born at Axberg, Örebro and died in Stockholm. He is most famous for his study of poliomyelitis, a condition sometimes known as the Heine-Medin disease, named after Medin and another physician, Jakob Heine. Medin was the first to describe the epidemic character of infantile paralysis. Medin studied in Uppsala and Stockholm, and received his medical doctorate in 1880 from the Uppsala University. He was appointed extraordinary professor at the Karolinska Institute in 1883 and went on to become professor of paediatrics"
"Landau–Kleffner syndrome Landau–Kleffner syndrome (LKS)—also called infantile acquired aphasia, acquired epileptic aphasia or aphasia with convulsive disorder—is a rare childhood neurological syndrome. It is named after William Landau and Frank Kleffner, who characterized it in 1957 with a diagnosis of six children. The Landau–Kleffner syndrome is characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia (the inability to understand or express language) and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). LKS affects the parts of the brain that control comprehension and speech (Broca's area and Wernicke's area). The disorder usually occurs in children between the ages of 3 and 7 years. There appears"
"Alternating hemiplegia of childhood Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disorder often caused by a mutation in ATP1A3, though growing evidence strongly supports mutation of the ATP1A3 gene as the primary cause of this disease. AHC is named for the transient episodes, often referred to as attacks or episodes, of hemiplegia from which those with the disorder suffer. These hemiplegic attacks can cause anything from mild weakness to complete paralysis on one or both sides of the body, and they can vary greatly in duration. Attacks may also alternate from one side of the body to the"
"Microvillous inclusion disease Microvillus inclusion disease, also known as Davidson's disease, congenital microvillus atrophy and, less specifically, microvillus atrophy (note: microvillus is often misspelled as microvillous), is a rare genetic disorder of the small intestine that is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is characterized by chronic, intractable diarrhea in new-born infants, starting in the first few days of life. This results in metabolic acidosis and severe dehydration. Pregnancy and birth are usually normal. It is caused by a congenital atrophy of apical microvilli and intracellular accumulation of apical enzymes in the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Prenatal"
"Infantile esotropia Infantile esotropia is an ocular condition of early onset in which one or either eye turns inward. It is a specific sub-type of esotropia and has been a subject of much debate amongst ophthalmologists with regard to its naming, diagnostic features, and treatment. Historically the term 'congenital strabismus' was used to describe constant esotropias with onset between birth and six months of age. However, this term was felt to be an inadequate classification as it covered a variety of esotropias with different causes, features and prognoses. In 1988, American ophthalmologist Gunter K. Von Noorden discussed what he described"
"General paresis of the insane General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, classified as an organic mental disorder and caused by the chronic meningoencephalitis that leads to cerebral atrophy in late-stage syphilis. Degenerative changes are associated primarily with the frontal and temporal lobar cortex. The disease affects approximately 7% of infected individuals. It is more common among men. GPI was originally considered to be a type of madness due to a dissolute character, when first identified in the 18th century. Then the cause-effect connection with syphilis was discovered in"
"Infantile apnea Infantile apnea is a rare disease that is characterized by cessation of breathing in an infant for at least 20 seconds or a shorter respiratory pause that is associated with a slow heart rate, bluish discolouration of the skin, extreme paleness and/or decreased muscle tone. Infantile apnea occurs in children under the age of one and it is more common in premature infants. Symptoms of infantile apnea occur most frequently during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. The nature and severity of breathing problems in patients can be detected in a sleep study called a polysomnography"
"1945, but its origins are older than this; it occurs in an editorial in ""Archives on Pediatrics"" as early as 1897. It appears under adjustment disorders at , in the World Health Organization's classification of diseases, ICD-10. Hospitalism Hospitalism (or ""anaclitic depression"" in its sublethal form) was a pediatric diagnosis used in the 1930s to describe infants who wasted away while in hospital. The symptoms could include retarded physical development, and disruption of perceptual-motor skills and language. It is now understood that this wasting disease was mostly caused by a lack of social contact between the infant and its caregivers."
"descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE. Extensive study of the condition began in the 19th century by William John Little, after whom spastic diplegia was called ""Little's disease"". William Osler first named it ""cerebral palsy"" from the German ""zerebrale Kinderlähmung"" (cerebral child-paralysis). A number of potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy. However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe. Cerebral palsy is defined as ""a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that"
"Pervasive refusal syndrome Pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS), also known as pervasive arousal withdrawal syndrome (PAWS), is a child psychiatric disorder that was first described by Bryan Lask and colleagues in 1991. As of 2011, it is not included in the standard psychiatric classification systems. Children with the disorder abandon their involvement in all phases of their life. It is characterized by refusal to eat, drink, talk, walk or self-care, and a firm resistance to treatment. PRS is rare are and its cause is unclear, but its severity makes it life-threatening. The disorder usually begins with a 'virus', or the child"