"Nobel Foundation The Nobel Foundation () is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. It also holds Nobel Symposia on important breakthroughs in science and topics of cultural or social significance. , born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm Sweden, was a chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its original business as an iron and steel mill. Nobel"
"his new research laboratory and factory there. In his Vinterviken laboratory, Nobel invented an enormous revolution for armaments and explosive manufacturing, dynamite. Nobel bought the whole area of Vinterviken in 1865. Due to safety issues he moved his research lab and his factory (""Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget"") from a populated area in Stockholm to Vinterviken which was surrounded by cliffs and therefore suitable for his dangerous experiments. Gradually, Nobel developed the area by constructing a local rail-road, a harbour, testing grounds/tunnels (""Nobel's Spränggroparna"") for exploring dynamite and also, housing for factory workers. Dynamite used to be manufactured in this area until 1921"
"Nobel, the inventor of dynamite who left the major part of his estate to the creation of the Nobel Prizes. The Nobel family originated from the village of Östra Nöbbelöv in Scania, hence the name. The first member was Petrus Olai Nobelius (1655–1707) who married Wendela Rudbeck (1668–1710), daughter of the famous Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck the Elder, also known as Olof Rudbeck. Members of the Nobel family are known not only for their interest in art but also for their inventive ability, which is sometimes referred to as a ""Rudbeckian"" trait, inherited from their ancestor Olaus Rudbeck, the elder."
"it with another substance that would make it safe for transport and handling but yet would not reduce its effectiveness as an explosive. He tried combinations of cement, coal, and sawdust, but was unsuccessful. Finally, he tried diatomaceous earth, fossilized algae, that he brought from the Elbe River near his factory in Hamburg, which successfully stabilized the nitroglycerin into a portable explosive. Nobel obtained patents for his inventions in England on 7 May 1867 and in Sweden on 19 October 1867. After its introduction, dynamite rapidly gained wide-scale use as a safe alternative to black powder and nitroglycerin. Nobel tightly"
"Georg Brandt Georg Brandt (26 June 1694 – 29 April 1768) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt (c.1735). He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times. Brandt was born in Riddarhyttan, Skinnskatteberg parish, Västmanland to Jurgen Brandt, a mineowner and pharmacist, and Katarina Ysing. He was professor of chemistry at Uppsala University, and died in Stockholm. He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. He died on April 29, 1768 of prostate cancer."
"explosives he was developing. Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than the more unstable nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in mining and the building of transport networks internationally. In 1875 Nobel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful than dynamite, and in 1887 patented ballistite, a predecessor of cordite. Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1884, the same institution that would later select laureates for two of the Nobel prizes, and he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University"
"near Hamburg. This factory was the first one to be located outside of Sweden. Nobel wanted to produce nitroglycerine on several sites in Europe because the transportation of explosives was very dangerous due to its well-known sensitivity to shocks. Because of the danger associated with handling nitroglycerine, Nobel started to develop a more secure explosive commonly known as dynamite. During the experimental stage, a very severe explosion occurred in 1866 within the Krümmel factory which was nearly destroyed. He was successful in mixing nitroglycerine with kieselgur which made it less sensitive to shocks. In October 1867, Nobel filed a patent"
"Svante Arrhenius Svante August Arrhenius (; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate, and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death. His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius definition of an acid, lunar crater Arrhenius, the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm"
"Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1871. He received a Davy Medal in 1894 and 1904. The mineral cleveite is named for Cleve. Per Teodor Cleve Per Teodor Cleve (10 February 1840 – 18 June 1905) was a Swedish chemist, biologist, mineralogist and oceanographer. He is best known for his discovery of the chemical elements holmium and thulium. Born in Stockholm in 1840, Cleve earned his BSc and PhD from Uppsala University in 1863 and 1868, respectively. After receiving his PhD, he became an assistant professor of chemistry at the university. He later became professor of general and agricultural chemistry. In"
"him. Nils Gabriel Sefström Nils Gabriel Sefström (2 June 1787 – 30 November 1845) was a Swedish chemist. Sefström was a student of Berzelius and, when studying the brittleness of steel in 1830, he rediscovered a new chemical element, to which he gave the name vanadium. Vanadium was first discovered by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. He named it erythronium. Friedrich Wöhler later confirmed that vanadium and erythronium were the same substance. Sefström was member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1815. The Spitzbergen glacier Sefströmbreen, and the mountain ridge of Sefströmkammen, are named"
"Christopher Polhem Christopher Polhammar (18 December 1661 – 30 August 1751), better known as Christopher Polhem (), which he took after his ennoblement in 1716, was a Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist. He made significant contributions to the economic and industrial development of Sweden, particularly mining. Polhem (Polhammar) was born on the island of Gotland in the small village of Tingstäde, situated northeast of Visby. Originally the Polhem family came from Austria to Pomerania, from where his father, Wolf Christoph Polhammer traded with Visby. He would eventually settle down to become a skipper. Christopher Polhammar attended a German language school"
"Gelignite Gelignite (), also known as blasting gelatin or simply jelly, is an explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or gun cotton) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate). It was invented in 1875 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, who also invented dynamite. Unlike dynamite, gelignite does not suffer from the dangerous problem of ""sweating"", the leaking of unstable nitroglycerine from the solid matrix. Its composition makes it easily moldable and safe to handle without protection, as long as it is not near anything capable of"
"Nils Gabriel Sefström Nils Gabriel Sefström (2 June 1787 – 30 November 1845) was a Swedish chemist. Sefström was a student of Berzelius and, when studying the brittleness of steel in 1830, he rediscovered a new chemical element, to which he gave the name vanadium. Vanadium was first discovered by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. He named it erythronium. Friedrich Wöhler later confirmed that vanadium and erythronium were the same substance. Sefström was member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1815. The Spitzbergen glacier Sefströmbreen, and the mountain ridge of Sefströmkammen, are named after"
"heating the mineral stilbite with a blowpipe flame. Axel Fredrik Cronstedt Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (""/kroonstet/"" 23 December 1722 – 19 August 1765) was a Swedish mineralogist and chemist who discovered nickel in 1751 as a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines. Cronstedt described it as ""kupfernickel"". This name arises because the ore has a similar appearance to copper (kupfer) and a mischievous sprite (nickel) was supposed by miners to be the cause of their failure to extract copper from it. Cronstedt named it nickel in 1754. He was a pupil of Georg Brandt, the discoverer of cobalt. Cronstedt"
"Carl Wilhelm Scheele Carl Wilhelm Scheele (, ; 9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a Swedish Pomeranian and German pharmaceutical chemist. Isaac Asimov called him ""hard-luck Scheele"" because he made a number of chemical discoveries before others who are generally given the credit. For example, Scheele discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen, and chlorine before Humphry Davy, among others. Scheele discovered organic acids tartaric, oxalic, uric, lactic, and citric, as well as hydrofluoric, hydrocyanic, and arsenic acids. He preferred speaking German to Swedish his whole life, as German was"
"Axel Fredrik Cronstedt Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (""/kroonstet/"" 23 December 1722 – 19 August 1765) was a Swedish mineralogist and chemist who discovered nickel in 1751 as a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines. Cronstedt described it as ""kupfernickel"". This name arises because the ore has a similar appearance to copper (kupfer) and a mischievous sprite (nickel) was supposed by miners to be the cause of their failure to extract copper from it. Cronstedt named it nickel in 1754. He was a pupil of Georg Brandt, the discoverer of cobalt. Cronstedt is one of the founders of modern mineralogy"
"and is described as the founder by John Griffin in his 1827 ""A Practical Treatise on the Use of the Blowpipe"". He remains to this day to be an outstanding idol for young swedes. Cronstedt also discovered the mineral scheelite in 1751. He named the mineral tungsten, meaning heavy stone in Swedish. Carl Wilhelm Scheele later suggested that a new metal could be extracted from the mineral. In English, this metal is now known as the element tungsten. In 1753, Cronstedt was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1756, Cronstedt coined the term zeolite after"
"Otto Liebermann Otto Liebermann (24 November 1898 – 6 April 1974) was a chemist who invented a synthesis of dolomite. Otto Liebermann was born on 24 November 1898 in Jasło (Galicia, then part of Austria-Hungary, now Poland). His father Alois came originally from Pilsen (Czech Republic) and had started out working in the Oderfurter Mineralölwerke at Ostrau (near Halle (Saale), Germany); he subsequently went to Galicia to work as a manager in the oil fields there and eventually became Technical Director of Nafta A.G. in Lemberg (now Lviv, Ukraine). Eventually Alois Liebermann started developing oil fields in Galicia, first on"
"of his remaining life administering and multiplying his inherited wealth. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1821. The rare mineral arfvedsonite was named after him. Johan August Arfwedson Johan August Arfwedson (12 January 1792 – 28 October 1841) was a Swedish chemist who discovered the chemical element lithium in 1817 by isolating it as a salt. Arfwedson belonged to a wealthy bourgeois family, the son of the wholesale merchant and factory owner Jacob Arfwedson and his spouse, Anna Elisabeth Holtermann. The younger Arfwedson matriculated as a student at the University of Uppsala in"
"Sven Rinman Sven Rinman 23 June(N.S)/12 June(O.S) 1720 – 20 December 1792 was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered the pigment cobalt green, sometimes also called Rinman's green. He had a great influence on mining and the steel production in Sweden. Rinman was born in Uppsala on 23 June(N.S) 1720. At the age of 20 he became an intern at the Royal Bureau of Mines. In the years 1746 and 1747 Rinman visited several European countries to improve his knowledge on mining and metallurgy. After his return he became inspector in several mines and metal works. His research on"
"Hans Goldschmidt Johannes Wilhelm ""Hans"" Goldschmidt (January 18, 1861 – May 21, 1923) was a German chemist. He was born in Berlin on January 18, 1861. He was a student of Robert Bunsen. His father, Theodor Goldschmidt, was the founder of the chemical company ""Chemische Fabrik Th. Goldschmidt"" which eventually became part of the modern company Degussa, and Hans and his brother Karl Hering managed this company for many years. He is principally noted as the co-inventor of sodium amalgam and the initial patent holder of the thermite reaction. The thermite (or aluminothermic) reaction is one in which aluminum metal"
"resulting from exceptionally bulky ligands such as the tricoordinate [Pr{N(SiMe)}]. There are also a few mixed oxides and fluorides involving praseodymium(IV), but it does not have an appreciable coordination chemistry in this oxidation state like its neighbour cerium. In 1751, the Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at Bastnäs, later named cerite. Thirty years later, the fifteen-year-old Vilhelm Hisinger, from the family owning the mine, sent a sample of it to Carl Scheele, who did not find any new elements within. In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral"
"Jöns Jacob Berzelius Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius (; 20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848), named by himself and contemporary society as Jacob Berzelius, was a Swedish chemist. Berzelius is considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry. Berzelius began his career as a physician but his researches in physical chemistry were of lasting significance in the development of the subject. He is especially noted for his determination of atomic weights; his experiments led to a more complete depiction of the principles of stoichiometry, or the field of chemical"
"discovered and put to use. Other notable early developments in chemical explosive technology were Frederick Augustus Abel's development of nitrocellulose in 1865 and Alfred Nobel's invention of dynamite in 1866. Chemical explosions (both intentional and accidental) are often initiated by an electric spark or flame in the presence of Oxygen. Accidental explosions may occur in fuel tanks, rocket engines, etc. A high current electrical fault can create an 'electrical explosion' by forming a high energy electrical arc which rapidly vaporizes metal and insulation material. This arc flash hazard is a danger to persons working on energized switchgear. Also, excessive magnetic"
"Nobelium Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. A total of twelve nobelium isotopes are known to exist; the most stable is No with a half-life of 58 minutes, but the shorter-lived No (half-life 3.1 minutes) is"
"""greatest discovery"". The translation into English of his book Physical and Chemical Essays was read widely and regarded as the first systematic method of chemical analysis. In 1771, Bergman married Margareta Catharina Trast. In Bergman's honour, the uranium mineral Torbernite and the lunar crater Bergman both bear his name. Torbern Bergman Torbern Olaf (Olof) Bergman (""KVO"") (20 March 17358 July 1784) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist noted for his 1775 ""Dissertation on Elective Attractions"", containing the largest chemical affinity tables ever published. Bergman was the first chemist to use the A, B, C, etc., system of notation for chemical"
"colors with acidity. In 1702, German chemist Georg Stahl coined the name ""phlogiston"" for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning. Around 1735, Swedish chemist Georg Brandt analyzed a dark blue pigment found in copper ore. Brandt demonstrated that the pigment contained a new element, later named cobalt. In 1751, a Swedish chemist and pupil of Stahl's named Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, identified an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element, which he named nickel. Cronstedt is one of the founders of modern mineralogy. Cronstedt also discovered the mineral scheelite in 1751, which he named"
"Linnaeus and Anders Celsius as early members. Many of the companies founded by early pioneers still remain major international brands. Gustaf Dalén founded AGA, and received the Nobel Prize for his sun valve. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes. Lars Magnus Ericsson started the company bearing his name, Ericsson, still one of the largest telecom companies in the world. Jonas Wenström was an early pioneer in alternating current and is along with Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla credited as one of the inventors of the three-phase electrical system. The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of"
"Wilhelm Hisinger Wilhelm Hisinger (December 23, 1766 – June 28, 1852) was a Swedish physicist and chemist who in 1807, working in coordination with Jöns Jakob Berzelius, noted that in electrolysis any given substance always went to the same pole, and that substances attracted to the same pole had other properties in common. This showed that there was at least a qualitative correlation between the chemical and electrical natures of bodies. In 1803, in separate laboratories, Martin Heinrich Klaproth in one, and Berzelius and Hisinger in another, the element Cerium was discovered, which was named after the newly discovered asteroid,"
"Tungsten has a rich history dating back to its discovery during the 18th century. Peter Woulfe was the first to recognize a new element in the naturally occurring mineral wolframite. Tungsten was originally known as wolfram, explaining the choice of ""W"" for its elemental symbol. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele contributed to its discovery with his studies on the mineral scheelite. In 1841, a chemist named Robert Oxland gave the first procedures for preparing tungsten trioxide and sodium tungstate. He was granted patents for his work soon after, and is considered to be the founder of systematic tungsten chemistry. Tungsten"
"it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as dynamite. Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite. Gelignite, or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances. An important breakthrough in making sense of the list of known chemical elements (as"
"in 1759 and continued clay pipe production until 1766. He was a very wealthy man who spent his entire fortune on a fixed idea that he could find gold in the Swedish silver mines. He named the property Heleneborg after his wife Helena Catharina Malmin. Miserably poor, he had to abandon Heleneborg in 1767. In the 1860s Heleneborg was owned by W.N. Burmester, who housed the manufacturer and inventor Immanuel Nobel on the premises. There his son Alfred Nobel and Alfred's brothers experimented with the safe handling of the explosive nitroglycerin. After a big explosion in this plant on September"
"Naima Sahlbom Naima Sahlbom (15 May 1871 – 29 March 1957) was a Swedish chemist, mineralogist, and peace activist. She is considered to be one of Sweden's most notable women chemists of the late 19th and early 20th century. Sahlbom was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 15 May 1871. She was the daughter of Charlotte (née Hallin) Sahlbom and Gustav Valfrid Sahlbom, a civil engineer. As a youth, she attended the Wallinska Girls' School, Sweden's first educational institution to offer university-preparatory education for girls. Scientifically-inclined, Sahlbom was arranged by her father to volunteer at Stockholm Water's laboratory, and she obtained"