"History of hypertension The modern history of hypertension begins with the understanding of the cardiovascular system based on the work of physician William Harvey (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book """"De motu cordis"""". The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. Descriptions of what would come to be called hypertension came from among others, Thomas Young in 1808 and especially Richard Bright in 1836. Bright noted a link between cardiac hypertrophy and kidney disease, and subsequently kidney disease was often termed Bright's disease in this period. In 1850 George"
"William Harvey William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who made seminal contributions in anatomy and physiology. He was the first known physician to describe completely, and in detail, the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart, though earlier writers, such as Realdo Colombo, Michael Servetus, and Jacques Dubois, had provided precursors of the theory. In 1973, the William Harvey Hospital was constructed in the town of Ashford, a few miles from his birthplace of Folkestone. William's father, Thomas Harvey, was a jurat of Folkestone"
"William Harvey Hospital The William Harvey Hospital is a hospital in Willesborough, Ashford, Kent, England. It is one of the three main hospitals in the East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust area and is named after William Harvey (1578–1657), the Folkestone-born doctor who discovered the blood circulatory system. The hospital replaced an older hospital to the west of town that had been running since 1928. It was planned as part of an overall plan to expand Ashford and the surrounding area by relocating people away from London in the late 1960s. The government decided the existing hospital infrastructure would"
"blood circulation: the ""natural"" system, containing venous blood which had its origin in the liver, and the ""vital"" system, containing arterial blood and the 'spirits' which flowed from the heart, distributing heat and life to all parts. Like bellows, the lungs fanned and cooled this vital blood. Independently of Ibn Al-Nafis, Michael Servetus identified pulmonary circulation, but this discovery did not reach the public because it was written down for the first time in the Manuscript of Paris in 1546. It was later published in the theological work which caused his execution in 1553, almost all copies of which were"
"Ibn al-Nafis Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي), known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab physician from Damascus mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. The work of Ibn al-Nafis regarding the right sided (pulmonary) circulation pre-dates the later work (1628) of William Harvey's ""De motu cordis"". Both theories attempt to explain circulation. As an early anatomist, Ibn al-Nafis also performed several human dissections during the course of his work, making several important discoveries in the fields"
"was also an intense and dedicated observer of birds during his free time: several long and detailed passages of citations could be written delineating his observations in such places as the ""Pile of Boulders"" (a small island in Lancashire) and 'Bass Rock' (island off the East Coast of Scotland). William Harvey William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who made seminal contributions in anatomy and physiology. He was the first known physician to describe completely, and in detail, the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the"
"Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Latin for ""An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Living Beings""), commonly called De Motu Cordis, is the best-known work of the physician William Harvey. The book was first published in 1628 and established the circulation of the blood. It is a landmark in the history of physiology. Just as important as its substance was its method. Harvey combined observations, experiments, measurements, and hypotheses in extraordinary fashion to arrive at his doctrine. His work is a model"
"their valves, and tracing the course of the blood from the right to the left side of the heart. The rise in anatomy lead to various discoveries and findings. In 1628, English physician William Harvey observed circulating blood through dissections of his father’s and sister’s bodies. He published ""De moto cordis et sanguinis"", a treatise in which he explained his theory. In addition, during the 17th century, Galileo Galilei introduced the experimental method to scientific research. This led to innovation and change in anatomy. In Tuscany and Florence, Marcello Malpighi founded microscopic anatomy, and Nils Steensen studied the anatomy of"
"Lumleian Lectures The Lumleian Lectures are a series of annual lectures started in 1582 by the Royal College of Physicians of London and currently run by the Lumleian Trust. The name commemorates John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley, who with Richard Caldwell of the College endowed the lectures, initially confined to surgery, but now on general medicine. William Harvey did not announce his work on the circulation of the blood in the Lumleian Lecture for 1616 although he had some partial notes on the heart and blood which led to the discovery of the circulation ten years later. By that time"
"In some cases, the cost of a permit was planned to rise by over £500. One staff member reported that ""Every day on the news there's somebody slagging off the NHS. Nobody ever says anything nice about us. No wonder morale is low here."" William Harvey Hospital The William Harvey Hospital is a hospital in Willesborough, Ashford, Kent, England. It is one of the three main hospitals in the East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust area and is named after William Harvey (1578–1657), the Folkestone-born doctor who discovered the blood circulatory system. The hospital replaced an older hospital to"
"Robertson. He died on 15 November 1998. His wife was Christina and they had one son and one daughter. Alexander Stuart Douglas Alexander Stuart Douglas FRSE FRCP (1921–1998) was a physician and haematologist. He was Regius Professor of Medicine at Aberdeen University from 1970 to 1985. He received international acclaim for his discoveries in relation to blood coagulation, causes of abnormal bleeding, and causes of thrombosis. He played a key role in identifying the role of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in preventing heart attacks, setting a modern benchmark for the treatment of heart disease. He was one of the two"
"but today they are on general medicine. Initially plans were for a full anatomy course based on weekly lectures, but by 1616 there were three lectures per year. The work of William Harvey on the circulation of the blood was first announced by Harvey in the Lumleian Lecture for 1616. Today the lecture is given once a year, organised by the Royal College of Physicians of London. John Lumley died 11 April 1609, aged 76, without any surviving children. At his death the Barony of Lumley (created 1547) became extinct. He was buried at Cheam with his first wife; a"
"George Ent George Ent (6 November 1604 – 13 October 1689) was an English scientist in the seventeenth century who focused on the study of anatomy. He was a member of the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians. Ent is best known for his associations with William Harvey, particularly his ""Apologia pro circulatione sanguinis"", a defense of Harvey’s work. Ent was born on 6 November 1604 in Sandwich, Kent. He was the son of a Belgian immigrant, Josias Ent (sometimes called John Ent) and his wife Judith; The Ent (or Ente) family of Sandwich came from Newchurch, in"
"the nation. The modern method of embalming involves the injection of various chemical solutions into the arterial network of the body to primarily disinfect and slow the decomposition process. William Harvey, the 17th century English physician who was the first to detail the system of blood circulation, made his discoveries by injecting coloured solutions into corpses. The Scottish surgeon William Hunter was the first to apply these methods to the art of embalming as part of mortuary practice. He wrote a widely read report on the appropriate methods for arterial and cavity embalming in order to preserve bodies for burial."
"and described how a physician must examine an individual before issuing a certificate of lunacy. His ideas on patients’ treatment were in keeping with other physicians at the time. Cox introduced a new treatment called swinging to effect change in blood flow in the head and body, a practice that had been advocated by Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), a physician and naturalist. The patient was suspended in a chair or bed and swung in an oscillatory or circular manner at varying tempos. Nausea, vomiting, and convulsions were produced but often refreshing sleep followed. Joseph Mason Cox Joseph Mason Cox (1763–1818) was"
"blood circulation, and was one of the first physicians to describe the brain's circle of Willis. Johann Vesling Johann Vesling (Latin: Veslingius) (1598 – 30 August 1649) was a German anatomist and botanist from Minden, Westphalia. In his youth he came to Vienna together with his father, where he later studied medicine. In 1628 he was applied as an ""Incisor"" at the medical college in Venice. In the same year he traveled to Egypt and Jerusalem, where he was the personal physician of the Venice consul, and also conducted extensive studies of regional flora (particularly medicinal plants). His botanical studies"
"metal-based compounds were popular treatments. Independently from Ibn al-Nafis, Michael Servetus rediscovered the pulmonary circulation, but this discovery did not reach the public because it was written down for the first time in the ""Manuscript of Paris"" in 1546, and later published in the theological work which he paid with his life in 1553. Later this was perfected by Renaldus Columbus and Andrea Cesalpino. Later William Harvey correctly described the circulatory system. The most useful tomes in medicine used both by students and expert physicians were ""De Materia Medica"" and Pharmacopoeia. Bacteria and protists were first observed with a microscope"
"Stephen Hales Stephen Hales (17 September 16774 January 1761) was an English clergyman who made major contributions to a range of scientific fields including botany, pneumatic chemistry and physiology. He was the first person to measure blood pressure. He also invented several devices, including a ventilator, a pneumatic trough and a surgical forceps for the removal of bladder stones. In addition to these achievements, he was a philanthropist and wrote a popular tract on alcoholic intemperance. Stephen Hales was born in Bekesbourne, Kent, England. He was the sixth son of Thomas Hales, heir to Baronetcy of Beakesbourne and Brymore, and"
"as court physician because of his anti-Catholic and Whiggish sentiments. Lower died in London from a fever. Richard Lower (physician) Richard Lower (1631 – 17 January 1691) was an English physician who heavily influenced the development of medical science. He is most remembered for his works on transfusion and the function of the cardiopulmonary system (""Tractatus de Corde""). Lower was born in St Tudy, Cornwall and studied at Westminster School where he met John Locke, and Christ Church, Oxford where he met Thomas Willis. He followed Willis to London, where he carried out research, some in partnership with Robert Hooke."
"into biology the doctrine of circulation of the blood in the seventeenth century. Opposed and obliging work heralding Harvey's discovery go back to the thirteenth century, when the pulmonary circulation and gas exchange was proposed by Ibn Al-Nafis. Both long since proven theories are incomplete when studied separately but together form core knowledge of present-day cardiology. In 1553, Michael Servetus said that blood flows from the heart to the lungs, and that it there mixes with air to form the arterial blood which flows back to the heart. Between 1570 and 1590, Cesalpino suggested, in a controversy with Galenists, that"
"of him simply not handling the change of diet after he went to London. The king arranged for him to be buried in Westminster Abbey on 15 November 1635. The inscription of his gravestone reads: William Harvey (1578–1657), the physician who discovered the circulation of the blood, performed an autopsy on Parr's body. The results were published in the book ""De ortu et natura sanguinis"" by John Betts as an attachment. Harvey examined Parr's body and found all his internal organs to be in a perfect state. No apparent cause of death could be determined, and it was assumed that"
"circulation. He stated that ""there must be small communications or pores (""manafidh"" in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein,"" a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years. Ibn al-Nafis' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body. Michael Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time, for a few reasons. He firstly described it in the ""Manuscript of Paris"" (near 1546), but this work was never published. And"
"Alexander Stuart Douglas Alexander Stuart Douglas FRSE FRCP (1921–1998) was a physician and haematologist. He was Regius Professor of Medicine at Aberdeen University from 1970 to 1985. He received international acclaim for his discoveries in relation to blood coagulation, causes of abnormal bleeding, and causes of thrombosis. He played a key role in identifying the role of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in preventing heart attacks, setting a modern benchmark for the treatment of heart disease. He was one of the two people in 1951 establishing that Haemophilia split into two groups: isolating what is now commonly called Haemophilia B, then"
"chapters that provide one of the most intimate glimpses of Einstein ever published. In the 1930s, János Plesch escaped the Nazis, and settled in England for many years, where he was required to study again to re-qualify as a medical doctor. János Plesch János Oscar Plesch (18 November 1878 – 28 May 1957) was a Jewish-Hungarian academic pathologist, physiologist, and physician who lived in Berlin for much of his early working life. He was well known internationally for his clinical research on the circulation of the blood, including the invention of the first convenient device for measuring blood pressure. He"
"clinical laboratory scientists process and distribute blood products. Both areas are typically overseen by either a general pathologist or a specialist in Transfusion Medicine. In 1628, English physician William Harvey discovered that blood circulates around the body. Soon thereafter, the first blood transfusion was attempted. In 1665 another English doctor Richard Lower successfully used blood transfusion between dogs to keep them alive. Karl Landsteiner is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine. Karl Landsteiner is credited with the first classification of human blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O) of the ABO blood group system. In Denmark, the"
"and theories of Chinese medicine called ""Internal Classics"" was written by the Chinese emperor Huang ti also called as the yellow emperor. The Most notable names related to the field of biofluid Dynamics are of William Harvey, Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille, and Otto Frank. In 1628, Harvey published, ""An anatomical study of the motion of the heart and of the blood of animals."" This was the first publication in the Western World that claimed that blood is pumped from the heart and recirculated. Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille is credited with developing the theory of Poiseuille's Flow. It describes the relationship"
"the ventricles. Air from the lungs passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart and created arterial blood. These ideas went unchallenged for almost a thousand years. The earliest descriptions of the coronary and pulmonary circulation systems can be found in the ""Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon"", published in 1242 by Ibn al-Nafis. In his manuscript, al-Nafis wrote that blood passes through the pulmonary circulation instead of moving from the right to the left ventricle as previously believed by Galen. His work was later translated into Latin by Andrea Alpago. In Europe,"
"the fact that the brain is the source of sense and motion. Colombo made several important advances in anatomy, including the discovery of the pulmonary circuit which paved the way for William Harvey's discovery of circulation years later. In the Galenic tradition, blood passed between the ventricles of the heart through micropores in the heart's septum and venous blood became arterial blood in the left ventricle of the heart where air was supplied by the pulmonary vein. During vivisections of dogs and other animals, Colombo repeatedly found only blood, and no air, in the pulmonary vein. In his model, venous"
"new ideologies was spurred by the advent of new discoveries in anatomy and physiology, such as that of William Harvey’s work centered on circulation of the blood. His idea that pulse, respiration, and nutrition were all working components of a unified system revolutionized preexisting ideas about blood, nutrition, and heat. The discovery of the circulation of the blood was crucial in the development of iatrophysics in that it was the first that related “circulations” to physiological functions. This led to the advent of new discoveries such as the circulation of nutritive fluid, circulation of lymph, and circulation of nervous juice,"
"later medical writers. It is claimed that an important advance in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology was made by Ibn al-Nafis, but whether this was discovered via human dissection is doubtful because ""al-Nafis tells us that he avoided the practice of dissection because of the shari'a and his own 'compassion' for the human body"". The movement of blood through the human body was thought to be known due to the work of the Greek physicians. However, there was the question of how the blood flowed from the right ventricle of the heart to the left ventricle, before the"
"William Harvey fully believed all medical knowledge should be universal, and he made this his works goal. Accomplished historians credit him for his boldness in his experimental work and his everlasting eagerness to implement modern practice. Although not the first to propose pulmonary circulation (Ibn al-Nafis, Michael Servetus and Realdo Colombo preceded him), he is credited as the first person in the Western world to give quantitative arguments for the circulation of blood around the body. William Harvey's extensive work on the body's circulation can be found in the written work titles, ""The Motu Cordis"".This work opens up with clear"
"Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Medica Materia Libros Quinque"", (Venice, 1557; Leyden, 1558); ""Enarrationes Eruditissimæ"", (Venice, 1553); ""La Historia de Eutropio"" (Eutropius translated into Spanish); commentary on the first book of Avicenna's Canon, which, as he relates in the preface to the seventh ""Centuria"", he lost among his possessions at Ancona. Amato Lusitano João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco, better known as Amato Lusitano and Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568), was a notable Portuguese Jewish physician of the 16th century. Like Herophilus, Galen, Ibn al-Nafis, Michael Servetus, Realdo Colombo and William Harvey, he is credited as making a discovery in the circulation of the blood."
"used by the American surgeon Crawford Long (1815–1878), and chloroform, discovered by James Young Simpson (1811–1870) and later pioneered in England by John Snow (1813–1858), physician to Queen Victoria, who in 1853 administered chloroform to her during childbirth, and in 1854 disproved the miasma theory of contagion by tracing a cholera outbreak in London to an infected water pump. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such as curare allowed for safer applications. American surgeon J. Marion Sims (1813–83) received credit"