"Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru The Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru is an ancient Mesopotamian ""narû"", or entitlement stele, recording the gift (""irīmšu"") of 18 ""bur"" 2 ""eše"" (about 120 hectares or 300 acres) of corn-land by Kassite king of Babylon Marduk-apla-iddina I (ca. 1171–1159 BC) to his ""bēl pīḫati"" (inscribed and meaning ""person responsible""), or a provincial official. The monument is significant in part because it shows the continuation of royal patronage in Babylonia during a period when most of the near East was beset by collapse and confusion, and in part due to the lengthy genealogy of the"
"Many ancient mythologies suggested that the world was created from the physical substance of a dead deity or a being of similar power. In Babylonian mythology, the young god Marduk slew Tiamat and created the known world from her body. Similarly, Norse mythology posited that Odin and his brothers, Vili and Vé defeated a frost giant, Ymir and then created the world from his skull. Chinese mythology of the Three Kingdoms era recounts the creation of elements of the physical world (mountains, rivers, the sun and moon, etc.) from the body of a creator called Pángǔ (盤古). Such stories did"
"leisure. Marduk was depicted as a human, often with his symbol the snake-dragon which he had taken over from the god Tishpak. Another symbol that stood for Marduk was the spade. Babylonian texts talk of the creation of Eridu by the god Marduk as the first city, ""the holy city, the dwelling of their [the other gods'] delight"". However, Eridu was founded in the 5th millennium BC and Marduk's ascendancy only occurred in the second millennium BC, so this is clearly a revisionist back-dating to inflate the prestige of Marduk. Leonard W. King in ""The Seven Tablets of Creation"" (1902)"
"the earth from the other. Marduk next arranged the stars in order, along with the sun and moon, and gave them laws they were never to transgress. After this, the plants and animals were created, and finally man. Marduk here takes the place of Ea, who appears as the creator in the older legends, and is said to have fashioned man from clay. The legend of Adapa, the first man — a portion of which was found in the record-office of the Egyptian king Akhenaton at Tell-el-Amarna — explains the origin of death. Adapa, while fishing, had broken the wings"
"Marduk Marduk (cuneiform: AMAR.UTU; Sumerian: ""amar utu.k"" ""calf of the sun; solar calf""; Greek , ""Mardochaios""; ) was a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon. When Babylon became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi (18th century BC), he slowly started to rise to the position of the head of the Babylonian pantheon, a position he fully acquired by the second half of the second millennium BC. In the city of Babylon, Marduk was worshiped in the temple Esagila. Marduk is associated with the divine weapon Imhullu. ""Marduk"""
"an at least partially accurate depiction of Mesopotamian cosmology. In the ""Epic of Creation"", dated to 1200 BC, it explains that the god Marduk killed the mother goddess Tiamat and used half her body to create the earth, and the other half to create both the paradise of ""šamû"" and the netherworld of ""irṣitu"". A document from a similar period stated that the universe was a spheroid, with three levels of ""šamû"", where the gods dwelt, and where the stars existed, above the three levels of earth below it. Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, thereby accepting the existence of many different"
"first time on the eighth day, this time they will decide the fate of the people of Marduk. In ancient Assyrian philosophy Creation in general was considered as a covenant between heaven and earth as long as a human serves the gods till his death, therefore, gods' happiness isn't complete except if humans are happy as well, thus a human's destiny will be to be given happiness on the condition that he serves the gods. So Marduk and the gods renew their covenant with Babylon, by promising the city another cycle of seasons. After the fate of mankind is decided,"
"including the first dragons, whose bodies she filled with ""poison instead of blood"". Marduk then forms heavens and the earth from her divided body. Thorkild Jacobsen and Walter Burkert both argue for a connection with the Akkadian word for sea, ""tâmtu"", following an early form, ""ti'amtum"". Burkert continues by making a linguistic connection to Tethys. The later form Θαλάττη (""thaláttē)"", which appears in the Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus' first volume of universal history, is clearly related to Greek Θάλαττα (""thálatta""), an Eastern variant of ""Θάλασσα (thalassa)"", ""sea"". It is thought that the proper name ti'amat, which is the construct or"
"bore them all; they were still mixing their waters, and no pasture land had yet been formed, nor even a reed marsh."" This resulted in the birth of the younger gods, who later murder Apsu in order to usurp his lordship of the universe. Enraged, Tiamat gives birth to the first dragons, filling their bodies with ""venom instead of blood"", and made war upon her treacherous children, only to be slain by Marduk, the god of Storms, who then forms the heavens and earth from her corpse. Abzu The Abzu or Apsu (Cuneiform: , ZU.AB; Sumerian: abzu; Akkadian: ""apsû"", ),"
"the foundation of Eridu by the god Marduk as the first city, ""the holy city, the dwelling of their [the other gods] delight"". In the court of Assyria, special physicians trained in the ancient lore of Eridu, far to the south, foretold the course of sickness from signs and portents on the patient's body and offered the appropriate incantations and magical resources as cures. According to the Sumerian King List Eridu was the first city in the world. The opening line reads, In Sumerian mythology, it was said to be one of the five cities built before the Deluge occurred."
"many Sumerian deities were syncretized with East Semitic ones. The goddess Inanna, syncretized with the East Semitic Ishtar, became popular, with temples across Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian mythology of the first millennium BCE treated Anšar (later Aššur) and Kišar as primordial deities. Marduk was a significant god among the Babylonians. He rose from an obscure deity of the third millennium BCE to become one of the most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon of the first millennium BCE. The Babylonians worshipped Marduk as creator of heaven, earth and humankind, and as their national god. Marduk's iconography is zoomorphic and is most"
"creation myth, in which the god Marduk slays Tiamat, the primordial monster, and creates the world from her body. They correlated the birth of the year with the mythical birth of the world. By periodically bringing man back to the mythical age, these liturgical cycles turn time itself into a circle. Those who perform an annual ritual return to the same point in time every 365 days: ""With each periodical [ritual] festival, the participants find the same sacred time—the same that had been manifested in the festival of the previous year or in the festival of a century earlier."" According"
"the dwelling place of Ea, together with his wife Damkina. Within the heart of Apsu Ea and Damkina created Marduk. Marduk exceeded Ea and the other gods in his godliness - Ea called him ""My son, the Sun!"". Anu creates four winds. Other gods then say to Tiamat - 'when your consort (Apsu) was slain you did nothing', and complain about the wind which disturbs them. Tiamat then proposed to make 'Monsters' and do battle with the other gods. She creates eleven chimeric creatures armed with weapons, and makes the god Kingu chief of the war party, and her new"
"written by Men or by Hobbits used the singular Ainu. The Universe was created through the ""Music of the Ainur"" or Ainulindalë, music sung by the Ainur in response to themes introduced by Eru. This universe, the song endowed with existence by Eru, was called Eä in Quenya. The Earth was called Arda. Those of the Ainur who felt concern for the Creation entered it, and became the Valar and the Maiar, the guardians of Creation. The Vala Melkor claimed the Earth for himself. His brother, Manwë and several other Valar decided to confront him. Melkor fell into evil and"
"it refers to the creation of a ""dark race"" (""zalmat-qaqadi"") by Marduk: Various different theories have been proposed about the meaning of the ""dark race"" (line 18) since Smith's translation: Gerald Massey argued the ""dark race"" (""zalmat-qaqadi"") of K.3364 is purely symbolic and not ethnological. George Smith proposed that the ""dark race"" (""zalmat-qaqadi"") were the original inhabitants of Babylon (and the surrounding area of Mesopotamia) connecting them to the same race as the ""Adamites"", or descendants of (Biblical) Adam, writing: ""in various other fragments of these legends they are called Admi or Adami, which is exactly the name given to"
"Tungusic creation myth The Tungusic creation myths are traditional stories of the creation of the world belonging to the Tungusic peoples of Siberia. In one account of their creation myth initially there was a vast primordial ocean. Buga, their central deity, set fire to this water, and following a long struggle the flames consumed much of the water, exposing dry, hard land. Then Buga created the light and separated it from darkness, and descended to the newly created land. There he confronted Buninka, the devil, and a dispute arose between them over who had created the world. Buninka was spiteful"
"original peoples of the world were black and that white people were a race of ""devils"" created by a scientist named Yakub (the Biblical and Qur'anic Jacob) on the Greek island of Patmos. According to the supreme wisdom lessons, Fard taught that whites were devils because of a culture of lies and murder that Yakub instituted on the island to ensure the creation of his new people. Fard taught that Yakub established a secret eugenics policy among the ruling class on the island. They were to kill all dark babies at birth and lie to the parents about the child's"
"man will serve the gods. Ea advises one of the gods be chosen as a sacrifice - the Igigi advice that Kingu be chosen - his blood is then used to create man. Marduk then divides the gods into ""above"" and ""below"" - three hundred are placed in the heavens, and six hundred on earth. The gods then propose that they should build a throne or shrine for him - Marduk tells them to construct Babylon. The gods then spend a year making bricks - they build the Esagila (Temple to Marduk) to a great height, making it a place"
"as Erua. She may be the same as Gamsu, Ishtar, and/or Bêlit. Sarpanit In Babylonian religion, Sarpanit (alternately Sarpanitu, Zarpanit, Zarpandit, Zerpanitum, Zerbanitu, or Zirbanit) is a mother goddess and the consort of the chief god, Marduk. Her name means """"the shining one"""", and she is sometimes associated with the planet Venus. By a play on words her name was interpreted as ""zēr-bānītu"", or ""creatress of seed"", and is thereby associated with the goddess Aruru, who, according to Babylonian myth, created mankind. Her marriage with Marduk was celebrated annually at New Year in Babylon. She was worshipped via the rising"
"favourite, the creature of thy hand. Thou hast created me and entrusted me with dominion over all people. According to thy favour lord, which thou dost bestow on all people, cause me to love thy exalted lordship. Create in my heart, the worship of your divinity, and grant whatever is pleasing to thee because thou hast my life; By thy command, merciful Marduk, may the temple I have built endure for all time and may I be satisfied with its splendour; in its midst may I attain old age, may I be sated with offspring; therein may I receive the"
"the older god. Marduk took over the identity of Asarluhi, the son of Ea and god of magic, so that Marduk was integrated in the pantheon of Eridu where both Ea and Asarluhi originally came from. Ea, Marduk's father, voluntarily recognized the superiority of the son and hands over to him the control of humanity. This association of Marduk and Ea, while indicating primarily the passing of the supremacy once enjoyed by Eridu to Babylon as a religious and political centre, may also reflect an early dependence of Babylon upon Eridu, not necessarily of a political character but, in view"
"identical between both. A tablet at the British Museum (No 93014.), known as the ""bilingual"" version of the creation legend describes a version of the creation legend that describes the creation of man, and animals (by Marduk with the aid of Aruru), as well as the creation of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, of land and plants, as well as the first houses and cities. Other variants of the creation myth can be found described in and The epic itself does not rhyme, and has no meter - it is composed of couplets, usually written on the same line, occasionally"
"Sarpanit In Babylonian religion, Sarpanit (alternately Sarpanitu, Zarpanit, Zarpandit, Zerpanitum, Zerbanitu, or Zirbanit) is a mother goddess and the consort of the chief god, Marduk. Her name means """"the shining one"""", and she is sometimes associated with the planet Venus. By a play on words her name was interpreted as ""zēr-bānītu"", or ""creatress of seed"", and is thereby associated with the goddess Aruru, who, according to Babylonian myth, created mankind. Her marriage with Marduk was celebrated annually at New Year in Babylon. She was worshipped via the rising moon, and was often depicted as being pregnant. She is also known"
"of the Tigris and the Euphrates, her tail became the Milky Way. With the approval of the elder deities, he took from Kingu the Tablet of Destinies, installing himself as the head of the Babylonian pantheon. Kingu was captured and later was slain: his red blood mixed with the red clay of the Earth would make the body of humankind, created to act as the servant of the younger Igigi deities. The principal theme of the epic is the justified elevation of Marduk to command over all the deities. ""It has long been realized that the Marduk epic, for all"
"Ob-Ugric creation myth The Ob-Ugric creation myth is the genesis story of the world in the mythology of the Khanty and Mansi people of Western Siberia. Their creation myth is very similar to the creation myths of other Uralic peoples, sharing a lot of common elements, such as the skygod, the primordial waterfowl, the primordial waters, etc, but is also similar to the creation myths of many peoples of the northern hemisphere such as the Cherokees, Yukaghirs, Chukchis and Ainus. It is categorised as an Earth diver myth.""There once lived an old man and an old woman (skygod Numi-Toorum and"
"Mummu Mummu is a Mesopotamian deity. Its name is an Akkadian loanword from Sumerian ""umun"", which translates as ""main body, bulk, life-giving force"" and ""knowledge"" as the active part in contrary to the more lethargical primordial forces Tiamat and Apsu (Sumerian Abzu). He appeared in the Babylonian creation myth, the Enuma Elish as the vizier of the primeval gods Apsû, the fresh water, and Tiamat, the salt water. and sometimes referred to as their son. Towards the middle of Enuma Elish, Ea locks Mummu and Apsu away. Mummu is also one of the names given to Marduk, the ultimate victor"
"or apkallu in Akkadian. They were beings that existed during a godlike generation of humanity. These beings were closely associated with the god Enki. During the antediluvian age humanity was ""covered"" or more commonly referred to as the great flood, and the inhabitants were purified and roamed the earth as invisible genii. There are also other references to the apkallus as being purified humans that were sent to Apsû, the underground sweet water realm of Enki/Ea by Marduk the ruler god. Aside from their wardrobe, the genii were created with several different functioning symbols. Several genii are shown carrying a"
"Miraculous births Stories of miraculous births often include conceptions by miraculous circumstances and features such as intervention by a deity, supernatural elements, astronomical signs, hardship or, in the case of some mythologies, complex plots related to creation. The Assyrian and Babylonian concept of origins expressed procreation first in “relationships between gods and goddesses resulting in other gods and goddesses,"" such as Ea and Damkina assisted by Apsu giving birth to Marduk. The Akkadian ""Enûma Eliš"" describes the birth of Marduk as follows: ""Ea, having overheard the plan of the primordial deities to destroy the other gods, deceived Apsu and Mummu"
"of Tablet V has never been recovered but, aside from this lacuna, the text is almost complete. This epic is one of the most important sources for understanding the Babylonian world view. Over the seven tablets it describes the creation of the world, a battle between gods focused on supremacy of Marduk, the creation of man destined for the service of the Mesopotamian deities, and ends with a long passage praising Marduk. Its primary original purpose is unknown, although a version is known to have been used for certain festivals, there may also have been a political element to the"
"Enkidu Enkidu ( EN.KI.DU, ""Enki's creation""), formerly misread as Eabani, is a central figure in the Ancient Mesopotamian ""Epic of Gilgamesh"". Enkidu was formed from clay and water by Aruru, the goddess of creation, to rid Gilgamesh of his arrogance. In the story he is a wild man, raised by animals and ignorant of human society until he is bedded by Shamhat. Thereafter a series of interactions with humans and human ways bring him closer to civilization, culminating in a wrestling match with Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Enkidu embodies the wild or natural world. Though equal to Gilgamesh in strength"
"the sky - in it he made places for Anu, Enlil, and Ea. Marduk makes likenesses of the gods in the sky, creating constellations, and defines the days of the year from them. He creates night and day, and the moon also. He creates clouds, causes them to rain, and their water to make the Tigris and Euphrates. He gives the 'Tablet of Destinies' to Anu. Statues of the eleven monsters of Tiamat are made and installed at the gate of Apsu Marduk then speaks to Ea - saying he will use his blood to create man - and that"
"Vé, and Odin, are the creators of the first man and woman. The brothers were once walking along a beach and found two trees there. They took the wood and from it created the first human beings; Ask and Embla. One of the three gave them the breath of life, the second gave them movement and intelligence, and the third gave them shape, speech, hearing and sight. Further, the three gods gave them clothing and names. Ask and Embla go on to become the progenitors of all humanity and were given a home within the walls of Midgard. A Proto-Indo-European"
"god Utu became the Akkadian Shamash. One of the most notable goddesses was the Sumerian sex and war deity Inanna. With the later rise to power of the Babylonians in the 18th century BC, the king, Hammurabi, declared Marduk, a deity who before then had not been of significant importance, to a position of supremacy alongside Anu and Enlil in southern Mesopotamia. Perhaps the most significant legend to survive from Mesopotamian religion is the Epic of Gilgamesh, which tells the story of the heroic king Gilgamesh and his wild friend Enkidu, and the former's search for immortality which is entwined"