"downwards. Fish, aquatic insects, and crustaceans are eaten. Malachite kingfisher The malachite kingfisher (""Corythornis cristatus"") is a river kingfisher which is widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara. It is largely resident except for seasonal climate-related movements. The malachite kingfisher was described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name ""Alcedo cristata"". The specific epithet ""cristata"" is from the Latin ""cristatus"" meaning ""crested"" or ""plumed"". The adjective ""malachite"" in the vernacular name normally refers to the dark green colour of the copper containing mineral. This kingfisher has blue upperparts but has black banding"
"Maucherite Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group ""P4""22 or ""P4""22. It has the chemical formula: NiAs and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities. It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German mineral"
"collector. Maucherite Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group ""P4""22 or ""P4""22. It has the chemical formula: NiAs and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities. It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German"
"ZrOCl·8HO was found to be the chloride salt of a tetrameric cation [Zr(OH)(HO)] in which there is a square of Zr ions with two hydroxide groups bridging between Zr atoms on each side of the square and with four water molecules attached to each Zr atom. The mineral malachite is a typical example of a basic carbonate. The formula, CuCO(OH) shows that it is halfway between copper carbonate and copper hydroxide. Indeed, in the past the formula was written as CuCO·Cu(OH). The crystal structure is made up of copper, carbonate and hydroxide ions. The mineral atacamite is an example of"
"Kamacite Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is found on Earth only in meteorites. The proportion iron:nickel is between 90:10 and 95:5; small quantities of other elements, such as cobalt or carbon may also be present. The mineral has a metallic luster, is gray and has no clear cleavage although its crystal structure is isometric-hexoctahedral. Its density is about 8 g/cm and its hardness is 4 on the Mohs scale. It is also sometimes called balkeneisen. The name was coined in 1861 and is derived from the Greek root ""καμακ-"" ""kamak"" or ""κάμαξ"" ""kamaks"", meaning vine-pole. It"
"Plancheite Plancheite is a hydrated copper silicate mineral with the formula CuSiO(OH)•(HO). It is closely related to shattuckite in structure and appearance, and the two minerals are often confused. Plancheite is a chain silicate (inosilicate), with double chains of silica tetrahedra parallel to the c crystal axis. It occurs as sprays of acicular or fibrous radial clusters, with fibers extended parallel to the chains, i.e. along the c crystal axis; it can also form tiny tabular or platy crystals. It is a member of the orthorhombic crystal class m m m (2/m 2/m 2/m), which is the most symmetrical class"
"has also been reported from Salamanca Province, Spain; the Organullo Mining District of Salta Province, Argentina; and the Delamar Mountains of Lincoln County, Nevada, US. Mohite Mohite is a copper tin sulfide mineral with the chemical formula CuSnS. It is colored greenish gray and leaves a gray streak. It is opaque and has metallic luster. Its crystal system is triclinic pedial. It is rated 4 on the Mohs Scale and has a specific gravity of 4.86. Mohite was first described in 1982 for an occurrence in the Chatkal-Kuramin Mountains of eastern Uzbekistan. It was named after Günter Harald Moh (1929–1993),"
"Kochite Kochite is a rare silicate mineral with chemical formula of (Na,Ca)Ca(Mn,Ca)ZrTi[(F,O)(SiO) or double that. Kochite is a member of the rosenbuschite group. Kochite is triclinic with angles intersecting at approximately α 90.192°, β 100.192°, γ 111.551°. This mineral belongs to the space group P and is centrosymmetric, i.e. contains a center of symmetry. Kochite is an anisotropic mineral. The light entering the mineral is split into two rays that vibrate at 90° to each other. Kochite is biaxial, meaning it has two optic axes (lines of symmetry). In plane polarized light, this mineral is colorless to light brown and"
"Oldhamite Oldhamite is a calcium magnesium sulfide mineral with formula (Ca, Mg)S. Ferrous iron may also be present in the mineral resulting in the formula: (Ca,Mg,Fe)S. It is a pale to dark brown accessory mineral in meteorites. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system, but typically occurs as anhedral grains between other minerals. It was first described in 1862 for an occurrence in the Bustee meteorite, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was named for Irish geologist Thomas Oldham (1816–1878), the Director of the Indian Geological Survey. It occurs as an interstitial mineral phase between silicate minerals in enstatite chondrite and"
"Panguite Panguite is a type of titanium oxide mineral first discovered as an inclusion within the Allende meteorite, and first described in 2012. The hitherto unknown meteorite mineral was named for the ancient Chinese god Pan Gu, the creator of the world through the separation of yin (earth) from yang (sky). The mineral’s chemical formula is (Ti,Sc,Al,Mg,Zr,Ca)O. The elements found in it are titanium, scandium, aluminium, magnesium, zirconium, calcium, and oxygen. Samples from the meteorite include some which are zirconium rich. The mineral was found in conjunction with the already identified mineral davisite, within an olivine aggregate. Panguite is in"
"Congo. JMol: http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/viewJmol.php?id=00578 Plancheite Plancheite is a hydrated copper silicate mineral with the formula CuSiO(OH)•(HO). It is closely related to shattuckite in structure and appearance, and the two minerals are often confused. Plancheite is a chain silicate (inosilicate), with double chains of silica tetrahedra parallel to the c crystal axis. It occurs as sprays of acicular or fibrous radial clusters, with fibers extended parallel to the chains, i.e. along the c crystal axis; it can also form tiny tabular or platy crystals. It is a member of the orthorhombic crystal class m m m (2/m 2/m 2/m), which is the"
"Bartelkeite Bartelkeite is an exceptionally rare mineral, one of scarce natural germanium compounds. The formula was originally assumed to be PbFeGeO, bartelkeite was later shown to be isostructural with a high-pressure form of the mineral lawsonite. Thus, its correct formula is PbFeGe(GeO)(OH)•HO. Bartelkeite and mathewrogersite are minerals with essential (dominant) lead, iron and germanium. Both come from Tsumeb, Namibia - a world's ""capital"" of germanium minerals. Bartelkeite was detected in voids of germanium ore occurring within dolostones. The mineral associates with galena, germanite, reniérite, and tennantite. Bartelkeite is the first analyzed mineral containing both tetrahedrally- and octahedrally-coordinated germanium. It is"
"in the orthorhombic system. Usually a pale turquoise-blue, with a pale blue streak and an adamantine to silky luster. It is quite hard, with hardness 5.5 to 6, close to that of feldspar, and specific gravity 3.6 to 3.8. Optically it is biaxial (+), with refractive indices between 1.64 and 1.74, and pleochroic. Plancheite is a secondary mineral formed in the oxidized zone of copper deposits, associated with other copper minerals chrysocolla, dioptase, malachite, conichalcite and tenorite. It occurs with primary malachite at the Milpillas Mine in Mexico. The type locality is the Sanda Mine, Mindouli, Pool Region, Republic of"
"Parthéite Partheite or parthéite is a calcium aluminium silicate and a member of the zeolite group of minerals, a group of silicates with large open channels throughout the crystal structure, which allow passage of liquids and gasses through the mineral. It was first discovered in 1979 in rodingitic dikes in an ophiolite zone of the Taurus Mountains in southwest Turkey. The second discovery occurred in gabbro-pegmatites in the Ural Mountains, Russia. Since its discovery and naming, the chemical formula for partheite has been revised from CaAlSiO•2HO to include not only water but hydroxyl groups as well. The framework of the"
"Calclacite Calclacite is a mineral and an organic compound. Its name references the components, which are calcium ions (Ca), chloride (Cl) and acetate CHCOO. Calclacite is an organic compound with chemical formula Ca(CHCOO)Cl·5HO. It forms crystals in the monoclinic system, with silky hairlike efflorescences up to 4 cm long. According to the Nickel-Strunz classification, calclacite is an organic acid salt and occurs with formicaite, acetamide, dashkovaite, paecite and hoganite. It is white and its hardness on the Mohs scale is 1.5. Calclacite is formed on samples of rocks, fossils, and on fragments of ceramics, by the action of acetic acid"
"Manganese Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. Historically, manganese is named for pyrolusite and other black minerals from the region of Magnesia in Greece, which also gave its name to magnesium and the iron ore magnetite. By the mid-18th century, Swedish-German chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (now known"
"Hapkeite Hapkeite is a mineral discovered in the Dhofar 280 meteorite found in 2000 in Oman on the Arabian peninsula. The meteorite is believed to originate from the Moon; specifically, it appears to be a fragment of lunar highland breccia. Hapkeite's composition is of silicon and iron, and it is similar to other silicon-iron minerals found on Earth. An impact on the Moon is thought to have launched the partially molten or vaporized material into orbit. Due to its 1:2 composition of silicon-iron, hapkeite was given the chemical formula FeSi. It occurs as opaque, yellowish to silvery microscopic isometric crystals."
"main building block of its crystal structure is a hexavalent cluster with composition (UO)(SO)(HO). Such clusters are connected via Na-O and hydrogen bonds. Belakovskiite Belakovskiite is a very rare uranium mineral with the formula Na(UO)(SO)(SOOH)(HO). It is interesting in being a natural uranyl salt with hydrosulfate anion, a feature shared with meisserite. Other chemically related minerals include fermiite, oppenheimerite, natrozippeite and plášilite. Most of these uranyl sulfate minerals was originally found in the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, US. The mineral is named after Russian mineralogist Dmitry Ilych Belakovskiy. Belakovskiite is associated with other sulfate minerals: meisserite, blödite,"
"The building elements include: These elements link to form chains. Sodium cations are bonded to oxygen atoms in chains, to hydrosulfate groups and water. Meisserite Meisserite is a very rare uranium mineral with the formula Na(UO)(SO)(SOOH)(HO). It is interesting in being a natural uranyl salt with hydrosulfate (hydroxysulfate) anion, a feature shared with belakovskiite. Other chemically related minerals include fermiite, oppenheimerite, natrozippeite and plášilite. Most of these uranyl sulfate minerals was originally found in the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA.The mineral is named after Swiss mineralogist Nicolas Meisser. Meisserite is associated with other sulfate minerals: belakovskiite, johannite,"
"Zaratite Zaratite is a bright emerald green nickel carbonate mineral with formula NiCO(OH)·4HO. Zaratite crystallizes in the isometric crystal system as massive to mammillary encrustations and vein fillings. It has a specific gravity of 2.6 and a Mohs hardness of 3 to 3.5. It has no cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. The luster is vitreous to greasy. It is a rare secondary mineral formed by hydration or alteration of the primary nickel and iron bearing minerals, chromite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and millerite, during the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. Hellyerite, NiCO·6HO, is a related mineral. It was found originally in"
"produced from the oak of the storage cabinets. Calclacite Calclacite is a mineral and an organic compound. Its name references the components, which are calcium ions (Ca), chloride (Cl) and acetate CHCOO. Calclacite is an organic compound with chemical formula Ca(CHCOO)Cl·5HO. It forms crystals in the monoclinic system, with silky hairlike efflorescences up to 4 cm long. According to the Nickel-Strunz classification, calclacite is an organic acid salt and occurs with formicaite, acetamide, dashkovaite, paecite and hoganite. It is white and its hardness on the Mohs scale is 1.5. Calclacite is formed on samples of rocks, fossils, and on fragments"
"Antlerite Antlerite is a greenish hydrous copper sulfate mineral, with the formula Cu(SO)(OH). It occurs in tabular, acicular, or fibrous crystals with a vitreous luster. Originally believed to be a rare mineral, antlerite was found to be the primary ore of the oxidised zones in several copper mines across the world, including the Chuquicamata mine in Chile, and the Antler mine in Arizona, US from which it takes its name. It is chemically and optically similar in many respects to other copper minerals such as malachite and brochantite, though it can be distinguished from the former by a lack of"
"Galaxite Galaxite, also known as 'mangan-spinel' is an isometric mineral belonging to the spinel group of oxides with the ideal chemical formula MnAlO. Galaxite is the manganese (Mn) rich endmember of the aluminium (Al) series of the spinel group. Divalent iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) readily substitute for the manganese in the crystal structure. Trivalent iron may also substitute for the aluminium. Thus, reflecting most natural samples, the formula may be better represented as (Mn,Fe,Mg)(Al,Fe)O. Galaxite generally occurs as small granular aggregates with a red-brownish tone. It has a vitreous luster and leaves a brownish-red streak. It is rated 7.5"
"Mohite Mohite is a copper tin sulfide mineral with the chemical formula CuSnS. It is colored greenish gray and leaves a gray streak. It is opaque and has metallic luster. Its crystal system is triclinic pedial. It is rated 4 on the Mohs Scale and has a specific gravity of 4.86. Mohite was first described in 1982 for an occurrence in the Chatkal-Kuramin Mountains of eastern Uzbekistan. It was named after Günter Harald Moh (1929–1993), University of Heidelberg. It is of hydrothermal origin and occurs associated with tetrahedrite, famatinite, kuramite, mawsonite and emplectite in the type locality in Uzbekistan. It"
"Allanite Allanite (also called orthite) is a sorosilicate group of minerals within the broader epidote group that contain a significant amount of rare-earth elements. The mineral occurs mainly in metamorphosed clay-rich sediments and felsic igneous rocks. It has the general formula AMSiO[OH], where the A sites can contain large cations such as Ca, Sr, and rare-earth elements, and the M sites admit Al, Fe, Mn, Fe, or Mg among others. However, a large amount of additional elements, including Th, U, Zr, P, Ba, Cr and others may be present in the mineral. The International Mineralogical Association lists three minerals in"
"Shattuckite Shattuckite is a copper silicate hydroxide mineral with formula Cu(SiO)(OH). It crystallizes in the orthorhombic – dipyramidal crystal system and usually occurs in a granular massive form and also as fibrous acicular crystals. It is closely allied to plancheite in structure and appearance. Shattuckite is a relatively rare copper silicate mineral. It was first discovered in 1915 in the copper mines of Bisbee, Arizona, specifically the Shattuck Mine (hence the name). It is a secondary mineral that forms from the alteration of other secondary minerals. At the Shattuck Mine, it forms pseudomorphs after malachite. A pseudomorph is an atom"
"Basic copper carbonate Basic copper carbonate is a chemical compound, more properly called copper(II) carbonate hydroxide. It is an ionic compound (a salt) consisting of the ions copper(II) , carbonate , and hydroxide . The name most commonly refers to the compound with formula (). It is a green crystalline solid that occurs in nature as the mineral malachite. It has been used since antiquity as a pigment, and it is still used as such in artist paints, sometimes called verditer, green bice, or mountain green. Sometimes the name is used for ()(), a blue crystalline solid also known as"
"calcite, dolomite, ankerite and quartz. Fluckite Fluckite is an arsenate mineral with the chemical formula CaMnH(AsO)·2(HO). Fluckite's mineral crystallography is triclinic meaning it has three axis of different length and three different interior angles that do not equal 90°. Because fluckite possesses three axes with different angles and lengths it is an anisotropic mineral. This means that it has more than one optic axis. This mineral is a member of the P space group meaning that it can be rotated 360° degrees and inverted to obtain the original figure. Optically, this mineral has positive biaxial birefringence, which can be shown"
"Belakovskiite Belakovskiite is a very rare uranium mineral with the formula Na(UO)(SO)(SOOH)(HO). It is interesting in being a natural uranyl salt with hydrosulfate anion, a feature shared with meisserite. Other chemically related minerals include fermiite, oppenheimerite, natrozippeite and plášilite. Most of these uranyl sulfate minerals was originally found in the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, US. The mineral is named after Russian mineralogist Dmitry Ilych Belakovskiy. Belakovskiite is associated with other sulfate minerals: meisserite, blödite, ferrinatrite, kröhnkite, and metavoltine.This association is found as efflorescences on a sandstone associated with uranium mineralization. The framework of belakovskiite is unique. The"
"Tantalite The mineral group tantalite [(Fe, Mn)TaO] is the primary source of the chemical element tantalum. It is chemically similar to ""columbite"", and the two are often grouped together as a semi-singular mineral called coltan or ""columbite-tantalite"" in many mineral guides. However, tantalite has a much greater specific gravity than columbite (8.0+ compared to columbite's 5.2). Iron-rich tantalite is the mineral tantalite-(Fe) or ""ferrotantalite"" and manganese-rich is tantalite-(Mn) or ""manganotantalite"". Tantalite is also very close to ""tapiolite"". Those minerals have same chemical composition, but different crystal symmetry orthorhombic for tantalite and tetragonal for tapiolite. Tantalite is black to brown in"
"and ethics Tantalite The mineral group tantalite [(Fe, Mn)TaO] is the primary source of the chemical element tantalum. It is chemically similar to ""columbite"", and the two are often grouped together as a semi-singular mineral called coltan or ""columbite-tantalite"" in many mineral guides. However, tantalite has a much greater specific gravity than columbite (8.0+ compared to columbite's 5.2). Iron-rich tantalite is the mineral tantalite-(Fe) or ""ferrotantalite"" and manganese-rich is tantalite-(Mn) or ""manganotantalite"". Tantalite is also very close to ""tapiolite"". Those minerals have same chemical composition, but different crystal symmetry orthorhombic for tantalite and tetragonal for tapiolite. Tantalite is black to"
"Pseudomalachite Pseudomalachite is a phosphate of copper with hydroxyl, named from the Greek for “false” and “malachite”, because of its similarity in appearance to the carbonate mineral malachite, Cu(CO)(OH). Both are green coloured secondary minerals found in oxidised zones of copper deposits, often associated with each other. Pseudomalachite is polymorphous with reichenbachite and ludjibaite. It was discovered in 1813. Prior to 1950 it was thought that dihydrite, lunnite, ehlite, tagilite and prasin were separate mineral species, but Berry analysed specimens labelled with these names from several museums, and found that they were in fact pseudomalachite. The old names are no"
"Notable examples include azurite, malachite, antlerite, and brochantite. Azurite (2CuCO·Cu(OH)) and malachite (CuCO·Cu(OH)) are hydroxy-carbonates, whereas antlerite (CuSO·2Cu(OH)) and brochantite (CuSO·3Cu(OH)) are hydroxy-sulfates. Many synthetic copper(II) hydroxide derivatives have been investigated. Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH). It is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid. Some forms of copper(II) hydroxide are sold as ""stabilized"" copper hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide. Copper hydroxide is a weak base. Copper(II) hydroxide has been known since copper smelting began around 5000 BC although the alchemists"