"contained a 14,000-word essay entitled ""Pederasty"" (Volume 10, section IV, D), at the time a synonym for homosexuality (as it still is, in modern French). This was and remained for many years the longest and most explicit discussion of homosexuality in any language. Burton speculated that male homosexuality was prevalent in an area of the southern latitudes named by him the ""Sotadic zone"". Rumours about Burton's own sexuality were already circulating and were further incited by this work. Perhaps Burton's best-known book is his translation of ""The Kama Sutra"". In fact, it is untrue that he was the translator since"
"by the Orientalist Sir Richard Francis Burton. He did not translate it, but did edit it to suit the Victorian British attitudes. The unedited translation was produced by the Indian scholar Bhagwan Lal Indraji with the assistance of a student Shivaram Parshuram Bhide, under the guidance of Burton's friend, the Indian civil servant Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot. According to Wendy Doniger, the Burton version is a ""flawed English translation"" but influential as modern translators and abridged versions of ""Kamasutra"" even in the Indian languages such as Hindi are re-translations of the Burton version, rather than the original Sanskrit manuscript. The Burton"
"Richard Francis Burton Sir Richard Francis Burton (; 19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890) was a British explorer, geographer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer, and diplomat. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa and the Americas, as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures. According to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian and African languages. Burton's best-known achievements include: a well-documented journey to Mecca in disguise, at a time when Europeans were forbidden access on pain of death; an unexpurgated translation of ""One Thousand and One Nights"""
"Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot (21 May 1833 – 25 May 1901) was a notable British Orientalist and translator. Arbuthnot's early career was spent as a civil servant in India; his last post was as Collector for the Bombay government. He was named after his grandfather, Field Marshal Sir John FitzGerald. His first name is sometimes spelled ""Foster"". Arbuthnot was well versed in the ancient literature of India. He collaborated with his close friend Sir Richard Burton in the translations of two Sanskrit erotic texts, the ""Kama Sutra of Vatsayana"" (1883) and ""The Ananga Ranga"" (1885), both privately printed"
"positions for coition, as well as the movements applicable to them, are borrowed from Indian works; finally, the book ""Birds and Flowers"" by Azeddine el Mocadecci (Izz al-Din al-Mosadeqi) seems to have been consulted with respect to the interpretation of dreams."" The French manuscript that Burton translated from was one printed by Isidore Liseux in 1886. This manuscript's last chapter — Chapter 21 — was incomplete, apparently because it contained material on homosexuality and pederasty which had been removed. When Burton died in late 1890, he was working on a new translation of the original manuscript, including this missing chapter."
"Bartaman Bharat Bartaman Bharat (translated to English as Modern India or Present Day India) is a Bengali language essay written by Indian Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda. The essay was first published in the March 1899 issue of ""Udbodhan"", the only Bengali language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was published as a book in 1905 and later it was compiled into the fourth volume of ""The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda"". In this essay Vivekananda briefly discussed and analyzed the entire Indian history and predicted a period of mass-awakening when the society will be ruled by the"
"As an avid collector of rare books on Buddhism in various languages, he had compiled an extensive library. After his death in 1986, his book collection, including extremely rare and ancient Burmese and Pali manuscripts (some written on ola leaves), was donated by his family to the Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka and other higher education institutions. His widow compiled some of his writings and published five books in Sinhala and in English: ""Buddhism, its Religion and philosophy"", ""The Theory of Causality in Early Buddhism"", ""The Way of the Lotus"", ""Bauddha Dharshanaya saha Charanaya"", and ""Bauddha Adhyayana Shashthreeya"
"Franklin Edgerton Franklin Edgerton (July 24, 1885 – December 7, 1963) was an American linguistic scholar. He was Salisbury Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology at Yale University (1926) and visiting professor at Benares Hindu University (1953–4). Between 1913 and 1926, he was the Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Pennsylvania. He is well known for his exceptionally literal translation of the Bhagavad Gita which was published as volume 38-39 of the Harvard Oriental Series in 1944. He also edited the parallel edition of four recensions of the ""Simhāsana Dvātrṃśika"" (""32 Tales of the Throne"", also known as ""Vikrama"
"the original manuscript was in ancient Sanskrit, which he could not read. However, he collaborated with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot on the work and provided translations from other manuscripts of later translations. The Kama Shastra Society first printed the book in 1883 and numerous editions of the Burton translation are in print to this day. His English translation from a French edition of the Arabic erotic guide ""The Perfumed Garden"" was printed as ""The Perfumed Garden of the Cheikh Nefzaoui: A Manual of Arabian Erotology"" (1886). After Burton's death, Isabel burnt many of his papers, including a manuscript of a subsequent"
"essay, Vivekananda expressed his desire to see the regeneration of India. Srivastava, the writer of ""Teacher in Emerging Indian Society"" wrote in this essay Vivekananda felt that a purpose of our education should be providing service to the humanity too. Bartaman Bharat Bartaman Bharat (translated to English as Modern India or Present Day India) is a Bengali language essay written by Indian Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda. The essay was first published in the March 1899 issue of ""Udbodhan"", the only Bengali language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was published as a book in 1905 and later"
"act is greater than a man's"". The ""Kamasutra"" manuscripts have survived in many versions across the Indian subcontinent. While attempting to get a translation of the Sanskrit kama-sastra text ""Anangaranga"" that had already been in widely translated by the Hindus in regional languages such as Marathi, associates of the British Orientalist Richard Burton stumbled into portions of the ""Kamasutra"" manuscript. They commissioned the Sanskrit scholar Bhagvanlal Indraji to locate a complete ""Kamasutra"" manuscript and translate it. Indraji collected variant manuscripts in libraries and temples of Varanasi, Kolkata and Jaipur. Burton published an edited English translation of these manuscripts, but not"
"in the western imagination after the widely popular first ""Kamasutra"" translation by Sir Richard Burton in 1883. In his translation, even though the original Sanskrit text does not use the words lingam or yoni for sexual organs, and almost always uses other terms, Burton adroitly avoided been viewed as obscene to the Victorian mindset by avoiding the use of words such as penis, vulva, vagina and other direct or indirect sexual terms in the Sanskrit text to discuss sex, sexual relationships and human sexual positions. Burton used the terms lingam and yoni instead throughout the translation. This conscious and incorrect"
"major works in English to Kannada such as The History of Sandford and Merton by Thomas Day, Hamlet and King Lear. M.S. Puttanna (Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna) was born on 21 November 1854 in Mysore, Kingdom of Mysore, as a member of the Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin caste to Suryanarayana and Lakshamma in the parental home of his mother. His given birth name was Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, but he became known as Puttanna (translates to 'younger big brother') by those around him. M.S. Puttanna was educated at home in Mysore by a private Panth teacher. Later he joined the Raja School,"
"Indo-Aryan. His work on Indian grammar gained steam after his exposition of the ""Ṥivasūtras"" in 1969. After this point he directed the majority of his scholarly attention toward further ""vyākaraṇa"" scholarship and analysis of various aspects of the ""Aṣṭādhyāyī"" (lit. 'eight chapters'), which eventually culminated in his ""Pāṇini: His Work and Its Traditions"" in 1988, a current work-in-progress projected to be eight volumes. Cardona's enormous body of works and publications have evinced scholarly depth and intensity throughout his professional career. He has been formally recognized for his achievements numerous times: he was granted The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship while working"
"he had been working at the time of his death. K. N. Jayatilleke Kulatissa Nanda Jayatilleke (1 November 1920 – 23 July 1970) was an internationally recognised authority on Buddhist philosophy whose book ""Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge"" has been described as ""an outstanding philosophical interpretation of the Buddha's teaching"" in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jayatilleke, was born on 1 November 1920, in Colombo, British Ceylon. After completing his secondary education at the Royal College in Colombo, he pursued the study of Pali and Sanskrit at the University of Ceylon obtaining a first class honours degree. He continued his education"
"November 1880 in Calcutta, was Richard Henry or R. H. Tawney. From 1865 to his retirement in 1892 he held various educational offices, most significantly Principal of Presidency College for much of the period of 1875-1892. His translation of ""Kathasaritsagara"" was printed by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in a small series called Bibliotheca Indica between 1880 and 1884. After retirement, Tawney was made Librarian of the India Office. Tawney translated the ""Mālavikāgnimitra"" of Kālidāsa whose first edition was published in 1875 and second edition in 1891. His other works include: Charles Henry Tawney Charles Henry Tawney (1837–1922) was an"
"there under the care of his brother disciple Nirmalananda. But since the deterioration continued he was sent to Calcutta (presently called Kolkata) He breathed his last in a state of ecstasy on 21 August 1911. According to the Ramakrishna Math, Vivekananda had once said, 'I shall send you one who is more orthodox than the most orthodox Brahmins of the South and who is at the same time incomparable in performing worship, scriptural knowledge and meditation on God.' They say that he was referring to Ramakrishnananda, who was sent in March 1897. Ramakrishnanda was said to be a student of"
"due to his work that several of the masterpieces of Arabic, Persian and Indian literature first became available in English translation. Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot (21 May 1833 – 25 May 1901) was a notable British Orientalist and translator. Arbuthnot's early career was spent as a civil servant in India; his last post was as Collector for the Bombay government. He was named after his grandfather, Field Marshal Sir John FitzGerald. His first name is sometimes spelled ""Foster"". Arbuthnot was well versed in the ancient literature of India. He collaborated with his close friend Sir Richard Burton in"
"Maurice Burton Maurice Burton (28 March 1898 – 9 September 1992) was a British zoologist and popular science author, who produced many natural history encyclopedias and books including a skeptical treatment of the Loch Ness Monster. Burton was born in Hornsey, London on 28 March 1898, attended Holloway School and studied zoology at King's College, London under Arthur Dendy, then became a schoolteacher, before joining the staff of the Natural History Museum, London in 1926 where he remained for the rest if his career until his retirement in 1958. He married Margaret Maclean (d. 1990) in 1929 and they had"
"entire room in the National Library of Thailand. The following are some of his well-known books in English translation. Buddhadasa Phra Dharmakosacarya (Nguam Indapañño) (; ), also known as Buddhadasa Bhikkhu (; , May 27, 1906 – May 25, 1993) was a famous and influential Thai ascetic-philosopher of the 20th century. Known as an innovative reinterpreter of Buddhist doctrine and Thai folk beliefs, Buddhadasa fostered a reformation in conventional religious perceptions in his home country, Thailand, as well as abroad. Buddhadasa developed a personal view that those who have penetrated the essential nature of religions consider ""all religions to be"
"Sanskrit, modern Marathi and modern Bengali languages culminated in original works in the succeeding decades. In the field of prose, translation of English classics such as ""Yatrikana Sanchara"" (""The Pilgrim's Progress"" by Bunyan, 1847) and ""Robinson Crusoe"" (1857) set the trend. Translations from vernacular languages were popular too and included the Marathi classic ""Yamuna Prayatana"" (1869) and the Bengali work ""Durgesanandini"" (1885). In the genre of drama, inspiration came from translations of Sanskrit and English plays. ""Shakuntala"" and ""Raghavendrarao Nataka"" (""Othello"") by Churamuri Sehagiri Rao (1869), ""Pramilarjuniya"" by Srikantesa Gowda and ""Vasanthayamini Swapnachamatkara Nataka"" by K. Vasudevachar (""Midsummer Night's Dream""),"
"their two journals, ""Buddhiprakash"" and ""Dharmaprakash"". He had a long career of twenty five years as a researcher and scholar. He died on 14 November 1892. He had written fifteen books. His books on Gujarati language include ""Gujarati Bhashano Itihas"" (1866), ""Utsargmala"" (1870), ""Gurjar Bhasha Prakash"" (1892). His ""Utsargama"" is a pioneer work in philology of Gujarati. He also compiled, with J. V. S. Taylor, ""Dhatusangraha"" (1870), an etymological dictionary of Gujarati roots. His ""Rasganga"" is a work on poetics. ""Chandrahas Akhyana"" and ""Muktamala"" are his other creative works. ""Yagnavalkyacharit"" is a biography of sage Yajnavalkya in a dialogue form"
"his contributions to the field with a rare title of ""National Research Professor."" In the final years of his life, Ranganathan finally succumbed to ill health and was largely confined to his bed. On 27 September 1972, he died of complications from bronchitis. Upon the 1992 centenary of his birth, several biographical volumes and collections of essays on Ranganathan's influence were published in his honour. Ranganathan's autobiography, published serially during his life, is titled ""A Librarian Looks Back"". Ranganathan dedicated his book ""The Five Laws of Library Science"" to his maths tutor at Madras Christian College: Edward Burns Ross. S."
"edited and visually stunning two-part volume entitled ""Om: Cosmic Psychological Spiritual Philosophy and Science"", published four years later in 1884. This work combined material published in 1880 with even more practical instructions, visual diagrams and associative correspondences. Another version was published in 1892 in Sanskrit (Devanāgarī script) and Hindi, using the Sanskrit version of the previous work's title, ""Rājayoga brahmajñānānubhūti saṅgraha veda"". The work also stayed in print well into the 20th century. In 1908 a German translation based on the 1880 work was made by one of the founders of the O.T.O., the Theosophist author Franz Hartmann. In 1915"
"Charita"": ""Adventures of Vikrama""), and a reconstruction of the (lost) original Sanskrit text of the ""Panchatantra"". Franklin Edgerton Franklin Edgerton (July 24, 1885 – December 7, 1963) was an American linguistic scholar. He was Salisbury Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology at Yale University (1926) and visiting professor at Benares Hindu University (1953–4). Between 1913 and 1926, he was the Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Pennsylvania. He is well known for his exceptionally literal translation of the Bhagavad Gita which was published as volume 38-39 of the Harvard Oriental Series in 1944. He also edited the parallel edition"
"were published. Ambedkar left behind lacs of Buddhist followers who were in need of strong Buddhist(religious) leader, particularly in Maharashtra. Kausalyayan travelled and guided Maharashtrian Buddhists and also translated Ambedkar's work ""The Buddha and His Dhamma"" into Hindi. He also traced and collected original resources from Pali Tripitika and other Buddhist literature, which Ambedkar had not done. Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan died on 22 June 1988. Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan (5 January 1905 – 22 June 1988) was a Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller and a prolific writer from India. He is considered as one of the great activists of"
"Burton's translation (""The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night"", 1885–88) enjoyed a huge public success, but at the same time was criticized for its reportedly archaic language and excessive erotic details. As of 2004, Burton's translation remains the most complete version of ""One Thousand and One Nights"" in English. It is also generally considered as one of the finest unexpurgated translations from Calcutta II. It stood as the only complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition (Egyptian recension) until the Malcolm C. and Ursula Lyons translation in 2008. In 1825 a Galland-based translation was made by"
"edited ""Gujarat Shalapatra"". He served as an examiner of Sanskrit in University of Bombay and Panjab University. He retired in 1914. He presided seventh session of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad in 1924. He died in 1925. He was educated in economy and history while he taught Sanskrit. He published several works on grammar and translated several Sanskrit works. His editing is influenced by Sanskrit. He wrote ""England no Tunko Itihas"" (1887), ""Gods of India"" (1913), ""Shiksahnshastrana Mooltatvo"" (1913), ""Shankar Jayanti Vyakhyanmala"" (1913), ""Gujarati Bhashanu Vyakaran"" (1914-16), ""Karakmimansa"" (1915), ""Madhyam Vyakaran"" (1917) and the forty chapters Gujarati grammar, ""Brihad Vyakaran"" (1919). He"
"translation of a part of Rig Veda with original ""slokas"", editing of ""Lankabatar Sutra"", ""Nirbanbyakhya Shastram"", etc. He also translated a few Sanskrit plays to English like ""Vasavdatta"" of Subandhu and ""Abhigyan Shakuntalam"" of Kalidasa. His works, 88 volumes on literature, linguistics and Hinduism, are now part of the National Library of India, known as the ""Harinath Dey Collection"". De died in 1911 at the age of 34. Harinath De Harinath De (1877—1911) was an Indian historian, scholar and a polyglot, who later became the first Indian librarian of the National Library of India (then Imperial Library) from 1907 to"
"told that, ""...he could explain complex matters in a very simple way."" All of his writings are in a simple dialect. He preferred Chalit Bhasha than Sadhu Bhasha while writing. Bhattacharya died on 26 August 1961. In 1939, he joined in the publication department of Visva Bharati, Shantiniketan. At that time, the world was terrified by the Second World War & the department had not sufficient money. But, even in this situation, Bhattacharya dared to publish the ""Rabindra Rochonaboli"" (Collected works by Rabindranath) and finally did it with Prashanta Chandra Mahalnabish, though these books were not of much demand. Later,"
"Robert Burton (scholar) Robert Burton (8 February 1577 – 25 January 1640) was an English scholar at Oxford University, best known for the classic ""The Anatomy of Melancholy"". He was also the incumbent of St Thomas the Martyr, Oxford, and of Seagrave in Leicestershire. Born at Lindley, Leicestershire, Robert Burton was the son of Ralph and Dorothy Burton and the brother of William Burton the antiquary. Burton spent most of his life at Oxford, first as a pupil at Brasenose College, and then as a student (the equivalent of a fellow at other Oxford and Cambridge colleges) of Christ Church."
"He completed a Burmese translation of the ""Visuddhimagga"", (""The Path of Purification"") a lengthy treatise on Buddhist practice by the 5th century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar Buddhaghosa. He also wrote a volume entitled ""Manual of Vipassana Meditation"". His English works include: Mahasi Sayadaw Mahasi Sayadaw U Sobhana (, ; 29 July 1904 – 14 August 1982) was a Burmese Theravada Buddhist monk and meditation master who had a significant impact on the teaching of Vipassana (Insight) meditation in the West and throughout Asia. In his style of practice, derived from the so-called New Burmese Method of U Nārada,"
"in two known copies kept in the Bodleian Library and in the Princeton University Library. Since then several English reissues appeared simultaneously in 1708. As early as the end of the 18th century the English translation based on Galland was brought to Halifax, Montreal, Philadelphia, New York and Sydney. Galland-based English translations were superseded by that made by Edward William Lane in 1839–41. In the 1880s an unexpurgated and complete English translation, ""The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night"", was made by Richard Francis Burton. The original scattered Arabic texts were collected in four corpuses: the so-called Calcutta"