"Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain is an archaeological study of mnemonic elements in the funerary practices of Early Medieval Britain, written by the British archaeologist Howard Williams. The book was first published by Cambridge University Press as part of their series ""Cambridge Studies in Archaeology"" in 2006. The first chapter, ""Death, Memory and Material Culture"", serves as an introduction to Williams' approach. Stating that ""mortuary practices can be conceptualised as strategies for remembering and forgetting"", he discusses the influence of sociology. and anthropology on his study before exploring the Anglo-Saxon cemetery"
"important political institution. The name derives from the Old English ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, for ""meeting of wise men"". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was the law code issued by King Æthelberht of Kent ca. 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the witan was certainly in existence long before this time. The Witan, along with the folkmoots (local assemblies) is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament. The first parliamentary bodies involving representatives of the urban middle class were summoned in 12th century Spain. In 1187, the Castillian King Alfonso"
"Witenagemot The Witenaġemot (, , modern English ""meeting of wise men""), also known as the Witan (more properly the title of its members) was a political institution in Anglo-Saxon England which operated from before the 7th century until the 11th century. The Witenagemot was an assembly of the tribe whose primary function was to advise the king and whose membership was composed of the most important noblemen in England, both ecclesiastic and secular. The institution is thought to represent an aristocratic development of the ancient Germanic general assemblies, or folkmoots. In England, by the 7th century, these ancient folkmoots had"
"the nature of these assemblies in England was irrevocably changed when Christianity was introduced, circa A.D.600. Hereafter, church and state were ""inseparably intertwined,"" and this was reflected in the strong ecclesiastical element in the witan's membership and concerns; records of decisions made by witan encompass ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions alike. Witenagemot The Witenaġemot (, , modern English ""meeting of wise men""), also known as the Witan (more properly the title of its members) was a political institution in Anglo-Saxon England which operated from before the 7th century until the 11th century. The Witenagemot was an assembly of the tribe whose"
"interest is the meeting of the Witan including Bishop Wulfstan and King Aethelred II at Upper (Kings) Enham on 16 May 1008. ). This law-making council of 40 nobles and around 360 retainers, put into draft a decree detailing the social ordering of England and to bring England as a whole under one Christian God, One King, and giving all men the right to law. These laws were aimed at bringing the populace together against the Viking raiders and are referred to as ""the Enham Codes"" According to Cambridge University, the meeting of the Witan was held at what later"
"late as the 12th century. The ""Saxon myth"", which claimed that the old Saxon Witan originated in a representative assembly of English landholders, before being subsequently disbanded by the Norman invaders before reappearing as the Parliament of England, found believers of that historical theory across the Thirteen Colonies in North America, by Americans including Thomas Jefferson and Jonathan Mayhew, in the years prior to the American Revolution (1776-1783). It is generally accepted that the English witenagemot had its origins in ancient Germanic assemblies summoned to witness royal grants of land. Yet whatever their status in the 4th and 5th centuries,"
"of the English parliament, he generally preferred the more neutral word 'assembly'. He described as a rare 11th-century usage, with only 9 pre-Conquest examples, mainly in the crisis of 1051–52. Patrick Wormald was also sceptical, describing as ""a word always rare and unattested before 1035"". The exact nature of the witenagemot remains ""essentially vague, fluctuating, and incoherent."" Nevertheless, there is much direct evidence of the witan's various activities. Knowledge about who made up the witan and who was present at their meetings is provided mainly by lists of witnesses to charters, or grants of land, which were concocted at the"
"at least doubtful whether the functions of the council were ever properly defined. Similarly, in his study of the witenagemots, Felix Liebermann stated that ""its functions and power differ .. considerably at various times."" Still, he was able to give a relatively detailed description of its constitution:From the time of Ine the Witan was composed of the aristocratic ""élite"" created by monarchy. The king, generally indeed advised by the existing nobility, conferred prelatures and ealdormanries, with both of which a seat in the national assembly [i.e. the witenagemot] was legally or practically connected. Members of the royal family, ladies not"
"of a national 'witan' are crazy dreams without foundation, myths of a 'democratic parliament' that never was. Witan would advise on the administration and organization of the kingdom, dealing with issues such as taxation, jurisprudence and both internal and external security. The witenagemot was in many ways different from the future institution of the Parliament of England, it had substantially different powers and some major limitations, such as a lack of a fixed procedure, schedule, or meeting place. The witan could seek to prevent autocracy and carry on government during interregnums, but ultimately the witenagemot answered to the king. It"
"Parliament of England The ""Parliament of England"" was the legislature of the Kingdom of England, existing from the early 13th century until 1707, when it became the Parliament of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland created the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1066, William of Normandy introduced what, in later centuries, became referred to as a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief (a person who held land) and ecclesiastics before making laws. In 1215, the tenants-in-chief secured Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not"
"of this tendency for later boundaries to preserve earlier arrangements is Sussex; the county boundary is essentially the same as that of the West Saxon shire and the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. The Witan, also called Witenagemot, was the council of kings; its essential duty was to advise the king on all matters on which he chose to ask its opinion. It attested his grants of land to churches or laymen, consented to his issue of new laws or new statements of ancient custom, and helped him deal with rebels and persons suspected of disaffection. By 800 only five Anglo-Saxon kingdoms are"
"Parliament of the United Kingdom (1708 to 1918). Boundaries are not identical in all contexts, but the Caithness area is now entirely within the Highland council area. Caithness is one of the Watsonian vice-counties, subdivisions of Britain and Ireland which are used largely for the purposes of biological recording and other scientific data-gathering. The vice-counties were introduced by Hewett Cottrell Watson who first used them in the third volume of his """" published in 1852. He refined the system somewhat in later volumes, but the vice-counties remain unchanged by subsequent local government reorganisations, allowing historical and modern data to be"
"1495. These restrictions were lifted in 1782, producing a period of novel legislative freedom. This period came to be known as Grattan's Parliament after Henry Grattan, a major campaigner for reform in the House of Commons and leader of the Patriot Party. Amongst its many provisions the new constitution gave the Parliament greater control over the Royal Irish Army. The new constitutional arrangements proved short-lived in consequence of the 1798 uprising by the United Irishmen. By the Acts of Union the Parliament of Ireland was abolished, and the Kingdom of Ireland absorbed into the new United Kingdom of Great Britain"
"the spiritual and financial needs of the religious and secular communities of the North of England, he was deeply involved in the vital politics of the South. He was one of the most important members of king Æthelred II's advisory council, known as the Witan, and as such was active in all the most significant political decisions of the day. By 1008 he had secured the privilege of drafting the official royal legislation promulgated by the king and the Witan. He was deeply concerned with legislation, holding that good laws were essential if a people were to prosper. He continued"
"the Parlement in 1790. The Parlement of Brittany met and they established that these actions had no force of law based on the Breton laws and traditions on which the Parliament had been founded. Notwithstanding this claim, the Parlement of Brittany has not met since 1790. Nobles from the Breton Ducal family who fought for William the Conqueror in 1066 were the first Lords of Richmond, and eventually the first in a series of Earls of Richmond in England. Alan Rufus was among William's Earls and built Richmond Castle. Conan III allied himself with Stephen of England in his war"
"the Witenagemot, replacing it with a Curia Regis (""King's Council""). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the tenants in chief, the few nobles who ""rented"" great estates directly from the king, along with ecclesiastics. William brought to England the feudal system of his native Normandy, and sought the advice of the curia regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the Privy Council and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the Supreme Court of Judicature. Only the"
"Zealand William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, (15 November 1708 – 11 May 1778) was a British statesman of the Whig group who led the government of Great Britain twice in the middle of the 18th century. Historians call him Pitt of Chatham, or William Pitt the Elder, to distinguish him from his son, William Pitt the Younger, who also was a prime minister. Pitt was also known as The Great Commoner, because of his long-standing refusal to accept a title until 1766. Pitt was a member of the British cabinet and its informal"
"number of wise men in the parliament was more than that of the magis. Megisthanes was the first parliament of Iran. It can be concluded that the Parthian parliament was the result of the achievements of past civilizations specially the Achaemenids (who had their own councils) and Greeks. Justin (41.2.2), has called this parliament as senate. Tacitus states that the parliament was composed of 300 of the rich and wise men, which was forming a council like that of the senate. People are in charge of their legitimate power. Until the parliament and people have consensus, they are not afraid"
"parliament"", which referred to the young Seton having finally come of age and being given his family's seat held by his grandfather, and not of the creation. ""The Complete Peerage"" cites a jury on which ""Sir George de Seton of that Ilk"" served on 22 March 1451 (1450/1), and states that ""he was created, shortly after that date, a Lord of Parliament as Lord Seton [S]"". The following is a list of the paternal ancestors of the Lords Seton, noting that the surname was originally Seton before changing to Wintoun, and then reverting to Seton with the 1st Lord Seton."
"were later consolidated into the Parliament of Britain and the current Parliament of the United Kingdom (or British Parliament). The system of government that emerged in this model is known as the Westminster system. In Europe, similar models to parliament emerged, termed ""Diet"" and Thing, or Ting, ""thing"" derived from old Norse for ""appointed time"" or ""assembly"". The ""parliament"" that claims to have the longest continuous existence is the Tynwald of the Isle of Man. In 19th century Russia, the Duma emerged to perform similar advisory functions to the monarch. In the 14th century, the king of France established the"
"British Parliament, William Pitt, the first Earl of Chatham, who was an outspoken advocate of the rights of the colonists in America. New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolutionary War. The was passed on July 2, 1776, two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the New Jersey Provincial Congress, which made itself into the state Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if the state of New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. The citizens"
"William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, (15 November 1708 – 11 May 1778) was a British statesman of the Whig group who led the government of Great Britain twice in the middle of the 18th century. Historians call him Pitt of Chatham, or William Pitt the Elder, to distinguish him from his son, William Pitt the Younger, who also was a prime minister. Pitt was also known as The Great Commoner, because of his long-standing refusal to accept a title until 1766. Pitt was a member of the British cabinet and its informal leader"
"the Parliament of England by two Members of Parliament. An election is known to have taken place in about December 1513. It is not known if there was any election for the next Parliament in 1515, but that would have been the last opportunity for this community to be represented in the House of Commons of England. Groat and half-groat coins were issued without a portrait of King Henry VIII but did display his name. Dated 1513, these were struck subsequent to the town's capture in 1513 from France and nowadays are exceptionally rare especially since they are the earliest"
"Parliament of Bats The Parliament of Bats was a Parliament of England that was held in 1426 in Leicester. Meetings took place in the great hall of Leicester Castle. The King at the time, Henry VI, was an infant, and the session saw him knighted in St Mary de Castro Church across the road from the Castle Great Hall. The parliament is so-called because members were not allowed to carry swords by the Duke of Gloucester, and so armed themselves with clubs, or bats—tensions being high because of the ongoing dispute between Cardinal Beaufort, the Bishop of Winchester and off-and-on"
"English government, and Æthelstan as ""the true if unwitting founder of the English parliament"". The Anglo-Saxons were the first people in northern Europe to write administrative documents in the vernacular, and law codes in Old English go back to Æthelberht of Kent at the beginning of the seventh century. The law code of Alfred the Great, from the end of the ninth century, was also written in the vernacular, and he expected his ealdormen to learn it. His code was strongly influenced by Carolingian law going back to Charlemagne in such areas as treason, peace-keeping, organisation of the hundreds and"
"1800 the city housed the Parliament of Ireland. While parliament was independent, both houses were the exclusive preserve of planters or Old English aristocracy. By the late 18th century, the Ascendancy class of Irish Protestants – who were mostly descendants of British settlers – came to regard Ireland as their native country. This 'Patriot Parliament' successfully agitated at Westminster for increased autonomy and better terms of trade with Great Britain and the Colonies. From 1778 the Penal Law, which discriminated against Roman Catholics in many areas of life, were gradually repealed, pushed along by liberals such as Henry Grattan. ""(See"
"Richard Pate Richard Pate or Pates (1516–1588) was an English landowner and Member of Parliament for Gloucester in the Parliament of 1559 and 1563–1567. His parliamentary career is detailed in the History of Parliament. Pate was born in Cheltenham and was a nephew of Richard Pate, Bishop of Worcester. An alumnus of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he endowed that institution with property, on the condition that they use three-quarters of the proceeds to found and maintain a school in Cheltenham, as well as an almshouse there. This school was founded in 1574 and still exists as Pate's Grammar School. Pate"
"to summon parliaments, sometimes including the county knights and on one occasion including burgesses from the towns. After 1297 under Edward I's reign, this became the norm, and by the early 14th century it was normal to include the knights and burgesses, a grouping that would become known as the ""Commons"" of England and, ultimately, form the ""House of Commons"". Simon de Montfort's parliament of 1265 is sometimes referred to as the first English parliament, because of its inclusion of both the knights and the burgesses, and Montfort himself is often regarded as the founder of the House of Commons."
"election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected; Wilton (UK Parliament constituency) Wilton was the name of a parliamentary borough in Wiltshire. It was represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1295 to 1707, then in the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and finally in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It had two Members of Parliament (MPs) until 1832, but from 1832 to 1885 only one member, as a result of the"
"the Parliament of Great Britain (from 1707 to 1800) and the United Kingdom Parliament, until 1950. It was also used in the Parliament of Ireland, in the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1613 to 1800, and in the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1936. University constituencies have also existed in Japan and in some countries of the British Empire such as India. In the present day there are two university constituencies in Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the legislature of the republic of Ireland. Two university constituencies also exist in the Senate of Rwanda. King James VI of Scotland,"
"the suppression of a British revolt and the confinement of the Cornish beyond the Tamar. Æthelstan emphasised his control by establishing a new Cornish see and appointing its first bishop, but Cornwall kept its own culture and language. Æthelstan became the first king of all the Anglo-Saxon peoples, and in effect overlord of Britain. His successes inaugurated what John Maddicott, in his history of the origins of the English Parliament, calls the ""imperial phase"" of English kingship between about 925 and 975, when rulers from Wales and Scotland attended the assemblies of English kings and witnessed their charters. Æthelstan tried"
"Hindon (UK Parliament constituency) Hindon was a parliamentary borough consisting of the village of Hindon in Wiltshire, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1448 until 1832, when the borough was abolished by the Great Reform Act. It was one of the most notoriously corrupt of the rotten boroughs, and bills to disfranchise Hindon were debated in Parliament on two occasions before its eventual abolition. Hindon was a small market town, and may have been of at least minor importance at the time it was first represented in Parliament, during the reign of Henry"
"before their migration to the island of Britain starting in the fifth century A.D. Among these peoples on the continent of Europe, the tribe was the largest regularly existing political unit."" Each of the early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had its own witenagemot, which was a national assembly consisting of freemen who owned land. The structure of the Anglo-Saxon governmental machinery was left largely intact even after the Norman Conquest in 1066, with the Norman kings assembling a ""Great Council"" of court officials, barons, and prelates that was constitutionally a continuation of the witenagemot. In the 13th and early 14th centuries, the"