"precipitation onto mineral supports. Heating of HAuCl·HO in a stream of chlorine gives gold(III) chloride (AuCl). Chloroauric acid is produced by dissolving gold in aqua regia (a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids) followed by careful evaporation of the solution: Under some conditions, oxygen can be used as the oxidant. For higher efficiency, these processes are conducted in autoclaves, which allows greater control of temperature and pressure. Alternatively, a solution of HAuCl can be produced by electrolysis of gold metal in hydrochloric acid: To prevent the deposition of gold on the cathode, the electrolysis is carried out in a"
"acid, also known as oleum—sulfuric acid containing excess sulfur trioxide—and azeotropic nitric acid (consisting of about 70% nitric acid, with the rest being water). The sulfuric acid produces protonated nitric acid species, which are attacked by glycerol's nucleophilic oxygen atoms. The nitro group is thus added as an ester C−O−NO and water is produced. This is different from an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which nitronium ions are the electrophile. The addition of glycerol results in an exothermic reaction (i.e., heat is produced), as usual for mixed-acid nitrations. If the mixture becomes too hot, it results in a runaway reaction,"
"Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid), also known as vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with molecular formula HSO. It is a colorless, odorless, and syrupy liquid that is soluble in water, in a reaction that is highly exothermic. Its corrosiveness can be mainly ascribed to its strong acidic nature, and, if at a high concentration, its dehydrating and oxidizing properties. It is also hygroscopic, readily absorbing water vapor from the air. Upon contact, sulfuric acid can cause severe chemical burns and even secondary thermal burns; it is very dangerous even"
"coffee and espresso machines and in denture cleaners. According to the label on the consumer product, the liquid silver cleaning product TarnX contains thiourea, a detergent, and sulfamic acid. Sulfamic acid Sulfamic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula HNSO. This colorless, water-soluble compound finds many applications. Sulfamic acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen. Sulfamic acid (HNSO) may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (HSO), and sulfamide (HNSO), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH)"
"mixing stoichiometric amounts of ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate: Sodium nitrate can be combined with sulfuric acid and nitric acid distilled off. At lower pressure the lower temperature needed results in less decomposition. The theoretical 2 moles of nitric acid per 1 mole of sulfuric acid results in a very high end temperature, much decomposition and a solid neutral sulfate that is difficult to remove. When this reaction was important industrially, it was common practice to operate with sulfuric acid in excess to end on a mostly bisulfate product poured molten out of the retort."
"combining aromatic compounds and sulfur sources. The most important member of the class is Sulfur Black 1. It is produced by the reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium sulfide in hot water. Like many sulfur dyes, details on the chemical reactions are poorly understood. It is accepted that the sulfide reduces the nitro groups to aniline derivatives, which are thought to form indophenol-containing intermediates that are further crosslinked by reaction with sulfur. The result are insoluble, high molecular weight species. Sulfur Black 1 is imperfectly understood, and the material is probably heterogeneous. It is speculated to be a polymer consisting of"
"Nitrosylsulfuric acid Nitrosylsulfuric acid is the chemical compound with the formula NOHSO. It is a colourless solid that is used industrially in the production of caprolactam, and was formerly part of the lead chamber process for producing sulfuric acid. The compound is the mixed anhydride of sulfuric acid and nitrous acid. In organic chemistry, it is used as a reagent for nitrosating, as a diazotizing agent, and as an oxidizing agent. A typical procedure entails dissolving sodium nitrite in cold sulfuric acid: It can also be prepared by the reaction of nitric acid and sulfur dioxide. NOHSO is used in"
"14104 is one of the standards detailing this well known procedure. Commercially available aqueous blends of 5–30% nitric acid and 15–40% phosphoric acid are commonly used for cleaning food and dairy equipment primarily to remove precipitated calcium and magnesium compounds (either deposited from the process stream or resulting from the use of hard water during production and cleaning). The phosphoric acid content helps to passivate ferrous alloys against corrosion by the dilute nitric acid. Nitric acid can be used as a spot test for alkaloids like LSD, giving a variety of colours depending on the alkaloid. Nitric acid is a"
"Sulfamic acid Sulfamic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula HNSO. This colorless, water-soluble compound finds many applications. Sulfamic acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen. Sulfamic acid (HNSO) may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (HSO), and sulfamide (HNSO), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH) group with an amine (–NH) group at each step. This pattern can extend no further in either direction without breaking down the sulfonyl (–SO–) moiety. Sulfamates are derivatives of"
"Sulfurous acid Sulfurous acid (also sulphurous acid) is the chemical compound with the formula HSO. There is no evidence that sulfurous acid exists in solution, but the molecule has been detected in the gas phase. The conjugate bases of this elusive acid are, however, common anions, bisulfite (or hydrogen sulfite) and sulfite. Sulfurous acid is an intermediate species in the formation of acid rain from sulfur dioxide. Raman spectra of solutions of sulfur dioxide in water show only signals due to the SO molecule and the bisulfite ion, . The intensities of the signals are consistent with the following equilibrium:"
"could just as well be called ""hydrogen sulfate"" (or ""dihydrogen sulfate""). In fact, the fully systematic name of sulfuric acid, according to IUPAC's rules, would be ""dihydroxidodioxidosulfur"" and that of the sulfate ion, ""tetraoxidosulfate(2−)"", Such names, however, are almost never used. However, the same element can form more than one acid when compounded with hydrogen and oxygen. In such cases, the English practice to distinguish such acids is to use the suffix ""-ic"" in the name of the element in the name of the acid containing more oxygen atoms, and the suffix ""-ous"" in the name of the element in"
"Sulfur mononitride Sulfur mononitride is an inorganic compound with the formula SN. It is the sulfur analogue of the radical nitric oxide, NO. It can be produced through electrical discharges in mixtures of nitrogen and sulfur compounds, as well as the reaction of nitrogen with sulfur vapor. The valence electrons of this compound match those of nitric oxide. In outer space, this compound was first detected in the giant molecular cloud Sgr B2. It was subsequently observed in cold dark clouds and in the comae of comets. Sulfur mononitride exists as a resonance structure, of which a species with a"
"Chlorosulfuric acid Chlorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurochloridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HSOCl. It is also known as chlorosulfonic acid, being the sulfonic acid of chlorine. It is a distillable, colorless liquid which is hygroscopic and a powerful lachrymator. Salts and esters of chlorosulfuric acid are known as chlorosulfates. Chlorosulfuric acid is a tetrahedral molecule. The formula is more descriptively written SO(OH)Cl, but HSOCl is traditional. It is an intermediate, chemically and conceptually, between sulfuryl chloride (SOCl) and sulfuric acid (HSO). The compound is rarely obtained pure. Upon standing with excess sulfur trioxide, it decomposes to pyrosulfuryl"
"formed from ammonium polysulfide and nickel in water solution. Mixed and double sulfides of nickel also exist. Nickel with selenium forms several compounds NiSe 0≤x≤0.15, NiSe, NiSe also known as a mineral penroseite. Nickel forms two different polonides by heating nickel and polonium together: NiPo and NiPo. Non-stoichiometric compounds of nickel with phosphorus, arsenic and antimony exist, and some are found in nature. One interstitial nitride has formula NiN (hexagonal P6322, Z = 2, a = 4.6224 Å and c = 4.3059 Å). In a solid nitrogen matrix, nickel atoms combine with nitrogen molecules to yield Ni(N). Nickel phosphide NiP"
"Silver nitrate Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula . This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once called ""lunar caustic"" because silver was called ""luna"" by the ancient alchemists, who believed that silver was associated with the moon. In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement. Albertus Magnus, in the 13th century, documented the ability of nitric acid to separate gold and silver by dissolving the silver. Magnus noted"
"Tetrasulfur tetranitride Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an inorganic compound with the formula SN. This gold-poppy coloured solid is the most important binary sulfur nitride, which are compounds that contain only the elements sulfur and nitrogen. It is a precursor to many S-N compounds and has attracted wide interest for its unusual structure and bonding. Nitrogen and sulfur have similar electronegativities. When the properties of atoms are so highly similar, they often form extensive families of covalently bonded structures and compounds. Indeed, a large number of S-N and S-NH compounds are known with SN as their parent. SN adopts an unusual “extreme"
"with nitrosylsulfuric acid) and tower acid being the acid recovered from the bottom of the Glover tower. They are now obsolete as commercial concentrations of sulfuric acid, although they may be prepared in the laboratory from concentrated sulfuric acid if needed. In particular, ""10M"" sulfuric acid (the modern equivalent of chamber acid, used in many titrations) is prepared by slowly adding 98% sulfuric acid to an equal volume of water, with good stirring: the temperature of the mixture can rise to 80 °C (176 °F) or higher. Sulfuric acid reacts with its anhydride, , to form , called ""pyrosulfuric acid"","
"not take the nature of bonding involved. Examples of such naming are selenium disulfide and titanium sulfide, which contains no sulfide ions whatsoever. ""Sulfide"" is also used non-systematically, to describe compounds which release hydrogen sulfide upon acidification, or a compound that otherwise incorporates sulfur in some form, such as dimethyl sulfide. ""Hydrogen sulfide"" is itself an example of a non-systematic name of this nature. However, it is also a trivial name, and the preferred IUPAC name for sulfane. It has been confirmed that the sulfide ion, S, does not exist even in hyper-concentrated aqueous alkaline solutions of NaS. Thus, the"
"Nef reaction The Nef reaction is an organic reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitroalkane (1) to an aldehyde or a ketone (3) and nitrous oxide (4). The reaction has been the subject of several literature reviews. The reaction was reported in 1894 by the chemist John Ulric Nef, who treated the sodium salt of nitroethane with sulfuric acid resulting in an 85–89% yield of nitrous oxide and at least 70% yield of acetaldehyde. However, the reaction was pioneered a year earlier in 1893 by Konovalov, who converted the potassium salt of 1-phenylnitroethane"
"Nitric acid Nitric acid (HNO), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for ""strong water"") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO, it is referred to as ""fuming nitric acid"". Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%, or red"
"Middle Ages. Alchemists knew nitric acid as ""aqua fortis"" (strong water), as well as other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium salts and nitrate salts. The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as ""aqua regia"" (royal water), celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold, the king of metals. The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it ""noxious air"". Though he did not recognise it as an entirely different chemical substance, he clearly distinguished it from Joseph Black's ""fixed air"", or carbon dioxide. The fact that there was a component of"
"Fluorosulfuric acid Fluorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurofluoridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula HSOF. It is one of the strongest acids commercially available. The formula HSOF emphasizes its relationship to sulfuric acid, HSO; HSOF is a tetrahedral molecule. It is a colourless liquid, although commercial samples are often yellow. Fluorosulfuric acid is a free-flowing colorless liquid. It is soluble in polar organic solvents (e.g. nitrobenzene, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate), but poorly soluble in nonpolar solvents such as alkanes. Reflecting its strong acidity, it dissolves almost all organic compounds that are even weak proton acceptors. HSOF hydrolyzes"
"but the optic nerves may show demyelination, loss of axons and gliosis. International commerce of sulfuric acid is controlled under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988, which lists sulfuric acid under Table II of the convention as a chemical frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid), also known as vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with molecular formula HSO. It is a colorless, odorless, and syrupy liquid that is soluble in water,"
"acids belonging to this group of compounds are the products of the reaction between sulphurous and nitrous acids, the base being essential only in so far as it protects the products of the reaction against hydrolysis, and that, contrary to the statements of previous workers, normal sulfites and nitrites have no action on each other. Divers and Haga further showed that the primary product of the reaction between sulphurous and nitrous acids is always hydroxylaminedisulfonic acid and nothing else. Divers was pre-eminently an experimental chemist and rarely occupied with the theoretical study of chemical questions. He greatly encouraged the spirit"
"by accepting another oxygen atom. Sulfurous acid Sulfurous acid (also sulphurous acid) is the chemical compound with the formula HSO. There is no evidence that sulfurous acid exists in solution, but the molecule has been detected in the gas phase. The conjugate bases of this elusive acid are, however, common anions, bisulfite (or hydrogen sulfite) and sulfite. Sulfurous acid is an intermediate species in the formation of acid rain from sulfur dioxide. Raman spectra of solutions of sulfur dioxide in water show only signals due to the SO molecule and the bisulfite ion, . The intensities of the signals are"
"Nitrox Nitrox refers to any gas mixture composed (excepting trace gases) of nitrogen and oxygen. This includes atmospheric air, which is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, primarily argon. In the usual application, underwater diving, nitrox is normally distinguished from air and handled differently. The most common use of nitrox mixtures containing oxygen in higher proportions than atmospheric air is in scuba diving, where the reduced partial pressure of nitrogen is advantageous in reducing nitrogen uptake in the body's tissues, thereby extending the practicable underwater dive time by reducing the decompression requirement, or reducing the risk of"
"The resulting mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is known as nitrox. The traces of argon and other atmospheric gases are considered to be unimportant. Nitrox is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Technically this can include hypoxic nitrox mixtures, where the gas fraction of oxygen is less than in air (21%), but these are not generally used. Nitrox is generally understood as air enriched by additional oxygen. Gas fraction of oxygen may range from 22% to 99%, but is more usually in the range of 25% to 40% for bottom gas (breathed during the main part of the dive), and"
"bond order of one accompanied by charge separation is the major contributor. Sulfur mononitride Sulfur mononitride is an inorganic compound with the formula SN. It is the sulfur analogue of the radical nitric oxide, NO. It can be produced through electrical discharges in mixtures of nitrogen and sulfur compounds, as well as the reaction of nitrogen with sulfur vapor. The valence electrons of this compound match those of nitric oxide. In outer space, this compound was first detected in the giant molecular cloud Sgr B2. It was subsequently observed in cold dark clouds and in the comae of comets. Sulfur"
"with sulfuric acid to acetophenone. The ""Nef reaction"" should not be confused with the Nef synthesis. The reaction mechanism starting from the nitronate salt as the resonance structures 1a and 1b is depicted below: The salt is protonated forming the nitronic acid 2 (in some cases these nitronates have been isolated) and once more to the iminium ion 3. This intermediate is attacked by water in a nucleophilic addition forming 4 which loses a proton and then water to the 1-nitroso-alkanol 5 which is believed to be responsible for the deep-blue color of the reaction mixture in many Nef reactions."
"reaction of the sulfur or nitrogen lone pair in sulfur mustard or nitrogen mustard to form the cationic intermediate. This reaction mechanism is supported by the observation that addition of pyridine to the reaction leads to inversion. The reasoning behind this finding is that pyridine reacts with the intermediate sulfite replacing chlorine. The dislodged chlorine has to resort to nucleophilic attack from the rear as in a regular nucleophilic substitution. In the complete picture for this reaction the sulfite reacts with a chlorine ion in a standard S2 reaction with ""inversion"" of configuration. When the solvent is also a nucleophile"
"Niter Niter, or nitre (chiefly British), is the mineral form of potassium nitrate, KNO, also known as saltpeter or saltpetre. Historically, the term ""niter"" was not well differentiated from natron, both of which have been very vaguely defined but generally refer to compounds of sodium or potassium joined with carbonate or nitrate ions. Related minerals are soda niter (sodium nitrate), ammonia niter or gwihabaite (ammonium nitrate), nitrostrontianite (strontium nitrate), nitrocalcite (calcium nitrate), nitromagnesite (magnesium nitrate), nitrobarite (barium nitrate) and two copper nitrates, gerhardtite and buttgenbachite; in fact all of the natural elements in the first three columns of the periodic"
"O NMR spectroscopy provided evidence that solutions of sulfurous acid and protonated sulfites contains a mixture of isomers, which is in equilibrium: When trying to concentrate the solution by evaporation to produce waterless sulfurous acid it will decompose (reversing the forming reaction). In cooling down a clathrate SO·HO will crystallise which decomposes again at 7 °C. Thus sulfurous acid HSO cannot be isolated. Aqueous solutions of sulfur dioxide, which sometimes are referred to as sulfurous acid, are used as reducing agents and as disinfectants, as are solutions of bisulfite and sulfite salts. They are oxidised to sulfuric acid or sulfate"
"2011 systematic review concluded that exposure to sulfur dioxide is associated with preterm birth. In the United States, the Center for Science in the Public Interest lists the two food preservatives, sulfur dioxide and sodium bisulfite, as being safe for human consumption except for certain asthmatic individuals who may be sensitive to them, especially in large amounts. Symptoms of sensitivity to sulfiting agents, including sulfur dioxide, manifest as potentially life-threatening trouble breathing within minutes of ingestion. Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a toxic gas with"