"were considered useful at the time, including poisonous compounds such as mercury, lead, strychnine and arsenic. There were 108 remedies listed for indigestion (dyspepsia), including alcohol, arsenic, cocaine, gold chloride, mercury, morphine, nux vomica, opium, silver nitrate, strychnine, and “Turkish baths (for malaise after dining out)”. Bismuth, calcium, magnesium salts were also on the list, which are ingredients found in many modern gastrointestinal treatments available today. Arsenic was recommended for over 100 illnesses including anemia, diarrhea, hydrophobia, elephantiasis, and impotence. The formulas include “aletris cordial”, a “uterine tonic and restorative”, which contained “aletris farinosa or True Unicorn combined with aromatics”."
"Toxicodendron vernix Toxicodendron vernix, commonly known as poison sumac, is a woody shrub or small tree growing to 9 m (30 ft) tall. It was previously known as Rhus vernix. This plant is also known as thunderwood, particularly where it occurs in the southern United States. All parts of the plant contain a resin called urushiol that causes skin and mucous membrane irritation to humans. When the plant is burned, inhalation of the smoke may cause the rash to appear on the lining of the lungs, causing extreme pain and possibly fatal respiratory difficulty. Poison sumac is a shrub or"
"agreeable, but can induce nausea, anxiety, and giddiness, and can cause loss of hair and fingernails. Dickinson found that after consuming 300 to 600 seeds he had temporary loss of hair and fingernails. The toxicity can vary depending on the soil, as some evidence suggests that seed toxicity increases as the amount of selenium in the soil increases. Lecythis minor Lecythis minor, the monkey-pot tree, is a small tree with toxic seeds that occurs in South America. ""Lecythis minor"" is a small to medium sized tree that ranges from in height and has a diameter at breast height. Its bark"
"to some botanists, poison sumac is the most toxic plant species in the United States (Frankel, 1991). The differences in toxicity in poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are due to differences in the side chains of the chemicals in these plants. In general, poison ivy has a C side chain, poison oak has a C side chain and poison sumac has a C side chain. The dermatitis shows itself in painful and long continued swellings and eruptions. In the worst case, smoke inhaled by burning poison sumac leads to life-threatening pulmonary edema whereby fluid enters the alveoli. Toxicodendron"
"NA destroying angel), ""Amanita phalloides"" (death cap), ""Amanita smithiana"", ""Amanita subjunquillea"" (East Asian death cap), ""Amanita verna"" (fool's mushroom), and ""Amanita virosa"" (European destroying angel). Amanita The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other"
"who, it is later revealed, attended medical school in Grenada. Jamaican vomiting sickness Jamaican vomiting sickness is an acute illness caused by the toxins hypoglycin A and hypoglycin B, which are present in fruit of the ackee tree. While in the fully ripened arils, hypoglycin A is at levels of less than 0.1 ppm, in unripe arils it can be over 1000 ppm; and cause vomiting and even death. Some countries in the Caribbean and Western Africa experience frequent cases. When ingested, hypoglycin A is metabolized to produce methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA). MCPA acts to inhibit the beta-oxidation of fatty acids"
"as an ornamental tree in many places, such as the Summit Gardens in Panama. The nuts of the tree are collected when ripe, and the tree can produce fruit as young as tall. In indigenous medicine, the fruit is supposedly antiasthmatic and depilatory. The seeds are toxic, especially when consumed in large quantities. The toxicity is derived from the amino acid in the plant that is a selenium analog to cystathionine, through which selenium is stored in the seeds during reproductive growth. The seeds contain approximately 85% of the tree's total selenium in the form of selenomethionine. The seeds taste"
"human who ingests this plant or seed can become very sick and may experience symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory failure, or death. The compounds contained in this plant that make it so toxic are the saponic glycosides. The root systems of young ""S. punicea"" plants are not very extensive and the soil is loose under waterlogged conditions, so these plants can be removed by hand or by using some simple garden tools. Trees with larger trunks must be cut and treated with the herbicide glyphosate and/or triclopyr. If they are found in standing water, the scan be cut to"
"accumulate BMAA in their fat by consuming cycad seeds, resulting a in a high concentration of the neurotoxin. Cycasin Cycasin is a carcinogenic and neurotoxic glucoside found in cycads such as ""Cycas revoluta"" and ""Zamia pumila"". Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, seizures, and hepatoxicity. In metabolic conditions, cycasin is hydrolyzed into glucose and methylazoxymethanol (MAM), the latter of which dissociates into formaldehyde and methyl-diazonium. It induces hepatotoxicity and Zamia staggers, a fatal nervous disease affecting cattle resulting from browsing on the leaves or fruit of cycads. Cycasin is found in all known cycad genera and is distributed throughout"
"caecilian (""Typhlonectes compressicauda"") produces toxic mucus that has killed predatory fish in a feeding experiment in Brazil. In some salamanders, the skin is poisonous. The rough-skinned newt (""Taricha granulosa"") from North America and other members of its genus contain the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX), the most toxic non-protein substance known and almost identical to that produced by pufferfish. Handling the newts does not cause harm, but ingestion of even the most minute amounts of the skin is deadly. In feeding trials, fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals were all found to be susceptible. The only predators with some tolerance to the"
"to livestock or provided as birdseed. While some seeds are edible, others are harmful, poisonous or deadly. Plants and seeds often contain chemical compounds to discourage herbivores and seed predators. In some cases, these compounds simply taste bad (such as in mustard), but other compounds are toxic or break down into toxic compounds within the digestive system. Children, being smaller than adults, are more susceptible to poisoning by plants and seeds. A deadly poison, ricin, comes from seeds of the castor bean. Reported lethal doses are anywhere from two to eight seeds, though only a few deaths have been reported"
"and vitamin B. The compound annonacin, which is contained in the seeds of soursop, is a neurotoxin identified in preliminary research. The leaves of ""Annona muricata"" contain annonamine, which is an aporphine-class alkaloid featuring a quaternary ammonium group. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions, ""alkaloids extracted from graviola may cause neuronal dysfunction"". The compound annonacin, which is contained in the fruit and seeds of soursop, is a potent neurotoxin associated with neurodegenerative disease, and research has suggested that a connection between consumption of soursop and atypical forms of Parkinson's disease due to high concentrations of annonacin is conceivable. The of"
"toxins found in cycad plants, along with the neurotoxic amino acid BMAA. The origin and biological role of these toxins is unknown, as there does not appear to be a statistically significant correlation between the concentration of toxic material and the types of herbivory observed in animals consuming the plants. The enzyme methyl-ONN-azoxymethanol beta-D-glucosyltransferase uses the two substrates UDP-glucose and methyl-ONN-azoxymethanol to produce UDP and cycasin. The butterfly ""Eumaeus atala"", whose larvae feed on ""Z. pumila"", contain the poison as a consequence of their diet. In order to produce sago, cycasin and other cycad toxins must be removed from the"
"Noxiustoxin Noxiustoxin (NTX) is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion ""Centruroides"" noxius Hoffmann which block voltage-dependent potassium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels. NTX was first purified from homogenized crude venom extract of the Mexican scorpion ""Centruroides noxius"" Hoffmann, found in the Mexican state of Nayarit. NTX accounts for only about 1% of the scorpion venom. NTX is one of the best-studied toxic peptides from scorpion venoms. It was the second purified toxin of the ""Centruroides"" genus after neurotoxin II and the first short peptide from scorpion venom to be reported in the literature. The name for noxiustoxin"
"evidence that it was not the species of hemlock used. In the past, this plant has had a number of colorful names including Mackenzie's water hemlock, Beaver-poison, Children's-bane, Snakeweed and Musquash-poison. The plant contains cicutoxin, which disrupts the workings of the central nervous system. In humans, cicutoxin rapidly produces symptoms of nausea, emesis and abdominal pain, typically within 60 minutes of ingestion. Poisoning can lead to tremors and seizures. A single bite of the root (which has the highest concentration of cicutoxin) can be sufficient to cause death. In animals the toxic dose and the lethal dose are nearly the"
"all channels have a receptor site for NTX. LD of the venom is 0.26 µg/g in albino mice after intraperitoneal injection. Intoxication symptoms of mice include hyperexcitability, lacrimation, convulsions, salivation, dyspnea, and eventually death by respiratory paralysis. Although the venom of ""Centruroides noxius"" is the most toxic of all the Mexican scorpions, it is less medically important, because ""Centruroides"" noxius does not cohabitate with humans It is suggested that due to structural similarity between toxins, a vaccine against ""Centruroides noxius"" could be efficient against other, more dangerous, ""Centruroides"" species that cause more public health problems. Noxiustoxin Noxiustoxin (NTX) is a"
"from eating a rough-skinned newt. Eastern newts of the genus ""Notophthalmus"" (= ""Diemictylus"" of earlier authors) also secrete tetrodotoxin, but in lesser amounts. When handling ""Taricha"" specimens, the toxins should not be allowed to come in contact with broken skin or mucous membranes. Proper hand washing after handling should prevent any problems with ingestion of tetrodotoxin (as well as infection from ""Salmonella"" which newts may carry), though some individuals are known to be allergic to skin contact with the toxin. Taricha The genus Taricha consists of four species of highly poisonous newts in the family Salamandridae. Their common name is"
"most likely die. Amanita verna Amanita verna, commonly known as the fool's mushroom, destroying angel or the mushroom fool, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ""Amanita"". Occurring in Europe in spring, ""A. verna"" associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The caps, stipes and gills are all white in colour. ""Amanita verna"" was first mentioned in the scientific literature by French mycologist Jean Bulliard in 1780 as form ""vernus"" of ""Agaricus bulbosus"". Bulliard warned that it could be easily confused with the edible field mushroom (""Agaricus campestris""), and that remedies for those who had"
"vomiting. If the herb is introduced to the nose, this mucosal irritation will cause sneezing and coughing. Ingestion can also cause bradycardia (slow heart rate), hyperactivity, and hypotension (low blood pressure). In high concentrations, topical contact can cause skin irritation, excessive tears from the eyes, and redness. Classic symptoms of ""Veratrum nigrum"" toxicity include blurred vision, confusion, headache, lightheadedness, nausea, stomach pain, excessive sweating, and vomiting. In severe cases, heart arrhythmia, muscle cramps, extreme muscle twitching, paresthesia (the feeling of ""pins and needles"" all over the body), seizures, weakness, and unconsciousness occur. Death may follow. Toxic symptoms generally resolve themselves"
"in the U.K. by Cornish plant collector William Lobb for Veitch Nurseries of Exeter in the year 1848. The plant is somewhat poisonous, its toxicity referable to its containing cucurbitacins, a class of cytotoxic triterpenoids named for their frequent occurrence in genera of the cucumber and gourd family Cucurbitaceae, such as Bryonia. Contact with the sap of plants containing high levels of cucurbitacins can lead to skin inflammation and blistering, while consumption of plant material containing such compounds can lead to gastrointestinal irritation with vomiting and bloody diarrhoea, tachycardia and damage to the liver (hepatotoxicity) and kidneys (among other symptoms),"
"Nerium Nerium oleander is a shrub or small tree in the dogbane family Apocynaceae, toxic in all its parts. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium. It is most commonly known as nerium or oleander, from its superficial resemblance to the unrelated olive ""Olea"". It is so widely cultivated that no precise region of origin has been identified, though southwest Asia has been suggested. The ancient city of Volubilis in Morocco may have taken its name from the Berber name ""alili"" or ""oualilt"" for the flower. Oleander is one of the most poisonous commonly grown garden"
"long. The fruits are subglobose (not quite spherical), gray, flattened, and about across. Poison sumac fruit are creamy white and part of a cluster. Typically, they are around in size. The fruit and leaves of the poison sumac plant contain urushiol, an oil that causes an allergic rash upon contact with skin. Poison sumac grows exclusively in wet and clay soils, usually in swamps and peat bogs, in the eastern United States and extreme southeast Canada. In terms of its potential to cause urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, poison sumac is more toxic than its relatives poison ivy and poison oak. According"
"a pale yellow non-edible oil, called ""argemone oil"" or ""katkar oil"", which contains the toxic alkaloids sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. Four quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine, have been isolated from the whole plant of ""Argemone mexicana"". The seed pods secrete a pale yellow latex when cut open. This argemone resin contains berberine and protopine. The seeds resemble the seeds of ""Brassica nigra"" (mustard). As a result, mustard can be adulterated by argemone seeds, rendering it poisonous. Several significant instances of katkar poisoning have been reported in India, Fiji, South Africa and other countries. The last major outbreak in"
"Amanita verna Amanita verna, commonly known as the fool's mushroom, destroying angel or the mushroom fool, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ""Amanita"". Occurring in Europe in spring, ""A. verna"" associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The caps, stipes and gills are all white in colour. ""Amanita verna"" was first mentioned in the scientific literature by French mycologist Jean Bulliard in 1780 as form ""vernus"" of ""Agaricus bulbosus"". Bulliard warned that it could be easily confused with the edible field mushroom (""Agaricus campestris""), and that remedies for those who had eaten it included"
"to 1998 in the United States, a non-fatal poisoning by purchased apricot kernels. Apricot kernel An apricot kernel is the seed of an apricot, and is often called a ""stone"". It is known for containing amygdalin, a poisonous compound. Together with the related synthetic compound laetrile, amygdalin has been marketed as an alternative cancer treatment. However, studies have found the compounds to be ineffective in the treatment of cancer, as well as potentially toxic or lethal when taken by mouth, due to cyanide poisoning. Apricot kernels can cause potentially fatal cyanide poisoning when consumed. Symptoms include nausea, fever, headaches, insomnia,"
"Vomitoxin Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpenoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with ""Fusarium graminearum"" (""Gibberella zeae"") and ""F. culmorum"", both of which are important plant pathogens which cause fusarium head blight in wheat and gibberella or fusarium ear blight in corn. A direct relationship between the incidence of fusarium head blight and contamination of wheat with deoxynivalenol has been established. The incidence of fusarium head blight is strongly"
"of accidental poisoning. Mature fruiting bodies can be confused with the edible ""A. velosa"", ""A. lanei"" or ""Volvopluteus gloiocephalus"", while immature specimens may be difficult to distinguish from edible ""Agaricus"" mushrooms or puffballs. Similar in toxicity to the death cap (""A. phalloides"") and destroying angels of Europe (""A. virosa"") and eastern North America (""A. bisporigera""), it is a potentially deadly fungus responsible for several poisonings in California. Its principal toxic constituent, α-amanitin, damages the liver and kidneys, often fatally, and has no known antidote, though silybin and N-acetylcysteine show promise. The initial symptoms are gastrointestinal and include abdominal pain, diarrhea"
"Jamaican vomiting sickness Jamaican vomiting sickness is an acute illness caused by the toxins hypoglycin A and hypoglycin B, which are present in fruit of the ackee tree. While in the fully ripened arils, hypoglycin A is at levels of less than 0.1 ppm, in unripe arils it can be over 1000 ppm; and cause vomiting and even death. Some countries in the Caribbean and Western Africa experience frequent cases. When ingested, hypoglycin A is metabolized to produce methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA). MCPA acts to inhibit the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in two ways. First, it interferes with the transport of"
"in the production of wax match sticks. ""For specific information on prevention and treatment of ""Toxicodendron"" rashes, see Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis."" Toxicodendron Toxicodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. It contains trees, shrubs and woody vines, including poison ivy, poison oak, and the lacquer tree. All members of the genus produce the skin-irritating oil urushiol, which can cause a severe allergic reaction. The generic name is derived from the Greek words τοξικός (""toxikos""), meaning ""poison,"" and δένδρον (""dendron""), meaning ""tree"". The best known members of the genus in North America are poison ivy ""(T. radicans)"","
"moneta"" is hosted by ""A. vulparia"", ""A. napellus"", ""A. septentrionale"", and ""A. intermedium"". Other moths associated with ""Aconitum "" species include the wormwood pug ""Eupithecia absinthiata"", satyr pug ""E. satyrata"", ""Aterpia charpentierana"", and ""A. corticana"". It is also the primary food source for the Old World bumblebee ""Bombus consobrinus"". The roots of ""A. ferox"" supply the Nepalese poison called ""bikh"", ""bish"", or ""nabee"". It contains large quantities of the alkaloid pseudaconitine, which is a deadly poison. The root of ""A. luridum"", of the Himalaya, is said to be as poisonous as that of ""A. ferox"" or ""A. napellus"". Several species"
"Abrin Abrin is an extremely toxic toxalbumin found in the seeds of the rosary pea (or jequirity pea), ""Abrus precatorius"". It has a median toxic dose of 0.7 micrograms per kilogram of body mass when given to mice intravenously (approximately 31.4 times more toxic than ricin, being 22 micrograms per kilogram). The median toxic dose for humans ranges from 10 to 1000 micrograms per kilogram when ingested and is 3.3 micrograms per kilogram when inhaled. Abrin is a ribosome inhibiting protein like ricin, a toxin which can be found in the seeds of the castor oil plant and pulchellin, a"
"Abrin Abrin is an extremely toxic toxalbumin found in the seeds of the rosary pea (or jequirity pea), ""Abrus precatorius"". It has a median toxic dose of 0.7 micrograms per kilogram of body mass when given to mice intravenously (approximately 31.4 times more toxic than ricin, being 22 micrograms per kilogram). The median toxic dose for humans ranges from 10 to 1000 micrograms per kilogram when ingested and is 3.3 micrograms per kilogram when inhaled. Abrin is a ribosome inhibiting protein like ricin, a toxin which can be found in the seeds of the castor oil plant and pulchellin, a"
"Most Vipera species have venom that contains both neurotoxic and haemotoxic components. Bites vary widely in severity. ""V. ammodytes"" is most likely the one with the most toxic venom. In a study solely involving mice, Brown (1973) shows that the LD50 is about 1.2/mg/kg through an IV, 1.5 mg/Kg when injected in the peritoneum (IP) and 2.0 mg/kg when administered subcutaneously. ""V. berus"" venom is considered to be on the lower end of the scale when it comes to toxicity, (Minton, 1974) suggests that the LD50 values for mice are about 0.55 mg/kg IV, 0.80 mg/kg IP and 6.45 mg"