"broadcasts initially were largely apolitical. This changed in 1942, when Max Otto Koischwitz, the program director in the USA Zone at the RRG, cast Gillars in a new show called ""Home Sweet Home"". She soon acquired several names amongst her GI audience, including the Berlin Bitch, Berlin Babe, Olga, and Sally, but the one most common was ""Axis Sally"". This name probably came when asked on air to describe herself, Gillars had said she was ""the Irish type… a real Sally."" In 1943, an Italian-American woman, Rita Zucca, also began broadcasting to American troops from Rome, using the name ""Sally""."
"Rita Zucca Rita Luisa Zucca (, 1912–1998) was an Italian-American radio announcer who broadcast Axis propaganda to Allied troops in Italy and North Africa. She became known as one of the ""Axis Sallys"", along with Mildred Gillars, who broadcast out of Berlin, Germany. Zucca's father, Louis, owned a very successful restaurant in New York's Midtown district in the 1930s and 1940s, called Zucca's Italian Garden. Located at 116-118-120 West 49th Street, the restaurant had its own promotional postcards which displayed a distinctly refined setting. Zucca spent her teenage years in a convent school in Florence and, as a young woman,"
"Tokyo Rose Tokyo Rose (alternative spelling Tokio Rose) was a name given by Allied troops in the South Pacific during World War II to all female English-speaking radio broadcasters of Japanese propaganda. The programs were broadcast in the South Pacific and North America to demoralize Allied troops abroad and their families at home by emphasizing troops' wartime difficulties and military losses. Several female broadcasters operated under different aliases and in different cities throughout the Empire, including Tokyo, Manila, and Shanghai. The name ""Tokyo Rose"" was never actually used by any Japanese broadcaster, but it first appeared in U.S. newspapers in"
"earnings to feed POWs, smuggling food in as she did before. She aimed most of her comments toward her fellow Americans (""my fellow orphans""), using American slang and playing American music. At no time did Toguri call herself ""Tokyo Rose"" during the war, and in fact there was no evidence that any other broadcaster had done so. The name was a catch-all used by Allied forces for all of the women who were heard on Japanese propaganda radio and was in general use by the summer of 1943, months prior to Toguri's debut as a broadcast host. Toguri hosted about"
"he became a feature on propaganda radio, attacking the influence of the Jews in the US and the leadership of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who succeeded Winston Churchill in Nazi propaganda as ""World-Enemy Number One"". Best was later sentenced to life imprisonment for treason. Gillars, a teacher in Germany, mostly broadcast on similar themes as well as peppering her speech with allegations of infidelity against the wives of servicemen. Her most notorious broadcast was the 'Vision of Invasion' radio play, broadcast immediately prior to D-Day, from the perspective of an American mother who dreamed that her soldier son died violently in"
"then tried by an Italian military tribunal on charges of collaboration. On March 29, 1946 she was sentenced to 4½ years in prison, but was released after 9 months. She was barred from returning to the United States after the Italian government declared a general amnesty for collaborators in 1946. Zucca lived in relative obscurity in Italy until her death in 1998. Rita Zucca Rita Luisa Zucca (, 1912–1998) was an Italian-American radio announcer who broadcast Axis propaganda to Allied troops in Italy and North Africa. She became known as one of the ""Axis Sallys"", along with Mildred Gillars, who"
"and Myrtle Lipton collectively known as Tokyo Rose. These women hosted anti-American programming intended to lower American soldiers' morale and illustrate the use of governments' use of the media to influence the public, or their enemies. However, many people, such as Iva Toguri D'Aquino and Allied prisoners of war, were forced against their will to participate in these programs and worked hard to help Allied forces. After WWII and throughout the Cold War era, Democratic nations used long-range radio waves to broadcast news into countries behind the Iron Curtain or otherwise information-compromised nations. The American international radio program, the Voice"
"had worked in the family business. She returned to Italy in 1938, working as a typist and renouncing her American citizenship three years later to save her family's property from expropriation by Mussolini's government. As the Allied invasion of Italy progressed, the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini decided to try to emulate the German radio’s Axis Sally broadcasts of Mildred Gillars. In the summer of 1943, the Italian national radio network in Rome hired the 30-year-old Zucca with this aim in mind, in spite of her losing a typing job in 1942 for copying an anti-Fascist pamphlet. Zucca was teamed"
"In the Pacific theater, General Douglas MacArthur used shortwave radio to keep in touch with the citizens of the Japanese-occupied Philippine Islands. Several announcers who became well known in their countries included British Union of Fascists member William Joyce, who was one of the two ""Lord Haw-Haw""s; Frenchmen Paul Ferdonnet and André Olbrecht, called ""the traitors of [Radio] Stuttgart""; and Americans Frederick William Kaltenbach, ""Lord Hee-Haw"", and Mildred Gillars, one of the two announcers called ""Axis Sally"". Listeners to German programs often tuned in for curiosity's sake—at one time, German radio had half a million listeners in the U.S.--but most"
"later employed as a teacher of English at the Berlitz School of Languages in Berlin. In 1940 she obtained work as an announcer with the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG), German State Radio. By 1941, the US State Department was advising American nationals to return home. However, Gillars chose to remain because her fiancé, Paul Karlson, a naturalized German citizen, said he would never marry her if she returned to the United States. Shortly afterwards, Karlson was sent to the Eastern Front, where he was killed in action. On December 7, 1941, Gillars was working in the studio when the Japanese attack on"
"died in action. In 1940 she obtained work as an announcer with the ""Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft"" (RRG), German State Radio. On December 7, 1941, Gillars was working in the studio when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was announced. She broke down in front of her colleagues and announced her allegiance to the East. However, since she decided to stay in Germany, Gillar was faced with the prospect of joblessness or prison, so she produced a written oath of allegiance to Germany and returned to work, her duties being limited to announcing records and participating in chat shows. She soon acquired several"
"organization. He came into contact with Mildred Gillars, the American broadcaster widely known as ""Axis Sally"", who took an immediate dislike to Monti and threatened to resign rather than work with him. Moreover, Monti's lack of ability as a radio commentator ensured that he made only a few broadcasts. Monti next joined the SS as an Untersturmführer and participated in writing and composing a leaflet to be distributed by members of the German military forces and among Allied prisoners of war. At the war's end, he was ordered to Italy, where he surrendered to US forces on May 10, 1945,"
"covert campaign to sabotage the Japanese propaganda effort through the use of on-air innuendos, satire, and sarcastic, rushed or muffled readings. Now they had to bring a fourth party into the conspiracy, and the only person they could trust to support their efforts was Toguri. She was dubbed with the name ""Tokyo Rose"" and listeners came to know her by that name. After the war, the Army Counter Intelligence Corps, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the press continued to refer to Toguri by that name as she was taken into custody and brought to trial. Those defending Toguri stated"
"Joseph Goebbels, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Benito Mussolini, Philippe Pétain, Pierre Laval, and others; broadcasts over German radio by American citizens, including Fred W. Kaltenbach, Douglas Chandler, and Edward Leo Delaney; and broadcasts from Japan or Japanese-held territory, including news reports and commentary by ""Tokyo Rose."" The FBIS kept track of a total of sixty ""black"" stations, which included a German-language station that pretended to represent an anti-Nazi army group, an anti-Nazi ""Catholic"" station, and an English-language station that attacked Winston Churchill. With the end of World War II, the service was transferred to the Department of the Army. Like many"
"through Shortwave radio. Additionally counter-propaganda was used by Allied forces which played upon the fears of the Nazi's banned music. One such example is Glenn Miller, who was a White American jazz musician, that initially provided jazz music, through radio, to Allied combat soldiers for the purposes of entertainment and morale. His same music was used as counter-propaganda by AFN radio broadcasting to denounce fascist oppression in Europe with even Miller once stating himself: ""America means freedom, and there's no expression of freedom quite so sincere as music.""""-Glenn Miller"" Even in the Post–World War II years in 1950's Germany, there"
"The two often were confused and even thought by many to be one and the same. Gillars' main programs from Berlin were: Opening with the sound of a train whistle, ""Home Sweet Home"" attempted to exploit the fears of American soldiers about the home front. The broadcasts were designed to make soldiers feel doubt about their mission, their leaders, and their prospects after the war. Gillars made her most notorious broadcast on June 5, 1944, just prior to the D-Day invasion of Normandy, France, in a radio play written by Koischwitz, ""Vision of Invasion"". She played Evelyn, an Ohio mother,"
"and Medical Reports"" in 1944, in which Gillars used information on wounded and captured U.S. airmen to cause fear and worry in their families. She was convicted of treason by the United States in 1949 following her capture in post-war Berlin. Her arrest came about after the U.S. attorney general specially dispatched prosecutor Victor C. Woerheide to Berlin to find and arrest Gillars. He only had one solid lead: Raymond Kurtz, a B-17 pilot shot down by the Germans, recalled that a woman who had visited his prison camp seeking interviews was the broadcaster. Gillars was indicted on September 10,"
"black propaganda through fake German-language radio stations to Europe. It was disguised to sound like legitimate German radio broadcasts, but it had a negative twist designed to undermine German morale. The Germans undertook a similar program. The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda used English language broadcasts - such as ""Germany Calling"" - broadcast to the UK. Presenter William Joyce - a British fascist - gained the nickname ""Lord Haw-Haw"" from the popular press. The West and the Soviet Union both used propaganda extensively during the Cold War. Both sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence their"
"the context of these radio programs in 1943. During the war, Tokyo Rose was not any one individual, but rather a group of largely unconnected women working within the same propagandist effort throughout the Japanese Empire. In the years shortly following the war, the figure of 'Tokyo Rose' – whom the FBI now avers to be ""mythical"" – became an important symbol of Japanese villainy for the United States. American cartoons, films, and propaganda videos between 1945 and 1960 tend to portray her as highly sexualized, manipulative, and deadly to American interests in the South Pacific, particularly by leaking intelligence"
"down by the Germans, recalled that a woman who had visited his prison camp seeking interviews was the broadcaster who called herself ""Midge at the Mike"". According to Kurtz, the woman had used the alias Barbara Mome. Woerheide organised wanted posters with Gillars' picture to put up in Berlin, but the breakthrough came when he was informed that a woman calling herself ""Barbara Mome"" was selling her furniture at second-hand markets around town. A shop owner who was found selling a table belonging to Gillars was detained, and under ""intensive interrogation"" revealed Gillars' address. When she was arrested on March"
"battling for men's minds. I'm glad you're winning, Jill."" She was sometimes referred to as America's answer to Tokyo Rose and Axis Sally, but unlike those two ladies there was never any hint of propaganda in any of her programs. Wilkerson's personal touch extended to replying to mail from soldiers. The ""GI Jive"" entry in ""The Directory of the Armed Forces Radio Service Series"" noted, ""She attempted to answer each letter sent in and included a picture of herself."" In 1945, it was reported that Martha Wilkerson could boast of receiving one-fourth of all the fan mail inspired by the"
"I am not [a] speaker about political or military matters but reporting cultural activities such as activities in the theatre, music and the film."" Drexel soon fell from grace among her new colleagues, and top Nazis began avoiding her. Long after the war, it was reported that she had committed a faux pas while attending a reception for Nazi Party leaders. ""On being introduced to a beautiful young German woman, Drexel blurted: 'oh, you are the girlfriend of Adolf Hitler!'"" As Propaganda Ministry official Inge Doman later testified in the treason trial of Mildred Gillars, known as ""Axis Sally"", Doman"
"1946 for treason. Although Joyce was the most notorious, and most regularly heard, of British propagandists, other broadcasters included Norman Baillie-Stewart, Jersey-born teacher Pearl Vardon, British Union of Fascists members Leonard Banning and Susan Hilton, Barry Payne Jones of the Link and Alexander Fraser Grant, whose show was aimed specifically at Scotland, also broadcasting through the 'New British Broadcasting Service'. Broadcasts were also made to the United States, notably by Robert Henry Best and 'Axis Sally' Mildred Gillars. Best, a freelance journalist based in Vienna, was initially arrested following the German declaration of war on the US but before long"
"names amongst her GI listeners, including Berlin Bitch, Berlin Babe, Olga, and Sally, but the one that became most common was “Axis Sally.” Her most successful show was known as ""Home Sweet Home"". ""Home Sweet Home"" attempted to exploit the fears of American soldiers about the home front. The broadcasts were designed to make the soldiers cast doubt on their mission, their leaders, and their prospects after the war. Another show was known as ""Midge at the Mike"", broadcast to late fall 1943. Gillar played American songs interspersed with defeatist propaganda and anti-Semitic rhetoric, as well as ""G.I.’s Letter box"
"to military men from their wives. Eventually, AFRS officials realized the popularity of Jill's program and moved her to Los Angeles, where she began broadcasting ""GI Jive"" daily over 400 Army radio stations. Jill, with her commentary and records, was sometimes called ""America's answer to Tokyo Rose"" and Axis Sally but Jill said later that was not the point because American servicemen didn't take broadcasters like Tokyo Rose and Axis Sally seriously. ""Our men — those who listened to enemy propaganda — only listened because there was nothing else to do,"" she said. In his memoir, ""An American Adventure: From"
"propaganda broadcasts; though Goebbels claimed in his ""Das Reich"" article that it was to make the radio a good companion to the people, he admitted the truth in his diary. As well as domestic broadcasts, the Nazi regime used radio to deliver its message to both occupied territories and enemy states. One of the main targets was the United Kingdom, to which William Joyce broadcast regularly, gaining the nickname 'Lord Haw-Haw'. Joyce first appeared on German radio on 6 September 1939 reading the news in English but soon became noted for his often mischievous propaganda broadcasts. Joyce was executed in"
"U.S. indictment for treason in 1943, the frequency of his radio broadcasts diminished and his position as the leading American broadcaster was taken by two collaborators, Mildred Gillars and Douglas Chandler. From 1944, Kaltenbach’s health declined as he began to suffer from heart problems and asthma. He also became disenchanted with Hitler and Nazism, often refusing to broadcast and going on strike, sometimes for months at a time. This alienated his fellow American collaborators and resulted in confrontation, especially with their British colleague, William Joyce, on whom the Lord Haw-Haw nickname had finally settled. Towards the end of the war,"
"""London Bridge is Falling Down"" and became so popular with Japanese children and GIs that the army paper called it ""the Japanese occupation theme song."" In 1946, Elsa Maxwell referred to Kaner as ""the breath of home to unknown thousands of our young men when they were lonely."" Tokyo Rose has been the subject of songs, movies, and documentaries: Tokyo Rose Tokyo Rose (alternative spelling Tokio Rose) was a name given by Allied troops in the South Pacific during World War II to all female English-speaking radio broadcasters of Japanese propaganda. The programs were broadcast in the South Pacific and"
"The Armed Forces Radio Service created a number of radio shows for American GIs stationed overseas. The most popular of these ""mosquito networks"" was GI Jive. In Agra, India, Virginia C. Claudon Allen broadcast nightly to counter Tokyo Rose. During World War II, American GIs in both the Pacific and European theaters of war heard anonymous voices on the radio playing carefully selected American music and extolling the virtues of Japanese and Nazi causes. The DJs continuously encouraged GIs to stop fighting and constantly made false claims of American defeats and Japanese or Nazi victories. They frequently referred to specific"
"of footage for late Nazi propaganda films such as ""The Eternal Jew"" and ""The Campaign in Poland"", as well as innumerable post-war documentaries. The former ""Tobis-Wochenschau"" speaker and voice-over artist Harry Giese was assigned as ""the voice"" of the combined German newsreel production. Despite his signature rat-a-tat narration that gives the proceedings a documentary-like tone, liberties were taken in retelling the facts in this Nazi propaganda tool. Comedic public service announcements were delivered by the ""Tran and Helle"" duo. Newsreels typically preceded the main feature film, announced by an opening sequence derived from the ""Horst-Wessel-Lied""; after the beginning of the"
"which offered her a post in Berlin in 1940. Anderson began broadcasts from Berlin on April 14, 1941 and when Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941 American citizens were repatriated from Germany but Anderson chose to stay there. Until March 6, 1942 she broadcast Nazi propaganda via short wave radio for the German State Radio's U.S.A. Zone, the Germans giving her the name ‘The Georgia Peach’. Her radio program was broadcast two or four times weekly and each broadcast began and ended with the slogan, ""Always remember progressive Americans eat Kellogg's Corn Flakes and"
"the north German station operated, under the name of Reichssender Hamburg, as an integral part of the national broadcasting organization RRG – now controlled by Joseph Goebbels's Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda and known from 1 January 1939 as Großdeutscher Rundfunk. Externally, the Reichssender Hamburg transmitted propaganda material to listeners overseas – in particular to those living in the British Isles – and, during World War II, broadcast regular programming aimed at sapping the morale of the civilian population of the United Kingdom. Its most famous wartime broadcaster in English was William Joyce (popularly known, from his accent"
"of them soon lost interest. Japan had ""Tokyo Rose"", who broadcast Japanese propaganda in English, along with American music to help ensure listeners. During World War II, Vatican Radio's news broadcasts were banned in Germany. During the war, the radio service operated in four languages. The British launched Radio SEAC from Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) during World War II. The station broadcast radio programs to the allied armed forces across the region from their headquarters in Ceylon. Following the war and German partition, each Germany developed its own international broadcasting station: Deutsche Welle, using studios in Cologne, West Germany, and"