"the International Brigades. Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War refers to Jews who joined International Brigades and fought in the Spanish Civil War, which erupted on July 17, 1936 and ended on April 1, 1939. The fighting was between the Republicans, who were loyal to the Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a rebel group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists prevailed and Franco would rule Spain for the next 36 years. The coup was supported by military units in Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Valladolid, Cádiz, Cordova, and Seville. However, barracks in important"
"killed in action or died of wounds or sickness. The Spanish Civil War was fought from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939 between the Republicans, who were loyal to the Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a rebel movement led by General Francisco Franco. Seeking assistance in combating the armed rebellion, the Republicans asked for volunteer fighters from all over the world. Americans volunteered and arrived in Spain in 1937. The Lincoln Battalion was organized in January 1937 as part of the XV International Brigade. The Lincoln Battalion initially fielded three companies, two infantry and one machine gun. Included were"
"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) The Nationalist faction () or Rebel faction () was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists and the Carlists. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the Falange. One of the main leaders () of the 1936 coup, General Francisco Franco, would lead this faction throughout the war and later would become the dictator of"
"""Whites"", Polish, Romanian, and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals. Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) The Nationalist faction () or Rebel faction () was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists and the Carlists. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the Falange. One of the main leaders () of the 1936 coup,"
"Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War The Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, known as Spanish fighters (, , / ""Španski borci"") and Yugoslav brigadistas (), was a contingent of volunteers from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that fought beside the Republican side (in support of the Second Spanish Republic) in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). An estimated 1,664 ""Yugoslav brigadistas"" fought in the war, out of whom c. 800 were killed in action. According to the Spanish statistics, 148 Yugoslav volunteers received the officer rank during the conflict. Most of them fought in the battalions ""Dimitrov"" and ""Đuro"
"the general Francisco Franco was sworn in as the supreme leader of the insurgents. The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936. For three years the Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco and supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy fought the Republican side, which was supported by the Soviet Union, Mexico and International Brigades but it was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of Non-Intervention. The civil war was viciously fought and there were many atrocities committed by all sides. The war claimed the lives of over 500,000 people and caused the flight"
"Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () took place from 1936 to 1939. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Second Spanish Republic, in alliance with the Anarchists and Communists, fought against the Nationalists, a Falangist, Carlist, Catholic, and largely aristocratic group led by General Francisco Franco. The war has often been portrayed as a struggle between democracy and fascism, particularly due to the political climate and timing surrounding it. In early 1939, the Nationalists achieved victory, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975. The war began after a ""pronunciamiento"" (a declaration of military opposition) against the Republican government"
"Corpo Truppe Volontarie The Corps of Volunteer Troops (, CTV) was a Fascist Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support the Nationalist forces under General Francisco Franco against the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. In July 1936, at the beginning of Spanish Civil War, most of the elite Nationalist forces were isolated in Spanish Morocco or on the Canary Islands. Meanwhile, in Spain, smaller formations of Nationalists and Guardia Civil forces were locked in combat with pro-government militias, Assault Guards and those army units which remained loyal to the leftist Popular Front government. Making"
"Volunteer troops from other countries fought with the Nationalists but only a few as national units. Among the latter were Eoin O'Duffy's 700 strong Irish Brigade and the 500 strong French Jeanne D'Arc company of the Spanish Foreign Legion, formed mostly from members of the far-right Croix de Feu. Approximately 8,000 Portuguese, known as Viriatos, fought for Franco although never as a national unit. Another 1,000 volunteers from countries as diverse as Spanish Guinea, the USA, Brazil, Norway, Belgium, the UK, and Australia fought in the Nationalist ranks. In 1937 General Franco turned down separate offers of national legions from"
"Spain in Our Hearts Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 is a non-fiction book by Adam Hochschild that was first published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt on March 29, 2016. The book is an account of the American volunteers who participated in the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939. The story centers around several American volunteer fighters and journalists, tracing their motivations for joining the war and their experiences during the war which left many disillusioned. The book explains the involvement of foreign leaders including Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Joseph Stalin, and explains why"
"Battle Raised 13 February 1938 Name/s: Central European Brigade Raised 13 February 1938 Name/s: Dabowski Brigade Raised 27 May 1937 Catalonia Offensive Catalonia Offensive International Brigades order of battle The International Brigades (IB) were volunteer military units of foreigners who fought on the side of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. The number of combattant volunteers has been estimated at between 32,000–35,000, though with no more than about 20,000 active at any one time. A further 10,000 people probably participated in non-combattant roles and about 3,000–5,000 foreigners were members of CNT or POUM. They came from a"
"Blue Legion The Blue Legion (, , officially called the Legión Española de Voluntarios) was a volunteer legion created from 2,133 Falangist volunteers who remained behind at the Eastern Front after most of the Spanish Blue Division was repatriated in March 1944 because Francisco Franco had started negotiations with the western Allies. It officially consisted of two battalions. It was later estimated that the legion grew to over 3,000 Spaniards. The 101st company ""Spanische-Freiwilligen Kompanie der SS 101"" of 140 men, composed of four rifle platoons and one staff platoon, was attached to 28th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division ""Wallonien"" and"
"the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini. Franco had won the Spanish Civil War with the help of Germany and Italy. Spain owed Germany over $212 million for supplies of matériel during the Spanish Civil War, and Italian combat troops had actually fought in Spain on the side of Franco. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion. This was accepted by Hitler and, within two weeks, there were more than enough volunteers to form a division—the Blue Division (""División Azul"" in Spanish) under"
"Generation of '36 The Generation of '36 () is the name given to a group of Spanish artists, poets and playwrights who were working about the time of the Spanish Civil War (1936 and 1939). The Generation of '36 was a literary movement that suffered harsh criticism and persecution that followed from the division of neighbors into winners and losers in the various battles of that struggle, as well as the physical hardships and moral miseries arising from social instability and political chaos. These were the ingredients that gave strength to their essentially existentialist philosophy. Ricardo Gullón listed some of"
"Spanish Cross The Spanish Cross () was a distinguished award of Germany given to German troops who participated in the Spanish Civil War, fighting for nationalist general, later Spanish caudillo, Francisco Franco. With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Germany sent the Condor Legion to give military aid to Francisco Franco's Nationalist forces. On 14 April 1939, Germany instituted the Spanish Cross as a decoration for the German soldiers that fought in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Cross was to be worn on the right breast below the pocket flap or, if awarded, below the Blood"
"Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. Along with other units in the Spanish Army, the Army of Africa rose against the Second Spanish Republic and took part in the Spanish coup of July 1936 on the side of the ""Nacionales"". On 18 July 1936, General Francisco Franco assumed the supreme command over this force. Spanish Morocco fell to the rebels without significant opposition. The initial intention was to transport the Army of Africa to mainland Spain by sea. However the crews of the majority of ships in the Spanish Navy had remained loyal to the Republican government in Madrid, overwhelming the"
"Garibaldi Battalion The Garibaldi Battalion (Garibaldi Brigade after April 1937) was a largely-Italian volunteer unit of the International Brigades that fought on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War from October 1936 to 1938. It was named after Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian military and political figure of the nineteenth century. The Italian Legion was established on 27 October 1936, through an agreement signed in Paris between Italian republicans, socialists and Communists. It was headed by the Republican commander Randolfo Pacciardi and Communist political commissars Antonio Roasio, Luigi Longo and socialist Amedeo Azzi. It was part of the XII International"
"Palafox Battalion The Palafox Battalion was a volunteer unit of largely Polish and Spanish composition in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. It was named after José de Palafox, a Spanish general who successfully fought French Napoleonic forces during the Peninsular War. The Palafox Battalion was formed on 28 June 1937 as a unit of the 150th International Brigade. It was formed from Poles, and Soviet citizens, with a nucleus of Spanish volunteers from the ""Pasionaria Battalion"". ""Most of its companies were commanded by Red Army lieutenants""). On 4 August 1937, two of its companies were sent to"
"1936 in the Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) broke out with a military uprising in Morocco on July 17, triggered by events in Madrid. Within days, Spain was divided in two: a ""Republican"" or ""Loyalist"" Spain consisting of the Second Spanish Republic (within which were pockets of revolutionary anarchism and Trotskyism), and a ""Nationalist"" Spain under the insurgent generals, and, eventually, under the leadership of General Francisco Franco. By the summer, important tendencies of the war become clear, both in terms of atrocities on both sides and in the contrast between the Soviet Union's intermittent help to"
"army from Morocco to attack the mainland, starting the Spanish Civil War. A bitter war of attrition, in which over 500,000 people died, dragged out until 1 April 1939, when the Nationalists led by Franco had acquired full control of the country. Franco was supported by the Falange and the Carlist ""Comunión Tradicionalista"", and united the two parties to forming the ""Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS"", or ""FET y de las JONS"", whose official ideology was the Falangists' 27 puntos. The new party was a wide-ranging nationalist coalition, closely controlled by Franco. Franco had received material support in"
"veterans of World War I. Their early engagements in 1936 during the Siege of Madrid amply demonstrated their military and propaganda value. The international volunteers were mainly socialists, communists, or under communist authority, and a high proportion were Jewish. Some were involved in the fighting in Barcelona against Republican opponents of the Communists: the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) (""Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista"", an anti-Stalinist Marxist party) and anarchists. These more libertarian groups like the POUM fought together on the front with the anarchist federations of the CNT (CNT, Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) and the FAI (FAI, Iberian"
"Blue Squadron The Blue Squadron (Spanish: ""Escuadrilla Azul"", German: ""15. Spanische Staffel"") was a generic name given to the group of volunteer pilots and ground crews recruited from the Spanish Air Force that fought in the side of Germany on the Eastern Front, during the Second World War. The ""Blue Patrol"" was a counterpart offered by Franco to Nazi Germany for its help with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Between September 1941 and May 1943 five Spanish squadrons rotated through the Eastern Front, attached to Luftwaffe fighter wings Jagdgeschwader 27 and Jagdgeschwader 51. Flying Messerschmitt fighters and"
"International Brigades The International Brigades () were paramilitary units set up by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. The organisation existed for two years, from 1936 until 1938. It is estimated that during the entire war, between 32,000 and 35,000 members served in the International Brigades, including 15,000 who died in combat; however, there were never more than 20,000 brigade members present on the front line at one time. The headquarters of the brigade was located at the Gran Hotel, Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha. They participated in the"
"XIV International Brigade The XIV International Brigade was one of several international brigades that fought for the Spanish Second Republic during the Spanish Civil War. It was raised on 20 December 1936 with volunteers mainly from France and Belgium, under General ""Walter"" (Karol Świerczewski). This Brigade was the fourth of the international brigades, and it mixed veterans with new, idealistic volunteers. It was formally named the Marseillaise Brigade, after the French revolutionary song (and national anthem). With subsequent consolidations and reorganisations, the XIV International Brigade included, among others, the following battalions: all or elements of the following units: The brigade"
"Vallejo and Alfonso Sastre. Other luminaries that may be included in this classification because they started working at the end or after the Civil War include the Garcilasismo group and Generation of '36 The Generation of '36 () is the name given to a group of Spanish artists, poets and playwrights who were working about the time of the Spanish Civil War (1936 and 1939). The Generation of '36 was a literary movement that suffered harsh criticism and persecution that followed from the division of neighbors into winners and losers in the various battles of that struggle, as well as"
"Armed Forces. The Spanish Civil War (1936–9) began right after the Spanish coup of July 1936, a partially successful ""coup d'état"" by a section of the Spanish Army against the government of the Spanish Republic. The ensuing Civil War devastated Spain, ending with the victory of the rebels and the founding of a dictatorship led by Generalissimo Francisco Franco, the leader of the Nationalist army. The civil war was marked by the extensive involvement of international units. Many joined the Republican side under the banner of the International Brigades. The Nationalists enjoyed support from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, with"
"In 1936 the Spanish Civil War broke out. On one side was the Republican faction, supported by the Soviet Union and International Brigades, and on the other side was the Nationalist faction, and supported by the Third Reich and Fascist Italy. The in the north of Spain sided with the Republican Government. In 1937 in the midst of the civil war, José Antonio Aguirre, the first president of the Basque Country (then known as Euzkadi, and currently Euskadi), decided to send the Basque national football team abroad with the duel aim of raising money to take care of the many"
"own countries. The Belgian and Dutch volunteers lost their citizenship because they had served in a foreign army. The first brigades were composed mostly of French, Belgian, Italian, and German volunteers, backed by a sizeable contingent of Polish miners from Northern France and Belgium. The XIth, XIIth and XIIIth were the first brigades formed. Later, the XIVth and XVth Brigades were raised, mixing experienced soldiers with new volunteers. Smaller Brigades — the 86th, 129th and 150th - were formed in late 1937 and 1938, mostly for temporary tactical reasons. About 32,000 people volunteered to defend the Spanish Republic. Many were"
"Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted ""coup d'état"" by parts of the army, led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic. Hispanic Americans fought on behalf of both of the factions involved, the ""Nationalists"" as members of the Spanish Army and the ""Loyalists"" (Republicans) either as members of the Abraham Lincoln International Brigade or as aviators in the Yankee Squadron led by Bert Acosta (1895–1954). When the United States officially entered the war on December 7, 1941, Hispanic Americans were among"
"Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. Franco transported troops to mainland Spain in an airlift using transport aircraft supplied by Germany and Italy. Ceuta became one of the first casualties of the uprising: General Franco's rebel nationalist forces seized Ceuta, while at the same time the city came under fire from the air and sea forces of the official republican government. The Llano Amarillo monument was erected to honor Francisco Franco, it was inaugurated on 13 July 1940. The tall obelisk has since been abandoned, but the shield symbols of the Falange and Imperial Eagle remain visible. When Spain recognized the"
"CXXIX International Brigade The CXXIX International Brigade or 129th International Brigade was a military unit of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. Its members were from a number of different countries thus it was also known as ""Forty Nations Brigade"" (). A predecessor 129th Mixed Brigade had been established in 1937 made up mainly of POUM militiamen. It was made part of the new 29th Division of the Spanish Republican Army and saw its baptism of fire in Northern Aragon. Owing to its alleged faulty performance in the combats of the Battle of Sabiñánigo and the Huesca Offensive,"
"front of liberals, communists, anarchists, socialists, agricultural laborers, workers and the educated middle class. The war begun after General Franco made a coup d' etat against the elected government. The nationalists were headed by General Francisco Franco, while the republicans by the socialist leader, Francisco Largo Caballero. Both sides sought help from abroad: the republicans gained equipment and supplies from the Soviets, while also receiving help from Mexico and the Popular Front of France. The nationalists gained troops, tanks, and planes from Germany and Italy. Ultimately the Nationalists won as they took over Madrid on March 28, 1939. Many have"
"rest of Nationalist Spain's forces began a rebellion against Republican Spain that was to last three years, called the Spanish Civil War. Franco was fairly sure that he would be able to secure German and Italian help for his National Faction, sending emissaries out on 20 July to achieve this. Both did indeed pledge support, sending in the Corpo Truppe Volontarie from Italy and the Legión Cóndor from Nazi Germany, as well as weapons and aircraft. Mussolini was very devoted, eventually sending in 37,000 men and huge numbers of planes to ensure that this ""campaign against communism"" would succeed. The"