"its use for ""public health ... purposes"" be phased out by 31 December 1985. The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units: Rad (unit) The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 0.01 J/kg. It was originally defined in CGS units in 1953 as the dose causing 100 ergs of energy to be absorbed by one gram of matter. It has been replaced by the gray (Gy) in SI derived units but is still used in the United States, though ""strongly discouraged"" in the chapter 5.2 of style"
"erg is approximately the amount of work done (or energy consumed) by one common house fly performing one ""push up,"" the leg-bending dip that brings its mouth to the surface on which it stands and back up. In 1864, Rudolf Clausius proposed the Greek word ("""") ""ergon"" for the unit of energy, work and heat. In 1873, a committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, including British physicists James Clerk Maxwell and William Thomson recommended the general adoption of the centimetre, the gramme, and the second as fundamental units (C.G.S. System of Units). To distinguish derived units,"
"Centimetre–gram–second system of units The centimetre–gram–second system of units (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time. All CGS mechanical units are unambiguously derived from these three base units, but there are several different ways of extending the CGS system to cover electromagnetism. The CGS system has been largely supplanted by the MKS system based on the metre, kilogram, and second, which was in turn extended and replaced by the International System of"
", does not require extraneous constants when expressed in coherent units. The CGS system had two units of energy, the erg that was related to mechanics and the calorie that was related to thermal energy; so only one of them (the erg) could bear a coherent relationship to the base units. Coherence was a design aim of SI, which resulted in only one unit of energy being defined – the joule. Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism contained a factor relating to steradians, representative of the fact that electric charges and magnetic fields may be considered to emanate from a point and"
"through some system of natural units. For example, in particle physics a system is in use where every quantity is expressed by only one unit of energy, the electronvolt, with lengths, times, and so on all converted into electronvolts by inserting factors of speed of light ""c"" and the Planck constant ""ħ"". This unit system is very convenient for calculations in particle physics, but it would be considered impractical in other contexts. Centimetre–gram–second system of units The centimetre–gram–second system of units (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of"
"Units (SI). In many fields of science and engineering, SI is the only system of units in use but there remain certain subfields where CGS is prevalent. In measurements of purely mechanical systems (involving units of length, mass, force, energy, pressure, and so on), the differences between CGS and SI are straightforward and rather trivial; the unit-conversion factors are all powers of 10 as and . For example, the CGS unit of force is the dyne which is defined as , so the SI unit of force, the newton (), is equal to 100,000 dynes. On the other hand, in"
"(BAAS). The system's characteristics are that density is expressed in , force expressed in dynes and mechanical energy in ergs. Thermal energy was defined in calories, one calorie being the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15.5 °C to 16.5 °C. The meeting also recognised two sets of units for electrical and magnetic properties – the electrostatic set of units and the electromagnetic set of units. The CGS units of electricity were cumbersome to work with. This was remedied at the 1893 International Electrical Congress held in Chicago by defining the ""international"" ampere and"
"higher powers of ""c"", for example: The practical cgs system is a hybrid system that uses the volt and the ampere as the unit of voltage and current respectively. Doing this avoids the inconveniently large and small quantities that arise for electromagnetic units in the esu and emu systems. This system was at one time widely used by electrical engineers because the volt and amp had been adopted as international standard units by the International Electrical Congress of 1881. As well as the volt and amp, the farad (capacitance), ohm (resistance), coulomb (electric charge), and henry are consequently also used"
"Gauss (unit) The gauss, abbreviated as G or Gs, is the cgs unit of measurement of magnetic flux density (or ""magnetic induction"") (B). It is named after German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimeter. The cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), which uses the tesla (symbol T) as the unit of magnetic flux density. One gauss equals 1 tesla (100 μT), so 1 tesla = 10,000 gauss. As with all units whose names are derived from a person's name, the first letter of its"
"cgs system. Statvolt The statvolt is a unit of voltage and electrical potential used in the esu-cgs and gaussian system of units. The conversion to the SI system is exactly It is a useful unit for electromagnetism because, in a vacuum, an electric field of one statvolt/cm has the same energy density as a magnetic field of one gauss. Likewise, a plane wave propagating in a vacuum has perpendicular electric and magnetic fields such that for every gauss of magnetic field intensity there is one statvolt/cm of electric field intensity. The abvolt is another option for a unit of voltage"
"units are the most common today, and in fact the phrase ""CGS units"" is often used to refer specifically to CGS-Gaussian units. Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation. At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified"
"the CGS units of force and energy. The CGS system became the basis for scientific work for the next seventy years. In 1875, a British delegation was one of twenty national delegations to a convention in Paris that resulted in seventeen of the nations signing the Metre Convention on 20 May 1875, and the establishment of three bodies, the CGPM, CIPM and BIPM, that were charged with overseeing weights and measures on behalf of the international community. The United Kingdom was one of the countries that declined to sign the convention. In 1882 the British firm Johnson, Matthey & Co"
"Cogeneration Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms ""cogeneration"" and ""trigeneration"" can be also applied to the power systems generating simultaneously electricity, heat, and industrial chemicals – e.g., syngas or pure hydrogen (article: combined cycles, chapter: natural gas integrated power & syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle). Cogeneration is"
"by the IEC in 1930, is the CGS unit of magnetomotive force and is a slightly smaller unit than the ampere-turn. The unit is named after William Gilbert (1544–1603) English physician and natural philosopher. The magnetomotive force can often be quickly calculated using Ampère's law. For example, the magnetomotive force formula_4 of long coil is: where ""N"" is the number of turns and ""I"" is the current in the coil. In practice this equation is used for the MMF of real inductors with ""N"" being the winding number of the inducting coil. An applied MMF 'drives' magnetic flux through the"
"symbol is uppercase (""G""), but when the unit is spelled out, it should be written in lowercase (""gauss""), unless it begins a sentence. Gauss (unit) The gauss, abbreviated as G or Gs, is the cgs unit of measurement of magnetic flux density (or ""magnetic induction"") (B). It is named after German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimeter. The cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), which uses the tesla (symbol T) as the unit of magnetic flux density. One gauss equals 1 tesla (100 μT),"
"they recommended using the prefix """"C.G.S. unit of ..."""" and requested that the word ""erg"" or ""ergon"" be strictly limited to refer to the ""C.G.S. unit of energy"". In 1922, chemist William Draper Harkins proposed the name micri-erg as a convenient unit to measure the surface energy of molecules in surface chemistry. It would equate to 10 erg, the equivalent to 10 joule. The erg has not been a valid unit since 1 January 1978 when the EEC ratified a directive of 1971 which implemented the International System (SI) as agreed by the General Conference of Weights and Measures. It"
"and neutrons as they would weigh separately, one gets the exact binding energy available in an atomic nucleus. This is used to calculate the energy released in any nuclear reaction, as the difference in the total mass of the nuclei that enter and exit the reaction. Einstein used the CGS system of units (centimeters, grams, seconds, dynes, and ergs), but the formula is independent of the system of units. In natural units, the numerical value of the speed of light is set to equal 1, and the formula expresses an equality of numerical values: . In the SI system (expressing"
"a number of units of measure based on the CGS, including the erg for energy, the dyne for force, the barye for pressure, the poise for dynamic viscosity and the stokes for kinematic viscosity. In 1879, the CIPM published recommendations for writing the symbols for length, area, volume and mass, but it was outside its domain to publish recommendations for other quantities. Beginning in about 1900, physicists who had been using the symbol ""μ"" (mu) for ""micrometre"" or ""micron"", ""λ"" (lambda) for ""microlitre"", and ""γ"" (gamma) for ""microgram"" started to use the symbols ""μm"", ""μL"" and ""μg"". At the close"
"Gray (unit) The gray (symbol: Gy) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. It is used as a unit of the radiation quantity absorbed dose which measures the energy deposited in a unit mass at a certain position, and of the radiation quantity kerma, which is the amount of energy that is transferred from photons to electrons per unit mass at a certain position. The corresponding cgs unit to the gray is the rad (equivalent to"
"customary unit is the foot pound. Other energy units such as the electronvolt, food calorie or thermodynamic kcal (based on the temperature change of water in a heating process), and BTU are used in specific areas of science and commerce. In classical mechanics, energy is a conceptually and mathematically useful property, as it is a conserved quantity. Several formulations of mechanics have been developed using energy as a core concept. Work, a function of energy, is force times distance. This says that the work (formula_2) is equal to the line integral of the force F along a path ""C""; for"
"Maxwell (unit) The maxwell (symbol: Mx) is the CGS (centimetre-gram-second) unit of magnetic flux (). The unit name honours James Clerk Maxwell, who presented a unified theory of electromagnetism. The ""maxwell"" was recommended as a CGS unit at the International Electrical Congress held in 1900 at Paris. This practical unit was previously called a ""line"", reflecting Faraday's conception of the magnetic field as curved lines of magnetic force, which he designated as ""line of magnetic induction"". ""Kiloline"" (10 line) and ""megaline"" (10 line) were sometimes used because 1 line was very small relative to the phenomena that it was used"
"in the practical system and are the same as the SI units. However, intensive properties (that is, anything that is per unit length, area, or volume) will not be the same as SI since the cgs unit of distance is the centimetre. For instance electric field strength is in units of volts per centimetre, magnetic field strength is in oersteds and resistivity is in ohm-cm. Some physicists and electrical engineers in North America still use these hybrid units. There were at various points in time about half a dozen systems of electromagnetic units in use, most based on the CGS"
"the most common today, and ""CGS units"" often used specifically refers to CGS-Gaussian units. The CGS system goes back to a proposal in 1832 by the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to base a system of absolute units on the three fundamental units of length, mass and time. Gauss chose the units of millimetre, milligram and second. In 1873, a committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, including British physicists James Clerk Maxwell and William Thomson recommended the general adoption of centimetre, gram and second as fundamental units, and to express all derived electromagnetic units in these"
"charge per time. It is done by setting the Coulomb force constant formula_44, so that Coulomb's law does not contain an explicit prefactor. The ESU unit of charge, franklin (Fr), also known as statcoulomb or esu charge, is therefore defined as follows: Therefore, in electrostatic CGS units, a franklin is equal to a centimetre times square root of dyne: The unit of current is defined as: Dimensionally in the ESU CGS system, charge ""q"" is therefore equivalent to mLt. Hence, neither charge nor current is an independent physical quantity in ESU CGS. This reduction of units is the consequence of"
"Abcoulomb The abcoulomb (abC or aC) or electromagnetic unit of charge (emu of charge) is the basic physical unit of electric charge in the cgs-emu system of units. One abcoulomb is equal to ten coulombs. CGS-emu (or ""electromagnetic cgs"") units are one of several systems of electromagnetic units within the centimetre gram second system of units; others include CGS-esu, Gaussian units, and Lorentz–Heaviside units. In these other systems, the abcoulomb is ""not"" used; CGS-esu and Gaussian units use the statcoulomb is instead, while the Lorentz-Heaviside unit of charge has no specific name. In the electromagnetic cgs system, electric current is"
"p : CO price in €/t <br> e : fuel specific CO emissions in t/MWh <br> η : electrical efficiency of the CHP-plant <br> σ : energy-based power-to-heat ratio of the CHP-plant The COGIX has been developed in 2011 to analyse the situation of gas-fired cogeneration in the German energy market and is used regularly for an update. A practical figure for the value of heat turned out to be 1,3 times the price for natural gas. This estimate fits both for large industrial heat user and smaller heat customers in extensive district heating networks. As the power-to-heat ratio does"
"Exergonic process An exergonic process is one in which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic if and only if the Gibbs free energy change is negative (∆""G"" < 0). ""Exergonic"" (from the prefix exo-, derived for the Greek word ἔξω ""exō"", ""outside"" and the suffix -ergonic, derived from the Greek word ἔργον ""ergon"", ""work"") means ""releasing energy in the form of work"". In thermodynamics, work is defined as the energy moving from the system (the internal region) to"
"Therm The therm (symbol, thm) is a non-SI unit of heat energy equal to British thermal units (Btu). It is approximately the energy equivalent of burning – often referred to as 1 CCF – of natural gas. Since natural gas meters measure volume and not energy content, a therm factor is used by natural gas companies to convert the volume of gas used to its heat equivalent, and thus calculate the actual energy use. The therm factor is usually expressed in units of therms per CCF. It will vary with the mix of hydrocarbons in the natural gas. Natural gas"
"introduced the CGS (centimetre/gramme/second system) combining fundamental units of length, mass and time. The second is ""elastic"", because tidal friction is slowing the earth's rotation rate. For use in calculating ephemerides of celestial motion, therefore, in 1952 astronomers introduced the ""ephemeris second"", currently defined as The CGS system has been superseded by the ""Système international"". The SI base unit for time is the SI second. The International System of Quantities, which incorporates the SI, also defines larger units of time equal to fixed integer multiples of one second (1 s), such as the minute, hour and day. These are not"
"Units of energy Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10 J. In spectroscopy the unit cm = 0.000123986 eV is used to represent"
"Dyne The dyne (symbol dyn, from Greek δύναμις, ""dynamis"", meaning power, force) is a derived unit of force specified in the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI. The name dyne was first proposed as a C.G.S. unit of force in 1873 by a Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The dyne is defined as ""the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimetre per second per second"". An equivalent definition of the dyne is ""that force which, acting for one second, will produce a"
"the Buckingham π theorem. All electromagnetic units in ESU CGS system that do not have proper names are denoted by a corresponding SI name with an attached prefix ""stat"" or with a separate abbreviation ""esu"". In another variant of the CGS system, electromagnetic units (EMU), current is defined via the force existing between two thin, parallel, infinitely long wires carrying it, and charge is then defined as current multiplied by time. (This approach was eventually used to define the SI unit of ampere as well). In the EMU CGS subsystem, this is done by setting the Ampere force constant formula_47,"
"owns the balance. The power train consists of two Siemens Westinghouse 501 FD Phase 2 combustion turbine generators (CTG), each maximum and each followed by a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The two HRSGs are heated from the CTG exhaust gases to generate steam. The generated steam is let in a single steam turbine generator (STG) of maximum. Resulting peak output is gross. Under baseload operation, the output is gross from each gas-turbine and gross for the steam-turbine, adding to gross of which consumed by the auxiliary equipment, yielding a net output. The two CTGs output the power at ,"