"a guide that will lead to the creation of successful orators across Roman society. In ""Orator"", Cicero also addressed the accusation lodged by his fellow senators, including Brutus, that he was an “Atticist.” Cicero addresses this claim by saying that he is too independent and bold to be associated with Atticism, producing his own unique style. Cicero claims the perfect orator creates his own “elocutio,” or diction and style, rather than following this movement. The three aims of the orator, according to Cicero, are """"docere, delectare, et movere""."" That is: to prove your thesis to the audience, to delight the"
"Marcus Antonius (orator) Marcus Antonius (Born 143 BC-died 87 BC) was a Roman politician of the Antonius family and one of the most distinguished Roman orators of his time. He was also the grandfather of the famous general and triumvir, Mark Antony. Antonius started his ""cursus honorum"" as quaestor in 113 BC and in 102 he was elected praetor with proconsular powers for the Roman province of Cilicia. During his term, Antonius fought the pirates with such success that the Senate voted a naval triumph in his honor. He was then elected consul in 99, together with Aulus Postumius Albinus,"
"Oratore"". Antonius' father was named Gaius Antonius. Antonius had a daughter, Antonia, and two sons, Marcus Antonius Creticus and Gaius Antonius Hybrida. Marcus Antonius Creticus was the father of the triumvir Mark Antony. In 100 Antonius obtained a triumph, because he had fought successfully against the Cilician pirates. Some time later his daughter Antonia was kidnapped by pirates from his villa near Misenum and was only released after the payment of a large ransom. Marcus Antonius (orator) Marcus Antonius (Born 143 BC-died 87 BC) was a Roman politician of the Antonius family and one of the most distinguished Roman orators"
"Philippicae The Philippicae or Philippics are a series of 14 speeches Cicero gave condemning Mark Antony in 44 and 43 BC. Cicero likened these speeches to those of Demosthenes' Philippic (Ad Atticus, 2.1.3), which Demosthenes had delivered against Philip of Macedon. Cicero's Second Philippic is in-fact styled after Demosthenes' ""De Corona"" ('On the Crown'). Cicero was taken by surprise when Gaius Julius Caesar, the effective dictator of the Roman Republic, was assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44 BC, (known as the Ides of March) by a group of Roman senators who called themselves Liberatores. Cicero was not included"
"translation in French. Publication Year: June 2008 De Oratore De Oratore (""On the Orator""; not to be confused with ""Orator"") is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BCE. It is set in 91 BCE, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, during which Marcus Antonius Orator, the other great orator of this dialogue, dies. During this year, the author faces a difficult political situation: after his return from exile in Dyrrachium (modern Albania), his house was destroyed by the gangs of Clodius in a time when violence was"
"speech in the court. Against Eratosthenes Against Eratosthenes is a speech by Lysias, one of the ten Attic orators. In the speech, Lysias accuses Eratosthenes, a member of the Thirty Tyrants who ruled Athens following the Peloponnesian War, of the murder of his brother, Polemarchus (around 403 BCE). Lysias’s career as a speech writer, or logographer, was interrupted by the occupation of the Thirty Tyrants, an oligarchic junta placed in power by the Spartans following their victory against Athens in the Peloponnesian War, which ended in 404 BCE. Lysias, along with a small group of fellow metics, including his brother,"
"De Oratore De Oratore (""On the Orator""; not to be confused with ""Orator"") is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BCE. It is set in 91 BCE, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, during which Marcus Antonius Orator, the other great orator of this dialogue, dies. During this year, the author faces a difficult political situation: after his return from exile in Dyrrachium (modern Albania), his house was destroyed by the gangs of Clodius in a time when violence was common. This was intertwined with the street"
"Against Eratosthenes Against Eratosthenes is a speech by Lysias, one of the ten Attic orators. In the speech, Lysias accuses Eratosthenes, a member of the Thirty Tyrants who ruled Athens following the Peloponnesian War, of the murder of his brother, Polemarchus (around 403 BCE). Lysias’s career as a speech writer, or logographer, was interrupted by the occupation of the Thirty Tyrants, an oligarchic junta placed in power by the Spartans following their victory against Athens in the Peloponnesian War, which ended in 404 BCE. Lysias, along with a small group of fellow metics, including his brother, Polemarchus, were arrested by"
"Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero (; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as consul in the year 63 BC. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. His influence on the Latin language was so immense that the subsequent history of prose, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century, was said to be either a reaction against or a return to his style. Cicero introduced the"
"the Parthians who were once again harassing Syria, and avenge Crassius. Plans that were cut short by his assassination in 44 BC. With his death, Rome lapsed into yet another war, the Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC). The conspirators (""Liberatores""), Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus seized all the eastern provinces. However, their combined forces were destroyed at the Battle of Philippi on the Greek mainland in 42 BC, by those of the Second Triumvirate (Octavian, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony) 43–33 BC. Following this war Antony remained to govern in the east. There he found himself faced"
"Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony or Anthony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire. Antony was a supporter of Julius Caesar, and served as one of his generals during the conquest of Gaul and the Civil War. Antony was appointed administrator of Italy while Caesar eliminated political opponents in Greece, North Africa, and Spain. After Caesar's death in 44 BC, Antony joined forces with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, another of"
"the only victim of the Triumvirate's proscriptions to be displayed in that manner. According to Cassius Dio (in a story often mistakenly attributed to Plutarch), Antony's wife Fulvia took Cicero's head, pulled out his tongue, and jabbed it repeatedly with her hairpin in final revenge against Cicero's power of speech. Cicero's son, Marcus Tullius Cicero Minor, during his year as a joint consul with Octavian in 30 BC, avenged his father's death somewhat when he announced to the Senate Mark Antony's naval defeat at Actium in 31 BC by Octavian and his capable commander-in-chief Agrippa. In the same meeting the"
"Romanum according to the tradition of Marius and Sulla, both of whom had displayed the heads of their enemies in the Forum. Cicero was the only victim of the proscriptions who was displayed in that manner. According to Cassius Dio (in a story often mistakenly attributed to Plutarch), Antony's wife Fulvia took Cicero's head, pulled out his tongue, and jabbed it repeatedly with her hairpin in final revenge against Cicero's power of speech. Cicero's son, Marcus Tullius Cicero Minor, during his year as a consul in 30 BC, avenged his father's death, to a certain extent, when he announced to"
"and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. Following Julius Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and consequently executed by soldiers operating on their behalf in 43 BC after having been intercepted during an attempted flight from the Italian peninsula. His severed hands and head were then, as a final revenge of Mark Antony, displayed in the Roman Forum. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters"
"mobilization of the army for the campaign against the Aequi, but finally gave in when the Sabines were found pillaging Roman fields. Horatius led Roman forces against the Aequi, while Minucius led forces against the Sabines. The number of tribunes was increased to ten this year, with one tradition giving Horatius a leading role in accomplishing this. He later entered the college of the augurs. He died in 453 BC during a plague, or typhus which also took the consul Sextus Quinctilius Varus and the consul suffect Spurius Furius Medullinus Fusus who replaced him. Gaius Veturius Cicurinus succeeded Pulvillus within"
"and he bent his efforts to the discrediting of Antony. Cicero even promoted illegal action, such as legitimatizing the private army of Gaius Octavius, or Octavian. In all, Cicero delivered fourteen Philippics in less than two years. Cicero's focus on Antony, however, contributed to his downfall as he failed to recognize the threat of Octavian to his republican ideal. Cicero's attacks on Antony were neither forgiven nor forgotten, with the result that Cicero was proscribed and killed in 43 BC. His head and hands were publicly displayed in the Roman Forum to discourage any who would oppose the new Triumvirate"
"suggest that Soranus took an interest in etymology and other linguistic matters. Quintus Valerius Soranus Quintus Valerius Soranus (b. ""circa"" 140–130 BC, d. 82 BC) was a Latin poet, grammarian, and tribune of the people in the Late Roman Republic. He was executed in 82 BC while Sulla was dictator, ostensibly for violating a religious prohibition against speaking the arcane name of Rome, but more likely for political reasons. The ""cognomen"" Soranus is a toponym indicating that he was from Sora. A single elegiac couplet survives more or less intact from his body of work. The two lines address Jupiter"
"as a poet and orator. Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (son of praetor 56 BC) Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was the son of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (Praetor 56 BC) and Mucia Tertia, former wife of Pompey the Great. Sextus Pompey was his half brother. He accompanied Sextus to Asia after the defeat of his fleet in Sicily by Octavian's general Marcus Agrippa. In 35 BC, he betrayed his brother to Marcus Antonius's generals. After the Battle of Actium he fell into the hands of Octavian but was able to escape death thanks to the intercession of his mother, Mucia. Marcus Aemilius had a"
"history with young Claudius and Titus Livius. <BR> Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC) Gaius Asinius Pollio (sometimes wrongly called Pollius or Philo; 75 BC – AD 4) was a Roman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic and historian, whose lost contemporary history provided much of the material used by the historians Appian and Plutarch. Pollio was most famously a patron of Virgil and a friend of Horace and had poems dedicated to him by both men. Asinius Pollio was born in ""Teate Marrucinorum"", the modern current Chieti in Abruzzi, central Italy. According to an inscription his father was"
"Diocles of Syracuse Diocles of Syracuse () was a legislator, orator, and political and military leader in the Greek city-state of Syracuse toward the end of the 5th century BC. Only a few years of his life have an historical account, from 413 to 408 BC. The historian Diodorus Siculus presents Diocles as a famous and respected orator, when he proposed, on the day following the victory over the Athenians in 413 BC, a punishment of the greatest severity against the vanquished: execution of Demosthenes and Nicias, the two Athenian generals, condemnation to slavery in the stone quarries for the"
"he gave testimony against Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had probably been accused of ""repetundae"", or extortion, in the administration of his province the previous year. Later that year, Gratidius accompanied his friend, the praetor Marcus Antonius, who had been assigned the province of Cilicia, and given proconsular authority in order to fight the pirates. Gratidius served as prefect under Antonius, and was killed in the course of the campaign. Marcus Gratidius Marcus Gratidius (d. 102 BC) was a Roman statesman and orator from Arpinum during the late second century BC. He is best known as a result of his connections"
"Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC) Gaius Asinius Pollio (sometimes wrongly called Pollius or Philo; 75 BC – AD 4) was a Roman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic and historian, whose lost contemporary history provided much of the material used by the historians Appian and Plutarch. Pollio was most famously a patron of Virgil and a friend of Horace and had poems dedicated to him by both men. Asinius Pollio was born in ""Teate Marrucinorum"", the modern current Chieti in Abruzzi, central Italy. According to an inscription his father was called Gnaeus Asinius Pollio. He had a brother"
"Polemarchus Polemarchus or Polemarch (; ; 5th century – 404 BCE) was an ancient Athenian philosopher from the Piraeus. The son of Cephalus of Syracuse, Polemarchus had two brothers, the famous orator Lysias and Euthydemus, and a sister who married Brachyllus. Polemarchus and Lysias traveled to Thurii when the latter was 15 years old. During the Athenian political upheaval in the late 5th century, Polemarchus was singled out by the Thirty Tyrants for being a wealthy metic. Unlike his brother, he did not manage to escape and was executed by being forced to drink hemlock. Melobius, one of the Thirty,"
"Marcus Porcius Latro Marcus Porcius Latro (died 4 BC) was a celebrated Roman rhetorician who is considered one of the founders of scholastic rhetoric. He was born in Roman Spain, and is mentioned often in the works of his friend and contemporary Seneca the Elder, with whom he studied under Marillius. In 17 BC, Latro declaimed before Augustus and Agrippa. His school was one of the most frequented at Rome, with the poets Ovid and Abronius Silo among its students. Latro is said to have possessed an astonishing memory, and displayed the greatest energy and vehemence, not only in declamation,"
"the orator by taking Publius Clodius under his protection after his violation of the mysteries of the Bona Dea. Cicero revenged himself on Piso, by preventing him from obtaining the province of Syria, which had been promised to him. Piso must have died, in all probability, before 47 BC, for in 47 BC Marcus Antonius inhabited his house at Rome. Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus belonged originally to the ""gens Calpurnia"", but was adopted by Marcus Pupius, when the latter was an old man. He retained, however, his family-name Piso. Piso had attained some importance"
"killed by the Roman General Marcus Valerius Maximianus. In 173, the Romans campaigned against the Quadi, who had broken their treaty and assisted their kin, and defeated and subdued them. During this campaign, a famous incident, the so-called ""miracle of the rain"", occurred, which was later depicted on the column of Marcus Aurelius and on coins. According to Cassius Dio, the ""legio XII Fulminata"" was hemmed in by a superior Quadi force and almost forced to surrender because of the heat and thirst. They were saved, however, by a sudden shower, which refreshed the Romans, while lightning struck the Quadi."
"Antiphon (tragic poet) Antiphon () was in ancient Greece a tragic poet whom Plutarch, Philostratus, and others, confused with the Attic orator Antiphon, who was put to death at Athens in 411 BCE. Antiphon the tragic poet lived at Syracuse, at the court of Dionysius I of Syracuse, who did not assume the tyranny till the year 406 BCE, that is, five years after the death of the Attic orator Antiphon. The poet Antiphon is said to have written dramas in conjunction with the tyrant, who is not known to have shown interest in writing poetry until the latter period"
"43 BCE. When Mark Antony became aware of the approach and imminent concentration of his enemies, he set out to take the initiative and move on to the attack as soon as possible. At first, Antony tried to hasten the battle and gain a decisive victory against the forces of Hirtius and Octavian. After leaving a part of the troops behind to detain Decimus Brutus at Mutina, he brought up the bulk of his forces, consisting of four veteran legions and large contingents of cavalry, near his two opponents' camp, harassing them with continuous skirmishes. Hirtius and Octavian, however, did"
"Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC – November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his ""Odes"" as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: ""He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."" Horace also crafted elegant hexameter verses (""Satires"" and ""Epistles"") and caustic iambic poetry (""Epodes""). The hexameters are amusing yet serious works, friendly in"
"was eventually to march with his troops on Rome, forcing the Ciceronian faction in the Senate into submission or exile. Following a face-to-face meeting near Bononia in October, Mark Antony, Caesar Octavian, and Lepidus concluded a formal pact. This resulted in their legally becoming the Commission of Three for the Ordering of the State, more commonly known as the Second Triumvirate, through the ""Lex Titia"" promulgated in Rome on 27 November 43 BC. The three Caesarian leaders solemnly entered the capital, assumed full political control, and ruthlessly pursued their opponents in the republican faction. Cicero, who was killed on the"
"Lucius Licinius Crassus Lucius Licinius Crassus (140 BC – 91 BC), sometimes referred to simply as Crassus Orator, was a Roman consul and statesman. He was considered the greatest orator of his day, most notably by his pupil Cicero. Crassus is also famous as one of the main characters in Cicero's work ""De Oratore"", a dramatic dialogue on the art of oratory set just before Crassus' death in 91 BC. Lucius Licinius Crassus was born in 140 BC. It is not known exactly which Licinius Crassus his father was, as there are a number of similarly-named Licinii Crassi active in"
"Quintus Valerius Soranus Quintus Valerius Soranus (b. ""circa"" 140–130 BC, d. 82 BC) was a Latin poet, grammarian, and tribune of the people in the Late Roman Republic. He was executed in 82 BC while Sulla was dictator, ostensibly for violating a religious prohibition against speaking the arcane name of Rome, but more likely for political reasons. The ""cognomen"" Soranus is a toponym indicating that he was from Sora. A single elegiac couplet survives more or less intact from his body of work. The two lines address Jupiter as an all-powerful begetter who is both male and female. This androgynous,"
"Antony's Parthian War Antony's Parthian War or the Roman–Parthian War of 40–33 BC was a major conflict between the Roman Republic, represented in the East by the triumvir Mark Antony, and the Parthian Empire. Julius Caesar had planned an invasion of Parthia, but he was assassinated before implementing it. In 40 BC, the Parthians were joined by Pompeian forces and briefly captured much of the Roman East, but were defeated in Antony's counter-attack. Antony finally began the campaign against Parthia. Joining with regional kingdoms, the invasion force reached a total of 100,000 men. But the campaign ended in a disastrous"