"publicizing the power of artificial respiration as means of resuscitation of those who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in 1774, of the Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned, later the Royal Humane Society, who did much to promote resuscitation. Napoleon's surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, is credited with creating an ambulance corps (the ambulance volantes), which included medical assistants, tasked to administer first aid in battle. In 1859 Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino, and his work led to the formation of the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of ""aid to"
"after him. In 1899, in Rethel in the Ardennes, a vehicle called La Sirène designed by engineers Henry Bauchet and his collaborator Charles Schmidt took to the road. Until then, automobiles looked more like carriages with large wooden wheels with a motor under the seats. La Sirène was an innovative car with a look close to the ones we know today, with a hooded engine at the front, a steering wheel, a body and four metal wheels equipped with all-new tires invented in 1891 by the Michelin brothers. It had a 5/8 cv twin-cylinder engine, 4-speed transmission and shaft drive."
"Lohr Fardier The Lohr Fardier is a French light general purpose 4x4 vehicle, capable of being transported by air, developed by Lohr Industrie for use by airborne troops. This light 4x4 vehicle was developed by SOFRAMAG (later Lohr Industrie) for the French Army airborne troops, which used 300 of these. Two versions were produced: FL 500 and FL 501, the latter with a 36 hp engine. France has replaced its FL 500/501 with the Auverland A3F fast attack vehicle; while it can't be assured whether the vehicles supplied to Spain and Tunisia are still in service. It has a chassis"
"and built by Henri Chapron. All the cars mentioned previously were front-wheel-drive cars. Grégoire also designed a couple of rear-wheel-drive machines, the first an electric car with the machinery in the mid-engine position and a gas turbine car the experimental Socema-Gregoire with a front-power-unit and rear-drive layout. Jean-Albert Grégoire Jean-Albert Grégoire (7 July 1899 in Paris – 19 August 1992) was one of the great pioneers of the front-wheel-drive car. He contributed to the development of front-wheel-drive vehicles in two ways. The first way was in developing and promoting the Tracta joint (designed by his friend Pierre Fenaille), which was,"
"its tracks, although early versions may have lacked steering. This may not have mattered as its task was simply to cross No man's land to attack the long trenches of the enemy. The ""Wickersham Land Torpedo"" was patented by American inventor Elmer Wickersham in 1918 and in the 1930s, a similar vehicle was developed by the French vehicle designer Adolphe Kégresse. In late 1940, Kégresse's prototype was recovered by the Germans near the Seine; the Wehrmacht's ordnance office directed the Carl F.W. Borgward automotive company of Bremen, Germany to develop a similar vehicle for the purpose of carrying a minimum"
"Panhard ERC The Panhard ERC (""Engin à Roues, Canon"") is a French six-wheeled armoured car which is highly mobile and amphibious with an option of being NBC-proof. While various models were tested, only two versions of the ERC entered production in large numbers: the ""ERC-90 Lynx"" and the ""ERC-90 Sagaie"". The main difference between the two versions is the type of turret and 90 mm gun fitted. ""Sagaie"" is French for assegai, a type of African spear. The ERC was originally a private venture aimed at the export market. It was developed by Panhard in the latter half of the"
"1970s as a heavier, six-wheeled successor to Panhard's highly successful AML range of armoured vehicles. The ERC and VCR are a family of six wheel armoured reconnaissance vehicles, the ERC being the cannon-armed turret model and the VCR being the armoured personnel carrier version. ERC is the French abbreviation of term ""Engin à Roues, Canon"" or Gun-armed Wheeled Vehicle. The ERC shares many components of the VCR vehicles. Two main versions of the ERC were developed: first the ERC F1 90 ""Lynx"", then the ERC F4 90 ""Sagaie"". The ""Lynx"" appeared about 1977 and the ""Sagaie"" followed approximately two years"
"than hydraulic actuation. Citroën engineer Paul Magès invented the system as part of its effort to engineer a practical high horsepower, front wheel drive car - a new type of vehicle at the time. This DIRAVI system is an addition to the integrated Citroën hydropneumatic suspension and braking system. These all drew power from an engine driven pump and hydraulic accumulator. This unique Citroën power operated self centring steering system is fitted to Citroën SM, Citroën CX (most), Citroën XM (early Left Hand drive V6), Maserati Quattroporte II and Maserati Khamsin. The steering wheel is connected to the hydraulic control"
"later in 1979. The ""Lynx"" was developed primarily as an armoured reconnaissance vehicle. The ""Sagaie"" was also an armoured reconnaissance vehicle, with the added secondary role of tank-destroyer. In 1977, Panhard offered the ERC and VCR to the French Army as an armoured personnel carrier (APC) and gun-armed reconnaissance vehicle. The Army instead chose the VAB four-wheeled armoured vehicle from Saviem for the larger APC contract, and the AMX 10 RC from GIAT for the reconnaissance requirement. Panhard also offered the vehicles to France's Mobile Gendarmerie (a much smaller order), but the Gendarmerie chose the Saviem VBC-90. Panhard later found"
"Latil Latil was a French automaker specializing in heavy duty vehicles, such as trucks, tractors and buses, from 1898 to 1955. In 1897, Auguste Joseph Frederic Georges Latil patented a system of ""broken transmission"", allowing the steerable wheels to be also the driving wheels (front-wheel drive). He exploited his idea through different companies : In 1911, Latil designed and built its first four-wheel drive vehicle. This type of vehicle interested the French Army in 1913 for its ability to tow heavy artillery on every field and the TAR (Tracteur d'Artillerie Roulante) was built. The buyers of this vehicle could benefit"
"Léon Bollée Automobiles Léon Bollée Automobiles was a French company founded by Léon Bollée in Le Mans to build a first vehicle called ""Voiturette"". The Bollée family, all car makers, created three brands: The first ""Voiturette"" built by Léon Bollée in 1895 was a three-wheel tandem driven by a single-cylinder 3 HP engine and belt drive. The cars sold well and several hundred were made for Léon Bollée by Hurtu & Diligeon, only the prototypes were made at the Le Mans factory. The law restricting motor vehicles to four miles per hour on Britain's public roads was repealed in 1896"
"Delahaye VLR The Delahaye VLR was a four-wheel-drive passenger vehicle clearly inspired by the Jeep and first presented, after an unusually long gestation, by Delahaye during the Summer of 1950. At a time when the luxury car market had been driven into freefall by a combination of government taxation policy and the depressed state of the postwar economy, the VLR was critical in keeping alive the company that produced it during the early 1950s. “VLR” stood for « Véhicule léger de reconnaissance » (light reconnaissance vehicle). The name « VLRD » Véhicule léger de reconnaissance Delahaye» is also sometimes used."
"Véhicule Automatique Léger Véhicule Automatique Léger (automatic light vehicle), or VAL is a type of automatic rubber-tyred people mover technology, based on an invention by Professor Robert Gabillard from the ""Université Lille Nord de France"". It was designed in the early 1980s by Matra and first used for the then-new Lille Metro system. This was one of the world's first fully automated driverless mass-transit rail networks to serve a city centre (preceded only by the Port Island Line in Kobe, Japan), and the first such in Europe. The acronym was originally for ""Villeneuve d'Ascq à Lille"" (Villeneuve d'Ascq to Lille),"
"the 1895 Paris–Bordeaux–Paris race and Bollée went on to develop a gasoline-powered vehicle in 1895 which was entered in the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris. Bollée founded the company ""Léon Bollée Automobiles"" in 1895 in Le Mans. In 1896 he patented and began manufacturing the three-wheeled vehicles he had invented in 1895 which he called the ""Voiturette"". The position of the passenger, at the front, earned the ""Voiturette"" the nickname ""Mother-in-law killer"" (""Tue Belle-mère"", in French). These had a horizontal motor and were equipped with rubber tires. A new model with many modifications was brought to the 1897 Paris-Dieppe race, driven by Paul"
"several Renault FTs, and a decision was reached in 1929 to proceed with the domestic development of a new vehicle, based largely on the Carden Loyd design and intended to address the deficiencies of wheeled armored cars. The development of the Type 92 began after the Japanese decided to develop a small vehicle in Japan for mobile operations. At first a hybrid amphibious car known as the Sumida Amphibious Armored Car (AMP) was tested in 1930. It had both tracks and wheels and was able to drive in forward and reverse, both in the water and on land. The AMP"
"of the Laguna, platform with vastly similar engines. In Mexico and the Persian Gulf States, the new Latitude is now sold as the Safrane. Renault Safrane The Renault Safrane was an executive car (E-segment in Europe) designed and built by the French manufacturer Renault from 1992 to 2000. Throughout its lifespan, it remained the most expensive and most luxurious Renault available, although its commercial success was limited, compared to some similar models. It was replaced by the Vel Satis, and to some extent, by the short lived two door Avantime. Since 2008, a new model, based directly on the Renault"
"Frot-Laffly armoured roller The Frot-Laffly armoured roller, also Frot-Turmel-Laffly armoured roller (, also ""Rouleau cuirassé Paul Frot""), was an early French experimental armoured fighting vehicle designed and built from December 1914 to March 1915. The immobility of the trench warfare characterizing the First World War led to a need for a powerful armed military engine that would be protected from enemy fire at the same time, and could move on the extremely irregular terrain of battlefields. As early as 24 August 1914, the French colonel Jean Baptiste Estienne articulated the vision of a cross-country armoured vehicle: One of the first"
"C) was considered the first ever sedan (a car with roof). Voiturette A voiturette is a miniature automobile. ""Voiturette"" was first registered by Léon Bollée in 1895 to name his new motor tricycle. The term became so popular in the early years of the motor industry that it was used by many makers to describe their small cars. The word comes from the French word for ""automobile"", ""voiture"". Between World War I and World War II light-weight racing cars with engines limited to 1500 cc such as the Alfa Romeo 158/159 Alfetta, the Bugatti Type 13 and the original ERAs"
"Minerva Armored Car The Minerva Armored Car () was a military armored car expediently developed from Minerva civilian automobiles by Belgium at the start of the First World War. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the first military armored vehicles were manufactured by adding armor and weapons to existing vehicles. The first armoured car was the Simms' Motor War Car, designed by F.R. Simms and built by Vickers, Sons & Maxim in Britain. Another early armoured car of the period was the French Charron, Girardot et Voigt 1902, presented at the ""Salon de l'Automobile et du cycle"" in Brussels,"
"Renault Voiturette The Renault Voiturette (Renault Little Car) was Renault's first ever produced automobile, and was manufactured between 1898 and 1903. The name was used for five models.<br> The first Voiturettes mounted De Dion-Bouton engines. Continental tires were used for the car, a make still used for several modern Renaults today. The first Voiturette was designed by the maker's creator Louis Renault in 1898. The first Voiturette was sold to a friend of Louis' father after going for a ride with Louis along Rue Lepic on December 24, 1898. Twelve more cars were sold that night. The main reason for"
"and E but with an upgraded engine. Renault Voiturette The Renault Voiturette (Renault Little Car) was Renault's first ever produced automobile, and was manufactured between 1898 and 1903. The name was used for five models.<br> The first Voiturettes mounted De Dion-Bouton engines. Continental tires were used for the car, a make still used for several modern Renaults today. The first Voiturette was designed by the maker's creator Louis Renault in 1898. The first Voiturette was sold to a friend of Louis' father after going for a ride with Louis along Rue Lepic on December 24, 1898. Twelve more cars were"
"jointly. The Newark Light Rail system uses a new-model vehicle built by Kinki Sharyo of Japan. This model is the same one used by the HBLR system, although the ones used on the NLR were built with slight modifications to the trucks and wheels due to the different rails used. Like the HBLR vehicles, the NRL vehicle is a double-articulated vehicle with three sections. Each of the two end sections has an operator's cab at the far end, thus eliminating the need for the vehicle to turn itself around physically in order to reverse direction. Each end section also has"
"is on display at the London Science Museum. A French turbine powered car, the Socema-Gregoire, was displayed at the October 1952 Paris Auto Show. It was designed by the French engineer Jean-Albert Grégoire. The first turbine-powered car built in the US was the GM Firebird I which began evaluations in 1953. While photos of the Firebird I may suggest that the jet turbine's thrust propelled the car like an aircraft, the turbine actually drove the rear wheels. The Firebird 1 was never meant as a commercial passenger car and was solely built for testing & evaluation as well as public"
"the man to buy the car was the incredible ability of the car to climb streets without any difficulty and its fuel economy. The car mounted a De Dion-Bouton 1 cylinder engine, which allowed it to reach a top speed of . The Type B was basically the same Voiturette. However, the difference was the strange aspect of the car, including a roof and two doors. Louis Renault invented the sedan in 1899. The Type C was Renault's first four-passenger car. After several mechanical and physical modifications, the car was launched in 1900. The car was presented in the 1900"
"La Jamais Contente La Jamais Contente () was the first road vehicle to go over . It was a Belgian electric vehicle with a light alloy torpedo shaped bodywork and batteries. The high position of the driver and the exposed chassis underneath spoiled much of the aerodynamics. The light alloy, called partinium, is an alloy of aluminium, tungsten and magnesium. The land speed record was established on April 29 or May 1, 1899 at Achères, Yvelines near Paris, France. The vehicle had two direct drive Postel-Vinay 25 kW motors, running at 200 V drawing 124 Amperes each for about 68"
"specialised reconnaissance vehicle but a skirmisher without a radio. The gathering and reporting of information was the task of an AMD (""Automitrailleuse de Découverte""). In anticipation Louis Renault had early November 1931 already begun to design a ""tracteur léger de cavalerie type VM"" based on his Renault UE tractor. On 12 November the first drawings were examined and rejected because the vehicle in its proposed form was much too cramped. A larger hull was clearly necessary but Renault was hesitant to invest in it without the prospect of a possible order. On 21 November he was asked by the ""Section"
"1916. The system uses an unusual caterpillar track which has a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments. It can be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a half-track suitable for use over rough or soft ground. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Kégresse returned to his native France where the system was used on Citroën cars between 1921 and 1937 for off-road and military vehicles. The Citroën company sponsored several overland expeditions with their vehicles crossing North Africa and Central Asia. A huge wheeled vehicle designed from 1937 to 1939 under the direction of"
"reduce the vehicle's profile and noise signatures. In contrast, French doctrine was to fit reconnaissance vehicles, such as the EBR and the AMX 10 RC, with the heaviest weaponry possible on their light chassis, so as to allow them a further role for defence of the flanks. During World War II, the British generally used armoured cars for reconnaissance, from the machine gun armed Humber Light Reconnaissance Car and Daimler Dingo to the 6-pdr (57 mm) gun equipped AEC Armoured Car. Post war the British Army used the Ferret and later, Fox scout cars. In Japan, the Kurogane Type 95"
"much comment in the press and was blamed for its lack of sales success on the civilian market, was not seen as a problem by the army. Nevertheless, by the mid-1950s the army had switched to the mechanically simpler Jeep, then being assembled in France by Hotchkiss under Willys license as the Hotchkiss M201. The Delahaye business itself was taken over by Hotchkiss in 1954, after which VLR production seems to have been quickly stopped. Delahaye VLR The Delahaye VLR was a four-wheel-drive passenger vehicle clearly inspired by the Jeep and first presented, after an unusually long gestation, by Delahaye"
"dated 8 January 1918 that it had influenced British tank design. Frot-Laffly armoured roller The Frot-Laffly armoured roller, also Frot-Turmel-Laffly armoured roller (, also ""Rouleau cuirassé Paul Frot""), was an early French experimental armoured fighting vehicle designed and built from December 1914 to March 1915. The immobility of the trench warfare characterizing the First World War led to a need for a powerful armed military engine that would be protected from enemy fire at the same time, and could move on the extremely irregular terrain of battlefields. As early as 24 August 1914, the French colonel Jean Baptiste Estienne articulated"
"profiling; the results of this work were used in the 1925 models, most notably for the 4-seat “boat-torpedo” with its streamlined rear. In 1925, the company launched the “Sans Secousse”, with Houdaille-type paddle-based shock absorbers and separate springs for the 4 wheels. At the front, the suspension was handled by leaf springs with 2 vertical guide bars supporting the hydraulic shock absorbers; in the rear, it was handled by oscillating semi-trees with double universal joints and 2 overlapping leaf springs. When the car was presented at the Paris Salon, Gaston Doumergue, President of the French Republic congratulated the Lyon car"
"Voiturette A voiturette is a miniature automobile. ""Voiturette"" was first registered by Léon Bollée in 1895 to name his new motor tricycle. The term became so popular in the early years of the motor industry that it was used by many makers to describe their small cars. The word comes from the French word for ""automobile"", ""voiture"". Between World War I and World War II light-weight racing cars with engines limited to 1500 cc such as the Alfa Romeo 158/159 Alfetta, the Bugatti Type 13 and the original ERAs were known as voiturettes. In France, in the years after World"
"the crew and the engine. The floor is protected against antipersonnel mines (type DM 31). Petit Véhicule Protégé The Petit Véhicule Protégé (""Small Protected vehicle"") is a light, general-purpose armoured 4-wheel drive vehicle used by the French Army, made by Panhard. It is also designated as Auverland A4 AVL (Armoured Vehicle Light). Built by Auverland, it is the successor to the Peugeot P4. It is intended mostly as personnel carrier, weapon carrier, and for reconnaissance, detection and communications purposes. In 2004, the first batch of 314 vehicles was ordered. The first vehicles were delivered in February 2008 and production ended"