Name the son of Marcus Aurelius who succeeded him as Roman Emperor from 180-192 AD.
"as consul as the colleague of Commodus, and then again with Commodus at an unknown date in his reign (180-192). He was also an Augur. When Marcus Aurelius died in 180, Commodus succeeded him, and Plautius was one of his main advisers. After the assassination of Commodus, in December 192, the civil war that ensued saw five different men assume the throne; Plautius was not one of them. When Septimus Severus, the victor of the civil war, advanced on Rome, Didius Julianus proposed that the Senate and the Vestal Virgins meet Severus' advancing army as supplicants, a proposal Plautius intervened"
"stationed in the region following the death of Marcus Aurelius. Marcus Aurelius died in 180 AD, and his 18-year-old son Commodus, Pompeianus' brother-in-law, was proclaimed Emperor. Pompeianus tried to persuade Commodus to remain on the Danubian frontier to complete the conquest of the Marcommani, but Commodus refused and returned to Rome in the autumn of 180. The relationship between the young emperor and the experienced officer quickly deteriorated. In 182, Lucilla, Pompeianus' wife and Commodus' sister, organized a failed assassination attempt against the Emperor. Though Commodus executed Lucilla and other members of her family, Pompeianus had not participated in the"
"Hadrian named Antoninus Pius his son and heir, under the condition that he adopt both Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Hadrian died that same year, and Antoninus began a peaceful, benevolent reign. He adhered strictly to Roman traditions and institutions and shared his power with the Roman Senate. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus succeeded Antoninus Pius in 161 upon that emperor's death, and co-ruled until Verus' death in 169. Marcus continued the Antonine legacy after Verus' death as an unpretentious and gifted administrator and leader. He died in 180 and was followed by his biological son, Commodus. The rulers commonly"
"Reign of Marcus Aurelius The reign of Marcus Aurelius began with his accession upon the death of his adoptive father, Antoninus Pius, on 7 March 161 and ended with his own death on 17 March 180. Under Marcus Aurelius, Rome fought the Roman–Parthian War of 161–66 and the Marcomannic Wars. The so-called Antonine plague occurred during his reign. In the last years of his rule, Marcus Aurelius composed his personal writings on Stoic philosophy known as ""Meditations"". He first ruled jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus. They shared the throne until Verus' death in 169. Marcus Aurelius was succeeded"
"Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD), called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor from . He ruled the Roman Empire with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Lucius' death in 169. He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. Marcus was born to Marcus Annius Verus III, the grandson of a Roman senator, and Domitia Lucilla, a wealthy heiress; both of his parents were patricians. After the death of Marcus' father while praetor in 124, the latter's father Marcus Annius Verus II raised Marcus with the help"
"of a haemorrhage late the next day. On 24 January 138, Hadrian selected Aurelius Antoninus (September 19, 86 – March 7, 161) as his new successor. After a few days' consideration, Antoninus accepted. He was adopted on 25 February. As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus adopted both Lucius Aelius's son (properly called Lucius Ceionius Commodus the Younger) and Hadrian's great-nephew by marriage, Marcus Aurelius (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180). Marcus became M. Aelius Aurelius Verus; Lucius became L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus. At Hadrian's request, Antoninus' daughter Faustina was betrothed to Lucius. Marcus Aurelius later co-ruled with Lucius Verus"
"and are marked with a """"HA"""". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines' Loeb edition. Early life of Marcus Aurelius The early life of Marcus Aurelius spans the time from his birth on 26 April 121 until his accession as Roman emperor on 7 March 161. He became an adherent of Stoicism at a young age. He was adopted in 138 by Antoninus Pius, himself the adopted heir of Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year and was succeeded by Antoninus Pius. Among Marcus Aurelius' tutors were the grammarian Marcus Cornelius Fronto, who tried to dissuade"
"Caracalla Caracalla (; Latin: ""Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus""; 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), formally known as Antoninus, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD. He was a member of the Severan Dynasty, the elder son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. Co-ruler with his father from 198, he continued to rule with his brother Geta, emperor from 209, after their father's death in 211. He had his brother murdered later that year, and reigned afterwards as sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Caracalla's reign was marked by domestic instability and external invasions from the Germanic people."
"succeeded by his son Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and with whom he had jointly ruled since 177. Biological sons of the emperor, if there were any, were considered heirs; however, it was only the second time that a ""non-adoptive"" son had succeeded his father, the only other having been a century earlier when Vespasian was succeeded by his son Titus. Historians have criticized the decision, citing Commodus' erratic behavior and lack of political and military acumen. At the end of his history of Marcus' reign, Cassius Dio wrote an encomium to the emperor, and described the"
"Lucius Verus Lucius Verus (; ; 15 December 130 – 23 January 169 AD) was the co-emperor of Rome with his adoptive brother Marcus Aurelius from 161 until his own death in 169. He was a member of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Verus' succession together with Marcus Aurelius marked the first time that the Roman Empire was ruled by multiple emperors, an increasingly common occurrence in the later history of the Empire. The eldest son of Lucius Aelius Caesar, first adopted son and heir to Hadrian, Verus was born and educated in Rome where he held several political offices prior to"
"who were forced to accept the young boy as their new emperor. Upon ascension he took up the name ""Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus"". Although now declared emperor, his claim was not uncontested, however, as several others laid claim to the Roman Throne. These included Verus the commander of Legio III Gallica who ironically was the first to proclaim Elagabalus as emperor, and Gellius Maximus the commander of Legio IV Scythica. These rebellions were quashed and their instigators executed. Elagabalus spent the winter of 218-219 in Nicomedia before he set off to enter Rome. Maesa allegedly urged him to enter the"
"connection as Trajan adopted his first cousin once removed and great-nephew by marriage Hadrian, and Hadrian made his half-nephew by marriage and heir Antoninus Pius adopt both Hadrian's second cousin three times removed and half-great-nephew by marriage Marcus Aurelius, also Antoninus' nephew by marriage, and the son of his original planned successor, Lucius Verus. The naming by Marcus Aurelius of his son Commodus was considered to be an unfortunate choice and the beginning of the Empire's decline. With Commodus' murder in 192, the Nerva-Antonine dynasty came to an end; it was followed by a period of turbulence known as the"
"a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top. All citations to the ""Historia Augusta"" are to individual biographies, and are marked with a """"HA"""". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines' Loeb edition. Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD), called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor from . He ruled the Roman Empire with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Lucius' death in 169. He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. Marcus"
"taking the throne. After his biological father’s death in 138, he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, who was himself adopted by Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year, and Antoninus Pius succeeded to the throne. Antoninus Pius ruled until 161, and was succeeded by Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius. The majority of Verus’s reign was occupied by his direction of the war with Parthia which ended in Roman victory and some territorial gains. After initial involvement in the Marcomannic Wars, he fell ill and died in 169. He was deified by the Roman Senate as the Divine Verus (""Divus Verus""). Lucius"
"note that Caracalla is known for the disgraceful nature of his rule, stating that ""he rode the horse of power until it nearly died of exhaustion"" and that though his rule was short, his life, personality, and acts made him a notable, though likely not beneficial, figure in the Roman Empire. Caracalla Caracalla (; Latin: ""Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus""; 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), formally known as Antoninus, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD. He was a member of the Severan Dynasty, the elder son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. Co-ruler with his father"
"Early life of Marcus Aurelius The early life of Marcus Aurelius spans the time from his birth on 26 April 121 until his accession as Roman emperor on 7 March 161. He became an adherent of Stoicism at a young age. He was adopted in 138 by Antoninus Pius, himself the adopted heir of Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year and was succeeded by Antoninus Pius. Among Marcus Aurelius' tutors were the grammarian Marcus Cornelius Fronto, who tried to dissuade Marcus Aurelius from his study of philosophy, and Herodes Atticus, who taught him to speak the Greek language. Marcus"
"Elagabalus Elagabalus (), also known as Heliogabalus (; 203 – 11 March 222), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222. A member of the Severan dynasty, he was Syrian, the second son of Julia Soaemias and Sextus Varius Marcellus. In his early youth he served the god Elagabalus as a priest in Emesa, the hometown of his mother's family. As a private citizen, he was probably named Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus. Upon becoming emperor he took the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. He was called Elagabalus only after his death. In 217, the emperor Caracalla was assassinated and replaced by"
"Marcus assumed the victory title """"Sarmaticus"""". Marcus Aurelius may have intended to campaign against the remaining tribes, and together with his recent conquests establish two new Roman provinces, ""Marcomannia"" and ""Sarmatia"", but whatever his plans, they were cut short by the rebellion of Avidius Cassius in the East. Marcus Aurelius marched eastwards with his army, accompanied by auxiliary detachments of Marcomanni, Quadi and Naristi under the command of Marcus Valerius Maximianus. After the successful suppression of Cassius' revolt, the emperor returned to Rome for the first time in nearly 8 years. On 23 December 176, together with his son Commodus,"
"executed after a short reign of just 14 months. Marcus Opelius Diadumenianus ( known as Diadumenian) was the son of Macrinus, born in 208. He was given the title Caesar in 217, when his father became Emperor. After his father's defeat outside Antioch, he tried to escape east to Parthia, but was captured and killed before he could achieve this. Elagabalus was born Varius Avitus Bassianus on May 16, 205, and became known later as Marcus Aurelius Antonius. The name ""Elagabalus"" followed the Latin nomenclature for the Syrian sun god Elagabal, of whom he had become a priest at an"
"until the Visigoth sack of the city in 410. His campaigns against Germans and Sarmatians were also commemorated by a column and a temple built in Rome. Marcus Aurelius was able to secure the succession for Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and made co-emperor in 177, though the choice may have been unknowingly unfortunate. This decision, which put an end to the fortunate series of ""adoptive emperors"", was highly criticized by later historians since Commodus was a political and military outsider, as well as an extreme egotist with neurotic problems. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius' death is"
"Gaius Octavius Thurinus, the young future-emperor was adopted by his great-uncle, Julius Caesar, after demonstrating promising wit and skill. After his great-uncle's assassination, Augustus (at this time known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) took vengeance upon Caesar's murderers, and through tactical political moves, became one of Rome's three “Triumvirs"" alongside Marc Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. After defeating the other two triumvirs, and obtaining sole power over the Roman State, Augustus (known as ""Imperator"" Caesar Divi Filius), began taking measures to secure and increase his power. As a result, Augustus gave orders to exterminate Cleopatra's teenaged son, allegedly commenting, ""too"
"and Publius Aelius Hadrianus (76–138). Hadrianus was adopted by Trajan as his heir and eventually succeeded him as Emperor Hadrian. Marullinus had a reputation in practising astrology and had predicted by the stars, that his grandson would rule as Roman Emperor. When Hadrian ruled as Roman Emperor, as a tribute to his birthplace and ancestry he created Hispania Baetica into a colony. Hadrian's second adoptive son and successor Antoninus Pius, assumed the name ""Aelius Hadrianus"", as a part of his name when he ruled as Emperor and sixth child born to Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Roman Empress Faustina the"
"Trajan as Emperor. By far, his most important constitutional alteration was his creation of a bureaucratic apparatus, which included a fixed gradation of clearly defined offices, and a corresponding order of promotion. Hadrian was succeed by Antonius Pius, who made no real changes to the constitution. Antonius Pius was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius in 161. The most significant constitutional development that occurred during the reign of Marcus Aurelius was the revival of the republican principle of collegiality, as he made his brother, L. Aelius, his co-emperor. In 169, Aelius died, and in 176, Marcus Aurelius made his son, L. Aurelius"
"children survived and prospered as members of an important family: they were the grandchildren of Marcus Aurelius. The prestige was dangerous, because the new dynasty of the Severans could have seen them as possible competition. Aurelius, son of Pompeianus, was consul in 209, but was later assassinated at the instigation of Caracalla. Later descendants of Pompeianus would become consuls in 231 and 241. Russell Crowe's character Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 film ""Gladiator"" is loosely based on Pompeianus and others. Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus (c. 125 – aft. 193) was a politician and military commander during the"
"Severus Alexander Severus Alexander (; ; c.207 - 19 March 235) was Roman Emperor from 222 to 235 and the last emperor of the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his cousin Elagabalus upon the latter's assassination in 222. His own assassination marked the epoch event for the Crisis of the Third Century—nearly 50 years of civil wars, foreign invasion, and collapse of the monetary economy, though this last part is now disputed. Alexander was the heir to his cousin, the 19-year-old Emperor who had been murdered along with his mother Julia Soaemias, by his own guards, who, as a mark of"
"Philip II (emperor) Marcus Julius Philippus Severus, also known as Philippus II, Philip II and Philip the Younger (238–249) was the son and heir of the Roman Emperor Philip the Arab by his wife Marcia Otacilia Severa. According to numismatic evidence, he had a sister called Julia Severa or Severina, whom the extant literary sources do not mention, and a brother, Quintus Philippus Severus. When his father became emperor in 244, the younger Philip was appointed ""Caesar"". In 247 he became consul, and was later elevated by his father to the rank of ""Augustus"" and co-ruler. His father was killed"
"death or mutilation. Charity was dispensed lavishly. For this reason, he has been called the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius. By the example of his personal purity and piety he effected a notable improvement in the manners of his age. Descriptions of him and his actions indicate that he had great self-control and personal courage, and was an excellent strategist and general. John II succeeded his father as ruling ""basileus"" in 1118, but had already been crowned co-emperor by Alexios I between 1 September and early November, 1092. Despite this coronation, the accession of John was contested. That Alexios I favoured John"
"manuscript copy is in the Vatican library and dates to the 14th century. Reign of Marcus Aurelius The reign of Marcus Aurelius began with his accession upon the death of his adoptive father, Antoninus Pius, on 7 March 161 and ended with his own death on 17 March 180. Under Marcus Aurelius, Rome fought the Roman–Parthian War of 161–66 and the Marcomannic Wars. The so-called Antonine plague occurred during his reign. In the last years of his rule, Marcus Aurelius composed his personal writings on Stoic philosophy known as ""Meditations"". He first ruled jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus."
"Gaius Caesar Gaius Caesar (; Latin: ""Gaius Julius Augusti f. Divi n. Caesar""; 20 BC – 21 February AD 4) was consul in AD 1 and the grandson of Augustus, the first emperor of the Roman Empire. Although he was born to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, Augustus' only daughter, Gaius and his younger brother, Lucius Caesar were raised by their grandfather as his adopted sons and joint-heirs to the empire. He would experience an accelerated political career befitting a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, with the Roman Senate allowing him to advance his career without first holding"
"to Divus and his father dedicated the Temple of Divus Romulus to him along the Via Sacra near the Roman Forum. Also, a series of commemorative coins was issued in his name, showing a domed shrine with one of the doors ajar, and an eagle on top. Valerius Romulus Valerius Romulus, also Marcus Aurelius Romulus (c. 295 – 309) was the son of the Caesar and later usurper Maxentius and of Valeria Maximilla, daughter of Emperor Galerius. Through his father, he was also grandson of Maximian the Tetrarch, whom he predeceased. Valerius bore the title ""clarissimus puer"" in his youth,"
"Licinius II, as the text contains a directive that the textile worker be reduced to the slave status of his birth. No son of Constantine's sister would have been referred to in this manner. Licinius II Licinius II or Licinius the Younger (, Classical Latin pronunciation lɪˈkɪ.ni.ʊs; full name: Valerius Licinianus Licinius; c. 315 – c. 326) was the son of the Roman emperor Licinius. On the first of March 317, he was raised to the rank of ""Caesar"" at the age of 20 months, nominally serving as such in the eastern empire until 324 AD, while his father was"
"of Abraham and Jesus in his oratory, along with other Roman deities and classical figures. Severus Alexander Severus Alexander (; ; c.207 - 19 March 235) was Roman Emperor from 222 to 235 and the last emperor of the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his cousin Elagabalus upon the latter's assassination in 222. His own assassination marked the epoch event for the Crisis of the Third Century—nearly 50 years of civil wars, foreign invasion, and collapse of the monetary economy, though this last part is now disputed. Alexander was the heir to his cousin, the 19-year-old Emperor who had been murdered"
"Marcus Annius Verus (praetor) Marcus Annius Verus (died 124 AD) was a distinguished Roman politician who lived in the 2nd century, served as a praetor and was the father of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. He was the son of Roman Senator Marcus Annius Verus and noblewoman Rupilia Faustina. His brother was the consul Marcus Annius Libo and his sister was Faustina the Elder, wife of Antoninus Pius. He married Domitia Lucilla, the heiress of a wealthy family which owned a tile factory. They had two children, Marcus Aurelius (born in 121, and who was also originally named Marcus Annius Verus),"