What name was given to Mustapha Kemal after he became Dictator of Turkey in 1935?
"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (; ; 19 May 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal (""Mareşal""), revolutionary statesman, author, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938. Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories became known as Kemalism. Atatürk came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman Turkish victory at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Following the Empire's defeat and subsequent dissolution, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted the mainland Turkey's partition among the"
"Ottoman Empire by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I, Mustafa Kemal led his country through a War of Independence against Greece, Armenia, France, Britain, and other invading countries. Under his leadership, the Republic of Turkey was declared in 1923, and he was honoured with the name Atatürk (""Father of the Turks"") by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1934. His other titles include Great Leader (Ulu Önder), Eternal Commander (Ebedî Başkomutan), Head Teacher (Başöğretmen), and Eternal Chief (Ebedî Şef). Atatürk's memory remains a major part of Turkish politics and society into the 21st century. Almost every"
"which denotes, a combat or wounded veteran, with the religious connotation of defeating non-Islamic forces, and bestowed upon him the rank of Marshal for his achievements during the War of Independence. Henceforth, he'd be addressed as ""Gazi Mustafa Kemal"". On 21 June 1934, the National Assembly recognized the need for registration and use of fixed hereditary surnames. The Surname Law was proposed and later put into force. On 24 November 1934, the Assembly enacted a special law to bestow on Mustafa Kemal the surname ""Atatürk,"" which translates as ""Father of the Turks,"" and established ""Atatürk"" as a unique surname. Due"
"to translate a name from Turkish to other languages, but care should be given as names' form varies from one language to another. Atatürk had Mustafa as his name at birth. Mustafa ( – ""Muṣṭafā"", ""the chosen one""), an epithet of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, was a common name at that time. Young Mustafa studied at the military junior high school in Salonica (Salonica Military School), where his mathematics teacher Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Sabri Bey gave him the additional name ""Kemal"" (""perfection"") because of his student's academic excellence. On 27 November 1911, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to the rank of"
"Kemal"""" (""Our Great Leader Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal"") in the opening speech of the 2nd Language Day on 26 September 1934. Later, the surname ""Atatürk"" (father of the Turks) accepted as the surname of Mustafa Kemal Pasha after the adoption of the Family Surname Law. Until the Surname Law, Turks did not have surnames but laqabs only, while Christian and Jewish minorities had used Turkish surnames since Ottoman times. Beginning in 1932, several hundred ""People's Houses"" () and ""People's Rooms"" (Halk Odası) across the country allowed greater access to a wide variety of artistic activities, sports, and other cultural events."
"all over the world, where place names are named in honor of him. Eleftherios Venizelos, former Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born (under the name Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa) in the early months of 1881, either in the Ahmet Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica (Selanik), Ottoman Empire (Thessaloniki in present-day Greece), to Ali Rıza Efendi, a militia officer, title-deed clerk and lumber trader, and Zübeyde Hanım. Only one"
"Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding the intentions of President Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk), the public cheered: ""We are returning to the days of the first caliphs"". In order to establish his reforms, Mustafa Kemal placed Fevzi Çakmak, Kazım Özalp and İsmet İnönü in important political positions. Mustafa Kemal capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1938, instituting wide-ranging and progressive political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as Muslim subjects of a vast Empire into citizens of a"
"Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 – 10 November 1938) was a field marshal, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's military career explains his life between graduation from Ottoman War College in Istanbul as a lieutenant in 1905 to his resignation from the Ottoman Army on 8 July 1919, as well as his military leadership throughout the subsequent Turkish War of Independence (armistice 11 October 1922). Mustafa Kemal graduated from the Ottoman Military Staff College as a Staff Captain (""Kurmay Yüzbaşı"") in 1905 and"
"Mustafa Kemal (later to be known as Atatürk) was headed for his assignment as Inspector of the Eastern Provinces. He was tasked with the responsibility of keeping peace and order in the provinces and overseeing the disbanding of remaining Ottoman regiments. On the 19th of May, Kemal arrived at the Black Sea port city of Samsun. In defiance of Ottoman orders, Kemal began to organize a nationalist Turkish resistance movement, completely separated from the Ottoman regime in Constantinople, with the intent to defend the territories of Anatolia from intrusion of the foreign powers. On the 28th of June, the British"
"surnames. Muslims were generally referred by their social or professional titles such as ""Pasha"", ""Hoca"", ""Bey"", ""Hanım"", ""Efendi"", or their names were complemented with that of their father. Mustafa Kemal himself was required to take up a surname, and the Turkish Parliament gave him the surname Atatürk, meaning father of the Turks. Many members of parliament, including some of Çerçiyan's former students, suggested that Atatürk needed a new signature for his name. On a November morning in 1934, members of parliament presented the proposal to Çerçiyan, who accepted the task. That night, five model signatures were prepared and the following"
"opposition to this process, the military leader Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938), in command of the growing Turkish national movement whose roots lay partly in the Young Turks, organized the 1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence. This war ended with the official ending of the Ottoman Empire, the expulsion of the Entente Powers, and the founding of the Republic of Turkey. The literature of the new republic emerged largely from the pre-independence National Literature movement, with its roots simultaneously in the Turkish folk tradition and in the Western notion of progress. One important change to Turkish literature was enacted in 1928, when Mustafa"
"names of minorities had to be changed to Turkish renditions. The Turkish Parliament granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means ""Father of the Turks"", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic. He died on 10 November 1938 at the age of 57 in Dolmabahçe Palace; he was succeeded as President by his long-time Prime Minister İsmet İnönü and was honored with a state funeral. In 1953, his iconic mausoleum was built and opened, which is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his famous expression ""Peace at Home,"
"On 1 September, Mustafa Kemal issued his famous order to the Turkish army: ""Armies, your first goal is the Mediterranean, Forward!"" The Greeks asked for an armistice on 6 September. By 10 September, the remainder of the Greek forces had left Anatolia, the Turkish mainland. Praising Mustafa Kemal's military capabilities, Noel Barber wrote: Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 – 10 November 1938) was a field marshal, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's military career explains his life between graduation from Ottoman War College"
"rival. Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk) considered Enver to be a dangerous figure who might lead the country to ruin; he criticized Enver and his colleagues for their policies and their involvement of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. In the years of upheaval that followed the Armistice of October 1918, when Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish resistance to occupying and invading forces, Enver sought to return from exile, but his attempts to do so and join the military effort were blocked by the Ankara government under Mustafa Kemal. On 30 July 1921, with the Turkish War of"
"Kemal's intentions, the public cheered: ""We are returning to the days of the first caliphs."" Mustafa Kemal placed Fevzi Çakmak, Kâzım Özalp and İsmet İnönü in political positions where they could institute his reforms. Mustafa Kemal capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as a Muslim part of a vast Empire into a modern, democratic, and secular nation-state. This had a positive influence on human capital because what from now on"
"of the sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey as the successor state to the defunct Ottoman Empire. A republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, in the new capital of Ankara. Mustafa Kemal was elected as the first President. In forming his government, he placed Mustafa Fevzi (Çakmak), Köprülü Kâzım (Özalp), and İsmet (İnönü) in important positions. They helped him to establish his subsequent political and social reforms in Turkey. Kemal had long ago made up his mind to abolish the sultanate when the moment was ripe. After facing opposition from some members of the assembly, using his influence as"
"their home until 1975. In 1926, their third son Erdal, and then in 1930 the couple's daughter Özden was born. Mevhibe İnönü visited several places including Athens, Moscow and Rome as the prime minister's spouse. In 1934, the Surname Law came into effect. Mustafa İsmet and his family members received the family name İnönü in honor of the First and Second Battle of İnönü, he was a victorious commander of. Following the death of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on November 10, 1938, the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic, İsmet İnönü was elected president the next day. Mevhibe"
"but highly westernized compared to the Turkish population that remained in Anatolia. In 1912, Kemal’s parents fled the Balkan Wars, leaving behind their home, land and business. They moved back to Anatolia with little to their name, ending up in the old city of Bursa, where he was born. To the end of his life, after traveling all over the world and living in different continents, he remained enthralled by Bursa with its old bridges and vistas to Uludağ, the majestic mountain known as Olympos in ancient times. Following World War I, the Ottoman Empire was near collapse, with Istanbul"
"to the political authority of the government in Ankara. Following the surname reform on June 21, 1934, Atatürk gave Berç Keresteciyan the family name Türker (Turkish for ""Turk man"") for his patriotism. Encouraged and supported by Atatürk, he run as an independent candidate for a deputy seat from Afyonkarahisar at the 1935 general elections and became a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on March 7, 1935 as the first Armenian and one of the four non-Muslims in total. The same day, he also became a member of the economic commission of the parliament thanks to his expertise. He"
"treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–23) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname ""Atatürk""). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924. The Armenian Genocide was the deliberate decision of Ottoman officials to remove Armenians from Easter Turkey, in a"
"and parts of Anatolia under foreign invasion. His father, Şevki Kadri, joined the war led by Mustafa Kemal, the general who rebelled against the Ottoman regime and founded the modern Turkish Republic. Şevki Kadri helped organize the local militia but was captured by Greek soldiers and held as a prisoner of war in Greece for three-and-a-half years. The son, named after Mustafa Kemal, was an infant at the time. He was only four years old when his father returned from captivity, a prematurely aged man in rags. Sevki Kadri apparently pulled himself together to find a way to support his"
"forces and sent, through Batum and İstanbul, to a one-year exile in Malta (see Malta exiles) together with 11 members of his cabinet. After his return from Malta, he served as mayor of Kars between 1921-1927. He died in 1948. A cenotaph to his memory was erected in Kars in 2003 and a municipal park in the city carries his name. Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey (1874–1948), known as İbrahim Aydın after the 1934 Surname Law in Turkey, although he is more commonly called under the name he was known prior to the law) was a Turkish military officer,"
"Kemalism Kemalism (), also known as Atatürkism (), or the Six Arrows (), is the founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey. Kemalism, as it was implemented by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms designed to separate the new Turkish state from its Ottoman predecessor and embrace a Westernized way of living, including the establishment of democracy, secularism, state support of the sciences and free education, many of which were first introduced to Turkey during Atatürk's presidency in his reforms. Many of the root ideas of Kemalism began during the late Ottoman Empire"
"dissolved following the outcomes of the trial. The pattern of organized opposition, however, was broken. This action was the only broad political purge during Atatürk's presidency. Mustafa Kemal's saying, ""My mortal body will turn into dust, but the Republic of Turkey will last forever,"" was regarded as a will after the assassination attempt. In the years following 1926, Mustafa Kemal introduced a radical departure from previous reformations established by the Ottoman Empire. For the first time in history, Islamic law was separated from secular law, and restricted to matters of religion. Mustafa Kemal said: On 1 March 1926, the Turkish"
"Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) visited Amasya to declare his famous circular on 12 June 1919, he was one of the welcomers. He was elected as the Amasya MP from the Republican People's Party (CHP, then known as Halk Fırkası) in the First Parliament of Turkey on 23 April 1920. In the parliament he was elected to the committee of Finance. After the war, he did not run for the next elections held in 1923 and returned to Amasya. Hamdi Apaydın Ahmet Hamdi Apaydın (1862 – 28 October 1936) was a Turkish politician. His name during the Ottoman era was ""Miralayzade"
"especially Britain and France, globalized economically and colonized much of the region. By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had declined. The decision to back Germany in World War I meant they shared the Central Powers' defeat in that war. The defeat led to the overthrow of the Ottomans by Turkish nationalists led by the victorious general of the Battle of Gallipoli: Mustafa Kemal, who became known to his people as Atatürk, ""Father of the Turks."" Atatürk was credited with renegotiating the treaty of Sèvres (1920) which ended Turkey's involvement in the war and establishing the modern"
"Surnames were introduced in Turkey only after World War I, by that country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his westernizing and modernizing program. His own surname, Atatürk, which was bestowed by the Turkish parliament, means ""Father Turk"". Common people can be addressed semi-formally by their given name plus the title Bey or Hanım (without surname), whereas politicians are often known by surname only (Ecevit, Demirel). Many Turkish sportspeople, especially football players, wear jerseys with only their first name. Mononyms are also common in Indonesia for Javanese individuals, both prominent government figures such as former presidents Sukarno and"
"Mustafa (film) Mustafa is a 2008 Turkish biographical documentary about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, which was written and directed by Can Dündar. The film, which controversially concentrates on Atatürk's personal life, is the first documentary covering Atatürk's life from his early years to his death. It was released on Republic Day, 2008, to coincide with the 85th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic. A detailed literature review was made of books written about Atatürk, national and international newspapers and diplomatic letters in preparation for the production. Dündar and his"
"Kemal remained with him for a year before returning to Adana in 1932. Kemal worked as a labourer, a weaver and as a clerk in a cotton mill. While doing his military service in 1938 his political opinions led to his being sentenced to a 5-year term of imprisonment. The charges included ""reading the works of Maxim Gorky and Nazim Hikmet"" and ""propagandising for foreign regimes and encouraging revolt"". While in prison in Bursa he was the cellmate of Hikmet, who was his major literary influence. He had been writing poems until he met Hikmet. With his encouragement, he switched"
"and disparate. Turkey was in ruins, reconstruction was difficult, poverty was everywhere and people were in pain, which fed separatist violence. Rather than to a section of the population, Mustafa Kemal attributed the rebellion to a group of notables, who on 7 March 1925 were found guilty by the courts (kanunen mucrim olan bazi muteneffizan) and who used the mask of religion to conceal the interests of landlords, feudal tribal leaders and other ""reactionaries"". In his message to Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader and head of the Russian SFSR's government, dated 26 April 1920, Kemal promised to coordinate his military"
"plans were performed under the supervision of Mustafa Kemal. The first five-year economic plan promoted consumer substitution industries. However, these economic plans changed drastically with the death of Kemal and the rise of World War II. Subsequent governments took measures that harmed the economic productivity of Turkey in various ways. The achievements of the 1930s were credited to early (1920s) implementation of the economic system based on the national policies of Mustafa Kemal and his team. In 1931, Mustafa Kemal watched the first national aircraft, MMV-1, develop. He realized the important role of aviation. In his words, ""the future lies"
"Binbaşı, an Ottoman military rank denoting the commander of ""a thousand soldiers,"" equivalent to the rank of Major in the modern Turkish army. Since, in Ottoman military ranks, ""Bey"" was a common title given to all ranks for Binbaşı and above, Mustafa Kemal Efendi, henceforth, was addressed as ""Mustafa Kemal Bey"". On 1 April 1916, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to the rank of Mirliva, equivalent to Major General today. In Ottoman military ranks, Pasha was a common title given to all ranks at and above Mirliva, and he was from then on addressed as ""Mustafa Kemal Pasha"" (). Kemal Pasha,"
"on the company for their livelihood. In 1925, this company was taken over by the state and named ""Tekel"". The control of tobacco was the biggest achievement of the Kemalist political machinery's ""nationalization"" of the economy for a country that did not produce oil. They accompanied this achievement with the development of the cotton industry, which peaked during the early 1930s. Cotton was the second biggest industrial crop in Turkey at the time. In 1924, with the initiative of Mustafa Kemal, the first Turkish bank İş Bankası was established. He was the first member of İş Bankası. The bank's creation"