In which year did the following events occur; Helen Sharman became the first Briton in space, Tim Berners-Lee established the first website and Robert Maxwell died?
"University of Sheffield, and became the world's leading software for CFD, launched in October 1983. Helen Sharman OBE, from Sheffield and a former University of Sheffield-educated chemist who developed chocolate for Mars, was the first Briton in space on the Soyuz TM-12 mission on 18 May 1991, aged 27 (she is still the fifth-youngest person to have flown into space), landing with Soyuz TM-11 eight days later. David Mellor of Sheffield produced the standard design for street furniture, including traffic lights, in the UK from 1973. The US had installed its first electric traffic lights in August 1914 in Cleveland,"
"years. 1990 was an important year in the Internet's early history. In the fall of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first web server and the foundation for the World Wide Web. Test operations began around December 20 and it was released outside CERN the following year. 1990 also saw the official decommissioning of the ARPANET, a forerunner of the Internet system and the introduction of the first content search engine, Archie on September 10. September 14, 1990 saw the first case of successful somatic gene therapy on a patient. Due to the early 1990s recession that began that year and"
"icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' ""Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"" album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday. In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On 4 April 2017, he received the 2016 ACM Turing Award ""for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale"". Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8"
"which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for the first time. Astronauts James van Hoften (BS 1966), Margaret Rhea Seddon (BA 1970), Leroy Chiao (BS 1983), and Rex Walheim (BS 1984) have orbited the earth in NASA's fleet of space shuttles. Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer, Intel, LSI Logic The Gap, MySpace, PowerBar, Berkeley Systems, Bolt, Beranek and Newman (which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet), Chez Panisse, GrandCentral (known now as Google Voice), HTC Corporation, VIA Technologies, Marvell Technology Group, MoveOn.org, Opsware, RedOctane, Rimon Law"
"social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, as well as sites providing various other services. End users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones and smart TVs. The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone. Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These"
"E. M. Forster, ""The Machine Stops,"" first published in 1909. In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, an English independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page. Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet"
"1980s at CERN, a European high energy physics research facility. Tim Berners-Lee who did the initial development stage was interested in the ability to link academic papers electronically and to utilize the internet in order to correspond with people in other laboratories around the world. He is credited with the construction of the first website in August 1991. Today graphic design has penetrated into all aspects of modern life. In particular modern architecture has been influenced by graphics. Graphic design is derived from the demands of a culture and economy, thus creating inevitable biases. This bias is limited to the"
"and later works in the team that develop programs for the Manchester Mark 1, Ferranti Mark 1 and Mark 1 Star computers. In 1955 the Berners-Lees become parents to Tim Berners-Lee, who invents the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. 1952: Professor Charlotte Anderson (Leonard Parsons Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health) is one of the team who prove that the glutens in wheat cause coeliac disease, from this gluten-free diets are introduced. 1954: The Stewart platform (a parallel robot) first comes into use. Stewart platforms have applications in machine tool technology, crane technology,"
"Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is currently a professor of computer science at the University of Oxford and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989, and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the internet in mid-November the same year. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees"
"1990s, personal web sites that allowed individuals to share information about their private lives with others were increasingly widespread. On this fertile period of the web's development, its creator Sir Tim Berners-Lee wrote that: The term ""social Web"" was coined by Howard Rheingold for this network in 1996; Rheingold was quoted in an article for ""Time"" on his website ""Electric Minds"", described as a ""virtual community center"" that listed online communities for users interested in socializing through the Web, saying that ""The idea is that we will lead the transformation of the Web into a social Web"". The social Web"
"design of TCP. 1976: Queen Elizabeth II sends her first e-mail. 1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups. 1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant in order to demonstrate the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and afterwards to provide networking services to university computer scientists. 1982: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) arise the protocol for ARPANET. 1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) established the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system in order to name websites. 1984: William Gibson was the first person who used the term ""cyberspace."" 1985: Symbolics.com, the"
"the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between Cornell University and CERN, allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites. Six months later Tim Berners-Lee would begin writing WorldWideWeb, the first web browser after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (which was also a HTML editor and could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files), the first HTTP server software (later known as"
"by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World"
"bring the Internet to Europe from 1975 to 1976. INRIA in France, Euratom in Italy, the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom), ETH Zurich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich) and the Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire, commonly known as CERN, actively participated in the project and it was there that the World Wide Web was conceived by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. In 1984, Karney became a main board director responsible for the telecommunications, electronics, space, government and media sectors as well as operations in Italy and Asia, which included he development of the trading system for the new unified stock exchange"
"website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, was the first registered domain. 1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem. 1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router. 1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet. 1990: Tim Berners-Lee develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact on ways how humans view and navigate the Internet in present days. 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide"
"returned to the University of Southampton in 1984 to join the newly formed computer science group there, working in multimedia and hypermedia. Her team invented the Microcosm hypermedia system (before the World Wide Web existed), which was commercialised as a start-up company, Multicosm Ltd. Hall was appointed the University's first female professor of engineering in 1994. She then served as Head of the School of Electronics and Computer Science from 2002–07. In 2006, Hall became a founding director of the Web Science Research Initiative (now called the Web Science Trust), along with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Sir Nigel Shadbolt and Daniel"
"Technology (MIT) in 1996. While there, he and his advisor, Professor F. Thomson Leighton, came up with consistent hashing, an innovative algorithm for optimizing Internet traffic. These algorithms became the basis for Akamai Technologies, which the two founded in 1998. Lewin served as the company's chief technology officer and a board member, and during the height of the Internet boom achieved great wealth. He was posthumously named one of the most influential figures of the Internet age. Lewin was reportedly stabbed aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as it was hijacked during the September 11 attacks. A 2001 FAA memo suggests"
"Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October, 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the European Commission and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the ARPANET, one of the predecessors to the Internet. The organization tries to foster compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards defined by the W3C. Incompatible versions of HTML are offered by different vendors, causing inconsistency in how web pages are displayed. The consortium tries to get all those"
"systems which also provided voice response and handprint processing pre-date the Internet and the World Wide Web, the IBM PC, and Microsoft MS-DOS, and were installed mainly in the UK by large corporations. The first World Wide Web server and browser, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, opened for commercial use in 1991. Thereafter, subsequent technological innovations emerged in 1994: online banking, the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut, Netscape's SSL v2 encryption standard for secure data transfer, and Intershop's first online shopping system. The first secure retail transaction over the Web was either by NetMarket or"
"founding by David Ashford in 1991. The European Space Agency has endorsed these designs on several occasions. France worked on the Hermes manned spaceplane launched by Ariane rocket in the late 20th century, and proposed in January 1985 to go through with Hermes development under the auspices of the ESA. Hopper was one of several proposals for a European reusable launch vehicle (RLV) planned to cheaply ferry satellites into orbit by 2015. One of those was 'Phoenix', a German project which is a one-seventh scale model of the Hopper concept vehicle. The suborbital Hopper was a FESTIP (Future European Space"
"the continued development of the Web. He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation and is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founders chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute. In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth"
"Arabic world, South America, Asia and North America) In 1997, at Blair House, during Euro-US summit in Washington, he launches TIESWeb, the first transatlantic web portail dedicated to dialog between European and American civil societies. In 2003 he was among the top twenty ""heroes"" for being a """"French champion of European unity"""" in a poll by Time Europe. From 2006, he was the scientific coordinator of Leap2020 think tank. He died on 30 October 2012. He had been seriously ill from cancer for four years. Franck Biancheri Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 – 30 October 2012) was the founder of"
"where users contribute content or the content depends upon the users or their actions. Websites may be mostly informative, primarily for entertainment, or largely for commercial, governmental, or non-governmental organisational purpose. Tim Berners-Lee's vision of a global hyperlinked information system became a possibility by the second half of the 1980s. By 1985, the global Internet began to proliferate in Europe and the Domain Name System (upon which the Uniform Resource Locator is built) came into being. In 1988 the first direct IP connection between Europe and North America was made and Berners-Lee began to openly discuss the possibility of a"
"the asteroid belt in 1999. The system served as the KR substrate for an on-board planner used in an experiment to have the probe perform its functions autonomously. Ora Lassila Ora Lassila is a Finnish computer scientist who lives and works as a Technology Architect at Pegasystems, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.. He has been conducting research into the Semantic Web since 1996, and was co-author, with Tim Berners-Lee and James Hendler, of the article ""The Semantic Web"" which appeared in Scientific American in 2001, now the most cited paper in the Semantic Web area. His early work in this area"
"their readings. Then she came out of retirement in 1963 to work for a London-based company called K and H. While at K and H she wrote programming manuals until she retired in 1987. She was married to Conway Berners-Lee whom she met while working in the Ferranti team. Their eldest son, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, invented the World Wide Web. After a period devoted to bringing up children, she became a schoolteacher of mathematics and then a programmer using BASIC, Fortran and other languages before retiring in 1987. She died in November 2017 at the age of 93. Mary Lee"
"network using standard approaches developed by earlier protocols (Kermit had been around since 1981, more than ten years prior to the development of HTML). The semantic web was invented, spearheaded by the W3C and Tim Berners-Lee, which used URLs to refer to real world things (planets, flowers, emotions, Platonic forms, etc) which could not be reduced to network streams. The question of what web servers should do when asked for one of these things arose. URIs of real world things can be limited to 'hash URIs', that is URIs containing a fragment identifier. These URIs cannot be directly deferenced via"
"World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW), also called the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to"
"Berners-Lee filed his original proposal for the Web on 12 March 1989, while working at CERN, and the project was first publicly announced on 6 August 1991 on the ""alt.hypertext"" newsgroup. Both of these dates have been celebrated by media as the ""birthday of the Web"" or ""Internaut Day"". Internaut Internaut is a portmanteau of the words Internet and astronaut and refers to a designer, operator, or technically capable user of the Internet. Beginning with participants in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), it gradually expanded to members of the Internet Society (ISoc) and the larger community. An internaut is"
"""virtual"" graduation ceremony in the United Kingdom together with an audience at the OU's campus in Milton Keynes. Twenty-six students in eight countries, from the United States of America to Hong Kong, were presented for their master's degrees in the online graduation, including, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) – Tim Berners-Lee one of the founders of the World Wide Web on whom was conferred an honorary doctorate. Like other UK universities, the OU actively engages in research. The OU's Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute has become particularly well known to the public through its involvement in space"
"1971, and this innovation was followed by Project Gutenberg and eBooks. Tim Berners-Lee is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web; he implemented the first successful communication between a HyperText Transfer Protocol client and a server. Because the Internet allowed users ease of access to information about practically any topic, the medium has seen immense popularity ever since its inception. There has never been a point in its relatively short history (it has only been around for about 40 years) when it has declined in popularity. Of all mass media discussed, it seems to be the least threatened. There"
"in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web. On August 6, 1991, Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, inviting collaborators. This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier. Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on"
"Conway Berners-Lee Conway Maurice Berners-Lee (born 19 September 1921) is an English mathematician and computer scientist who worked as a member of the team that developed the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercial stored program electronic computer. He was born in Birmingham in 1921 and is the father of Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. Early in World War II Berners-Lee volunteered for the armed services, but was re-directed to university because the government needed people trained in mathematics and electronics. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge in 1940 and read parts I and II of"
"Oxfam and Christian Aid. Oneworld joined Yahoo!'s world news platform in 2001 alongside newswires such as AP and Reuters. Sarah Wright, Yahoo! News Editor, said ""OneWorld journalists provide a unique and valuable resource to Yahoo by providing context for international headlines and voices from the front lines of international development."" He also founded OneWorldTV and OneClimate, part of the OneWorld Network. In 2004, Armstrong received a Lifetime Achievement BAFTA at the Interactive Awards for his contributions to interactive media. He was the second person to win this award, after Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. Peter"