Which musical instrument invented by the physicist Torricelli gets its name from a tradition identifying the angel who blows the horn to announce Judgment Day in Christinity?
"Gabriel's Horn Gabriel's horn (also called Torricelli's trumpet) is a geometric figure which has infinite surface area but finite volume. The name refers to the biblical tradition identifying the Archangel Gabriel as the angel who blows the horn to announce Judgment Day, associating the divine, or infinite, with the finite. The properties of this figure were first studied by Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli in the 17th century. Gabriel's horn is formed by taking the graph of with the domain (thus avoiding the asymptote at ) and rotating it in three dimensions about the -axis. The discovery was made"
"was a symbol of divine presence, the voice of the angels and instrument of judgment. This symbolism can be seen, for instance, in ""L'Orfeo"", ""Alceste"", ""The Magic Flute"", the ""Death March"" from ""Saul"", and funeral aequales. This association was probably encouraged by the lack of distinction made between natural horns, slide trumpets, and trombones in this Renaissance; they were used and often named interchangeably. Martin Luther’s 1534 translation of the Bible into German renders the Greek ""shophar"" and ""salpigx"" to ""Posaune"". ""Posaune"" at the time could refer to a natural horn or other brass instrument, but it later came to"
"Cornicello A cornicello, cornetto, (Italian for ""little horn"" or ""hornlet"") or corno, (Italian for “horn”) is an Italian amulet or talisman worn to protect against the evil eye (or ""malocchio"") and bad luck in general, and, historically, to promote fertility and virility. In Neapolitan, it is called ""curniciello"" or variants thereof. The amulet is also sometimes referred to as the Italian horn. A cornicello is a twisted horn-shaped charm often made of gold, silver, plastic, bone, terracotta, or red coral. Cornicelli are thought to be modeled after an eland horn, to represent fertility, virility, and strength. The shape and colour"
"as bronze-workers from the 8th century BC, who in turn were credited by the Romans with the invention of their horns and trumpets, including long curved horns in the form of a letter C or G. Depictions of these instruments are found from the 5th century BC onward on Etruscan funerary monuments. The Etruscan name for them is unknown, but the Romans called them ""buccina"" and ""cornu"". The latter name is the Latin word for ""horn"", and the source of the name of the musical instrument in many Romance languages: French ""cor"", Italian ""corno"", Provençal ""corn"". Very old metal instruments"
"carry seven horns for seven days and encircle Jericho seven times, then the priest sounded the horns, the people shouted and the walls came down (Joshua 6:4). In St. Paul's letter of I Thessalonians 4:16, ""the trumpet of God"" heralds the Second Coming of Christ. Upon the first trumpet sound, hail and fire is thrown to the Earth burning up a third of the trees on the planet, and all green grass. By the second trumpet sounding, it cues something like a great burning mountain that plunges into the sea and wipes out a third of all sea life and"
"feast of Corpus Domini. These groups are in addition to the musicians employed by St. Mark's to play in the balconies with the choir (the piffari would play on the main level). It also was used in church music both for instrumental service music and as a doubling instrument for choral music. The treble and high alto parts were most often played by cornetts or shawms, with the violin sometimes replacing the cornett in 17th century Italian music. The first record of trombones being used in churches was in Innsbruck 1503. Seville Cathedral's records show employment of trombonists in 1526,"
"or to announce the death of a notable. ""In its strictly ritual usage it carried the cries of the multitude to God,"" writes Werner. Among the percussion instruments were bells, cymbals, sistrum, tabret, hand drums, and tambourines. Percussion instruments are those producing tones by being struck in various ways and have been used by bands and orchestras throughout history. The tabret, or timbrel, was a small hand-drum used for festive occasions, and was considered a woman's instrument. In modern times it was often used by the Salvation Army. According to the Bible, when the children of Israel came out of"
"the cannon of the Castel Sant'Angelo gave the sign to the surrounding belltowers to start ringing at midday. In 1904, the ritual was transferred to the Janiculum and continued until 1939. On 21 April 1959, popular appeal convinced the Commune of Rome to resume the tradition after a twenty-year interruption. The hill is featured in the third section of Ottorino Respighi's famous orchestral piece ""The Pines of Rome"". The crest of the Janiculum is dominated by the 1895 equestrian Monument to Garibaldi, designed by Italian sculptor Emilio Gallori. This site was chosen for its proximity to the Villa Doria Pamphili,"
"presumably have a common source. Gabriel's horn also makes an appearance in ""The Eyes of Texas"" (1903) where it signifies the rapture. In Marc Connelly's play based on spirituals, ""The Green Pastures"" (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon. Four years later ""Blow, Gabriel, Blow"" was introduced by Ethel Merman in Cole Porter's ""Anything Goes"" (1934). Saint Gabriel Archangel's festivity day was exclusively celebrated the 18th of March as of many sources dating between the years 1588 and 1921, except for a source published in"
"While an organ will be played in church, a harpsichord will be used in secular surroundings. The trumpet is the royal instrument of the Baroque, representing secular and divine majesty. Three trumpets symbolize the Trinity in an aria of Bach's BWV 172, addressing the ""Heiligste Dreifaltigkeit"" (Most holy Trinity), where the bass voice is accompanied only by three trumpets and timpani. Recorders (""flauti dolci"") are sometimes used to express humility or poverty, such as in Bach's cantata . Bach used a flauto piccolo, a high recorder in F (""descant recorder"" or ""sopranino recorder""), to express for example the sparkling of"
"is well to distinguish in this matter between what is certain and what is in some measure conjectural."" This is an old devotion that was already well established 700 years ago. The Angelus originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys during the evening, or Compline, bell. The first written documentation stems from the Italian Franciscan friar Sinigardi di Arezzo (died 1282). Franciscan friaries in Italy document the use in 1263 and 1295. The current form of the Angelus prayer is included in a Venetian Catechism from 1560. The older usages seem to have commemorated the resurrection"
"symbolizing the Day of Judgment and praising the lord. Above the heads of these angels, two large groups of souls of the blessed, forty in all. Around the inner side of the arch contains the elders of the Apocalypse. Each is holding a musical instrument, as if preparing a concert in honor of God. Among instruments, ducal crowns are placed on their heads and some carry vessels. The figures are seated on a divan and are conversing two by two with the exception of the eleventh figures from each side. The elder's instruments include an organistrum, guitar, cittern, harp, aulos,"
"worship angels (in and ). The trope of Gabriel blowing a trumpet blast to indicate the Lord's return to Earth is especially familiar in Negro spirituals. However, though the Bible mentions a trumpet blast preceding the resurrection of the dead, it never specifies Gabriel as the trumpeter. Different passages state different things: the angels of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:31); the voice of the Son of God (John 5:25-29); God's trumpet (I Thessalonians 4:16); seven angels sounding a series of blasts (Revelation 8-11); or simply ""a trumpet will sound"" (I Corinthians 15:52). In related traditions, Gabriel is again not"
"in music that François Joseph Gossec composed for the translation of the remains of Voltaire to the Pantheon, on 11 July 1791. Cornu (horn) A cornu or cornum (, ""horn"", plural ""cornua"", sometimes translated misleadingly as ""cornet"") was an ancient Roman brass instrument about long in the shape of a letter 'G'. The instrument was braced by a crossbar that stiffened the structure and provided a means of supporting its weight on the player's shoulder. Some specimens survive in the archaeological record, two from the ruins of Pompeii. The ""cornu"" may be difficult to distinguish from the buccina. It was"
"lids have been upturned on the ground; the women wear white caps. Four angels blowing horns sound the ""Last Trump"" of the Book of Revelation, standing on the turrets of a tiny castle which serves as the base of the reliquary. The Last Judgement was an especially appropriate subject for setting a relic from the Crown of Thorns. Some thought that the crown was held by the French kings on loan, and would be reclaimed by Christ on the Day of Judgement—a belief expressed in the antiphon sung at Sens Cathedral in 1239 to celebrate the arrival of the main"
"may also have been a slide trumpet. Corno da tirarsi The corno da tirarsi (""pull horn"") is a Baroque brass instrument. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote for the instrument when he was working in Leipzig, and it appears to have been played for him by Gottfried Reiche. It has been stated that it appears in four Bach cantatas. However, it is only called for in three cantatas by name, BWV 46, 162 and 67. Its characteristics are debated, but it was most likely a horn that resembled the ""Inventions"" horn of the late 18th century: ""a freely-moving, double (cylindrical) tuning slide"
"Steerhorn The steerhorn (German: ""stierhorn"", also known in English as a cowhorn or bullhorn) is an extremely long medieval bugle horn. The instrument has been used both orchestrally and in war. The steerhorn has a straight tube with an exact conical bore and no bell flare. The steerhorn is used in Wagner's ""Der Ring des Nibelungen"", as the score requires one steerhorn in ""Die Walküre"" and four in ""Götterdämmerung"". Today, many orchestras substitute the trombone or bass trombone. The Solti recording, the Golden Ring, had a steerhorn specially made as American soldiers carried off Bayreuth's steerhorns after the end of"
"a double-A side release, the tracks ""Panis Angelicus"" and ""Sancta Maria"". The first is the penultimate strophe of the hymn ""Sacris solemniis"" written by Saint Thomas Aquinas for the Feast of Corpus Christi and the second is from ""Cavalleria rusticana"" . Alessandro Brustenghi started playing music when he was 9, wanting to become a percussionist. He started learning to play the piano and organ at 14. He also took part in choirs, but never as a lead singer. At 21, he joined the Franciscan order and sang in the order at the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli at Assisi,"
"of the red cornicelli are reminiscent of a chili pepper. The evil eye is believed to harm nursing mothers and their babies, bearing fruit trees, milking animals, and the sperm of men - the forces of generation. In addition to being worn as jewelry, cornicelli are sometimes hung from the rearview mirrors of cars (based on the older custom of using them to protect draft horses), and in houses. The cornicello is also linked to Greek and Roman mythology. The cornucopia became a symbol of fertility and the earth after Zeus broke a horn from a goat. He filled it"
"is a ritual designed to invoke the Egyptian god, Thoth, the deity of wisdom, writing, and magic who figures large in the ""Hermetica"" attributed to Hermes Trismegistus upon which modern practitioners of Alchemy and Ceremonial Magic draw. Israfil Israfil (, alternate spellings: ""Israfel"", ""Esrafil"") is the angel who blows into the trumpet before Armageddon and sometimes depicted as the angel of music. Though unnamed in the Quran, he is one of the four Islamic archangels, the others being long with Mikhail, Jibrail and Azrael. It is believed that Israfil will blow the trumpet from a holy rock in Jerusalem to"
"Corno da tirarsi The corno da tirarsi (""pull horn"") is a Baroque brass instrument. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote for the instrument when he was working in Leipzig, and it appears to have been played for him by Gottfried Reiche. It has been stated that it appears in four Bach cantatas. However, it is only called for in three cantatas by name, BWV 46, 162 and 67. Its characteristics are debated, but it was most likely a horn that resembled the ""Inventions"" horn of the late 18th century: ""a freely-moving, double (cylindrical) tuning slide positioned diametrically across its circular body"". It"
"be indistinguishable one from another, whereas the hunt participants would need each call to be distinctive, even if we have no direct evidence of melodic variation. Apart from hunting calls, there is no surviving music from before the seventeenth century that specifies use of the horn. However, there are some allusions to horn calls in vocal and keyboard music. In the late fourteenth century, Italian ""caccie"" (a word meaning both ""canon"" and ""hunt"", and cognate with English ""chase"") sometimes use lively figures on two notes a fourth apart, such as Gherardello da Firenze's ""Tosto che l'alba"", after the words ""suo"
"Richard Pockrich (inventor) Richard Pockrich, Poekrich (c.1695 – 1759), or Puckeridge, was an Irish musician, and was the inventor of the glass harp (also known as the ""Angelic organ"") in 1741. He was born at his family's estate Derrylusk at Aghnamallagh, County Monaghan, Ireland. His father, also named Richard (c.1666–1719), was the member of Parliament for Monaghan and had commanded troops in the Williamite battles. The paternal descent was of an English family from Surrey. Some notices indicate that Poekrich was the name of the family, and this was the spelling he gave on his works. He is reported to"
"gently twisted horn-shaped amulet. Cornicelli are usually carved out of red coral or made from gold or silver. The type of horn they are intended to copy is not a curled-over sheep horn or goat horn but rather like the twisted horn of an African eland or a chili pepper. One idea that the ribald suggestions made by sexual symbols distract the witch from the mental effort needed to successfully bestow the curse. Another is that since the effect of the eye was to dry up liquids, the drying of the phallus (resulting in male impotence) would be averted by"
"by rubbing glass or crystal goblets or bowls. The alternate instrument consisting of a set of wine glasses (usually tuned with water) is generally known in English as ""musical glasses"" or the ""glass harp"". When Benjamin Franklin invented his mechanical version of the instrument in 1761, he called it the armonica, based on the Italian word ""armonia"", which means ""harmony"". The unrelated free-reed wind instrument aeolina, today called the ""harmonica"", was not invented until 1821, sixty years later. The word ""hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica"" is also recorded, composed of Greek roots to mean something like ""harmonica to produce music for the soul by"
"the instrument is neither from England nor related to the various conical-bore brass instruments called ""horns"", such as the French horn, the natural horn, the post horn, or the alto horn. The instrument originated in Silesia about 1720, when a bulb bell was fitted to a curved ""oboe da caccia""-type body by the Weigel family of Breslau. The two-keyed, open-belled, straight tenor oboe (French ""taille de hautbois"", ""tenor oboe""), and more particularly the flare-belled ""oboe da caccia"", resembled the horns played by angels in religious images of the Middle Ages. This gave rise in German-speaking central Europe to the Middle"
"and strings. (The flugelhorn is actually listed as ""bugle"" by the publisher, though in the ""orchestration"" list at the head of the score the specification is for ""Contralto Bugle in B (Fluegelhorn)"", and in the score itself, where all the other instruments are named in Italian, it is called in French and German, ""Bugle C-alto (Flügelhorn)"". However, the part is played on the flugelhorn. The French word for flugelhorn is ""bugle à pistons"", and the Italian is ""flicorno"".) Stravinsky wrote ""Threni"" for the Venice Biennale, not for liturgical use, and he chose the words himself to suit his musical purposes."
"the sound of trombones was thought to be especially solemn and noble. Trombones had also already acquired an association with death and the afterlife. Finally, the theological symbolism of the trombone, representing divine presence, the voice of the angels, and the instrument of judgment, was thereby underscored. Notable examples of the genre are the three ""Equali"" for four trombones of Ludwig van Beethoven (""""Drei Equale"""", WoO 30, see score), written for Franz Xaver Glöggl and performed in Linz Cathedral on All Souls' Day (2 November), 1812. Two of them were later performed, with the addition by Ignaz von Seyfried of"
"concerto from The Four Seasons, the ""Pifa"" movement of Handel's ""Messiah"", the first movements of Bach's ""Pastorale"" (BWV 590) for organ, and the ""Sinfonia"" that opens part II of his Christmas Oratorio as an introduction to the angelic announcement to the shepherds. Scarlatti wrote some examples in his keyboard sonatas, and many other composers in the transition between the baroque and classical eras, particularly French, used this technique. Rossini famously included a Pastorale section in his ""William Tell Overture."" The Italian pastorale ""Tu scendi dalle stelle"", sometimes called ""Carol of the Bagpipers"" (""Canzone d'i zampognari""), is a widely popular Christmas"
"about 1756; while staying in London in 1759, he died in a fire. Pockrich eventually found success with his performances of his ""musical glasses"" and is credited with their invention in 1741; he named the instrument an ""angelic organ"". His decrepit rooms were given over to development of his design and performance of it. His early method of playing, using wooden sticks, is comparable to a similar instrument, the 'glassspiel' or 'verrillon', designed a few years earlier on known principles. His 'virtuoso' performances, accompanied by a singer, received good notices, and reported to have been a popular act. He toured"
"orchestral repertoire that requires a more mellow sound. The name cornet derives from corne, meaning ""horn"", itself from Latin cornu. While not musically related, instruments of the Zink family (which includes serpents) are named ""cornetto"" or ""cornett"" in modern English to distinguish them from the valved cornet described here. The 11th edition of the ""Encyclopædia Britannica"" referred to serpents as ""old wooden cornets"". The Roman/Etruscan cornu (or simply ""horn"") is the lingual ancestor of these. It is a predecessor of the post horn from which the cornet evolved and was used like a bugle to signal orders on the battlefield."
"also be used for processionals and games, particularly in marching home from war Aeneators who blew a cornu (a G-shaped horn made of brass) were known as cornicines; those who blew a tuba (a straight bronze horn with a slight flare at the end) were known as tubicens; those who blew a buccina (a C-shaped horn made of bronze or silver or animal horn) were known as bucinators. Cornicens and tubicens mostly performed uncomplicated tactical signaling on the battlefield, and therefore were not accorded special status in the military unit. They had call duties in the barracks, just as other"
"score, which frequently reminds the listener of his famous symphonic poems. Since the opera's anti-hero Enrico is a bell maker, Respighi fills the music with many chiming and ringing effects. ""La campana sommersa"" is scored for the following instruments: 3 flutes (3 doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 2 tenor trombones, bass trombone, bass tuba, timpani, bass drum, handbells, cymbals, tam-tam, triangle, Basque drum, xylophone, anvils and drum sticks, harp, celesta, organ, bell, strings. The bell maker Enrico has built a bell for a new church, but the Faun"