In 1934, a regulation promulgated in a certain country required that when the Horst-Wessel-Lied was sung, what gesture must be performed?
"the Hitler salute of soldiers and uniformed civil servants while singing the ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"" and national anthem, and in non-military encounters both within and outside the ""Wehrmacht"" (for example, when greeting members of the civilian government). At all other times they were permitted to use their traditional salutes. Use of the Hitler salute was also permitted when in uniform. However, it is of importance to note that according to (pre-Nazi) ""Reichswehr"" and ""Wehrmacht"" protocol, the traditional military salute was not permitted when the saluting soldier was not wearing a uniform headgear (helmet or cap). Because of this, all salutes performed bareheaded,"
"all German public employees were required to use the salute. The decree also required the salute during the singing of the national anthem and the ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"". It stipulated that ""anyone not wishing to come under suspicion of behaving in a consciously negative fashion will therefore render the Hitler Greeting"". A rider to the decree, added two weeks later, stipulated that if physical disability prevented raising of the right arm, ""then it is correct to carry out the Greeting with the left arm"". On 27 September, prison inmates were forbidden to use the salute, as were Jews by 1937. By the"
"the SA song ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"". In modern Germany, the public singing or performing of songs identified exclusively with Nazi Germany is illegal. It can be punished with up to three years of imprisonment. The ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"" (""Song of Horst Wessel""), also known as ""Die Fahne Hoch"" (""High the Flags""), was the official anthem of the NSDAP. The song was written by Horst Wessel, a party activist and SA leader, who was killed by a member of the Communist Party of Germany. After his death, he was proclaimed by the NSDAP a ""martyr"" and his song gained widespread popularity among the party followers."
"1934 she had attended a party at , the little town where a quarter century earlier she had taken her first teaching job. Her return was celebrated with enthusiasm. ""So much love of the home country was almost intolerable."" The villagers were in the mood ""to party"". At the end of the evening a choir formed and burst into The Horst Wessel Song, which the Nazis has used as their ""party anthem"" since 1930: each of the revellers raised his/her right arm. ""Suddenly I no longer knew my old intimates any more,"" she later wrote. Then she realised that everyone"
"Horst-Wessel-Lied ""'"" (English: ""Horst Wessel Song""; ), also known by its opening words, ""'"" (""Raise the Flag""), was used as the anthem of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 the Nazis made it the co-national anthem of Germany, along with the first stanza of the ""Deutschlandlied"". Since the end of World War II, the anthem has been banned in Germany and Austria. The lyrics to ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"" were written in 1929 by ""Sturmführer"" Horst Wessel, the commander of the Nazi paramilitary ""Brownshirts"" (""Sturmabteilung"" or ""SA"") in the Friedrichshain district of Berlin. Wessel wrote songs for"
"the Weimar Republic—including the black, red, and gold tricolour flag—and adopted reworked symbolism. The previous imperial black, white, and red tricolour was restored as one of Germany's two official flags; the second was the swastika flag of the NSDAP, which became the sole national flag in 1935. The NSDAP anthem ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"" (""Horst Wessel Song"") became a second national anthem. Hitler knew that reviving the economy was vital. Germany was still in a dire economic situation, as six million people were unemployed and the balance of trade deficit was daunting. Using deficit spending, public works projects were undertaken beginning in 1934,"
"announcing ""This is not the sort of music to be played for mixed gatherings and in a flippant manner."" The song was played in some Protestant places of worship, as some elements of the Protestant Church in Germany had accepted the Horst Wessel cult, built as it was by Goebbels on the model of Christian martyrs of the past. With the end of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the ""Horst Wessel Song"" was banned. The lyrics and tune are now illegal in Germany, with some limited exceptions. In early 2011, this resulted in a Lower Saxony State Police investigation"
"before the ban on all non-Nazi parties. The Wehrmacht refused to adopt the Hitler salute and was able for a time to maintain its own customs. The military were required to use the Hitler salute only while singing the Horst Wessel Lied and German national anthem, and in non-military encounters such as greeting members of the civilian government. Only after the July 20 Plot in 1944 were the military forces of the Third Reich ordered to replace the standard military salute with the Hitler salute. Similar forms of salutes were adopted by various groups. Its use in France dates back"
"""Heil!"" (pffft) right in der Fuehrer's face Not to love der Fuehrer is a great disgrace So we ""Heil!"" (pffft), ""Heil!"" (pffft) right in der Fuehrer's face</poem> Each ""Heil!"" is followed by a Bronx cheer. Notes Bibliography Horst-Wessel-Lied ""'"" (English: ""Horst Wessel Song""; ), also known by its opening words, ""'"" (""Raise the Flag""), was used as the anthem of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 the Nazis made it the co-national anthem of Germany, along with the first stanza of the ""Deutschlandlied"". Since the end of World War II, the anthem has been"
"tempo at which the song had to be played. Some Nazis were extremely sensitive about the uses to which the ""Horst Wessel Song"" was put. For instance, a bandleader who wrote a jazz version of the song was forced to leave Germany, and when Martha Dodd, the daughter of William E. Dodd, at the time the US ambassador to Germany, played a recording of a usual arrangement of the song at her birthday party at the Ambassador's residence in 1933, a young Nazi who was a liaison between the German Foreign Ministry and Hitler's Chancellery, turned off the record player,"
"demonstration in Innsbruck at which, it was reported, she had joined in singing of the Horst-Wessel song and gave a Hitler salute. She was charged, convicted and fined. According to one source she was also banned from further study at any Austrian university. In February 1935 she was still a member of another Austrian National Socialist student group, but later that year, in or before November, she relocated to Germany. In March 1938, following an invasion from the north that met with little practical resistance, Austria was incorporated into an German state, albeit under very different circumstances from those that"
"to join Nazi organizations marked them as ""politically unreliable"". The state confiscated motor vehicles and bicycles used by Witnesses for their business, withdrew driver's licences, withdrew pensions and evicted Witnesses from their homes. Schoolchildren were required to sing the ""Horst Wessel song"" and ""Deutschlandlied"" at a flag salute roll call, give the Hitler salute and take part in ceremonies honoring Hitler; those who refused were beaten by teachers and sometimes by classmates, while many were also expelled. From March 1936 authorities began removing Witness children from their parents, forcing some of them to undergo ""corrective training"". From early 1935, Gestapo"
"stand at attention, men removing their hats. The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem, but not if the flag was not present. On December 23, 1942, the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7,"
"Nazi salute The Nazi salute, or Hitler salute (, ), is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. The salute is performed by extending the right arm from the neck into the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say """"Heil Hitler!"""" (Hail Hitler!), """"Heil, mein Führer!"""" (Hail, my leader!), or """"Sieg Heil!"""" (Hail victory!). It was adopted in the 1930s by the Nazi Party to signal obedience to the party's leader, Adolf Hitler, and to glorify the German nation (and later the German war effort). The salute was mandatory for"
"displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well. The text of is suggestive and not regulatory in nature. Failure to follow the"
"Fiume. Through d'Annunzio's influence, the gesture soon became part of the rising Italian Fascist movement's symbolic repertoire. In 1923 the salute was gradually adopted by the Italian Fascist regime. It was then adopted and made compulsory within the Nazi Party in 1926, and gained nationwide prominence in the German state when the Nazis took power in 1933. It was also adopted by other fascist movements. Since World War II, the Nazi variant has been a criminal offence in Germany and Austria. Legal restrictions on its use in Italy are more nuanced, and use there has generated controversy. The gesture and"
"Although his body has been reduced to a mass of bleeding and tumefied flesh, his spirit is still very high: when his traducers tried to force him to sing the Horst-Wessel-Lied (the Nazi's anthem) he defied their anger by singing the Internationale. On 2 February 1934, Mühsam was transferred. The beatings and torture continued, until finally on the night of 9 July 1934, Mühsam was tortured and murdered by the guards, his battered corpse found hanging in a latrine the next morning. An official Nazi report dated 11 July stated that Erich Mühsam committed suicide, hanging himself while in ""protective"
"gesture was supposed to disappear from the view of Italians and not contaminate their daily life. In 1938, the party abolished handshaking in films and theater, and on November 21, 1938 the Ministry of Popular Culture issued orders banning the publishing of photographs showing people shaking hands. Even official photographs of visiting dignitaries were retouched to remove the image of their handshaking. In Germany, the salute, sporadically used by the Nazi Party (NSDAP) since 1923, was made compulsory within the movement in 1926. Called the Hitler salute (""Hitlergruß""), it functioned both as an expression of commitment within the party and"
"which declares that treating the national symbols ""with reverence and respect"" is the ""right and obligation"" of every Polish citizen and all state organs, institutions and organizations. The anthem should be performed or reproduced especially at celebrations of national holidays and anniversaries. Civilians should pay respect to the anthem by standing in a dignified manner; additionally, men should uncover their heads. Members of uniformed services should stand at attention; if their uniform includes headgear and they are not standing in an organized group, they should also perform the two-finger salute. The song is required to be played in the key"
"as a demonstrative statement to the outside world. Yet in spite of this demand for the outward display of obedience, the drive to gain acceptance did not go unchallenged, even within the movement. Early objections focused on its resemblance to the Roman salute employed by Fascist Italy, and hence on it not being Germanic. In response, efforts were made to establish its pedigree and invent a proper tradition after the fact. The compulsory use of the Hitler salute for all public employees followed a directive issued by Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick on July 13, 1933, one day"
"throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the national anthem became nearly universal. Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; Non-military service individuals"
"official German national anthem. In 1919 the black, red and gold tricolour, the colours of the 19th century liberal revolutionaries advocated by the political left and centre, was adopted (rather than the previous black, white and red of Imperial Germany). Thus, in a political trade-off, the conservative right was granted a nationalistic composition – though Ebert advocated using only the lyrics' third stanza (which was done after World War II). During the Nazi era, only the first stanza was used, followed by the SA song ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"". It was played at occasions of great national significance such as the opening of"
"end of 1934, special courts were established to punish those who refused to salute. Offenders, such as Protestant preacher Paul Schneider, faced the possibility of being sent to a concentration camp. Foreigners were not exempt from intimidation if they refused to salute. For example, the Portuguese Consul General was beaten by members of the ""Sturmabteilung"" for remaining seated in a car and not saluting a procession in Hamburg. Reactions to inappropriate use were not merely violent but sometimes bizarre. For example, a memo dated 23 July 1934 sent to local police stations stated: ""There have been reports of traveling vaudeville"
"party congress. The entire crowd sings the ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"" as the camera focuses on the giant Swastika banner, which fades into a line of silhouetted men in Nazi party uniforms, marching in formation as the lyrics ""Comrades shot by the Red Front and the Reactionaries march in spirit together in our columns"" are sung. Riefenstahl, a popular German actress, had directed her first film called ""Das blaue Licht"" (""The Blue Light"") in 1932. Around the same time she first heard Hitler speak at a Nazi rally and, by her own admission, was impressed. She later began a correspondence with him that"
"Adolf Hitler came to national power in 1933, the song became the co-national anthem of Germany, along with the first verse of the """"Deutschlandlied"""", also known as """"Deutschland über alles"""". Horst Ludwig Georg Erich Wessel was born on 9 October 1907 in Bielefeld, Westphalia, the son of Wilhelm Ludwig Georg Wessel (born 15 July 1879), a Lutheran minister in Bielefeld, and later in Mülheim an der Ruhr, then at the Nikolai Church, one of Berlin's oldest churches. Wessel's mother, Bertha Luise Margarete Wessel (""née"" Richter), also came from a family of Lutheran pastors. Wessel's parents were married on 1 May"
"to at least 1938, the Nazis sometimes ""sanctified"" swastika flags by touching them with the (blood flag), the swastika flag used by Nazi paramilitaries during the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. This ceremony took place at every Nuremberg Rally. It is unknown whether this tradition was continued after the last Nuremberg rally in 1938. At the end of World War II, the first law enacted by the Allied Control Council abolished all Nazi symbols and repealed all relevant laws. The possession of swastika flags is forbidden in several countries since then, with the importation or display of them forbidden"
"were made to the lyrics after Wessel's death: The dropping of the reference to ""barricades"" reflected the Nazi Party's desire in the period 1930–33 to be seen as a constitutional political party aiming at taking power by legal means rather than as a revolutionary party. After Wessel's death, new stanzas were added, composed in his honour. These were frequently sung by the SA, but did not become part of the official lyrics used on party or state occasions. After Wessel's death, he was officially credited with having composed the music, as well as having written the lyrics, for the ""Horst"
"melody was adopted by the Charlemagne French SS Division, Estonian SS Division, the Latvian Legion and the Norwegian Legion during the war. In 2013, Stefan Gotschacher, press secretary of the right-wing populist and national-conservative FPÖ political party in Austria, was fired after posting on his Facebook page lyrics from the song.. ""Es zittern die morschen Knochen"" (""The rotten bones are trembling"") by Hans Baumann was, after the ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"", one of the most famous Nazi Party songs and the official song of the Hitler Youth. The original song's refrain (1932) was """"Denn heute, da gehört uns Deutschland / und morgen die"
"can be considered appropriate civilian salutes. A more formal hat tip-and-lift is common in Britain, especially by doormen in hotels. In Ireland, citizens stand at attention when the national anthem ""Amhrán na bhFiann"" is played. They either sing or remain completely silent during the playing of the anthem. This practice usually takes place before Gaelic Games begin. It is also observed at bars and pubs if live music is played. When the performer(s) are finished playing it is traditional to perform the national anthem but less common in recent years. In many countries, gestures such as tipping one's hat when"
"August 19, 1933 the military was ordered to use the salute whenever an unarmed detachment of soldiers was called on to render military honors for the King or Mussolini. The symbolic value of the gesture grew, and it was felt that the proper salute ""had the effect of showing the fascist man's decisive spirit, which was close to that of ancient Rome"". The salute was seen to demonstrate the fascist's ""decisive spirit, firmness, seriousness, and acknowledgment and acceptance of the regime's hierarchical structure"". It was further felt that the correct physical gesture brought forth a change in character. The bourgeois"
"the class to be built, following the class namesake ""Gorch Fock"". Rudolf Hess gave the speech at her launch in the presence of Adolf Hitler, and Horst Wessel's mother christened the new ship with a bottle of champagne. The name was given in tribute to SA leader Horst Wessel, who had been accorded martyr status by the Nazi Party. He also wrote the song which came to be known as ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"", which was later used as the Nazi national anthem. Shortly after work began on ""Horst Wessel"", the Blohm & Voss shipyard laid the keel of the , which was"
"civilians but mostly optional for military personnel, who retained the traditional military salute until the failed assassination attempt on Hitler on 20 July 1944. Use of this salute is outlawed in modern Germany, and is also considered a criminal offense in modern Poland, Slovakia, and Austria. In Canada, the Czech Republic, France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, European Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and Russia, the salute constitutes illegal hate speech if used for propagating Nazi ideology. The salute was executed by extending the right arm to neck height and then straightening the hand so that it is parallel to the arm."
"homeland of the Greater German Reich"". Wessel played the ""schalmei"" (shawm), a double-reed woodwind instrument which was played in groups called ""Schalmeienkapellen"" (""Schalmeien orchestras or bands""), and which is still used in folk celebrations. Wessel founded an ""SA Schalmeienkapelle"" band, which provided music during SA events. In early 1929, Wessel wrote the lyrics for a new Nazi fight song ""Kampflied"" (""fight song""), which was first published in Goebbels's newspaper ""Der Angriff"" in September, under the title ""Der Unbekannte SA-Mann"" (""The Unknown SA-Man""). The song later became known as ""Die Fahne Hoch"" (""Raise the Flag"") and finally the ""Horst-Wessel-Lied"" (""Horst Wessel"