George de Mestral invented what type of fastener in 1948?
"branched out to the textile center of Manchester, New Hampshire in the United States. De Mestral gave the name Velcro, a portmanteau of the French words velours (""velvet""), and crochet (""hook""), to his invention as well as his company, which continues to manufacture and market the fastening system. However, hook and loop's integration into the textile industry took time, partly because of its appearance. Hook and loop in the early 1960s looked like it had been made from left-over bits of cheap fabric, an unappealing aspect for clothiers. The first notable use for Velcro® brand hook and loop came in"
"George de Mestral George de Mestral (June 19, 1907February 8, 1990) was a Swiss electrical engineer who invented the hook and loop fastener. He was born to Albert de Mestral, a civil engineer, and Marthe de Goumoëns in Colombier, near Lausanne, Switzerland. De Mestral designed a toy airplane at age twelve and patented it. He attended the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne. After graduation in 1930, he worked in the machine shop of an engineering company. He went for a hike and when he came back he discovered that his dog was covered in burs that had attached themselves to"
"the aerospace industry, where it helped astronauts maneuver in and out of bulky space suits. Eventually, skiers noted the similar advantages of a suit that was easier to get in and out of. Scuba and marine gear followed soon after. De Mestral unsuccessfully tried to update his patent; it expired in 1978. George de Mestral George de Mestral (June 19, 1907February 8, 1990) was a Swiss electrical engineer who invented the hook and loop fastener. He was born to Albert de Mestral, a civil engineer, and Marthe de Goumoëns in Colombier, near Lausanne, Switzerland. De Mestral designed a toy airplane"
"inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999 for inventing hook and loop fasteners. De Mestral first conceptualized hook and loop after returning from a hunting trip with his dog in the Alps in 1941. After removing several of the burdock burrs (seeds) that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur, he became curious as to how it worked. He examined them under a microscope, and noted hundreds of ""hooks"" that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair. He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple"
"sound. The original hook-and-loop fastener was conceived in 1941 by Swiss engineer George de Mestral. The idea came to him one day after returning from a hunting trip with his dog in the Alps. He took a close look at the burs (seeds) of burdock that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur. He examined them under a microscope, and noted their hundreds of ""hooks"" that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair. He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion if he could figure out how"
"its fur. He then worked on inventing hook and loop fasteners for ten years starting in 1948. In 1955 he successfully patented hook and loop, eventually selling 60 million yards (about 55,000 km) a year through a multimillion-dollar company. George was married three times: to Jeanne Schnyder in 1932, Monique Panchaud de Bottens in 1949, and Helen Mary Dale. On his father's death in 1966, de Mestral inherited the family home at Colombier, château Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges. De Mestral died in Commugny, Switzerland, where he is buried. The municipality posthumously named an avenue, L'avenue George de Mestral, in his honor. He was"
"fashion, if he could figure out how to duplicate the hooks and loops. Originally people refused to take him, and the idea, seriously. He took his idea to Lyon, which was then a center of weaving, where he did manage to gain the help of one weaver, who made two cotton strips that worked. However, the cotton wore out quickly, so de Mestral turned to synthetic fibers. He settled on nylon as being the best synthetic after, through trial and error, he eventually discovered that nylon forms hooks that were perfect for the hook side of the fastener when sewn"
"granted a United States patent for the Henry W. Putnam Stopper Fastening (US patent #23,263) that was reissued (US patent #1,606) on January 19, 1864. In this patent Putnam states being from New York but formally from Cleveland, Ohio. The Putnam Lightning stopper saw widespread use as a means to hold externally inserted corks into blob top soda bottles. On September 10, 1878 a patent (#207,982) was issued for an “Improvement in Bottle Stoppers and Bottle Fasteners”. On February 10, 1880 Putnam received a patent (#224,304) for the ""Putnam Magic Stopper"" that was an improvement to the Lightning stopper. He"
"and unfastened many times. On the verge of giving up, a new idea came to him. He bought a pair of shears and trimmed the tops off the loops, thus creating hooks that would match up perfectly with the loops in the pile. Mechanizing the process of weaving the hooks took eight years, and it took another year to create the loom that trimmed the loops after weaving them. In all, it took ten years to create a mechanized process that worked. De Mestral submitted his idea for a patent in Switzerland in 1951, which was granted in 1955. Within"
"fastened to tape.') granted in July 1856. Alison Gernsheim suggests that the unidentified French inventor was probably R. C. Milliet of Besançon, as the July 1856 patent was filed by their British agent, C. Amet. Milliet had already patented a 'tournure de femme' in Paris on 24 April 1856 which was described as comprising 'elastic extensible circles joined together by vertical bands.' Following its introduction, the women's rights advocate Amelia Bloomer felt that her concerns about the hampering nature of multiple petticoats had been resolved, and dropped dress reform as an issue. Diana de Marly, in her biography of the"
"Brass fastener A brass fastener, brad, paper fastener or split pin is a stationery item used for securing multiple sheets of paper together. A patent of the fastener was issued in 1866 to George W McGill. The fastener is inserted into punched holes in the stack of paper, and the leaves, or tines, of the legs are separated and bent over to secure the paper. This holds the pin in place and the sheets of paper together. For few sheets of paper, holes can be made using the sharp end of the fastener. A split pin may be used in"
"function to the mechanical counterpart split pins. Brass fastener A brass fastener, brad, paper fastener or split pin is a stationery item used for securing multiple sheets of paper together. A patent of the fastener was issued in 1866 to George W McGill. The fastener is inserted into punched holes in the stack of paper, and the leaves, or tines, of the legs are separated and bent over to secure the paper. This holds the pin in place and the sheets of paper together. For few sheets of paper, holes can be made using the sharp end of the fastener."
"Fastener A fastener (US English) or fastening (UK English) is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints; that is, joints that can be removed or dismantled without damaging the joining components. Welding is an example of creating permanent joints. Steel fasteners are usually made of stainless steel, carbon steel, or alloy steel. Other alternative methods of joining materials include: crimping, welding, soldering, brazing, taping, gluing, cement, or the use of other adhesives. Force may also be used, such as with magnets, vacuum (like suction cups),"
"allowing the snap to unfasten so the halters were able to be removed. Modern snap fasteners were first patented by German inventor Heribert Bauer in 1885 as the ""Federknopf-Verschluss"", a novelty fastener for men's trousers. Some attribute the invention to Bertel Sanders, of Denmark. These first versions had an S-shaped spring in the ""male"" disc instead of a groove. Australian inventor Myra Juliet Farrell is also credited with inventing a 'stitchless press stud' and the 'stitchless hook and eye.' In America, Jack Weil (1901–2008) put snaps on his iconic Western shirts, which spread the fashion for them. The Prym-company has"
"a true slide fastener. Forty-two years later, in 1893 Whitcomb Judson, who invented a pneumatic street railway, marketed a ""Clasp Locker"". The device served as a (more complicated) hook-and-eye shoe fastener. With the support of businessman Colonel Lewis Walker, Judson launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture the new device. The clasp locker had its public debut at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair and met with little commercial success. Judson is sometimes given credit as the inventor of the zipper, but he never made a practical device. The Universal Fastener Company moved to Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1901, reorganized as"
"it doesn’t break down, rot, or attract mold, and it could be produced in threads of various thickness. Nylon had only recently been invented, and through trial and error de Mestral eventually discovered that, when sewn under hot infrared light, nylon forms small hook shapes. However, he had yet to figure out a way to mechanize the process and to make the looped side. Next he found that nylon thread, when woven in loops and heat-treated, retains its shape and is resilient; however, the loops had to be cut in just the right spot so that they could be fastened"
"produce the Le Parfait and Fido brands, respectively. While bail-type jars are widely available in the United States, they are generally marketed there exclusively for dry storage and only rarely used for home canning. On January 5, 1875, Charles de Quillfeldt of New York City invented a wire-bail closure known as the Lightning closure. Within a short time he sold the patent rights to several individuals, including Henry Putnam and Karl Hutter. The stopper or lid was typically made from metal, porcelain, or ceramic, while a rubber gasket was used to seal the container. Putnam modified de Quillfeldt's design so"
"Adjustable spanner An adjustable spanner (UK, and most other English-speaking countries) or adjustable wrench (US and Canada) is an open-end wrench with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner. Several other names are in use, including casually imprecise use of a US trademark as crescent wrench. English engineer Richard Clyburn is credited with inventing an adjustable spanner in 1842. Another English engineer, Edwin Beard Budding, is also credited with the invention. Improvements followed: on 22 September 1885 Enoch"
"be inserted by using a specially designed hole punch to perforate the pages to conform to the discs. Several companies have manufactured or distributed disc-binding systems. These include the Belgian firm Atoma, the now-defunct Israeli brand Flic, Levenger Company (under the brand name Circa) in the US, Clairefontaine (under the brand 'Clairing') in France, Rollabind in the US, Office Depot (TUL), Staples (Arc), and William Hannah in the UK. Andre Tomas and Andre Martin (from whom the Atoma brand name was derived) invented and patented the first disc-binding system. In 1948, they sold their patent to Georges Mottart, who founded"
"""pintles"" and ""sockets."" In his patent U.S.P. 557,207 of 1896 is a description mostly like the zipper of today. In 1893 Judson exhibited his new invention at the Chicago World's Fair where it had its debut. Judson launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture his new invention, together with Harry L. Earle and Lewis Walker. The Universal Fastener Company started out in Chicago and then moved to Elyria, Ohio. It then moved to Catasauqua, Pennsylvania, and then to Hoboken, New Jersey. The name changed eventually to Automatic Hook and Eye Company. Judson's ""clasp-locker"" met with little commercial success at first."
"and is more suitable for automatic insertion and extraction. Pandrol Pandrol UK is a British company that manufactures rail fastenings, which are used to fasten rails to railway sleepers. The Pandrol clip was patented in 1957 by a Norwegian railways engineer, Per Pande Rolfsen. It is now common worldwide. Pandrol has manufacturing plants in 12 countries and 82 markets. Over 240 railway systems in 91 countries adopted its products. The original clip is now called the ""PR-clip"" The Pandrol ""Fastclip"" was introduced in 2000 to overcome some of the limitations of the original E-clip. In particular, the Fastclip is captive"
"More repair engineering work was required than initially foreseen. This was due to the weakening of the leg caused by drilling involved in installation of the wooden ball joint mechanism. Ultimately, the wooden ball concept was discarded and the production of this device ceased. Brother George O'Donnell of Shaker Village in New Lebanon, New York came up with a strong metal attachment device in 1852. It replaced the wooden ball bearing that was inserted into the wooden legs and secured with a leather strap. The metal ball-bearing mechanism was patented by him. It consisted of brass ferrules and balls. It"
"below the non-magnetic collars. They are often referred to as ""Monel collars"" as that was the first material used to make the collars and the name stuck. Monel is also used as a protective binding material on the outside of western style stirrups. Monel is used by Arrow Fastener Co., Inc. for rustproof T50 staples. Monel has also been used in Kelvinator refrigerators. Monel was used in the Baby Alice Thumb Guard, a 1930s-era anti-thumb-sucking device. Monel is used in motion picture film processing. Monel staple splices are ideal for resisting corrosion from use in continuous-run photochemical tanks. Monel 400"
"Pandrol Pandrol UK is a British company that manufactures rail fastenings, which are used to fasten rails to railway sleepers. The Pandrol clip was patented in 1957 by a Norwegian railways engineer, Per Pande Rolfsen. It is now common worldwide. Pandrol has manufacturing plants in 12 countries and 82 markets. Over 240 railway systems in 91 countries adopted its products. The original clip is now called the ""PR-clip"" The Pandrol ""Fastclip"" was introduced in 2000 to overcome some of the limitations of the original E-clip. In particular, the Fastclip is captive to the concrete sleeper to which it is attached"
"and used these to set up in subsequent years the Canadian firm Lightning Fastner Co. in St. Catharines, Ont. Sundback's work with this firm has led to the common misperception that he was Canadian and that the zipper originated in that country. Gideon Sundback increased the number of fastening elements from four per inch (about one every 6.4 mm) to ten or eleven (around every 2.5 mm), introduced two facing rows of teeth that pulled into a single piece by the slider, and increased the opening for the teeth guided by the slider. The patent for the ""Separable Fastener"" was"
"fasten or remove these fasteners. The TORX head's security variant also has such a pin for the same reason. Some hex keys have a ball on one end, which allows the tool to be used at an angle off-axis to the screw. This type of hex key was invented in 1964 by the Bondhus Corporation, and is now manufactured by several other companies. While providing access to otherwise inaccessible fasteners, thinning of the tool shaft to create the ball shape renders it weaker than the straight-shaft version, limiting the torque that can be applied. The tool also makes point contact"
"that would match up perfectly with the loops. Mechanizing the process of the weave of the hooks took eight years, and it took another year to create the loom that trimmed the loops after weaving them. In all, it took ten years to create a mechanized process that worked. He submitted his idea for patent in Switzerland in 1951 and the patent was granted in 1955. De Mestral expected a high demand immediately. Within a few years, he received patents and subsequently opened shop in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Canada. In 1957 he"
"L. S. Starrett Company L. S. Starrett Company () is an American manufacturer of tools and instruments used by machinists and tool and die makers. The company was founded when businessman and inventor Laroy Sunderland Starrett in 1880. The company patented such items as the sliding combination square, bench vises, and a shoe hook fastener. They make precision steel rules and tapes, calipers, micrometers, and dial indicators, among many other things. Starrett employs about 2,000 people worldwide and the company claims to be the last remaining full-line precision tool company to be manufacturing their products within the United States. However,"
"Metaklett Metaklett (from German ""Metall"", metal + ""Klettband"", Velcro ribbon) is a fastening material made of steel that acts on a similar principle to conventional hook and loop fasteners. It was developed by Reinz-Dichtungs-GmbH, Technische Universität München, Hölzel Stanz- und Feinwerktechnik GmbH & Co. KG and Koenig Verbindungstechnik GmbH. Metaklett is claimed to support shear strength 35 t/m² at temperatures up to 800 °C . It consists of two complementary strips of 0.2 mm thick perforated steel with catcher and holes. A second variant consists of two strips with protruding brushes and hooks. There is also a hybrid variant with"
"Molly (fastener) A molly or molly bolt, often misspelled moly, is a formerly trademarked name for a specialized screw fastener that would reliably fasten objects to plaster or gypsum board hollow walls. Larger sizes permit reasonably heavy objects, such as shelving, flatscreen-TV mounts or central-heating radiators to be attached to drywall in locations where there is no stud behind the drywall. For heavy objects, multiple molly bolts may be required. The molly bolt was patented in 1934 by George Frederick Croessant. Although his patent acknowledges that expandable fasteners of this general kind were already known, Croessant's patent is intended to"
"Bostitch Stanley Bostitch, previously and more commonly known as simply Bostitch, is an American company that specializes in the design and manufacture of fastening tools — such as staplers, staple guns, nailers, riveters, and glue guns — and fasteners — such as nails, screws, and staples. Its product range covers home, office, like the pencil sharpener, construction and industrial uses, like the power tool. The company developed a number of improvements to what would become the modern desk stapler. It is a subsidiary of Stanley Black & Decker. In August 2013, Stanley Black & Decker began selling tradesman's power tools"
"be traced to a patent that was filed by an inventor Edward O'Reilly and Catholic priest Joseph Durham who filed their patent in 1950. Their invention and subsequent patent was the result of his idea to incorporate a fiberglass stiffener into the mortarboard thus making it more sturdy. Such mortarboards are very commonplace throughout the world today. Doctorate holders of some universities wear the mortarboard, although the round Tudor bonnet is more common in Britain. The 4, 6, or 8 cornered ""tam"" is gaining popularity in the US, and in general a soft square tam has some acceptance for women"
"round, like those on straight-blade NEMA grounding devices. Referring to the picture, the orientation is the same as the NEMA 5 plug and receptacle, with the neutral blade on the lower right. Adapters are available with the TT-30P plug on one side and a 5-15R or 5-20R receptacle on the other side. When a power feed cord is detachable from an RV, an L5-30P is usually used on the RV end of the cord. Twist-locking connectors were first invented by Harvey Hubbell III in 1938 and ""Twist-Lock"" remains a registered trademark of Hubbell Incorporated, although the term is used generically"