The scientific suffix -ose indicates the presence of what type of carbohydrate?
"sugars, starch, and cellulose. The saccharides are divided into four chemical groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, the smallest (lower molecular weight) carbohydrates, are commonly referred to as sugars. The word ""saccharide"" comes from the Greek word ""σάκχαρον"" (""sákkharon""), meaning ""sugar"". While the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex, the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in the suffix -ose, as in the monosaccharides fructose (fruit sugar) and glucose (starch sugar) and the disaccharides sucrose (cane or beet sugar) and lactose (milk sugar). Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides serve for the"
"Galactose Galactose (, ""galacto-"" + ""-ose"", ""milk sugar""), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 30% as sweet as sucrose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose. Galactan is a polymeric form of galactose found in hemicellulose, and forming the core of the galactans, a class of natural polymeric carbohydrates. The word ""galactose"" was coined by Charles Weissman in the mid 19th century and is derived from Greek ""galaktos"" (milk) and the generic chemical suffix for sugars ""-ose"". The etymology is comparable to that of the word ""lactose"" in that both"
"Carbohydrate A carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where ""m"" may be different from ""n""). This formula holds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA, has the empirical formula CHO. The carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as aldoses and ketoses. The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of 'saccharide', a group that includes"
"-ane The suffix -ane is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds where the -C-C- group has been attributed the highest priority according to the rules of organic nomenclature. This type of Organic compounds are called as alkanes. They are saturated hydrocarbons. The hydrides of Silicon are called silanes SiH The hydrides of Boron are called boranes BH The names of the saturated hydrides of non-metals end with the suffix -ane The final ""-e"" disappears if it is followed by a suffix that starts with a vowel, e.g. ""propanol"". Alternatively, it may refer to a mononuclear hydride"
"led to the development and use of various artificial sweeteners. Scientifically, ""sugar"" loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. Monosaccharides are also called ""simple sugars,"" the most important being glucose. Most monosaccharides have a formula that conforms to with n between 3 and 7 (deoxyribose being an exception). Glucose has the molecular formula . The names of typical sugars end with -""ose"", as in ""glucose"" and ""fructose"". Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of carbohydrates soluble in water. The acyclic mono- and disaccharides contain either aldehyde groups or ketone groups. These"
"prefixes 'α-' and 'β-', which denote the relative configuration of the anomeric carbon to that of the stereocenter at the other end of the carbon chain. To determine if the sugar is α or β, the structure is drawn in a Fischer projection; if the endocyclic oxygen (O5) and exocyclic oxygen (O1) are ""cis"", the sugar is α; if they are ""trans"", the sugar is β. Examples Glycosides are saccharides in which the hydroxyl -OH at the anomeric centre is replaced by an oxygen-bridged group -OR. The carbohydrate part of the molecule is called glycone, the -O- bridge is the"
"Core oligosaccharide Core oligosaccharide (or Core-OS) is a short chain of sugar residues within Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Core-OS are highly diverse among bacterial species and even within strains of species The core domain always contains an oligosaccharide component which attaches directly to lipid A and commonly contains sugars such as heptose and 3-deoxy--mannooctulosonic acid (also known as KDO, keto-deoxyoctulosonate). The LPS Cores of many bacteria also contain non-carbohydrate components, such as phosphate, amino acids, and ethanolamine substituents. Many core structures have been described in the literature, this description is based on the ""traditional"" general structure (as found in enteric bacteria"
"Ribose Ribose is a carbohydrate with the formula CHO; specifically, it is a pentose monosaccharide (simple sugar) with linear form H−(C=O)−(CHOH)−H, which has all the hydroxyl groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. The term may refer to either of two enantiomers. The term usually indicates -ribose, which occurs widely in nature and is discussed here. Its synthetic mirror image, -ribose, is not found in nature. -Ribose was first reported in 1891 by Emil Fischer. It is a C'-2 carbon epimer of the sugar -arabinose (both isomers of which are named for their source, gum arabic) and ribose"
"recognized specifically; in addition, they can perform enzymatic catalysis (when they are known as ""ribozymes"", as initially discovered by Tom Cech and colleagues. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure. The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix ""aldo-"". Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix ""keto-"". Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses, glucose, fructose, Trioses, Tetroses, Heptoses, galactose, pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose. Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed"
"when that is not the case, one uses a numeric prefix to indicate the carbonyl's position. Thus for example, aldohexose means H(C=O)(CHOH)H, ketopentose means H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H, and 3-ketopentose means H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H. An alternative nomenclature uses the suffix '-ose' only for aldoses, and '-ulose' for ketoses. The position of the carbonyl (when it is not 1 or 2) is indicated by a numerical infix. For example, hexose in this nomenclature means H(C=O)(CHOH)H, pentulose means H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H, and hexa-3-ulose means H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H. Open-chain monosaccharides with same molecular graph may exist as two or more stereoisomers. The Fischer projection is a systematic way of drawing the skeletal"
"Threose Threose is a four-carbon monosaccharide with molecular formula CHO. It has a terminal aldehyde group rather than a ketone in its linear chain, and so is considered part of the aldose family of monosaccharides. The threose name can be used to refer to both the - and -stereoisomers, and more generally to the racemic mixture (/-, equal parts - and -) as well as to the more generic threose structure (absolute stereochemistry unspecified). The prefix ""threo"" which derives from threose (and ""erythro"" from a corresponding diastereomer erythrose) offer a useful way to describe general organic structures with adjacent chiral"
"chemistry. Some of the main organic reactions that involve carbohydrates are: Carbohydrate A carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where ""m"" may be different from ""n""). This formula holds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA, has the empirical formula CHO. The carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as aldoses and ketoses. The term is most common in biochemistry,"
"Aldose An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms. Aldoses can be distinguished from ketoses, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore ketones. Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general chemical formula C(HO). Because formaldehyde (n=1) and glycolaldehyde (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates, the simplest possible aldose is the triose glyceraldehyde, which only contains three carbon atoms. Because they have"
"the suffix ""-ase"" is combined with the name of the substrate (e.g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose) or to the type of reaction (e.g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers). The biochemical identity of enzymes was still unknown in the early 1900s. Many scientists observed that enzymatic activity was associated with proteins, but others (such as Nobel laureate Richard Willstätter) argued that proteins were merely carriers for the true enzymes and that proteins ""per se"" were incapable of catalysis. In 1926, James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a pure protein and crystallized it; he did likewise"
"A more general nomenclature for open-chain monosaccharides combines a Greek prefix to indicate the number of carbons (tri-, tetr-, pent-, hex-, etc.) with the suffixes ""-ose"" for aldoses and ""-ulose"" for ketoses. In the latter case, if the carbonyl is not at position 2, its position is then indicated by a numeric infix. So, for example, H(C=O)(CHOH)H is pentose, H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H is pentulose, and H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H is pent-3-ulose. Two monosaccharides with equivalent molecular graphs (same chain length and same carbonyl position) may still be distinct stereoisomers, whose molecules differ in the three-dimensional arrangement of the bonds of certain atoms. This happens only"
"group. Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar. If the carbonyl is at position 1 (that is, ""n"" or ""m"" is zero), the molecule begins with a formyl group H(C=O)− and is technically an aldehyde. In that case, the compound is termed an aldose. Otherwise, the molecule has a keto group, a carbonyl −(C=O)− between two carbons; then it is formally a ketone, and is termed a ketose. Ketoses of biological interest usually have the carbonyl at position 2. The various classifications above can be combined, resulting in names such as ""aldohexose"" and ""ketotriose""."
"of which represent important stereochemical information about the forms they depict. Aldose An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms. Aldoses can be distinguished from ketoses, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore ketones. Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general chemical formula C(HO). Because formaldehyde (n=1) and glycolaldehyde (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates, the simplest possible aldose is the"
"acids whose names end to the suffix ""-ous"". On the other hand, the suffix ""-ate"" occurs in names of anions and salts derived from acids whose names end to the suffix ""-ic"". Prefixes ""hypo-"" and ""per-"" occur in the name of anions and salts; for example the ion is called ""perchlorate"". In a few cases, the prefixes ""ortho-"" and ""para-"" occur in names of some oxyacids and their derivative anions. In such cases, the ""para-"" acid is what can be thought as remaining of the ""ortho-"" acid if a water molecule is separated from the ""ortho-"" acid molecule. For example,"
"because it consists of two glucose molecules. Glucose is a hexose: a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms. The two glucose units are in the pyranose form and are joined by an O-glycosidic bond, with the first carbon (C) of the first glucose linked to the fourth carbon (C) of the second glucose, indicated as (1→4). The link is characterized as α because the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C) is in the opposite plane from the substituent in the same ring (C of the first glucose). If the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C) were in the same"
"contain roots meaning ""milk sugar"". Lactose is a disaccharide of galactose plus glucose. Galactose exists in both open-chain and cyclic form. The open-chain form has a carbonyl at the end of the chain. Four isomers are cyclic, two of them with a pyranose (six-membered) ring, two with a furanose (five-membered) ring. Galactofuranose occurs in bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and is recognized by a putative chordate immune lectin intelectin through its exocyclic 1,2-diol. In the cyclic form there are two anomers, named alpha and beta, since the transition from the open-chain form to the cyclic form involves the creation of a"
"of an element. For instance, methane for CH and oxidane for HOwater. For the etymology of the term, see Alkane. <br> -ane The suffix -ane is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds where the -C-C- group has been attributed the highest priority according to the rules of organic nomenclature. This type of Organic compounds are called as alkanes. They are saturated hydrocarbons. The hydrides of Silicon are called silanes SiH The hydrides of Boron are called boranes BH The names of the saturated hydrides of non-metals end with the suffix -ane The final ""-e"" disappears if"
"L-Glucose -Glucose is an organic compound with formula CHO or H–(C=O)–(CHOH)–H, specifically one of the aldohexose monosaccharides. As the -isomer of glucose, it is the enantiomer of the more common -glucose. -Glucose does not occur naturally in higher living organisms, but can be synthesized in the laboratory. -Glucose is indistinguishable in taste from -glucose, but cannot be used by living organisms as a source of energy because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. One of the known exceptions is in ""Burkholderia caryophylli"", a plant pathogenic bacterium, which contains the enzyme -threo-aldose 1-dehydrogenase which"
"mash is heated, the enzyme causes the starch in the barley seed to transform quickly into soluble sugars and hence the husk to separate from the rest of the seed. Today, ""diastase"" refers to any α-, β-, or γ-amylase (all of which are hydrolases) that can break down carbohydrates. The commonly used -ase suffix for naming enzymes was derived from the name diastase. When used as a pharmaceutical drug, diastase has the ATC code . Amylases can also be extracted from other sources including plants, saliva and milk. Urine diastase is useful in diagnosing uncertain abdominal cases (especially when pancreatitis"
"which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, mostly in a ratio of 1:2:1 (generalized formula CHO, where ""n"" is at least 3). Glucose (CHO) is one of the most important carbohydrates; others include fructose (CHO), the sugar commonly associated with the sweet taste of fruits, and deoxyribose (CHO). A monosaccharide can switch between acyclic (open-chain) form and a cyclic form. The open-chain form can be turned into a ring of carbon atoms bridged by an oxygen atom created from the carbonyl group of one end and the hydroxyl group of another. The cyclic molecule has an hemiacetal or"
"Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut, although this discovery was not widely accepted until it was confirmed in 1872 by Irish chemist and brewer Cornelius O'Sullivan. Its name comes from malt, combined with the suffix '-ose' which is used in names of sugars. Maltose making and use in China goes as far back as the Shang dynasty. In Japan, the use of maltose has been recorded since the period of Emperor Jimmu. Maltose is a disaccharide: the carbohydrates are generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar subunits. Maltose, with two sugar units, is an oligosaccharide, specifically a disaccharide,"
"to 200 mg/kg/h). D-ribose has been suggested for use in management of congestive heart failure (as well as other forms of heart disease) and for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Ribose Ribose is a carbohydrate with the formula CHO; specifically, it is a pentose monosaccharide (simple sugar) with linear form H−(C=O)−(CHOH)−H, which has all the hydroxyl groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. The term may refer to either of two enantiomers. The term usually indicates -ribose, which occurs widely in nature and is discussed here. Its synthetic mirror image, -ribose, is not found"
"Sialyl-Lewis X Sialyl Lewis, also known as sialyl Le or SLe, is a tetrasaccharide carbohydrate with the sequence Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4[Fucα1-3]GlcNAcβ- that is usually attached to O-glycans on the surface of cells. It is known to play a vital role in cell-to-cell recognition processes. It is also the means by which an egg attracts sperm; first, to stick to it, then bond with it and eventually form a zygote. The discovery of the essential role that this tetrasaccharide plays in the fertilization process was reported in August 2011. ""Sialyl Lewis "" is also one of the most important blood group antigens and"
"unless functional groups of higher precedence are present. If a prefix form is required, ""oxo-"" is used (as for ketones), with the position number indicating the end of a chain: CHOCHCOOH is 3-oxopropanoic acid. If the carbon in the carbonyl group cannot be included in the attached chain (for instance in the case of cyclic aldehydes), the prefix ""formyl-"" or the suffix ""-carbaldehyde"" is used: CHCHO is cyclohexanecarbaldehyde. If an aldehyde is attached to a benzene and is the main functional group, the suffix becomes benzaldehyde. In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix ""-oic acid"" (etymologically a back-formation"
"its chiral handedness. If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the monosaccharide is an aldose; if the carbonyl group is a ketone, the monosaccharide is a ketose. Monosaccharides with three carbon atoms are called trioses, those with four are called tetroses, five are called pentoses, six are hexoses, and so on. These two systems of classification are often combined. For example, glucose is an aldohexose (a six-carbon aldehyde), ribose is an aldopentose (a five-carbon aldehyde), and fructose is a ketohexose (a six-carbon ketone). Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group (-OH), with the exception of the first and last carbons,"
"centers, where ""the prefixes... designate the relative configuration of the centers"". As is depicted in a Fischer projection of -threose, the adjacent substituents will have a syn orientation in the isomer referred to as ""threo"", and are anti in the isomer referred to as ""erythro"". Threose Threose is a four-carbon monosaccharide with molecular formula CHO. It has a terminal aldehyde group rather than a ketone in its linear chain, and so is considered part of the aldose family of monosaccharides. The threose name can be used to refer to both the - and -stereoisomers, and more generally to the racemic"
"Mannose Mannose, packaged as the nutritional supplement ""d-mannose"", is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates. Mannose is a C-2 epimer of glucose. Mannose is important in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins. Several congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with mutations in enzymes involved in mannose metabolism. Mannose is not an essential nutrient; it can be produced in the human body from glucose, or converted into glucose. Mannose provides 2-5 kilocalories per gram. Mannose is partially excreted in the urine. Mannose commonly exists as two different sized rings, the pyranose (six-membered) form and the"
"solution, and the result is an equilibrium mixture of alpha-beta configurations. Furanose A furanose is a collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a five-membered ring system consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. The name derives from its similarity to the oxygen heterocycle furan, but the furanose ring does not have double bonds. The furanose ring is a cyclic hemiacetal of an aldopentose or a cyclic hemiketal of a ketohexose. A furanose ring structure consists of four carbon and one oxygen atom with the anomeric carbon to the right of the oxygen. The"
"Psicose -Psicose (-allulose, -ribo-2-hexulose, CHO) is a low-energy monosaccharide sugar present in small quantities in natural products. First identified in wheat more than 70 years ago, psicose is a C-3 epimer of -fructose, and is present in small quantities in agricultural products and commercially prepared carbohydrate complexes. The sweetness of psicose is estimated to be 70% of the sweetness of sucrose. As of 2018, major commercial food or beverage manufacturers use psicose as a sweetener. The first mass-production method for psicose was established when Ken Izumori at Kagawa University in Japan discovered the key enzyme, -tagatose 3-epimerase, to convert fructose"