In old measures how many chains made a furlong?
"in the Hoddle Grid of Melbourne are also one furlong in length. Much of Ontario, Canada, was originally surveyed on a ten-furlong grid, with major roads being laid out along the grid lines. Now that distances are shown on road signs in kilometres, these major roads are almost exactly two kilometres apart. The exits on highways running through Toronto, for example, are generally at intervals of two kilometres. The furlong is also a base unit of the humorous FFF system of units. The exact conversion of the furlong to SI units varies slightly among English-speaking countries. In Canada and the"
"Chain (unit) The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). It is subdivided into 100 links or 4 rods. There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. In metric terms, it is 20.1168 m long. By extension, chainage (running distance) is the distance along a curved or straight survey line from a fixed commencing point, as given by an odometer. The chain has been used for several centuries in England and in some other countries influenced by English practice. In the United Kingdom, there were 80 chains to the"
"Chain Road, by Lee Kernaghan, include the line ""He lived out on the three chain road"". Chain (unit) The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). It is subdivided into 100 links or 4 rods. There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. In metric terms, it is 20.1168 m long. By extension, chainage (running distance) is the distance along a curved or straight survey line from a fixed commencing point, as given by an odometer. The chain has been used for several centuries in England and in some"
"meters). There are 10 chains or 40 rods in a furlong (eighth-mile), and so 80 chains or 320 rods in one statute mile (1760 yards, 1609.344 m, 1.609344 km); the definition of which was set by Royal surveyor (called the 'sworn viewer') John Ogilby only after the Great Fire of London (1666). An acre is defined as the area of 10 square chains (that is, an area of one chain by one furlong), and derives from the shapes of new-tech plows and the desire to quickly survey seized church lands into a quantity of squares for quick sales by Henry"
"the fundamental unit of land measurement. A furlong was forty rods, an acre four by 40 rods, or four rods by one furlong, and thus 160 square rods. At the time, the Saxons used the North German foot, which was 10 percent longer than the foot of today. When England changed to the shorter foot in the late 13th century, rods and furlongs remained unchanged, since property boundaries were already defined in rods and furlongs. The only thing that changed was the number of feet and yards in a rod or a furlong, and the number of square feet and"
"leading to serious complications in trade, taxation, etc. Around the year 1300, by royal decree England standardized a long list of measures. Among the important units of distance and length at the time were the foot, yard, rod (or pole), furlong, and the mile. The rod was defined as yards or feet, and the mile was eight furlongs, so the definition of the furlong became 40 rods and that of the mile became 5,280 feet (eight furlongs/mile times 40 rods/furlong times feet/rod). A description from 1675 states, ""Dimensurator or Measuring Instrument whereof the mosts usual has been the Chain, and"
"different lengths. Based on data from the following: In England, the rod is first defined in law by the Composition of Yards and Perches, one of the statutes of uncertain date from the late 13th to early 14th centuries. The length of the ""chain"" was standardized in 1620 by Edmund Gunter at exactly four rods. Fields were measured in ""acres"", which were one chain (four rods) by one furlong (in the United Kingdom, ten chains). Bars of metal one rod long were used as standards of length when surveying land. The rod was still in use as a common unit"
"and one furlong. A long, narrow strip of land is more efficient to plough than a square plot, since the plough does not have to be turned so often. The word ""furlong"" itself derives from the fact that it is one furrow long. Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres. These were differently sized in different countries: for instance, the historical French acre was 4,221 square metres, whereas in Germany there were many variants of ""acre"", differing between the German states: Statutory values for the acre were enacted in England, and"
"United Kingdom, which define the furlong in terms of the international yard of exactly 0.9144 metres, a furlong is 201.168 m. Australia does not formally define the furlong, but it does define the chain and link in terms of the international yard. In the United States, which defines the furlong, chain, rod, and link in terms of the U.S. survey foot of exactly metre, a furlong is approximately 201.1684 m long. The United States does not formally define a ""survey yard"". The difference of approximately two parts per million between the U.S. value and the ""international"" value is insignificant for"
"because turning a team of oxen pulling a heavy plough was difficult. This offset the drainage advantages of short furrows and meant furrows were made as long as possible. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain (66 feet or 22 yards) wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an acre's length, though in modern usage an area of one acre can be of any shape. The term furlong, or shot, was also used to describe a grouping of adjacent strips within an open field. Among the early Anglo-Saxons, the rod was"
"exchanging N for S and E for W. In other words, ""N 42°35' W"" describes the same boundary as ""S 42°35' E"", but is traversed in the opposite direction. In most distance measures, especially those in older deeds and where measuring distances over a furlong, boundary lengths are listed in rods or poles instead of feet or meters. Rods and poles are equivalent measures equaling 16.5 feet. There are four rods in one chain. The old English surveyors actually carried chains 66 feet in length with which to measure lengths, as well as poles 16.5 feet long, and many older"
"chains was that constructed, to very high precision, for the measurement of the baselines of the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) and the Principal Triangulation of Great Britain. The even less common ""Rathborn system"", also from the 17th century, is based on a 200-link chain of two rods (33 feet, 10.0584 m) length. Each rod (or perch or pole) consists of 100 links, (1.98 inches, 50.292 mm each), which are called ""seconds"" (″), ten of which make a ""prime"" (′, 19.8 inches, 0.503 m). Vincent Wing made chains with 9.90-inch links, most commonly as 33-foot half-chains of 40 links. These chains were"
"Chain, and the common length for English Measures 4 Poles, as answering indifferently to the Englishs Mile and Acre, 10 such Chains in length making a Furlong, and 10 single square Chains an Acre, so that a square Mile contains 640 square Acres...' John Ogilby, Britannia, 1675 From Gunter's system, the chain and the link became standard surveyors' units of length and crossed to the colonies. The thirteen states of America were expanding westward and the public land had to be surveyed for a cadastral. In 1784 Thomas Jefferson wrote a report for the Continental Congress proposing the rectangular survey"
"step (""krok""), equalling 3.75 of standard ell, or 2.2333 metres. Two steps made a rod (""pręt"", 4.4665 metres), 2 rods made a stick (""laska""), and five sticks were equal to a cable (""sznur"" of 44.665 metres). Finally 3 cables made up a furlong (""staje"") of roughly 134 metres. In measuring the distance between cities, the basic unit was ""staje"", although it was different from the ""staje"" mentioned before and had the length of roughly 893 metres. Eight ""staje"" made up a Polish mile of 7144 metres. The weights were based on the Polish pound (""funt"" of 0.4052 kg) composed of"
"surrounded by a wall made of jasper. It says in that the height, length, and width are of equal dimensions - as it was with the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle and First Temple - and they measure 12,000 furlongs (which is approximately 1500.3 miles, or 1 furlong = approx 220 yards). John writes that the wall is 144 cubits, which is assumed to be the thickness since the length is mentioned previously. 144 cubits are about equal to 65 meters, or 72 yards. It is important to note that 12 is the square root of 144. The number"
"shape of the mouldboard, and so the field had to be ploughed in long strips, or ""lands"". The plough was usually worked clockwise around each land, ploughing the long sides and being dragged across the short sides without ploughing. The length of the strip was limited by the distance oxen (or later horses) could comfortably work without a rest, and their width by the distance the plough could conveniently be dragged. These distances determined the traditional size of the strips: a furlong, (or ""furrow's length"", ) by a chain () – an area of one acre (about 0.4 hectares); this"
"vessels at low water of spring tides. The chaldrons were lowered to the ship on a swinging derrick; as they descended the tension on the restraining cable increased; a 5-ton chain was housed in a shaft, and at first it was coiled on the base. As the load descended the chain was increasingly pulled up, neatly counterbalancing the weight of the loaded chaldron; when the chaldron was discharged the weight of the chain pulled it back up. The main line was 33 miles 7 furlongs in length; there was a branch to Medomsley Colliery (1 mile 2 furlongs), and in"
"were common markers on the roads in India. Minimum length = 1 Inch<br> No-one can say how it evolved. ""Yinch"" was the thickness of the thumb, not quite one inch.<br> 12 Inches = 1 Foot<br> 3 Feet = 1 Yard<br> 660 Feet = 1 Furlong<br> 5,280 Feet = 1 Mile<br> 1,760 Yards = 1 Mile<br> 1 Mile = 8 Furlongs<br> 22 Yards = 1 Chain<br> 1 Acre = (1 Chain) × (1 Furlong) 1 Canal mile = 5000 imperial feet on canals shown by stone marker each 5000 feet and also on British maps at 1:63360 scale and later Pakistan"
"mile to diverge. Owing to the importance of the surveyor's rod in deeds and surveying undertaken under Henry VIII, decreasing the length of the rod by would have amounted to a significant tax increase. Parliament instead opted to maintain the mile of 8 furlongs (which were derived from the rod) and to increase the number of feet per mile from the old Roman value. The applicable passage of the statute reads: ""A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles, and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and half."" The statute mile therefore contained 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards."
"be ""a block of up to forty selions"" Selion Selion is a medieval open strip of land or small field used for growing crops, usually owned by or rented to peasants. A selion of land was typically one furlong (660 ft) long and one chain (66 ft) wide. However, exact measurements could vary depending on geography of the land. The area of one furlong by one chain is one acre. Monasteries or similar institutions were often bequeathed selions and then derived an income from them by letting. Relation to Strip farming A strip of land consisted of one, two or"
"as latterly defined measured exactly 8 Irish furlongs, 320 Irish perches, or 2240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres. During the Elizabethan era, 4 Irish miles were generally equated to 5 English ones although whether this meant the old English mile or the shorter statute mile is unclear. The 21-foot perch was in use by 1609 for the Plantation of Ulster. However, a 1715 Irish statute defines the fare for ferries in terms of ""common Irish miles: (that is to say) at one English mile and an half or twelve furlongs at least to each mile"". Prior to"
"""furlong"" in place of the Greek ""stadion"", although more recent translations often use miles or kilometres in the main text and give the original numbers in footnotes. In the Roman system, there were 625 feet to the ""stadium"", eight ""stadia"" to the mile, and three miles to the league. A league was considered to be the distance a man could walk in one hour, and the mile (from ""mille"", ""meaning thousand"") consisted of 1,000 ""passus"" (paces, five feet, or double-step). After the fall of the Roman Empire, medieval Europe continued with the Roman system, which the people proceeded to diversify,"
"lengths of , , , , and even . In Ireland, a perch was standardized at , making an Irish chain, furlong and mile proportionately longer by 27.27% than the ""standard"" English measure. Until English King Henry VIII seized the lands of the Roman Catholic Church in 1536, land measures as we now know them were essentially unknown. Instead a narrative system of landmarks and lists was used. Henry wanted to raise even more funds for his wars than he'd seized directly from church property (he'd also assumed the debts of Monasteries), and as James Burke writes and quotes in"
"two new units of measure— the chain and the link—and a new measuring device: Gunter's chain. Gunter's chain was one chain (one tenth of a furlong) in length and consisted of 100 links, making each link 0.001 furlongs. The decimal nature of these units and of the device made it easy to calculate the area of a rectangle of land in acres and decimal fractions of an acre. In 1670, John Wilkins, the first president of the Royal Society, published his proposal for a decimal system of measure, in his work ""An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical"
"the furlong and the rood appear to be units related to ploughing procedures. Of particular interest was the rood which was 15 North German feet in length, the North German foot being equivalent to 335 mm (13.2 inches). Craftsmen, on the other hand used a shorter Roman foot. Standardization of weights and measures was a recurring issue for monarchs. In 965 AD, King Edgar decreed ""that only one weight and one measure should pass throughout the King's dominion"". In 1197 Richard I decreed that the measures of corn and pulse, and of wine and ale should be the same throughout"
"swivels, clevises, and anchors, the chain weighed 65 tons. For buoyancy, logs were cut into sections, waterproofed, and joined by fours into rafts fastened with timbers. Short sections of chain (10 links, a swivel, and a clevis) were stapled across each raft and later, in the river, the chain sections were united. Peter Townsend, owner of Sterling Iron Works, was paid by the Continental Congress to manufacture the chain. Captain Thomas Machin, the Artillery Officer and engineer who had installed the chain at Fort Montgomery, was assigned to the same task at West Point. On 30 April 1778, he directed"
"Selion Selion is a medieval open strip of land or small field used for growing crops, usually owned by or rented to peasants. A selion of land was typically one furlong (660 ft) long and one chain (66 ft) wide. However, exact measurements could vary depending on geography of the land. The area of one furlong by one chain is one acre. Monasteries or similar institutions were often bequeathed selions and then derived an income from them by letting. Relation to Strip farming A strip of land consisted of one, two or three selions, although Rackham reports a strip might"
"(~296 mm) was divided into both 12 ""unciae"" (inches) (~24.7 mm) and 16 digits (~18.5 mm). The Romans also introduced the ""mille passus"" (1000 paces) or double steps, the pace being equal to five Roman feet (~1480 mm). The Roman mile of 5000 feet (1480 m) was introduced into England during the occupation. Queen Elizabeth I (reigned from 1558 to 1603) changed, by statute, the mile to 5280 feet (~1609 m) or 8 furlongs, a furlong being 40 rod (unit)s (~201 m) of 5.5 yards (~5.03 m) each. The introduction of the yard (0.9144 m) as a unit of length"
"mile and five furlongs in 1867–1873; a mile and a quarter in 1890–1892, 1895, and 1904–1905; a mile and a furlong in 1893–1894; and a mile and three furlongs from 1896–1903 and 1906–1925. The purse for the first running in 1867 was $1,500 added, meaning the purse was supplemented by nomination and entry fees. This made the total purse $2,500, with the winner receiving $1,850. The purse increased sharply in the Roaring Twenties, from Man O'War's earnings of $7,950 in 1920 to Gallant Fox's take of $66,040 in 1930. Purses declined as a result of the Great Depression, with War"
"square yards in an acre. The definition of the rod went from 15 old feet to new feet, or from 5 old yards to new yards. The furlong went from 600 old feet to 660 new feet, or from 200 old yards to 220 new yards. The acre went from 36,000 old square feet to 43,560 new square feet, or from 4,000 old square yards to 4,840 new square yards. The furlong was historically viewed as being equivalent to the Roman stade (""stadium""), which in turn derived from the Greek system. For example, the King James Bible uses the term"
"with eighteen links. The ring and the chain together weighed seven kilograms and 250 grams. There were longer chains, of twenty-four links, for those with longer sentences, and for those sentenced to life imprisonment, an additional triangular ring so they could be chained to their bed. Before the French Revolution and again after 1810, the prisoners were also branded on the shoulder with a hot iron, using the letters ""TF"" (""travaux forcés"", hard labour) and ""TFP"" (""travaux forcés à perpétuité"", hard labor for life). The daily food ration for prisoners was meager; 30 ounces (937 grams) of bread; 4 ounces"
"land (paddocks, orchards and gardens), called ""closes"". The ploughed fields and the meadows were used for livestock grazing when fallowed or after the grain was harvested. One of the two or three fields was fallowed each year to recover soil fertility. The fields were divided into parcels called furlongs. The furlong was further subdivided into long, thin strips of land called selions or ridges. Selions were distributed among the farmers of the village, the manor, and the church. A family might possess about 70 selions totalling about scattered around the fields. The scattered nature of family holdings ensured that families"
"fortnight. Like the more common furlongs per fortnight, firkins per fortnight have been used with the meaning ""any obscure unit"". FFF system The furlong–firkin–fortnight (FFF) system is a humorous system of units based on unusual or impractical measurements. The length unit of the system is the furlong, the mass unit is the mass of a firkin of water, and the time unit is the fortnight. Like the SI or meter–kilogram–second systems, there are derived units for velocity, volume, mass and weight, etc. While the FFF system is not used in practice, it has been used as an example in discussions"