The modern-day cattle breed of 'Heck' came about when it was attempted to bring back what extinct species?
"England from Belgium. Derek Gow, a British conservationist who operates a rare breeds farm at Lifton in Devon, bought a herd of 13 Heck cattle from Belgium in 2009. The herd grew to 20 animals, but in 2015 Gow slaughtered all but six due to handling problems. Heck cattle Heck cattle are a hardy breed of domestic cattle. These cattle are the result of an attempt by the Heck brothers to breed back the extinct aurochs from modern aurochs-derived cattle in the 1920s and 1930s. Controversy revolves around methodology and success of the programme. There are considerable differences between Heck"
"Heck horse The Heck horse is a horse breed that is claimed to resemble the tarpan (""Equus ferus ferus""), an extinct wild equine. The breed was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck in an attempt to breed back the tarpan. Although unsuccessful at creating a genetic copy of the extinct species, they developed a breed with grullo coloration and primitive markings. After the Nazi invasion of Poland, they were introduced to the Białowieża Forest, where a small herd still survives. Heck horses were subsequently exported to the United States, where a breed association was created"
"the Heck horse are the Welsh pony and Arabian horse, and a new breed of pony, called the Canadian Rustic Pony, has been developed from these three breeds. In Europe, many breeders cross Heck horses with Thoroughbreds to produce hunters. Heck horse The Heck horse is a horse breed that is claimed to resemble the tarpan (""Equus ferus ferus""), an extinct wild equine. The breed was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck in an attempt to breed back the tarpan. Although unsuccessful at creating a genetic copy of the extinct species, they developed a breed"
"domestic animals whose ancestors they were (see """"breeding back""""). By their work they created breeds of cattle and horse - later named ""Heck cattle"" and ""Heck horse"" respectively, after their creators - that are today seen as not sufficiently similar to their ancestors to be called a successful resurrection, although Heinz and Lutz Heck believed they had ""resurrected"" the breeds by their efforts. In June 1933 Heck joined the SS as supporting member. He joined the NSDAP in 1937. On occasion of Adolf Hitler’s birthday the zoologist was appointed professor. In the summer of 1938 he was appointed chief of"
"of tarpans was very similar – strong, approximately the same height, and with the same coloration and primitive markings. The tarpan was a Eurasian wild horse that became extinct in the wild in 1879, due to hunting and crossbreeding with domesticated horses, and in 1887 the last captive horse died in Russia. The Heck horse was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck, director of the Berlin Zoo, at the Tierpark Hellabrunn (Munich Zoo) in Germany in their attempt to breed back the tarpan. The Hecks believed they could recreate the extinct tarpan subspecies by back"
"the mistake man made when killing the species off. Heinz was the director of the Hellabrunn Zoological Gardens in Munich and Lutz of the Berlin Zoological Gardens. Only eleven years after they started their breeding experiments, just as the Weimar Republic was drawing to a close, they each announced success. The two brothers used different selections of cattle breeds in their breeding-back attempts. For example, Lutz Heck (in Berlin) used Spanish fighting bulls, while Heinz Heck (in Munich) did not. The Berlin breed seemingly did not survive the Second World War, so all modern Heck cattle go back to the"
"index in 1923, leading to a full publication in 1932. Thanks to Heck's efforts, the European bison population has significantly increased and the species has been re-released into the wild. Heinz Heck Heinz Heck (22 January 1894 – 5 March 1982) was a German biologist and director of Hellabrunn Zoo (""Tierpark Hellabrunn"") in Munich. He was born in Berlin and died in Munich. With his brother, Lutz Heck, who was director of the Berlin Zoological Garden, he worked on two breeding back projects to recreate extinct species. The Heck horse aimed to recreate the tarpan (the true European wild horse,"
"crossbreeds are called Taurus cattle. It is intended to bring in aurochs-like features that are supposedly missing in Heck cattle using Sayaguesa Cattle and Chianina, and to a lesser extent Spanish Fighting Cattle (Lidia). The same breeding program is being carried out in Latvia, in Lille Vildmose National Park in Denmark, and in the Hungarian Hortobágy National Park. The program in Hungary also includes Hungarian Grey cattle and Watusi. The Dutch-based Tauros Programme, (initially TaurOs Project) is trying to DNA-sequence breeds of primitive cattle to find gene sequences that match those found in ""ancient DNA"" from aurochs samples. The modern"
"breeding living descendants. They believed they could combine and rearrange the genetic material from these living descendants into a recreation of the extinct horse. Other breeders had the same idea, and used different genetic stock to attempt to recreate the tarpan or a reasonable look-alike. One result was a line of horses bred from American Mustangs by a breeder named Harry Hegardt. The Heck brothers bred together several European small horse and pony breeds hypothesized to be descended from the tarpan. They eventually integrated mares of the Konik, Icelandic horse, and Gotland breeds. These mares were bred to stallions of"
"went extinct in 1627, ""Česká krajina"" picked back bred cattle from the Dutch Tauros Programme. Tauros cattle is selectively bred from approx. 30 breeds of cattle with the aim to create breed resembling aurochs in appearance, size, behaviour and manner of grazing. The first herd of Taurosses arrived to the Czech Republic in October 2015, one male and five females. The first calf was born in April 2016. Modern DNA analysis suggests that the closest surviving relative to the extinct Central and West European wild horse (""Equus ferus ferus"") is Exmoor pony. The very first herd of 14 Exmoor ponies"
"Hook Bill The Hook Bill duck ( or ""Anatra Becco Curvo"", or ""Noord-Hollandse Krombekeend"") is a breed of domestic duck originating in Asia (probably India, as a likely relative of the Indian Runner duck) but spread in the Netherlands. The name refers to the bird's distinctive Roman nosed beak. The Hook Bill is an old breed that can be traced back to the 17th century. In the Netherlands, it was traditionally raised alongside canals. Its worldwide population in captivity is estimated to be no more than 400 individuals. It's considered an endangered duck breed. Today, it is primarily raised for"
"they produced the Heck horse. In the mid-1960s, Harry Hegard started a similar program in the United States using Mustangs and local working ranch horses that has resulted in the Hegardt or Stroebel's Horse. While all three breeds have a primitive look that resembles the wild type tarpan in some respects, they are not genetically tarpans and the wild, predomestic European horse remains extinct. However, this does not prevent some modern breeders from marketing horses with these features as a ""tarpan"". In spite of sharing primitive external features, the Konik and Hucul horses have markedly different conformation with differently-proportioned body"
"Aurochs The aurochs ( or ; pl. aurochs, or rarely aurochsen, aurochses), also known as urus or ure (""Bos primigenius""), is an extinct species of large wild cattle that inhabited Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It is the ancestor of domestic cattle; it has also been suggested as an ancestor genetically to the modern European bison, which have been crossbred with steppe bison. The species survived in Europe until 1627, when the last recorded aurochs died in the Jaktorów Forest, Poland. During the Neolithic Revolution, which occurred during the early Holocene, at least two aurochs domestication events occurred: one related"
"attempt was undertaken by the Heck brothers in Germany with the aim of breeding an effigy (a look-alike) of the aurochs. Starting in the 1990s, grazing and rewilding projects brought new impetus to the idea and new breeding-back efforts came underway, this time with the aim of recreating an animal not only with the looks, but also with the behaviour and the ecological impact of the aurochs, to be able to fill the ecological role of the aurochs. In the early 1920s, two German zoo directors (in Berlin and Munich), the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck, began a selective breeding"
"and then undertake a selective breeding program to reverse the evolutionary process. The intention would be that with every passing generation, the cattle would more closely resemble the ancient aurochs. The quagga, a subspecies of zebra which has been extinct since the 1880s, has been revived using selective breeding of zebras. Since the new animal is not genetically identical to the extinct subspecies, the new animal is called the Rau quagga. ""Chelonoidis elephantopus"", an extinct tortoise, originally discovered on the Galapagos Islands by Charles Darwin, has hopes of being revived through selective breeding. A group of scientists have collected over"
"best vague look-alikes of extinct wildtypes, as [[Heck cattle]] are of the [[aurochs]]. [[Purebred]] wild species evolved to a specific ecology can be threatened with extinction through the process of [[genetic pollution]], the uncontrolled hybridization, [[introgression]] genetic swamping which leads to homogenization or [[Fitness (biology)|out-competition]] from the [[heterosis|heterosic]] hybrid species. When new populations are imported or selectively bred by people, or when habitat modification brings previously isolated species into contact, extinction in some species, especially rare varieties, is possible. [[Interbreeding]] can swamp the rarer gene pool and create hybrids, depleting the purebred gene pool. For example, the endangered [[wild water"
"and selected for heightened similarity to the extinct aurochs in both morphology (looks) and instincts (behaviour). The founding herd consisted of one Chianina × Heck bull, four Heck cows and one Sayaguesa × Heck cow, and in 2009 three Sayaguesa bulls were added. As of 2010, the herd had grown to a size of 56 individuals. Included in the project is an effort to back-breed wild horses, using the species of Konik. The project is part of the Taurus Project initiated in Germany in 1996, which is not to be confused with the newer Tauros Programme initiated in the Netherlands."
"Quagga Project The Quagga Project is an attempt by a group in South Africa to use selective breeding to achieve a breeding lineage of plains zebra (""Equus quagga"") which optically resemble the extinct quagga (""Equus quagga quagga""). In 1955, Lutz Heck suggested in his book """" that careful selective breeding with the plains zebra could produce an animal resembling the extinct quagga: a zebra with reduced striping and a brownish basic colour. In 1971, Reinhold Rau visited various museums in Europe to examine the quagga specimens in their collections and decided to attempt to re-breed the quagga. Rau later contacted"
"to the bird's calm demeanor and high egg production. The Welsh Harlequin was admitted to the American Poultry Association's Standard of Perfection in 2001. The breed is considered to be critically endangered in North America by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, with only 188 breeding birds found in a 2000 census. Welsh Harlequin The Welsh Harlequin is a breed of domestic duck originating in Wales. In 1949, in Criccieth, Group Captain Leslie Bonnet discovered a colour mutation among his flock of Khaki Campbells and began Breeding selectively for the trait. By 1968, hatching eggs were exported to the United States,"
"Tux-Zillertal The Tux-Zillertal, , is an endangered Austrian breed of domestic cattle. It was created in 1982 when two similar Alpine breeds, the Tux and the Zillertal, were merged. The two names derive from those of the municipality of Tux in the Tuxertal, and of the neighbouring Zillertal, both in the Tirol region of Austria. The Tux-Zillertal may derive from the Swiss Hérens breed. Like the Hérens, it was long selected for the fighting ability of the cows, at the expense of productive characteristics. The Tux-Zillertaler breed was created in 1982 by merging the remaining populations of the two similar"
"than most commercial breeds, Herdwicks survive largely due to farming subsidies and the aid of the British National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. The root word of the breed's name, ""herdvyck"", ""sheep pasture"", is recorded in documents dating back to the 12th century. The origin of the breed itself is unknown, but the most common theory is that the ancestors of Herdwick sheep were introduced by early Norse settlers. According to this, it was brought to the region somewhere between the 10th and 11th centuries during the Viking invasions of western England. Although a piece of"
"was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a ""throw-back"". The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by selective breeding, or breeding back, led to breeds such as the Heck cattle. This had been bred from ancient landraces with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of ""reviving"" the aurochs, an extinct species of wild cattle. The same notions of atavisms were used by social Darwinists, who claimed that inferior races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than their own race. Both atavisms and Ernst Haeckel's"
"relative. Selective breeding is the process by which living relatives of the extinct species are identified and specifically mated to reproduce the traits of the extinct species. This method can recreate the traits of an extinct species, but the genome will differ from the original species. The aurochs, which became extinct in 1627, could possibly be brought back by taking DNA samples from bone and teeth fragments in museums in order to obtain genetic material to recreate its DNA. Researchers would then compare the DNA to that of modern European cattle to determine which breeds still carry the creature's genes,"
"became the breed’s main stud during the 1950s, but the herd was also preserved by buying animals from Germany. Between the two world wars, the German brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck crossed stallions of Przewalski's horse with mares of the Konik horse, as well as mares of other breeds such as the Dülmen pony, Gotland pony, and the Icelandic horse, to create a breed resembling their understanding of the tarpan phenotype. The result is called the Heck Horse. Other breeders crossed Koniks with Anglo Arabians or the Thoroughbred to increase their quality as a riding horse. Koniks today are bred"
"of the United States, and the animals are often freely hunted in hopes of eradicating them. When bred intentionally, the hybrid is intended to visually re-create – to ""back-breed"" – the look of pigs represented in prehistoric artworks of the Iron Age and earlier in ancient Europe. A project to create them, under the name Iron Age pig, started in the early 1980s by crossing a male wild boar with a Tamworth sow to produce an animal that looks like the pig from long ago. Iron Age pigs are generally only raised in Europe for the specialty meat market, and"
"entirely a result of selective breeding or landrace adaptation after domestication. Either way, the most common theories of prototypes from which all modern breeds are thought to have developed suggests that in addition to the so-called Tarpan subtype, there were the following base prototypes: Only two never-domesticated ""wild"" groups survived into historic times, Przewalski's horse (""Equus ferus przewalski""), and the Tarpan (""Equus ferus ferus""). The Tarpan became extinct in the late 19th century and Przewalski's horse is endangered; it became extinct in the wild during the 1960s, but was re-introduced in the late 1980s to two preserves in Mongolia. Although"
"Lutz Heck Ludwig Georg Heinrich Heck, called Lutz Heck (23 April 1892 in Berlin – 6 April 1983 in Wiesbaden) was a Nazi German zoologist, animal researcher, animal book author and director of the Berlin Zoological Garden. He was also an SS Hauptsturmführer. Together with his brother Heinz Heck, also a zoologist and director of the largest zoological garden in southern Germany, Tierpark Hellabrunn in Munich, he started a selective breeding program, which attempted – based on the knowledge of animal genetics of the time – to ""recreate"" wild animal species that are today extinct, from various forms of the"
"Near East and the Indian subcontinent between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, giving rise to the two major domestic taxa observed today: humpless ""Bos taurus"" (taurine) and humped ""Bos indicus"" (zebu), respectively. This is confirmed by genetic analyses of matrilineal mitochondrial DNA sequences, which reveal a marked differentiation between modern ""B. taurus"" and ""B. indicus"" haplotypes, demonstrating their derivation from two geographically and genetically divergent wild populations. A third domestication event possibly occurred from another form of the aurochs in Africa. The sanga cattle, a zebu-like cattle with no back hump, is commonly believed to originate from crosses between humped"
"originates from cattle that escaped from farms in 1918. It is one of two small isolated groups of cattle which escaped the process of hybridisation; the other is the Mishima breed from Mishima Island north-west of Hagi, in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Together they represent the only surviving remnant of the native cattle population of Japan. Since 1990, a few cattle have been removed from Kuchinoshima island, and small isolated populations have been bred at Kagoshima University and at Nagoya University; each has about 20 head, while some 55 remain on the island. In 2000 a mite-borne disease caused the death of"
"of 38 animals. The last recorded live aurochs, a female, died in 1627 in the Jaktorów Forest, Poland, from natural causes. The causes of extinction were unrestricted hunting, a narrowing of habitat due to the development of farming, and diseases transmitted by domesticated cattle. While all the wild subspecies are extinct, ""B. primigenius"" lives on in domesticated cattle, and attempts are being made to breed similar types suitable for filling the extinct subspecies' role in the wild. The idea of breeding back the aurochs was first proposed in the 19th century by Feliks Paweł Jarocki. In the 1920s, a first"
"the forests of Białowieża, Poland. During the war, the Hecks removed the animals from the forest and used them in their own breeding programs. Vetulani considered this a ""baffling campaign of destruction"", and the Hecks' actions effectively ended his breeding program. Some of the resulting Heck horses, closely resembling tarpans, were sent back to Białowieża, to become part of a hunting preserve for Nazi government officials. The land, and the horses, were returned to Polish management after the war ended. As of 2007, a small herd of the horses remained, living with little interference from humans, in Białowieża Forest, Europe's"
"interbreed with each other. Some hybrids have been recognized as species, such as the [[red wolf]] (though this is controversial). [[Artificial selection]], the deliberate [[selective breeding]] of domestic animals, is being used to [[breeding back|breed back]] [[Holocene extinction|recently extinct]] animals in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a [[phenotype]] that resembles that extinct [[wildtype]] ancestor. A breeding-back (intraspecific) hybrid may be very similar to the extinct wildtype in appearance, ecological niche and to some extent genetics, but the initial [[gene pool]] of that wild type is lost forever with its [[extinction]]. As a result, bred-back breeds are at"
"small herd of about 20 animals persisted until the 1970s, after which a programme of eradicating introduced livestock was implemented, with the cattle being exterminated by about 1984. Campbell Island cattle Campbell Island cattle were a feral breed of domestic cattle (""Bos taurus"") found on Campbell Island, New Zealand. From photographs taken in 1976 it appeared that the cattle were at least partly of shorthorn origin. This breed is now extinct. Cattle were introduced to Campbell Island in 1902, along with sheep and other livestock, as part of an ill-fated attempt to establish farming there. It was reported that, by"