What generic term for all African American soldiers was originally applied to the members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment by the native Apache Indians?
"six to ten, among them Custer's U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment of Little Bighorn fame, and the African-American U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment and U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment. The black units, along with others (both cavalry and infantry), collectively became known as the Buffalo Soldiers. According to Robert M. Utley: Westerners were proud of their leadership in the movement for democracy and equality, a major theme for Frederick Jackson Turner. The new states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Ohio were more democratic than the parent states back East in terms of politics and society. The Western states were the first to give"
"peacetime all-black regiments in the regular U.S. Army. On September 6, 2005, Mark Matthews, the oldest surviving Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Sources disagree on how the nickname ""Buffalo Soldiers"" began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877, the actual Cheyenne translation being ""Wild Buffalo."" However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against Comanches. Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche"
"few year later in 1873 Francis Roe an army wife stated a reason in one of her letters. According to her the Indians used the term because the curly hair of the black soldiers reminded them of the fur on the top of a buffalo's head. The 10th Cavalry Coat of arms was first confirmed on 11 February 1911 at Fort Ethan Allen in Vermont as ""General Orders No. 1"" by order of Colonel Thaddeus W. Jones. The 1911 description of the Arms is different from that used today, and has no functional difference except for symbolism. There was no"
"segregated regiments with white officers continued through the American Indian Wars of the late 19th century, the Spanish–American War, and World War I. Among the more famous segregated units during this period were the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, also known as The Buffalo Soldiers, who along with segregated infantry regiments, engaged the Comanches and Apaches during the Indian Wars of the Southwestern United States. At the onset of World War II, the Army remained segregated, and with the notable exceptions of units like the 92nd Infantry Division, very few African American soldiers were permitted to serve in Frontline Combat"
"10th Cavalry, a distinguished group of black ""buffalo soldiers"" who constructed many of the stone buildings still surrounding the old post quadrangle. At first, the garrison was called ""Camp Wichita"" and was referred to by the Indians as ""the Soldier House at Medicine Bluffs."" Sheridan later named it in honor of his West Point classmate and friend, Brigadier General Joshua W. Sill, who was killed during the American Civil War. The first post commander was Brevet Maj. Gen. Benjamin Grierson and the first Indian agent was Colonel Albert Gallatin Boone, grandson of Daniel Boone. Other forts in the frontier fort"
"the 10th Cavalry Benjamin Grierson, the first commander of the 9th Cavalry Edward Hatch, Medal of Honor recipient Louis H. Carpenter, Nicholas M. Nolan. The first black commissioned officer to lead the Buffalo Soldiers and the first black graduate of West Point, was Henry O. Flipper in 1877. From 1870 to 1898 the total strength of the US Army totaled 25,000 service members with black soldiers maintaining their 10 percent representation. From 1866 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States and the Great Plains regions. They participated in most of"
"one of the first two all-black cavalry units utilized in the country, along with the 9th US Cavalry. Together, the units earned the nickname ""Buffalo Soldiers"" for their toughness in combat. They faced racism in the segregated US military, and on January 2, 1869, the 10th Cavalry's stables at Fort Larned burned to the ground, possibly the result of racially motivated arson. The fire killed dozens of horses, destroyed equipment, and caused the unit to be reassigned to Fort Zarah. In 1999, magnetic gradiometry and electromagnetic conductivity surveys were conducted at the fort to attempt to determine the location of"
"compared to the 9th Cavalry's eight campaigns). Historian Thomas Philips counted 2,704 engagements with native tribes during this era, of which the four black regiments participated in 141 or about 4%. General of the Armies John J. Pershing is a controversial figure regarding the Buffalo Soldiers. He served with the 10th Cavalry Regiment from October 1895 to May 1897. He served again with them for under six months in Cuba. Because he saw them as real soldiers, he was looked down upon and called ""Nigger Jack"" by white cadets and officers at West Point. Only later during the Spanish–American War"
"A movin' into line. Pull in your reins and sit your horse, Git a movin' – git a movin'. If you can't ride you'll be a corpse; A movin' into line. Goin' to drill all day Goin' to drill all night, We got our money on the buffaloes, Somebody bet on the fight. </poem> The 10th U.S. Cavalry was formed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1866 as an all-African-American regiment. The 10th U.S. Cavalry regiment was composed of black enlisted men and white officers, which was typical for that era. By the end of July 1867, eight companies of enlisted"
"Henry Ossian Flipper Henry Ossian Flipper (March 21, 1856 – April 26, 1940) was an American soldier, former slave and, in 1877, the first African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point, earning a commission as a second lieutenant in the US Army. After his commissioning he was assigned to one of the all-black regiments in the US Army, which were historically led by white officers. Assigned to 'A' Troop under the command of Captain Nicholas M. Nolan, he became the first nonwhite officer to lead buffalo soldiers of the 10th Cavalry. Flipper served with"
"They were distinct for choosing to wear M1858 uniform hats (more popularly known as Hardee hats) rather than the kepis. The 14th Brooklyn, one of the most famous regiments of the Civil War, wore a Chasseur uniform their whole term. In 1862, following the capture of Confederate-held New Orleans by Federal soldiers, an all black regiment named the Chasseurs d'Afrique was raised. In the Argentinian Army, the term ""Cazador"" (Spanish for hunter, although in a military context it means chasseur or ranger) is used to designate certain special units trained to operate in specific geographical areas, such as mountain or"
"was promoted to Captain in the Regular Army on July 28, 1866. The 10th U.S. Cavalry was formed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1866 as an all-African-American regiment. The 10th U.S. Cavalry regiment was composed of black enlisted men and white officers, which was typical for that era. By the end of July 1867, eight companies of enlisted men had been recruited from the Departments of Missouri, Arkansas, and the Platte. Life at Leavenworth was not pleasant for the 10th Cavalry. The fort's commander, who was openly opposed to African-Americans serving in the Regular Army, made life for the new"
"Indians in 1880, and became widely known as an Indian fighter. He died in Fort Robinson, Nebraska April 11, 1889 and is buried in Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Edward Hatch Edward Hatch (December 22, 1832 – April 11, 1889) was a career American soldier who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war he became the first commander of the 9th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, a Buffalo soldier regiment with African-American troops commanded by white officers. Hatch was born in Bangor, Maine, and educated at the Norwich Military Academy"
"Du Bois and A. Philip Randolph forced the US to reconsider. The alternative would be the potential loss of needed African-American recruits for labor and service units. Four independent regiments were chosen to assume the designations of the 93rd (Provisional) Infantry Division's regiments (369th, 370th, 371st, and 372nd Infantry). The problem was, where to place them? The main American Expeditionary Force (AEF) refused to have African-American soldiers in combat. Ironically, the commander of the AEF, General John Joseph ""Black Jack"" Pershing had earned his nickname and reputation as an officer in the 10th Cavalry Regiment, then still a black Buffalo"
"cadets were already attending. The small group had a difficult time at the academy, where they were rejected by white students. Nevertheless, Flipper persevered, and in 1877, became the first of the group to graduate, earning a commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army cavalry. He was assigned to the 10th Cavalry Regiment, one of the four all-black ""buffalo soldier"" regiments in the Army, and became the first black officer to command regular troops in the U.S. Army. (Previously, all-black regiments had been commanded by white officers.) In July 1877, Flipper reported to Fort Sill in the Indian"
"lieutenant, the third black man to do so at the time (after Henry Ossian Flipper and John Hanks Alexander, and the last one until Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. in 1936). He was first assigned to the Tenth U.S. Cavalry Regiment. Through a reassignment, he served first with the Ninth U.S. Cavalry Regiment, starting in Nebraska. His subsequent service of 28 years was chiefly with black troops—the Ninth U.S. Cavalry and the Tenth U.S. Cavalry, black troops nicknamed the ""Buffalo Soldiers"" since the Indian Wars. The armed services were racially segregated until 1948, when President Harry S. Truman initiated integration by"
"the 9th Cavalry Regiment until August 1878. The 9th Cavalry was one of four African-American regiments which became known as the ""Buffalo Soldiers"". Day was ordered to El Paso, Texas, where he assumed command of A Troop. In 1879, Day and his troop were transferred west to New Mexico where they joined the rest of the regiment. After the Apache chief Victorio launched two successful raids on 9th Cavalry outposts near the Warm Springs Reservation after he left the San Carlos Reservation on August 21, the rest of the regiment was mobilized to go after him, marking the beginning of"
"a ""very fine and soldier-like"" with a large black ""overhanging moustache."" He would serve with the African-American troops of company ""A"" (later ""A"" Troop) for sixteen years and five months. Nolan conducted training, started patrols and the required paperwork associated with such an endeavor. Nolan not only conducted the first Buffalo Soldier patrol with Company A (later called Troop A), but his men were the first to engage in combat during a patrol. His friend and Civil War companion, Louis H. Carpenter also joined the 10th Cavalry. Carpenter was dispatched to Philadelphia to recruit non-commissioned officers in late summer and"
"More commonly worn is the light blue and red kepi of the French cavalry. The name was also applied to the first all African-American regiment formed by the United States Army in New Orleans in 1862. Chasseurs d'Afrique The Chasseurs d'Afrique were a light cavalry corps of chasseurs in the French Armée d'Afrique (Army of Africa). First raised in the 1830s from regular French cavalry posted to Algeria, they numbered five regiments by World War II. For most of their history they were recruited from either French volunteers or French settlers in North Africa doing their military service. As such"
"in a general field order and in official dispatches to the War Department in Washington. Captain Carpenter was brevetted Colonel."" In 1898, for his efforts in September and October 1868, Carpenter became one of seven 10th Cavalry soldiers to be awarded the Medal of Honor during its service on the frontier. The 10th Regimental headquarters remained at Fort Gibson until March 31, 1869, when they moved to Camp Wichita, Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma). They arrived on April 12, 1869. Camp Wichita was an old Indian village inhabited by the Wichita tribe on the Anadarko Reservation. General Sheridan"
"was characterized by overcrowding, little grass for livestock to graze or game to hunt, bad water, and hot temperatures. Deaths of Apaches at the reservation were numerous, especially from malaria, a disease previously almost unknown among them. The commander of the U.S. army in New Mexico, Colonel Edward Hatch, and the local commander at Ojo Caliente, Lt. Charles W. Merritt, of the 9th Cavalry (made up of African-Americans, the Buffalo Soldiers as they were called by the Apache) unsuccessfully petitioned the government in Washington, D.C. to allow Victorio a reservation at Ojo Caliente. Victorio's Apaches attacked settlers near Silver City"
"Louis Smith. The 10th was one of the Colored Cavalry Regiments that protected Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders near Santiago, Cuba in 1898. Theodore Roosevelt said of the Tenth Cavalry ""...brave men worthy of respect, I don't think any Rough Rider will ever forget the tie that binds us to the Tenth Cavalry."" Paschal Conley was initially a regimental clerk of the 24th Infantry at Fort Supply, east of present-day Fort Supply, Oklahoma. He encouraged the black soldiers to read and stay abreast of the news of the day. Due to Conley's efforts, ""The Huntsville Gazette"" became the first black newspaper"
"by the Native American tribes whom they fought. The term eventually was applied to all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866. During the country's westward expansion, Fort Leavenworth was a forward destination for thousands of soldiers, surveyors, immigrants, American Indians, preachers and settlers who passed through. On August 1, 1846, a Mormon Battalion, led by Col. James Allen, arrived at Fort Leavenworth. Colonel Allen became ill and died at the fort; his headstone marks his grave at the Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. Today, the garrison supports the US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) by managing and maintaining the"
"Army in the Indian Wars has led some to call for the critical reappraisal of the African American regiments. In this viewpoint the Buffalo Soldiers were used as mere shock troops or accessories to the forcefully expansionist goals of the U.S. government at the expense of the Native Americans and other minorities. This list is of the officers and men who received the Medal of Honor due to service with the original units called ""Buffalo Soldiers."" This list is of other notable African Americans who served in the original units as ""Buffalo Soldiers"" from 1866 to 1918. Buffalo Soldier Buffalo"
"lieutenant and returned home to Philadelphia on leave. After his leave he reported to the new 10th United States Cavalry Regiment. On January 2, 1867, Carpenter was elected as a companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS). He was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 433. After the Civil War, Carpenter was serving as a first lieutenant in the Regular U.S. Army and volunteered for cavalry duty with ""Negro Troops"" that were being raised. The 10th U.S. Cavalry was formed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1866 as an all African-American regiment."
"whites as the Dog Soldiers. They were much admired amongst the Cheyenne for their bravery and they played a leading role in the fighting against US forces. However, the use of dog ropes was not limited to the Cheyenne. They were also used by many other plains tribes, including the Arapahos, Mandans, Kiowas and Apaches. The term ""dog rope"" is thus unlikely to derive from the Dog warrior society. According to an informant of Marquis the term ""dog soldier"" is a general term for a camp guard, so called because they complement the barked warnings of the camp dogs. Thus,"
"U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry units, whose service earned them an honored place in U.S. history. During the Civil War, the U.S. government formed regiments known as the United States Colored Troops, composed of black soldiers and Native Americans. The USCT was disbanded in the fall of 1865. In 1867 the Regular Army was set at ten regiments of cavalry and 45 regiments of infantry. The Army was authorized to raise two regiments of black cavalry (the 9th and 10th (Colored) Cavalry) and four regiments of black infantry (the 38th,"
"upset over Pershing's harsh treatment and high standards took to calling him ""Nigger Jack,"" in reference to his service with the 10th Cavalry Regiment. This was softened (or sanitized) to the more euphonic ""Black Jack"" by reporters covering Pershing during World War I. At the start of the Spanish–American War, First Lieutenant Pershing was offered a brevet rank and commissioned a major of volunteers on August 26, 1898. He fought with the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) on Kettle and San Juan Hills in Cuba and was cited for gallantry. During World War I, Pershing was the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the"
"level of veteran soldiers who became the core non-commissioned officers of the 10th Cavalry. Carpenter's men respected him, and his company had the lowest documented desertion rate of the Regular Army during his charge. He was known as being fair, firm, and consistent. He learned, saw and understood, the hardships and racial bigotry his men faced. After his service with the 10th, he campaigned and defended what his Buffalo Soldiers had done and could do. His ability to train and lead was notable and set a standard for all cavalry units. On September 17, 1868, Lieutenant Colonel G. A. Forsyth"
"that departed Seattle for Nome, Alaska on their way to China for the conflict. On October 5, 1909 the United States Army's 25th Infantry Regiment which primarily consisted of African American soldiers transferred from the Philippines to Fort Lawton. These men are known as the Buffalo Soldiers. They acquired the name from the indigenous people of the Great Plains in the 1870s and 1880s. It was due to their appearance that the indigenous people entitled the Buffalo Soldiers, as their dark curly hair resembled the coat of a buffalo. The soldiers welcomed name with honor and pride for the buffalo"
"The name ""Apache tear"" comes from a legend of the Apache tribe: about 75 Apaches and the US Cavalry fought on a mountain overlooking what is now Superior, Arizona in the 1870s. Facing defeat, the outnumbered Apache warriors rode their horses off the mountain to their deaths rather than be killed. The wives and families of the warriors cried when they heard of the tragedy; their tears turned into stone upon hitting the ground. American singer songwriter Johnny Cash wrote a song entitled ""Apache Tears"" for his 1964 album """". Apache tears ""Apache tears"" is the popular term for rounded"
"Soldiers"", the 10th Cavalry Regiment, which was composed of African Americans. It served this purpose for twenty years. During General Pershing's failed Punitive Expedition of 1916–1917, he used the fort as a forward logistics and supply base. From 1916–1917, the base was commanded by Charles Young, the first African American to be promoted to colonel. He left because of medical reasons. In 1933, the 25th Infantry Regiment replaced the 10th Cavalry at the fort. With the build-up during World War II, the fort had an area of , with quarters for 1,251 officers and 24,437 enlisted soldiers. The 92nd and"
"doing the same kind of things."" Still, he reported for duty, and was assigned to the all-black 92nd Infantry Division, known from its World War I nickname as the Buffalo Soldiers, a term given to African-American troops by Native Americans during the late 19th century. Although the 92nd had significant casualties, Daugherty recounts how the military did not send replacement troops to keep their numbers up. As units within his division were cut down through attrition, they were forced to continue on without reinforcements. Daugherty recalls asking another soldier why the officers couldn’t just call up replacements, and he replied:"