Andabatae, bestiarii, equites, hoplomachi, retiarii and sagittarii are some of what belligerent types?
"two designations of Samnite, and that Samnites were called hoplomachi when battling a Thracian, and a secutor when matched against retiarii. The oplomachi were a designation or possibly a class of Roman gladiator with relatively little mention in literary sources. They are often identified with the similarly named hoplomachus, but literary mentions do not seem to relate the two, despite the similarity of the names. According to Justus Lipsius, an oplomachus was one of two designations of Samnite; he conjectures that Samnite variants were called oplomachi when matched against a Thracian, and a secutor when facing a retiarii. Though historical"
"and one of mounted archers (""equites sagittarii""). These were fast, manoeuvrable horse who specialised in harassing attacks, pursuit and ambush. The heavily armoured horse were called ""cataphractarii"" or ""clibanarii"" (these terms were probably interchangeable and did not indicate any significant difference in equipment). These were covered neck to toe in scale and/or lamellar articulated armour and were armed with a ""contus"", a long heavy lance, as well as a sword. Since Ammianus implies at least two ""cataphractarii"" regiments, they probably constituted about a third of the Roman cavalry (1,000). On the Roman side, Ammianus attests one ""vexillatio"" of ""equites sagittarii"""
"both domestic and wild species. Ruminating mammals include cattle, all domesticated and wild bovines, goats, sheep, giraffes, deer, gazelles, and antelopes. It has also been suggested that notoungulates also relied on rumination, as opposed to other atlantogenates that rely on the more typical hindgut fermentation, though this is not entirely certain. Taxonomically, the suborder Ruminantia (also known as ruminants) is a lineage of herbivorous artiodactyls that includes the most advanced and widespread of the world's ungulates. The term 'ruminant' is not synonymous with Ruminantia. The suborder Ruminantia includes many ruminant species, but does not include tylopods and marsupials. The suborder"
"Sagittarii Sagittarii (Latin, plural form of sagittarius) is the Latin term for archers. The term ""sagittariorum"" in the title of an infantry or cavalry unit indicated a specialized archer regiment. Regular auxiliary units of foot and horse archers appeared in the Roman army during the early empire. During the Principate roughly two thirds of all archers were on foot and one third were horse archers. Mercenary foot archers already served with the Roman republican army, but horse archers were only introduced after the Romans came into conflict with Eastern armies that relied heavily on mounted archery in the 1st century"
"are typically herbivorous (though some species are omnivorous, such as pigs), and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose, as in the case of ruminants. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, including jungles, plains and rivers. Ungulata, which used to be considered an order, has been split into the following: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates), Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates), Tubulidentata (aardvarks), Hyracoidea (hyraxes), Sirenia (dugongs and manatees), Proboscidea (elephants) and occasionally Cetacea (whales and dolphins). However, in 2009 morphological and molecular work has found that aardvarks, hyraxes, sea cows, and elephants are more closely related to sengis, tenrecs,"
"Equites cataphractarii Equites cataphractarii, or simply cataphractarii, were the most heavily armoured type of Roman cavalry in the Imperial Roman army and Late Roman army. The term derives from a Greek word, κατάφρακτος ""kataphraktos"", meaning ""covered over"" or ""completely covered"" (see Cataphract). Heavily armoured cataphract cavalry, usually armed with a long lance (""contus""), were adopted by the Roman army to counter Parthian troops of this kind on the eastern frontier and similar Sarmatian cavalry in on the Danubian frontier. In distinction to both Parthian and Sarmatian cataphracts, who represented a wealthy feudal or tribal elite equipped for war, Roman cataphracts"
"related to hunting or carrion-feeding, but modern hippos, a related group with the same adaptation, are aggressive herbivores that open their jaws up to 150 degrees and display enlarged canines in order to intimidate rivals. Males engage in head-to-head ""yawning"" and jaw-wrestling contests, while females attack by approaching from the side and slamming their head into the opponent's body. Both facial and ribcage injuries have been attributed to intraspecies aggression in ""Archaeotherium."" Entelodonts lived from the middle Eocene until the early Miocene in China, Europe, and North America. Other animals in their environments filled apex predator niches, including cat-like nimravid"
"can be seen here: (from ) Equites cataphractarii Equites cataphractarii, or simply cataphractarii, were the most heavily armoured type of Roman cavalry in the Imperial Roman army and Late Roman army. The term derives from a Greek word, κατάφρακτος ""kataphraktos"", meaning ""covered over"" or ""completely covered"" (see Cataphract). Heavily armoured cataphract cavalry, usually armed with a long lance (""contus""), were adopted by the Roman army to counter Parthian troops of this kind on the eastern frontier and similar Sarmatian cavalry in on the Danubian frontier. In distinction to both Parthian and Sarmatian cataphracts, who represented a wealthy feudal or tribal"
"which alone dispatched 200 ""bestiarii"". ""Bestiarii"", as reported by Seneca, consisted of young men who, to become expert in managing their arms, fought sometimes against beasts, and sometimes against one another; and of bravos who, to show their courage and dexterity, exposed themselves to this dangerous combat. Augustus encouraged this practice in young men of the first rank; Nero exposed himself to it; and it was for killing beasts in the amphitheatre that Commodus acquired the title of the Roman Hercules. Vigenère adds two more types of ""bestiarii"": the first were those who made a trade of it, and fought"
"earlier 5th centuries to help the Roman army counter Persian and Hunnic bow-armed cavalry. By the time of Procopius's histories and Maurikios's ""Strategikon"", the main effective field arm of Roman armies was cavalry, many of them armed with bows. After the fall of the Western empire, Eastern Roman armies maintained their tradition of horse archery for centuries. Sagittarii Sagittarii (Latin, plural form of sagittarius) is the Latin term for archers. The term ""sagittariorum"" in the title of an infantry or cavalry unit indicated a specialized archer regiment. Regular auxiliary units of foot and horse archers appeared in the Roman army"
"(elk), ""Odocoileus sp."") (H), pronghorn (H), white-lipped peccary (H), muskox (H), bighorn sheep (H), and mountain goat (H); the list of survivors also include species which were extirpated during the Quaternary extinction event, but recolonised at least part of their ranges during the mid-holocene from South American relict populations, such as the cougar (C), jaguar (C), giant anteater (C), collared peccary (H), ocelot (C), margay (C), and jaguarundi (C). All save the pronghorns and giant anteaters were descended from Asian ancestors that had evolved with human predators. Pronghorns are the second fastest land mammal (after the cheetah), which may have"
"for money. It appears that there were schools in Rome, in which people were trained to fight wild beasts (""scholae bestiarum"", or ""bestiariorum""). The second type was where several armed ""bestiarii"" were let loose at once against a number of beasts. Bestiarii Among Ancient Romans, bestiarii (singular bestiarius) were those who went into combat with beasts, or were exposed to them. It is conventional to distinguish two categories of ""bestiarii"": the first were those condemned to death via the beasts (see ""damnatio ad bestias"") and the second were those who faced them voluntarily, for pay or glory (see ""venatio""). The"
"call cataphract ..."". There appears to be some confusion about the term in the late Roman period, as armored cavalry men of any sort that were traditionally referred to as Equites in the Republican period later became exclusively designated as ""cataphracts"". Vegetius, writing in the fourth century, described armor of any sort as ""cataphracts"" – which at the time of writing would have been either ""lorica segmentata"" or ""lorica hamata"". Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman soldier and historian of the fourth century, mentions the: """"cataphracti equites (quos clibanarios dictitant)"""" – the ""cataphract cavalry which they regularly call Clibanarii"" (implying that clibanarii is"
"Brachiator Brachiators are a type of primate mostly from the family Hylobatidae, which includes gibbons. Brachiators use their arms to move from tree branch to tree branch, through a process called brachiation. Their arms are longer than their legs, and are much more powerful. Brachiators began as four-footed monkey-like creatures in the Tertiary Era in Africa and Northern Europe. Eventually, some of the monkeys began to use their arms to swing, and lost their tails, due to evolution. They became apes with strong arms. Through the ages, the ape-like ancestors developed stronger arms and the shoulder blades moved from the"
"category of beasts apart from lights and heavies, and the inclusion of warbeasts with wings, making them highly maneuverable. The three lessers to date, the Shredder, Stinger and winged Harrier, serve primarily as expendable shock troops or damage sinks. Their light beasts are more diverse, with the Teraph and Nephilim Protector filling defensive roles, the Nephilim Soldier and Raek providing melee offense options. The Nephilim Bolt Thrower provides ranged support. The Legion also has access to a number of heavy warbeasts. The Carnivean and Scythean focus on melee damage while the winged Angelius is a fast, maneuverable assassin. Additionally, the"
"herding females and keeping them away from other males. In hamadryas baboons, the males often bite the females’ necks and threaten them. Wild chimpanzees can charge at females, shake branches, hit, slap, kick, pound, drag, and bite them. Orangutans are among the most forceful of mammals. Bornean orangutans (""Pongo pygmaeus"") exhibited aggression in almost 90 percent of their copulations, including when the females were not resisting. A possible explanation for aggressive behaviors in primates is that it is a way for males to train females to be afraid of them and be more likely to surrender to future sexual advances."
"baiuli""), colonial and hive-building humans with a single reproductive parent (socials, ""Alvearanthropus desertus""), parasitic humans (""Nananthropus parasitus"") attaching themselves with sharp teeth and claws to the flesh of their hosts (""Penarius pinguis""), goblin-like fishing humans (fish-eaters, ""Piscator longidigitus""), ant-eating humans (ant-men, ""Formifossor angustus"") and saber-toothed predatory humans (spiketooths, ""Acudens ferox""). After five million years of uninterrupted evolution, the spacefaring descendants of those humans that escaped into space return to the planet. No longer recognizing the planet as their home world and bearing little resemblance to their original ancestors after five millions of years of genetic engineering, the spacefarers dramatically xenoform"
"of the chital include wolves, Bengal tigers, Asiatic lions, leopards, Indian rock pythons, dholes, Indian pariah dogs, and mugger crocodiles. Red foxes and golden jackals target juveniles. Males are less vulnerable than females and juveniles. A vocal animal, the chital, akin to the North American elk, gives out bellows and alarm barks. Its calls are, however, not as strong as those of elk or red deer; they are mainly coarse bellows or loud growls. Bellowing coincides with rutting. Dominant males guarding females in oestrus make high-pitched growls at less powerful males. Males may moan during aggressive displays or while resting."
"their lower pay), the evidence is that they fought as cavalry in the same way as the ""alares"" and often alongside them. Their armour and weapons were the same as for the ""alares"". Nevertheless, non-combat roles of the ""equites cohortales"" differed significantly from the ""alares"". Non-combat roles such as despatch-riders (""dispositi"") were generally filled by cohort cavalry. In the Republican period, the standard trio of specialised auxilia were Balearic slingers, Cretan archers and Numidian light cavalry. These functions, plus some new ones, continued in the 2nd-century auxilia. ""Equites cataphractarii"", or simply ""cataphractarii"" for short, were the heavily armoured cavalry of"
"appeared in ""Stonehaven"" include elves, dwarves, ogres, centaurs, cyclops, and two anthropomorphic animal races: the reptilians and the felidae (a feline race). Belicosians are an ethnic variety of reptilians that are more aggressive, with large plate like scales. The more common reptilians have smaller snake-like scales. Although not a race unto themselves, werewolves (or lycanthropes) have a significant role in ""Stonehaven"". However, they are not the mindless animals that only come out during the full-moon. However, society as a whole fears and ostracizes them, and as group they face much prejudice. This leads to and usually leads to werewolves sticking"
"cavalry, armoured in a manner similar to the ""alae"" of the Principate, carrying the titles ""scutarii"" (""shield-men""), ""armaturae"" (""armour"" or ""harnesses"") or ""gentiles"" (""natives""). These terms appear to have become purely honorific, although they may originally have denoted special equipment or ethnic composition (""gentiles"" were barbarian tribesmen admitted to the empire on a condition of military service). Only two ""scholae"", both in the East, were specialised units: a ""schola"" of ""clibanarii"" (cataphracts, or heavily armoured cavalry), and a unit of mounted archers (""sagittarii""). 40 select troops from the ""scholae"", called ""candidati"" from their white uniforms, acted as the emperor's personal"
"ocelots, jaguars, rheas, emerald tree boas, boa constrictors, anacondas, american crocodiles, caimans, and giant rodents such as capybaras. There is no general agreement on where the Holocene, or anthropogenic, extinction begins, and the Quaternary extinction event which includes climate change resulting in the end of the last ice age ends, or if they should be considered separate events at all. Some have suggested that anthropogenic extinctions may have begun as early as when the first modern humans spread out of Africa between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, which is supported by rapid megafaunal extinction following recent human colonisation in Australia,"
"each other. From the early Imperial era, some were forced to participate in humiliating and novel forms of mythological or historical enactment, culminating in their execution. Those judged less harshly might be condemned ""ad ludum venatorium"" or ""ad gladiatorium"" – combat with animals or gladiators – and armed as thought appropriate. These ""damnati"" at least might put on a good show and retrieve some respect, and very rarely, survive to fight another day. Some may even have become ""proper"" gladiators. Among the most admired and skilled ""auctorati"" were those who, having been granted manumission, volunteered to fight in the arena."
"Argent). It supposedly had been inspired by the assumed arms of crusader Geoffrey de Bouillon, who supposedly killed three white eaglets with a bow and arrow when out hunting. It is far more likely to be Canting arms that are a pun based on Lorraine / Erne. The ""Aquila"" was the eagle standard of a Roman legion, carried by a special grade legionary known as an Aquilifer. One eagle standard was carried by each legion. Pliny the Elder (""H.N."" x.16) enumerates five animals displayed on Roman military ensigns: the eagle, the wolf, the minotaur, the horse, and the boar. In"
"Publius Ventidius Bassus, by making extensive use of slingers, whose long-range weapons proved very effective, defeated the uphill-storming Parthian armored cavalry. At the time of Augustus, the Greek geographer Strabo considered cataphracts with horse armor to be typical of Armenian, Caucasian Albanian, and Persian armies, but, according to Plutarch, they were still held in rather low esteem in the Hellenistic world due to their poor tactical abilities against disciplined infantry as well as against more mobile, light cavalry. However, the lingering period of exposure to cataphracts at the eastern frontier as well as the growing military pressure of the Sarmatian"
"man than to let a guilty one go. As worshippers of Anhamirak, the serpiente value free choice above virtually everything else. Ordinary serpiente who follow the Cobriana line consist of emerald boas (descendants of the Dasi Danuta), pythons (Brassal), vipers (Isadora), black rats (Landon), red rats (Nalini), taipans (Donte), and mambas (Nikhil). Though the white vipers are also serpiente, they are descendants of Maeve, the high priestess who originally stood above Kiesha, and they refuse to acknowledge a cobra as their ruler. The royal line of the serpiente are the Cobriana, cobra shapeshifters and the descendants of Kiesha. Falcons refer"
"the 7th century, when Latin ceased to be the official language). Contemporary sources, however, sometimes imply that clibanarii were in fact a heavier type of cavalryman, or formed special-purpose units (such as the late Equites Sagittarii Clibanarii, a Roman equivalent of horse archers, first mentioned in the ""Notitia Dignitatum""). Therefore, either side can be argued, but given the fact that ""cataphract"" was used for more than a millennium by various cultures, it stands to reason that different types of fully armored cavalry in the armies of different nations were assigned this name by Greek and Roman scholars not familiar with"
"battle, Iberians were known to regularly charge and retreat, throwing javelins and shouting at their opponents without actually committing to full contact combat. This sort of fighting was termed ""concursare"" by the Romans. The Iberians were particularly fond of ambushes and guerrilla tactics. Ancient sources mention two major types of Iberian infantry, ""scutati"" and ""caetrati"". ""Scutati"" were heavily armored and carried large Celtic type scutum shield. The ""caetrati"" carried the caetra, a small Iberian buckler. Iberian armaments included the famed Gladius Hispaniensis, a curved sword called the falcata, straight swords, spears, javelins and an all iron spear called the Soliferrum."
"Equites Dalmatae The equites Dalmatae (Latin for ""Dalmatian horsemen"") were a class of cavalry in the Late Roman army. They were one of several categories of cavalry unit or ""vexillatio"" created between the 260s and 290s as part of a poorly understood reorganization and expansion of Roman cavalry forces. These new cavalry ""vexillationes"", typically bearing the basic regimental designation ""equites"", mostly originated as detachments of existing mounted units (""alae"", ""cohortes equitatae"", ""equites legionis""), which were separated from their parent corps and later constituted as independent units. The ""equites Dalmatae"" were the largest category of the new cavalry ""vexillationes"". At the"
"Equites The equites (; nom. singular; sometimes referred to as ""knights"" in modern times) constituted the second of the property-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class. A member of the equestrian order was known as an eques. During the Roman kingdom and the 1st century of the Republic, legionary cavalry was recruited exclusively from the ranks of the patricians, who were expected to provide six ""centuriae"" of cavalry (300 horses for each consular legion). Around 400 BC, 12 more ""centuriae"" of cavalry were established and these included non-patricians (plebeians). Around 300 BC the Samnite Wars obliged Rome"
"strangling on both sides. The cheetah is a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey with a body mass ranging from . Blesbok, duiker, Grant's gazelle, impala, reedbuck, springbok, and Thomson's gazelle are some of the common targets of the cheetah. Other prey animals include the bat-eared fox, bushbuck, kudu, hartebeest, nyala, oribi, roan antelope, steenbok, sable antelope, and waterbuck; they prey less frequently on the African buffalo, gemsbok, giraffe, ostrich, warthog, wildebeest, and zebra. A study showed that a major proportion of the diet of Asiatic cheetahs consists of livestock; local species such as chinkara, desert hare, goitered gazelle, ibex, rodents,"
"Hippopotamus The common hippopotamus (""Hippopotamus amphibius""), or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa, and one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (""Choeropsis liberiensis"" or ""Hexaprotodon liberiensis""). The name comes from the ancient Greek for ""river horse"" (). After the elephant and rhinoceros, the common hippopotamus is the third-largest type of land mammal and the heaviest extant artiodactyl. Despite their physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the Hippopotamidae are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc.) from which they diverged"
"take over. If the ""principes"" did not break them, they would retire behind the ""triarii"", who would then engage the enemy in turn — hence the expression ""rem ad Triarios redisse"", ""it has come to the ""triarii"""" — signalling an act of desperation. The ""equites"", cavalrymen, were used as flankers and to pursue routing enemies. The ""rorarii"", the poorer reserve soldiers, and ""accensi"", the least dependable troops armed with slings, would be used in a support role, providing mass and supporting wavering areas of the line. By the time of the later Polybian system of the 2nd century BC, ""accensi"""