Name the probe launched from Rosetta which landed on the comet 67P/C-G in November 2014.
"""Philae"" performed the first successful landing on a comet, though its battery power ran out two days later. Communications with ""Philae"" were briefly restored in June and July 2015, but due to diminishing solar power, ""Rosetta"" communications module with the lander was turned off on 27 July 2016. On 30 September 2016, the ""Rosetta"" spacecraft ended its mission by hard-landing on the comet in its Ma'at region. The probe was named after the Rosetta Stone, a stele of Egyptian origin featuring a decree in three scripts. The lander was named after the Philae obelisk, which bears a bilingual Greek and"
"comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (also called simply 67P) for detailed analysis in terrestrial laboratories. This comet was previously investigated by the ""Rosetta"" mission between 2014 and 2016. The CONDOR concept calls for a Lockheed-Martin A2100 bus with a solar electric propulsion system. In addition of performing a sample return down to 15 cm depth, it would carry a small payload comprising a narrow angle camera and a millimeter-wave radiometer to select a sampling site, and perform a gravity science investigation to compare changes of 67P since ""Rosetta"". Following a survey for site selection, the sample retrieval would be a fast touch-and-go event."
"various collaborating entities: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center; Northrop Grumman, JAXA, Honeybee Robotics, Malin Space Science Systems, Kinetx Aerospace, and Motiv Space Systems. Curation of the returned sample would take place at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The ""CAESAR"" team chose comet 67P over other cometary targets in part because the data collected by the ""Rosetta"" mission, which studied the comet from 2014 to 2016, allows the spacecraft to be designed to the conditions there, increasing the mission's chance of success. The ""Rosetta"" mission also provides a vast geologic context for this mission's sample-return analysis. The two New"
"allowed the four RWAs to operate throughout ""Rosetta"" mission at 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko despite occasional anomalies in their friction plots and a heavy workload imposed by numerous orbital changes. In August 2014, ""Rosetta"" rendezvoused with the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) and commenced a series of manoeuvres that took it on two successive triangular paths, averaging from the nucleus, whose segments are hyperbolic escape trajectories alternating with thruster burns. After closing to within about from the comet on 10 September, the spacecraft entered actual orbit about it. The surface layout of 67P was unknown before ""Rosetta"" arrival. The orbiter mapped the comet in anticipation"
"launch date of 26 February 2004 and comet rendezvous in 2014. The larger mass and the resulting increased impact velocity made modification of the landing gear necessary. After two scrubbed launch attempts, ""Rosetta"" was launched on 2 March 2004 at 07:17 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. Aside from the changes made to launch time and target, the mission profile remained almost identical. Both co-discoverers of the comet, Klim Churyumov and Svetlana Gerasimenko, were present at the spaceport during the launch. To achieve the required velocity to rendezvous with 67P, ""Rosetta"" used gravity assist manoeuvres to accelerate"
"in 2014 and was the first mission to land a space probe on a comet. As preparation for the ""Rosetta"" mission, Hubble Space Telescope pictures taken on 12 March 2003 were closely analysed. An overall 3D model was constructed and computer-generated images were created. On 25 April 2012, the most detailed observations until that time were taken with the 2-metre Faulkes Telescope by N. Howes, G. Sostero and E. Guido while it was at its aphelion. On 6 June 2014, water vapor was detected being released at a rate of roughly when ""Rosetta"" was from Churyumov–Gerasimenko and from the Sun."
"67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C-G) is a Jupiter-family comet, originally from the Kuiper belt, with a current orbital period of 6.45 years, a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours and a maximum velocity of . Churyumov–Gerasimenko is approximately at its longest and widest dimensions. It was first observed on photographic plates in 1969 by Soviet astronomers Klim Ivanovych Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko, after whom it is named. It came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 13 August 2015. Churyumov–Gerasimenko was the destination of the European Space Agency's ""Rosetta"" mission, launched on 2 March 2004. ""Rosetta"""
"in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1 μm. Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging spectrometer VIRTIS, and measurements of the magnetic field and plasma environment were taken as well. After leaving its hibernation mode in January 2014 and getting closer to the comet ""Rosetta"" began a series of eight burns in May 2014. These reduced the relative velocity between the spacecraft and 67P from to . In 2006, ""Rosetta"" suffered a leak in its reaction control system (RCS). The system, which consists of 24 bipropellant 10-newton thrusters, was responsible for fine tuning the trajectory"
"Union—where she served as chair of the diversity subcommittee— and the Association for Women Geoscientists, where she was named ""Woman of the Year"". In 2015 scientists from the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission honored their deceased colleague by naming a feature after her on the mission's target, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. A gate-like feature on the comet has been named C. Alexander Gate. Alexander died on July 11, 2015 in Arcadia, California after a 10-year battle with breast cancer. Claudia Alexander Claudia Joan Alexander (May 30, 1959 – July 11, 2015) was an American research scientist specializing in geophysics and planetary science."
"orbital inclinations from 0° to 74°. The ""Rosetta"" probe, launched in March 2004, used four gravity assist maneuvers (including one just 250 km from the surface of Mars) to accelerate throughout the inner Solar System - enabling it to match the velocity of the 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet at their rendezvous point in August 2014. NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission, launched in 2018, will use multiple gravity assists at Venus to remove the Earth's angular momentum from the orbit, in order to drop down to a distance of 8.5 solar radii (5.9 Gm) from the Sun. Parker Solar Probe's mission will be"
"be primordial. CAESAR is a proposed sample-return mission aimed at returning to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, capturing regolith from the surface, and returning it to Earth. This mission is competing in NASA's New Frontiers mission 4 selection process, and as of December 2017 is one of two finalists in the program. 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C-G) is a Jupiter-family comet, originally from the Kuiper belt, with a current orbital period of 6.45 years, a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours and a maximum velocity of . Churyumov–Gerasimenko is approximately at its longest and widest dimensions. It was first observed on photographic"
"have left earth. Two were brought to Mars by the Viking program. Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC-MS. The Huygens probe of the Cassini–Huygens mission landed one GC-MS on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. The material in the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko will be analysed by the Rosetta mission with a chiral GC-MS in 2014. Dozens of congenital metabolic diseases also known as inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are now detectable by newborn screening tests, especially the testing using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. GC-MS can determine compounds in urine even in minor concentration. These compounds are"
"should be available to the public when the mission starts its primary science phase in November 2014, subject to the usual 6 months proprietary period. Data was made available via the ESA Planetary Science Archive (PSA), where a dedicated Rosetta section is available. Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) is one of several instruments on the European Space Agency's ""Rosetta"" mission which studied ""in-situ"" the environment around the active comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko as it flew into the inner Solar System. MIDAS is an atomic force microscope (AFM) designed to collect dust particles emitted from the comet, and"
"August 2014, the rate at which water vapour was released by the comet increased up to tenfold. On 2 June 2015, NASA reported that the Alice spectrograph on ""Rosetta"" determined that electrons within above the comet nucleus — produced from photoionisation of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier — are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma. As the orbit of comet 67P took it farther from the Sun, the amount of sunlight reaching ""Rosetta"" solar panels decreased. While it would"
"comet's nucleus has no magnetic field, and that the field originally detected by ""Rosetta"" is likely caused by the solar wind. The isotopic signature of water vapour from comet 67P, as determined by the ""Rosetta"" spacecraft, is substantially different from that found on Earth. That is, the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it very unlikely that water found on Earth came from comets such as comet 67P, according to the scientists. On 22 January 2015, NASA reported that, between June and"
"more on the mission to the comet. This mission can also be compared to Rosetta, which successfully flew by two minor planets and orbited a Comet during its approach to the Sun in the early 21st century. P. Weissman later worked on the Rosetta mission. It was predicted that 449 occulted the star HIP 1424 in July 2013. Stellar occultations can allow a chord to be calculated An asteroid occulation was predicted for 18 Oct 2018 with the magnitude 12 star UCAC4-557-042266. 449 Hamburga Hamburga (minor planet designation: 449 Hamburga) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the background population of the"
"of that radiation could then destroy one type of ""handed"" molecules. The supernova could wipe out one type of molecules while also flinging the other surviving molecules into space, where they could eventually end up on a planet. The mission has yielded a significant science return, collecting a wealth of data from the nucleus and its environment at various levels of cometary activity. The VIRTIS spectrometer on board the ""Rosetta"" spacecraft has provided evidence of nonvolatile organic macromolecular compounds everywhere on the surface of comet 67P with little to no water ice visible. Preliminary analyses strongly suggest the carbon is"
"the cosine of the comet's declination, times .25, should equal the coma's diameter in arcminutes. If the distance to the comet is known, then the apparent size of the coma can be determined. In 2015, it was noted that the ALICE instrument on the ESA Rosetta spacecraft to comet 67/P, detected hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen in the coma, which they also called the comet's atmosphere. Alice is an ultraviolet spectrograph, and it found that electrons created by UV light were colliding and breaking up molecules of water and carbon monoxide. OAO-2 ('Stargazer') discovered large halos of hydrogen gas around"
"prebiotic molecules on the early Earth. All data achieved from the astrobiological experiments on both EXPOSE missions will add to the understanding of the origin and evolution of life on Earth and on the possibility of its distribution in space or origin elsewhere. Data obtained from the studies on complex organics of cometary interest will support the interpretation of ""in-situ"" data obtained from the Rosetta mission after landing on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014, and samples analyzed by the ""Curiosity"" and ""ExoMars"" rovers on Mars. Finally the chemical experiments will contribute to the understanding of the chemical processes on Saturn's moon"
"examined for a comet sample return mission study. In the 2010s a comet surface sample return mission was selected as the New Frontiers Program finalist, but the recently studied comet 67P was chosen as the selected target. 6P/d'Arrest 6P/d'Arrest (also known as d'Arrest's Comet or Comet d'Arrest) is a periodic Jupiter-family comet in the Solar System, orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. It passed from the Earth on August 12, 1976. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on March 2, 2015, but it was in an unfavorable apparition as it had a solar elongation of less"
"C/2012 S1 (ISON). On 2 June 2015, NASA reported that the ALICE spectrograph on the ""Rosetta"" space probe studying comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko determined that electrons (within above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionization of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma. Comas typically grow in size as comets approach the Sun, and they can be as large as the diameter of Jupiter, even though the density is very low. About a month after an outburst"
"named 15614 Pillinger after Colin Pillinger. In 2003, Pillinger was appointed a CBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to Higher Education and to Science. Pillinger played a role in the Philae lander that was part of the Rosetta mission which successfully made its rendez-vous with comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014. In particular he was an advocate of the idea of deploying the lander Philae to conduct scientific experiments in situ, and was instrumental in getting the Ptolemy device accepted as part of the science payload. Pillinger was the principal investigator for the ""Beagle 2"" Mars lander project,"
"(MBCs) are a recently discovered population of apparently icy bodies within the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, which may represent the remnants of the population which supplied the early Earth with water. The ""Rosetta"" mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014, indicates that Jupiter family comets cannot be the main source of Earth's water as previously thought. ""Castalia"" would rendezvous and orbit comet 7968 Elst–Pizarro and measure isotope ratios, plasma and dust properties, while also mapping its interior structure with a radar. Basically, ""Castalia"" would test whether MBCs are a viable source for Earth's water, and to use MBCs"
"CAESAR (spacecraft) CAESAR (Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return) is a proposed sample-return mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The mission was proposed in 2017 to NASA's New Frontiers program mission 4, and on 20 December 2017 it was one of two finalists selected for further concept development. If selected in July 2019, it may launch between 2024 and 2025, with a capsule delivering a sample back to Earth in 2038. The Principal Investigator is Steve Squyres of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. ""CAESAR"" would be managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The spacecraft would be built by"
"at the University of Bremen. In 2005 he was hired as a professor at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis in France. For his work on chirality, he was awarded the Horst-Pracejus-Prize of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (German Chemical Society) in 2011. Meierhenrich was hired by the European Space Agency to develop instrumentation for its Rosetta mission to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The purpose of the instrumentation was to detect organic compounds on the comet's surface. To test it on Earth, he worked with scientists at Leiden University in the Netherlands who were making artificial cometary ice. They replicated the conditions in space,"
"part of the Launchpad project. Similarly, Rosetta@home is a distributed computing project for predicting protein structures from amino acid sequences (or ""translating"" sequence into structure). The Rosetta Project brings language specialists and native speakers together to develop a meaningful survey and near-permanent archive of 1,500 languages, intended to last from AD 2000 to 12,000. The European Space Agency's ""Rosetta"" spacecraft was launched to study a comet named 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in the hope that determining its composition would reveal the origin of the Solar System. Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of"
"from Malta in 1997 and Australia in 2003, with only one chord each, roughly agreeing with IRAS measurements. On July 10, 2010, the European ""Rosetta"" space probe flew by Lutetia at a minimum distance of km at a velocity of 15 kilometres per second on its way to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The flyby provided images of up to 60 meters per pixel resolution and covered about 50% of the surface, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The 462 images were obtained in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1 μm. Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging"
"New Horizons space probe. For her work with the Cassini program she was awarded the NASA exceptional achievement medal in 2006. Dr. Buratti also does educational outreach at the college and grade school level. Currently Dr. Buratti is on the science team of the New Horizons project which will explore Pluto and its moons. In 2014 she was elected Chair of the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. The asteroid 90502 is named after Dr. Buratti. In November 2015 Dr. Buratti was named the NASA Project Scientist for the European Space Agency's Rosetta Mission to Comet 67P/"
"Jennifer Wiseman Jennifer J. Wiseman is an American astronomer. She received her bachelor's degree in physics from MIT and her Ph.D. in Astronomy from Harvard University in 1995. Wiseman discovered periodic comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff while working as an undergraduate research assistant in 1987. Wiseman is a senior astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, where she serves as the Senior Project Scientist for the Hubble Space Telescope. She previously headed the Laboratory for Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics. She studies star forming regions of our galaxy using radio, optical, and infrared telescopes, with a particular interest in molecular cloud cores, protostars,"
"54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT is a periodic comet in the Solar System first discovered by Father Francesco de Vico (Rome, Italy) on August 23, 1844. It has become a lost comet several times after its discovery. The comet makes many close approaches to Jupiter. Independent discoveries were made by Melhop (Hamburg, Germany) on September 6 and by Hamilton Lanphere Smith (Cleveland, Ohio, USA) on September 10. Paul Laugier and Felix Victor Mauvais calculated an orbit on September 9, 1844, and noted that a similarity existed with comets seen in previous years, by including comet Blanpain of 1819, into their calculations,"
"interactions with the solar wind, the atmospheric dynamics, or the generation of the terrestrial magnetic field by means of currents deep in the iron core of our planet. In addition, the Institute has along tradition in cometary research. A major highlight was the camera developed at the Institute for the ESA spacecraft Giotto which delivered the first photographs ever of a comet’s nucleus in 1986. A particular challenge was the development of numerous scientific instruments for the ESA Mission Rosetta, such as cameras, chemical analyzers, and essential components for the landing module Philae. Rosetta was launched in 2004, and matched"
"weather and surface conditions, searching for future landing sites, and testing a new telecommunications system that enable it to send and receive information at an unprecedented bitrate, compared to previous Mars spacecraft. Data transfer to and from the spacecraft occurs faster than all previous interplanetary missions combined and allows it to serve as an important relay satellite for other missions. The ESA ""Rosetta"" space probe mission to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko flew within 250 km of Mars on February 25, 2007, in a gravitational slingshot designed to slow and redirect the spacecraft. The NASA ""Dawn"" spacecraft used the gravity of Mars"
"74P/Smirnova–Chernykh 74P/Smirnova–Chernykh is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (T > 3; a < a), and is a Quasi-Hilda comet. It was discovered in late March 1975 by Tamara Mikhajlovna Smirnova while examining exposures from the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. In the discovery images the comet had an apparent magnitude of ~15. In the year of discovery, the comet came to perihelion on August 6, 1975. The comet had been photographed during 1967, but was identified as an asteroid and assigned the designation 1967 EU. The comet is estimated at about"