What name is given to the graduated glass tube used to measure small precise amounts of liquids during titration in chemical analysis?
"suitable indicator and reference electrode. The other apparatus consists of a burette, beaker and stirrer. The actual potential of the reference electrode need not be known accurately for most purposes and usually any electrode may be used provided its potential remains constant throughout the titration. The indicator electrode must be suitable for the particular type of titration (i.e. a glass electrode for acid-base reactions and a platinum electrode for redox titrations), and should reach equilibrium rapidly. The electrodes are immersed in the solution to be titrated and the potential difference between the electrodes is measured. Measured volumes of titrant are"
"Titration Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the concentration of an identified analyte. Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis. A reagent, called the ""titrant"" or ""titrator"" is prepared as a standard solution. A known concentration and volume of titrant reacts with a solution of ""analyte"" or ""titrand"" to determine concentration. The volume of titrant reacted is called ""titration volume"". The word ""titration"" descends from the French word ""tiltre"" (1543), meaning the ""proportion of gold or silver in"
"Graduated pipette A graduated pipette is a pipette with its volume, in increments, marked along the tube. It is used to accurately measure and transfer a volume of liquid from one container to another. It is made from plastic or glass tubes and has a tapered tip. Along the body of the tube are graduation markings indicating volume from the tip to that point. A small pipette allows for more precise measurement of fluids; a larger pipette can be used to measure volumes when the accuracy of the measurement is less critical. Accordingly, pipettes vary in volume, with most measuring"
"Pipette A pipette (sometimes spelled pipet) is a laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a partial vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Measurement accuracy varies greatly depending on the style. The first simple pipettes were made in glass, such as Pasteur pipettes."
"Pasteur pipette Pasteur pipettes, also known as droppers or eye droppers, are used to transfer small quantities of liquids. They are usually glass tubes tapered to a narrow point, and fitted with a rubber bulb at the top. The combination of the Pasteur pipette and rubber bulb has also been referred to as a teat pipette. Pasteur pipettes come in various lengths and are usually sold in boxes of hundreds. They are named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who was known to have used a variant of them extensively during his research. In the past, there was no equipment"
"Craig tube A Craig tube is an item of apparatus used in small-scale (up to about 100 mg) preparative and analytical chemistry, particularly for recrystallisation. It was invented by Lyman C. Craig and Otto W. Post. A Craig tube consists of two parts. The first is a stout-walled test tube with a working volume of about 1-5 ml (say, 7-8 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter). There is a constriction towards the open end of the tube. The second is a loosely-fitting generally-cylindrical stopper, possibly with a teardrop-shaped head, of glass or of another inert material such as"
"is free from contamination by fibres from filter paper, and can be recovered more efficiently than from a sinter funnel. Craig tubes can be made by competent glassblowers, and are also available commercially. Craig tube A Craig tube is an item of apparatus used in small-scale (up to about 100 mg) preparative and analytical chemistry, particularly for recrystallisation. It was invented by Lyman C. Craig and Otto W. Post. A Craig tube consists of two parts. The first is a stout-walled test tube with a working volume of about 1-5 ml (say, 7-8 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in"
"which the dispensed volume of the liquid can be determined. Compared to a pipette, greater precision can be attained by using a burette. The burette is used to measure the volume of a dispensed substance, but is different from a measuring cylinder as its graduations measure from top to bottom. Therefore, the difference between the starting and the final volume is equal to the amount dispensed. The precision and control of the burette over other means of adding solution is beneficial for use in titration. Volumetric burette can be glass or plastic straight tube with a graduation scale. At the"
"size of a drop can vary considerably depending upon the viscosity and specific gravity of the liquid. (At the time, the phenomenon of surface tension was not well understood.) The minim, on the other hand, was measured with a graduated glass tube known as a ""minimometer"", later known as the minim-tube. The minim-tube was a type of graduated pipette, a device invented in 1791 by François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles. Apothecaries' measures are fully defined in the United Kingdom's Weights and Measures Act of 1878, but the UK's 1963 Weights and Measures Act provided for the abolition of the minim, fluid scruple, and"
"removed using a cannula. A graduated cylinder is meant to be read with the surface of the liquid at eye level, where the center of the meniscus shows the measurement line. Typical capacities of graduated cylinders are from 10 mL to 1000 mL. Graduated cylinders are often used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers, but they should not be used to perform volumetric analysis; volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette, should be used, as it is even more accurate and precise. Graduated"
"burette, having graduations inscribed on the tube of the burette. The word ""burette"" was coined in 1824 by the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850). Burette A burette (also buret) is a graduated glass tube with a tap at one end, for delivering known volumes of a liquid, especially in titrations. It is a long, graduated glass tube, with a stopcock at its lower end and a tapered capillary tube at the stopcock's outlet. The flow of liquid from the tube to the burette tip is controlled by the stopcock valve. There are two main types of burette; the volumetric"
"Test tube A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top and closed at the bottom. Test tubes are usually placed in special-purpose racks. Test tubes are for general chemical work and are usually made of glass, for better resistance to heat and corrosive chemicals and longer life. Tubes made from expansion-resistant glasses, mostly borosilicate glass (or fused quartz) can withstand high temperatures, up to several hundred degrees Celsius. Chemistry tubes are available in a"
"Thiele tube The Thiele tube, named after the German chemist Johannes Thiele, is a laboratory glassware designed to contain and heat an oil bath. Such a setup is commonly used in the determination of the melting point of a substance. The apparatus itself resembles a glass test tube with an attached handle. Oil is poured into the tube, and then the ""handle"" is heated, either by a small flame or some other heating element. The shape of the Thiele tube allows for formation of convection currents in the oil when it is heated. These currents maintain a fairly uniform temperature"
"the nozzle. It was invented by Karl Friedrich Mohr, the father of volumetric analysis. Mohr pipette A Mohr pipette, also known as a graduated pipette, is a type of pipette used to measure the volume of the liquid dispensed, although not as accurately as a volumetric pipette. These use a series of marked lines (as on a graduated cylinder) to indicate the different volumes. They come in a variety of sizes, and are used much like a burette, in that the volume is found by calculating the difference of the liquid level before and after. The last graduation mark is"
"Mohr pipette A Mohr pipette, also known as a graduated pipette, is a type of pipette used to measure the volume of the liquid dispensed, although not as accurately as a volumetric pipette. These use a series of marked lines (as on a graduated cylinder) to indicate the different volumes. They come in a variety of sizes, and are used much like a burette, in that the volume is found by calculating the difference of the liquid level before and after. The last graduation mark is some distance from the tip, to avoid errors in measuring the narrower volume of"
"for testing the solubility of salts and hydrogen ion concentration, as well as acid/base and redox titrations. Conductometry was further improved with the development of the glass electrode, which began in 1909. Conductometric titration is a type of titration in which the electrolytic conductivity of the reaction mixture is continuously monitored as one reactant is added. The equivalence point is the point at which the conductivity undergoes a sudden change. Marked increases or decrease in conductance are associated with the changing concentrations of the two most highly conducting ions—the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The method can be used for titrating"
"retain their stacking order or, as an alternative, less than half the tube diameter to freely pass each other in the tubes. Galileo thermometer A Galileo thermometer (or Galilean thermometer) is a thermometer made of a sealed glass cylinder containing a clear liquid and several glass vessels of varying density. As the temperature changes, the individual floats rise or fall in proportion to their respective density and the density of the surrounding liquid. It is named after Galileo Galilei because he discovered the principle on which this thermometer is based—that the density of a liquid changes in proportion to its"
"commonly sealed with a rubber stopper, and often have a specific additive placed in the tube with the stopper color indicating the additive. For example, a ""blue top tube"" is a 5 ml test tube containing sodium citrate as an anticoagulant, used to collect blood for coagulation and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase testing. Small vials used in medicine may have a snap-top (also called a hinge cap) moulded as part of the vial. Test tubes are sometimes put to casual uses outside of lab environments, e.g. as flower vases, glassware for certain weak shots, or containers for spices. They can also be"
"Complexometric titration Complexometric titration (sometimes chelatometry) is a form of volumetric analysis in which the formation of a colored complex is used to indicate the end point of a titration. Complexometric titrations are particularly useful for the determination of a mixture of different metal ions in solution. An indicator capable of producing an unambiguous color change is usually used to detect the end-point of the titration. In theory, any complexation reaction can be used as a volumetric technique provided that: In practice, the use of EDTA as a titrant is well established. EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, has four carboxyl groups and"
"Glass tube Glass tubes are mainly cylindrical hollow-wares. Their special shape combined with the huge variety of glass types (like borosilicate, flint, aluminosilicate, soda lime, lead or quartz glass), allows the use of glass tubing in many applications. For example, laboratory glassware, lighting applications, solar thermal systems and pharmaceutical packaging to name the largest. In the past, scientists constructed their own laboratory apparatus prior to the ubiquity of interchangeable ground glass joints. Today, commercially available parts connected by ground glass joints are preferred; where specialized glassware are required, they are made to measure using commercially available glass tubes by specialist"
"Generally, KF is conducted using a separate KF titrator or for volumetric titration, a KF titration cell installed into a general-purpose titrator. Using volumetric titration with visual detection of a titration endpoint is also possible with coloured samples by UV/VIS spectrophotometric detection. Karl Fischer titration Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method in analytical chemistry that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer. Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator. The main compartment of the titration cell"
"such as that produced in the 1960s by the Precision Tool and Instrument Company of Thornton Heath, Surrey, England, also measure vertically. The purpose of the microscope is to aim at reference marks with much higher accuracy than is possible using the naked eye. It is used in laboratories to measure the refractive index of liquids using the geometrical concepts of ray optics. It is also used to measure very short distances precisely, for example the diameter of a capillary tube. This mechanical instrument has now largely been superseded by electronic- and optically-based measuring devices that are both very much"
"elbow height and relaxing the shoulders and upper arms. Pipette A pipette (sometimes spelled pipet) is a laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a partial vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Measurement accuracy varies greatly depending on the style. The first simple"
"Karl Fischer titration Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method in analytical chemistry that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer. Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator. The main compartment of the titration cell contains the anode solution plus the analyte. The anode solution consists of an alcohol (ROH), a base (B), SO and I. A typical alcohol that may be used is ethanol or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and a common base is imidazole. The"
"base stock as well as prepare solutions for titration. Graduated pipettes are a type of macropipette consisting of a long tube with a series of graduations, as on a graduated cylinder or burette, to indicate different calibrated volumes. They also require a source of vacuum; in the early days of chemistry and biology, the mouth was used. The safety regulations included the statement: ""Never pipette by mouth KCN, NH3, strong acids, bases and mercury salts"". Some pipettes were manufactured with two bubbles between the mouth piece and the solution level line, to protect the chemist from accidental swallowing of the"
"A sample in a fusion tube is attached to a thermometer with a rubber band, and immersed in the tube. A sealed capillary, open end pointing down, is placed in the fusion tube. The Thiele tube is heated; dissolved gases evolve from the sample first. Once the sample starts to boil, heating is stopped, and the temperature starts to fall. The temperature at which the liquid sample is sucked into the sealed capillary is the boiling point of the sample. Thiele tube The Thiele tube, named after the German chemist Johannes Thiele, is a laboratory glassware designed to contain and"
"precision, handling safety, reliability, economy, and versatility. No disposable tips or pipetting aids are needed with the pipetting syringe. A graduated pipette commonly used in medical technology with serologic pipettes for volumetric analysis. Invented by Donald Dexter Van Slyke. A special pipette used in measuring viscous fluid such as whole blood. Common in medical technology laboratory setups together with other pipettes. Invented by Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald, a Baltic German Chemist and later refined by Otto Folin, an American chemist. These are used to physically interact with microscopic samples, such as in the procedures of microinjection and patch clamping. Most micropipettes"
"precision bore and a plunger. Piston burettes may be manually operated or may be motorized. A weight burette delivers measured weights of a liquid. A burette is a volumetric measuring glassware which is used in analytical chemistry for the accurate dispensing of a liquid, especially of one of the reagents in a titration. In a titration of an acid and base solution, a burette may be used to add the acid or base in a stream or drop by drop into a flask. Burettes can precisely deliver a volumetric measurement of a fluid. The burette tube carries graduated marks from"
"formation, in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. Aimer Products manufacture Dean - Stark Apparatus in the UK Dean–Stark apparatus The Dean–Stark apparatus, Dean–Stark receiver, distilling trap, or Dean–Stark Head is a piece of laboratory glassware used in synthetic chemistry to collect water (or occasionally other liquid) from a reactor. It is used in combination with a reflux condenser and a batch reactor for continuous removal of the water that is produced during a chemical reaction performed at reflux temperature. It was invented by the American chemists Ernest Woodward Dean (1888–1959) and David Dewey Stark (1893–1979) in 1920 for determination of"
"Graduated cylinder A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured. Large graduated cylinders are usually made up of polypropylene for its excellent chemical resistance or polymethylpentene for its transparency, making them lighter and less fragile than glass. Polypropylene (PP) is easy to repeatedly autoclave; however, autoclaving in excess of about (dependinal grade polypropylene melts in excess of ), can warp or damage polypropylene"
"volatile or viscous substances at small volumes, such as DNA. The major difference is that the disposable tip is a microsyringe (plastic), composed of a plunger which directly displaces the liquid. Volumetric pipettes or bulb pipette allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a volumetric flask). Typical volumes are 10, 25, and 50 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a"
"Serum-separating tube Serum-separating tubes, also known as serum separator tubes or SSTs, are used in medical clinical chemistry tests requiring blood serum. SSTs are sometimes called ""marble-top tubes,"" ""tiger-tops,"" or ""gold-topped tubes"", referring to the stoppers which are either gold, red with a gold ring on top, or marbled red and grey. Marble-top tubes are also referred to as ""tiger-tops"" in some clinics. SPS tubes have a paler colour, sometimes leading confusion; these are known as ""yellow tops"" not ""gold"". Trademarked versions include Covidien ""Corvac"" tubes. They contain a special gel that separates blood cells from serum, as well as"
"Stefan tube In chemical engineering, a Stefan tube is a device that was devised by Josef Stefan in 1874. It is often used for measuring diffusion coefficients. It comprises a vertical tube, over the top of which a gas flows and at the bottom of which is a pool of volatile liquid that is maintained in a constant-temperature bath. The liquid in the pool evaporates, diffuses through the gas above it in the tube, and is carried away by the gas flow over the tube mouth at the top. One then measures the fall in the level of the liquid"