The Turing Test assesses what?
"Computer game bot Turing Test The Computer Game Bot Turing Test is a variant of the Turing Test, where a human judge viewing and interacting with a virtual world must distinguish between other humans interacting with the world and game bots that interact with the world. This variant was first proposed in 2008 by Associate Professor Philip Hingston of Edith Cowan University, and implemented through a tournament called the 2K BotPrize. The Computer Game Bot Turing Test was proposed to advance the fields of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence with respect to video games. It was considered that a poorly"
"Turing test The Turing test, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so the result would not depend"
"Non-deterministic Turing machine In theoretical computer science, a Turing machine is a theoretical machine that is used in thought experiments to examine the abilities and limitations of computers. In essence, a Turing machine is imagined to be a simple computer that reads and writes symbols one at a time on an endless tape by strictly following a set of rules. It determines what action it should perform next according to its internal ""state"" and ""what symbol it currently sees"". An example of one of a Turing Machine's rules might thus be: ""If you are in state 2 and you see"
"could efficiently solve that a quantum computer cannot and vice versa. In particular, it is likely that NP-complete problems are solvable by NTMs but not by quantum computers in polynomial time. Non-deterministic Turing machine In theoretical computer science, a Turing machine is a theoretical machine that is used in thought experiments to examine the abilities and limitations of computers. In essence, a Turing machine is imagined to be a simple computer that reads and writes symbols one at a time on an endless tape by strictly following a set of rules. It determines what action it should perform next according"
"the brain. The most well-known method for testing machine intelligence is the Turing test. But when interpreted as only observational, this test contradicts the philosophy of science principles of theory dependence of observations. It also has been suggested that Alan Turing's recommendation of imitating not a human adult consciousness, but a human child consciousness, should be taken seriously. Other tests, such as ConsScale, test the presence of features inspired by biological systems, or measure the cognitive development of artificial systems. Qualia, or phenomenological consciousness, is an inherently first-person phenomenon. Although various systems may display various signs of behavior correlated with"
"was still in its infancy. Alan Turing, a mathematician, logician and computer scientist, linked computing systems to thinking. One of his most notable papers outlined a hypothetical test to assess the intelligence of a machine which came to be known as the Turing test. Essentially, the test would have a person communicate with two other agents, a human and a computer asking questions to both recipients. The computer passes the test if it can respond in such a way that the human posing the questions cannot differentiate between the other human and the computer. The Turing test has been used"
"Graphics Turing Test In computer graphics the Graphics Turing Test is a variant of the Turing Test, the twist being that a human judge viewing and interacting with an artificially generated world should be unable to reliably distinguish it from reality. The original formulation of the test is: The ""Graphics Turing Scale"" of computer power is then defined as the computing power necessary to achieve success in the test. It was estimated in as 1036.8 TFlops peak and 518.4 TFlops sustained. Actual rendering tests with a Blue Gene supercomputer showed that current supercomputers are not up to the task scale"
"essay written in 1950 by pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, titled ""Computing Machinery and Intelligence"". Turing disavowed any interest in terminology, saying that even ""Can machines think?"" is too loaded with spurious connotations to be meaningful; but he proposed to replace all such questions with a specific operational test, which has become known as the Turing test. To pass the test, a computer must be able to imitate a human well enough to fool interrogators. In his essay Turing discussed a variety of possible objections, and presented a counterargument to each of them. The Turing test is commonly cited in"
"Turing test, where a machine's response cannot be distinguished from an expert in a given field. This is also known as a ""Feigenbaum test"" and was proposed by Edward Feigenbaum in a 2003 paper. The ""Total Turing test"" variation of the Turing test, proposed by cognitive scientist Stevan Harnad, adds two further requirements to the traditional Turing test. The interrogator can also test the perceptual abilities of the subject (requiring computer vision) and the subject's ability to manipulate objects (requiring robotics). A letter published in ""Communications of the ACM"" describes the concept of generating a synthetic patient population and proposes"
"time when any incompleteness should be caught and corrected. While the responsibility does rest on the author, that does not mean reaching out to other experts for help is out of the question. Desk checking is clearly the least formal of the informal methods discussed, but is often a good first line of defense in catching errors, and attempting to verify and validate the model. The Turing test is an informal validation method that was developed by the English mathematician Alan Turing in the 1950s, which at its roots is actually a specialized form of face validation. The reason it"
"directly test whether the computer behaves intelligently. It tests only whether the computer behaves like a human being. Since human behaviour and intelligent behaviour are not exactly the same thing, the test can fail to accurately measure intelligence in two ways: The Turing test is concerned strictly with how the subject ""acts"" – the external behaviour of the machine. In this regard, it takes a behaviourist or functionalist approach to the study of the mind. The example of ELIZA suggests that a machine passing the test may be able to simulate human conversational behaviour by following a simple (but large)"
"Turing's proof Turing's proof is a proof by Alan Turing, first published in January 1937 with the title On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. It was the second proof of the assertion (Alonzo Church's proof was first) that some decision problems are ""undecidable"": there is no single algorithm that infallibly gives a correct ""yes"" or ""no"" answer to each instance of the problem. In his own words: ""...what I shall prove is quite different from the well-known results of Gödel ... I shall now show that there is no general method which tells whether a given formula"
"about the Turing test, which was proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 as a means of determining whether an advanced computer can be said to be intelligent. French was for a long time an outspoken critic of the test, which, he suggested, no computer might ever be able to meet. French now believes that the way forward in AI does not lie in an attempt to flawlessly simulate human cognition (i.e., pass a Turing Test) but, rather, in trying to design computers capable of developing their own abilities to understand the world and in interacting with these machines in a"
"Unambiguous Turing machine In theoretical computer science, a Turing machine is a theoretical machine that is used in thought experiments to examine the abilities and limitations of computers. An unambiguous Turing machine is a special kind of non-deterministic Turing machine, which, in some sense, is similar to a deterministic Turing machine. A ""non-deterministic Turing machine"" is represented formally by a 6-tuple, formula_1, as explained in the page ""non-deterministic Turing machine"". An ""unambiguous Turing machine"" is a non-deterministic Turing machine such that, for all input ""w"" = ""a""""a"" ... ""a"", there exists at most one sequence of configurations ""c"",""c"", ..., ""c"""
"Sparse Turing-Complete Sets"", SIAM J. Comput., 26(3), 634–653 Unambiguous Turing machine In theoretical computer science, a Turing machine is a theoretical machine that is used in thought experiments to examine the abilities and limitations of computers. An unambiguous Turing machine is a special kind of non-deterministic Turing machine, which, in some sense, is similar to a deterministic Turing machine. A ""non-deterministic Turing machine"" is represented formally by a 6-tuple, formula_1, as explained in the page ""non-deterministic Turing machine"". An ""unambiguous Turing machine"" is a non-deterministic Turing machine such that, for all input ""w"" = ""a""""a"" ... ""a"", there exists at"
"nowadays considered too exploitable to be a meaningful benchmark. A derivative of the Turing test is the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA). As the name implies, this helps to determine that a user is an actual person and not a computer posing as a human. In contrast to the standard Turing test, CAPTCHA is administered by a machine and targeted to a human as opposed to being administered by a human and targeted to a machine. A computer asks a user to complete a simple test then generates a grade for that test."
"and the manner in which they are satisfied must be carefully chosen to produce the required result. Turing degree In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set. The concept of Turing degree is fundamental in computability theory, where sets of natural numbers are often regarded as decision problems. The Turing degree of a set is a measure of how difficult it is to solve the decision problem associated with the set, that is, to determine whether"
"non-Turing test for machine consciousness based on machine's ability to produce philosophical judgments. He argues that a deterministic machine must be regarded as conscious if it is able to produces judgments on all problematic properties of consciousness (such as qualia or binding) having no innate (preloaded) philosophical knowledge on these issues, no philosophical discussions while learning, and no informational models of other creatures in its memory (such models may implicitly or explicitly contain knowledge about these creatures’ consciousness). However, this test can be used only to detect, but not refute the existence of consciousness. A positive result proves that machine"
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence ""Computing Machinery and Intelligence"" is a seminal paper written by Alan Turing on the topic of artificial intelligence. The paper, published in 1950 in ""Mind"", was the first to introduce his concept of what is now known as the Turing test to the general public. Turing's paper considers the question ""Can machines think?"" Since the words ""think"" and ""machine"" cannot be defined in a clear way that satisfies everyone, Turing suggests we ""replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words."" To do this, he must first"
"Turing degree In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set. The concept of Turing degree is fundamental in computability theory, where sets of natural numbers are often regarded as decision problems. The Turing degree of a set is a measure of how difficult it is to solve the decision problem associated with the set, that is, to determine whether an arbitrary number is in the given set. Two sets are Turing equivalent if they have the"
"Reverse Turing test A reverse Turing test is a Turing test in which the objective or roles between computers and humans have been reversed. Conventionally, the Turing test is conceived as having a human judge and a computer subject which attempts to appear human. Critical to the concept is the parallel situation of a human judge and a human subject, who also attempts to appear human. The intent of the test is for the judge to attempt to distinguish which of these two situations is actually occurring. It is presumed that a human subject will always be judged human, and"
"subject of the test involves reversing the roles of the real and control subjects. When a Turing test is applied to a mixed group of human and computer subjects, the computers are the nominal subjects. However, the humans are judged in exactly the same way, and so their Turing test scores can also be calculated. This is another way of viewing the situation described in the previous section. The term ""reverse Turing test"" has also been applied to a Turing test (test of humanity) that is administered by a computer. In other words, a computer administers a test to determine"
"development. And such attempts at finding the underlying algorithms by which children learn of the features of the world around them are only beginning to be made. Computing Machinery and Intelligence ""Computing Machinery and Intelligence"" is a seminal paper written by Alan Turing on the topic of artificial intelligence. The paper, published in 1950 in ""Mind"", was the first to introduce his concept of what is now known as the Turing test to the general public. Turing's paper considers the question ""Can machines think?"" Since the words ""think"" and ""machine"" cannot be defined in a clear way that satisfies everyone,"
"the Computing Machine Laboratory there, working on software for one of the earliest stored-program computers—the Manchester Mark 1. During this time he continued to do more abstract work in mathematics,<ref name=""doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287""></ref> and in ""Computing Machinery and Intelligence"" (""Mind"", October 1950), Turing addressed the problem of artificial intelligence, and proposed an experiment that became known as the Turing test, an attempt to define a standard for a machine to be called ""intelligent"". The idea was that a computer could be said to ""think"" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being. In the paper,"
"unaware of which source the output data comes from - other humans, or the model. The Turing test model is based on comparing whether or not the output, at a rate more than chance, matches that which is the expected output for human behavior in the situation being modeled. ""When applied to the validation of human behavior models, the model is said to pass the Turing test and thus to be valid if expert observers cannot reliably distinguish between model-generated and human-generated behavior. Because the characteristic of the system-generated behavior being assessed is the degree to which it is indistinguishable"
"apparent to a human, and the simulation of the kinds of errors that conversational programs typically make. Arguably unlike the conventional Turing test, this is most interesting when the judges are very familiar with the art of conversation programs, meaning that in the regular Turing test they can very rapidly tell the difference between a computer program and a human acting normally. The humans that perform best (some would say worst) in the reverse Turing test are those that know computers best, and so know the types of errors that computers can be expected to make in conversation. There is"
"included the Royal Institution's Director Baroness Susan Greenfield, Selmer Bringsjord, Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges, and consciousness scientist Owen Holland. No agreement emerged for a canonical Turing test, though Bringsjord expressed that a sizeable prize would result in the Turing test being passed sooner. Throughout 2012, a number of major events took place to celebrate Turing's life and scientific impact. The Turing100 group supported these events and also, organised a special Turing test event in Bletchley Park on 23 June 2012 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth. Turing test The Turing test, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is"
"from that of a human being. All participants are separated from one another. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. Turing then considered each possible objection to the proposal ""machines can think"", and found that there are simple, obvious answers if the question is de-mystified in this way. He did not, however, intend for the test to measure for the presence of ""consciousness"" or ""understanding"". He did not believe this was relevant to the issues that he was addressing. He wrote: To Searle, as a philosopher investigating"
"Turing Test (VTT) unlike the Turing test has a query engine system which interrogates a computer vision system in the presence of a human co-ordinator. It is a system that generates a random sequence of binary questions specific to the test image, such that the answer to any question ""k"" is unpredictable given the true answers to the previous ""k"" − 1 questions (also known as history of questions). The test happens in the presence of a human operator who serves two main purposes: removing the ambiguous questions and providing the correct answers to the unambiguous questions. Given an Image"
"on the machine's ability to render words as speech. If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The test results do not depend on the machine's ability to give correct answers to questions, only how closely its answers resemble those a human would give. The test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper, ""Computing Machinery and Intelligence"", while working at the University of Manchester (Turing, 1950; p. 460). It opens with the words: ""I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think? Because ""thinking"" is difficult to"
"Turing machine equivalents A Turing machine is a hypothetical computing device, first conceived by Alan Turing in 1936. Turing machines manipulate symbols on a potentially infinite strip of tape according to a finite table of rules, and they provide the theoretical underpinnings for the notion of a computer algorithm. While none of the following models have been shown to have more power than the single-tape, one-way infinite, multi-symbol Turing-machine model, their authors defined and used them to investigate questions and solve problems more easily than they could have if they had stayed with Turing's ""a""-machine model. Turing equivalence Many machines"
"Turing suggested that rather than building a program to simulate the adult mind, it would be better rather to produce a simpler one to simulate a child's mind and then to subject it to a course of education. A reversed form of the Turing test is widely used on the Internet; the CAPTCHA test is intended to determine whether the user is a human or a computer. In 1948 Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, D.G. Champernowne, began writing a chess program for a computer that did not yet exist. By 1950, the program was completed and dubbed the"
"with a human, both questioned in parallel by an interrogator. Since the Turing test is a test of indistinguishability in performance capacity, the verbal version generalises naturally to all of human performance capacity, verbal as well as nonverbal (robotic). Turing's original article describes a simple party game involving three players. Player A is a man, player B is a woman and player C (who plays the role of the interrogator) is of either sex. In the imitation game, player C is unable to see either player A or player B, and can communicate with them only through written notes. By"