What is the name of the virus that frequently occurs on cruise ships?
"passengers and 0.15% of some 28 million crew members reported symptoms of the illness."" The estimated likelihood of contracting gastroenteritis from any cause on an average 7-day cruise is less than 1%. In 2009, during which more than 13 million people took a cruise, there were nine reported norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships. Outbreak investigations by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have shown that transmission among cruise ship passengers is primarily person-to-person; potable water supplies have not been implicated. In 2009, ships undergoing unannounced inspections in U.S. ports received an average CDC Vessel Sanitation Program score of"
"and 19% respectively) compared to high-mortality developing countries (14%). Proportionately it causes more illness in people in the community or in hospital outpatients (24% and 20% respectively) as compared with hospital inpatients (17%) in whom other causes are more common. Age and emergence of new norovirus strains do not appear to affect the proportion of gastroenteritis attributable to norovirus. Norovirus is a common cause of epidemics of gastroenteritis on cruise ships. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through its Vessel Sanitation Program record and investigate outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness—mostly caused by norovirus—on cruise ships with both a U.S."
"Schiff 2"". Her sister ship ""Marella Explorer"" is the former MV ""Galaxy"", also previously operated by Celebrity Cruises. On May 19, 2006, just prior to ""Mercury""s planned departure for an Alaska cruise, Seattle-based inspectors from the U.S. Coast Guard arrested the captain of the ""Mercury"" for intoxication during a routine safety inspection. Celebrity Cruises arranged for a replacement, and fired the original captain. While cruising from Charleston, South Carolina to the eastern Caribbean in February 2010, the ship was struck with a major outbreak of norovirus, affecting nearly 500 people on board, out of a total of just over 1,800."
"Food processors, electrical and nonelectrical machinery manufacturers, and advertising agencies also benefit. Recent Travel awards include As of 2008, Royal Caribbean had 22% of the market share in cruise line operation. Cruise line operators are criticized for using this large economic impact to cut deals with home ports, ports of call, and agencies. In January 2014, an outbreak of norovirus aboard the ""Explorer of the Seas"" sickened 689 of 4,237 passengers and crew (16.3%), causing the ship to return to port two days early. The outbreak reportedly marked the greatest number of cases of illness aboard a cruise ship in"
"Aquareovirus Aquareovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Reoviridae, in the subfamily Spinareovirinae. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. There are currently seven species in this genus including the type species Aquareovirus A. In general, Aquareoviruses have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic Aquareovirus. Group: dsRNA Viruses in Aquareovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, around 4.0kb in length."
"Chlorovirus Chlorovirus, also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family ""Phycodnaviridae"". This genus is found globally in freshwater environments where freshwater microscopic algae serve as natural hosts. There are currently 19 species in this genus including the type species Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1. Chlorovirus was initially discovered in 1981 by Russel H. Meintz, James L. Van Etten, Daniel Kuczmarski, Kit Lee, and Barbara Ang while attempting to culture Chlorella-like alga. During the attempted process viral particles were discovered in the cells 2 to 6 hours after being initially isolated, followed by"
"Okavirus Okavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Nidovirales, in the family ""Roniviridae"". Okaviruses infect crustaceans, mostly prawns. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Gill-associated virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: GAV: reddening, biofouling with exoparasites, emaciation, massive mortality; YHV: yellow head, arrest of feeding. massive mortality. The name is derived from the 'Oka' or lymphoid organ in which the viruses are commonly detected and in which pathology occurs during acute infections. Lymphoid organs are anatomical structures common to penaeid shrimp. Group: ssRNA(+) Two virus strains are recognized in this genus:"
"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the ""Rhabdoviridae"" family, and from the genus ""Novirhabdovirus"". It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish such as trout and salmon. The disease may be referred to by a number of other names such as Chinook salmon disease, Coleman disease, Columbia River sockeye disease, Cultus Lake virus disease, Oregon sockeye disease, Sacramento River Chinook disease and sockeye salmon viral disease. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States, and"
"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the ""Rhabdoviridae"" family, and from the genus ""Novirhabdovirus"". It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish such as trout and salmon. The disease may be referred to by a number of other names such as Chinook salmon disease, Coleman disease, Columbia River sockeye disease, Cultus Lake virus disease, Oregon sockeye disease, Sacramento River Chinook disease and sockeye salmon viral disease. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States, and"
"in 1992. The host of the virus causing the disease is ""P. vannamei"", one of the two most commonly farmed shrimp. The disease spread rapidly, mainly through the shipping of infected animals and broodstock. Originally confined to farms in the Americas, it has also been propagated to Asian shrimp farms with the introduction of ""L. vannamei"" there. Birds are thought to be a route of infection between farms within one region. Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) is a disease that causes mass mortality among ""P. stylirostris"" (as high as 90%) and severe deformations in ""L. vannamei"". It occurs in"
"throughout the past few decades. Originally the range of the virus was isolated to Europe and the Middle East. In 2002 it was isolated from a North Carolina lake. In 2004 the virus was isolated from imported koi in Cedar Lake, Wisconsin. Additionally, the virus has been linked to an outbreak of SVC in 2006 at Hamilton Bay in Lake Ontario. Spring viraemia of carp Spring viraemia of carp, also known as Swim Bladder Inflammation, is caused by Carp sprivivirus, also called ""Rhabdovirus carpio"". It is listed as a notifiable disease under the World Organisation for Animal Health. Spring viraemia"
"water, and freshwater species and may greatly impact cultured salmonid fish. Vibriosis has been observed in salmon, bream, eel, mullet, catfish, oysters, tilapia, and shrimp amongst others. The bacteria is most prevalent in late summer in salt or brackish water and gene transmission is mainly horizontal. Infection in humans is most commonly through the skin, but also through the mouth via contaminated food or water. It is widely distributed across the world. ""Vibrio anguillarum"" are damaging to the economy of aquaculture sector and fishing industries. ""Vibrio anguillarum"" can be categorized into 23 different strains known as serotypes. O-serotype systems have"
"by the measles-like phocine distemper virus. Large outbreaks of the disease were recorded among the seal populations of Lake Baikal and along the shores of the Baltic and North Sea. The infection resembled canine distemper; the animals died within two weeks of respiratory distress and many aborted pups were seen. Many other viruses, including caliciviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses and parvoviruses, circulate in marine mammal populations. Fish too have their viruses. They are particularly prone to infections with rhabdoviruses, which are distinct from, but related to rabies virus. At least nine types of rhabdovirus cause economically important diseases in species including salmon,"
"Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (also CyHV-3, koi herpes virus or KHV) is a species of virus causing a viral disease that is very contagious to the common carp ""Cyprinus carpio"". It is most commonly found in ornamental koi, which are often used in outdoor ponds or as feeder stock. The first case of KHV was reported in 1998, but not confirmed until later in 1999. KHV is a DNA-based virus. After discovery, it was identified as a strain of herpesvirus. Like other strains, KHV stays with the infected fish for the duration of their lives, making the recovered"
"basin in an attempt to control carp populations in the water system. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (also CyHV-3, koi herpes virus or KHV) is a species of virus causing a viral disease that is very contagious to the common carp ""Cyprinus carpio"". It is most commonly found in ornamental koi, which are often used in outdoor ponds or as feeder stock. The first case of KHV was reported in 1998, but not confirmed until later in 1999. KHV is a DNA-based virus. After discovery, it was identified as a strain of herpesvirus. Like other strains, KHV stays with"
"found in RNA viruses. It is also similar to the rate found in other single stranded DNA viruses. Viral zone Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) is a viral disease of penaeid shrimp that causes mass mortality (up to 90%) among the Western blue shrimp (""Penaeus stylirostris"") and severe deformations in the Pacific white shrimp (""P. vannamei""). It occurs in Pacific farmed and wild shrimp, but not in wild shrimp on the Atlantic coast of the Americas. The shrimp-farming industry has developed several broodstocks of both ""P. stylirostris"" and ""P. vannamei"" that are resistant against"
"viruses, for example the bovine papillomavirus. The first documented case of the disease was in 1938 in Key West, Florida. Long-term studies found no signs of the disease on Florida’s Atlantic coast in the 1970s, but during the 1980s FP was recorded in incidences varying from 28%-67%. Today, incidences as high as 92% have been reported in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Generally, FP is most prominent in warmer climates. Recent research has found that FP is caused by stress and tumours have been observed in turtles that are part of turtle tourism tours. It is thought that the presence of"
"number of ""stranded"" cetaceans on beaches and shores. Cetacean morbillivirus Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a virus that infects marine mammals in the order Cetacea, which includes dolphins, porpoises and whales. Three genetically distinct strains have been identified: dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), pilot whale morbillivirus (PWMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV). Symptoms of infection are often a severe combination of pneumonia, encephalitis and damage to the immune system, which greatly impair the cetacean's ability to swim and stay afloat unassisted. Since its discovery in 1987, CeMV has been responsible for numerous epizootics of mass mortality in cetacean populations. Epizootics of CeMV can be"
"Cetacean morbillivirus Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a virus that infects marine mammals in the order Cetacea, which includes dolphins, porpoises and whales. Three genetically distinct strains have been identified: dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), pilot whale morbillivirus (PWMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV). Symptoms of infection are often a severe combination of pneumonia, encephalitis and damage to the immune system, which greatly impair the cetacean's ability to swim and stay afloat unassisted. Since its discovery in 1987, CeMV has been responsible for numerous epizootics of mass mortality in cetacean populations. Epizootics of CeMV can be easily identified by a significant increase in the"
"used in major hospitals. Rhinovirus The rhinovirus (from the Greek ""rhis"" ""nose"", ""rhinos"" ""of the nose"", and the Latin ""vīrus"") is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses are a genus in the family Picornaviridae. The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinoviruses that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes). They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters"
"Viral gametocytic hypertrophy Viral gametocytic hypertrophy is a pathological condition observed in the Pacific oyster. The condition was first discovered in Maine in 1973, and was later observed in Germany Ireland, Spain and South Korea. It involves the presence of basophilic inclusions in the gonads and the presence of virus particles that have been classified as papovaviruses/ papillomaviruses-polyomaviruses. They may be propagated during spawning or by vertical transmission and have an icosahedral shape. Ovocytes appear to be among the infected cells and their nuclei are hypertrophic, and the host does not noticeably respond with an immune response. A hypertrophy has"
"by sharp spines, laced with toxins and sometimes with bright warning colours. Other species protect their vulnerable tube feet and arm tips by lining their ambulacral grooves with spines and heavily plating their extremities. Several species sometimes suffer from a wasting condition caused by bacteria in the genus ""Vibrio""; however, a more widespread wasting disease, causing mass mortalities among starfish, appears sporadically. A paper published in November 2014 revealed the most likely cause of this disease to be a densovirus the authors named sea star-associated densovirus (SSaDV). The protozoan ""Orchitophrya stellarum"" is known to infect the gonads of starfish and"
"Velvet (fish disease) Velvet disease (also called gold-dust, rust and coral disease) is a fish disease caused by dinoflagellate parasites of the genus ""Piscinoodinium"", specifically ""Amyloodinium"" in marine fish, and ""Oodinium"" in freshwater fish. The disease gives infected organisms a dusty, brownish-gold color. The disease occurs most commonly in tropical fish, and to a lesser extent, marine aquaria. The single-celled parasite's life cycle can be divided into three major phases. First, as a tomont, the parasite rests at the water's floor and divides into as many as 256 tomites. Second, these juvenile, motile tomites swim about in search of a"
"Cafeteria roenbergensis virus Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV) is a giant virus that infects the marine bicosoecid flagellate ""Cafeteria roenbergensis"", a member of the microzooplankton community. The virus was isolated from seawater samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico during 1989 to 1991, on a flagellate host that was misidentified as belonging to the genus ""Bodo""; hence the original designation of the virus as BV-PW1. The virus was shown to be about 300 nm in diameter and have a complex internal structure, as well as evidence of a putative tail-like structure Further work on the virus indicated that the host was"
"during a cruise, the ship sailed into rough weather in the Bay of Biscay, smashing through waves and winds. Two passengers were sent to a hospital in A Coruña, Spain, with serious injuries. There have been several outbreaks of norovirus (""the vomiting bug"", unpleasant but not dangerous) on the vessel, in 2009, 2010, May 2015, and May 2016. Fred. Olsen took delivery of the ship on 7 November 2007, renaming her after the Balmoral estate. The company initiated a major refit at the Blohm + Voss repair shipyard in Hamburg, Germany, before her inaugural cruise on 13 February 2008, to"
"cause mass mortality events like megalocytiviruses and ranaviruses, fish with lymphocystis exhibit grossly visible papilloma-like skin lesions which substantially reduce their commercial value. No vaccines are currently available for lymphocystis viruses. Group: dsDNA The genus ""Lymphocystivirus"" has only one species: ""Lymphocystis disease virus 1"" (LCDV-1), but Lymphocystis disease virus 2 (LCD-2) is another virus that has been proposed as a second member. LCDV-1 infects European flounder ""Platichthys flesus"" and European plaice (""Pleuronectes platessa""). LCDV-2 infects the common dab (""Limanda limanda""). A third species Lymphocystis disease virus C has also been proposed based on the relative lack of sequence similarity of"
"lysis after 12 to 20 hours. This virus was initially called HVCV (Hydra viridis Chlorella virus) since it was first found to infect Chlorella-like algae. Though relatively new to virologists and thus not extensively studied, one species, Chlorovirus ATCV-1, commonly found in lakes, has been recently found to infect humans. New studies focusing on effects of infection in mouse model are currently emerging as well. Chlorovirus belongs to Group 1: dsDNA viruses, and is a genus of giant double stranded DNA, in the family of Phycodnaviridae. Group: dsDNA Family: Phycodnaviridae Genus: Chlorovirus Chloroviruses are widespread in freshwater environments in all"
"Diego from a ten-day tour with 110 passengers sickened from a norovirus outbreak. A CDC report filed later that year listed 40 violations. On 27 November 2010, an intoxicated passenger released ""Ryndam""'s stern anchor while the ship was in international waters ""en route"" to Florida. No damage to the ship was reported. In April 2015 two passengers on board the ship were found dead in their cabin by cruise staff. At approximately 11.30am local time two guests on board MS Ryndam were found deceased in their stateroom in what appears to be a murder-suicide, said the statement from Holland America"
"that the rough seas caused increased use of the handrails, contributing to the difficulty of eradicating norovirus. In January 2018, about 200 passengers were reported to have been infected with norovirus during a two-week round trip from Brisbane to New Zealand. On 28 August 2016, three Canadian nationals were arrested after ""Sea Princess"" berthed in Sydney Harbour. After the ship docked Australian Border Force officers along with drug sniffing dogs boarded the ship. During a search of the ship 95 kg (209 pounds) of cocaine was found packed in suitcases. The estimated value of the cocaine is $30 million AUD"
"samples taken on Rottnest Island. Quokkapox virus Quokkapox virus (QPV), also known as quokka poxvirus, marsupial papillomavirus, or marsupialpox virus is a which is the cause of quokkapox. It is unclear whether this virus is its own species or a member of another species. It primarily infects the quokka, which is one of only four macropodid marsupials to get pox lesions. The lesions can mainly be seen on the tail, and can be up to in diameter. Because the quokka host primarily lives on isolated islands in Western Australia, the range of the virus is limited as well. It was"
"Molluscum contagiosum Molluscum contagiosum (MC), sometimes called water warts, is a viral infection of the skin that results in small, raised, pink lesions with a dimple in the center. They may occasionally be itchy or sore. They may occur singly or in groups. Any area of the skin may be affected, with abdomen, legs, arms, neck, genital area, and face being most common. Onset of the lesions is around 7 weeks after infection. It usually goes away within a year without scarring. MC is caused by a poxvirus called the ""molluscum contagiosum virus"" (MCV). The virus is spread either by"
"at water temperatures greater than 29°C had increased resistance to WSSV. White spot syndrome White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the lone virus (and type species) of the genus Whispovirus (white spot), which is the only genus in the family Nimaviridae. It is responsible for causing white spot syndrome in a wide range of crustacean hosts. White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. The disease is highly lethal and contagious, killing shrimp quickly. Outbreaks of this disease have wiped out the entire populations of many shrimp farms within a few days, in places throughout the world."
"incentives ... may have influenced the approval process to exceed the limits of a reasonable safety envelope."" For the 2003 northern hemisphere summer season, ""Regal Princess"" was repositioned for cruises on the Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea. While on a repositioning cruise from Copenhagen to New York in August 2003, a number of passengers and crew on board ""Regal Princess"" were infected by the Norwalk virus. The number of infected people on board eventually rose to 217, and the decision was made for the ship to drop planned calls in Greenland and Newfoundland in favour of sailing directly to New"