What is the name of the rock from which traitors were hurled to their death in Ancient Rome?
"Tarpeian Rock The Tarpeian Rock (; Latin: ' or '; ) is a steep cliff of the southern summit of the Capitoline Hill, overlooking the Roman Forum in Ancient Rome. It was used during the Roman Republic as an execution site. Murderers, traitors, perjurors, and larcenous slaves, if convicted by the ""quaestores parricidii"", were flung from the cliff to their deaths. The cliff was about 25 meters high. According to early Roman histories, when the Sabine ruler Titus Tatius attacked Rome after the Rape of the Sabines (8th century BC), the Vestal Virgin Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, governor of"
"denarius of the Emperor Augustus in approximately 20 BC. Tarpeia would later become a symbol of betrayal and greed in Rome. The cliff from which she was thrown was named the Tarpeian Rock, and would become the place of execution for Rome's most notorious traitors. Tarpeia In Roman mythology, Tarpeia , daughter of the Roman commander Spurius Tarpeius, was a Vestal virgin who betrayed the city of Rome to the Sabines at the time of their women's abduction for what she thought would be a reward of jewellery. She was instead crushed to death and her body cast from the"
"a high rock or beaten to death. During the Roman Republic, the Tarpeian Rock, a steep cliff at the southern summit of the Capitoline Hill, was used for public executions. Murderers and traitors, if convicted by the quaestores parricidii, were flung from the cliff to their deaths. Those who had a mental or significant physical disability also suffered the same fate as they were thought to have been cursed by the gods. Later, during the Roman Empire, the Gemonian stairs were used for this purpose. Their use as a place of execution is most closely associated with the later part"
"Tarpeia (gens) The gens Tarpeia was a minor patrician family at ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens are known, and the Tarpeii vanish from history after the early Republic. The Tarpeian Rock, a promontory on the Capitoline Hill, from which those condemned for treason were thrown to their deaths, is said to have been named after Tarpeia, the archetype of all Roman traitors. There seems to have been a senatorial family of this name in imperial times. The nomen ""Tarpeius"" belongs to a common class of gentilicia formed using the suffix ""-eius"". Such names are typical of"
"of his hiding-place, driven to the Gemonian stairs and struck down. His last words were ""Yet I was once your Emperor"". On those same stairs, Decebal's head was thrown along with his right hand in 106 A.D. During Republican times, the Tarpeian Rock, a steep cliff at the southern summit of the Capitoline Hill, was used for similar purposes. Murderers and traitors, if convicted by the ""quaestores parricidii"", were flung from the cliff to their deaths. Infants who suffered from significant mental or physical disabilities sometimes suffered the same fate, as they were thought to have been cursed by the"
"it is significant that the rock was named for her deceit. About 500 BC, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh legendary king of Rome, levelled the top of the rock, removing the shrines built by the Sabines, and built the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on the "", the area between the two summits of the hill. The rock itself survived the remodelling and was used for executions well into Sulla's time (early 1st century BC). However the execution of Simon bar Giora was as late as the time of Vespasian. There is a Latin phrase "" (“the Tarpeian Rock is close"
"some external thing, while a ""shvua"" initiates an internal change in the one who swears the oath. In the Roman tradition, oaths were sworn upon ""Iuppiter Lapis"" or the Jupiter Stone located in the Temple of Jupiter, Capitoline Hill. ""Iuppiter Lapis"" was held in the Roman tradition to be an Oath Stone, an aspect of Jupiter in his role as divine law-maker responsible for order and used principally for the investiture of the oathtaking of office. According to Cyril Bailey, in ""The Religion of Ancient Rome"" (1907): The punisher of broken oaths was the infernal deity Orcus. Walter Burkert has"
"murder"": a conventional attitude at that time. In Dante Alighieri's ""Inferno"", the ninth and lowest circle of Hell is reserved for traitors; Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus, suffers the worst torments of all: being constantly gnawed at by one of Lucifer's own three mouths. His treachery is considered so notorious that his name has long been synonymous with ""traitor"", a fate he shares with Benedict Arnold, Vidkun Quisling, Marcus Junius Brutus (who too is depicted in Dante's ""Inferno"", suffering the same fate as Judas along with Cassius Longinus). Indeed, the etymology of the word ""traitor"" originates with Judas' handing over"
"Tarpeia In Roman mythology, Tarpeia , daughter of the Roman commander Spurius Tarpeius, was a Vestal virgin who betrayed the city of Rome to the Sabines at the time of their women's abduction for what she thought would be a reward of jewellery. She was instead crushed to death and her body cast from the southern cliff of Rome's Capitoline Hill, thereafter called Tarpeian Rock (""Rupes Tarpeia""). The legend tells that while Rome was besieged by the Sabine king Titus Tatius, Tarpeia, daughter of the commander of the citadel, Spurius Tarpeius, approached the Sabine camp and offered them entry to"
"golden bracelets. Instead, the Sabines crushed her to death with their shields, and her body was thrown from a rock known ever since by her name, the Tarpeian Rock. The Romans attacked the Sabines, who now held the citadel. The Roman advance was led by Hostus Hostilius, the Sabine defence by Mettus Curtius. Hostus fell in battle, and the Roman line gave way. They retreated to the gate of the Palatium. Romulus rallied his men by promising to build a temple to Jupiter Stator on the site. He then led them back into battle. Mettus Curtius was unhorsed and fled"
"Caepio, his former brother-in-law. On the day of voting, Philippus tried to stop proceedings, and was only deterred when one of Drusus' supporters throttled Philippus to the point that the consul started bleeding. When Caepio continued to oppose his legislation, Drusus threatened to have the praetor hurled from the Tarpeian Rock, an archaic punishment for treasonable magistrates. By September, momentum was turning against Drusus and his backers. Senators in the Roman Republic were deeply wary of any one individual gaining extraordinary personal power; as a result, Drusus' popularity with the people lost him support in the Senate, where it was"
"rock. A restaurant, a tourist pavilion and the Aphrodite Hills resort are nearby. According to one legend, this rock is the site of the birth of the goddess Aphrodite, perhaps owing to the foaming waters around the rock fragments, and for this reason it is known as ""Aphrodite's Rock"". Gaia (Mother Earth) asked one of her sons, Cronus, to mutilate his father, Uranus (Sky). Cronus cut off Uranus' testicles and threw them into the sea. Similarly, the local version indicates that Aphrodite’s Rock is a part of the lower body of Uranus. This legend says that Cronus ambushed his father"
"Traitors, also known as the frozen lake, Cocytus. He is one of three sinners deemed evil enough to be doomed to an eternity of being chewed in the mouths of the triple-headed Satan (the others being Brutus and Cassius, the assassins of Julius Caesar). Dante writes that Judas – having committed the ultimate act of treachery by betraying the Son of God Himself – is trapped in the jaws of Satan's central head, said to be the most vicious of the three, by his head, leaving his back to be raked by the fallen angel's claws. In art, one of"
"crucified on trees in their own temple precinct as offerings. The procession route involved the temples of Juventas (""Youth"") and Summanus, an obscure and complex chthonic god of archaic Roman religion who shares some attributes with both Jupiter and Pluto. It may have taken place in the Circus Maximus. Sources mentioning the ritual agree that the ""punishment"" was inflicted on the dogs for their failure to warn the Romans of the stealth attack against the citadel by the Gauls during the Gallic siege of Rome in 390 BC (or 387). Legends vary regarding this historical event—the only sack of the"
"divine wrath if it should not abide by its word, asking for ""execratio"". Oaths were made by Jupiter Lapis (""per Iovem Lapidem""). The flintstone was believed to be a seat of Jupiter's because if struck it emitted sparks, thus being analogous to lightning. The ceremony has two known variants. In the first one the ""pater patratus"" hits a pig with flintstone taken from the temple of Jupiter Feretrius pronouncing the ""formula"" referred by Livy; in the second he throws the flintstone and vows Rome to fall as the stone itself if it should fail to abide by the oath. When"
"of the winds, bestowed Odysseus and his crew with a gift of the four winds in a bag. However, the sailors opened the bag while Odysseus slept, looking for booty (money), and as a result were blown off course by the resulting gale. In ancient Rome, the ""lapis manalis"" was a sacred stone kept outside the walls of Rome in a temple of Mars. When Rome suffered from drought, the stone was dragged into the city. The Berwick witches of Scotland were found guilty of using black magic to summon storms to murder King James VI of Scotland by seeking"
"to rot on the staircase for extended periods of time in full view of the Forum, scavenged by dogs or other carrion animals, until eventually being thrown into the Tiber. Death on the stairs was considered extremely dishonourable and dreadful, yet several senators and even an emperor met their demise here. Among the most famous who were executed on this spot were the prefect of the Praetorian Guard Lucius Aelius Sejanus and the emperor Vitellius. Sejanus was a former confidant of emperor Tiberius who was implicated in a conspiracy in AD 31. According to Cassius Dio, Sejanus was strangled and"
"Stone throwing Stone throwing or rock throwing is the act of throwing a stone. When it is directed at another person (called stone pelting in India), it is a form of criminal assault. Throwing of rocks or stones is one of the most ancient forms of ranged-weapon combat, with slings used to increase the range of such projectiles having been found among other weapons in the tomb of Tutankhamen, who died about 1325 BC. In many places, rocks are readily available as weapons, more so than more sophisticated weapons. Because rocks are dense, hard objects, a forcefully thrown rock can"
"Perduellio In the early days of Ancient Rome, perduellio () was the term for the capital offense of high treason. It was set down plainly in the Law of the Twelve Tables as thus: The Law of the Twelve Tables orders that he who has stirred up an enemy or who has handed over a citizen to the enemy is to be punished capitally. (Marcianus, D. 48, 4, 3) . Under the terms of this law, those convicted of ""perduellio"" were subject to death either by being hanged from the ""arbor infelix"" (a tree deemed to be unfortunate) or by"
"that Hephaestus, the god of fire, sat below the volcano Etna, forging the weapons of Zeus. The Greek word used to describe volcanoes was ""etna"", or ""hiera"", after Heracles, the son of Zeus. The Roman poet Virgil, in interpreting the Greek mythos, held that the giant Enceladus was buried beneath Etna by the goddess Athena as punishment for rebellion against the gods; the mountain's rumblings were his tormented cries, the flames his breath and the tremors his railing against the bars of his prison. Enceladus' brother Mimas was buried beneath Vesuvius by Hephaestus, and the blood of other defeated giants"
"reply from the consul, T. Manlius Torquatus. Livy writes that, according to tradition, while the senators were invoking the gods as guardians of their treaties with the Latins, Annius was heard dismissing the divine power of the Roman Jupiter. However, when storming out of the temple, Annius slipped on the stairs and was knocked unconscious in the fall, or, according to some, killed. When Torquatus saw Annius lying there, he vowed to strike down the armies of the Latins just as the gods had struck the Latin envoy. This speech was wildly cheered by the people of Rome and war"
"stone church was built in 1450 to house his coffin. Quirinus of Tegernsee Quirinus of Tegernsee, or Quirinus of Rome (not to be confused with Quirinus of Neuss, also sometimes called ""Quirinus of Rome""), is venerated as a martyr and saint of the third century. According to one tradition, he was beheaded during the reign of Claudius Gothicus (268-70). His corpse was thrown into the Tiber and later found at Tiber Island. According to the legendary ""Acts"" of the martyrs Saint Maris and Saint Martha, a Roman martyr Quirinus (Cyrinus) was buried in the Catacomb of Pontian. However, the Itineraries"
"hills, with a cenotaph over him which will read ""This is the barrow of Typhoeus, son of Earth, who once lashed the sky with stones, and the fire of heaven burnt him up"". Most accounts have the defeated Typhon buried under either Mount Etna in Sicily, or the volcanic island of Ischia, the largest of the Phlegraean Islands off the coast of Naples, with Typhon being the cause of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Though Hesiod has Typhon simply cast into Tartarus by Zeus, some have read a reference to Mount Etna in Hesiod's description of Typhon's fall: And flame shot"
"Crushing (execution) Death by crushing or pressing is a method of execution that has a history during which the techniques used varied greatly from place to place, generally involving the placement of intense weight upon a person with the intent to kill. This form of execution is no longer sanctioned by any governing body. A common method of death throughout South and South-East Asia for over 4,000 years was crushing by elephants. The Romans and Carthaginians used this method on occasion. In Roman mythology, Tarpeia was a Roman maiden who betrayed the city of Rome to the Sabines in exchange"
"of the reign of the emperor Tiberius. The condemned were usually strangled before their bodies were bound and thrown down the stairs. Occasionally the corpses of the executed were transferred here for display from other places of execution in Rome. Corpses were usually left to rot on the staircase for extended periods of time in full view of the Forum, scavenged by dogs or other carrion animals, until eventually being thrown into the Tiber. Death on the stairs was considered extremely dishonourable and dreadful, yet several senators and even an emperor met their demise here. Suetonius records the rumours of"
"mythology. One was in Aornum. Tantalus, for instance, would not be sent to Tartarus. Only condemned monsters and titans are sent to Tartarus. In Roman mythology, Tartarus is the place where sinners are sent. Virgil describes it in the ""Aeneid"" as a gigantic place, surrounded by the flaming river Phlegethon and triple walls to prevent sinners from escaping from it. It is guarded by a hydra with fifty black gaping jaws, which sits at a screeching gate protected by columns of solid adamantine, a substance akin to diamond – so hard that nothing will cut through it. Inside, there is"
"that any person who swims around the Aphrodite Rock will be blessed with eternal beauty. Another legend associates the name ""Achni"" with the nearby beach, and attributes this to it being a site where the Achaeans came ashore on their return from Troy. The present name ""Petra tou Romiou"" (""Rock of the Roman"") associates the place with the exploits of the hero Basil as told in the Digenes Akritas. Basil was half-Byzantine (East Roman or ""Romios"") and half-Arabic, hence the name ""Digenes"" (""two-blood""). Legend tells that the Christian Basil hurled a huge rock from the Troodos Mountains to keep off"
"be caused by him rolling over from side to side beneath the mountain. So, for example Virgil:<poem>Enceladus, his body lightning-scarred, lies prisoned under all, so runs the tale: o'er him gigantic Aetna breathes in fire from crack and seam; and if he haply turn to change his wearied side, Trinacria's isle trembles and moans, and thick fumes mantle heaven.</poem> the c. 1st century poem ""Aetna"" (perhaps written by Lucilius Junior):In Trinacrian waters Enceladus dies and is buried under Aetna by Jove's decree; with the ponderous mountain above him he tosses restlessly, and defiantly breathes from his throat a penal fire.and"
"soldiers died under the weight of the trees trunks and branches and the panicked survivors were slaughtered by the Boii waiting outside the forest. A party of Romans tried to escape across a river, but were captured by the Boii who had already taken the bridge over it. Few Roman prisoners were taken and only ten men survived the disaster. Postumius fought to avoid capture but was killed, decapitated and his head taken to a Boii sacred temple, where the skin was scraped off and the bare skull covered with gold. It was used as a cup for drinking by"
"objects or priests could bring down the wrath of the gods. The issue of impiety in antiquity is very controversial because of the anecdotal nature of extant sources. A number of Athenian men, including Alcibiades, were sentenced to death for impiety in 415 BC, most of whom fled Athens before execution (Andocides was later charged in 400 or 399 BC in reference to these events). Most famously, the philosopher Socrates was executed for impiety (as well as corrupting Athenian youth) in 399 BC. An Athenian philosopher Anaxagoras taught that the sun and the stars were fiery stones whose heat we"
"in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). His method of execution was having spikes driven through his feet and then being made to run in front of his own chariot. When the Byzantine Emperor Constans II entered the city of Rome through the Porta Appia (the gate by which the Appian Way entered the city of Rome) during his Italian campaign against the Lombards, a stone with an incised cross stood over the gate that had the names of St George and St Conon written at the bottom of it in Greek, with the phrase 'thanks be to God' at the top."
"of swords in Turnus' lodging. Tarquin called together the Latin leaders, and accused Turnus of plotting a coup. The Latin leaders accompanied Tarquin to Turnus' lodging and, the swords then being discovered, Turnus' guilt was then speedily inferred, and he was condemned and was thrown into a pool of water in the grove, and a wooden frame (""""cratis"""") placed over his head, into which stones were thrown, thereby drowning him. Turnus Herdonius Turnus Herdonius was a leading citizen and statesman of ancient Aricia in Latium who spoke out against the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, and was killed"
"recalcitrant rankers. Tacitus relates that one centurion in the army in Pannonia gained the nickname ""Da mihi alteram!"" (""Give-me-another!"") for his propensity to break his stick over his men's backs and then shout at his ""optio"" to bring him a new one. Centurions often earned the hatred of their men, as shown during the great mutinies which broke out on the Rhine-Danube borders on the death of Augustus. In one legion, each centurion was given 60 lashes of the flail by the mutineers, to represent the legion's total number of centurions, and was then thrown into the Rhine to drown."