To within a year either side, in which year was the congestion charge introduced in London?
"all kerbside and roadside monitoring sites across central and greater London during 12 months between 2005 and 2006. Although no areas within the Congestion Charge Zone reported NO levels above an upper limit of 200 μgm-3 (105 ppb), some monitoring areas near the zone boundary experienced very long periods at such levels, notably the A23 near Brixton (3741 hours) and the Marylebone Road (849 hours). In 2007, the ""Fifth Annual Monitoring Report"" by TfL stated that between 2003 and 2006, NO emissions fell by 17%, PM10 by 24% and CO by 3%, with some being attributed to the effects of"
"meet will have to pay an extra £10 charge on top of the £11.50 congestion charge to drive in central London, within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ). The charge typically applies to diesel and petrol vehicles registered before 2006, and the levy is expected to affect up to 10,000 vehicles. London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced the introduction of the scheme in February 2017 after London achieved record air pollution levels the previous month, and the city was put on very high pollution alert for the first time ever, as cold and stationary weather failed to clear toxic pollutants emitted mainly"
"London was considered by the Greater London Council in 1973 but was not progressed. The Durham City congestion charge was introduced in 2002 and the London congestion charge in 2003. In June 2005, Transport Secretary Alistair Darling announced a proposal for a national scheme in which every vehicle would be fitted with a satellite receiver that would calculate charges, with prices (including fuel duty) ranging from 2p per mile on uncongested roads to £1.34 on the most congested roads at peak times. The scheme was dropped after an online petition against proposals gained over 1.8 million signatures. A number of"
"full congestion charge. The sunset period ended on 24 June 2016. A new toxicity charge, known as T-charge will be introduced from 23 October 2017. Older and more polluting cars and vans that do not meet will have to pay an extra £10 charge on top of the congestion charge to drive in central London, within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ). The charge typically applies to diesel and petrol vehicles registered before 2006, and the levy is expected to affect up to 10,000 vehicles. London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced the introduction of the scheme on 17 February 2017 after London"
"2016. A new toxicity charge, known as T-charge was introduced on 23 October 2017, operating for the same hours as the congestion charge (7am-6pm, Monday-Friday). Older and more polluting cars and vans that do not meet have to pay an extra £10 charge on top of the congestion charge to drive in central London, within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ). The charge typically applies to diesel and petrol vehicles registered before 2006, and the levy is expected to affect up to 10,000 vehicles. The public consultation on the T-charge proposals began in July 2016. London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced the"
"was no evidence for any wrongdoing on Livingstone's behalf. As proposed in their election manifesto, in February 2003 Livingstone's administration introduced a congestion charge covering 8 square miles in central London, charging motorists £5 a day for driving through the area. It was introduced in an attempt to deter traffic and reduce congestion; Livingstone himself took the London Underground to work, and tried to inspire more Londoners to use public transport rather than cars. The policy was highly controversial, and strongly opposed by businesses, resident groups, the roads lobby, and the Labour government; many commentators recognised that if opposition resulted"
"the central area and raise investment funds for London's transport system. The standard charge is £11.50 for each day, for each non-exempt vehicle that travels within the zone, with a penalty of between £65 and £195 levied for non-payment. In July 2013 the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED) introduced more stringent emission standards that limit the free access to the congestion charge zone to all-electric cars, some plug-in hybrids, and any vehicle that emits 75g/km or less of CO and meets the for air quality. The ULED scheme was designed to curb the growing number of diesel vehicles on London's"
"in Rome in 2001, as an upgrade to the manual zone control system implemented in 1998; London in 2003 and extended in 2007 (see London congestion charge); Stockholm in 2006, as seven-month trial, and then on a permanent basis since August 2007 (see Stockholm congestion tax). Since January 2008, Milan introduced a traffic charge scheme as a one-year trial, called Ecopass, that exempts higher emission standard vehicles (Euro IV) and other alternative fuel vehicles Later during the year the Ecopass was extended until 31 December 2009. Even the transport economists who advocate congestion pricing have anticipated several practical limitations, concerns"
"Durham City congestion charge The Durham City congestion charge was the first congestion charge to be introduced in the UK in October 2002. Durham County Council introduced the toll for drivers using 1,000-year-old Saddler Street in the city centre which stands on the peninsula above the River Wear. This is the only public access road leading to the World Heritage Site of Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle. It was mainly introduced to reduce traffic flow using the road. Prior to the introduction of the congestion charge around 3000 vehicles used the road on a daily basis. The narrow street, built"
"causing offence to Jews in the previous few years in December that year. In March 2006, Livingstone publicly criticised foreign embassies in London who refused to pay the congestion charge under the conditions of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. His criticism focused on US diplomat Robert Tuttle, condemning him as a ""chiselling little crook"" whose embassy was refusing to pay the £1.5 million he believed it owed. In February 2007, Livingstone's administration doubled the congestion charge zone by extending it westwards into Kensington and Chelsea, despite opposition from resident groups. In October 2007, the government agreed to go"
"its license plate. The ERP system attracted the attention of transport planners and managers in other metropolitan areas, particularly those in Europe and the United States. For example, the London Congestion Charge was introduced on 17 February 2003, after London officials visited Singapore to study the ERP system, and used it as a reference for the London system. London's charge area was expanded in 2007. The Stockholm congestion tax is also a congestion pricing system implemented as a tax which is levied on most vehicles entering and exiting central Stockholm, Sweden. The congestion tax was implemented on a permanent basis"
"The congestion charge was suspended on 7 and 8 July 2005 in response to the terrorist attacks on London Transport. The congestion charge was also suspended on 2 February 2009, in response to an extreme weather event (heavy snow fall) in the London area. Although avoidance has become more sophisticated, compliance with the scheme and terms of payment has improved over the last few years, as is evidenced by the income from penalties dropping by approximately a quarter between 2005 and 2007. However, even after charges were increased, enforcement charges still make up a significant proportion of the net revenues."
"were expected to be £80 million, resulting in net revenues of £50 million. In 2005, the Liberal Democrats claimed that Capita had been fined £4.5 million for missing the targets set for the congestion charge, that was equivalent to £7,400 for every day that the charge had existed. At the end of September 2005, London Mayor Ken Livingstone confirmed the western expansion of the congestion charge, which came into effect on 19 February 2007. It was expected that the extension would increase congestion in the zone by around 5% as the 60,000 residents in the new zone will be entitled"
"until 29 August to allow for the registration of exempt vehicles. Durham City congestion charge The Durham City congestion charge was the first congestion charge to be introduced in the UK in October 2002. Durham County Council introduced the toll for drivers using 1,000-year-old Saddler Street in the city centre which stands on the peninsula above the River Wear. This is the only public access road leading to the World Heritage Site of Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle. It was mainly introduced to reduce traffic flow using the road. Prior to the introduction of the congestion charge around 3000 vehicles"
"was introduced from October 2017 for vehicles that do not meet . These older polluting vehicles pay an extra £10 charge on top of the congestion charge to drive within the Congestion Charge Zone. From April 2019, the T-charge will be replaced by the Ultra-Low Emission Zone, which will apply to vehicles which do not meet Euro 5 standards and operate 24/7. From 2021, the ULEZ will be extended to the North and South Circular. The following table shows the number of casualties, grouped by severity, on the roads of Greater London (including the City of London), over recent years."
"business and the congestion charge is now payable automatically using Transport for London's Congestion Charge Auto Pay service. KenBuster The KenBuster was a GPS-enabled mobile device marketed by the KenBuster Company in 2007 that automatically paid the London congestion charge when the vehicle in which it was located entered London's congestion zone. It was intended to avoid paying a heavy penalty resulting from the delayed or neglected payment of the charge. The device was jokingly named after Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London at the time of the congestion zone's introduction. Due to its high purchase price and subscription costs compared"
"the London congestion charge on private vehicles using city centre London on weekdays, the creation of the London Climate Change Agency, the London Energy Partnership and the founding of the international Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, now known as C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. The congestion charge led to many new buses being introduced across London. In August 2003, Livingstone oversaw the introduction of the Oyster card electronic ticketing system for Transport for London services. They have also included the London Partnerships Register which was a voluntary scheme without legal force for same sex couples to register their partnership, and"
"introduced in 2007 (and withdrawn on 1 January 2011). In July 2008, the Drivers' Alliance was established, an organisation which has subsequently campaigned against the introduction of a number of schemes. There are no multiple zones in operation in the UK; when it was decided to extend congestion charging from central London to include the West End of London, there was some discussion about having two zones running side-by-side. However, the Western zone was introduced by simply extending the area of the earlier London zone and use the same charges and conditions for simplicity. Edinburgh seriously considered a two-cordon road"
"six months after implementation. Reports show business activity within the charge zone had been higher in both productivity and profitability and that the charge had a ""broadly neutral impact"" on the London wide economy, while others claim an average drop in business of 25% following the 2007 extension. Other criticism has been raised concerning the environmental effects on neighborhoods bordering the congestion zone, with critics claiming that congestion pricing would create ""parking lots"" and add more traffic and pollution to those neighborhoods, and the imposition of a regressive tax on some commuters. Stockholm's trial of congestion pricing, however, showed a"
"Reuben Smeed Reuben Jacob Smeed CBE (1909–1976) was a British statistician and transport researcher. He proposed Smeed's law which correlated traffic fatalities to traffic density and predicted that the average speed of traffic in central London would always be nine miles per hour without other disincentives, given that this was the minimum speed that people will tolerate. He chaired the Smeed Report which reported to the Government of the United Kingdom on road pricing in 1964 which recommended introducing congestion pricing on busy roads. These recommendations were not taken up until the London congestion charge was finally introduced in 2003,"
"levels in January 2017, and the city was put on very high pollution alert for the first time ever, as cold and stationary weather failed to clear toxic pollutants emitted mainly by diesel vehicles. The T-charge is to be levied to drive within Central London on top of the £11.50 congestion charge. The Mayor also announced plans to expand the ultra low emission zone (ULEZ) in April 2019 beyond Central London, one year ahead of schedule, levying a £12 charge a day for polluting vehicles to enter central London. Drivers would not pay both the ULEZ and the new £10"
"levels for more than two-fifths of the period. Carbon monoxide levels had reduced rapidly during the late 1990s and been relatively stable since 2002. In 2007 Transport for London (TfL) estimated that there were 1,000 premature deaths and a further 1,000 hospital admissions annually due to poor air quality from all causes. Towards the end of 2006, the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, proposed changing the congestion charge fee, from being a flat rate for all qualifying vehicles, to being based on Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) bands. VED bands for new vehicles are based on the results of a laboratory"
"local schemes were then proposed and rejected during 2007-2008, including the Manchester congestion charge Planned emissions based charges in London cancelled following the 2008 Mayoral election. A 'Western Extension' was added to the London scheme in 2007 but then removed in January 2011. The London low emission zone was introduced in stages between 2008 and 2012 with an aim of reducing the pollution emissions of diesel-powered commercial vehicles in London. UK wide road pricing for large goods vehicles, which was first proposed in 2000 before being dropped and then revived in 2012. Approved by Mayor Boris Johnson in April 2013,"
"roads, which since June 2016 pay the full congestion charge. The T-charge (toxicity charge) was introduced from October 2017 for vehicles that do not meet . These older polluting vehicles pay an extra £10 charge on top of the congestion charge to drive within the Congestion Charge Zone. From April 2019, the T-charge will be replaced by the Ultra-Low Emission Zone, which will apply 24/7 to vehicles which do not meet the standards: Euro 4 for petrol vehicles, and Euro 6 or VI for diesel and large vehicles. From 2021, the ULEZ will be extended to the North and South"
"in road works by utilities and general development activity since 2006. TfL concludes that while levels of congestion in central London are close to pre-charging levels, the effectiveness of the congestion charge in reducing traffic volumes means that conditions would be worse without the Congestion Charging scheme. The current congestion charge zone covers the area within the London Inner Ring Road which includes both the City of London, which is the main financial district, and also the West End, which is London's primary commercial and entertainment centre. Although primarily a commercial area, there are also 136,000 residents, out of a"
"and delays imposed by traffic congestion upon other drivers when additional users enter a congested road. The first implementation of such a scheme was Singapore Area Licensing Scheme in 1975, together with a comprehensive package of road pricing measures, stringent car ownership rules and improvements in mass transit. Thanks to technological advances in electronic toll collection, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology, collecting congestion fees has become easier. Singapore upgraded its system in 1998, and similar pricing schemes were implemented in Rome in 2001, London in 2003 with extensions in 2007; Stockholm in 2006, as a seven-month trial, and then"
"Reduction Act 1997 required local authorities to study and reduce traffic volumes and any future London mayors were given the power to introduce ""Road user charging"" by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. In his manifesto for the 2000 London Mayoral election, Ken Livingstone had proposed to introduce a £5 charge for vehicles entering central London. Following his victory, the Mayor made a draft order and requested a report from TfL, which summarised the reasons for introducing the scheme. The scheme was to be introduced to reduce congestion in the centre of the capital following the ""Draft Transport Strategy"" of"
"system funding. Houston's outer beltway of interconnected toll roads began in 1983, and many states followed over the last two decades of the 20th century adding new toll roads, including the tollway system around Orlando, Florida, Colorado's E-470, and Georgia State Route 400. London, in an effort to reduce traffic within the city, instituted the London congestion charge in 2003, effectively making all roads within the city tolled. In the United States, as states looked for ways to construct new freeways without federal funding again, to raise revenue for continued road maintenance, and to control congestion, new toll road construction"
"a variety of publicly accessible car parks, transport hubs and workplaces. The London mayor called for an E-revolution in March 2009 and he presented the ""Electric Delivery Plan for London"" in May 2009. The plan projects 25,000 charging points London by 2015 including 500 on-street, 2000 off-street in car-parks and 22,000 privately owned locations. London itself will buy 1000 electric vehicles up to 2015. Owners of an electric car will not need to pay the Congestion Charge for the city of London being worth up to £1,700 a year. At that point (May 2009) London already had 100 charge points"
"KenBuster The KenBuster was a GPS-enabled mobile device marketed by the KenBuster Company in 2007 that automatically paid the London congestion charge when the vehicle in which it was located entered London's congestion zone. It was intended to avoid paying a heavy penalty resulting from the delayed or neglected payment of the charge. The device was jokingly named after Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London at the time of the congestion zone's introduction. Due to its high purchase price and subscription costs compared to the penalty charge, technology writers were sceptical about its benefits. The KenBuster company is no longer in"
"January 2001 which had highlighted the importance that the Mayor placed on tackling this issue. The charge was to be part of a series of measures to improve the transport system in London and was to combined with public transport improvements and increased enforcement of parking and traffic regulations. The report stated that the scheme was expected to be the most effective in reducing through traffic, reducing congestion both within and outside the zone, improving the speed of buses and the quality of life in central London. It was stated that improved traffic flows would make London more attractive to"
"remained unchanged for some years. A report released by Greater Manchester Traffic Unit in September 2008 states that ""Manchester traffic flows decreased in all time periods between 1997 and 2006. The improvements to the Manchester and Salford Inner Relief Route in 2002 and traffic management measures within the city centre have contributed to this."" The planned congestion charge scheme would be in place by 2013. An anticipated reduction of 10–15% in the number of cars entering the charging zone was expected to both reduce congestion, and decrease journey times. A traffic information and control system would be installed along all"
"had declined significantly over the previous ten years; of 21 areas studied all except Leeds had seen falls. Traffic into London during the morning peak period had fallen 28% between 1994 and 2003 when the London congestion charge was introduced and a further 12% by 2004. Inbound car trip into Birmingham during the morning peak period had fallen by 29% between 1995 and 2003. Between June and September 2010 Professor Phil Goodwin published a series of articles in the UK professional transport press suggesting that data showed not merely a plateau in vehicle miles driven but rather a decline in"