The usage of the what derogatory phrase referring to the Ottoman Empire is attributed to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia?
"required numbers, which fit the philosophy of Nicholas I. When the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, however, Russia was quiet. The Tsar sent his army into Hungary in 1849 at the request of the Austrian Empire and broke the revolt there, while preventing its spread to Russian Poland. The Tsar cracked down on any signs of internal unrest. Russia expected that in exchange for supplying the troops to be the policeman of Europe, it should have a free hand in dealing with the decaying Ottoman Empire—the ""sick man of Europe."" In 1853 Russia invaded the Crimea peninsula and other regions,"
"Sick man of Europe ""Sick man of Europe"" is a label given to a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty or impoverishment. The term was first used in the mid-19th century to describe the Ottoman Empire. John Russell in 1853, in the run up to the Crimean War, quotes Nicholas I of Russia describing the Ottoman Empire as ""a sick man—a very sick man"", a ""man"" who ""has fallen into a state of decrepitude"", or a ""sick man ... gravely ill"". It is not easy to determine the actual source of the quotation. The articles cited above refer"
"of the Iranian government, many protesters started chants of ""Death to Russia"" (“Marg bar Russiye!”) after the 2009 Presidential election. According to a 2013 survey 73% of Turks look at Russia unfavorably against 16% with favorable views. Historically, Russia and Turkey fought a number of wars and had caused a great devastation for each nation. During the old Tsardom of Russia, the Ottomans often raided and attacked Russian villagers. With the transformation into Russian Empire, Russia started to expand and clashed heavily with the Turks; which Russia often won more than lost, and reduced the Ottoman Empire heavily. The series"
"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (), also known as Official Nationality, was the dominant ideological doctrine of Russian emperor Nicholas I. It was ""the Russian version of a general European ideology of restoration and reaction"" that followed the Napoleonic Wars. ""The Triad"" of Official Nationality was originally proposed by Minister of Education Sergey Uvarov in his April 2, 1833 circular letter to subordinate educators. It was soon embraced by Nicholas and his establishment and gained wide public recognition, vocally supported by intellectuals like Mikhail Pogodin, Fyodor Tyutchev and Nikolai Gogol. Critics of the policy saw this principle"
"the same time, Nicholas argued that because of the economic importance to Russia of the Turkish straits, through which Russia exports its grain, that Russia had the ""right"" to intervene in Ottoman affairs in the same way that Britain claimed to have the ""right"" to intervene in Portugal. In 1833, Nicholas told the Austrian ambassador Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont that ""Oriental affairs are above all a matter for Russia."" At the same time that Nicholas claimed the Ottoman Empire was within the Russian sphere of influence, he made it clear that he had no interest in annexing the empire. At"
"both the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire (', literally ""Tsar realm""). The Eastern Realm (') of the Holy Roman Empire is still the name used today for Austria. In the history of Germany specifically, it is used to refer to: The term ""Third Reich"" was adopted by the Nazis as propaganda to legitimize their government as a successor to the retroactively renamed ""First"" and ""Second"" Reichs. The terms ""First Reich"" and ""Second Reich"" are not used by historians, whilst the term ""Fourth Reich"" is used mainly in fiction and for political humour; however, it also used by those"
"Ottoman Empire was to use the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), which gave Russia a vague right as protector of Orthodox peoples in the Balkans, as a way of placing the Ottoman Empire into the Russian sphere of influence, which was felt to be a more achievable goal than conquering the entire Ottoman Empire. Nicholas actually wanted to preserve the Ottoman Empire as a stable but weak state that would be unable to stand up to Russia, which was felt to serve Russia's interests. Nicholas always thought of Russia as first and foremost a European power and regarded Europe as"
"Ottoman Empire. The major European parties mistakenly believed that the treaty contained a secret clause granting Russia the right to send warships through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. By the London Straits Convention of 1841, they affirmed Ottoman control over the straits and forbade any power, including Russia, to send warships through the straits. Buoyed by his role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 and his mistaken belief that he had British diplomatic support, Nicholas moved against the Ottomans, who declared war on Russia on 8 October 1853. On 30 November 1853, Russian Admiral Nakhimov caught the Turkish fleet in"
"descendants of Muslim Volga Bulgars, Kipchaks, Cumans, and Turkicized Mongols or Turko-Mongols (Nogais), as well as other Turkic-speaking peoples (Siberian Tatars, Qasim Tatars, and Mishar Tatars) in the territory of the former Russian Empire (and as such generally includes all Northwestern Turkic-speaking peoples). Nowadays ""Tatar"" is usually used to refer to the people, but ""Tartar"" is still almost always used for derived terms such as tartar sauce, steak tartare, and the Tartar missile. All Turkic peoples living within the Russian Empire were named ""Tatar"" (as a Russian exonym). Some of these populations still use ""Tatar"" as a self-designation, others do"
"most of them (including Lewenhaupt himself) spending the rest of their days in Russian captivity. The Swedish defeat at Poltava in 1709 marks the downfall of the Swedish Empire, as well as the founding of the Russian Empire. The Turks initially welcomed the Swedish king, who managed to provoke a war between the Ottomans and the Russians. His expenses during his long stay in the Ottoman Empire were covered by the Ottoman state budget, as part of the fixed assets (""Demirbaş"" in Turkish), hence his nickname ""Demirbaş Şarl"" (Fixed Asset Charles) in Turkey. ""Demirbaş"", the Turkish word for fixed asset,"
"Tsar Tsar ( or ; Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь [usually written thus with a title] or цар, царь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe, originally Bulgarian monarchs from 10th century onwards. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, or Tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word ""Caesar"", which was intended to mean ""Emperor"" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman"
"visited by Tsar Nicholas I, who ordered that in the case of hostilities, to deal with the enemy ""as the Russians do."" ""Azov"", under then-Captain First Rank M.P. Lazarev, most distinguished itself in the 1827 Battle of Navarino, at which the allied British-French-Russian fleet totally destroyed the Ottoman fleet. For his outstanding gunnery performance during the battle, Nakhimov was promoted at the age of 27 years to the captaincy of a trophy ship and was decorated by the allied governments. During the Crimean War Nakhimov distinguished himself by annihilating the Ottoman fleet at Sinope in 1853. His finest hour came"
"and the loss of Ottoman force projection into the Black Sea. By 1850 the Ottoman Empire was deeply in debt and relied exclusively on British and French loans as a means of support. As a result, Ottoman leaders had no choice but to agree to drastic reductions in both army and navy force levels. By 1853 Tsar Nicholas I saw the reductions as an opportunity to press Russian claims in the Trans-Caucasus and along the Danube River. In July 1853 Russian forces occupied several Ottoman principalities and forts along the Danube. Mediation of the disputes broke down, and Ottoman Sultan"
"Moskal Moskal (Russian and , , , , ; ) is a historical designation used for the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 12th-18th centuries. Today it has become an ethnic slur referring to the Russians living in Russia used in Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland. The term is frequently derogatory or condescending, an equivalent of the Russian term ""Khokhol"" for Ukrainians. Another ethnic slur, ""katsap"", is insulting and means ""goatee beard"". Another version is that the word ""katsap"" comes from the Crimean ""kasab"" (butcher), because Muscovite soldiers carried large axes, which made them look like butchers. Initially,"
"derogatory connotation denoting those Ukrainians with little or no Ukrainian national consciousness. The term retains currency among Russian monarchists and Russian nationalists who deny that Ukraine and Ukrainians are distinct from Russia and Russians. By the late 1980s, the term had become archaic, and Ukrainians regarded its anachronistic usage as offensive. The toponym translates as ""Little"" or ""Lesser Rus’"" and is adapted from the Greek term, used in medieval times by patriarchs of Constantinople since the fourteenth century (it first appeared in church documents in 1335). The Byzantines called the northern and southern part of the lands of ""Rus’"" as:"
"c As used in those publications d As used in those publications e As used in those publications f As used in those publications g As used in those publications h As used in those publications i As used in those publications j As used in those publications k The terms ""oriental despotism"" and its development, the ""Muscovite"" or ""Russian despotism"", have been criticized as misleading, since Muscovy, and Russia, never had characteristics of pure despotism, such as the ruler being identified with a god). l As used in those publications m As used in those publications n As used"
"(), (literally ""The Supreme Ottoman State"") or alternatively ""ʿOsmānlı Devleti"" (). In Modern Turkish, it is known as ""Osmanlı İmparatorluğu"" (""The Ottoman Empire"") or ""Osmanlı Devleti"" (""The Ottoman State""). The Turkish word for ""Ottoman"" (""Osmanlı"") originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire's military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term ""Turk"" (""Türk"") was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban, educated individuals. In the early modern period, an educated urban-dwelling Turkish-speaker who"
"victor', ""убедителен"" (Russ. ""убедительный"") → ""убедлив"" 'convincing, persuasive', etc. Many of these words are now obsolete or archaic (as with ""развитие""), synonymous (""лицемерие"" and ""лицемерство"") or have taken on a slightly different nuance in meaning (""дејствие"" 'military act' vs. ""дејство"" 'act, action' in a general sense). The use of Ottoman Turkish loanwords is discouraged in the formal register when a native equivalent exists (e.g. ""комшија"" (← Turk. ""komşu"") vs. ""сосед"" (← PSl. *sǫsědъ) 'neighbor'), and these words are typically restricted to the archaic, colloquial, and ironic registers. New words were coined according to internal logic and others calqued from related"
"to the Ottomans in this way were called ""ghilmán"" or ""acemi oglanlar"" (""novice boys""). The Russian Orthodox Church held a privileged position in the Russian Empire, expressed in the motto, Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Populism, of the late Russian Empire. At the same time, it was placed under the control of the Tsar by the Church reform of Peter I in the 18th century. Its governing body was Most Holy Synod, which was run by an official (titled Ober-Procurator) appointed by the Tsar himself. The church was involved in the various campaigns of russification, and accused of the involvement in anti-Jewish"
"these Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the 1848 Hungarian Revolution in 1849. In July 1853, the Tsar sent his troops into the Danubian Principalities. The United Kingdom, hoping to maintain the Ottoman Empire as a bulwark against the expansion of Russian power in Asia, sent a fleet to the Dardanelles, where it joined another fleet sent by France. Sultan Abdulmecid I declared war on Russia and proceeded to the attack, his armies"
"was crowned Tsar and thus was recognized, at least by the Russian Orthodox Church, as Emperor. Philotheus of Pskov claimed that after Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, the Russian Tsar was the only legitimate Orthodox ruler, and that Moscow was the Third Rome because it was the final successor to Rome and Constantinople, the centers of Christianity in earlier periods. That concept was to resonate in the self-image of Russians in future centuries. The development of the Tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during the reign of Ivan IV, and he gained the sobriquet ""Grozny"". The English"
"the Ottoman Empire. It evolved from the earlier Treaty of the Dardanelles, signed between Britain and the Ottomans in 1809. Beginning in 1831, Egypt, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, was revolting against the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33). Russian Tsar, Nicholas I, chose to support the Ottomans. In 1833, Russia sent a naval force and troops to support the Ottoman defense of Constantinople. Britain was likewise supporting the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless, Russia was then the Ottomans' principal ally; the two countries signed the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, which reflected this alliance. The Treaty guaranteed"
"Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks, ) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks is scarce, but they take their Turkish name, ""Osmanlı"" (""Osman"" being corrupted in some European languages as ""Ottoman""), from the house of Osman I (reigned ca. 1299–1326), the founder of the dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire for its entire 624 years. After the expansion from its home in Bithynia, the Ottoman principality began incorporating other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians, becoming the"
"passes a troopship taking the Scot's Greys out to Balaclava. These and other Crimean War references were included in British Channel 4 television's ""The Crimean War"" series (1997) and the accompanying book (Michael Hargreave Mawson, expert reader). Karl Marx and Frederick Engels used the phrase on September 27, 1855, in an article published in ""Neue Oder-Zeitung"", No. 457 (October 1, 1855), on the British military's strategic mistakes and failings during the fall of Sevastopol, and particularly General James Simpson's military leadership of the assault on the Great Redan.The joke making the rounds of the Russian army, that """"L'armée anglaise est"
"1774), the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty, and declaring that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line ""Charlemagne"" to the Black Sea, thereby violating the London Straits Convention. This gunboat diplomacy show of force, together with money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church's supreme authority over Catholic holy places, including the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church. Tsar Nicholas I"
"of autocracy, must arise an exemplary and splendid national enlightenment..."". Nikolai Gogol in his final work ""Selected Passages from Correspondence with his Friends"" (1847) extended Official Nationality to relationships between landlords and serfs: ""Make them [serfs] see clearly that in everything that concerns them you are acting in accordance with the will of God and not in accordance with some European or other fancies on your own."" Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (), also known as Official Nationality, was the dominant ideological doctrine of Russian emperor Nicholas I. It was ""the Russian version of a general European"
"old enemy. The Russian Empire was an agglomeration of diverse ethnicities that had demonstrated significant signs of disunity in the years before the First World War. Nicholas believed in part that the shared peril and tribulation of a foreign war would mitigate the social unrest over the persistent issues of poverty, inequality, and inhumane working conditions. Instead of restoring Russia's political and military standing, World War I led to the slaughter of Russian troops and military defeats that undermined both the monarchy and Russian society to the point of collapse. The outbreak of war in August 1914 initially served to"
"OTMA OTMA was an acronym sometimes used by the four daughters of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and his consort, Alexandra Feodorovna, as a group nickname for themselves, built from the first letter of each girl's name in the order of their births: In childhood the grand duchesses came up with ОТМА as a sign of sibling closeness and affection for one another, writing it in their diaries. The girls were great granddaughters of Queen Victoria and, although ""thoroughly Russian,"" grew up speaking both Russian and English fluently among themselves. Whilst the family was in captivity after the Russian Revolution"
"his view, the practice of rule, a matter of human interactions, is more important than theory and abstractions. a As used in those publications b The existing literature pairs the words ""Russian, tsarist, Muscovite"" and ""imperial"" with ""despotism, absolutism"" and ""autocracy"" in all possible combinations, rarely giving clear definitions. ""Tsarist"" can be indeed applicable to the entire period (see also historical usage of the term ""tsar""), but ""Muscovite"" is applicable only to the period of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which was replaced by tsardom of Russia, a period for which the words ""imperial"" and ""Russian"" are applicable. Further, we"
"power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a ""greater confusion of purpose"", yet led to a war noted for its ""notoriously incompetent international butchery"". While the churches worked out their differences and came to an agreement, Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes,"
"Nicholas I of Russia Nicholas I (; – ) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. He is best known as a political conservative whose reign was marked by geographical expansion, repression of dissent, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars that culminated in Russia's defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–56. His biographer Nicholas V. Riasanovsky says that Nicholas displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard"
"was genocide. The first organized use of death squad violence in Russia dates from the 16th century reign of Ivan the Terrible, the first Russian monarch to claim the title of Tsar. Named the Oprichniki, they wore quivers which contained brooms, symbolizing their mission to ferret the enemies of the Tsar. They dressed in black garb, which was similar to a Russian Orthodox monastic habit, and bore the insignia of a severed dog's head (to sniff out treason and the enemies of the Tsar) and a broom (to sweep them away). The dog's head was also symbolic of their ""nipping"
"Russians, referred to as ""Russkie"" (). The word ""Rossiyane"" is used much more often than ""Russkie"" in media and official documents. Those who have received Russian citizenship via naturalisation are also called Rossiyane, regardless of ethnicity and mother tongue (for example, Gérard Depardieu or Viktor Ahn). The word ""Rossiyane"" was coined by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century. The Tsardom of Russia became a multinational state in the 16th century. The word ""Rossiyane"", coined by Lomonosov, has been widely used since then. After the fall of the Russian Empire, the expression ""Soviet people"" was used for the population of the"