By what other name is the German Mastiff known?
"sharp decline, the Mastiff has increased its worldwide popularity. Throughout its history the Mastiff has contributed to the development of a number of dog breeds, some generally known as Mastiff-type dogs, or, confusingly, just as ""Mastiffs"". With a massive body, broad skull and head of generally square appearance, it is the largest dog breed in terms of mass. It is on average slightly heavier than the Saint Bernard, although there is a considerable mass overlap between these two breeds. Though the Irish Wolfhound and Great Dane can be more than six inches taller, they are not nearly as rotund. The"
"breeds split from the Molossers in Europe and spread to the New World with colonization. Though smaller, Bulldogs are still considered to be Molosser breeds. In contemporary culture they are also known as ""Mastín"" (Spanish), ""Dogue"" or ""Dogo"" (Romance languages), and ""Dogge"" (Germanic). Breeds such as the Fila Brasileiro, Pyrenean Mastiff (Mastín del Pirineo), Spanish Mastiff, Tibetan Mastiff, Cane Corso, and many others that fall into the larger category of """"molossers"""" are of Mastiff-type, but are not true Mastiffs. The term ""Mastiff"", when used alone, refers specifically to the ""English Mastiff"" breed. Other true Mastiff breeds include the Dogue de"
"Great Dane The Great Dane is a German breed of domestic dog known for its giant size. The German name of the breed is ""Deutsche Dogge"", or German Mastiff. The French name is ""Dogue Allemand."" The record holder for tallest dog was a Great Dane called Zeus (died September 2014; aged 5), that measured from paw to shoulder. Large boarhounds appear in ancient Greece, in frescoes from Tiryns dating back to the 14th–13th centuries BC. These large boarhounds continue to appear throughout ancient Greece in subsequent centuries up to the Hellenistic era. In Austria and Germany the Molossian hound, Suliot"
"as a dog of hobby or luxury. In the 19th century, the dog was known as a ""German boarhound"" in English-speaking countries. Some German breeders tried to introduce the names ""German Dogge"" and ""German Mastiff"" on the English market, because they believed the breed should be marketed as a dog of luxury and not as a working dog. However, due to the increasing tensions between Germany and other countries, the dog later became referred to as a ""Great Dane"", after the ""grand danois"" in Buffon's ""Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière"" in 1755. The Great Dane is a large German domestic"
"English Mastiff The English Mastiff is a breed of extremely large dog (often known simply as the Mastiff) perhaps descended from the ancient Alaunt and Pugnaces Britanniae, with a significant input from the Alpine Mastiff in the 19th century. Distinguished by its enormous size, massive head, short coat in a limited range of colours, and always displaying a black mask, the Mastiff is noted for its gentle and loving nature. The lineage of modern dogs can be traced back to the early 19th century, but the modern type was stabilised in the 1880s and refined since. Following a period of"
"(Act I, Scene I, line 128), and by the 17th century the name became independent of the Faust legend. According to Burton Russell, ""That the name is a purely modern invention of uncertain origins makes it an elegant symbol of the modern Devil with his many novel and diverse forms."" Mephistopheles is also featured as the lead antagonist in Goethe's Faust, and in the unpublished scenarios for the Walpurgis night he and Satan appear as two separate characters. Mephistopheles Mephistopheles (, ; also ""Mephistophilus, Mephostopheles, Mephistophilis, Mephisto, Mephastophilis,"" and other variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally"
"the English Mastiff, St. Bernard, Great Pyrenees, Rottweiler, Great Dane, Newfoundland, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Macedonian Šarplaninec, and Bernese Mountain Dog and its most direct relative, the Neapolitan Mastiff. Dogs were used by the Epirotan tribes in war, and were undoubtedly used much earlier in history. The Roman Empire, starting with Marcus Aurelius, also used dogs in combat. The Romans trained the Molossian dog (or ""canis molossus"") specifically for battle, often coating them in protective spiked metal collars and mail armor, arranging them into attack formations. Some scholars contend the Molossus was used by the Ancient Greeks for fighting. Described"
"Mephistopheles Mephistopheles (, ; also ""Mephistophilus, Mephostopheles, Mephistophilis, Mephisto, Mephastophilis,"" and other variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend, and he has since appeared in other works as a stock character. The word may derive from the Hebrew מֵפִיץ (""mêp̄îṣ"") which means ""scatterer, disperser"", and ""tophel"", short for ט֫פֶל שֶׁ֫קֶר (""tōp̄el šeqer"") which means ""plasterer of lies"". The name can also be a combination of three Greek words: μή (""mḗ"") as a negation, φῶς (""phō̃s"") meaning ""light"", and φιλις ""philis"" meaning ""loving"", making it mean ""not-light-loving"", possibly"
"""Dogo"" or ""Dogge"") may be translated as ""Mastiffs"", molosser breeds such as the Dogo Argentino,Dogo tyson and Dogo Canario may also be considered ""Mastiffs"". However, these terms may refer not only to breeds called ""Mastiffs"" in English, but also to Bulldogs and pit bulls. In addition, historical records of the development of these breeds shows that they have not only Mastiff and other molosser ancestry, but also dogs from several other branches, including sighthounds, terriers, and scenthounds. Mastiff Mastiff type means a large molosser dog. The term ""mastiff type"" has been used synonymously with the term ""molosser"". For example, the"
"Scharfrichter The term Scharfrichter (German for executioner, literally: ""sharp judge"") refers specifically to a tradition of executioners in the German states. Using a sword of execution, they had the responsibility of actually executing prisoners; his assistant, the ""Löwe"" (lion), would carry out tasks such as forcibly conveying prisoners to the presence of a judge (while roaring, whence the name), ""rubbish clearance"", burying unwanted bodies, and carrying out brandings. The Scharfrichter was a well-known figure nicknamed the ""Mate of Death"" and instantly recognizable in their traditional black frock coat and silk top hat. The word ""Scharfrichter"" is composed of the words"
"such as Bullmastiffs and St. Bernards, with the justification that these were considered close relatives to the Mastiff. In 1959, a Dogue de Bordeaux, Fidelle de Fenelon, was imported from France to the USA, registered as a Mastiff, and became the 16th animal in the post-war gene pool. Since that time, the breed has gradually been restored in Britain, has reached 28th most popular breed in the USA, and is now found worldwide. English Mastiff The English Mastiff is a breed of extremely large dog (often known simply as the Mastiff) perhaps descended from the ancient Alaunt and Pugnaces Britanniae,"
"the English Mastiff was the Pugnaces Britanniae that existed at the time of the Roman conquest of Britain. The ancient Roman poet Grattius (or Grattius Faliscus) wrote of British dogs, describing them as superior to the ancient Greek Molossus, saying: What if you choose to penetrate even among the Britons? How great your reward, how great your gain beyond any outlays! If you are not bent on looks and deceptive graces (this is the one defect of the British whelps), at any rate when serious work has come, when bravery must be shown, and the impetuous War-god calls in the"
"Egypt and Asia Minor. Xerxes I of Persia led predatory wars to enlarge the borders of his empire, taking with him large war dogs in his army. Mastiffs were used to fight in the Roman amphitheater against lions and may have been used in lion hunting. They are the root of many shepherd and mountain dog breeds. The Alans kept Mastiff-like dogs taken from Eastern Europe which acted as retrievers, guard dogs, and fighting dogs. The name associated with these dogs is Alaunt, or in Spanish, Alano. The Mastiffs were used in unison with sighthounds to hunt wisent, aurochs, and"
"Alpine Mastiff The Alpine Mastiff is an extinct Molosser dog breed, the progenitor of the St. Bernard, and a major contributor to the modern Mastiff (through such dogs as ""Couchez""), as well as to other breeds that derive from these breeds or are closely related to them. M.B. Wynn wrote, ""In 1829 a vast light brindle dog of the old Alpine mastiff breed, named L'Ami, was brought from the convent of Great St. Bernard, and exhibited in London and Liverpool as the largest dog in England."" William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, is believed to have bred Alpine Mastiffs at"
"a rigid aesthetic pattern and recognized by the largest canine entities, there is also its more primitive, traditional slope, considered unofficial, and that does not meet any aesthetic standards and has as its objective, still today, to serve its owners acting in the protection of flocks against predators. These unofficial strands, for the purpose of differentiation, are termed traditional Spanish Mastiff, working Spanish Mastiff, Leonese Mastiff, and Wolf Dog. These unofficial strands continue to act actively in their original and primitive function. Spanish Mastiff The mastín Español or Spanish mastiff, is a giant breed of dog, originating in Spain, originally"
"""Tibetan Mastiff-dog"". In Mongolia, a similar looking dog it is called банхар (""bankhar""), but this dog is genetically distinct (different Traditional Native Landrace Breed) and is of a more ancient linage. The name Tibetan Mastiff is a misnomer; the Tibetan Mastiff itself is not a true Mastiff. The term ""mastiff"" was used by the Europeans who first came to Tibet because it was used to refer to nearly all large dog breeds in the West. Early Western visitors to Tibet misnamed several of its breeds: The ""Tibetan Terrier"" is not a terrier and the ""Tibetan Spaniel"" is not a spaniel."
"""scharf"" (sharp/edged), and ""Richter"" (judge), because he had to do justice (richten) with the sword. Scharfrichter The term Scharfrichter (German for executioner, literally: ""sharp judge"") refers specifically to a tradition of executioners in the German states. Using a sword of execution, they had the responsibility of actually executing prisoners; his assistant, the ""Löwe"" (lion), would carry out tasks such as forcibly conveying prisoners to the presence of a judge (while roaring, whence the name), ""rubbish clearance"", burying unwanted bodies, and carrying out brandings. The Scharfrichter was a well-known figure nicknamed the ""Mate of Death"" and instantly recognizable in their traditional"
"cross of both like the war dogs used in the Crusades. William Harrison, in his description of England during 1586, describes the type as: ""... Mastiff, tie dog, or band dog, so called because many of them are tied up in chains and strong bonds in the daytime, for doing hurt abroad, which is a huge dog, stubborn, uglier, eager, burthenouse of bodie, terrible and fearful to behold and often more fierce and fell than any Archadian or Corsican cur ..."" In 1576, Dr. Caius states that, among others characteristics, the ""Mastiff or Bandogge is serviceable against the fox and"
"include Wulfhere, Cynewulf, Ceonwulf, Wulfheard, Earnwulf, Wulfmǣr, Wulfstān and Æthelwulf. Wolf-related names were also common among pre-Christian Germanic warriors: Wolfhroc (Wolf-Frock), Wolfhetan (Wolf Hide), Isangrim (Grey Mask), Scrutolf (Garb Wolf), Wolfgang (Wolf Gait) and Wolfdregil (Wolf Runner). The Latin for ""female prostitute"" is ""lupa"", and the most famous brothel in Pompeii was the Lupanar. The wolf is a common motif in the foundational mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout Eurasia and North America (corresponding to the historical extent of the habitat of the gray wolf). The obvious attribute of the wolf is its nature of a predator, and correspondingly it"
"and turned upwards and forwards towards the tip. They were described as a ""rusty wolf-colour"", with black face, lips, and legs. They were very notable for their chasing of slaves. The Cuban Mastiff developed from several breeds of bulldogs, Mastiffs and cattle dogs, becoming an ideal fighter and property guardian. It is possible that some specimens of this breed were brought to America where they were employed as watchdogs. They were also used as slave retrievers by the British during the Second Maroon War, by the French during the Saint-Domingue expedition, as well as the American in the southern States."
"Tibetan Mastiff The Tibetan Mastiff is a large Tibetan dog breed (""Canis lupus familiaris"") (Tibetan: དོ་ཁྱི, Chinese: 藏獒; Pinyin: ""Zàng áo"") in the mastiff family. Originating with the nomadic cultures of Tibet, China, India, Mongolia and Nepal, it is used by local tribes of Tibetans to protect sheep from wolves, leopards, bears, large mustelids, and tigers. The Tibetan Mastiff known as ""Drog-Khyi"" (འབྲོག་ཁྱི) in Tibetan, which means ""nomad dog"", (""dog which may be tied"", ""dog which may be kept""), reflects its use as a guardian of herds, flocks, tents, villages, monasteries, and palaces, much as the old English ban-dog (also"
"protect horses against matted manes or tails. ""Drudenfuss"" is another name for mistletoe. Drude In German folklore, a drude (, pl. ""Druden"") is a kind of malevolent nocturnal spirit (an elf (Alp) or kobold or a hag) associated with nightmares, prevalent especially in Southern Germany. Druden were said to participate in the Wild Hunt and were considered a particular class of demon in Alfonso de Spina's hierarchy. The word also came to be used as a generic term for ""witch"" in the 16th century (Hans Sachs). The word is attested as Middle High German ""trute"", In early modern lexicography and"
"affecting the vertebral column. Since these dogs do grow at a rapid rate, the bones in their vertebae can push up against the spinal cord and cause weakness in the legs. This can be treated with surgery or may heal itself over time. Great Dane The Great Dane is a German breed of domestic dog known for its giant size. The German name of the breed is ""Deutsche Dogge"", or German Mastiff. The French name is ""Dogue Allemand."" The record holder for tallest dog was a Great Dane called Zeus (died September 2014; aged 5), that measured from paw to"
"Deutscher Michel Der Deutsche Michel (""Michael the German"") is a figure representing the national character of the German people, rather as John Bull represents the English and Uncle Sam represents Americans. Such figures differ from those that serve as personifications of the nation itself, as Germania did the German nation and Marianne the French. He is usually depicted wearing a nightcap and nightgown, sometimes in the colours of the German flag, and represents the Germans' conception of themselves, especially in his easy-going nature and Everyman appearance. In any event, the nightgown and the night cap, which have been present in"
"Broholmer The Broholmer, also called the Danish Mastiff, is a large Molosser breed of dog from Denmark, recognized by the Danish Kennel Club and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. It has been employed as a guard dog in the homes of the wealthy. The breed's numbers dwindled severely during World War II, but the dog made a successful return in the 1970s. The Denmark Broholmer is a dog that strongly resembles a Mastiff. It is large and powerful, with a loud, impressive bark and dominant walk. A well trained Broholmer should be calm, good tempered, and friendly, yet watchful towards strangers."
"perhaps the Scottish Terrier. Dachshunds have traditionally been viewed as a symbol of Germany. Political cartoonists commonly used the image of the dachshund to ridicule Germany. During World War I the dachshunds' popularity in the United States plummeted because of this association. As a result, they were often called ""liberty hounds"" by their owners similar to ""liberty cabbage"" becoming a term for sauerkraut mostly in North America. The stigma of the association was revived to a lesser extent during World War II, though it was comparatively short-lived. Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel were known for keeping"
"Spanish Mastiff The mastín Español or Spanish mastiff, is a giant breed of dog, originating in Spain, originally bred to be a guard dog whose specialized purpose is to be a livestock guardian dog protecting flocks (and occasionally herds) from wolves and other predators. The mountain dog type has a heavier coat. Transhumance in Spain is very ancient, like the primitive populations of those lands and, consequently, the mastiff-transhumance binomial. In the Iron Age of the Castilian Plateau it found skeletons of dogs of enormous dimensions. Also, it is assumed that already in the Neolithic there existed molossers in Central"
"bitch puppy produced by the elderly stock that survived the war reached maturity, Nydia of Frithend. Her sire had to be declared a Mastiff by the Kennel Club, as his parentage was unknown, and he was thought by some to be a Bullmastiff. After the war, animals from North America (predominantly from Canada) were imported into Britain. Therefore, all Mastiffs in the late 1950s were descended from Nydia and the 14 Mastiffs previously mentioned, with each all-male bloodline going back to Ch. Crown Prince. It has been alleged that the Mastiff was bred with other more numerically significant giant breeds"
"Matthias Klostermayr Matthias Klostermayr, also known as Bavarian Hiasl (in German Bayerischer Hiasl, in Austro-Bavarian Boarische Hiasl) (3 September 1736—6 September 1771), was a renowned German outlaw, poacher and social rebel who has come to be described, particularly in accounts written in the English-speaking world, as the Bavarian Robin Hood. A native of the municipality of Kissing near Augsburg (his name on the baptismal register is Mattheus Klostermair—the Austro-Bavarian spelling of it), Bavarian Hiasl became an outlaw, first as a poacher and ultimately as the Robin Hood-like leader of a gang of robbers who, during the 1760s, plundered, sacked and"
"Australian Army refers to its M113A1s as ""buckets"", ""bush taxis"" and modified M113A1s fitted with 76 mm turrets as ""beasts"". The German Army has various nicknames, depending on location and branch of service, including ""elephant shoe"", ""Tank Wedge"" and ""bathtub"". While some claim that the M113 has been nicknamed the ""Gavin"" (after General James M. Gavin), this is not an official designation. Rather it was a private effort by one individual to have the name adopted. One observer said The basic M113 armored personnel carrier can be fitted with a number of weapon systems. The most common weapon fit is"
"Kumaon Mastiff The Kumaon Mastiff (Kumauni: सिप्रो कुकुर), also known as the Indian Mastiff and Bulli, is a rare Molosser-type working breed of dog originating in Uttarakhand state of India. Originally bred as a watch dog and livestock guardian in the hills of Kumaon, this dog is rare even in the region of its origin. It is said that the dogs primitive ancestors were domiciled in the Kumaon region. Kumaon Mastiff is a large dog with fairly lean, muscular, well-boned bodies. They have a large powerful head and a strong neck. They have a short, soft coat that always comes"
"bellicosus Anglicus, a Mastif"". Literally, ""Molossus, warlike English dog, a Mastiff"", and perhaps the first conflation of the breeds Molossus and Mastiff. When in 1415 Sir Peers Legh was wounded in the Battle of Agincourt, his Mastiff stood over and protected him for many hours through the battle. The Mastiff was later returned to Legh's home and was the foundation of the Lyme Hall Mastiffs. Five centuries later this pedigree figured prominently in founding the modern breed. Other aristocratic seats where Mastiffs are known to have been kept are Elvaston Castle (Charles Stanhope, 4th Earl of Harrington and his ancestors)"
"from a cross between English Mastiffs and local dogs in Germany, and was named after Sehested of Broholm, a game-keeper who lived in the 18th century. During the Second World War, the Broholmer became a victim of the strife and almost became extinct, but was saved by a group of Danish enthusiasts after isolated members were found in the 1970s. King Frederick VII and his consort, Countess Danner were owners of several Broholmers and one of their portraits depicts them with one of their dogs. The breed was established in the early 19th century and was moderately popular, especially as"