Which 1961 non-fiction book by US journalist John Howard Griffin describes his six-week experience travelling on buses through racially segregated states while passing as a black man?
"Black Like Me Black Like Me, first published in 1961, is a nonfiction book by white journalist John Howard Griffin recounting his journey in the Deep South of the United States, at a time when African-Americans lived under racial segregation. Griffin was a native of Dallas, Texas, who had his skin temporarily darkened to pass as a black man. He traveled for six weeks throughout the racially segregated states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, and Georgia to explore life from the other side of the color line. ""Sepia Magazine"" financed the project in exchange for the right to print the"
"in 1959 to darken his skin for his race project. Griffin did not have skin cancer. He incurred only temporary and minor symptoms from taking the drug, especially fatigue and nausea. John Howard Griffin John Howard Griffin (June 16, 1920 – September 9, 1980) was an American journalist and author from Texas who wrote about racial equality. He is best known for his project to temporarily pass as a black man and journey through the Deep South of 1959 to see life and segregation from the other side of the color line. He first published a series of articles on"
"Ride 1961"" and was sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). It was inspired by the ""Journey of Reconciliation"" undertaken in 1947 by eight black men and eight white men. The 1961 trip was to test the non-enforcement of the Supreme Court of the United States decisions ""Morgan v. Virginia"" (1946) and ""Boynton v. Virginia"" (1960) which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The Freedom Riders' tactics for their journey were to have at least one interracial pair sitting in adjoining seats,"
"work of W.S. Arrasmith or George Mahan Jr. and Nowland Van Powell of Memphis, Tennessee. Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States, in 1961 and subsequent years, to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions which had ruled segregated public buses to be unconstitutional. Jackson, Mississippi was planned as a stop on the Freedom Rides of May 1961. On May 28 that year, nine Freedom Riders arrived at the Greyhound Bus Station. Other groups had arrived four days earlier. Upon arrival, riders would seek access to facilities denied"
"F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. In 1961, she was a Freedom Rider during the Civil Rights Movement, a civil rights activists who rode buses into the South to challenge ongoing racial segregation by deliberately violating the laws for separate waiting rooms at interstate bus stations. She recalled in 2011, ""On June 2, 1961, I got on a bus in New York bound for Jackson. The bus went to Nashville, where we wrote our wills. When we arrived in Jackson, on June 7, I went into the bus station waiting room marked 'Colored.' I took three steps and"
"Freedom Riders Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions ""Morgan v. Virginia"" (1946) and ""Boynton v. Virginia"" (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. ""Boynton"" outlawed racial segregation in the restaurants and waiting rooms in"
"Commerce Commission ruled in the case of ""Keys v. Carolina Coach Co."" that U.S. interstate bus operations, such as Greyhound's, could not be segregated by race. In 1960, in the case of ""Boynton v. Virginia"", the U.S. Supreme Court found that an African American had been wrongly convicted of trespassing in a ""whites only"" terminal area. In May 1961, civil rights activists organized interracial Freedom Rides as proof of the desegregation rulings. On May 14, a mob attacked a pair of buses (a ""Greyhound"" and a ""Trailways"") traveling from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans, Louisiana, and slashed the Greyhound bus's"
"on the volume Stride Toward Freedom Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (published 1958) is Martin Luther King Jr.'s historic account of the 1955–56 Montgomery Bus Boycott.which describes the conditions of African Americans living in Alabama during the era, and chronicles the events and participant's planning and thoughts about the boycott and its aftermath. In the chapter, ""Pilgrimage to Nonviolence"", King outlined his understanding of nonviolence, which seeks to win an opponent to friendship, rather than to humiliate or defeat him. The chapter draws from an address by Wofford, with Rustin and Stanley Levison also providing guidance and ghostwriting. ""Stanford"
"Ride. They planned for a mixed race and GENDER group to test segregation on interstate buses. The group would be trained intensively in Washington D.C. and embark on May 4, 1961: half by each of the two major carriers, Greyhound Bus Company and Trailways. They would ride through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and finish in New Orleans on May 17. They planned to challenge segregated seating in bus stations and lunch rooms as well. For overnight stops they planned rallies and support from the black community, and scheduled talks at local churches or colleges. On May 4, the"
"Stride Toward Freedom Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (published 1958) is Martin Luther King Jr.'s historic account of the 1955–56 Montgomery Bus Boycott.which describes the conditions of African Americans living in Alabama during the era, and chronicles the events and participant's planning and thoughts about the boycott and its aftermath. In the chapter, ""Pilgrimage to Nonviolence"", King outlined his understanding of nonviolence, which seeks to win an opponent to friendship, rather than to humiliate or defeat him. The chapter draws from an address by Wofford, with Rustin and Stanley Levison also providing guidance and ghostwriting. ""Stanford University Encyclopedia"" entry"
"led by Bayard Rustin and George Houser and co-sponsored by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the then-fledgling Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Like the Freedom Rides of 1961, the Journey of Reconciliation was intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Rustin, Igal Roodenko, Joe Felmet and Andrew Johnnson, were arrested and sentenced to serve on a chain gang in North Carolina for violating local Jim Crow laws regarding segregated seating on public transportation. The first Freedom Ride began on May 4, 1961. Led by CORE Director James Farmer, 13 riders (seven black,"
"supported his getting additional work. Interested in the slave economy, he was commissioned by the ""New York Daily Times"" (now ""The New York Times"") to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South and Texas from 1852 to 1857. His dispatches to the ""Times"" were collected into three volumes (""A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States"" (1856), ""A Journey Through Texas"" (1857), ""A Journey in the Back Country in the Winter of 1853-4"" (1860)) which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South. A one-volume abridgment, ""Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom"" (1861), was published during"
"interstate bus stations, restaurants, bathrooms and on buses, as these were covered by constitutional protections of free interstate commerce. The Civil Rights Movement had begun to use public demonstrations and events to build public awareness. In 1961, CORE decided to test the bus ruling by sending mixed racial groups of Freedom Riders to ride interstate buses and use facilities in the segregated southern United States to challenge practices related to segregation of buses and bus stations. They intended to travel through the Deep South and end at New Orleans. They were met by increasing violence as they went south. Winnsboro"
"In late 1959, John Howard Griffin went to a friend's house in New Orleans, Louisiana. Once there, under the care of a dermatologist, Griffin underwent a regimen of large oral doses of the anti-vitiligo drug methoxsalen, and spending up to fifteen hours daily under an ultraviolet lamp. When he could pass as an African American, Griffin began a six-week journey in the South. Don Rutledge traveled with him, documenting the experience with photos. During his trip, Griffin abided by the rule that he would not change his name or alter his identity; if asked who he was or what he"
"Racial and Religious Discrimination; James Peck, editor of the ""Workers Defense League News Bulletin""; Worth Randle, a Cincinnati biologist; and radical pacifist Igal Roodenko. The participants planned to ride public transportation in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky, all with segregated systems. During the two-week trip, blacks sat in front, whites in back, or sometimes side-by-side, all in violation of current state laws which required passengers to practice segregated seating in buses. They were supported by the recent 1946 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in ""Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia"", which prohibited segregation in interstate travel as unconstitutional, by putting"
"a New Orleans dermatologist for aid in darkening his skin, being treated with a course of drugs, sunlamp treatments, and skin creams. Griffin shaved his head in order to hide his straight hair. He spent weeks travelling as a black man in New Orleans and parts of Mississippi (with side trips to South Carolina and Georgia), getting around mainly by bus and by hitchhiking. He was later accompanied by a photographer who documented the trip, and the project was underwritten by ""Sepia"" magazine, in exchange for first publication rights for the articles he planned to write. These were published under"
"on them, to travel from the North through the segregated South. Freedom Rides were journeys by civil rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision ""Boynton v. Virginia"", 364 U.S. 454 (1960), which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel. Organized by CORE, the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. During the first and subsequent Freedom Rides, activists travelled through the Deep South to integrate seating patterns"
"Journey of Reconciliation The Journey of Reconciliation was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States. The two-week journey by 16 men began on April 9, 1947. It was seen as inspiring the later Freedom Rides of the Civil Rights Movement from May 1961 onward. James Peck, one of the white participants, also took part in the Freedom Ride of May 1961. Sixteen men from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) took part, eight white and eight black, including the organizers, white Methodist minister George Houser of the Fellowship"
"North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky. The NAACP opposed CORE's Gandhian tactics as too meek. Participants in the Journey of Reconciliation were arrested several times. Arrested with Jewish activist Igal Roodenko, Rustin served twenty-two days on a chain gang in North Carolina for violating state Jim Crow laws regarding segregated seating on public transportation. In 1948, Rustin traveled to India to learn techniques of nonviolent civil resistance directly from the leaders of the Gandhian movement. The conference had been organized before Gandhi's assassination earlier that year. Between 1947 and 1952, Rustin also met with leaders of independence movements in Ghana and"
"churches, civil rights, popular music, and education. With the goal of fostering leadership, it published serious articles on the development of black institutions, including colleges and universities. The magazine often exposed issues such as lynching and Ku Klux Klan operations in the South in its earlier edition; after some of the successes of the civil rights movement had been achieved, it covered the rise in inner-city violence among blacks. Levitan financed John Howard Griffin's investigative journalism for his book, ""Black Like Me"" (1961), which was first serialized in ""Sepia"" under the title ""Journey into Shame."" In ""Black Like Me,"" Griffin"
"passengers stopped him. He thought he had a momentary breakthrough with the woman, but she insulted him and began talking with other white passengers about how impudent the blacks were becoming. After his book was published, Griffin received many letters of support. He said they helped him understand the experience. Griffin became a national celebrity for a time. In a 1975 essay included in later editions of the book, he recounted encountering hostility and threats to him and his family in his hometown of Mansfield, Texas. He moved to Mexico for a number of years for safety. Journalist Ray Sprigle"
"trip to Africa while college secretary of the FOR, Rustin recorded a 10-inch LP for the Fellowship Records label. He sang spirituals and Elizabethan songs, accompanied on the harpsichord by Margaret Davison. Rustin and Houser organized the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947. This was the first of the Freedom Rides to test the ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States in ""Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia"" that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel as unconstitutional. Rustin and CORE executive secretary George Houser recruited a team of fourteen men, divided equally by race, to ride in pairs through Virginia,"
"prejudice and segregation in some of the towns when he was invited to join a light plane tour through New South Wales with a journalist, Craig Williams, and the Reverend Ted Noffs, who had agreed to help the students design their survey. With all the preparations completed, the Freedom Ride bus left Sydney on 13 February 1965. Its first stop was Wellington where the students conducted surveys and investigations, highlighting social injustices and uncovering evidence of racial discrimination. However, without local Aboriginal contacts and with insufficient firm information to justify a demonstration they moved onto to the next town, Gulargambone."
"Journey Without Maps Journey Without Maps (1936) is a travel account by Graham Greene, about a 350-mile, 4-week walk through the interior of Liberia in 1935. It was Greene's first trip outside of Europe. He hoped to leave civilization and find the ""heart of darkness"" in Africa. The interior of Liberia was at the time unmapped (a US Government map had the interior as a large white space marked ""cannibals""), and so he relied on local guides and porters. Greene set off from the northernmost point of the country bordering Sierra Leone near the town of Kailahun (near Pendembu) and"
"of an African-American father, Atlee Washington, and Jean Birkenstein Washington, who was Jewish and of European-American descent. Washington's major work is the 1995 PBS documentary ""You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow!"" It is a chronicle of the Journey of Reconciliation, the first Freedom Ride of whites and blacks traveling through the Upper South in 1947 to challenge segregation in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's 1946 ruling in Irene Morgan. It ruled that segregation of interstate transportation was unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Washington previously produced the documentary ""Vermont: The Whitest State in"
"part of NYMF's festival. In January, 2017, President Barack Obama declared the Anniston, Alabama bus station the Freedom Riders National Monument. Freedom Riders Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions ""Morgan v. Virginia"" (1946) and ""Boynton v. Virginia"" (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1961, and"
"Freedom Riders (film) Freedom Riders is a 2010 American historical documentary film, produced by Firelight Media for PBS American Experience. The film is based in part on the book ""Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice"" by historian Raymond Arsenault. Directed by Stanley Nelson, it marked the 50th anniversary of the first Freedom Ride in May 1961 and first aired on May 16, 2011. The film chronicles the story behind hundreds of civil rights activists called Freedom Riders that challenged racial segregation in American interstate transportation during the Civil Rights Movement. The activist traveled together in small interracial"
"Rustin believed that the Journey of Reconciliation, as well as other actions challenging segregation in these years, contributed to the eventual ruling of the US Supreme Court in 1954 in ""Brown v. Board of Education"". It ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional and ordered them ended. Journey of Reconciliation The Journey of Reconciliation was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States. The two-week journey by 16 men began on April 9, 1947. It was seen as inspiring the later Freedom Rides of the Civil Rights Movement from May"
"were facing as the sit-in movement spread across the South. As their actions gained widespread national news coverage, the tactic was adopted by other civil rights groups. The men became known as the Friendship Nine because eight of the nine men were students at Rock Hill's Friendship Junior College. Later in 1961, Rock Hill was the first stop in the Deep South for a group of 13 Freedom Riders, who boarded buses in Washington, DC, and headed South to test the 1960 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court outlawing racial segregation in all interstate public facilities. When the civil rights"
"rejoined. Years later, the House Un-American Activities Committee was to describe him erroneously as ""indiscriminate in support of Communist organizations."" In April 1947, Lynn participated in the Journey of Reconciliation, a challenge to Jim Crow laws that later came to be considered the first ""freedom ride"" of the American civil rights movement; it was a forerunner to the Freedom Rides of the early 1960s. Sixteen civil rights activists, eight of them black and eight of them white, boarded Greyhound and Trailways buses and traveled through Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee to bring public attention to the reality of racial"
"Alabama, soon after filing a civil lawsuit against ""The New York Times"" for $1.5 million. He objected to what he claimed was their insinuation that he had promoted racial hatred. He dropped his claim for damages to $400,000; the case dragged on for six years until Connor lost a $40,000 judgment on appeal. In the spring of 1961, integrated teams of civil rights activists mounted what they called ""Freedom Rides"" to highlight the illegal imposition of racial segregation on interstate buses, whose operations came under federal law and the constitution. They had teams on Greyhound and Trailways buses to travel"
"was a sailor was missing in the Pacific. The terminal was the departure point for the ""Freedom Ride 1961"" on board a Greyhound bus. On May 4, 1961, thirteen black and white men and women aged 18 to 61 divided into two mixed groups boarded a Trailways bus (from the Trailways Terminal located a block away) and a Greyhound bus (from this terminal) in Washington, DC to begin a two week trip into Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. They planned on arriving in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 17, 1961. This trip was called ""Freedom"
"to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions which had ruled segregated public buses to be unconstitutional. As organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) for May 1961, the rides would have mixed pairs of riders sit side by side on Greyhound and Trailways buses crossing the American South from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans, between May 4th and May 17th. Alabama stops were planned for Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, during the final leg that ran from Atlanta, Georgia to New Orleans. In Anniston, a mob of angry whites violently attacked the Greyhound bus and set"