Pendennis Castle and St Mawes Castle lie either side of the river close to which English town?
"in 1611. War with Spain broke out again 1624 and a new defensive line, with bastions and artillery, was built across the peninsula in 1627. When civil war broke out in 1642 between King Charles I and Parliament, Pendennis and the south-west of England were held by the Royalists. The growing town of Falmouth was a strategically important part of their supply route to the Continent, while Carrick Roads formed a base for Royalist piracy in the English Channel. As the war turned in favour of the Parliamentarians, preparations were made for Prince Charles to shelter there over the winter"
"with its sister castle of Pendennis on the other side of the estuary. During the English Civil War, St Mawes was held by Royalist supporters of King Charles I, but surrendered to a Parliamentary army in 1646 in the final phase of the conflict. The castle continued in use as a fort through the 18th and 19th centuries. In the early 1850s, fears of a fresh conflict with France, combined with changes in military technology, led to the redevelopment of the fortification. The out-dated Henrician castle was turned into a barracks and substantial gun batteries were constructed beneath it, equipped"
"by the Royalists, and was only taken by Parliament after a long siege in 1646. It survived the interregnum and Charles II renovated the fortress after his restoration to the throne in 1660. Ongoing concerns about a possible French invasion resulted in Pendennis's defences being modernised and upgraded in the 1730s and again during the 1790s; during the Napoleonic Wars, the castle held up to 48 guns. In the 1880s and 1890s an electrically operated minefield was laid across the River Fal, operated from Pendennis and St Mawes, and new, quick-firing guns were installed to support these defences. The castle"
"of 1645–46, as part of which the surrounding fortifications were improved; in the event, Charles stayed in the castle only briefly in early 1646. Shortly after Charles left Pendennis for the Isles of Scilly on 2 March, Thomas Fairfax entered Cornwall with a substantial army. Almost all the other Royalist positions in England had by now fallen and St Mawes Castle surrendered immediately as Fairfax approached. Pendennis Castle, however, continued to hold out, defended by around 1,000 soldiers under the command of Sir John Arundell. They were determined to hold out against the besiegers and Arundell announced that he would"
"protect it with five castles. In the event, only two of these were constructed, St Mawes and Pendennis, positioned on each side of Carrick Roads. The two castles' guns could provide overlapping fire across the water, while St Mawes also overlooked a separate anchorage on the eastern side of the estuary. The construction work began in 1540, under the direction of Thomas Treffry, a prominent member of the local gentry appointed to act as the project's Clerk of Works by Lord Admiral Russell. By later that year, the castle was described as being ""half-made"", with most of the build having"
"with the latest naval artillery. In the 1880s and 1890s an electronically-operated minefield was laid across the River Fal, operated from St Mawes and Pendennis, and new, quick-firing guns were installed at St Mawes to support these defences. After 1905, however, St Mawes' guns were removed, and between 1920 and 1939 it was run by the state as a tourist attraction. Brought back into service in the Second World War, naval artillery and an anti-aircraft gun were installed at the castle to defend against the risk of German attack. With the end of the war, St Mawes again returned to"
"St Mawes St Mawes () is a small town opposite Falmouth, on the Roseland Peninsula on the south coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It lies on the east bank of the Carrick Roads, a large waterway created after the Ice Age from an ancient valley which flooded as the melt waters caused the sea level to rise dramatically. The immense natural harbour created is often claimed to be the third largest in the world. It was once a busy fishing port, but the trade declined during the 20th century and it now serves as a popular tourist location, with"
"Pendennis Castle in Cornwall, built by King Henry VIII to guard the entry to Falmouth Harbour. After the Royalist defeat at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645, the Parliamentary army swept through the West Country, and Arundell defiantly refused the demand of General Fairfax to submit, and replied to him: He maintained a five month long siege in heroic circumstances, during which his garrison was reduced by hunger to eating their horses. Finally he surrendered in August 1646, making Pendennis Castle the last but one to have held out for the King. In 1651, following the establishment of the"
"the local Cornish gentry, probably oversaw the construction of Pendennis; it was built on his land and he was appointed as its first captain. Pendennis Castle cost £5,614 to construct. The Killigrews controlled the castle for several decades, with John Killigrew's son and grandson continuing in turn as the captain there until 1605. The captains of Pendennis frequently argued with those of St Mawes and in 1630 a legal dispute broke out about the rights to search and detain incoming shipping: both castles argued that they had a traditional right to do so. The Admiralty eventually issued a compromise, proposing"
"Mawes frequently argued with those of Pendennis Castle and in 1630 a legal dispute broke out about the rights to search and detain incoming shipping: both castles argued that they had a traditional right to do so. The Admiralty issued a compromise, proposing that the castles share the incoming traffic. Sir Francis was dismissed from office in 1632, accused of ""practising a variety of deceptions"" at St Mawes, including falsely claiming wages for non-existent members of the garrison, and was replaced by first Sir Robert Le Grys and then Thomas Howard, the Earl of Arundel and Surrey. Meanwhile, the invasion"
"Penzance Penzance ( ; ) is a town, civil parish and port in Cornwall, in England, United Kingdom. It is the most westerly major town in Cornwall and is about west-southwest of Plymouth and west-southwest of London. Situated in the shelter of Mount's Bay, the town faces south-east onto the English Channel, is bordered to the west by the fishing port of Newlyn, to the north by the civil parish of Madron and to the east by the civil parish of Ludgvan. The civil parish includes the town of Newlyn and the villages of Mousehole, Paul, Gulval and Heamoor. Granted"
"being constructed in France. Pendennis Castle continued in use through the 18th and 19th centuries under the command of successive captains, still operating in partnership with St Mawes. In 1714, Colonel Christian Lilly carried out an inspection of the fortification, finding it to be ""in a very precarious condition"" and noting that ""the body of the fort having been for many years neglected is now is in a very ruinous condition"". The parapets had collapsed, the ramparts could easily be scaled and the ditches were filled with brambles. Little was done to remedy this, however, until the 1730s, when the"
"as a music and maths community college. Robert Dunkin, a Penzance sadler and maker of scientific instruments taught Davy the basis of practical science. Penzance is twinned with the following towns: and Penzance Penzance ( ; ) is a town, civil parish and port in Cornwall, in England, United Kingdom. It is the most westerly major town in Cornwall and is about west-southwest of Plymouth and west-southwest of London. Situated in the shelter of Mount's Bay, the town faces south-east onto the English Channel, is bordered to the west by the fishing port of Newlyn, to the north by the"
"nearby Pendennis Castle, built on the family's estate. He was MP for Lostwithiel in 1563 and twice for the family's pocket borough of Penryn, in 1571 and 1572. She and her husband received and stored stolen goods at their home, Arwenack House. In 1582, she was arrested and sentenced to death after she sent her servants to seize the cargo aboard a ship anchored opposite Arwenack House, later the nucleus of the 17th century town of Falmouth.. Queen Elizabeth eventually pardoned her, and she was released from prison. Mary was also known as ""Old Lady Killigrew"". In the 1540s Pendennis"
"Pendeen Pendeen (from , otherwise known as ""Boskaswal Wartha"") is a village and ecclesiastical parish on the Penwith peninsula in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is north-northeast of St Just and west of Penzance. It lies along the B3306 road which connects St Ives to Land's End and the A30 road. The village has a community centre, a shop, a post office, a primary school, and a few small businesses. Community activities include an art club, a gardening club, silver marching band and a football club. Nearby settlements include Carnyorth and Trewellard and the historic Geevor Tin Mine is immediately north"
"not cope with the increasing use of cannon in warfare. Also, with the long term threats of the French, and later the Spanish, they were felt particularly necessary on the southern coast of England. Examples of these include Deal Castle, Pendennis Castle, St Mawes Castle, and Walmer Castle. During the English Civil War, many Crown Fortresses fell prey to the Parliamentarian forces, and due to their strategic value were greatly fought for. As many had been under the control of commanders appointed by The Crown, many naturally supported the King, and their knowledge of the fortresses they commanded made their"
"The old castle was used as a barracks but, since it could only hold 30 men, St Mawes was typically used as a training base and manned by militia and volunteer units. Fresh concerns about France rose in the 1880s and an electrically-operated minefield was laid across Carrick Roads in 1885, jointly controlled from St Mawes and Pendennis. Additional contact mines were added, forcing incoming vessels to sail into a channel alongside St Mawes, illuminated with electric search lights. As part of this transformation, the castle's 64-pounder guns were partially replaced with light, quick-firing guns in the 1890s, able to"
"construction of forts along the English coastline. The stretch of water known as Carrick Roads at the mouth of the River Fal was an important anchorage serving shipping arriving from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. A small gun tower, called the Little Dennis Blockhouse, was built in 1539 overlooking the entrance, and plans were made to protect the anchorage further with five additional castles. In the event, only two of these were constructed, Pendennis and St Mawes Castle, positioned on each side of Carrick Roads and able to provide overlapping fire across the water. John Killigrew, a prominent member of"
"Weem Weem (Scottish Gaelic: ""Baile a' Chlachain"") is a village on the B846 near Aberfeldy in Perthshire, Scotland. The name Weem is derived from the Gaelic ""uamh"", meaning 'cave'. Nearby is Castle Menzies, formerly known as Weem Castle, where Bonnie Prince Charlie spent two nights on his way to the Battle of Culloden in 1746. One of Scotland's best-preserved 16th-century castles, Castle Menzies is the seat of Clan Menzies. Looked after by a private preservation trust, the Castle and grounds are open to visitors in summer (entrance charge). The Old Parish Church of Weem, of medieval origin, contains the funerary"
"Lewes Castle Lewes Castle is a medieval castle in the town of Lewes in East Sussex, England. Originally called Bray Castle, it occupies a commanding position guarding the gap in the South Downs cut by the River Ouse and occupied by the towns of Lewes and Cliffe. It stands on a man-made mount just to the north of the high street in Lewes, and is constructed from local limestone and flint blocks. The first fortification on the site was a wooden keep, later converted to stone. It is unusual for a motte and bailey construction in that it has two"
"attraction, receiving 21,104 visitors in 2010. It is protected under UK law as a Scheduled Monument. St Mawes Castle is situated on a headland over the Carrock Roads, overlooked by higher land to the rear. At the top of the site is the entrance to the castle, the high-level gun batteries and the 16th-century Henrician Castle; the terraced site slopes down to the water, where gun batteries and the 16th-century blockhouse look out across the water. The central castle is built from slatestone rubble, with granite features and detailing; it has a clover leaf design with a central, four-storey circular"
"HMS Pendennis (1695) HMS ""Pendennis"" was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, built by Robert and John Castle at Deptford, and launched in 1695. The ""Pendennis"" was captured by the French 50-gun ship ""Protée"", supported by ""Triton"" and ""Salisbury"", off the Dogger Bank on 20 October 1705. This battle was a victory for, and death of the Salisburys captain, the senior French officer on the day, the Chevalier de Saint-Pol (Marc-Antoine de Saint-Pol Hécourt). The picture, right, shows the French ship Protée (1701), (the Proteus) capturing the English ship HMS ""Pendennis"", supported by"
"Falmouth, Cornwall Falmouth (; ) is a town, civil parish and port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It has a total resident population of 21,797 (2011 census). The name Falmouth is of English origin. (Present-day speakers of the Cornish language use ""Aberfal"" or ""Aberfala"" based on Welsh precedents.) It is claimed that an earlier Celtic name for the place was ""Peny-cwm-cuic"" (which translates to English as 'head of the creek') which is the same as the anglicised ""Pennycomequick"" district in Plymouth. Falmouth was where Henry VIII built Pendennis Castle to defend Carrick"
"the borough of Bodmin. He probably sat for Bodmin again in June 1536 and may well have represented the town in 1539 and 1542, the records however being lost. His arrival on the national scene led to a court appointment as a Gentleman Usher of the Chamber by 1533. In that year he was made a justice of the peace for Cornwall and Collector of Customs for Plymouth and Fowey, giving up the latter post in 1541. The south Cornish coast being vulnerable to attack from the sea, the government started building the artillery fort called St Mawes Castle, where"
"use as a tourist attraction. In the 21st century, the castle is operated by English Heritage. The castle has elaborate, carved 16th-century decorations including sea monsters and gargoyles, and the historian Paul Pattison has described the site as ""arguably the most perfect survivor of all Henry's forts"". St Mawes Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England, France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII. Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications,"
"Penrice Castle Penrice Castle () is a castle near Penrice, Swansea on the Gower Peninsula, Wales. Penrice Castle is the 13th-century successor to a strong ringwork to the south east, known as the Mountybank. It was built by the de Penrice family, who were given land there for their part in the Norman conquest of Gower. The last de Penrice married a Mansel in 1410 and the castle and its lands passed to the Mansel family. The Mansels later bought Margam Abbey and made it their main seat, while retaining their Gower lands. The castle was damaged in the 17th-century"
"the front of the building. It is not to be confused with the larger village of Treen on the south coast of the Penwith peninsula, less than 10 miles away. Treen (Zennor) Treen () is a hamlet in the parish of Zennor, on the north coast of the Penwith peninsula in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It lies along the B3306 road which connects St Ives to the A30 road. At Gurnard's Head nearby on the coast is one of the many cliff castles on the Cornish coast which was formerly a Coastguard Lookout. To the east of Gurnard's Head is"
"heirs and separated the castle's lands from the captaincy, selling them to John Granville, the Earl of Bath. The castle continued in use as a fort through the 18th and 19th centuries under the command of successive captains, still operating in conjunction with Pendennis. A review by Colonel Christian Lilly in 1714 reported that the fortification was in a satisfactory condition, and in the 1730s, St Mawes was equipped with 17 artillery pieces, including six 24-pounder (11 kg) cannons, mostly positioned in the batteries beneath the Henrician castle. Britain's wars with France in the late-18th century made the defence of"
"scheduled monument. Pendennis Castle is located at the end of a peninsula, overlooking Carrick Roads and the sea. It includes the original 16th-century Device Fort, surrounded by a ring of outer defences, based on the Elizabethan ramparts and later adapted during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Further gun batteries and a blockhouse are located closer to the shore. The heritage agency Historic England considers Pendennis to be ""one of the finest examples of a post-medieval defensive promontory fort in the country"", demonstrating a long history of different defensive approaches, and English Heritage describes the site as ""one of the"
"of the captains’ houses and there were dances for the sailors at the more humble places. Much of it paid for by prize money and the profits from the contraband carried by the Packet ships. Henry VIII intended to build a castle on Trefusis Point, to accompany those built at Pendennis and St. Mawes, but due to the expensive wars was unable to finance it. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the village's economy mainly relied upon fishing, the two farms and former manors of Trefusis (the original seat of the Trefusis family, Barons Clinton since 1791) and Tregew, together"
"Cefnllys Cefnllys was a medieval town in Radnorshire (now part of Powys) in central Wales. Only St Michael's Church remains standing, with mounds indicating the remains of other buildings existing before the decline of the town in the 19th century. Close by on the hill known as Castle Rock are the remains of what is known as Cefnllys Castle. Almost encircling the hill, church and remains of the town is the River Ithon which continues to Llandrindod Wells a little over a mile away. The 'castle' was actually two, built one after the other at opposite ends of the hill"
"Penegoes Penegoes () is a village in Powys, Wales, between Cemmaes Road and Machynlleth, on the A489 road. The Afon Crewi, one of several streams feeding into Afon Dulas, itself a tributary of the Afon Dyfi, has created a fairly broad and flat valley. Penegoes church is on the level northernside of the valley with the ground sloping down gently to the stream. The church represents the focus of what is now a dispersed settlement. Only a single habitation, Llwyn, adjoins it but others lie off the main road at regular intervals to west and east. The Welsh dedication of"
"the keep and on the Roman fortress's east side. Pevensey Castle Pevensey Castle is a medieval castle and former Roman Saxon Shore fort at Pevensey in the English county of East Sussex. The site is a Scheduled Monument in the care of English Heritage and is open to visitors. Built around 290 AD and known to the Romans as ""Anderitum"", the fort appears to have been the base for a fleet called the ""Classis Anderidaensis"". The reasons for its construction are unclear; long thought to have been part of a Roman defensive system to guard the British and Gallic coasts"