The Septuagint, Targum and Vulgate are all translations of what?
"of ancient biblical versions—including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Neofiti—interpret the word to mean ""giants"". Symmachus translates it as ""the violent ones"" and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either ""the fallen ones"" or ""the ones falling [upon their enemies]"". In the Hebrew Bible there are three interconnected passages referencing the ""nephilim"". Two of them come from the Pentateuch and the first occurrence is in Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of Noah's Ark. Genesis 6:4 reads as follows:The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the"
"version is preferred by Eastern Christians, including Eastern Orthodox, Coptic, Ethiopic, Jacobite and Armenian. The Samaritan version of the Pentateuch is used mainly by the Samaritans. The Vulgate, published by Jerome in 405, is a Latin translation based on a Hebrew Tanakh compiled near the end of the first century, whereas the Septuagint was produced during the third century BC based on an earlier version of the Tanakh. Both have, like the Masoretic Text, been the basis for translations into numerous vernacular languages. Three children of Adam and Eve are named, Cain, Abel and Seth. A genealogy tracing the descendants"
"the Septuagint, a collection of Jewish Scriptures translated into early Koine Greek in Alexandria between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE. The dispersed Jews had forgotten their ancestral language and needed Greek versions (translations) of their Scriptures. Throughout the Middle Ages, Latin was the ""lingua franca"" of the western learned world. The 9th-century Alfred the Great, king of Wessex in England, was far ahead of his time in commissioning vernacular Anglo-Saxon translations of Bede's ""Ecclesiastical History"" and Boethius' ""Consolation of Philosophy"". Meanwhile, the Christian Church frowned on even partial adaptations of St. Jerome's ""Vulgate"" of c. 384 CE, the standard"
"term for ""translation"" is ""Targum"". The Encyclopedia Judaica has: At an early period, it was customary to translate the Hebrew text into the vernacular at the time of the reading (e.g., in Palestine and Babylon the translation was into Aramaic). The targum (""translation"") was done by a special synagogue official, called the meturgeman ... Eventually, the practice of translating into the vernacular was discontinued. One of the earliest known translations of the first five books of Moses from the Hebrew into Greek was the Septuagint. This is a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible that was used by Greek"
"BC or −3760). The Septuagint was the most scholarly non-Hebrew version of the Old Testament available to early Christians. Many converts already spoke Greek, and it was readily adopted as the preferred vernacular-language rendering for the eastern Roman Empire. The later Latin translation called the Vulgate, an interpretative translation from the later Masoretic Text (a Jewish revision and consolidation of earlier Hebrew texts), replaced it in the west after its completion by St. Jerome c. 405, Latin being the most common vernacular language in those regions. The earliest extant Christian writings on the age of the world according to the"
"for the ""Vetus Latina"" text, so intending to denote this version as the common Latin rendering of the Greek Vulgate or Common Septuagint (which Jerome otherwise terms the 'version of the Seventy'); and this remained the usual use of the term 'Latin Vulgate"" in the West for centuries. Jerome reserves the term 'Septuagint'(""Septuaginta"") to refer to the Hexaplar Septuagint. The earliest known use of the term ""Vulgata"" to describe the 'new' Latin translation was made by Roger Bacon in the 13th century. The translations in the Vetus Latina had accumulated piecemeal over a century or more; they were not translated"
"the 12 tribes of Israel) who independently translated identical versions of the entire Hebrew canon. The Septuagint should not be confused with other Greek versions of the Old Testament, most of which did not survive except as fragments (some parts of these being known from Origen's Hexapla, a comparison of six translations in adjacent columns, now almost wholly lost). Of these, the most important are those by Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion. Modern critical editions of the Septuagint are based on the Codices Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, and Alexandrinus. The Septuagint derives its name from the Latin ""versio septuaginta interpretum"", ""translation of the"
"who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. According to legend, each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and, according to legend, all seventy versions proved identical. The ""Septuagint"" became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian. Still considered one of the greatest translators in history, for having rendered the ""Bible"" into Latin, is Jerome (347–420 C.E.), the patron saint of translators. For centuries the Roman Catholic Church used his translation (known as the Vulgate), though even this translation stirred controversy. By contrast with Jerome's contemporary, Augustine"
"Septuagint The Septuagint (from the literally ""seventy"", often abbreviated as or LXX and sometimes called the Greek Old Testament) is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures from the original Hebrew. It is estimated that the first five books of the Old Testament, known as the Torah or Pentateuch, were translated in the mid-3rd century BCE and the remaining texts were translated in the 2nd century BCE. Considered the primary Greek translation of the Old Testament, it is quoted a number of times in the New Testament, particularly in the Pauline epistles, by the Apostolic Fathers, and later"
"Vulgate The Vulgate () is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible that became the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible during the 16th century. The translation was largely the work of Jerome, who in 382 had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the (""Old Latin"") Gospels then in use by the Roman Church. Jerome, on his own initiative, extended this work of revision and translation to include most of the books of the Bible, and once published, the new version was widely adopted and eventually eclipsed the ; so that by the 13th century,"
"to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures"". In Western Christianity or Christianity in the Western half of the Roman Empire, Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians, and in 382 AD Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome, the leading scholar of the day, to produce an updated Latin bible to replace the Vetus Latina, which was a Latin translation of the Septuagint. Jerome's work, called the Vulgate, was a direct translation from Hebrew, since he argued for the superiority of the Hebrew texts in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological"
"the Targums were created to allow the common person to understand the Torah as it was read in ancient synagogues. By the 3rd century BC, Alexandria had become the center of Hellenistic Judaism, and during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC translators compiled in Egypt a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures in several stages (completing the task by 132 BC). The Talmud ascribes the translation effort to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (r. 285–246 BC), who allegedly hired 72 Jewish scholars for the purpose, for which reason the translation is commonly known as the Septuagint (from the Latin ""septuaginta"", ""seventy""),"
"of the codices. The Codex Marchalianus is another notable manuscript. The sources of the many differences between the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate and the Masoretic Text have long been discussed by scholars. Following the Renaissance, a common opinion among some humanists was that the Septuagint translators bungled the translation from the Hebrew and that the Septuagint became more corrupt with time. The most widely accepted view today is that the Septuagint provides a reasonably accurate record of an early Hebrew textual variant that differed from the ancestor of the Masoretic text as well as those of the Latin Vulgate, where"
"texts - declared February 8 ""International Septuagint Day"", a day to promote the discipline on campuses and in communities. The Organization also publishes the ""Journal of Septuagint and Cognate Studies"" (JSCS). Septuagint The Septuagint (from the literally ""seventy"", often abbreviated as or LXX and sometimes called the Greek Old Testament) is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures from the original Hebrew. It is estimated that the first five books of the Old Testament, known as the Torah or Pentateuch, were translated in the mid-3rd century BCE and the remaining texts were translated in the 2nd century BCE."
"Catholics use the Masoretic Text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books (those accepted as canonical by both Jews and all Christians), with various changes derived from a multiplicity of other ancient sources (such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the deuterocanonical books. The Eastern Orthodox use the Septuagint (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical books—to use"
"""quotidianum"", rather than the alternative Latin translation of ""supersubstantialem"". This ""quotidianum"" interpretation is first recorded in the works of Tertullian. This was used in the Vetus Latina, a collective term for various ""Old Latin"" Bible translations prior to Jerome's Vulgate. The Vulgate is a late fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible from its original languages, and was largely the work of St. Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in the year 382 to revise the ""Vetus Latina"". In Luke 11:3, Jerome rendered ""epiousios"", via what had become at that point tradition, as ""quotidianum"", and yet in Matthew 6:11"
"Old Testament. As mentioned above, the Septuagint (Greek translation), the Vulgate (Latin translation), and the Peshitta (Syriac translation) use the word ""Lord"" (, ""kyrios"", , and , ""moryo"" respectively). Use of the Septuagint by Christians in polemics with Jews led to its abandonment by the latter, making it a specifically Christian text. From it Christians made translations into Coptic, Arabic, Slavonic and other languages used in Oriental Orthodoxy and the Eastern Orthodox Church, whose liturgies and doctrinal declarations are largely a cento of texts from the Septuagint, which they consider to be inspired at least as much as the Masoretic"
"speakers. The Greek version's name in Latin is the Septuagint: Latin ""septem"" meaning seven, plus ""-gintā"" meaning ""times ten"". It was named ""Septuagint"" from the traditional number of its translators. This Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures dates from the 3rd century BCE, originally associated with Hellenistic Judaism. It contains both a translation of the Hebrew and additional and variant material. Later translations into Greek include seven or more other versions. These do not survive, except as fragments, and include those by Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion. Early translations into Latin—the Vetus Latina—were ad hoc conversions of parts of the Septuagint."
"books of Ezra found in the Septuagint and Vetus Latina, Esdras A and Esdras B, represented 'variant examples' of a single Hebrew original. Hence he does not separately translate Esdras A; even though it had been up til then universally found in Greek and Old Latin Old Testaments, preceding Esdras B, the combined text of Ezra-Nehemiah. Following the same principle, Jerome's Vulgate translation presents Samuel, Kings and Chronicles each as a single book; where the in the Septuagint Greek and Old Latin texts, all these had been split as 'double' books. The Vulgate is usually credited as being the first"
"consider them authoritative. In the prologue to the Greek translation of Ben Sira's work, his grandson, dated at 132 BCE, mentions both the Law (Torah) and the Prophets (Nevi'im), as well as a third group of books which is not yet named as ""Ketuvim"" (the prologue simply identifies ""the rest of the books""). The Septuagint (LXX) is a Koine Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures, translated in stages between the 3rd to 2nd century BCE in Alexandria, Egypt. According to Michael Barber, in the Septuagint, the Torah and Nevi'im are established as canonical, but the ""Ketuvim"" appear not to have"
"The Coptic and Ethiopic versions of Esther are translations of the Greek rather than the Hebrew Esther. A Latin version of Esther was produced by Jerome for the Vulgate. It translates the Hebrew Esther but interpolates translations of the Greek Esther where the latter provides additional material. Several Aramaic targums of Esther were produced in the Middle Ages of which two survive – the ""Targum Rishon"" (""First Targum"") and ""Targum Sheni"" (""Second Targum"") dated c. 500–1000 AD. These were not targums (""translations"") in the true sense but like the Greek Esther are retellings of events and include additional legends relating"
"Vetus Latina Vetus Latina (""Old Latin"" in Latin), also known as Vetus Itala (""Old Italian""), Itala (""Italian"") and Old Italic, is the collective name given to the Latin translations of biblical texts (both Old Testament and New Testament) that existed before the Vulgate, the Latin translation produced by Jerome in the late 4th century. The Vetus Latina translations continued to be used alongside the Vulgate, but eventually the Vulgate became the standard Latin Bible used by the Catholic Church, especially after the Council of Trent (1545–1563) affirmed the Vulgate translation as authoritative for the text of Scripture. However, the Vetus"
"Text. Within the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Greek text remains the norm for texts in all languages, with particular reference to the wording used in prayers. The Septuagint, with its use of Κύριος to represent the tetragrammaton, was the basis also for Christian translations associated with the West, in particular the Vetus Itala, which survives in some parts of the liturgy of the Latin Church, and the Gothic Bible. Christian translations of the Bible into English commonly use """" in place of the tetragrammaton in most passages, often in small capitals (or in all caps), so as to distinguish it"
"and Aramaic versions, and a Latin translation of all the versions. It is also highly prized for its typographical excellence. Still more ambitious than the Paris was the London Polyglot edited by Brian Walton (1654–57, 6 vols., and ""Lexicon Heptaglotton"", 1669, 2 vols.). The first four volumes contain the Old Testament, where, in addition to the Hebrew, the following texts are to be found: Samaritan-Hebrew, Samaritan-Aramaic, Septuagint with readings of the Codex Alexandrinus, Old Latin, Vulgate, Syriac, Arabic, Targum Onḳelos, Pseudo-Jonathan and Jerusalem Targums, Targum Jonathan and Targum of the Hagiographa, Ethiopic and Persian in varying completeness. All of these"
"addition to the authoritative Masoretic Text, Jews still refer to the Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, and the Targum Onkelos, an Aramaic version of the Bible. There are several different ancient versions of the Tanakh in Hebrew, mostly differing by spelling, and the traditional Jewish version is based on the version known as Aleppo Codex. Even in this version there are words which are traditionally read differently from written, because the oral tradition is considered more fundamental than the written one, and presumably mistakes had been made in copying the text over the generations. The primary"
"is attributable to their being revisions of a common translation from the Greek Septuagint made in the early 4th century which survives only in patristic quotations; and which had supplanted an earlier, excessively literal, 'Cyprianic' Latin version of late 2nd century date. These surviving revisions all tend to have corrected their source to agree better with the Greek of the 'standard' Septuagint; and differ most at these points. Related too is Jerome's Gallican psalter, which corrects the underlying text to that of the Hexaplar Septuagint. The Nova Vulgata psalter, though stylistically similar to these, diverges rather more from these traditional"
"Moses' writings would also believe Jesus' words: Among early centers of Christianity the Septuagint was used by Greek speakers, while Aramaic Targums were used by Aramaic speakers such as the Syriac Orthodox Church. It was regarded as the standard form of the ""Old Testament"" in the early Greek Christian Church and is still considered canonical in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Though different Christian denominations have slightly different versions of the ""Old Testament"" in their Bibles, the Torah as the ""Five Books of Moses"" (or ""the Mosaic Law"") is common among them all. While Christianity includes the five books of Moses"
"in the late 3rd century BCE and completed by 132 BCE, initially in Alexandria, but in time it was completed elsewhere as well. It is not altogether clear which was translated when, or where; some may even have been translated twice, into different versions, and then revised. As the work of translation progressed, the canon of the Greek Bible expanded. The Torah always maintained its pre-eminence as the basis of the canon but the collection of prophetic writings, based on the ""Nevi'im"", had various hagiographical works incorporated into it. In addition, some newer books were included in the Septuagint, among"
"Church primarily used the Septuagint or the Targums among Aramaic speakers, the apostles did not leave a defined set of new scriptures; instead the canon of the New Testament developed over time. Groups within Christianity include differing books as part of their sacred writings, most prominent among which are the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books. Significant versions of the English Christian Bible include the Douay-Rheims Bible, the Authorized King James Version, the English Revised Version, the American Standard Version, the Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Version, the New King James Version, the New International Version, and the English"
"New English Translation of the Septuagint The New English Translation of the Septuagint and the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included under That Title (NETS) is a modern translation of the scriptures used by Greek-speaking Christians and Jews of antiquity. The translation was sponsored by the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies (IOSCS). The Psalms were published in 2000 and the complete Septuagint (LXX) in 2007. The NETS translators selected the best critical editions of the Septuagint, primarily the larger Göttingen Septuagint (as far as it was completed at the time of translation) and Alfred Rahlfs's manual edition for the"
"be richly illuminated. The Latin Church has a diverse selection of more-or-less different full translations of the psalms. Three of these translations, the ""Romana"", ""Gallicana"", and ""juxta Hebraicum"", have been traditionally ascribed to Jerome, the author of the Latin Vulgate. Two other translations, the Pian and Nova Vullgata versions, were made in the 20th century. Many of these translations are actually quite similar to each other, especially in style: the Roman, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic psalters have relatively few differences between them, such that the same settings can generally be applied to sing all three. The concord among these similar psalters"
"the questions referred to him by the councils of the east and west..."" In order to put an end to the marked divergences in the western texts of that period, Damasus encouraged the highly respected scholar Jerome to revise the available Old Latin versions of the Bible into a more accurate Latin on the basis of the Greek New Testament and the Septuagint, resulting in the Vulgate. According to Protestant biblical scholar, F.F. Bruce, the commissioning of the Vulgate was a key moment in fixing the biblical canon in the West. Jerome devoted a very brief notice to Damasus in"
"of knowledge of poetic structure, he was better able to identify and comprehend poetic expression which occurs frequently in the Old Testament and less often in the New. Comparing their translations from the original languages with other translations made from different source documents, van der Palm and others placed little merit on the Vulgate or Latin translation most of which was made from secondary sources not in the original languages. Similarly, flaws and inaccuracies were evident in the Septuagint or LXX as it is often called (the reference in both names being to falsely-claimed legend that this translation had been"