Who was Hitler's personal secretary who was sentenced to death in absentia at Nuremberg?
"to Spandau Prison in 1947. Of the 12 defendants sentenced to death by hanging, two were not hanged: Martin Bormann was convicted in absentia (he had, unknown to the Allies, died while trying to escape from Berlin in May 1945), and Hermann Göring committed suicide the night before the execution. The remaining 10 defendants sentenced to death were hanged. The definition of what constitutes a war crime is described by the Nuremberg principles, a set of guidelines document which was created as a result of the trial. The medical experiments conducted by German doctors and prosecuted in the so-called Doctors'"
"go of my story, I can let go of my life."" She is buried at Nordfriedhof München. Further attention came two years later, when some of Junge's experiences with Hitler were portrayed in the Academy Award-nominated film ""Downfall"". Excerpts from her interviews are seen at the beginning and at the end of the film. At the end, she states: Traudl Junge Gertraud ""Traudl"" Junge (née Humps; 16 March 1920 – 10 February 2002) worked as Adolf Hitler's last private secretary from December 1942 to April 1945. After typing out Hitler's will, she remained in the Berlin ""Führerbunker"" until his death."
"Hitler. Christian moved to Düsseldorf, where she worked at the Hotel Eden. She was a friend of Werner Naumann, a former state secretary in the Third Reich's propaganda ministry. In 1953, Naumann was arrested by the British Army and accused of being the leader of a Neo-Nazi group but he was never convicted. Gerda Christian died of cancer in Düsseldorf in 1997, aged 83. Gerda Christian has been portrayed by the following actresses in film and television productions. Gerda Christian Gerda Christian (née Daranowski; 13 December 1913 – 14 April 1997), nicknamed ""Dara"", was one of Adolf Hitler's private secretaries"
"Traudl now that she was a widow. Hans Hermann Junge Hans Hermann Junge (11 February 1914 – 13 August 1944) born in Preetz / Holstein was a German SS officer who served as aide-de-camp and valet to Adolf Hitler. He was married to Traudl Junge, Hitler's last private secretary. He was killed in combat during World War II in August 1944. Junge was born in Preetz in Schleswig-Holstein Province in February 1914. He joined the ""Schutzstaffel"" (SS) and in 1934 volunteered for the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. On 1 July 1936 he became a member of the"
"Munich. Schroeder died on 28 June 1984 in Munich aged 76. Christa Schroeder Emilie Christine Schroeder a/k/a Christa Schroeder (19 March 1908 – 28 June 1984) was one of Adolf Hitler’s personal secretaries before and during World War II. She was born in the small town of Hannoversch Münden and moved to Nagold after her parents died. There she worked for a lawyer from 1929 to March 1930. After leaving Nagold for Munich, Schroeder was employed as a stenotypist in the ""Oberste SA-Führung"", the ""Sturmabteilung"" (SA) high command. There she got to know Hitler in early 1933, when he had"
"his diary. These included meetings with Konstantin von Neurath, the German Foreign Minister, and Otto Meissner, a key aide of Hitler. Even with the force of American diplomacy, Hitler refused Duccis eleventh-hour request that Hirsch's life be spared. His execution by decapitation was carried out at 6:00 am, June 4, 1937. His sister, Katie Sugarman (Kaete Hirsch), died in 2016 having moved to the United States and possibly spared from the Nazi regime due to her family's immediate entry due to her brother. Helmut Hirsch Helmut Hirsch (January 27, 1916 in Stuttgart – June 4, 1937 in Berlin) was a"
"Traudl Junge Gertraud ""Traudl"" Junge (née Humps; 16 March 1920 – 10 February 2002) worked as Adolf Hitler's last private secretary from December 1942 to April 1945. After typing out Hitler's will, she remained in the Berlin ""Führerbunker"" until his death. Following her arrest and imprisonment in June 1945, both the Soviet and the U.S. militaries interrogated her. Later, in post-war West Germany, she worked as a secretary. In her old age she decided to publish her memoirs, claiming ignorance of the Nazi atrocities during the war, but blaming herself for missing opportunities to investigate reports about them. Her story,"
"Hans Hermann Junge Hans Hermann Junge (11 February 1914 – 13 August 1944) born in Preetz / Holstein was a German SS officer who served as aide-de-camp and valet to Adolf Hitler. He was married to Traudl Junge, Hitler's last private secretary. He was killed in combat during World War II in August 1944. Junge was born in Preetz in Schleswig-Holstein Province in February 1914. He joined the ""Schutzstaffel"" (SS) and in 1934 volunteered for the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. On 1 July 1936 he became a member of the ""Führerbegleitkommando"" which provided security protection for Hitler."
"Goebbels, Hans Krebs, and Bormann witnessed and signed Hitler's last will and testament. Bormann was named executor of the estate. That same night, Hitler married Eva Braun in a civil ceremony. As Soviet forces continued to fight their way into the centre of Berlin, Hitler and Braun committed suicide on the afternoon of 30 April. Braun took cyanide and Hitler shot himself. Pursuant to Hitler's instructions, their bodies were carried up to the Reich Chancellery garden and burned. In accordance with Hitler's last wishes, Bormann was named as Party Minister, thus officially confirming his position as de facto General Secretary"
"never invited again. The incident was recounted by Traudl Junge (Hitler's last private secretary) in """" and ""Until the Final Hour""-her husband, aide-de-camp to Hitler, Hans Hermann Junge, was present. Following the first major American air attack on Vienna, Baldur von Schirach sent his family to Bavaria to the country house Aspen Stone. At the end of the war Henriette's husband attempted to avoid capture, posing as a writer (""Dr. Richard Falk""). But he soon decided to surrender to the Americans, doing so in June 1945. He was tried and convicted at Nuremberg, being sentenced on 1 October 1946, for"
"Martin Bormann Martin Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a prominent official in Nazi Germany as head of the Nazi Party Chancellery. He gained immense power by using his position as Adolf Hitler's private secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. He succeeded Hitler as Party Minister of the National Socialist German Workers' Party after Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945. Bormann joined a paramilitary ""Freikorps"" organisation in 1922 while working as manager of a large estate. He served nearly a year in prison as an accomplice to his friend Rudolf Höss (later"
"dictated his last will and political testament. Three messengers were assigned to take the will and political testament out of the besieged city of Berlin to ensure their presence for posterity. The first messenger was deputy press attaché, Heinz Lorenz. The second messenger was Willy Johannmeyer, Hitler's army adjutant, and third was Zander. The three men left that day. Bormann had instructed Zander to carry the documents to Karl Doenitz. By 30 April, with the Soviet Red Army less than 500 metres from the bunker complex, Hitler committed suicide. Zander made it through the Soviet Army encirclement of Berlin to"
"ordained a Roman Catholic priest and worked in Africa as a missionary. He later left the priesthood and married. Informational notes Citations Bibliography Martin Bormann Martin Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a prominent official in Nazi Germany as head of the Nazi Party Chancellery. He gained immense power by using his position as Adolf Hitler's private secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. He succeeded Hitler as Party Minister of the National Socialist German Workers' Party after Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945. Bormann joined a paramilitary ""Freikorps"" organisation in 1922 while"
"she died there on 27 January 2017 at the age of 106. Brunhilde Pomsel Brunhilde Pomsel (11 January 1911 – 27 January 2017) was a personal secretary to Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany. She started work at the ministry's offices in the Ordenspalais opposite the Reich Chancellery in Berlin in 1942. Pomsel became one of the last surviving eyewitnesses of the Nazi power apparatus. In 2016, aged 105, she gave a series of interviews for a film documentary entitled ""A German Life"", in it she discussed ""her lack of remorse and the private side of"
"Im toten Winkel Im toten Winkel - Hitlers Sekretärin (titled Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary in English) is a 2002 Austrian documentary directed by André Heller and Othmar Schmiderer. ""Blind Spot"" is a 90-minute interview of Traudl Junge, the last personal secretary of the Third Reich dictator Adolf Hitler. Urged to tell her story by her friend, Austrian author Melissa Müller, Junge agreed to make a documentary with André Heller, an Austrian director and artist with Jewish family members who died in Nazi death camps. Two excerpts of this work, including the introduction and conclusion, are featured in the movie ""Der"
"most people were cooperative, a few didn't speak to O'Donnell. Johanna Wolf, another Hitler secretary, declined to talk since she was a ""private"" secretary. Albert Bormann also refused to cooperate, in this case because of family connections (he was Martin Bormann's brother). Other people who had been close to Hitler in the final days, most notably Ambassador Walther Hewel, committed suicide after the break-out. More witnesses died in Soviet captivity, such as Dr. Werner Haase, the last physician to attend Hitler, who had already been gravely ill with tuberculosis in April 1945. O'Donnell established the following timeline, which corresponds with"
"Untergang"", which itself is partly based on ""Until the Final Hour"", Junge's memoirs about her experiences with Hitler, written in 1947, but not published till 2002. Im toten Winkel Im toten Winkel - Hitlers Sekretärin (titled Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary in English) is a 2002 Austrian documentary directed by André Heller and Othmar Schmiderer. ""Blind Spot"" is a 90-minute interview of Traudl Junge, the last personal secretary of the Third Reich dictator Adolf Hitler. Urged to tell her story by her friend, Austrian author Melissa Müller, Junge agreed to make a documentary with André Heller, an Austrian director and artist"
"Rudolf Brandt Rudolf Hermann Brandt (2 June 1909 – 2 June 1948) was a German SS officer from 1933–45 and a civil servant. A lawyer by profession, Brandt was the Personal Administrative Officer to ""Reichsführer-SS"" (""Persönlicher Referent vom Reichsführer SS"") Heinrich Himmler and a defendant at the Doctors' Trial at Nuremberg for his part in securing the 86 victims of the Jewish skeleton collection, an attempt to create an anthropological display of plaster body casts and skeletal remains of Jews. He was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and executed in 1948. Rudolf Brandt, the son of a"
"Hitler married Eva Braun shortly before they committed suicide. Wolf stayed at Berchtesgaden until 2 May and then traveled to her mother's residence in Bad Tölz. She was arrested and taken prisoner on 23 May in Bad Tölz by American troops. Together with Schroeder, she remained a prisoner until 14 January 1948. Wolf moved to Kaufbeuren afterwards and died in Munich on 5 June 1985 at the age of 85. Although Wolf served under Hitler for many years, unlike other secretaries such as Traudl Junge and Christa Schroeder, she refused to consent to any interviews or reveal any information, even"
"in anger: Johannmeyer was among the occupants of the ""Führerbunker"", Hitler's underground headquarters in encircled Berlin. Johannmeyer was present at Hitler's last birthday ceremony on 20 April 1945. During the night of 28–29 April, Hitler ordered that three copies of his political testament be hand-delivered to Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner in Czechoslovakia, Karl Dönitz in Schleswig-Holstein, and Paul Giesler in Tegernsee by Willy Johannmeyer, Bormann's adjutant SS-""Standartenführer"" Wilhelm Zander and Chief Press Secretary (""Stellvertretender Pressechef"") Heinz Lorenz, respectively. The three officers said their farewell to Hitler and were handed a white dossier with the testament by Martin Bormann at approximately"
"to stand up; he even urinated on the floor. It was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial. Therefore, Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned Fegelein over to Rattenhuber and his security squad. On 29 April 1945, Burgdorf, Krebs, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann witnessed and signed Hitler's last will and testament. After Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945, Goebbels assumed Hitler's role as chancellor. On 1 May, Goebbels dictated a letter to Soviet Army General Vasily Chuikov, requesting a temporary ceasefire and ordered General Krebs to deliver it. Chuikov commanded the Soviet"
"Christa Schroeder Emilie Christine Schroeder a/k/a Christa Schroeder (19 March 1908 – 28 June 1984) was one of Adolf Hitler’s personal secretaries before and during World War II. She was born in the small town of Hannoversch Münden and moved to Nagold after her parents died. There she worked for a lawyer from 1929 to March 1930. After leaving Nagold for Munich, Schroeder was employed as a stenotypist in the ""Oberste SA-Führung"", the ""Sturmabteilung"" (SA) high command. There she got to know Hitler in early 1933, when he had just been appointed chancellor. He took a liking to Schroeder and"
"testament, Hitler named no successor as Führer or leader of the Nazi Party. Instead, he appointed Goebbels as Reich Chancellor; Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, who was at Flensburg near the Danish border, as Reich President; and Bormann as Party Minister. Goebbels wrote a postscript to the will stating that he would disobey Hitler's order to leave Berlin: ""For reasons of humanity and personal loyalty"", he had to stay. Further, his wife and children would be staying, as well. They would end their lives ""side by side with the Führer"". In the mid-afternoon of 30 April, Hitler shot himself. Goebbels was"
"conversations, Hitler gave Gerda a cyanide ampoule for use. In the early afternoon of 30 April 1945, Hitler and Eva Braun said farewell to members of the ""Führerbunker"" staff and fellow occupants, including Bormann, Joseph Goebbels and his family, the secretaries, and several military officers. After the farewells, Gerda returned to the secretary quarters located in part of the large cellars under the Reich Chancellery. Later, she returned to the ""Führerbunker"" and learned from chief valet Heinz Linge that Hitler was dead, with his corpse having been carried upstairs and out into the Chancellery garden where the cremation was still"
"Death of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and ""Führer"" (""Leader"") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He killed himself by gunshot on 30 April 1945 in his ""Führerbunker"" in Berlin. Eva Braun, his wife of one day, committed suicide with him by taking cyanide. In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, that afternoon their remains were carried up the stairs through the bunker's emergency exit, doused in petrol, and set alight in the Reich Chancellery garden outside the bunker."
"Brunhilde Pomsel Brunhilde Pomsel (11 January 1911 – 27 January 2017) was a personal secretary to Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany. She started work at the ministry's offices in the Ordenspalais opposite the Reich Chancellery in Berlin in 1942. Pomsel became one of the last surviving eyewitnesses of the Nazi power apparatus. In 2016, aged 105, she gave a series of interviews for a film documentary entitled ""A German Life"", in it she discussed ""her lack of remorse and the private side of her monstrous boss"". Born in Berlin in 1911, Pomsel worked as a"
"Julius Schaub Julius Schaub (20 August 1898 – 27 December 1967) was the chief aide and adjutant to German dictator Adolf Hitler until the dictator's suicide on 30 April 1945. Born in 1898 in Munich, Bavaria, Schaub served as a field medic during World War I, during which he injured both of his feet. During the hard times which followed the War, Schaub joined the Nazi Party. After losing his job because of his membership, Hitler hired him as his personal aide, a position he held for 25 years. Schaub took care of Hitler's personal belongings, papers and travel journeys,"
"I met Adolf Hitler in the Reich Chancellery garden (also known as the Hinterhof or backyard) outside his bunker on his last birthday, April 20, 1945. I became one of his last couriers as a member of Axmann’s staff. During my duty as a courier inside and outside the bunker, I witnessed the total collapse of the Third Reich. I was able to observe the final days of Hitler, Eva Braun, Martin Bormann, and Joseph Goebbels and his family. I was in the adjacent Party Chancellery when Hitler committed suicide. After Hitler's death, I participated in the bloody breakout from"
"subsequently confirmed by Fritz Echtmann, a dental technician who worked in the Blaschke's consulting room since 1938. However, the Soviets needed a direct testimony of someone who witnessed Hitler's death. Otto Günsche, Hitler's personal adjutant, and Johann Rattenhuber, head of Hitler's RSD bodyguard, were arrested in different sectors, and their testimonies weren't available at the time. On 13 May, the Soviet Army arrested Harry Mengershausen, a member of Hitler's personal SS guard. During an interrogation, he confirmed that on 30 April, he witnessed Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, and Günsche carrying the bodies of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun through the"
"Johanna Wolf Johanna Wolf (1 June 1900 – 5 June 1985) was Adolf Hitler's chief secretary. Wolf joined Hitler's personal secretariat in the autumn of 1929 as a typist, at which time she also became a member of the Nazi Party. Wolf went on to serve as Hitler's chief secretary until the night of 21–22 April 1945, when she was ordered to fly out of Berlin to safety. She died on 5 June 1985. Wolf was born in Munich. She attended primary and commercial school. From 1922 through 1928, she worked for Dr. Alexander Glaser of the Bavarian Diet. She"
"the last ten years of her life to the orchestra until her final illness. Many of her family members became victims of the Shoah. Among them her uncle Friedrich, who committed suicide shortly before deportation in 1940, and her aunt Johanna Geissmar, who was gassed in Auschwitz in 1942. Both were physicians. Another uncle, judge Jakob Geissmar, died in 1943 in Theresienstadt concentration camp. His wife Elisabeth née Hirsch and his daughter Elsa were both murdered by the Nazi regime in 1944 in Auschwitz. Berta Geissmar Berta Geissmar (14 September 1892 Mannheim – 3 November 1949 London) was the secretary"
"by the following actors in film, television and theater productions. Literature Notes Further reading Hans Frank Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German war criminal and lawyer who worked for the Nazi Party during the 1920s and 1930s, and later became Adolf Hitler's personal lawyer. After the invasion of Poland, Frank became Nazi Germany's chief jurist in the occupied Poland ""General Government"" territory. During his tenure throughout World War II (1939–45), he instituted a reign of terror against the civilian population and became directly involved in the mass murder of Jews. At the Nuremberg"
"Until the Final Hour Until the Final Hour (), also published as ""Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary"" or simply ""Hitler's Last Secretary"" is a memoir of the last days of Hitler's government, written by Traudl Junge in 1947, but not published until 2002 (in German) and 2003 (in English). The book was part of the basis for the 2002 Austrian documentary ""Im toten Winkel - Hitlers Sekretärin"" (titled ""Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary"" in English) and the film ""Der Untergang"" (""The Downfall"") in 2004. This memoir deals with the years (1942–1945) that Traudl Junge spent with Adolf Hitler as"