What species of willow is much used in basketwork?
"Willow Willows, also called sallows and osiers, form the genus Salix, around 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are referred to as sallow (from Old English ""sealh"", related to the Latin word ""salix"", willow). Some willows (particularly arctic and alpine species) are low-growing or creeping shrubs; for example, the dwarf willow (""Salix herbacea"") rarely exceeds in height, though it spreads widely across the ground. Willows all have"
"UK where basket willow is grown commercially. For weaving, the species ""Salix triandra"" (almond willow, ""black maul"") is grown, while ""Salix viminalis"" (common osier) is ideal for handles, bases, and the structural members in furniture and hurdles. Historically willow was used to make salmon traps or ""putchers"". Products including baskets, eel traps (kypes), lobster pots, and furniture were widely made from willow throughout the area in the recent past. Among the more unusual products still made are passenger baskets for hot air balloons, the frames inside the Bearskins worn by the regiments of the Grenadier Guards, and an increasing number"
"more sanitary, collecting less dust when compared to upholstery. Large numbers of people were employed, some as ""outworkers"" processing the willow in their own homes. The company has remained in the same family since. Several varieties of willow are grown on the , the majority being ""Salix triandra"" The willow is then cut and processed to produce different colours. The willow is boiled and then the bark removed. Bark removal was originally carried out by hand but is now mechanised. In addition to willow for basket making, the company also uses it to make Charcoal, which is sold under their"
"sharp corners in basketry. Willow wood is also used in the manufacture of boxes, brooms, cricket bats, cradle boards, chairmans and other furniture, dolls, flutes, poles, sweat lodges, toys, turnery, tool handles, veneer, wands and whistles. In addition, tannin, fibre, paper, rope and string can be produced from the wood. Willow is also used in the manufacture of double basses for backs, sides and linings, and in making splines and blocks for bass repair. The willow is one of the four species associated with the Jewish festival of Sukkot. Willow branches are also used during the synagogue service on Hoshana"
"Salix viminalis Salix viminalis, the basket willow, common osier or osier, is a species of willow native to Europe, Western Asia, and the Himalayas. ""Salix viminalis"" is a multistemmed shrub growing to between (rarely to ) tall. It has long, erect, straight branches with greenish-grey bark. The leaves long and slender, 10–25 cm long but only 0.5–2 cm broad; they are dark green above, with a silky grey-haired underside. The flowers are catkins, produced in early spring before the leaves; they are dioecious, with male and female catkins on separate plants. The male catkins are yellow and oval-shaped; the female"
"of the few willows native to North America popularly in commercial cultivation. The cultivar ""S. brachycarpa"" 'Blue Fox' is most popular, valued for its blue-gray foliage and low stature, reaching approximately 1 m in height. Native Americans used parts of willows, including this species, for medicinal purposes, basket weaving, to make bows and arrows, and for building animal traps. Salix brachycarpa Salix brachycarpa is a species of flowering plant in the willow family known by the common names barren-ground willow, small-fruit willow and shortfruit willow. The plant is native to North America, where it occurs throughout Alaska except for the"
"with which it could be grown and harvested. Willow baskets were commonly referred to as wickerwork in England. Water hyacinth is currently also being used as a base material in some areas where the plant has become a serious pest. For example, a group in Ibadan led by Achenyo Idachaba have been creating handicrafts in Nigeria. The parts of a basket are the base, the side walls, and the rim. A basket may also have a lid, handle, or embellishments. Most baskets begin with a base. The base can either be woven with reed or wooden. A wooden base can"
"species. Along with other related willows, the flexible twigs (called withies) are commonly used in basketry, giving rise to its alternative common name of ""basket willow"". In the Chilean village of Chimbarongo, it is used to fashion the renowned baskets. Another increasing use is in energy forestry, effluent treatment, in wastewater gardens, and in cadmium phytoremediation for water purification. ""Salix viminalis"" is a known hyperaccumulator of cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and byproducts, selenium, silver, uranium, and zinc, and potassium ferrocyanide (tried on ""S. babylonica"" L.), and as such is a prime candidate for phytoremediation."
"For more information, see the list of hyperaccumulators. Among the most common pathogens on ""S. viminalis"" are ""Melampsora"" spp. Female plants are more severely infected than male plants. Salix viminalis Salix viminalis, the basket willow, common osier or osier, is a species of willow native to Europe, Western Asia, and the Himalayas. ""Salix viminalis"" is a multistemmed shrub growing to between (rarely to ) tall. It has long, erect, straight branches with greenish-grey bark. The leaves long and slender, 10–25 cm long but only 0.5–2 cm broad; they are dark green above, with a silky grey-haired underside. The flowers are"
"reed, which is used to twine; another advantage is that reed can also be dyed easily to look like oak or hickory. The type of baskets that reed is used for are most often referred to as ""wicker"" baskets, though another popular type of weaving known as ""twining"" is also a technique used in most wicker baskets. Wicker baskets are often used to store grain. Many types of plants can be used to create baskets: dog rose, honeysuckle, blackberry briars once the thorns have been scraped off and many other creepers. Willow was used for its flexibility and the ease"
"parks and gardens. The cultivar 'Wehrhahnii' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Native Americans used parts of willows, including this species, for medicinal purposes, basket weaving, to make bows and arrows, and for building animal traps. In Yukon, willow leaves were chewed to treat mosquito bites and bee stings, as well as stomach aches. Salix hastata Salix hastata is a species of flowering plant in the willow family, known by the common name halberd willow. It has an ""almost circumpolar"" distribution, occurring throughout the northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, most frequently found near the coast"
"for religious ceremonies. Classified into four types, according to Catherine Erdly: Weaving with rattan core (also known as reed) is one of the more popular techniques being practiced, because it is easily available. It is pliable, and when woven correctly, it is very sturdy. Also, while traditional materials like oak, hickory, and willow might be hard to come by, reed is plentiful and can be cut into any size or shape that might be needed for a pattern. This includes flat reed, which is used for most square baskets; oval reed, which is used for many round baskets; and round"
"is commonly used as a bonsai plant and for floral arrangements. However, this cultivar is susceptible to cankers, and is weak-wooded and prone to storm damage. Cultivars that have been selected to resist this include ""Golden Curls"" (a hybrid with the white willow (""Salix alba"")); ""Scarlet Curls""; and ""Navajo"", the ""Navajo willow"" selected in the southwestern United States. Another cultivar of hybrid origin between Chinese willow and white willow is ""Austree""; this is an exceptionally fast-growing cultivar with straight (not contorted) branches, sold for screening and fast tree cover. However it too is very prone to cankers and other diseases,"
"are small catkins 1.5-4.5 cm long, produced in early spring; they are often purple or red in colour, whence the name of the species (other willows mostly have whitish, yellow or green catkins). It is replaced further east in Asia by the closely related species ""Salix sinopurpurea"" (syn. ""S. purpurea"" var. ""longipetiolatea""). The weeping cultivar ‘Pendula‘ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. As with several other willows, the shoots, called withies, are often used in basketry. The wood is used in making cricket bats. Salix purpurea Salix purpurea (purple willow purpleosier willow or purple osier) is"
"main stem. During the 1930s more than of willow were being grown commercially on the Levels. Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s. By the end of the 20th century only about were grown commercially, near the villages of Burrowbridge, Westonzoyland and North Curry. The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially. Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry. Street developed as a centre for the production of woollen slippers and,"
"baskets, made of willow or a mix of willow and pine root. Most baskets are covered in a light white overlay of xerophyllum tenax, though it is believed that those covered in xerophyllum tenax are for trade and sale only, not for daily use. The xerophyllum tenax protects the baskets artwork and materials when used, helpful for when boiling or holding water. Anthropologist Alfred Kroeber believed that by 1925 the Achomawi were no longer cooking in baskets, and were merely making them for sale and trade. The Achomawi made simple dugout canoes of pine or cedar. Longer, thinner and less"
"Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre The Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre is situated at Stoke St Gregory, on the Somerset Levels, north east of Taunton, England. Based on a working farm, growing and processing willow, the centre offers tours of over of withies, willow yards and basket workshops and explains the place of willow in the history of the Levels. The centre is run and owned by the Coate family who have been growing willow on the Somerset Levels since 1819 and making baskets since 1904. During the Victorian era wicker furniture became popular as it was believed to be"
"Withy A withy or withe is a strong flexible willow stem, typically used in thatching and for gardening. Several species and hybrid cultivars of willows (often known as osiers) are grown for withy production; typical species include ""Salix acutifolia"", ""Salix daphnoides"", ""Salix × mollissima"", ""Salix purpurea"", ""Salix triandra"", and ""Salix viminalis"". The term is also sometimes used to describe any type of flexible rod used in rural crafts such as hazel or ash. Withies traditionally serve to mark minor tidal channels in UK harbours and estuaries. In many places they remain in use and are often marked on navigation charts."
"for medicinal purposes, basket weaving, to make bows and arrows, and for building animal traps. It is a species of diamond willow and can be used for woodworking. Salix arbusculoides Salix arbusculoides is a species of flowering plant in the willow family known by the common name littletree willow. It is native to northern North America, where its distribution extends across Alaska and most of Canada. This willow is a shrub or tree growing up to 9 meters tall. It has many branches with smooth gray or reddish brown bark. The leaves are up to 7.5 centimeters long and often"
"osier is a willow used in basket-making. Archaeologist Bob Silvester suggests that the term ""roddon"" is more popular among local writers such as Fowler (1932), Darby (1940), Phillips (1970), and Harry Godwin (1978), though ""rodham"" is acknowledged by Godwin. Silvester notes that Astbury (1958) and e.g. Seale (1975) ""Soil survey of Cambridgeshire"" preferred the term ""rodham"". ""Roddam"" is used by Egar (1897) and also by Skertchly (1877); in Skertchly's case, as a local term ""used only in the Isle of Ely"". The ""Oxford English Dictionary"" quotes an even earlier written source of ""roddam"" as Wright (1857). Toponymist Richard Coates (2005)"
"desserts, yoghurts and cheeses, including Cheddar cheese—some of which has the ""West Country Farmhouse Cheddar"" Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels and is commemorated at the Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre. Fragments of willow basket were found near the Glastonbury Lake Village, and it was also used in the construction of several Iron Age causeways. The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the"
"human hair instead. The plant used to make the baskets is ""Freycinetia arborea"", a plant often used to make basketware. In addition to ""Freycinetia arborea"" the makers also used fibre from the ""Touchardia latifolia"" plant which is a type of nettle. ""Touchardia latifolia"" was used to create string or thread to tie the feathers to the basketry. The colouring was achieved using different types of feathers. The black and yellow came from a bird called the ""Moho"" or ""Oo"" in Hawaiian. There were four varieties of this bird. The last type became extinct in 1987 with the probable cause being"
"earliest manufactured items may have been made from willow. A fishing net made from willow dates back to 8300 BC. Basic crafts, such as baskets, fish traps, wattle fences and wattle and daub house walls, were often woven from osiers or withies (rod-like willow shoots, often grown in coppices). One of the forms of Welsh coracle boat traditionally uses willow in the framework. Thin or split willow rods can be woven into wicker, which also has a long history. The relatively pliable willow is less likely to split while being woven than many other woods, and can be bent around"
"traditional for gathering berries. Rivercane is the preferred material in the Southeast, and Chitimachas are regarded as the finest rivercane weavers. In Oklahoma, rivercane is prized but rare so baskets are typically made of honeysuckle or buckbrush runners. Coiled baskets are popular in the southwest and the Hopi and Apache in particular are known for pictorial coiled basketry plaques. The Tohono O'odham are well known for their basket-weaving prowess, and evidenced by the success of Annie Antone and Terrol Dew Johnson. California and Great Basin tribes are considered some of the finest basket weavers in the world. Juncus is a"
"from the wood was important for gunpowder manufacture. The bark tannin was used in the past for tanning leather. The wood is used to make cricket bats. ""S. alba"" wood has a low density and a lower transverse compressive strength. This allows the wood to bend, which is why it can be used to make baskets. Willow bark contains Indole-3-butyric acid, which is a plant hormone stimulating root growth; willow trimmings are sometimes used to clone rootstock in place of commercially synthesized root stimulator. It is also used for ritual purposes by Jews on the holiday of Sukkot. Hippocrates, Galen,"
"early spring. The bloom period is February to May. The indigenous peoples of California used the species in various ways. As a traditional medicinal plant, infusions of the leaves, bark, or flowers were a used for several disease remedies. The inner bark was used to make rope. Shoots were used in coiled and twined basketry, and branches were used to make acorn storage baskets. Salix lasiolepis Salix lasiolepis (arroyo willow) is a species of willow native to western North America. The core range of the arroyo willow includes most of California, including the California Coast Ranges, Arizona, Klamath Mountains, Peninsular"
"Californian basket makers include many pieces in museums. In northwestern Mexico, the Seri people continue to ""sew"" baskets using splints of the limberbush plant, ""Jatropha cuneata"" The type of baskets that reed is used for are most often referred to as ""wicker"" baskets, though another popular type of weaving known as ""twining"" is also a technique used in most wicker baskets. Popular styles of wicker baskets are vast, but some of the more notable styles in the United States are Nantucket Baskets and Williamsburg Baskets. Nantucket Baskets are large and bulky, while Williamsburg Baskets can be any size, so long"
"bacterium ""Brenneria salicis"" (named because of the characteristic 'watermark' staining in the wood; syn. ""Erwinia salicis"") and willow anthracnose, caused by the fungus ""Marssonina salicicola"". These diseases can be a serious problem on trees grown for timber or ornament. It readily forms natural hybrids with crack willow ""Salix fragilis"", the hybrid being named ""Salix ""×"" rubens"" Schrank. A number of cultivars and hybrids have been selected for forestry and horticultural use: The wood is tough, strong, and light in weight, but has minimal resistance to decay. The stems (withies) from coppiced and pollarded plants are used for basket-making. Charcoal made"
"weave baskets. They weave a wide range of styles, but the largest are called ""mayaku"", which can be two feet wide and feature tight weaves with an impressive array of designs. Today basket weaving often leads to environmental activism. Indiscriminate pesticide spraying endangers basket weavers' health. The black ash tree, used by basket weavers from Michigan to Maine, is threatened by the emerald ash borer. Basket weaver Kelly Church has organized two conferences about the threat and teaches children how to harvest black ash seeds. Many native plants that basket weavers use are endangered. Rivercane only grows in 2% of"
"found in Oregon, Nevada, and New Mexico. In Arizona it is found in the central transition zone of the Mogollon Rim and in the central Grand Canyon. Its distribution extends to the Virgin River canyon of southwestern Utah. The Kutenai called red willow ""mukwuʔk"", and used it in basketry. Salix laevigata Salix laevigata, the red willow or polished willow, is a species of willow native to the southwestern United States and northern Baja California. The red willow is a small tree up to in height. Like most other willows, it commonly grows along riverbanks and in other areas with high"
"common material in southern California, while sedge, willow, redbud, and devil's claw are also used. Pomo basket weavers are known to weave 60–100 stitches per inch and their rounded, coiled baskets adorned with quail's topknots, feathers, abalone, and clamshell discs are known as ""treasure baskets"". Three of the most celebrated Californian basket weavers were Elsie Allen (Pomo), Laura Somersal (Wappo), and the late Pomo-Patwin medicine woman, Mabel McKay, known for her biography, ""Weaving the Dream"". Louisa Keyser was a highly influential Washoe basket weaver. A complex technique called ""doubleweave,"" which involves continuously weaving both an inside and outside surface is"
"hares. Native Americans used parts of willows, including this species, for medicinal purposes, basket weaving, to make bows and arrows, and for building animal traps. Salix glauca Salix glauca is a species of flowering plant in the willow family known by the common names gray willow, gray-leaf willow, white willow, and glaucous willow. It is native to North America, where it occurs throughout much of Alaska, northern and western Canada, and the contiguous United States south through the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico. It can also be found in Greenland, northwestern Europe, and Siberia. This willow is usually a"
"build their dams. Thickets of the plant on streambanks allow the water to undercut the bank, providing overhangs for fish to hide under. Native Americans used parts of willows, including this species, for medicinal purposes, basket weaving, to make weapons such as bows and arrows, and for building animal traps. The bark was boiled to make broth, which was used to treat sore throats and tuberculosis (see Salicylic acid). Salix richardsonii Salix richardsonii is a species of flowering plant in the Salicaceae, or willow family. It is known by the common names Richardson's willow and woolly willow. It is native"