What genre of literature is generally believed to have been invented by the English author Horace Walpole with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto?
"highly prized the supernatural, tradition and imagination, together with the age in which they were supposed to rule - Middle Ages. These traits readily borrowed traditional elements of the fantastic. The Romantics invoked the medieval romance as justification for the works they wanted to produce, in distinction from the realistic pressure of the Enlightenment; these were not always fantastic, sometimes being merely unlikely to happen, but the justification was used even from fantasy. One of the first literary results of this fascinations was Gothic novel, a literary genre that began in Britain with The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace"
"where a predominantly oral tradition which survived in the Balkans and Anatolia until modern times. This genre may have intermingled with its Western counterparts during the long occupation of Byzantine territories by French and Italian knights after the 4th crusade. This is suggested by later works in the Greek language which show influences from both traditions. In later Romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love, such as faithfulness in adversity. From c. 1760 - usually cited as 1764 at the publication of Horace Walpole's ""The Castle of Otranto"" - the"
"William Thomas Beckford, Matthew Lewis, Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker, Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Louis Stevenson and George du Maurier. ""The Castle of Otranto"" was written in 1764 during Horace Walpole's tenure as MP for King's Lynn. Walpole was fascinated with medieval history, building in 1749 a fake gothic castle, Strawberry Hill House. The initial edition was titled in full ""The Castle of Otranto, A Story. Translated by William Marshal, Gent. From the Original Italian of Onuphrio Muralto, Canon of the Church of St. Nicholas at Otranto"". This first edition purported to be a translation based on a manuscript printed at"
"of Otranto"" created the Gothic fiction genre, that combines elements of horror and romance. Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her ""The Mysteries of Udolpho"" (1795) is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel. Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Romanticism arrived later in other parts of the English-speaking world. The Romantic period was one of major social change in England and Wales, because of the depopulation of the countryside and the rapid development of overcrowded industrial"
"a popular shift from Neoclassical ideas of order and reason to emotion and imagination. Popular stylistic elements, such as the ""discovery"" of the original manuscript by the author (as in Walpole's ""The Castle of Otranto"") or creating fragmented works by combining disjointed tales (seen in Sterne's ""A Sentimental Journey"") were meant to suggest to the reader that there was no act of artistic creation to distort reality between the reader and the work, or that the emotional intensity and sincerity remained intact. Sentimental novel The sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th-century literary genre which celebrates the"
"many elements from it, particularly the houses of particular import, being ancient, owned by nobles, and often endowed with legends, were incorporated in modern fantasy. Of particular importance to the development of the genre was that the Gothic writers used novelistic techniques and love, such as Defoe was using, rather than the literary style of the romance, and also began to use the landscape for purposes of expressing the characters' moods. On the other hand, the Gothic still held back the pure fantasy. In ""The Castle of Otranto"", Walpole presented the work as a translation; the fictitious original author is"
"life, or more purely imaginative (i.e. natural vs. romantic). The first edition was well received by some reviewers who understood the novel as belonging to medieval fiction, ""between 1095, the era of the First Crusade, and 1243, the date of the last"", as the first preface states; and some referred to Walpole as an ""ingenious translator"". Following Walpole's admission of authorship, however, many critics were loath to lavish much praise on the work and dismissed it as absurd, fluffy, romantic fiction, or even unsavory or immoral. In his 1924 edition of ""The Castle of Otranto"", Montague Summers showed that the"
"a literary form by Ann Radcliffe in novels such as ""The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne"" (1789), ""A Sicilian Romance"" (1790) and ""The Mysteries of Udolpho"" (1794). It also included Mary Shelley's ""Frankenstein"" (1818) and John Polidori's ""The Vampyre"" (1819), which helped found the modern horror genre. This helped create the dark romanticism or American Gothic Fiction of authors like Edgar Allan Poe in works including ""The Fall of the House of Usher"" (1839) and ""The Pit and the Pendulum"" (1842) and Nathaniel Hawthorne in ""The Minister's Black Veil"" (1836) and ""The Birth-Mark"" (1843). This in turn influenced American novelists"
"Walpole, it was further developed by Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, William Thomas Beckford and Matthew Lewis. The genre had much success in the 19th century, as witnessed in prose by Mary Shelley's ""Frankenstein"" and the works of Edgar Allan Poe as well as Charles Dickens with his novella, ""A Christmas Carol"", and in poetry in the work of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Lord Byron. Another well known novel in this genre, dating from the late Victorian era, is Bram Stoker's ""Dracula"". The name ""Gothic"", which originally referred to the Goths, and then came to mean ""German"", refers to the (pseudo)-medieval"
"I have, at least, done something towards the revival of chivalry"". While others made a profit, Lord Eglinton had to absorb losses. The Earl's granddaughter, Viva Montgomerie recalled in her memoirs that ""he had spent most of the wealth of the estate"". The Gothic Revival and the rise of Romanticism of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were an international phenomenon. Medieval-style jousts, for example, were regularly held in Sweden between 1777 and 1800. Gothic novels, such as ""The Castle of Otranto"", by Horace Walpole (1717–1797) and the many works of Sir Walter Scott popularised the idea of passionate"
"30 years for each year he lived as an excommunicate, before being admitted to Purgatory proper. Manfred formed the subject of dramas by E.B.S. Raupach, O. Marbach and F.W. Roggee. Three letters written by Manfred were published by J. B. Carusius in ""Bibliotheca historica regni Siciliae"" (Palermo, 1732). Manfred's name was borrowed by the English author Horace Walpole for the main character of his short novel ""The Castle of Otranto"" (1764). Montague Summers, in his 1924 edition of this work, showed that some details of Manfred of Sicily's real history inspired the novelist. The name was re-borrowed by Lord Byron"
"intended by Beckford to be so incorporated, but omitted from the original edition and published separately long after his death. ""Vathek"" capitalised on the eighteenth- (and early nineteenth-) century obsession with all things Oriental (see Orientalism), which was inspired by Antoine Galland's translation of ""The Arabian Nights"" (itself retranslated, into English, in 1708). Beckford was also influenced by similar works from the French writer Voltaire. His originality lay in combining the popular Oriental elements with the Gothic stylings of Horace Walpole's ""The Castle of Otranto"" (1764). The result stands alongside Walpole's novel and Mary Shelley's ""Frankenstein"" (1818) in the first"
"Comte de Tressan (1707–1783) in his ""Bibliothèque des romans"", and in England with the first fantastical romances, like ""The Castle of Otranto"". These English romances inspired late 18th century French writers to follow suit, such as Donation de Sade with his ""Histoire secrete d'Isabelle de Baviere, reine de France"". The ""Le Troubadour, poésies occitaniques"" (1803) by Fabre d'Olivet popularized the term, and may have led to the naming of the style in art. The Waverley Novels of Walter Scott were hugely popular across Europe, and a major influence on both painting and French novelists such as Alexandre Dumas and Victor"
"with ""The Castle of Otranto"" by Horace Walpole, with which it has often been printed. The first edition under the title of ""The Old English Baron"" was dedicated to the daughter of Samuel Richardson, who is said to have helped Reeve revise and correct the novel. The novel noticeably influenced Mary Shelley's ""Frankenstein"". Reeve also wrote the epistolary novel ""The School for Widows"" (1791). Her innovative history of prose fiction, ""The Progress of Romance"" (1785), can be regarded generally as a precursor to modern histories of the novel and specifically as upholding the tradition of female literary history heralded by"
"this led to the destruction of ""not only the prevalent narrative tone but also most of the trappings that had dominated fantasy from ""The Castle of Otranto"" and ""The Monk"" through the nineteenth century to ""Weird Tales"""". ""Unknown"" quickly separated itself from ""Weird Tales"", whose fantasies still primarily aimed to produce fear or shock. The closest predecessor to ""Unknown"" was Thorne Smith, whose prohibition-era ""Topper"" stories also mixed fantasy with humor. Before ""Unknown"", fantasy had received little serious attention, though on occasion writers such as James Branch Cabell had achieved respectability. In Ashley's opinion, ""Unknown"" created the modern genre of"
"Invasion literature Invasion literature (or the invasion novel) is a literary genre most notable between 1871 and the First World War (1914) but still practised to this day. The genre first became recognizable starting in Britain in 1871 with ""The Battle of Dorking"", a fictional account of an invasion of England by Germany. This short story was so popular it started a literary craze for tales that aroused imaginations and anxieties about hypothetical invasions by foreign powers, and by 1914 the genre had amassed a corpus of over 400 books, many best-sellers, and a world-wide audience. The genre was influential"
"Richardson's ""Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded"" (1740), Oliver Goldsmith's ""Vicar of Wakefield"" (1766), Laurence Sterne's ""Tristram Shandy"" (1759–67), and Henry Mackenzie's ""The Man of Feeling"" (1771). Significant foreign influences were the Germans Goethe, Schiller and August Wilhelm Schlegel and French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Edmund Burke's ""A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful"" (1757) is another important influence. The changing landscape, brought about by the industrial and agricultural revolutions, was another influence on the growth of the Romantic movement in Britain. In the late 18th century, Horace Walpole's 1764 novel ""The Castle"
"were in the horrific and pessimistic tradition of Poe. Chambers, though, indulged in the decadent style of Wilde and Machen, even to the extent of his inclusion of a character named 'Wilde' in his ""The King in Yellow."" The conventions of Gothic literature did not spring from nowhere into the mind of Horace Walpole. The components that would eventually combine into Gothic literature had a rich history by the time Walpole perpetrated his literary hoax in 1764. Gothic literature is often described with words such as ""wonder"" and ""terror."" This sense of wonder and terror, which provides the suspension of"
"offspring of ""The Castle of Otranto"", written upon the same plan, with a design to unite the most attractive and interesting circumstances of the ancient Romance and modern Novel."" The question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpole's would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible. Reeve's contribution in the development of the Gothic fiction, therefore, can be demonstrated on at least two fronts. In the first, there is the reinforcement of the Gothic narrative framework, one that focuses on expanding the imaginative domain so as to include the supernatural without losing"
"to come…!”. The confirmation of Tera's existence and her potential ability to return and invade Western civilization, shattering pre-existing beliefs about religion and science, reflects the anxieties brought on by the end of imperialism. This echoes the uncertainty of the future as the era of imperialism came to an end, and the idea of reverse colonialism became more prominent and terrifying. ""The Jewel of Seven Stars"" is part of a subgenre of Gothic fiction known as Gothic horror. First featured in Horace Walpole's ""The Castle of Otranto"", Gothic horror combines elements of the Gothic and Romantic genres to create a"
"in 1841, the history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George MacDonald, the influential author of ""The Princess and the Goblin"" and ""Phantastes"" (1858). William Morris was a popular English poet who also wrote several fantasy novels during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Wilkie Collins' epistolary novel ""The Moonstone"" (1868), is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language, while ""The Woman in White"" is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels. H. G. Wells's (1866–1946) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like ""The Time Machine"""
"Walpole. It is the predecessor to both modern fantasy and modern horror fiction and, above all, has led to the common definition of ""gothic"" as being connected to the dark and horrific. Prominent features of gothic novels included terror, mystery, the supernatural, ghosts, haunted buildings, castles, trapdoors, doom, death, decay, madness, hereditary curses, and so on. The fantastic, dream-like atmosphere pervaded the genre at this point. Gothic tales permitted, but did not require, an element of the supernatural. Some stories appeared to contain such elements and then explained them away. The genre straddled the border between fantasy and non-fantasy, but"
"at the instigation of, John Wycliffe. They appeared between about 1382 and 1395. These Bible translations were the chief inspiration and cause of the Lollard movement, a pre-Reformation movement that rejected many of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. Another literary genre, that of Romances, appears in English from the 13th century, with ""King Horn"" and ""Havelock the Dane"", based on Anglo-Norman originals such as the ""Romance of Horn"" (c. 1170), but it was in the 14th century that major writers in English first appeared. These were William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer and the so-called Pearl Poet, whose most famous"
"of the most popular fictional styles in Great Britain, perhaps because of the philosophical interest in Rousseau and Chateaubriand's ""noble savage."" ""Treasure Island"" was a climax of this development. The growth of the desert island genre can be traced back to 1719 when Daniel Defoe's legendary ""Robinson Crusoe"" was published. A century later, novels such as S. H. Burney's ""The Shipwreck"" (1816), and Sir Walter Scott's ""The Pirate"" (1822) continued to expand upon the strong influence of Defoe's classic. Other authors, however, in the mid 19th-century, continued this work, including James Fenimore Cooper's """" (1823). During the same period, Anthony"
"through his poetry, he soon tried his hand at documenting his researches into the oral tradition of the Scottish Borders in prose fiction—stories and novels—at the time still considered aesthetically inferior to poetry (above all to such classical genres as the epic or poetic tragedy) as a mimetic vehicle for portraying historical events. In an innovative and astute action, he wrote and published his first novel, ""Waverley"", anonymously in 1814. It was a tale of the Jacobite rising of 1745. Its English protagonist, Edward Waverley, like Don Quixote a great reader of romances, has been brought up by his Tory"
"Aristopia Aristopia: A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford, considered the first novel-length alternate history in English (and among the earliest alternate histories in general). Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century, Holford's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection: instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place, he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own"
"Vernacular literature Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular—the speech of the ""common people"". In the European tradition, this effectively means literature not written in Latin. In this context, vernacular literature appeared during the Middle Ages at different periods in the various countries; the earliest European vernacular literatures are Irish literature, Welsh literature, Anglo-Saxon literature and Gothic literature. The Italian poet Dante Alighieri, in his ""De vulgari eloquentia"", was possibly the first European writer to argue cogently for the promotion of literature in the vernacular. Important early vernacular works include Dante's ""Divine Comedy"", Giovanni Boccaccio's ""Decameron"" (both in Italian),"
"Novella A novella is a text of written, fictional, narrative prose normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel, somewhere between 17,500 and 40,000 words. The English word """"novella"" derives from the Italian ""novella"", feminine of ""novello"", which means ""new"". The novella is a common literary genre in several European languages. The novella as a literary genre began developing in the early Renaissance by the Italian and French ""literatura"", principally Giovanni Boccaccio, author of ""The Decameron"" (1353). ""The Decameron"" featured 100 tales (novellas) told by 10 people (seven women and three men) fleeing the Black Death, by"
"the nineteenth century. Wilkie Collins' epistolary novel ""The Moonstone"" (1868), is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language, while ""The Woman in White"" is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels. H. G. Wells's (1866–1946) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like ""The Time Machine"" (1895), and ""The War of the Worlds"" (1898) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians, and Wells is seen, along with Frenchman Jules Verne (1828–1905), as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre. He also wrote realistic fiction about the"
"year. An ebook edition was issued by ElectricStory.com in December 2002, and a new hardcover edition by Phoenix Pick in April 2010. The book looks at the evolution of science fiction from Horace Walpole's 1764 fantasy, ""The Castle of Otranto"" to modern science fiction writers through the middle of the twentieth century. The book received wide critical acclaim and won the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book. The World Beyond the Hill The World Beyond the Hill: Science Fiction and the Quest for Transcendence (1989) is a book about the history of science fiction, written by Alexei Panshin and"
"Sensation novel The sensation novel, also sensation fiction, was a literary genre of fiction that achieved peak popularity in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s. Its literary forebears included the melodramatic novels and the Newgate novels, which focused on tales woven around criminal biographies; it also drew on the gothic and romantic genres of fiction. The genre's popularity was conjoined to an expanding book market and growth of a reading public, by-products of the Industrial Revolution. Whereas romance and realism had traditionally been contradictory modes of literature, they were brought together in sensation fiction. The sensation novelists commonly wrote"
"as Geoffrey Chaucer's ""Canterbury Tales"" (1387), Miguel de Cervantes' ""Don Quixote"" (1605), William Shakespeare's ""Pericles, Prince of Tyre"" (c.1608), Laurence Sterne's ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" (1759), William Makepeace Thackeray's ""Vanity Fair"" (1847), as well as more recent works such as J.R.R. Tolkien's ""The Lord of the Rings"" (1954–1955), or Douglas Adams' ""The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"" (1979). Metafiction, however, became particularly prominent in the 1960s, with authors and works such as John Barth's ""Lost in the Funhouse"", Robert Coover's ""The Babysitter"" and ""The Magic Poker"", Kurt Vonnegut's ""Slaughterhouse-Five"", John Fowles' ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"", Thomas"
"Amatory fiction Amatory fiction is a genre of British literature that became popular during the late 17th century and early 18th century, approximately 1660-1730. It was often spread throughout coteries, published while trying to remain true to the writer's vision without criticism. Amatory fiction predates, and in some ways predicts, the invention of the novel and is an early predecessor of the romance novel. Indeed, many themes of the contemporary romance novel were first explored in amatory fiction. The writing of amatory fiction work was dominated by women, and it was considered to have mainly female readers; but it is"