What cell line used in research that was taken from an African-American woman who died in 1951 is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line?
"tandem repeat (STR) DNA fingerprinting to authenticate its cell lines. To address this problem of cell line cross-contamination, researchers are encouraged to authenticate their cell lines at an early passage to establish the identity of the cell line. Authentication should be repeated before freezing cell line stocks, every two months during active culturing and before any publication of research data generated using the cell lines. Many methods are used to identify cell lines, including isoenzyme analysis, human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing, chromosomal analysis, karyotyping, morphology and STR analysis. One significant cell-line cross contaminant is the immortal HeLa cell line. As"
"HeLa HeLa (; also Hela or hela) is an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific which warrants its extensive use in scientific research. The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge or consent. Cell biologist George Otto Gey found that they could be kept alive, and isolated"
"by Adam Curtis explains the history of HeLa and its implications in medicine and society. The 2017 HBO film ""The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks"" starring Oprah Winfrey, Sylvia Grace Crim, Rocky Carroll & Renee Elise Goldsberry as Henrietta Lacks. The movie is based on the book, of the same name, written by Rebecca Skloot. HeLa HeLa (; also Hela or hela) is an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient"
"identical, and further, all carried the G6PD allele found almost exclusively in people of African descent. HeLa, the first successfully established human cell line, was derived from a woman of African descent named Henrietta Lacks, so this result suggested that the cell lines were not truly independent, but had been contaminated by HeLa cells. It was not realized at the time that nearly all attempts to establish human cell cultures resulted in cell lines with limited life spans. Dr. George Gey, the originator of HeLa, had sent his cells to all who requested them, and this problem arose because many"
"HeLa immortal cell line, a commonly used cell line in contemporary biomedical research. On August 8, 1951, Lacks, who was 31 years old, went to Johns Hopkins for a routine treatment session and asked to be admitted due to continued severe abdominal pain. She received blood transfusions and remained at the hospital until her death on October 4, 1951. A partial autopsy showed that the cancer had metastasized throughout her entire body. Lacks was buried in an unmarked grave in the family cemetery in a place called Lackstown in Halifax County, Virginia. Lackstown is the name that was given to"
"U87 In cell biology, U87 is a human primary glioblastoma cell line that is commonly used in brain cancer research. Formally known as U-87 MG (abbreviation for Uppsala 87 Malignant Glioma), the U87 cell line has an epithelial morphology and was obtained from a 44-year-old female patient in 1966 at Uppsala University. The cell line was thought to be deposited at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in 1973, after which the ATCC obtained it in 1982. However, in 2016 the commonly used version of U87MG (from the ATCC) was found to be non-identical to its patient of origin. The"
"K562 cells K562 cells were the first human immortalised myelogenous leukemia cell line to be established. K562 cells are of the erythroleukemia type, and the cell line is derived from a 53-year-old female chronic myelogenous leukemia patient in blast crisis. The cells are non-adherent and rounded, are positive for the fusion gene, and bear some proteomic resemblance to both undifferentiated granulocytes and erythrocytes. In culture they exhibit much less clumping than many other suspension lines, presumably due to the downregulation of surface adhesion molecules by bcr:abl. However, another study suggests that bcr:abl over-expression may actually increase cell adherence to cell"
"of HeLa cells, and there are almost 11,000 patents involving these cells. The HeLa cell lines are also notorious for invading other cell cultures in laboratory settings. Some have estimated that HeLa cells have contaminated 10–20% of all cell lines currently in use. The cells were propagated by George Otto Gey shortly before Lacks died of her cancer in 1951. This was the first human cell line to prove successful in vitro, which was a scientific achievement with profound future benefit to medical research. Gey freely donated these cells along with the tools and processes that his lab developed to"
"MDA-MB-468 MDA-MB-468 is a cell line that was isolated from a 51-year-old female human in 1977, and is commonly used in breast cancer research. MDA-MB-468 cells were extracted from a pleural effusion of mammary gland and breast tissues, and have proven useful for the study of metastasis, migration, and breast cancer proliferation. The cell line was isolated in 1977 by R. Cailleau, et al., from a pleural effusion of a 51-year-old Black female patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast. Although the tissue donor was heterozygous for G6PD alleles, the cell line consistently showed only the G6PD A phenotype. MDA-MB-468"
"cells can no longer divide due to DNA damage or shortened telomeres. Prior to Leonard Hayflick's theory, Alexis Carrel hypothesized that all normal somatic cells were immortal. The term ""immortalization"" was first applied to cancer cells that expressed the telomere-lengthening enzyme telomerase, and thereby avoided apoptosis—i.e. cell death caused by intracellular mechanisms. Among the most commonly used cell lines are HeLa and Jurkat, both of which are immortalized cancer cell lines. HeLa cells originated from a sample of cervical cancer taken from Henrietta Lacks in 1951. These cells have been and still are widely used in biological research such as"
"SH-SY5Y SH-SY5Y is a human derived cell line used in scientific research. The original cell line, called SK-N-SH, from which it was subcloned was isolated from a bone marrow biopsy taken from a four-year-old female with neuroblastoma. SH-SY5Y cells are often used as ""in vitro"" models of neuronal function and differentiation. They are adrenergic in phenotype but also express dopaminergic markers and, as such, have been used to study Parkinson's Disease, neurogenesis, and other characteristics of brain cells. SH-SY5Y was cloned from a bone marrow biopsy derived line called SK-N-SH and first reported in 1973. A neuroblast-like subclone of SK-N-SH,"
"of some immortal cell lines, for example HeLa human cells, are from naturally occurring cancers. Immortalised cell lines are widely used as a simple model for more complex biological systems, for example for the analysis of the biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian (including human) cells. The main advantage of using an immortal cell line for research is its immortality; the cells can be grown indefinitely in culture. This simplifies analysis of the biology of cells which may otherwise have a limited lifetime. Immortalised cell lines can also be cloned giving rise to a clonal population which can, in turn,"
"been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products. Since the 1950s, scientists have grown 20 tons of her cells, and there are almost 11,000 patents involving HeLa cells. In the early 1970s, a large portion of other cell cultures became contaminated by HeLa cells. As a result, members of Henrietta Lacks's family received solicitations for blood samples from researchers hoping to learn about the family's genetics in order to differentiate between HeLa cells and other cell lines. Alarmed and confused, several family members began questioning why they were receiving so many telephone calls requesting"
"cells were then cultured by George Otto Gey who created the cell line known as HeLa, which is still used for medical research. As was then the practice, no consent was obtained to culture her cells, nor were she or her family compensated for their extraction or use. Lacks grew up in rural Virginia. After giving birth to two of their children, she married her cousin David ""Day"" Lacks. In 1941 the young family moved to Turner Station, near Dundalk, Maryland, in Baltimore County, so Day could work in Bethlehem Steel at Sparrows Point. After Lacks had given birth to"
"Bank (NSCB) and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI; Cambridge, MA, USA), for the periods March 1999 – December 2008 (for NSCB) and April 2004 – December 2008 (for HSCI). For NSCB, out of twenty-one approved cell lines, 77% of requests were for two of the lines (H1 and H9). For HSCI, out of the 17 lines requested more than once, 24.7% of requests were for the two most commonly requested lines. Stem-cell line A stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from"
"public could be exposed, which can lead to raising health insurance premiums and employment difficulties. Henrietta Lacks was an African American woman whose cells were removed without consent while receiving cancer treatment. Her cells became the source of the foundational HeLa cell line in the scientific world today. Lacks and her family were neither informed nor asked for consent to the use of her cells for this research. It was not until the 1980s when Lacks's medical records were made public, exposing the rest of her family's medical information as well as the fact that her family was never informed"
"Emma Didlake Emma Didlake (March 13, 1904 – August 16, 2015) was an African-American supercentenarian and the oldest living American World War II veteran until her death on August 16, 2015 at age 111. She served in the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps. Didlake was born in Boligee, Alabama in 1904. At a young age, Didlake and her family moved to Kentucky, where she married a coal miner in 1922 and later stayed to raise her own family. In 1943, when she was 38 years old and the mother of five children, Didlake enlisted in the WAAC. She told the ""San"
"cells have a modal chromosome number of 64, though the actual number can vary from 60 to 67 in different cells. MDA-MB-468 has been used to test chemical breast cancer treatments. MDA-MB-468 MDA-MB-468 is a cell line that was isolated from a 51-year-old female human in 1977, and is commonly used in breast cancer research. MDA-MB-468 cells were extracted from a pleural effusion of mammary gland and breast tissues, and have proven useful for the study of metastasis, migration, and breast cancer proliferation. The cell line was isolated in 1977 by R. Cailleau, et al., from a pleural effusion of"
"of the first women to receive a PhD diploma. She later became a staff member of St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, DC where she did work in bacteriology. Her final study was a hypothesis on sudden infant death syndrome, which was cut short by her death in 1975. During her life, it was widely believed that the life span of the erythrocyte (red blood cell) was no more than two to three weeks. She undertook a study of erythrocyte survival and devised a serologic technique for accurately measuring erythrocyte survival. She concluded that human red cells may remain in the"
"cell lines, which produced large quantities of relatively pure and predictable antibodies was first introduced in 1975. Since then, it has been used for various purposes scaling from diagnostic and therapeutic to research applications. Despite its indisputable role in scientific discoveries and numerous treatment strategies, the hybridoma technology presents researchers with some obstacles such as ethical issues, potential to lose expression of the target protein or lengthy production and most importantly the development of HAMA in patients as mentioned previously. Therefore, different methods need to complement or even partially replace the hybridoma. Hybridomas are an essential part of the recombinant"
"one specific cell, multiplied it, and developed a cell line. (Before this, cells cultured from other human cells would only survive for a few days; scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on them. Cells from Lacks's tumor behaved differently.) As was custom for Gey's lab assistant, she labeled the culture 'HeLa', the first two letters of the patient's first and last name; this became the name of the cell line. These were the first human cells grown in a lab that were naturally ""immortal"", meaning that they do not die after a"
"a broken hip. Walter Nelson-Rees Walter Nelson-Rees (11 January 1929 – 23 January 2009) was a cell culture worker and cytogeneticist who helped expose the problem of cross-contamination of cell lines. He used chromosome banding to show that many immortal cell lines, previously thought to be unique, were actually HeLa cell lines. The HeLa cells had contaminated and overgrown the other cell lines. He was born on January 11, 1929. Nelson-Rees retired in 1980. In 2005 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award, from the Society for In Vitro Biology (SIVB). He died on January 23, 2009 in San Francisco, California"
"Katherine Sanford Katherine Koontz Sanford (July 19, 1915 – September 12, 2005), also known as Katherine Sanford Mifflin, was an American biologist and cancer researcher who worked at the National Cancer Institute for nearly 50 years, serving as head of Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology. In the 1940s she became the first person to successfully clone a mammalian cell ""in vitro"", which allowed for more efficient means of creating pure strains of cells for study. She also developed the first laboratory test to distinguish people with Alzheimer's disease and people predisposed to cancer. Sanford was born July 19, 1915,"
"cells. To test Salk's new vaccine, the cells were put into mass production in the first-ever cell production factory. In 1953, HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned and demand for the HeLa cells quickly grew in the nascent biomedical industry. Since the cells' first mass replications, they have been used by scientists in various types of investigations including disease research, gene mapping, effects of toxic substances on organisms, and radiation on humans. Additionally, HeLa cells have been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products. Scientists have grown an estimated 50 tons"
"their fifth child, she was diagnosed with cancer. Tissue samples from her tumors were taken without consent during treatment and these samples were then subsequently cultured into the HeLa cell line. Even though some information about the origins of HeLa's immortalized cell lines was known to researchers after 1970, the Lacks family was not made aware of the line's existence until 1975. With knowledge of the cell line's genetic provenance becoming public, its use for medical research and for commercial purposes continues to raise concerns about privacy and patients' rights. Henrietta Lacks was born Loretta Pleasant on August 1, 1920,"
"cell lineage. In other words, Sulston and his team had traced where each and every cell in the roundworm's embryo came from during the division process, and where it ended up. H. Robert Horvitz arrived from the US at the LMB in 1974, where he collaborated with Sulston. Both would share the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Brenner, and Horvitz would go back to the US in 1978 to establish his own lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Brenner's original interests were centered in genetics and in the development of the nervous system, but cell lineage"
"MCF-7 MCF-7 is a breast cancer cell line isolated in 1970 from a 69-year-old Caucasian woman. MCF-7 is the acronym of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7, referring to the institute in Detroit where the cell line was established in 1973 by Herbert Soule and co-workers. The Michigan Cancer Foundation is now known as the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute. Prior to MCF-7, it was not possible for cancer researchers to obtain a mammary cell line that was capable of living longer than a few months. The patient, Frances Mallon died in 1970. Her cells were the source of much of current knowledge"
"of her death at age 116 years, 347 days, Capovilla was the fifth-oldest verified person to have ever lived. Capovilla is still currently the oldest verified South American to have ever lived. She is also the last verified person to have been born in the 1880s. Following her death on 27 August 2006, her successor as oldest person was Elizabeth Bolden, the previous ""titleholder"". Bolden became only the second person to regain the title after losing it (Frenchwoman and all-time world recordholder Jeanne Calment was the first). María Capovilla María Esther Heredia Lecaro de Capovilla, known internationally as María Capovilla"
"members of the community in research that can benefit the community, as well as extend the opportunities to further study and promote research ethics and community engagement in research through an expansion of the Berman Institute and its work."" The question of how and whether her race affected her treatment, the lack of obtaining consent, and her relative obscurity, continues to be controversial. The HeLa cell line's connection to Henrietta Lacks was first brought to popular attention in March 1976 with a pair of articles in the ""Detroit Free Press"" and ""Rolling Stone"" written by reporter Michael Rogers. In 1998,"
"to cut within the Chromosome 15 region. With this technique, experimenters were able to cultivate the first fully haploid human cell line which they termed eHAP. HAP1 cells HAP1 cells are a cell line used for biomedical and genetic research. They are near haploid, having one copy of almost every chromosome and are smaller than the average human cell, growing to about 11 micrometers in diameter. HAP1 cells are derived from a line of cancerous cells, which means they are able to divide indefinitely. HAP1 cells are a near-haploid cell line derived from the KBM-7 cell line. KBM-7 was found"
"record of the earliest human mtDNA. A difference between a tested sample and the CRS may have arisen in the lineage of the CRS or in the lineage of the tested sample. An alternative African (Yoruba) reference sequence has also been used sometimes instead of the Cambridge. It has a different numbering system with a length of 16,571 base pairs and represents the mitochondrial genome of one African individual. Other alternative reference sequences that have also sometimes been used include the African (Uganda), Swedish and Japanese sequences. In 2012, it was proposed that the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS), should"
"evaluated for use in the screening program, among them two lines deriving from so far not represented small-cell lung carcinoma. All cell lines but one () are available to other laboratories, including the additional cell lines. Starting around the turn of the millennium, several cell lines were found to be misidentified or misclassified at the time of investigation or earlier: MDA-MB-435, originally classified as breast cancer cell line, was identified as being a melanoma cell line. When investigated further, current MDA-MB-435 appeared to be derived from the same individual as cell line M14. An examination of clones made clear that"
"and social worlds, and she died in September 1950. She is buried next to her second husband at Frederick Douglass Memorial Park on Staten Island, New York. Julia Pearl Hughes Julia Pearl Hughes (Julia P. H. Coleman, Julia Coleman-Robinson) (March 19, 1873 - September 14, 1950), pharmacist, entrepreneur, social activist, and business executive. She was the first African-American woman pharmacist to own and operate her own drug store; much later, she was the first African-American woman to run for elective office in the state of New York. Hughes was born in Melville Township, Alamance County, North Carolina near the city"