In World War II, the German radar Freya was named after a god from which mythology?
"the Germans actually had radar. By examining leaked German documents, crashed bombers, Enigma decryptions, and through German prisoner of war interrogations, Jones discovered that high-frequency radio signals were being transmitted across Britain from somewhere on the Continent, and he believed they came from a directional radar system. Within a few months of this discovery, Jones had identified several such radar systems, one of which was being used to detect British bombers; this was known as the ""Freya-Meldung-Freya"" array, named after the ancient Norse goddess. Jones was finally able to see concrete proof of the presence of the Freya system after"
"who helped him rebuild it. Sneum was arrested as a suspected double agent before being returned to Denmark as an agent, from which he escaped again in 1942 by crossing the ice to Sweden with a fellow naval aviator. The German radar installations causing the havoc with the British bombers are historical. The Freya radar that Harald investigates was part of the Kammhuber Line, the German night air defense system along the North Sea. The Freya radar, with a range of 100 miles, was used to detect an incoming bombers at long-distance. Then 2 modified ""Würzburg Riese"" (""Würzburg Giant"") radars"
"Wassermann radar The Wasserman radar was an early-warning radar built by Germany during World War II. The radar was a development of FuMG 80 Freya and was operated during World War II for long range detection. It was developed under the direction of Theodor Schultes, beginning in 1942. Wasserman was based on largely unchanged Freya electronics, but used an entirely new antenna array in order to improve range, height-finding and bearing precision. Seven different versions were developed. The two most important versions are: The combination of the antennae in this way resulted in a concentration of the radiated energy to"
"illumination of searchlights, termed; ""Helle Nachtjagd"" – illuminated night fighting. RAF bombers flying into Germany or France had to cross the line at some point, at which time the Freya radar operators directed the master searchlight to illuminate the plane. Once this had happened other manually controlled searchlights also picked up the plane, and the night fighters were directed to intercept the illuminated bomber. Demands by the Bürgermeisters in Germany led to the recall of the searchlights to the major cities, which undermined this system. Later versions of the Himmelbett added two Würzburg radars, with a range of about 30"
"in November 1941 that he learned what Würzburg was. The Würzburg radar device consisted of a parabolic antenna about in diameter, which worked in conjunction with Freya to locate British bombers and then direct night fighters to attack them. The two systems complemented each other: Freya was a long-range early-warning radar system, but lacked precision, whereas Würzburg had a much shorter range but was far more precise. Würzburg FuSE 62 D, also had the advantage of being much smaller than the Freya system and easier to manufacture in the quantities needed by the to defend German territory. In order to"
"a German air surveillance radar was developed in the general frequency range of the Allied radar. It was the Freya-D, called ""Dora Insel"". The first Dora Insels were used in Germany and France. The recognition ""blip"" which the IFF registered on the scope of the Dora Insel was called the Flamme and at first no great value was set by it. The Dora Insels were introduced in the Southeast. Since the time of the improvement in the operations of the Radar Command Post in the Southeast, after it has come under control by Feichtner, he had a daily report sent"
"the information from their radar sites. ""Major"" Harry von Bülow-Bothkamp—commanding II./JG 77—stated that it was the naval Freya, rather than ""Luftwaffe"" early warning sites that gave the alert. Owing to this, the RAF made landfall without interception. The first air-to-air shots were not traded until one hour after the ""Luftwaffe"" Freya made the initial report. As Wing Commander Kellett was taking off, Schumacher was dismissing any idea that the British would attempt a bombing raid in clear weather. On the island of Wangerooge, ""Leutnant"" Hermann Diehl of Regiment 3, battery LN-Vers was demonstrating the Freya set to a visiting naval"
"to be only marginally useful. During the Air Battle of the Heligoland Bight in 1939, a German Freya radar detected the raid while it was still an hour away from its target, yet had no way to report this to any of the fighter units that could intercept it. Getting the information from the radar to the pilots in a useful form appeared to be a difficult problem, and the Germans believed the British would have the same problems and thus radar would have little real effect. Some desultory effort was put into attacking the CH stations, especially during the"
"Mammut radar The FuMG 41/42 Mammut was a long-range, phased array, early warning radar built by Germany in the latter days of World War II. Developed by the GEMA company, it consisted of six or eight ""Freya"" antenna arrays, switched together and coupled to two Freya devices. The arrays were fixed and the beam could be electronically steered on a 100° arc in front and behind the antenna, leaving 80° blind arcs on each side. It was the world's first phased array radar and was able to detect targets flying at an altitude of 8,000m at a range of 300km."
"Gomorrah raids against Hamburg. Despite having been known in Germany since 1940, no countermeasures had yet been developed against it. Chaff is relatively stationary in the air, falling slowly and moving with any wind. This contrast with the speed of the target aircraft was the key to most of the anti-Window measures. Radar reflections are affected by the Doppler effect: reflections from a radially moving target are shifted in frequency; shorter wavelengths on the approach, longer when departing. For the Freya radar, using Doppler. Equipment added to all Wurzburg radars between July and August 1943. Considered to be the best"
"combination of the Berlin transmitter/receiver with the Ansback 4.5 meter reflector and systems. Controlled by the ""Michael"" remote control system. Sources suggest that 3 systems were completed. FuMG 74: Kulmbach. A 9 cm panoramic search radar. 6 meter antenna and remote controlled like the FuMG76. When combined with that radar it was known as the Egerland system. Only 2 completed. range of approx 50 km. FuG 221 Freya-Halbe : This was a Freya modified to locate British airborne jammers. Development completed but due to lack of parts never deployed. FuG 221 Rosendahl; This was a Freya modified to locate British"
"working on other frequencies (Around 2.2 Meters) from the normal Freya. Sometimes known as the Freiburg FuMO 321 - 328: Based on the fuMO311 family of units but workig at 1.5 meters. FuMO 331: Naval designation for the FuMG 402 Wassermann M FuMO 371: Naval designation for the FuMG 403 Jagdschloss FuMO 201: Flakleit - Using Seetakt 80 cm technology a 3D radar mounted on an underground armoured turret ( originally an optical rangefinder) small numbers produced. Multiple antenna. Manufactured by GEMA. FuMO 211 - 213: Naval designation for the FuMG 62 family or radars - the Wurzburg A,C &"
"to be installed in large Flak batteries with six or more guns, but only a few were produced by the end of the war, and these didn’t see operational service FuMG 450 Freya / FuMG 41G: This was a 2D Early warning radar. (2D means unable to indicate height). It was used for fighter direction and target indication for the Würzburg. Operating wavelength of approx 2.4 meters (125 MHz). In response to jamming various models were developed to operate on various frequencies called ""Islands"". Over 1000 units delivered in various models FuMG 401 / FMG 42 FREYA - LZ (Models"
"km. Unlike the early-warning Freya, Würzburgs were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One was locked onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the cell and as soon as the Freya picked up a target the second Würzburg locked onto it. All position reports were sent to the Himmelbett control centre thereby allowing controllers in the Himmelbett centre to get continual readings of the positions of both planes. A Jägerleitoffizier directed the German night-fighter to a visual interception with the RAF bomber using radio. Operations were manually coordinated using an ""Auswertetisch"" (the precursor of a ""Seeburg"" plotting table). To"
"to serve as a radar picket for night fighters, with three L/45 anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, Freya early-warning radar, Würzburg gun-laying radar and a FuMO 21 surface fire-control system. These plans were soon abandoned because the Germans lacked destroyers and torpedo boats in the Mediterranean, and the decision was made to commission her as a ""Torpedoboot Ausland"" (foreign torpedo boat) with a DeTe radar instead of the Freya and Würzburg radar sets. Her armament was replaced with four L/45 naval guns, eight anti-aircraft guns and between thirty-two and thirty-six anti-aircraft guns in quadruple and twin mounts. The number of"
"September 1935, Kühnhold led a demonstration of his system given to the Commander-in-Chief of the ""Kriegsmarine"". The equipment performance was excellent, and the apparatus was given the code name ""Dezimeter-Telegraphie"" or simply DeTe. From this time onward, GEMA had total responsibility for additional development of the system. The basic DeTe eventually evolved into the ""Seetakt"" for the ""Kriegsmarine"" and the ""Freya"" for the ""Luftwaffe"" (German Air Force); these popular sets were used throughout the war. Kühnhold remained with the NVA and also consulted for GEMA; he is often credited in Germany as being the inventor of radar. During 1936 and"
"mi). In Germany, Kühnhold is often called the ""Father of radar"". This first ""Funkmessgerät"" from GEMA incorporated more advanced technologies than early sets in Great Britain and the United States, but it appears radar received a much lower priority until later in World War II; by the start of the war, few had been fielded. To a large part, this was due to the lack of appreciation of this technology by the military hierarchy, especially at the top where dictator Adolf Hitler looked on radar as a defensive weapon, and his interest was in offensive hardware. This problem was compounded"
"was largely to develop the systems on the aircraft in conjunction with the land-based radar systems. The system worked by using triangulation to pin-point the target. Dr. Stops once said that one unexpected spin-off of the system was that the Germans often did not know what the British were planning to bomb. The Germans improvised a system conceptually similar to Oboe, code named ""Egon"", for bombing on the Eastern Front on a limited scale. It used two modified Freyas to play the roles of Cat and Mouse; these two ""Freya Egon"" sets were located about apart and the aircraft carried"
"FuG 25a Erstling FuG 25a Erstling (German: """"Firstborn"""", """"Debut"""") was an identification friend or foe (IFF) transponder installed in ""Luftwaffe"" aircraft starting in 1941 in order to allow German radar stations to identify them as friendly. Later, the FuG 25a became a key component of the EGON night fighter guidance procedure. Built by the GEMA company, who also designed the Freya radar, the basic concept had been introduced in November 1938, but little work was carried out on it initially. The ""Luftwaffes Chief of Signals placed an order for 2,000 to 3,000 units in late 1939, although the prototype was"
"with radar. Although this apparatus was not put into production, GEMA was funded to develop similar systems operating around 50 cm (500 MHz). These became the Seetakt for the ""Kriegsmarine"" and the Freya for the ""Luftwaffe"" (German Air Force). Kühnhold remained with the NVA, but also consulted with GEMA. He is considered by many in Germany as the Father of Radar. During 1933–6, Hollmann wrote the first comprehensive treatise on microwaves, ""Physik und Technik der ultrakurzen Wellen"" (Physics and Technique of Ultrashort Waves), Springer 1938. In 1933, when Kühnhold at the NVA was first experimenting with microwaves, he had sought"
"The British intelligence codename, ""hoarding"", was probably related to the shape of the large array. As late in the war as April 20th, 1945, intelligence reports reflected the erroneous opinion that only development prototypes existed but no operational stations had been fielded. Mammut radar The FuMG 41/42 Mammut was a long-range, phased array, early warning radar built by Germany in the latter days of World War II. Developed by the GEMA company, it consisted of six or eight ""Freya"" antenna arrays, switched together and coupled to two Freya devices. The arrays were fixed and the beam could be electronically steered"
"not determine height. Freya devices were vulnerable to chaff, along with other countermeasures, limiting them to early warning, not controlling intercepts. Developed by GEMA (Gesellschaft für Electroakustische und Mechanische Apparate), its Freya FuMG 39G was the first operational early-warning radar, FuMG meaning Funk-Meßgerät / Funkmeßgerät / Funkmessgerät: Anti-Aircraft Targeting Radar. Unlike the detector warning Freya, the Würzburg were a tracking radar, the Würzburg FuSE Funk-Sende-Empfangsgerät (Detector, Active Identification Friend/Foe: Reconnaissance) confirming target azimuth and height. The Wurzburg first deployed as an FuMG 39, upgraded as the Wuerzburg-D (FuMG 39 T/D) was one of the most advanced radar used in guiding"
"massed raids. One of the first to give British intelligence any details about the ""Freya"" Radar was a young Danish Flight Lieutenant, Thomas Sneum, who, at great risk to his life, photographed radar installations on the Danish island of Fanø in 1941. He brought the negatives to Britain in a dramatic flight which is fictionalized in Ken Follett's novel ""Hornet Flight"". Sneum's deed is also mentioned in R. V. Jones's ""Most Secret War"" as a 'most gallant exploit' and is one of the featured stories in Courage & Defiance by Deborah Hopkinson To counter ""Freya"", the British used equipment called"
"equipment. Ranges of up to 450 km were obtained. Fell from use as British IFF procedures improved. FuMG 401 Freya Fahrstuhl: A 3D version of the Fraya. (3D means could measure height). Measurements made by moving the antenna up and down on a rack. Only a very rough estimation of height available. originally intended for early warning most of the systems produced went to help ""jammed"" Würzburg Freya EGON: EGON stood for Erstling Gemse Offensive Navigation system. Where Erstling was the codename of the Fug25a transceiver in the aircraft and Gemse was the codename for the receiver. The system operated"
"radioed commands up to its failsafe point, whereafter it would rely on a terrain contour matching (TERCOM) radar system to navigate to preprogrammed targets. The primary innovation was the engine of the aircraft, which was developed under the aegis of a separate project code-named Project Pluto, after the Roman god of the underworld. It was a ramjet that used nuclear fission to superheat incoming air instead of chemical fuel. Project Pluto produced two working prototypes of this engine, the Tory-IIA and the Tory-IIC, which were successfully tested in the Nevada desert. Special ceramics had to be developed to meet the"
"Johannes Plendl Johannes ""Hans"" Plendl (6 December 1900 – 10 May 1991), German radar pioneer, was the scientist whose airplane navigation inventions made possible the early German bombing successes in World War II. Plendl was born in 1900 in Munich, German Empire to parents from Northern Bavaria. His surname is most likely a truncated Bavarian dialect form of ""Plendlein."" Plendl served briefly in the Imperial German Navy during World War I. Shortly thereafter, Plendl began his career as a radio and beam engineer for Telefunken corporation. His early research into meter-wave propagation and radar beams necessitated additional names for newly"
"or in bad weather were secondary objectives. Actually using it for gun laying, like the Würzburg radar developed for the German army, was initially not a priority for the ""Kriegsmarine"". The two systems were generally similar, although the early Seetakt systems worked on a 50 cm wavelength (600 MHz), while Freya was designed for much longer ranges and used a 2.5 m wavelength that could be generated at high power using existing electronics. These early systems proved problematic, and a new version using improved electronics at 60 cm wavelength (500 MHz) was introduced. Four units were ordered and installed on"
"version. first deployed late 1942 Some sources indicate it had more than 6 arrays. Wassermann M: The last family were the medium class units. Again it is not clear exactly how many Freya arrays were attached to the mast. In 1944 this version received a modification that allowed it to electronically tilt its beams by 16 degrees which allowed it to perform height determination turning its into a 3 D search radar. Elefant & See Elefant: These bi-static radars were an attempt to combine jamming resistance with long range. They operated in two bands 23–28 MHz or 32–38 MHz. Range"
"Project Diana Project Diana, named for the Roman moon goddess Diana, was an experimental project of the US Army Signal Corps in 1946 to bounce radar signals off the Moon and receive the reflected signals. This was the first experiment in radar astronomy and the first active attempt to probe another celestial body. It was the inspiration for later EME (Earth-Moon-Earth) communication techniques. At a laboratory at Camp Evans (part of Fort Monmouth), in Wall Township, New Jersey, a large transmitter, receiver and antenna array were constructed for this purpose. The transmitter, a highly modified SCR-271 radar set from World"
"R.V. Jones, the British scientist who had worked on the other end of the channel to jam Plendl's beams, became a good friend, and the two corresponded regularly and collaborated on several books. Johannes Plendl died in 1992. Johannes Plendl Johannes ""Hans"" Plendl (6 December 1900 – 10 May 1991), German radar pioneer, was the scientist whose airplane navigation inventions made possible the early German bombing successes in World War II. Plendl was born in 1900 in Munich, German Empire to parents from Northern Bavaria. His surname is most likely a truncated Bavarian dialect form of ""Plendlein."" Plendl served briefly"
"by ""Bürgermeister""s in Germany led to the recall of the searchlights to the major cities. Later versions of the ""Himmelbett"" added two Würzburg radars, with a range of about . Unlike the early-warning Freya radar, Würzburgs were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One would be locked onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the cell. After the Freya picked up a target the second Würzburg would lock onto it, thereby allowing controllers in the ""Himmelbett"" center to get continual readings on the positions of both aircraft, controlling them to a visual interception. To aid in this, a number"
"(""Würzburg Giant""); the ""Freya"" finding targets at long distances and then ""handing them off"" to the shorter-ranged Würzburgs for tracking. Later in the war, ""Freya"" operated in the band from (120 to 130 MHz), with a pulse width of three microseconds, a peak power output of 15 to 20 kW, and a pulse repetition frequency of 500 Hz. It had a maximum range of only , making it inferior to Chain Home. Furthermore, it could not accurately determine altitude, but it was a fully steerable and semi-mobile system. Freya was first successfully used on December 18, 1939 when two stations"
"GEMA's other radars, notably the Freya, took priority, and work on the system did not start until 1939. By this time, radar development had progressed to the point were a prototype could be constructed by re-using systems from various production radars. A prototype system was built 35 km west of Berlin, known as the Tremmen Radar Tower. It mounted a large antenna consisting of two rows of four half-wave dipoles aligned horizontally, rotating on a shaft located at the top of the tower. It was found that at least five pulses needed to be returned in order for the target"