Which Russian Tsar, known as 'The Liberator', was assassinated in March 1881?
"the youngest son and penultimate child of Tsarevitch Alexander of Russia and his wife, Maria Feodorovna (known before her marriage as Princess Dagmar of Denmark). His maternal grandparents were King Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. His paternal grandmother Empress Maria Alexandrovna (known before her marriage as Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine) died before his second birthday. His paternal grandfather, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, was assassinated on 1 March 1881 and, as a result, Michael's parents became Emperor and Empress of All the Russias before his third birthday. After the assassination, the new Tsar Alexander"
"that reads ""Alexander II. Tsar the Liberator. "" From the back, there is a brief biographical note on the ruler: ""Emperor Alexander II abolished serfdom in Russia in 1861 and freed millions of peasants from centuries of slavery, conducted military and judicial reforms, introduced the system of local self-government, city dumas and local administrations, brought to the end the long-lasting Caucasian War, and liberated the Slavic peoples from the Ottoman yoke. He was killed on March 1, 1881 and was a victim of a terrorist. The monument was erected on the initiative of the Historic council of the city of"
"in an attempt to spur mass revolt against Tsarism, culminating in the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II in March 1881—the event for which the group is best remembered. It favored the use of secret society-led terrorism as an attempt to violently destabilize the Russian Empire and provide a focus for popular discontent against it for an insurrection, justified “as a means of exerting pressure on the government for reform, as the spark that would ignite a vast peasant uprising, and as the inevitable response to the regime's use of violence against the revolutionaries”. The group developed ideas—such as targeted"
"Pervomartovtsy Pervomartovtsy (; a compound term literally meaning ""those of March 1"") were the Russian revolutionaries, members of Narodnaya Volya, planners and executors of the assassination of Alexander II of Russia (March 1, 1881) and attempted murder of Alexander III of Russia (March 1, 1887, also known as ""The Second First of March""). The assassination in 1881 was planned by Narodnaya Volya's Executive Committee. Andrei Zhelyabov was the main organizer. After his arrest on February 27, he was replaced by Sophia Perovskaya. Alexander II was killed on March 1, 1881 by a bomb, thrown by Ignacy Hryniewiecki. Hryniewiecki wounded himself"
"Executive Commission and given extraordinary powers to fight the revolutionaries. Loris-Melikov's proposals called for some form of parliamentary body, and the Emperor Alexander II seemed to agree; these plans were never realized as of March 13 (March 1 Old Style), 1881, Alexander was assassinated: while driving on one of the central streets of St. Petersburg, near the Winter Palace, he was mortally wounded by hand-made grenades and died a few hours afterwards. The conspirators Nikolai Kibalchich, Sophia Perovskaya, Nikolai Rysakov, Timofey Mikhaylov, and Andrei Zhelyabov were all arrested and sentenced to death. Gesya Gelfman was sent to Siberia. The assassin"
"significant changes in the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861. These ""Great Reforms"" spurred industrialization and modernized the Russian army, which had successfully liberated Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War. The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was killed in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists, and the reign of his son Alexander III (1881–94) was less liberal but more peaceful. The last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II (1894–1917), was unable to prevent the events of the Russian Revolution of 1905, triggered by the unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War and the demonstration incident"
"emancipation of the Russian serfs in 1861. After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, Stroganov, along with Konstantin Pobedonostsev and some others, succeeded in convincing the new Russian Tsar, Alexander III, to shelve Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov's proposal for a Russian Duma and constitution. In 1882, Stroganov died in his Saint Petersburg home, age 87. Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov Count Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov (, 8 November 1794 – 22 March 1882) was a Russian statesman, art historian, archaeologist, collector, and philanthropist. He was a member of the highly successful and prominent Stroganov family He was born in Saint Petersburg, the capital"
"to Odessa. On March 18, 1882, he participated in the assassination of a police general named Strelnikov who was sent to Odessa in order to eradicate the revolutionary movement. Khalturin's accomplice Zhelvakov shot Strelnikov in the head, killing him instantly. Khalturin, disguised as a cabman, was supposed to help Zhelvakov flee, but both were overpowered by the crowd and arrested. Both men gave the police fake names. Under an order by Alexander III, they were swiftly court-martialled and hanged. Khalturin was executed without being known to be the bomber of the Winter Palace. Stepan Khalturin Stepan Nikolayevich Khalturin () was"
"become the next Tsar, instead of his older and legitimate son, Alexander. When bomb-throwing anarchists killed Tsar Alexander II on 1 March 1881, Tsar Alexander III wasted no time in getting rid of the Yourievsky family. Together with her three children, Princess Catherine was removed from the royal palace, banned from participation in the funeral procession, and eventually banished from Russia. As the new Tsar, Alexander III swiftly rolled back many of the liberal reforms his father had made. Foreseeing this hostility, Tsar Alexander II had settled a large fortune on Princess Yurievsky—3.5 million rubles parked in Swiss bank accounts."
"included Sophia Perovskaya, Andrei Zhelyabov, Gesya Gelfman, Ignaty Grinevitsky, Nikolai Kibalchich, Nikolai Rysakov, and Timofei Mikhailov. On 15 March 1881, two days after Alexander II was assassinated, police raided the house where Sablin was living in common law marriage with Gesya Gelfman. Sablin killed himself with a revolver shot in the head before he could be arrested. Nikolai Sablin Nikolai Alekseyevich Sablin (), was the son of a petty landowner, was born in 1849 or 1850 (sources vary). While at Moscow University he became involved in revolutionary politics as a member of the Narodnaya Volya or People's Will. Sablin went"
"fact that the project was later known as a ""constitutional reform"", in reality, it contained nothing that could justify this label. When it was presented to the emperor, the author emphasized that his proposal had nothing in common with the ""western constitutional formats"". The project was presented to Alexander II on 28 January 1881, and was unanimously approved on the 16th of February by the Exclusive consultation (Alexander II also participated). On 1 March 1881, the emperor told Loris-Melikov that the project would be discussed in 4 days by the Council of Ministers. Two hours later, Alexander II was assassinated."
"in August 1880, he appointed Count Loris-Melikov Minister of the Interior with exceptional powers. The proposed scheme of reforms was at once taken in hand but was never carried out. On the very day (13 March 1881) that the emperor signed a ""ukase"" creating several commissions, composed of officials and eminent private individuals, to prepare reforms in various branches of the administration, he was assassinated by Nihilist conspirators; and his successor, Alexander III, at once adopted a strongly anti-reformist policy. When the new Tsar started to undo some of the reforms that his father, Alexander II had promulgated, Count Loris-Melikov"
"1880) reported ""the dynamite used was inclosed in an iron box, and exploded by a system of clockwork used by the man Thomas in Bremen some years ago."" In 1881, the revolutionaries were finally successful and Alexander II was assassinated as his carriage drove through the streets of Saint Petersburg. The Winter Palace was never truly inhabited again. The new Tsar Alexander III was informed by his security advisers that it was impossible to make the Winter Palace secure. The Imperial Family then moved to the seclusion of the Palace of Gatchina, some from Saint Petersburg. By comparison with the"
"in 1877–78, pursued further expansion into Siberia and the Caucasus, and conquered Turkestan. Although disappointed by the results of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Alexander abided by that agreement. Among his greatest domestic challenges was an uprising in Poland in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia. Alexander was proposing additional parliamentary reforms to counter the rise of nascent revolutionary and anarchistic movements when he was assassinated in 1881. Born in Moscow, Alexander Nikolaevich was the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia"
"but other revolutionaries were keen to murder Alexander, and there were several assassination attempts following this. Alexander Soloviev (revolutionary) Alexander Soloviev (Александр Соловьёв), (1846 in Luga – May 28, 1879), was a Russian revolutionary and former student who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Tsar Alexander II of Russia with a revolver. On the morning of 20 April 1879, Alexander II was briskly walking towards the Square of the Guards Staff and faced Soloviev. Having seen a menacing revolver in his hands, the Tsar fled. Soloviev fired five times but missed, and was sentenced to death. Soloviev was hanged on 28 May"
"peasant Grigori Rasputin (1869–1916), who convinced the royal family that he possessed healing powers that would cure Alexei. He had gained enormous influence but did not shift any major decisions. His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles restored their honor but could not restore the Tsar's lost prestige. The Tsarist system was overthrown in the February Revolution in 1917. The Bolsheviks declared “no annexations, no indemnities” and called on workers to accept their policies and demanded the end of the war. On 3 March 1917, a strike was organized on a factory in the capital, Petrograd; within"
"tsar on April 2, 1879 and February 5, 1880. Shiryaev was also accused of planning to murder the tsar on November 19, 1879. Later on, it turned out that I.F.Okladsky was agent provocateur. As a result, Kvyatkovsky and Presnyakov were sentenced to death, four other people - to eternal katorga, 6 other - to 4 to 20 years of katorga, and the remaining four - to Siberian exile. Trial of the Sixteen (1880) The Trial of the Sixteen (""""Процесс 16-ти"""" in Russian) was a trial of sixteen members of the Narodnaya volya in Russian Empire on October 25–30 (November 6–11),"
"of Tsar Alexander III postponed for more than two years due to security concerns. The Tsar had been formally sentenced to death by the Executive Committee of ""Narodnaya Volya"" on August 25, 1879, on the heels of the execution of former ""Zemlevolets"" Solomon Wittenberg, who had attempted to build a mine to sink a ship carrying the Tsar into Odessa harbor the previous year. An initial plan called for the use of dynamite to destroy a train carrying the Tsar, which ended with an explosion that destroyed a freight car and led to a derailment. A February 1880 attempt used"
"fatally in the assassination; Nikolai Sablin committed suicide. Accomplices - Zhelyabov, Perovskaya, Nikolai Kibalchich, Gesya Gelfman, Timofei Mikhailov, Nikolai Rysakov - were tried by the Special Tribunal of the Ruling Senate on March 26-29 and sentenced to death by hanging. On April 3, 1881 five Pervomartovtsy were hanged (except for Gelfman, whose execution had been postponed due to her pregnancy. Her execution was later replaced with katorga for indefinite period of time; she nevertheless died of a post-natal complication in prison). The second ""First of March"" was planned by members of the ""terrorist faction"" of Narodnaya Volya, including Aleksandr Ulyanov."
"of 21 without distinction of class. Exemption was only granted to young men who were the sole breadwinners of their families. It also gave the army a role in teaching many peasants to read and in pioneering medical education for women. Alexander's far reaching policy, however, did not bring political peace to Russia. In 1881 revolutionaries assassinated Alexander II. His son Alexander III (r. 1881–1894) initiated a period of political counterreform. He strengthened the security police, reorganizing it into an agency known as the Okhrana, gave it extraordinary powers, and placed it under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Dmitriy Tolstoy,"
"He also joined the anarchist Errico Malatesta in his small rebellion in the Italian province of Benevento in 1877. He returned to Russia in 1878, joining Zemlya i volya (Land and Liberty), where he along with Nikolai Morozov and Olga Liubatovich edited the party journal. For a time he was convinced that individual acts of political terrorism would convince tsar Alexander II to introduce democratic reforms. On August 4, 1878 O.S. he assassinated General Nikolai Mezentsov, the chief of the Gendarme corps and head of the country's secret police, with a dagger in the streets of St Petersburg. After the"
"and turned the area south of Gatchina into a retreat where he and his guests could enjoy the unspoiled wilderness of northwestern Russia. Alexander II also made updates and renovations in the main Gatchina Palace until his assassination in Saint Petersburg in 1881. Gatchina Palace was passed to his shaken son, the new Tsar Alexander III, who was advised that he and his family would be safer at the palace as opposed to at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, and became known as ""The Citadel of Autocracy"" after the Tsar's reactionary policies. Alexander III spent most of his time"
"split of ""Zemlya i volya"", he was one of the main organizers of ""Narodnaya volya"" and its newspaper ""Worker’s Gazette"" (fall of 1880). Zhelyabov took active part in devising a few of the most important documents of the party's Program. Also, he was one of the chief organizers of the assassination of Alexander II of Russia on March 1, 1881. However, he had been arrested a few days before it actually happened. Zhelyabov demanded that his case be considered together with the case of the Pervomartovtsi. He was executed by hanging on April 3, 1881 with the rest of the"
"shattered with the assassination of Alexander in 1881 – an act falsely blamed upon the Jews. The assassination prompted a large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots, called ""pogroms"" (;) throughout 1881–1884. In the 1881 outbreak, pogroms were primarily limited to Russia, although in a riot in Warsaw two Jews were killed, 24 others were wounded, women were raped and over two million rubles worth of property was destroyed. The new czar, Alexander III, blamed the Jews for the riots and issued a series of harsh restrictions on Jewish movements. Pogroms continued until 1884, with at least tacit government approval. They proved"
"recognising the great difficulty of defending it against the United Kingdom or the former British colony of Canada. After Alexander became emperor in 1855, he maintained a generally liberal course. Despite this, he was a target for numerous assassination attempts (1866, 1879, 1880). On , members of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) party killed him with a bomb. The Emperor had earlier in the day signed the Loris-Melikov constitution, which would have created two legislative commissions made up of indirectly elected representatives, had it not been repealed by his reactionary successor Alexander III. The Emancipation Reform of 1861 abolished serfdom"
"to lead the nation. While the Narodnik movement was gaining momentum, the government quickly moved to extirpate it. In response to the growing reaction of the government, a radical branch of the Narodniks advocated and practiced terrorism. One after another, prominent officials were shot or killed by bombs. This represented the ascendancy of anarchism in Russia as a powerful revolutionary force. Finally, after several attempts, Alexander II was assassinated by anarchists in 1881, on the very day he had approved a proposal to call a representative assembly to consider new reforms in addition to the abolition of serfdom designed to"
"as the rule of law and individual rights. It incorrectly claims that he ended the war in the Caucasus, a reference to the 1859 capture of Imam Shamil, the warlord who led longstanding resistance to Russian rule in the region. The monument also claims that Alexander freed Slavs from """"the Ottoman yoke"""", a reference to the Balkan war against Turkey in the 1870s. Monument to Alexander II (Moscow) The Monument to Alexander II, officially called the Monument to Emperor Alexander II, the Liberator Tsar, is a memorial of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, situated in the immediate surroundings of the"
"by liberal political scientist Alexander Gradovsky, who thought that Dostoevsky idolised ""the people"", and by conservative thinker Konstantin Leontiev, who, in his essay ""On Universal Love"", compared the speech to French utopian socialism. The attacks led to a further deterioration in his health. On 25 January 1881, while searching for members of the terrorist organisation Narodnaya Volya (""The People's Will"") who would soon assassinate Tsar Alexander II, the Tsar's secret police executed a search warrant in the apartment of one of Dostoevsky's neighbours. On the following day, Dostoevsky suffered a pulmonary haemorrhage. Anna denied that the search had caused it,"
"on ownership and profession. In 1881, however, the status-quo was shattered with the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, which was falsely blamed on the Jews. The assassination prompted a large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots, called pogroms throughout 1881-1884. In the 1881 outbreak, pogroms also occurred in Russia, in a riot in Warsaw twelve Jews were killed, many others were wounded, and women were raped while over two million rubles worth of property was destroyed. The new czar, Alexander III, blamed the Jews for the riots and issued a series of harsh restrictions on Jewish movements, but large numbers of pogroms"
"Ilya Ulyanov Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov (; – ) was a Russian public figure in the field of public education. He was the father of revolutionaries Vladimir Lenin, who became a Bolshevik leader and founder of the Soviet Union, and Aleksandr Ulyanov, who was executed for his attempt to assassinate Tsar Alexander III in 1886. Ilya Ulyanov was born in Astrakhan to father, Nikolai Vasilievich Ulyanov (or Ulyanin; 1765–1838), a port-city tailor and a former serf who came from Sergachsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate. He received his freedom from a landowner, Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. Ilya's mother, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova (1793–1871), was"
"also a factor. In 1881, Tsar Alexander II of Russia was assassinated, and the authorities blamed the Jews for the assassination. Consequently, in addition to the May Laws, major anti-Jewish pogroms swept the Pale of Settlement. A movement called Hibbat Zion (love of Zion) spread across the Pale (helped by Leon Pinsker's pamphlet """"), as did the similar Bilu movement. Both movements encouraged Jews to emigrate to Ottoman Palestine. Only a small minority of the 6,000 remained in Ottoman Palestine. This accounted for only about 2% of the emigrants who went to Palestine. A large majority of the Jewish emigration"
"In 1886, Ulyanov died suddenly of a brain haemorrhage while in Simbirsk, which was later renamed Ulyanovsk in honor of Lenin. Ilya Ulyanov Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov (; – ) was a Russian public figure in the field of public education. He was the father of revolutionaries Vladimir Lenin, who became a Bolshevik leader and founder of the Soviet Union, and Aleksandr Ulyanov, who was executed for his attempt to assassinate Tsar Alexander III in 1886. Ilya Ulyanov was born in Astrakhan to father, Nikolai Vasilievich Ulyanov (or Ulyanin; 1765–1838), a port-city tailor and a former serf who came from Sergachsky"
"the government and the Russian Orthodox Church restricted the travel, settlement, and educational opportunities of Jewish subjects, who were subject to discrimination and brutality. By 1879, when Cahan was still a teenager, he had associated himself with the growing radical revolutionary movement in Russia. After the Emperor Alexander II of Russia was assassinated by a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in March 1881, all revolutionary sympathizers became suspect to the Russian police. In 1882 the Russian police searched Cahan’s room for radical publications that could be linked to the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The visit from the police prompted the"