The Nice model, named for the French city, seeks to explain the formation of what?
"begun with the initial conditions of the Nice scenario best match many aspects of the observed Solar System. The crater record on the Moon and on the terrestrial planets is part of the main evidence for the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): an intensification in the number of impactors, at about 600 million years after the Solar System's formation. In the Nice model icy planetesimals are scattered onto planet-crossing orbits when the outer disc is disrupted by Uranus and Neptune causing a sharp spike of impacts by icy objects. The migration of outer planets also causes mean-motion and secular resonances to"
"(23 to 36 miles) wide. The crater from this event, if it still exists, has not yet been found. In the Nice model the Late Heavy Bombardment is the result of a dynamical instability in the outer Solar System. The original Nice model simulations by Gomes ""et al."" began with the Solar System's giant planets in a tight orbital configuration surrounded by a rich trans-Neptunian belt. Objects from this belt stray into planet crossing orbits causing the orbits of the planets to migrate over several hundred million years. Jupiter and Saturn's orbits drift apart slowly until they cross a 2:1"
"Nice Nice (, ; Niçard , classical norm, or """", nonstandard, ; ; ; ) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes ""département"". The metropolitan area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of about 1 million on an area of . Located in the French Riviera, on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of the Alps, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille. Nice is about 13"
"Notre-Dame de Nice The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Nice () is a Roman Catholic basilica situated on the in the centre of Nice, in France. It is in the Neo-Gothic architectural tradition. The basilica, built between 1864 and 1868, was designed by Louis Lenormand and is the largest church in Nice, but is not the cathedral. Inspired by Angers Cathedral, it is built in the Gothic style. Its construction was motivated by a desire to frenchify the city after the County of Nice was annexed to France from Kingdom of Sardinia, and at the time Gothic buildings were supposed to"
"belt, and the recent discovery of D-type asteroids in the inner asteroid belt. The first modifications to the Nice model were the initial positions of the giant planets. Investigations of the behavior of planets orbiting in a gas disk using hydrodynamical models reveal that the giant planets would migrate toward the Sun. If the migration continued it would have resulted in Jupiter orbiting close to the Sun like recently discovered exoplanets known as hot Jupiters. Saturn's capture in a resonance with Jupiter prevents this, however, and the later capture of the other planets results in a quadruple resonant configuration with"
"outer planets, these models offered explanations for: the populations of resonant objects in the Kuiper belt, the eccentricity of Pluto's orbit, the inclinations of the hot classical Kuiper belt objects and the retention of a scattered disk, and the low mass of Kuiper belt and the location of its outer edge near the 2:1 resonance with Neptune. However, these models failed to reproduce the eccentricities of the outer planets, leaving them with very small eccentricities at the end of the migration. In the original Nice model Jupiter and Saturn's eccentricities are excited when they cross their 2:1 resonance, destabilizing the"
"by radiation from a nearby massive OB star. An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region. The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets"
"honorary citizenship of Nice are: Nice Nice (, ; Niçard , classical norm, or """", nonstandard, ; ; ; ) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes ""département"". The metropolitan area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of about 1 million on an area of . Located in the French Riviera, on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of the Alps, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after"
"Nice appeared for the first time in a copy of the ""Regulations"" of Amadeus VIII, probably written around 1430. The Nice is symbolised by a red eagle on silver background, placed on three mountains, which can be described in French heraldic language as ""d'argent à une aigle de gueule posée sur trois coupeaux"". (""Upon silver a red eagle is displayed, posed upon three mounds."") The arms have only undergone minor changes: the eagle has become more and more stylised, it now ""wears"" a coronet for the County of Nice, and the three mountains are now surrounded by a stylised sea."
"Nice metropolitan area Nice metropolitan area () as defined by INSEE is a residential area near Nice. It has 933,020 inhabitants and an area that covers a large strip of territory from the city of Villefranche-sur-Mer to the westernmost part of the Alpes-Maritimes ""département"", including cities like Antibes, Grasse, Cannes and Cagnes-sur-Mer. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, Nice was a 20,000 inhabitants city belonging to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It grew steadily to reach 48,273 inhabitants in 1861, one year after annexation to the French Second Empire. By the end of the century, the population was over 100,000."
"giant increases, leading to secular-resonance crossings. After several hundred million years, the resonant configuration is destabilized during one of these secular-resonance crossings. Gravitational encounters between the planets similar to those in the original Nice model begin shortly thereafter. The Nice 2 model addresses some weaknesses of the original Nice model. The first weakness is the artificial selection of the initial orbits of the outer planets to produce an instability that matches the timing of the Late Heavy Bombardment. The second weakness is the sensitivity of the timing of the instability to the location of the inner edge of the planetesimal"
"of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. The Nice model is an explanation for the creation of these regions and how the outer planets could have formed in different positions and migrated"
"planet-crossing orbits. A rapid phase of divergent migration of the giant planets is initiated and continues until the disk is depleted. Dynamical friction during this phase dampens the eccentricities of Uranus and Neptune stabilizing the system. In numerical simulations of the original Nice model the final orbits of the giant planets are similar to the current Solar System. Later versions of the Nice model begin with the giant planets in a series of resonances. This change reflects some hydrodynamic models of the early Solar System. In these models, interactions between the giant planets and the gas disk result in the"
"are among the trees which give Nice a subtropical appearance. But there are also species familiar to temperate areas around the world; examples include horse chestnut, linden and even Norway spruce. Nice has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: ""Csa""), enjoying mild winters with moderate rainfall. It is one of the warmest Mediterranean climates for its latitude. Summers are warm to hot, dry, and sunny. Rainfall is rare in this season, and a typical July month only records one or two days with measurable rainfall. The temperature is typically above and frequently reaches . The climate data is recorded from the"
"tsunamis that hit the western coast of Nice; these events killed between 8 and 23 people. In February 2001, European leaders met in Nice to negotiate and sign what is now the Treaty of Nice, amending the institutions of the European Union. In 2003, local Chief Prosecutor Éric de Montgolfier alleged that some judicial cases involving local personalities had been suspiciously derailed by the local judiciary, which he suspected of having unhealthy contacts through Masonic lodges with the defendants. A controversial official report stated later that Montgolfier had made unwarranted accusations. On 14 July 2016, a truck was deliberately driven"
"be characteristically French. Its most prominent features are the two square towers 65 m high, which dominate the east front together with a large rose window featuring scenes of the Assumption of Mary. Notre-Dame de Nice The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Nice () is a Roman Catholic basilica situated on the in the centre of Nice, in France. It is in the Neo-Gothic architectural tradition. The basilica, built between 1864 and 1868, was designed by Louis Lenormand and is the largest church in Nice, but is not the cathedral. Inspired by Angers Cathedral, it is built in the Gothic style."
"Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur The Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur (French: ""communauté urbaine Nice Côte d'Azur""), is the former intercommunal structure gathering the city of Nice (France) and some of its suburbs. The Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur encompasses essentially the eastern part of the metropolitan area of Nice (see infobox at Nice article for the metropolitan area), the western communes of the metropolitan area around Cannes and Antibes having refused to join in. Those parts of the metropolitan area that are not inside the Community have formed different intercommunal structures, such as: As of the"
"the banker Raphaël Bischoffsheim. The architect was Charles Garnier, and Gustave Eiffel designed the main dome. The 76-cm (30-inch) refractor telescope that became operational in 1888 was at that time the world's largest telescope. Terra-Amata, an archaeological site dating from the Lower Palaeolithic age, is situated near Nice. Nice itself was established by the ancient Greeks. There was also an independent Roman city, Cemenelum, near Nice, where the hill of Cimiez is located. It is an archaeological site with treasures, of which only a small part has been excavated. The excavated site includes thermal baths, arenas and Roman road. Since"
"the excitation of the terrestrial planet's eccentricity, with the magnitude of the increase depending on the eccentricity of Jupiter and the time spent in the secular resonance. For the original Nice model the slow approach to Jupiter's and Saturn's 2:1 resonance results in an extended interaction of the ν5 secular resonance with Mars, driving its eccentricity to levels that can destabilize the inner Solar System, potentially leading to collisions between planets or the ejection of Mars. In later versions of the Nice model Jupiter's and Saturn's divergent migration across (or from) the 2:1 resonance is more rapid and the nearby"
"proposed to have formed more or less in its current position because the loose binaries would be unlikely to survive encounters with Neptune. Although the Nice model appears to be able to at least partially explain a compositional difference, it has also been suggested the color difference may reflect differences in surface evolution. When an object's orbital period is an exact ratio of Neptune's (a situation called a mean-motion resonance), then it can become locked in a synchronised motion with Neptune and avoid being perturbed away if their relative alignments are appropriate. If, for instance, an object orbits the Sun"
"W3C. The Nice metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $47.7 billion, and $34,480 per capita, slightly lower than the French average. The main port of Nice is also known as Lympia port. This name comes from the Lympia spring which fed a small lake in a marshy zone where work on the port was started in 1745. Today this is the principal harbour installation of Nice – there is also a small port in the Carras district. The port is the first port cement manufacturer in France, linked to the treatment plants of the rollers of the valley of"
"current location, representing the only truly local population of small bodies in the solar system. A recent modification of the Nice model has the Solar System begin with five giant planets, including an additional ice giant, in a chain of mean-motion resonances. About 400 million years after the formation of the Solar System the resonance chain is broken. Instead of being scattered into the disc, the ice giants first migrate outward several AU. This divergent migration eventually leads to a resonance crossing, destabilizing the orbits of the planets. The extra ice giant encounters Saturn and is scattered inward onto a"
"kilometres (8 miles) from the principality of Monaco, and its airport is a gateway to the principality as well. The city is nicknamed ""Nice la Belle"" (""Nissa La Bella"" in Niçard), which means ""Nice the Beautiful"", which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. The area of today's Nice contains Terra Amata, an archaeological site which displays evidence of a very early use of fire. Around 350 BC, Greeks of Marseille founded a permanent settlement and called it Nikaia, after ""Nike"", the goddess of victory. Through the ages, the town has"
"previously been understood, due to their repeated encounters with the giant planets. The libration angle and eccentricity of the simulated population also matches observations of the orbits of the Jupiter trojans. This mechanism of the Nice model similarly generates the Neptune trojans. A large number of planetesimals would have also been captured in Jupiter's mean motion resonances as Jupiter migrated inward. Those that remained in a 3:2 resonance with Jupiter form the Hilda family. The eccentricity of other objects declined while they were in a resonance and escaped onto stable orbits in the outer asteroid belt, at distances greater than"
"quickly like Saint-Laurent-du-Var, Vallauris, Le Cannet. In the 1990 census, INSEE identified two distinct aire urbaines in the département : Nice, with 539,217 inhabitants, and Cannes-Grasse-Antibes with 352,000 inhabitants. Only nine years later, with the 1999 census, the two ""aires"" merged to form French sixth aire urbaine. The table below shows the evolution of the seven most important communes parts of nowadays ""aire urbaine"" of Nice (census data). The ""aire urbaine"" consists in a narrow strip of land along the sea: long and between wide. Transportation is based on a railway line and vital A8 autoroute, built from 1966. Nice"
"the County of Nice (""Comté de Nice""). The first known hominid settlements in the Nice area date back about 400,000 years; the ""Terra Amata"" archeological site shows one of the earliest uses of fire, construction of houses, and flint findings dated to around 230,000 years ago. Nice (Nicaea) was probably founded around 350 BC by the Greeks of Massalia (Marseille), and was given the name of ""Nikaia"" (Νίκαια) in honour of a victory over the neighbouring Ligurians; Nike (Νίκη) was the Greek goddess of victory. The city soon became one of the busiest trading ports on the Ligurian coast; but"
"Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur is the ""métropole"", an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Nice. It is located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, southeastern France. It was created in December 2011, replacing the previous ""Communauté urbaine Nice Côte d'Azur"" and the communautés de communes of les stations du Mercantour, La Tinée and Vésubie-Mercantour. In 2013 the commune Coaraze left the métropole, and in 2014 the communes Bonson, Le Broc, Gattières and Gilette joined it. Its population was 544,977 in 2014, of which 347,636 in Nice proper. The 49 communes of the"
"outer asteroid belt, all spectral D-type asteroids, are the remnant planetesimals from this capture and erosion process. It has also been suggested that the dwarf planet was captured via this process. A few D-type asteroids have been recently discovered with semi-major axes less than 2.5 AU, closer than those that would be captured in the original Nice model. Any original populations of irregular satellites captured by traditional mechanisms, such as drag or impacts from the accretion disks, would be lost during the encounters between the planets at the time of global system instability. In the Nice model, the outer planets"
"five giant planets, one of which was ejected during the instability. This five-planet Nice model begins with the giant planets in a 3:2, 3:2, 2:1, 3:2 resonant chain with a planetesimal disk orbiting beyond them. Following the breaking of the resonant chain Neptune first migrates outward into the planetesimal disk reaching 28 AU before encounters between planets begin. This initial migration reduces the mass of the outer disk enabling Jupiter's eccentricity to be preserved and produces a Kuiper belt with an inclination distribution that matches observations if 20 Earth-masses remained in the planetesimal disk when that migration began. Neptune's eccentricity"
"métropole are: Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur is the ""métropole"", an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Nice. It is located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, southeastern France. It was created in December 2011, replacing the previous ""Communauté urbaine Nice Côte d'Azur"" and the communautés de communes of les stations du Mercantour, La Tinée and Vésubie-Mercantour. In 2013 the commune Coaraze left the métropole, and in 2014 the communes Bonson, Le Broc, Gattières and Gilette joined it. Its population was 544,977 in 2014, of which 347,636 in Nice proper. The 49 communes"
"The presence of the eagle, an imperial emblem, shows that these arms are related to the power of the House of Savoy. The eagle standing over the three hills is a depiction of Savoy, referring to its domination over the country around Nice. The combination of silver and red (argent and gules) is a reference to the colours of the flag of Savoy. The three mountains symbolise a territorial honour, without concern for geographic realism. Nice consists of two large bays. Villefranche-sur-Mer sits on an enclosed bay, while the main expanse of the city lies between the old port city"
"the Nice model the orbits of the giant planets became unstable years after the Solar System's formation when Jupiter and Saturn crossed their 1:2 mean-motion resonance. Encounters between planets resulted in Uranus and Neptune being scattered outward into the primordial Kuiper belt, disrupting it and throwing millions of objects inward. When Jupiter and Saturn were near their 1:2 resonance the orbits of pre-existing Jupiter trojans became unstable during a secondary resonance with Jupiter and Saturn. This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where"
"inclusion of gravitational interactions between planetesimals in the outer disk into the model. The Nice 2 model begins with the outer planets in a stable quadruple resonance with each planet in resonance with its nearest neighbors. One example among several potential stable quadruple resonance configurations is Jupiter and Saturn in a 3:2 resonance, Saturn and Uranus in a 3:2 resonance, and Uranus and Neptune in a 4:3 resonance. Interactions with an outer planetesimal disk that is gravitationally stirred by Pluto-sized objects cause the planets to migrate inward while remaining in resonance. During this migration the eccentricity of the inner ice"