German engineer Arthur Scherbius invented the first of what machines extensively used during WWII?
"formally began negotiations with Arthur Scherbius company, Chiffriermaschinen Aktien-Gessellscaft, and started production of Enigma machines for the Navy in 1925. The machine produced for the navy was not the commercial model, but had a different alphabetic keyboard as opposed to a Qwerty layout. The rotor wiring was different as well. Only three rotors could be used at a time, with five supplied, providing a greater choice of keys, hence security. Instead of twenty-six contacts, the Naval Enigma had twenty-nine; adding to the alphabet was three umlaute characters, ä, ö, ü and hence encrypted messages contained umlauted codewords. The Navy worries"
"mind and adopted a modified version of the Enigma machine in 1926, followed by the German army in 1928, and the German air force in 1935”. Combining three rotors from a set of five, the rotor settings with 26 positions, and the plug board with ten pairs of letters connected, the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 (nearly 159 quintillion) different settings. Arthur Scherbius Dr. Arthur Scherbius (30 October 1878 – 13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer, inventor and pioneer who invented the famous mechanical cipher Enigma machine. He patented the invention, and later sold the machine under the brand"
"to find their perceived weaknesses, they never constructed any themselves. The chief German cryptological machine was the Enigma machine. It was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I, was regarded as antiquated and was considered secure only when used properly, which was generally not the case later in the war. Director Fenner was instrumental in getting them introduced into use. One item alone, the variable-notch rotor () would have made the Enigma secure after 1942. The Siemens and Halske T52-E (German:Geheimschreiber) i.e. the G-Schreiber was considered a secure teleprinter. It was considered modern"
"Arthur Scherbius Dr. Arthur Scherbius (30 October 1878 – 13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer, inventor and pioneer who invented the famous mechanical cipher Enigma machine. He patented the invention, and later sold the machine under the brand name Enigma. Scherbius offered unequaled opportunities and showed the importance of cryptography to military and civil intelligence. Scherbius was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His father was a businessman. He studied electrical engineering at the Technical University Munich, and then went on to study at the University of Hanover, finishing in March 1903. The next year, he completed a"
"operator mistakes, failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures, and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that, during the war, enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and ""turned the tide"" in the Allies' favour. The German firm Scherbius & Ritter, co-founded by Arthur Scherbius, patented ideas for a cipher machine in 1918 and began marketing the finished product under the brand name ""Enigma"" in 1923, initially targeted at commercial markets. With its adoption (in slightly modified form) by the German Navy in 1926 and the German Army and Air Force soon after, the name ""Enigma"" became widely known in"
"cipher of the world and the military conversation of the Germans was optimally protected during World War II. Scherbius however couldn't experience the success of his machine. Scherbius died in a horse carriage accident in 1929. In “Turing’s Cathedral” by George Dyson it is noted that “…a cryptographic machine had been invented by the German electrical engineer Arthur Scherbius, who proposed it to the German navy, an offer that was declined. Scherbius then founded the Chiffriermaschinen Aktiengesellschaft to manufacture the machine, under the brand name Enigma, for enciphering commercial communications, such as transfers between banks. The German navy changed its"
"them around to reverse the circuitry. Unknown to Hebern, William F. Friedman of the US Army's SIS promptly demonstrated a flaw in the system that allowed the ciphers from it, and from any machine with similar design features, to be cracked with enough work. Another early rotor machine inventor was Dutchman Hugo Koch, who filed a patent on a rotor machine in 1919. At about the same time in Sweden, Arvid Gerhard Damm invented and patented another rotor design. However, the rotor machine was ultimately made famous by Arthur Scherbius, who filed a rotor machine patent in 1918. Scherbius later"
"dissertation titled ""Proposal for the Construction of an Indirect Water Turbine Governor"", and was awarded a doctorate in engineering (Dr.-Eng.). Scherbius subsequently worked for a number of electrical firms in Germany and Switzerland. In 1918, he founded the firm of Scherbius & Ritter. He made a number of inventions, e.g. asynchronous motors, electric pillows and ceramic heating parts; his research contributions led to his name being associated with the Scherbius principle for asynchronous motors. Scherbius applied for a patent (filed 23 February 1918) for a cipher machine based on rotating wired wheels, what is now known as a rotor machine."
"a modified version) in 1926. The German Army adopted the same machine (also in a modified version somewhat different from the Navy's) a few years later. Scherbius was first confronted with problems because no one showed interest or even noticed his invention. However Scherbius was convinced that his Enigma would make a market. After all the German Army was interested in a new cryptographic device because of several disappointments in the past. The serial production of the Enigma started in 1925 and the first machines came into use in 1926. Scherbius' Enigma provided the German Army with the strongest cryptographic"
"and associated encrypted messages had been so comprehensively deciphered and for such a long period of time by British Intelligence. The service realized a profound change in the way it undertook secret communications was required. The Navy cast around for new way to encrypt communication and realized they has been offered a new method 5 years before in the spring of 1918, when an inventor called Arthur Scherbius had demonstrated a sample multi-rotor machine (Rotor machine) to Naval staff. His chief point regarding the device during the demonstration was the impracticability of solving the message even if the enemy had"
"codes had been broken during World War I, adopted the Enigma to secure their communications. The ""Reichsmarine"" adopted Enigma in 1926, and the German Army began to use a different variant around 1928. The Enigma (in several variants) was the rotor machine that Scherbius's company and its successor, Heimsoth & Reinke, supplied to the German military and to such agencies as the Nazi party security organization, the ""SD"". The Poles broke the German Army Enigma beginning in December 1932, not long after it had been put into service. On July 25, 1939, just five weeks before Hitler's invasion of Poland,"
"of the war. By 1950 it had been installed at Randwick Racecourse to expedite totalisator operation. As a diversion during the war Both designed a Punch and Judy machine that showed Hitler being hit with an umbrella by Chamberlain whenever a coin was put in the slot. The money raised by the machine went to charity. With the war over Both, now based in Sydney, continued to invent. With his brother he continued to work in medical equipment, developing a humidicrib, a new concept in design for blood transfusion equipment, and an electro-encephalograph. The electro-encephalograph designed and manufactured by Both"
"(not publicly known, and reinvented independently by Bazeries around 1900). Many mechanical encryption/decryption devices were invented early in the 20th century, and several patented, among them rotor machines—famously including the Enigma machine used by the German government and military from the late 1920s and during World War II. The ciphers implemented by better quality examples of these machine designs brought about a substantial increase in cryptanalytic difficulty after WWI. Cryptanalysis of the new mechanical devices proved to be both difficult and laborious. In the United Kingdom, cryptanalytic efforts at Bletchley Park during WWII spurred the development of more efficient means"
"a mechanical engineer named Ritter and formed Chiffriermaschinen AG in Berlin before demonstrating Enigma to the public in Bern in 1923, and then in 1924 at the World Postal Congress in Stockholm. In 1927 Scherbius bought Koch's patents, and in 1928 they added a ""plugboard"", essentially a non-rotating manually rewireable fourth rotor, on the front of the machine. After the death of Scherbius in 1929, Willi Korn was in charge of further technical development of Enigma. As with other early rotor machine efforts, Scherbius had limited commercial success. However, the German armed forces, responding in part to revelations that their"
"War II, the machinery installation had: A number of accessories had been designed for these machines. For the sorting machines, two devices, the card counter () and the number finder (). The alphabetical tabulators had an attachment which had prevented the machine from printing unless there were two or more identical cards, which was useful for finding repeats. The D 11 was possibly a Hollerith machine made by a German Firm The most useful special device was the so-called ""automaton"", a rapid deciphering machine developed for use on the American Diplomatic Strip Cypher Another machine developed, a type of comparator"
"War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well. Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer. In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length"
"computers ENIAC and Whirlwind, the Ferranti Mark 1 (the first commercially available electronic computer), and UNIVAC I, also available commercially. Flowers's Colossus and its successor Colossus Mk2 were built by the British during World War II to substantially speed up the task of breaking the German high level Lorenz encryption. Using about 1,500 vacuum tubes (2,400 for Mk2), Colossus replaced an earlier machine based on relay and switch logic (the Heath Robinson). Colossus was able to break in a matter of hours messages that had previously taken several weeks; it was also much more reliable. Colossus was the first use"
"in 1928/29. The Bürsten-Messerputz-Maschine became more and more insignificant due to the availability of stainless steel. Therefore, Franz Ritter developed other appliances as an alternative to his first device. One of them – the first one – was the bread slicer B50 which was operated by hand and launched in 1932. Over the next few years, he successfully filed for patents for various other devices. When company founder Franz Ritter died in 1938, his daughter and his son in law Hans Koch took over leadership and carried on with Ritter’s work. During World War II. though, the production of household"
"World War I. The arithmometers of this period were four-operation machines; a multiplicand inscribed on the input sliders could be multiplied by a single-digit multiplier by simply pulling on a ribbon (quickly replaced by a crank handle). It was a complicated design and very few machines were built. Additionally, no machines were built between 1822 and 1844. This hiatus of 22 years coincides almost exactly with the period of time during which the British government financed the design of Charles Babbage's difference engine, which on paper was far more sophisticated than the arithmometer, but wasn’t finished at this time. In"
"his patents, and, in 1927, he assigned the rights to Arthur Scherbius, the inventor of the Enigma machine. Scherbius had developed the idea of rotor machine encryption independently from Koch, and had filed for his own patent in 1918. Bauer (1999) writes that Scherbius bought Koch's patents ""obviously not because he did not own patents before; presumably he wanted to protect his patents"". Hugo Koch Hugo Alexander Koch (9 March 1870, Delft – 3 March 1928, Düsseldorf) was a Dutch inventor who conceived of and patented an idea for machine encryption — the rotor machine, although he was not the"
"mechanical calculators, which were so big that they required the power of a steam engine to operate, and that were too sophisticated to be built in his lifetime. The first one was an ""automatic"" mechanical calculator, his difference engine, which could automatically compute and print mathematical tables. In 1855, Georg Scheutz became the first of a handful of designers to succeed at building a smaller and simpler model of his difference engine. The second one was a ""programmable"" mechanical calculator, his analytical engine, which Babbage started to design in 1834; ""in less than two years he had sketched out many"
"were taken back to the USSR following the end of World War II. Existed only as prototype. Although it was a very good design and operated smoothly, it was turned down by the army officials, so that the soldiers would not waste ammunition by firing them too fast. Franz Gebauer Franz Gebauer (Hungarian: Gebauer Ferenc) (1888–1958) was an Austrian inventor and weapons designer, including an early power-operated machine gun which actually saw service use. Gebauer was born in 1888 in Gross-Herlitz, Austria. After finishing his schooling, he worked for a German car manufacturer, and later for Puch in Graz. During"
"Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine) Heath Robinson was a machine used by British codebreakers at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park during World War II in Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. This achieved the decryption of messages in the German teleprinter cipher produced by the Lorenz SZ40/42 in-line cipher machine. Both the cipher and the machines were called ""Tunny"" by the codebreakers, who named different German teleprinter ciphers after fish. It was mainly an electro-mechanical machine, containing no more than a couple of dozen valves (vacuum tubes), and was the predecessor to the electronic Colossus computer. It"
"lack of reversible rotation in the mechanism. Accordingly, he eventually designed an entirely new machine called the Stepped Reckoner; it used his Leibniz wheels, was the first two-motion calculator, the first to use cursors (creating a memory of the first operand) and the first to have a movable carriage. Leibniz built two Stepped Reckoners, one in 1694 and one in 1706. Only the machine built in 1694 is known to exist, it was rediscovered at the end of the 19th century having been forgotten in an attic in the University of Göttingen. Leibniz had invented his namesake wheel and the"
"The device was inspired by the similar work done by Per Georg Scheutz (had the same capacity: 15-digit numbers and fourth-order differences) and has similarities with Charles Babbage's difference engine. (Scheutz machine was based on the difference engine). The device is preserved at Tekniska museet (The Technical Museum) of Sweden in Stockholm. Wiberg failed to sell his machine, and also failed to sell the output tables due to their bad looks. Apart from this invention, Wiberg invented numerous other devices and gadgets, among these a cream separator and a pulse jet engine. None of these were commercially successful. Martin Wiberg"
"the T52 was by far the most complex cipher of the three, but also because the Luftwaffe very often retransmitted Sturgeon messages using easier-to-attack (or already broken) ciphers, making it unnecessary to attack Sturgeon. Siemens and Halske T52 The Siemens & Halske T52, also known as the Geheimschreiber (""secret teleprinter""), or ""Schlüsselfernschreibmaschine"" (SFM), was a World War II German cipher machine and teleprinter produced by the electrical engineering firm Siemens & Halske. The instrument and its traffic were codenamed ""Sturgeon"" by British cryptanalysts. While the Enigma machine was generally used by field units, the T52 was an online machine used"
"such as the rotor cipher machine ENIGMA machine. It was the successor to the former Chi bureau () of the Reichswehr Ministry. The letter ""Chi"" for the Chiffrierabteilung is, contrary to what one might expect, not the Greek letter Chi, nor anything to do with the chi test, a common cryptographic test used as part of deciphering of enciphered message, and invented by Solomon Kullback, but only to the first three letters of the word Chiffrierabteilung (English:cipher department). From the early 1930s to the start of the war, Germany (Weimar Republic), has a good understanding, and indeed a lead in"
"duration of World War II in favor of manufacturing war material. However, numerous US appliance manufacturers were given permission to undertake the research and development of washers during the war years. Many took the opportunity to develop automatic machines, realizing that these represented the future for the industry. A large number of US manufacturers introduced competing automatic machines (mainly of the top-loading type) in the late 1940s and early 1950s. An improved front-loading automatic model, the Bendix Deluxe (which retailed at $249.50/£162.40, $2687.04 in 2016 dollars), was introduced in 1947. General Electric also introduced its first top loading automatic model"
"in summarizing information and, later, accounting. The results of a tabulation are electrically coupled with a sorter while displayed on clock-like dials. The concept of automated data processing had been born. In 1890, Herman Hollerith invented the mechanical tabulating machine, a design used during the 1890 Census which stored and processed demographic and statistical information on punched cards. 1890 Shredded wheat 1890 Babcock test 1890 Smoke detector 1891 Ferris wheel A Ferris wheel is a non-building structure, consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas attached to the rim. Opened on June 21, 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, the"
"manufactured by the Allies during the Second World War. The origin of the cooperation stemmed from a 1940 visit by the Aeronautical Research Committee chairman Henry Tizard that arranged to transfer U.K. military technology to the U.S. in case of the successful invasion of the U.K. that Hitler was planning as Operation Sea Lion. Tizard led a British technical mission, known as the Tizard Mission, containing details and examples of British technological developments in fields such as radar, jet propulsion and also the early British research into the atomic bomb. One of the devices brought to the U.S. by the"
"by the war's end, the first becoming operational in December 1943. Although not fully programmable, they were far more efficient than their predecessors, representing advances in electronic digital computers. The Colossus computers were developed and built by Tommy Flowers, of the Dollis Hill Post Office Research Station, using algorithms developed by W.T. Tutte and his team of mathematicians. Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz SZ42 on-line teleprinter cipher machine. Some influential figures had doubts about his proposed design for the decryption machine, and Flowers proceeded with the project while partly funding it himself. Like the"
"Library of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek) in Hanover, Germany. Several later replicas are on display, such as the one at the Deutsches Museum, Munich. Despite the mechanical flaws of the stepped reckoner, it suggested possibilities to future calculator builders. The operating mechanism, invented by Leibniz, called the ""stepped cylinder"" or ""Leibniz wheel"", was used in many calculating machines for 200 years, and into the 1970s with the Curta hand calculator. The stepped reckoner was based on a gear mechanism that Leibniz invented and that is now called a Leibniz wheel. It is unclear how many different variants of the calculator"
"barrels. The interwar years also produced the first widely used and successful general-purpose machine gun, the German MG 34. While this machine gun was equally able in the light and medium roles, it proved difficult to manufacture in quantity, and experts on industrial metalworking were called in to redesign the weapon for modern tooling, creating the MG 42. This weapon was simpler, cheaper to produce, fired faster, and replaced the MG 34 in every application except vehicle mounts, since the MG 42's barrel changing system could not be operated when it was mounted. Submachine guns evolved during the war, going"