What poison associated with indigenous people of a continent comes in the varieties of tubo, calebas and pot?
"Arrow poison Arrow poisons are used to poison arrow heads or darts for the purposes of hunting and warfare. They have been used by indigenous peoples worldwide and are still in use in areas of South America, Africa and Asia. Notable examples are the poisons secreted from the skin of the poison dart frog, and curare (or 'ampi'), a general term for a range of plant-derived arrow poisons used by the indigenous peoples of South America. Poisoned arrows have featured in mythology, notably the Greek story of Heracles slaying the centaur Nessus using arrows poisoned with the blood of the"
"toxic to many birds and other animals, the black-spined iguana (""Ctenosaura similis"") is known to eat the fruit and even live among the limbs of the tree. The tree contains 12-deoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol-6-gamma-7-alpha-oxide, hippomanins, mancinellin, and sapogenin, phloracetophenone-2,4-dimethylether is present in the leaves, while the fruits possess physostigmine. A poultice of arrowroot (""Maranta arundinacea"") was used by the Arawak and Taíno as an antidote against such poisons. The Caribs were also known to poison the water supply of their enemies with the leaves. Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León died shortly after an injury incurred in battle with the Calusa in Florida—being"
"where present are similar to oleanane. Ecdysone steroids have also been found. Some species are cyanogenic. The Menispermaceae have been used in traditional pharmacopeia and drugs have been formulated from these plants that are of great use in modern medicine. These drugs are based on alkaloids and include tubocurarine from curare, a poison used by indigenous South American tribes on their poison darts, that is obtained from species of Curarea, Chondrodendron, Sciadotenia and Telitoxicum. A similar poison was used in Asia (ipos) that was obtained from species of Anamirta, Tinospora, Coscinium and Cocculus. Tubocurarine and its synthetic derivatives are used"
"the Taíno and Arawakan peoples, with whom Christopher Columbus made contact. Fernando Ortiz, the founder of Cuban Cultural Studies, offers a detailed analysis of the use of cohoba in his important anthropological work, """". Cohoba Cohoba is an old Taíno Indian transliteration for a ceremony in which the ground seeds of the cojóbana tree were inhaled in a twin-nasal, Y-shaped pipe (also called Cohoba), producing a psychedelic effect. The cojóbana tree is believed by some to be Yopo, ""Anadenathera peregrina,"" although it may have been a generalized term for psychotropics, including the quite toxic ""Datura"" and related genera (Solanaceae). The"
"little more than 1% of alkaloids. Two of these have been identified, one called calabarine with atropine-like effects, and the other, the drug physostigmine (with the opposite effect), used in the treatment of anticholinergic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma and delayed gastric emptying. Physostigma venenosum Physostigma venenosum (the Calabar bean or ordeal bean) is the seed of a leguminous plant, a native of tropical Africa, poisonous to humans. It derives the first part of its scientific name from a curious beak-like appendage at the end of the stigma, in the centre of the flower; this appendage, though solid, was supposed to"
"Tangena Tangena is a tree (""Cerbera manghas""), indigenous to Madagascar, that produces highly toxic nuts, which were historically used on the island of Madagascar for trials by ordeal to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused party. The tradition of the tangena ordeal, which has taken various forms over time, dates to at least the 16th century in Imerina, the central highland kingdom that would eventually come to rule the population of nearly the entire island four hundred years later. It has been estimated that the poison may have been responsible for the death of as much as 2%"
"Physostigma venenosum Physostigma venenosum (the Calabar bean or ordeal bean) is the seed of a leguminous plant, a native of tropical Africa, poisonous to humans. It derives the first part of its scientific name from a curious beak-like appendage at the end of the stigma, in the centre of the flower; this appendage, though solid, was supposed to be hollow (hence the name from , a bladder, and stigma). The plant is a large, herbaceous, climbing perennial, with the stem woody at the base, up to in diameter; it has a habit like the scarlet runner, and attains a height"
"Cohoba Cohoba is an old Taíno Indian transliteration for a ceremony in which the ground seeds of the cojóbana tree were inhaled in a twin-nasal, Y-shaped pipe (also called Cohoba), producing a psychedelic effect. The cojóbana tree is believed by some to be Yopo, ""Anadenathera peregrina,"" although it may have been a generalized term for psychotropics, including the quite toxic ""Datura"" and related genera (Solanaceae). The corresponding ceremony using cohoba-laced tobacco is transliterated as cojibá. This corresponds culturally to the practice of drug-induced ""astral traveling"" so common to the Americas and elsewhere. The practice of snuffing Cohoba was popular with"
"Calciseptine Calciseptine (CaS) is a natural neurotoxin isolated from the black mamba ""Dendroaspis p. polylepis"" venom. This toxin consists of 60 amino acids with four disulfide bonds. Calciseptine specifically blocks L-type calcium channels, but not other voltage-dependent Ca channels such as N-type and T-type channels. The black mamba (""Dendroaspis polylepis"") is generally considered to be one of the deadliest snakes on the planet, and is responsible for many fatalities throughout its sub-Saharan Africa range. Without treatment, the bite of a Black Mamba causes a 100% mortality rate. The venom of the Black Mamba consists of more than 28 peptides. One"
"To avoid poisoning, it is advised to: In Central America, the seeds of the bottle gourd are toasted and ground with other ingredients (including rice, cinnamon, and allspice) to make the drink ""horchata"". (The calabash tree, ""Crescentia cujete"", is known locally as ""morro"" or ""jícaro""; it is another type of ""calabash""). In Colombia and Venezuela, the calabash tree is known as a ""taparo"" or ""totumo"" (it is also another kind of ""calabash"" plant). The calabash is frequently used in southern Chinese cuisine in either a stir-fry dish or a soup. The Mandarin name for calabash is ""hulu"" () or ""huzi"""
"a pale yellow non-edible oil, called ""argemone oil"" or ""katkar oil"", which contains the toxic alkaloids sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. Four quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine, have been isolated from the whole plant of ""Argemone mexicana"". The seed pods secrete a pale yellow latex when cut open. This argemone resin contains berberine and protopine. The seeds resemble the seeds of ""Brassica nigra"" (mustard). As a result, mustard can be adulterated by argemone seeds, rendering it poisonous. Several significant instances of katkar poisoning have been reported in India, Fiji, South Africa and other countries. The last major outbreak in"
"contained all three compounds when fresh, but found only bufotenin in the beans after only two years of storage. When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic ""chichas"" (maize beer). Moderate doses are unpleasant, producing nausea and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in bilca tauri, an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month. Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous. Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ""Banisteriopsis caapi"", an herb"
"enter into the herbalists' pharmacopeia. In the American Old West, the Western white clematis, ""Clematis ligusticifolia"", was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers, who took a tip from Spanish colonials and used seeds and the acrid leaves of ""yerba de chivato"" as a pepper substitute. The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike black pepper or ""Capsicum"", however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. ""C. ligusticifolia"" is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a good idea"
"to the rainforests of South America. Certain peoples indigenous to the region - notably the Macusi - crush and cook the roots and stems of these and certain other plants and then mix the resulting decoction with various other plant poisons and animal venoms to create a syrupy liquid in which to dip their arrow heads and the tips of their blowgun darts. Curare has also been used medicinally by South Americans to treat madness, dropsy, edema, fever, kidney stones, and bruises. Curare acts as a neuromuscular blocking agent which induces flaccid paralysis. This poison binds to the acetylcholine (ACh)"
"Phyllobates Phyllobates is a genus of poison dart frogs native to Central and South America, from Nicaragua to Colombia. ""Phyllobates"" contains the most poisonous species of frog, the golden poison frog (""P. terribilis""). They are typical of the poison dart frogs, in that all species have bright warning coloration (aposematism), and have varying degrees of toxicity. Only species of ""Phyllobates"" are used by natives of South American tribes as sources of poison for their hunting darts. The most toxic of the many poisonous alkaloids these frogs emit from their skins is batrachotoxin, alongside a wide variety of other toxic compounds."
"been introduced to Hawaii and other tropical locations as an ornamental. The leaves and the fruits contain the potent cardiac glycoside cerberin, which is extremely poisonous if ingested. People in olden times used the sap of the tree as a poison for animal hunting. In Madagascar, the seeds were used in ordeals called ""tangena"", with often deadly results. The fruit was reportedly eaten to commit suicide in the Marquesas Islands, (Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific Island Seashore). In Hawaii Cerbera manghas is sometimes called ""suicide apple"". Because of its deadly poisonous seeds, the genus name is derived"
"to ensure good drainage and aeration around the roots, together with shade from strong sun. Pests are those of ""Scadoxus"" generally. The genus ""Scadoxus"" is known to have some strongly toxic species, containing poisonous alkaloids. These are lethal to animals, such as sheep and goats, that graze on the plants. ""Scadoxus cinnabarinus"" has been used in parts of tropical Africa as a component of arrow poisons and fish poisons. It is also used in traditional medicine. Scadoxus cinnabarinus Scadoxus cinnabarinus is a herbaceous plant from tropical rainforest in Africa. It is native to Western and Central Africa from Sierra Leone"
"venereal disease (a rotting thigh). Some cultures, such as the Efik Uburutu people of present-day Nigeria, would administer the poisonous Calabar bean (""Physostigma venenosum""; known as ""esere"" in Efik) in an attempt to detect guilt. A defendant who vomited up the bean was innocent. A defendant who became ill or died was considered guilty. Residents of Madagascar could accuse one another of various crimes, including theft, Christianity, and especially witchcraft, for which the ordeal of ""tangena"" was routinely obligatory. In the 1820s, ingestion of the poisonous nut caused about 1,000 deaths annually. This average rose to around 3,000 annual deaths"
"used it externally for rheumatism and swelling. The Penobscot people smoked the dried leaves as a substitute for tobacco. It may also have been chewed. As a member of the genus ""Lobelia"", it is considered to be potentially toxic. Symptoms of ingestion of large quantities include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, exhaustion and weakness, dilation of pupils, convulsions, and coma. The plant contains a number of toxic alkaloids including lobelamine and lobeline. Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia cardinalis (syn. ""L. fulgens"", cardinal flower) is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae native to the Americas, from southeastern Canada south through"
"mammals comes from inhaling the powdered root or root extract. Deguelia utilis Deguelia utilis, syn. ""Lonchocarpus utilis"" (cubé, (common) lancepod or barbasco) is plant species in the Fabaceae family. It is native to the tropical forests of Peru, as well as of Brazil and Guyana, growing from above sea level. Cubé resin, the root extract from cubé and from barbasco (""Lonchocarpus urucu""), is used as a commercial insecticide and piscicide (fish poison). The major active ingredients are rotenone and deguelin. Although ""organic"" (produced by nature) rotenone is no longer considered an environmentally safe chemical. Cubé is toxic to insects, fish,"
"revealed that synthetic calciseptine and FS2 as well, have the same effect as their natural counterparts. Calciseptine Calciseptine (CaS) is a natural neurotoxin isolated from the black mamba ""Dendroaspis p. polylepis"" venom. This toxin consists of 60 amino acids with four disulfide bonds. Calciseptine specifically blocks L-type calcium channels, but not other voltage-dependent Ca channels such as N-type and T-type channels. The black mamba (""Dendroaspis polylepis"") is generally considered to be one of the deadliest snakes on the planet, and is responsible for many fatalities throughout its sub-Saharan Africa range. Without treatment, the bite of a Black Mamba causes a"
"In the Southeastern United States, sheep and cattle straying into woodland and grazing ""Kalmia latifolia"" have been known to suffer from its toxic effects. Bane (plant) The term bane (from , meaning ""thing causing death, poison""), in botany, is an archaic element in the common names of plants known to be toxic or poisonous. In the Middle Ages, several poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum were thought to have or prophylactic qualities, repelling and protecting against that which they were ""banes"" to (e.g. ""Henbane"", ""Wolfsbane""). There is no single species, genus, or family of poisonous plant exclusively referred to as"
"found in East Africa, have similar leaves and flowers and are equally toxic. The toxicity of the plant makes it the center of an urban legend documented on several continents and over more than a century. Often told as a true and local event, typically an entire family, or in other tellings a group of scouts, succumbs after consuming hot dogs or other food roasted over a campfire using oleander sticks. Some variants tell of this happening to Napoleon's or Alexander the Great's soldiers. There is an ancient account mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, who described"
"serpentina"" which contains reserpine was a common medicine in India around 1000 BC. Africans used the roots of the perennial rainforest shrub Iboga, which contain ibogaine, as a stimulant. An infusion of Calabar bean seeds was given to people accused of crime in Nigeria: its rejection by stomach was regarded as a sign of innocence, otherwise, the person was killed via the action of physostigmine, which is present in the plant and which causes paralysis of the heart and lungs. Consumption of rye and related cereals contaminated with the fungus ""Claviceps purpurea"" causes ergot poisoning and ergotism in humans and"
"it is also considered a variety of Deguelia rufescens: ""Deguelia rufescens var. urucu"" (Killip & A.C.Sm.) A.M.G.Azeved. Barbasco is toxic to insects, fish, and other pets. The primary threat to humans and other mammals comes from inhaling the powdered root or root extract. It has been used by the Shuar people of Ecuador and the Nukak people of Colombia as a poison for fishing. Lonchocarpus urucu Lonchocarpus urucu, or barbasco, is plant in the Fabaceae family. It is native to the tropical forests of Peru, as well as of Brazil and Guyana, growing from above sea level. It was also"
"antihypertensive. The root contains even higher concentrations than the aerial parts. The plant was used by some tribes to elect a new leader. All the candidates would eat the root, and the last to start vomiting would become the new leader. Veratrum viride Veratrum viride, known as Indian poke, Indian hellebore, false hellebore, green false hellebore or giant false-helleborine, is a species of ""Veratrum"" native to eastern and western (but not central) North America. It is extremely toxic, and is considered a pest plant by farmers with livestock. The species has acquired a large number of other common names within"
"Deguelia utilis Deguelia utilis, syn. ""Lonchocarpus utilis"" (cubé, (common) lancepod or barbasco) is plant species in the Fabaceae family. It is native to the tropical forests of Peru, as well as of Brazil and Guyana, growing from above sea level. Cubé resin, the root extract from cubé and from barbasco (""Lonchocarpus urucu""), is used as a commercial insecticide and piscicide (fish poison). The major active ingredients are rotenone and deguelin. Although ""organic"" (produced by nature) rotenone is no longer considered an environmentally safe chemical. Cubé is toxic to insects, fish, and other pets. The primary threat to humans and other"
"Kichua people in Ecuador. In the three aforementioned countries, guayusa is used in the preparation of artisanal alcoholic drinks. In Ecuador, white and mestizo population make a drink based on guayusa. Guayusa leaves contain caffeine (1.73–3.48 %), theobromine and other dimethylxanthines (among them paraxanthine and theophylline). Guayusa leaves also contain L-theanine, gallic acid, guanidine, isobutyric acid, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, choline, pyridoxine, triterpenes, chlorogenic acid and sugars among other compounds. Ilex guayusa Ilex guayusa ( or ) is a species of tree of the holly genus, native to the Amazon Rainforest. One of three known caffeinated holly trees, the"
"parts of the plant are rich in the potent neurotoxin glabrin, causing convulsions in most animals, and leading to its use as a fish poison. Extracts from the leaves are used for treating skin diseases. The protein methionine sulfoximine is common in the family Connaraceae and other toxic compounds have yet to be identified. The roots of some ""Connarus"" species are known to contain the glycosides rapanon, embelin and bergenin. Cnestis polyphylla Cnestis polyphylla, or itch pod, is a liane or scrambling shrub belonging to the family Connaraceae and occurring south from Kenya in East Tropical Africa through Mozambique and"
"found in the plant are toxic generally to dogs and cats. The leaves of yerba mate, also in the genus ""Ilex"", are used to make a caffeinated beverage, called mate or Paraguayan tea. In traditional medicine, holly is supposed to be diuretic, a relief from fever, and a laxative. Between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, before the introduction of turnips, ""Ilex aquifolium"" was cultivated for use as winter fodder for cattle and sheep. Less spiny varieties of holly were preferred, and in practice the leaves growing near the top of the tree have far fewer spines, making them more suitable"
"theorized to be black drink rituals, including what some anthropologists have interpreted as vomit issuing from the mouths of mythological beings. Pottery samples recovered from sites in modern Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico have tested positive for the ratio of methylxanthines associated with those produced by ""Ilex vomitoria"". The same study also identified methylxanthines ratios associated with ""Theobroma cacao"". Neither plants are native to the areas from which the pottery samples were recovered, which suggests trading between areas where those plants are native. The chemical analysis also suggests a possible increase in drinks prepared from cacao after the year"
"is poisoned by gelsemine. Gelsemine Gelsemine (CHNO) is an indole alkaloid isolated from flowering plants of the genus ""Gelsemium"", a plant native to the subtropical and tropical Americas, and southeast Asia, and is a highly toxic compound that acts as a paralytic, exposure to which can result in death. It has generally potent activity as an agonist of the mammalian glycine receptor, the activation of which leads to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in neurons following chloride ion influx, and systemically, to muscle relaxation of varying intensity and deleterious effect. Despite its danger and toxicity, recent pharmacological research has suggested that"
"Lapacho Lapacho or Taheebo is herbal tea made from the inner bark of the Pau d'arco tree ""Handroanthus impetiginosus"". Lapacho is used in the herbal medicine of several South and Central American indigenous peoples to treat a number of ailments including infection, fever and stomach complaints. The active ingredients such as lapachol have been found to possess significant abortifacient and reproductive toxicity effects for rats. Taheebo is the common name for the inner bark of the Red or Purple Lapacho tree. This tree grows high in the Andes of the South American rainforest. The Red Lapacho's purple-colored inner bark was"