Which influential 19th century work on military strategy by Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz is prescribed at various military academies to this day?
"and theoretical writings, though not his shorter articles and papers or his extensive correspondence with important political, military, intellectual and cultural leaders in the Prussian state. ""On War"" is formed by the first three volumes and represents his theoretical explorations. It is one of the most important treatises on political-military analysis and strategy ever written, and remains both controversial and influential on strategic thinking. Clausewitz was among those intrigued by the manner in which the leaders of the French Revolution, especially Napoleon, changed the conduct of war through their ability to motivate the populace and gain access to the full"
"by the famous Prussian political-military theorist Carl von Clausewitz, ""Feldzug von 1815: Strategische Uebersicht des Feldzugs von 1815"", Written ""c."" 1827, this study was Clausewitz's last such work and is widely considered to be the best example of Clausewitz's mature theories concerning such studies. It attracted the attention of Wellington's staff, who prompted him to write his only published essay on the campaign (other than his immediate, official after-action reports (such as the """"), his 1842 ""Memorandum on the Battle of Waterloo"". This exchange with Clausewitz was quite famous in Britain in the 19th century (it was heavily discussed in,"
"major general. Clausewitz served in the Rhine Campaigns (1793–1794) including the Siege of Mainz, when the Prussian army invaded France during the French Revolution, and fought in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815. He entered the ""Kriegsakademie"" (also cited as ""The German War School"", the ""Military Academy in Berlin"", and the ""Prussian Military Academy"") in Berlin in 1801 (aged 21), probably studied the writings of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief-of-staff of the newly reformed Prussian Army (appointed 1809). Clausewitz, Hermann von Boyen (1771–1848) and Karl von Grolman"
"that are usually considered the most famous classics on warfare Sun Tzu's ""The Art of War"" and Clausewitz' ""On War"" seem to have diametrically opposed views on the matter. Sun Tzu greatly emphasizes military deception and considers it the key to victory. Clausewitz on the other hand argues that a commander has a foggy idea of what is going on anyway and that creating some sort of false appearance, particularly on a large scale, is costly and can only be acceptable from a cost-benefit-analysis point of view under special circumstances. As a more modern example, British military writer John Keegan"
"Sun-Tzu managed to convince the King of that era that he knew how to train soldiers and proceeded to demonstrate by training the King’s concubines. One reason ""The Art of War"" has become so famous is that Asia is becoming an economic powerhouse. By understanding the concepts given, businessmen can better understand the way businesses are managed in countries such as China, Japan and Korea. Furthermore, Sun Tzu’s work is shorter and uses less jargon than the works of other strategists such as Clausewitz. Carl Von Clausewitz (1780-1831) was a Prussian military theorist and strategist who was known for his"
"""According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans."" Carl von Clausewitz, in his book ""Vom Kriege"" (On War) published in 1832, and Antoine Henri Jomini in his book, ""Precis de l'Art de Guerre"", published in 1838, developed theories of warfare based on the concepts and methods used during the Napoleonic Wars. Clausewitz's approach was more theoretical than that of Jomini. Colonel Ardant du Picq, a French infantry officer who was killed in the Franco-Prussian War, prepared drafts based on his observations of military history which became the book ""Battle Studies"". In it two of Du Picq's observations stand"
"Military strategy Military strategy is a set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals. Derived from the Greek word ""strategos"", the term strategy, when it appeared in use during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow sense as the ""art of the general"", or ""'the art of arrangement"" of troops. Military strategy deals with the planning and conduct of campaigns, the movement and disposition of forces, and the deception of the enemy. The father of Western modern strategic studies, Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831), defined military strategy as ""the employment of battles to gain the end"
"inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era. Clausewitz's work is still studied today, demonstrating its continued relevance. More than sixteen major English-language books that focused specifically on his work were published between 2005 and 2014, whereas his 19th-century rival Jomini faded from influence. The historian Lynn Montross said the outcome, ""may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy. The one has been outdated by new weapons, the other still influences the strategy behind those weapons."" Jomini did not attempt to define war but Clausewitz did, providing (and dialectically comparing) a number"
"on to gain a European focus with Carl von Clausewitz’s ""On War"". Like Clausewitz, many academics in this field reject monocausal theories and hypotheses that reduce the study of conflict to one independent variable and one dependent variable. Already in the late eighteenth century, a colourful mathematician named Dietrich Heinrich von Bülow attempted to establish mathematical formulae for the conduct of war. Carl von Clausewitz rejected Bülow’s approach and his popular claim that warfare could be reduced to positivist, teachable principles of war. Instead of formulae, we find Clausewitz stressing, time and again, that the whole purpose of educating the"
"of our times, the medieval era or the antiquity. One of the greatest military theorists of the 19th century, Carl von Clausewitz pointed that a good commander must have the following qualities: he has to be courageous, determined but not stubborn, he had to have presence of mind in dangerous situations to take quick but correct decisions, the straight eye of a military commander, thoughtfulness, ability of orientation, imagination, to take quickly, from the many contradictory informations, the correct decision, and finally an intellect which can synthesize all these qualities and abilities. During the Winter Campaign, when he was the"
"strategy books such as ""The Art of War"" by Sun Tzu, ""On War"" by von Clausewitz, and ""The Red Book"" by Mao Zedong became business classics. From Sun Tzu, they learned the tactical side of military strategy and specific tactical prescriptions. From von Clausewitz, they learned the dynamic and unpredictable nature of military action. From Mao, they learned the principles of guerrilla warfare. Important marketing warfare books include ""Business War Games"" by Barrie James, ""Marketing Warfare"" by Al Ries and Jack Trout and ""Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun"" by Wess Roberts. The four types of business warfare theories are:"
"academic career, he published a study of the modern French theory of political-military warfare, ""French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria"" (New York, 1966), and an expanded version of his dissertation, ""Yorck and the Era of Prussian Reform"" (Princeton, 1966), a work combining ideological analysis with the study of operational and tactical doctrine, and prepared the context for his growing interest in the ideas and life of Clausewitz, who as a young officer was an active member of the Prussian reform movement. In 1969, after a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Paret was appointed"
"in 1920). Other works are ""Die Perserkriege und die Burgunderkriege"" (The Persian and Burgundian Wars, 1887), ""Die Strategie des Perikles erläutert durch die Strategie Friedrichs des Grossen"" (The Strategy of Pericles Described Through the Strategy of Frederick the Great, 1890) and ""Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen Neithardt von Gneisenau"" (Life of Marshal Count Neithardt von Gneisenau, 1894). Delbrück was born in Bergen on the island of Rügen; he studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Bonn. As a soldier, he fought in the Franco-Prussian War and in 1874, he became for some years tutor to Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868–1879)"
"Christopher Bassford Christopher Bassford (born 1953) is an American military historian, best known for his works on the Prussian military philosopher Carl von Clausewitz. Bassford graduated from the College of William and Mary with a degree in history and honors for his dissertation on tactical nuclear weapons and completed his MA in American diplomatic history at Ohio University. Subsequent to receiving his MA, he served five years on active duty as a U.S. Army field artillery officer, with tours in Korea and Germany. He completed a Ph.D. in modern European history at Purdue University and became director of studies in"
"of the best books of the year by The Times Literary Supplement. Azar Gat started his career focusing on military history and strategy, exemplified in his 1989 book ""The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz"", a book frequently cited especially in relation to Carl von Clausewitz. Over the years he has broadened his scope to include causes, especially the prehistoric causes of war. In conclusion, let us understand more closely the evolutionary calculus that can make the highly dangerous activity of fighting over resources worthwhile. In our societies of plenty, it might be difficult to comprehend how"
"century and the beginning of the 21st century have seen many instances of state armies attempting to suppress insurgencies, terrorism, and other forms of asymmetrical warfare. Clausewitz did not focus solely on wars between countries with well-defined armies. The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by ""non-state actors"", such as the wars in the French Vendée and in Spain. Clausewitz wrote a series of “Lectures on Small War” and studied the rebellion in the Vendée (1793–1796) and the Tyrolean uprising of 1809. In his famous “Bekenntnisdenkschrift” of 1812, he called for a"
"doctrine, authoring ""MCDP 1-1, Strategy""; ""MCDP 1-2, Campaigning""; ""MCWP 5-1, Marine Corps Planning"" (Draft); ""MCWP 2-15.3, Ground Reconnaissance Operations""; and ""MCWP 3-2, Aviation Operations"", as well as participating in the writing of several other USMC and Joint concepts and doctrinal publications. His academic articles include: His on-line books include: Bassford is the editor of The Clausewitz Homepage, an educational website that focuses on the German military philosopher Carl von Clausewitz. Bassford's own work on Clausewitz concentrates on the evolution of Clausewitz's reception, reputation, and impact in the English-speaking world. He is interested in the relationship between Clausewitzian theory, concepts from"
"the field of nonlinear science, and modern evolutionary theory. Christopher Bassford Christopher Bassford (born 1953) is an American military historian, best known for his works on the Prussian military philosopher Carl von Clausewitz. Bassford graduated from the College of William and Mary with a degree in history and honors for his dissertation on tactical nuclear weapons and completed his MA in American diplomatic history at Ohio University. Subsequent to receiving his MA, he served five years on active duty as a U.S. Army field artillery officer, with tours in Korea and Germany. He completed a Ph.D. in modern European history"
"von Clausewitz (1780–1831) was the most important German military theorist; he stressed the moral and political aspects of war. Clausewitz espoused a romantic or Hegelian conception of warfare, stressing the dialectic of how opposite factors interact, and noting how unexpected new developments unfolding under the ""fog of war"" called for rapid decisions by alert commanders. Clausewitz saw history as a complex check on abstractions that did not accord with experience. In opposition to his great rival Antoine-Henri Jomini he argued war could not be quantified or graphed or reduced to mapwork and graphs. Clausewitz had many aphorisms, of which the"
"the same house in which Goltz had died. From the 1870s until World War I, Baron von der Goltz was more widely read by British and American military leaders than Clausewitz. In addition to many contributions to military periodicals, he wrote ""Kriegführung"" (1895), later titled ""Krieg und Heerführung"", 1901 (""The Conduct of War"" [lit. ""War and Army-Leadership""]); ""Der Thessalische Krieg"" (""The War in Greece"", 1898); ""Ein Ausflug nach Macedonien"" (1894) (""A Journey through Macedonia""); ""Anatolische Ausflüge"" (1896) (""Anatolian Travels""); a map and description of the environs of Constantinople; ""Von Jena bis Pr. Eylau"" (1907) (""From Jena to Eylau""). Colmar Freiherr"
"praised, it has also received some criticism. The work, now available in five English-language editions, has been repeatedly reprinted. Paret's recent article, “Translation, Literal or Accurate,” in ""The Journal of Military History"", July 2014, outlines the principles he and Howard followed in converting Clausewitz's early 19th century German into modern English – principles of translation that also apply to Paret's and Daniel Moran's subsequent translations of Clausewitz's ""Historical and Political Writings"" (Princeton, 1992). A related project was Paret's new edition of ""Makers of Modern Strategy"" (Princeton, 1986), which retained three essays from the 1943 original, revised four others, and added"
"was a prerequisite for appointment to the ""Prussian General Staff"" (later the German General Staff). Carl von Clausewitz enrolled as one of its first students in 1801 (before it was renamed), while other attendees included Field Marshals von Steinmetz, von Moltke, and von Blumenthal in the 1820s and 1830s. Ernst Emile Von Lorenz, who served as a United States Army Commander in 1889, was a graduate, as was US Army Colonel Albert Coady Wedemeyer, who served in World War II. The ""Staff College"" restructured after World War I and dissolved following World War II. Prussian Staff College The Prussian Staff"
"the strategic wisdom of the army. Delbrück had introduced ""Quellenkritik/Sachkritik"" (source criticism) developed by Leopold von Ranke, into the study of military history and attempted a reinterpretation of (On War). Delbrück wrote that Clausewitz had intended to divide strategy into (strategy of annihilation) or (strategy of exhaustion) but had died in 1830 before he could revise the book. Delbrück wrote that Frederick the Great had used during the Seven Years' War because eighteenth century armies were small and made up of professionals and pressed men. The professionals were hard to replace and the conscripts would run away if the army"
"for the popular press. He is the author of several books, including ""Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945"" and ""The Spit-Shine Syndrome: Organizational Irrationality in the American Field Army"". He is one of the editors of the Boston Consulting Group's business-oriented ""Clausewitz On Strategy: Inspiration and Insight from a Master Strategist"" and Carl von Clausewitz and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, ""On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815"", ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Daniel Moran, and Gregory W. Pedlow (Clausewitz.com, 2010). From 1995 to 1999 he was involved in the writing of USMC"
"the theory and nature of war at the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) Command and Staff College, then associate professor of National Policy Issues at the U.S. Army War College. He was Professor of Strategy at the National War College (NWC), in Washington, D.C., from 1999 until 2012, when he joined the faculty of the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) as part of the JSOMA program supporting U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). He is the webeditor of The Clausewitz Homepage, a large educational website that has been on-line since 1995. Bassford has written scholarly studies, military doctrine, and articles"
"pursued in real life. Absolute war The concept of absolute war was a theoretical construct developed by the Prussian military theorist General Carl von Clausewitz in his famous but unfinished philosophical exploration of war, ""Vom Kriege"" (in English, ""On War"", 1832). It is discussed only in the first half of Book VIII (there are only a couple of references to it elsewhere) and it does not appear in sections of the text written later. This indicates that it was an experiment that failed and was meant to be dropped. The notion of an ""absolute form of war"" is very clearly"
"lists ""The Art of War"" as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. ""The Art of War"" is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. According to some authors, the strategy of deception from ""The Art of War"" was studied and widely used by the KGB: ""I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness"". The book is widely"
"more as a historian and analyst than as a theorist. See for example Wellington's extended essay discussing Clausewitz's study of the Campaign of 1815—Wellington's only serious written discussion of the battle, which was widely discussed in 19th-century Britain. Clausewitz's broader thinking came to the fore following Britain's military embarrassments in the Boer War (1899–1902). One example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era is Spenser Wilkinson, journalist, the first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, and perhaps the most prominent military analyst in Britain from c. 1885 until well into the interwar period. Another is naval historian"
"is intended as military instruction, and not as military theory, but has had a huge influence on Asian military doctrine, and from the late 19th century, on European and United States military planning. It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and political areas. The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on military campaigning. Among the best-known Roman works are Julius Caesar's commentaries on the Gallic Wars, and the Roman Civil war – written about 50 BC. Two major works on tactics come from the late Roman period: ""Taktike Theoria"" by"
"tools to enable him or her to evaluate doctrine and strategy. It begins with a survey of classical strategic theory from Sun Tzu to Clausewitz. Next the course examines modern strategic theory, including modern theories that underpin current service and joint doctrine. The module also looks at the notion of strategic culture and ends with a discussion of current operational theory and the role of theory and doctrine in practice. In this module students study the practice of the strategic art from the Peloponnesian Wars to the Global War on Terrorism. Students will discuss critical themes, which help explain victory"
"resources of the state, thus unleashing war on a greater scale than had previously been seen in Europe. Clausewitz was well educated and had strong interests in art, history, science, and education. He was a professional soldier who spent a considerable part of his life fighting against Napoleon. The insights he gained from his political and military experiences, combined with a solid grasp of European history, provided the basis for the book. The book contains a wealth of historical examples used to illustrate its various concepts. Frederick II of Prussia (the Great) figures prominently for having made very efficient use"
"of those activities imply faster movement than the enemy as well as faster reaction times to enemy activities. His use of fast mass marches to gain strategic advantage, cavalry probes and screens to hide his movements and deliberate movement to gain psychological advantage by isolating forces from each other and their headquarters are all hallmarks of maneuver warfare. One of his major concerns was the relatively slow speed of infantry movement relative to the cavalry. It was this and later defeats that caused a major doctrinal re-evaluation by the Prussians under Carl von Clausewitz of the revealed power of maneuver"
"vital at the Battles of Leipzig (1813) and Waterloo (1815). Later staff officers were impressed with the simultaneous operations of separate groups of the Prussian Army. The Iron Cross was introduced as a military decoration by King Frederick William III in 1813. After the publication of his ""On War"", Clausewitz became a widely studied philosopher of war. The German General Staff, which developed out of meetings of the Great Elector with his senior officers and the informal meeting of the Napoleonic Era reformers, was formally created in 1814. In the same year Boyen and Grolman drafted a law for universal"