Renal calculus is not a branch of mathematics but a fancy name for what painful affliction?
"volume that stretches the walls of the calyces. This causes them to fire impulses which stimulate rhythmical contraction and relaxation, called peristalsis. Parasympathetic innervation enhances the peristalsis while sympathetic innervation inhibits it. A ""staghorn calculus"" is a kidney stone that may extend into the renal calyces. A renal diverticulum is diverticulum of renal calyces. Renal calyx The renal calyces are chambers of the kidney through which urine passes. The minor calyces surround the apex of the renal pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a renal papilla at the apex into the minor calyx; two or three minor calyces"
"The kidney is a very complex organ and mathematical modelling has been used to better understand kidney function at several scales, including fluid uptake and secretion. Kidney disease is an abnormal structure, function or process in the kidney(s). Nephrosis is non-inflammatory nephropathy and nephritis is inflammatory kidney disease. Nephrology is the speciality that deals with kidney function and disease. Medical terms related to the kidneys commonly use terms such as ""renal"" and the prefix ""nephro-"". The adjective ""renal"", meaning related to the kidney, is from the Latin ""rēnēs"", meaning kidneys; the prefix ""nephro-"" is from the Ancient Greek word for"
"the floor of the bladder. The care of this disease was forbidden to the physicians that had taken the Hippocratic Oath because Calculus (medicine) A calculus (plural calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body. Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis (). Stones can cause a number of medical conditions. Some common principles (below) apply to stones at any location, but for specifics see the particular stone type in question. Calculi are not to be confused with gastroliths. Calculi are usually asymptomatic, and large"
"via acoustical pulses, and this technique has since come into widespread use. ""Renal calculus"" is from the Latin ""rēnēs"" meaning ""kidneys,"" and ""calculus"" meaning ""pebble"". Lithiasis (stone formation) in the kidneys is called nephrolithiasis (), from ""nephro-"" meaning kidney + ""-lith"" meaning stone and ""-iasis"" meaning disorder. Crystallization of calcium oxalate appears to be inhibited by certain substances in the urine that retard the formation, growth, aggregation, and adherence of crystals to renal cells. By purifying urine using salt precipitation, isoelectric focusing, and size-exclusion chromatography, some researchers have found that calgranulin, a protein formed in the kidney, is a potent"
"Calculus (medicine) A calculus (plural calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body. Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis (). Stones can cause a number of medical conditions. Some common principles (below) apply to stones at any location, but for specifics see the particular stone type in question. Calculi are not to be confused with gastroliths. Calculi are usually asymptomatic, and large calculi may have required many years to grow to their large size. In kidney stones, calcium oxalate is the most common mineral"
"most common sites of renal calculus obstruction: The ureter has an arterial supply which varies along its course. Within the periureteral adventitia these arteries extensively anastomose thus permitting surgical mobilization of the ureter without compromising the vascular supply as long as the adventitia is not stripped. Lymphatic and venous drainage mostly parallels that of the arterial supply. The ureters are richly innervated by nerves that travel alongside the blood vessels, building the ureteric plexus. The primary sensation to the ureters is provided by nerves that come from T12-L2 segments of the spinal cord. Thus pain may be referred to the"
"Renal angina Renal angina is a clinical methodology to risk stratify patients for the development of persistent and severe acute kidney injury (AKI). The composite of risk factors and early signs of injury for AKI, renal angina is used as a clinical adjunct to help optimize the use of novel AKI biomarker testing. The term ""angina"" from Latin (“infection of the throat”) and from the Greek ""ẚnkhone"" (“strangling”) are utilized in the context of AKI to denote the development of injury and the choking off of kidney function. Unlike angina pectoris, commonly caused due to ischemia of the heart muscle"
"Acalculia Acalculia is an acquired impairment in which patients have difficulty performing simple mathematical tasks, such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and even simply stating which of two numbers is larger. Acalculia is distinguished from dyscalculia in that acalculia is acquired late in life due to neurological injury such as stroke, while dyscalculia is a specific developmental disorder first observed during the acquisition of mathematical knowledge. The name comes from the Greek ""a"" meaning ""not"" and Latin ""calculare"", which means ""to count"". The term ""acalculia"" was coined by Henschen in 1925; it refers to the decrease in cognitive capacity for calculation"
"Neuralgia Neuralgia (Greek ""neuron"", ""nerve"" + ""algos"", ""pain"") is pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves, as in intercostal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Under the general heading of neuralgia are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), occipital neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes). The term ""neuralgia"" is also used to refer to pain associated with sciatica and brachial plexopathy. Atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN) is a rare form of neuralgia and may also be the most misdiagnosed form. The symptoms can be mistaken for migraines, dental problems such as temporomandibular joint"
"Dysuria In medicine, specifically urology, dysuria refers to painful urination. Difficult urination is also sometimes, but rarely, described as dysuria. It is one of a constellation of ""irritative"" bladder symptoms (also sometimes referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms), which includes nocturia and urinary frequency. This is typically described to be a burning or stinging sensation. It is most often a result of a urinary tract infection. It may also be due to an STD, bladder stones, bladder tumors, and virtually any condition of the prostate. It can also occur as a side effect of anticholinergic medication used for Parkinson's"
"Rhinolith A rhinolith is a calculus present in the nasal cavity. The word is derived from the roots ""rhino-"" and ""-lith"", literally meaning ""nose stone"". It is an uncommon medical phenomenon, not to be confused with dried nasal mucus. A rhinolith usually forms around the nucleus of a small exogenous foreign body, blood clot or secretion by slow deposition of calcium and magnesium salts. Over a period of time, they grow into large irregular masses that fill the nasal cavity. They may cause pressure necrosis of the nasal septum or lateral wall of nose. Rhinoliths can cause nasal obstruction, epistaxis,"
"chemical papers in the ""Philosophical Transactions"". He published in 1817 ""An Essay on the Chemical History and Medical Treatment of Calculous Disorders"". He complains that he was unable to give full statistics, as no major London hospital then kept any regular record of cases. He was probably the first to remark that the pain of a renal calculus is often due to its passage down a ureter, and that it may grow in the kidney without the patient suffering acutely at all. For ""Rees's Cyclopædia"" he contributed articles on chemistry, but the topics are not known. Alexander Marcet Alexander John"
"Nephrocalcinosis Nephrocalcinosis, once known as Albright's calcinosis after Fuller Albright, or Anderson-Carr kidneys, is a term originally used to describe deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism. The term nephrocalcinosis is used to describe the deposition of both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. It may cause acute kidney injury. It is now more commonly used to describe diffuse, fine, renal parenchymal calcification on radiology. It is caused by multiple different conditions and is determined progressive kidney dysfunction. These outlines eventually come together to form a dense mass. During its early stages, nephrocalcinosis is visible on x-ray,"
"is the cervical ranula (also called a plunging or diving ranula), where the swelling is in the neck rather than the floor of the mouth. The term ranula is also sometimes used to refer to other similar swellings of the floor of mouth such as true salivary duct cysts, dermoid cysts and cystic hygromas. The Latin word ""rana"" means ""frog"" (ranula = ""little frog""). A ranula usually presents as a translucent blue, dome-shaped, fluctuant swelling in the tissues of the floor of the mouth. If the lesion is deeper, then there is a greater thickness of tissue separating from the"
"Referred pain Referred pain, also called reflective pain, is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus. An example is the case of angina pectoris brought on by a myocardial infarction (heart attack), where pain is often felt in the neck, shoulders, and back rather than in the thorax (chest), the site of the injury. The International Association for the Study of Pain has not officially defined the term; hence several authors have defined it differently. Radiating pain is slightly different from referred pain; for example, the pain related to a myocardial infarction could either"
"are usually the result of focal cerebrovascular disease in a posterior branch of the left middle cerebral artery or a broader zone infarct, usually involving the angular gyrus or subjacent white matter (Brodmann area 39). In rare cases, traumatic brain injury of an expanding neoplasm in this same region can cause all or elements (acalculia is one of four elements) of the symptoms of this syndrome"". Acalculia Acalculia is an acquired impairment in which patients have difficulty performing simple mathematical tasks, such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and even simply stating which of two numbers is larger. Acalculia is distinguished from"
"severe pain in the belly area, flanks of the back, groin, or testicles. These include renal colic, polyuria and polydipsia: There are several causes of nephrocalcinosis that are typically acute and present only with renal failure. These include tumor lysis syndrome, acute phosphate nephropathy, and occasional cases of enteric hyperoxaluria. Nephrocalcinosis Is connected with conditions that cause hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and the increased excretion of calcium, phosphate, and/or oxalate in the urine. A high urine pH can lead to Nephrocalcinosis. In conjunction with Nephrocalcinosis, hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria the following can occur: Renal tuberculosis And other causes of hypercalcemia (and thus hypercalciuria)"
"Nephroptosis Nephroptosis (also called floating kidney or renal ptosis) is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up. It is more common in women than in men. It has been one of the most controversial conditions among doctors in both its diagnosis and its treatments. Nephroptosis is asymptomatic in most patients. However, nephroptosis can be characterized by violent attacks of colicky flank pain, nausea, chills, hypertension, hematuria and proteinuria. Patients with symptomatic nephroptosis often complain of sharp pains that radiate into the groin. Many patients also suggest a weighing feeling on"
"Rectal pain Rectal pain is the symptom of pain in the area of the rectum. A number of different causes (68) have been documented. One of the most common causes of rectal pain is an anal fissure. It involves a tear in the anal canal probably due to trauma from defecation and are usually treated effectively with sitz baths, stool softeners, and analgesics. Two more highly common causes of functional anorectal pain are levator ani syndrome (LAS) and proctalgia fugax. Both of these conditions are thought to be caused by muscle spasms of the either the levator ani muscle or"
"Rectal tenesmus Rectal tenesmus (, from Greek , from to stretch, strain) is a feeling of incomplete defecation. It is the sensation of inability or difficulty to empty the bowel at defecation, even if the bowel contents have already been evacuated. Tenesmus indicates the feeling of a residue, and is not always correlated with the actual presence of residual fecal matter in the rectum. It is frequently painful and may be accompanied by involuntary straining and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Tenesmus has both a nociceptive and a neuropathic component. Vesical tenesmus is a similar condition, experienced as a feeling of incomplete"
"renal angina, the epidemiology of AKI, and urinary AKI biomarkers in over 5,000 children. The AWARE study is a collaborative effort of the Prospective Pediatric AKI Research Group(www.ppaki.org) and is also registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01987921. Renal angina Renal angina is a clinical methodology to risk stratify patients for the development of persistent and severe acute kidney injury (AKI). The composite of risk factors and early signs of injury for AKI, renal angina is used as a clinical adjunct to help optimize the use of novel AKI biomarker testing. The term ""angina"" from Latin (“infection of the throat”) and from the"
"Renal glycosuria Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar (glucose) is excreted in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. With normal kidney (renal) function, glucose is excreted in the urine only when there are abnormally elevated levels of glucose in the blood. However, in those with renal glycosuria, glucose is abnormally elevated in the urine due to improper functioning of the renal tubules, which are primary components of nephrons, the filtering units of the kidneys. In most affected individuals, the condition causes no apparent symptoms (asymptomatic) or serious"
"(RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Calciphylaxis Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), is a rare painful syndrome of calcification of the small blood vessels located within the fatty tissue and deeper layers of the skin, blood clots, and the death of skin cells due to too little blood flow. It is seen mostly in people with end-stage kidney disease but can occur in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease and rarely in people with normally functioning kidneys. It results in chronic non-healing wounds and is usually fatal. Calciphylaxis is a rare but serious disease, believed to"
"some proposed it may be an affliction of organs such as the uterus or liver, while others classed certain headaches as neuralgias, and proposed that emotional distress may promote the condition. Neuralgia Neuralgia (Greek ""neuron"", ""nerve"" + ""algos"", ""pain"") is pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves, as in intercostal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Under the general heading of neuralgia are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), occipital neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes). The term ""neuralgia"" is also used to refer to pain associated with sciatica and brachial plexopathy."
"Rheumatism Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue. The study of, and therapeutic interventions in, such disorders is called rheumatology. The term ""rheumatism"", however, does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different conditions. Sources dealing with rheumatism tend to focus on arthritis, but ""rheumatism"" may also refer to other conditions causing chronic pain, grouped as ""non-articular rheumatism"", also known as ""regional pain syndrome"" or ""soft tissue rheumatism"".<ref name=""urleMedicine - Nonarticular Rheumatism/Regional Pain Syndrome : Article by Daniel Muller""></ref> The term ""Rheumatic Diseases"""
"teeth and the gingiva, where it is referred to as subgingival (""below the gum""). Calculus formation is associated with a number of clinical manifestations, including bad breath, receding gums and chronically inflamed gingiva. Brushing and flossing can remove plaque from which calculus forms; however, once formed, it is too hard (firmly attached) to be removed with a toothbrush. Calculus buildup can be removed with ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments (such as a periodontal scaler). The word comes from Latin ""calculus"" ""small stone"", from ""calx"" ""limestone, lime"", probably related to Greek ""chalix"" ""small stone, pebble, rubble"" which many trace to"
"Calculus Calculus (from Latin ""calculus"", literally 'small pebble', used for counting and calculations, as on an abacus) is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. It has two major branches, differential calculus (concerning instantaneous rates of change and slopes of curves), and integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves). These two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of"
"Pudendal nerve entrapment Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE), also known as Alcock canal syndrome, is an uncommon source of chronic pain, in which the pudendal nerve (located in the pelvis) is entrapped or compressed. Pain is positional and is worsened by sitting. Other symptoms include genital numbness, fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence. The term pudendal neuralgia (PN) is used interchangeably with ""pudendal nerve entrapment"", but a 2009 review study found both that ""prevalence of PN is unknown and it seems to be a rare event"" and that ""there is no evidence to support equating the presence of this syndrome with a"
"Nephrosis Nephrosis is any of various forms of kidney disease (nephropathy). In an old and broad sense of the term, it is any nephropathy, but in current usage the term is usually restricted to a narrower sense of nephropathy without inflammation or neoplasia, in which sense it is distinguished from nephritis, which involves inflammation. It is also defined as any purely degenerative disease of the renal tubules. Nephrosis is characterized by a set of signs called the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrosis can be a primary disorder or can be secondary to another disorder. Nephrotic complications of another disorder can coexist with"
"population. Persons aged 30–60 and males are more likely to develop sialolithiasis. The term is derived from the Greek words ""sialon"" (saliva) and ""lithos"" (stone), and the Latin ""-iasis"" meaning ""process"" or ""morbid condition"". A ""calculus"" (plural ""calculi"") is a hard, stone-like concretion that forms within an organ or duct inside the body. They are usually made from mineral salts, and other types of calculi include tonsiloliths (tonsil stones) and renal calculi (kidney stones). ""Sialolithiasis"" refers to the formation of calculi within a salivary gland. If a calculus forms in the duct that drains the saliva from a salivary gland"
"as nephrolithiasis and blood clot, are typically not present. Renal arteriography may suggest focally impaired cortical perfusion, while renal biopsy may show interstitial fibrosis and arterial sclerosis. The pain is typically severe, and narcotic therapy is often prescribed as a way to manage chronic pain. Sleep can be difficult because the supine position increases pressure on the flank. The onset of pain is often associated with nausea and vomiting, making pain management by oral opiates complicated. The cause of LPHS is not known. One theory proposes that it is caused by a thin glomerular basement membrane and red blood cell"
"comes from the Old French ""peine"", in turn from Latin ""poena"" meaning ""punishment, penalty"" (in L.L. also meaning ""torment, hardship, suffering"") and that from Greek ποινή (""poine""), generally meaning ""price paid, penalty, punishment"". Pain Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition defines pain as ""an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage""; however, due to it being a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. In medical diagnosis, pain is"
"the present day specific term referring to excess of uric acid. The English term ""rheumatism"" in the current sense has been in use since the late 17th century, as it was believed that chronic joint pain was caused by excessive flow of ""rheum"" which means bodily fluids into a joint. Rheumatism Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue. The study of, and therapeutic interventions in, such disorders is called rheumatology. The term ""rheumatism"", however, does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different"