What 1899 poem of Rudyard Kipling whose racist title alludes to Western aspirations to dominate the developing world was written after the American colonization of the Philippines?
"occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he managed to remain productive and socially active. Kipling was now a famous man, and in the previous two or three years had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. The Kiplings had welcomed their first son, John, in August 1897. Kipling had begun work on two poems, ""Recessional"" (1897) and ""The White Man's Burden"" (1899) which were to create controversy when published. Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (that captured the mood of the Victorian age), the poems equally were regarded by others as propaganda for brazenfaced imperialism and"
"military atrocities of revenge committed against the Chinese people for their anti-colonial Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) against abusive European businessmen and Christian missionaries. Politically, Kipling proffered the poem to New York governor Theodore Roosevelt (1899–1900) to help him persuade anti-imperialist Americans to accept the territorial annexation of the Philippine Islands to the United States. In September 1898, Kipling's literary reputation in the U.S. allowed his promotion of American empire to governor Roosevelt: As Victorian imperial poetry, ""The White Man's Burden"" thematically corresponds to Kipling's belief that the British Empire (1583–1945) was the Englishman's ""Divine Burden to reign God's Empire on Earth"";"
"prior to annexation. Their sovereignty was systematically undermined by US state policy (usually involving unequal or broken treaties) and white settler-colonialism. The climax of this process was the California genocide. A variety of factors converged during the ""New Imperialism"" of the late 19th century, when the United States and the other great powers rapidly expanded their overseas territorial possessions. Some of these are explained, or used as examples for the various forms of New Imperialism. Roosevelt claimed that he rejected imperialism, but he embraced the near-identical doctrine of expansionism. When Rudyard Kipling wrote the imperialist poem ""The White Man's Burden"""
"Arendt, in her 1951 book ""The Origins of Totalitarianism"", have said that the racist ideology (""popular racism"") which developed at the end of the 19th century helped legitimize the imperialist conquests of foreign territories and the atrocities that sometimes accompanied them (such as the Herero and Namaqua Genocide of 1904–1907 or the Armenian Genocide of 1915–1917). Rudyard Kipling's poem ""The White Man's Burden"" (1899) is one of the more famous illustrations of the belief in the inherent superiority of the European culture over the rest of the world, though it is also thought to be a satirical appraisal of such"
"(1898). As a poet of imperialism, Kipling exhorts the American reader and listener to take up the enterprise of empire, yet warns about the personal costs faced. endured, and paid in building an empire; nonetheless, American imperialists understood the phrase ""The white man's burden"" to justify imperial conquest as a mission-of-civilization that is ideologically related to the continental-expansion philosophy of Manifest Destiny. The title, the subject, and the themes of ""The White Man's Burden"" provoke accusations of advocacy of the Eurocentric racism inherent to the idea that, by way of industrialisation, the Western world delivers civilisation to the non-white peoples"
"Response to Kipling"" (April 1899), by the clergyman H. T. Johnson; and the poem ""Take up the Black Man's Burden"", by the American educator J. Dallas Bowser. In the U.S., a Black Man's Burden Association demonstrated to Americans how the colonial mistreatment of Filipino brown people in their Philippine homeland was a cultural extension of the institutional racism of the Jim Crow laws (1863–1965) for the legal mistreatment of black Americans in their U.S. homeland. The very positive popular response to Kipling's jingoism for an American Empire to annex the Philippines as a colony impelled the growth of the American"
"Rico, and the Philippines and connected parts of these countries that had never before been connected due to the countries sparse nature thereby beginning epidemics. The mobility of American soldiers around these countries encouraged a newfound mobility of disease that quickly infected natives. Military personnel used Rudyard's Kipling's poem ""The White Man's Burden"" to explain their imperialistic actions in Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico and the need for the United States to help the ""dark-skinned Barbarians"" reach modern sanitary standards. American actions abroad before, during, and after the war emphasized a need for proper sanitation habits especially on behalf"
"Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as ""new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child."" Despite the chauvinistic nationalism that supported Western imperialism in the 19th century, public moral opposition to Kipling's racialist misrepresentation of the colonial exploitation of labour in ""The White Man's Burden"" produced the satirical essay ""To the Person Sitting in Darkness"" (1901), by Mark Twain, which catalogues the Western"
"any people and to any land."" The Philippines was eventually given its independence in 1946; Guam and Puerto Rico have special status to this day, but all their people have United States citizenship. The English poet Rudyard Kipling wrote ""The White Man's Burden"" to Americans, calling on them to take up their share of the burden. Subtitled ""The United States and the Philippine Islands"", it was a widely noted expression of imperialist sentiments, which were common at the time. The nascent revolutionary government desirous of independence, however, resisted the United States in the Philippine–American War in 1899; it won no"
"on the civilizing mission of the colonizer, ""The White Man's Burden."" Written for Queen Victoria's Jubilee in 1897, and revised as a response ""to resistance in the Philippines to the United States' assumption of colonial power"" after the Spanish–American War of 1898., the poem's depiction of colonial government as a ""burden"" suggests that empires exist not for imperialist gain, but for the development of the unruly and uncivilized colonials. In ""Black Man's Burden"", this tradition of ""white imperial benevolence"" is initially subverted by having black-only fieldworkers foment economic and technological progress in the underdeveloped regions of North Africa, and later,"
"ruling party, follows this tradition of nationalistic Hinduism (Hindutva), and promotes an Indian national identity infused with neo-Vedantic thought influenced by this historical colonial mentality. Critics have claimed that British writer Rudyard Kipling's portrayals of Indian characters in his works generally supported the colonialist view that colonized people were incapable of surviving without the help of Europeans, describing these portrayals as racist. In his famous poem ""The White Man's Burden"", Kipling directly makes this point by romanticizing British colonialism in India and elsewhere in the world. Kipling's poem idolizes Western culture as entirely rational and civilized, while treating non-white cultures"
"the indignities heaped upon the Philippine people following their eventual loss to the Americans, the United States made the Philippine campaign the centrepoint of the 1904 World's Fair held that year in St. Louis, MI [sic]. In what was enthusiastically termed a ""parade of evolutionary progress,"" visitors could inspect the ""primitives"" that represented the counterbalance to ""Civilisation"" justifying Kipling's poem ""The White Man's Burden"". Pygmies from New Guinea and Africa, who were later displayed in the Primate section of the Bronx Zoo, were paraded next to American Indians such as Apache warrior Geronimo, who sold his autograph. But the main"
"export opportunities quickly became saturated, finding new markets for manufactured goods became more urgent. New colonies overseas, not exposed to the same economic conditions, provided the perfect solution. During the mid-19th century, the Europeans had certain goals which they regarded as important in the humanitarian sense. One of these goals was expressed in the slogan, ‘The White Man's Burden’ (taken from a line in a poem by Rudyard Kipling), which was the mission to ‘civilise’ (uplift, advance) the ‘less fortunate’ and ‘less gifted’ people of Southeast Asia. Towards this end, they implemented policies providing educational and healthcare services. However, this"
"considers to be immoral including McKinley as the ""Master of the Game,"" the missionaries, and the trusts."" The title of the article is ""an ironic reference to Matthew 4:16 — ""The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light"""", ""and used by the Christian missionaries when referring to the “savage,” “heathen,” “uncivilized” populations of the lands the imperialists were conquering."" It was also a reaction to the intervention philosophy of British writer Rudyard Kipling's pro-imperialistic February 1899 poem, ""The White Man's Burden"". The title was ""a play upon the idea of western civilization being ""enlightened"""". Kipling had used"
"Mandalay (poem) ""Mandalay"" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling, written and published in 1890, and first collected in ""Barrack-Room Ballads, and Other Verses"" in 1892. The poem is set in colonial Burma, then part of British India. The protagonist is a Cockney working-class soldier, back in grey restrictive London, recalling the time he felt free and had a Burmese girlfriend, now unattainably far away. The poem became well known, especially after it was set to music by Oley Speaks in 1907, and was admired by Kipling's contemporaries, though some of them objected to its muddled geography. It has been criticised"
"a traditional driving rhythm. Such echoes are to be heard throughout the poem: there is a couplet that is repeated with slight variations several times: T. S. Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection ""A Choice of Kipling's Verse"". The Ballad of East and West ""The Ballad of East and West"" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1889, and has been much collected and anthologised since. Kamal, a tribal chieftain in the North-West Frontier (then on the boundary of the British Raj, nowadays in Pakistan), steals the British Colonel's prize mare. The Colonel's son,"
"The Ballad of East and West ""The Ballad of East and West"" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1889, and has been much collected and anthologised since. Kamal, a tribal chieftain in the North-West Frontier (then on the boundary of the British Raj, nowadays in Pakistan), steals the British Colonel's prize mare. The Colonel's son, who commands a troop of the Guides, asks if any of his men know where Kamal might be. One does, and tells him, and warns him of the dangers of entering Kamal's territory guarded by tribesmen concealed among the rocks"
"the exotic and what anthropologists and historians call 'colonial desire'."" Jack noted that Kipling's contemporaries objected not to these issues but to Kipling's distortions of geography, the Bay of Bengal being to Burma's west not east, so that China was not across the Bay. According to Selth, ""Mandalay"" had a significant impact on popular Western perception of Burma and the far East. It was well known in Britain, America and the English-speaking colonies of the British Empire. The poem was widely adapted and imitated in verse and in music, and the musical settings appeared in several films. The ballad style"
"Americans, one of the perceived causes of the suffering of the poor in the Philippines. Kabesang Leon was the personification of evil that represented the Filipino collaborators who tried to subjugate the lower class in Philippine society. Madaling Araw Madaling Araw (""Dawn"") is a 1909 Tagalog-language novel written by Filipino novelist Iñigo Ed. Regalado. The 368-page novel was published in Manila, Philippines by the Aklatang J. Martinez (J. Martinez Library) during the American period in Philippine history (1899-1946). ""Madaling Araw"" won for Regalado a ""Panitikan Series"" (Literature Series) Philippine National Book Award. The novel is both a romance novel and"
"Anti-Imperialist League in their opposition to making colonial subjects of the Filipinos. In a 21st-century query to Kipling's logic in ""The White Man's Burden"", the editor M. J. Akbar asked, ""How May We Put it Down?"" (2003): <poem>We’ve taken up the white man's burden Of ebony and brown; Now will you tell us, Rudyard How we may put it down? </poem> Such a contemporary perspective was preceded by ""The Poor Man's Burden"" (1899), wherein Dr. Howard S. Taylor addresses the negative psycho-social effects of the imperialist ethos upon the working-class people of an empire. In the social perspective of ""The"
"a place still lower than the descendants of persons belonging to aboriginal peoples. The racist colonial went some way to the Argentine culture, as shown by some racist comments of the president Domingo F. Sarmiento. During the mid-19th century, were common to the death duels between gauchos and mestizos afroargentinos. In Argentine literature, these disputes are represented in a racist way in a stanza from the 1870 epic poem Martín Fierro (The way) by José Hernández, in which the title character Fierro is at a dance when a black couple enter; Fierro insults the woman, who responds in kind; Fierro"
"The Female of the Species (poem) ""The Female of the Species"" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling originally published in 1911. The title and refrain have been used as a title for at least three other works (see The Female of the Species (disambiguation)). It begins with illustrations of the greater deadliness of the females of different species, the Himalayan bear, the cobra and the Native American, who frightened the Jesuits more than the men. It continues with the general thought that women, ""must be deadlier than the male"", as she is formed for the one purpose - motherhood. Woman,"
"that he can call on a holy war against El Hassan. The novella's title refers to Rudyard Kipling’s poem on the convergence of two seemingly opposed cultural traditions, ""The Ballad of East and West."" In Kipling’s ballad, two warriors from conflicting civilizations come to value each other’s courage and so become blood brothers in spite of their disparate backgrounds. In ""Border, Breed nor Birth"", the introductory blurb (“Kipling said those things didn't count when two strong men stood face to face. But ... do they count when two strong ideologies stand face to face...?”) indicates that the culture clash is"
"the ""coconut oil"" was not delivered to the Rizal's family until after the execution as it was required to light the cell. After it was annexed by the United States as a result of the Spanish–American War, the Philippines was perceived as a community of ""barbarians"" incapable of self-government. U.S. Representative Henry A. Cooper, lobbying for management of Philippine affairs, recited the poem before the United States Congress. Realising the nobility of the piece's author, his fellow congressmen enacted the Philippine Bill of 1902 enabling self-government (later known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902), despite the fact that the"
"empire in ""Mandalay"". He explained that Kipling did write verse such as The White Man's Burden which was pro-colonial, but that ""Mandalay"" was not of that kind. A similar point is made by the political scientist Igor Burnashov in an article for the ""Kipling Society"", where he writes that ""the moving love of the Burmese girl and British soldier is described in a picturesque way. The fact that the Burmese girl represented the inferior and the British soldier superior races is secondary, because Kipling makes here a stress on human but not imperial relations."" Hamilton noted, too, that Kipling wrote"
"Kipling – who was deeply interested in Buddhism —presented Tibetan Buddhism in a fairly sympathetic light and aspects on the novel appeared to reflect the Buddhist understanding of the universe. Kipling was offended by the German Emperor Wilhelm II's ""Hun speech ()"" in 1900 urging German troops being sent to China to crush the Boxer Rebellion to behave like ""Huns"" and to take no prisoners. In his 1902 poem ""The Rowers"", Kipling attacked the Kaiser as a threat to Britain and made the first use of the term ""Hun"" as an anti-German insult, using Wilhelm's own words and the actions"
"matter of time before the Chinese destroyed the West. Gobineau gave artistic expression to his vision in his 1881 epic poem ""Amadis"" where a small elite of Aryan aristocrats ruling Europe are threatened by a revolt of racially inferior commoners which allows the Chinese to invade Europe; despite the fact that the Aryan heroes are superior in every respect to the Chinese ""horde"", the Aryans are finally overwhelmed by sheer force of numbers and are exterminated. In ""Amadis"", the extermination of the Aryans marks the destruction of everything good in the world and is the beginning of a new dark"
"April 1899, the U.S. established geopolitical hegemony upon islands and peoples in two oceans and in two hemispheres; the Philippines and Guam in the Pacific Ocean, Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Atlantic Ocean. <poem> Take up the White Man's burden — Send forth the best ye breed — Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild — Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden — In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of"
"and celebrates British colonialism as a mission of civilisation that would — eventually — benefit the colonised natives. In the early 20th century, in addition ""To the Person Sitting in Darkness"" (1901), Mark Twain's factual satire of the civilizing mission proposed, justified, and defended in ""The White Man's Burden'"" (1899), it was Kipling's jingoism that provoked contemporary poetic parodies that expressed anti-imperialist moral outrage, by critically addressing the white-supremacy racism that is basic to colonial empire; among the literary responses to Kipling are: ""The Brown Man's Burden"" (February 1899), by the British politician Henry Labouchère; ""The Black Man's Burden: A"
"Shall weigh your gods and you. Take up the White Man's burden — Have done with childish days — The lightly profferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! </poem> The imperialist interpretation of ""The White Man's Burden"" (1899) proposes that the ""white race"" is morally obligated to rule the ""non-white"" peoples of planet Earth, and to encourage their progress (economic, social, and cultural) through settler colonialism, which is based upon the Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries displacing the natives' religions:"
"the late nineteenth century, and the Victorian effort to articulate a British culture that could be exported. He argues that ""Ulysses"" forms part of the prehistory of imperialism—a term that only appeared in the language in 1851. The protagonist sounds like a ""colonial administrator"", and his reference to seeking a newer world (57) echoes the phrase ""New World"", which became common during the Renaissance. While ""Ulysses"" cannot be read as overtly imperialistic, Tennyson's later work as Poet Laureate sometimes argues for the value of Britain's colonies, or was accused of jingoism. Rowlinson invokes the Marxist theorist Louis Althusser's extension of"
"the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. A resurgence came in the late 19th century with the Scramble for Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race formed an ideological underpinning during this time. Other influential spokesmen included Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchener, Lord Milner, and the writer Rudyard Kipling."
"that Abe is his would-be assassin. Once exposed, Abe attempts to kill Homer. Isobel is revealed to be a Party member of the Soviet Complex also, but she refuses to help Abe kill Homer. Homer, unwillingly, kills Abe with a karate blow to the windpipe. Isobel pledges herself to Homer as the first follower of El Hassan and is given the mission to convert Jake and Cliff to the cause. The novella's title as well its epigraph (""Take up the white man's burden/Send forth the best ye breed..."") indicate that the story is a play on Rudyard Kipling's 1899 poem"