Karataka and Damanaka are the names of two jackals that are retainers to a lion king. Their lively adventures as well as the stories they tell one another make up nearly half of which classic ancient Sanskrit work?
"being a collection of adventures related by Sindbad the Seaman to Sindbad the Landsman. An early example of the ""story within a story"" technique can be found in the ""One Thousand and One Nights"", which can be traced back to earlier Persian and Indian storytelling traditions, most notably the ""Panchatantra"" of ancient Sanskrit literature. The ""Nights"", however, improved on the ""Panchatantra"" in several ways, particularly in the way a story is introduced. In the ""Panchatantra"", stories are introduced as didactic analogies, with the frame story referring to these stories with variants of the phrase ""If you're not careful, that which"
"The Jātaka stories which tell of past lives of the Buddha in folktale fashion, frequently involve animals as peripheral or main characters, and it is not uncommon for the Bodhisattva (the past-life Buddha) to appear as an animal as well. The stories sometimes involve animals alone, and sometimes involve conflicts between humans and animals; in the latter cases, the animals often exhibit characteristics of kindness and generosity that are absent in the humans. Also recorded in the Jatakas is how, in a past life as King Shibi, Shakyamuni sacrificed himself to save a dove from a hawk. Recorded in the"
"as a snake and a rat. Sariputra in the Jatakas Sariputra, one of the two chief disciples of Gautama Buddha is frequently described in the Jataka, a collection of Buddhist texts which describe the previous reincarnations of the Buddha and his closest disciples. The Jatakas depict a multitude of previous lives in which Sariputra interacted with previous reincarnations of the Buddha and Mahamoggallana, the other of the two chief disciples. Such frequent relations in the past are consistent with the Buddhist theory of karma, with the consequences of the present being intricately linked to causes and actions committed in the"
"were day and night. The wheel with twelve spokes was the year with 360 days. The six boys were the seasons. The giant and bullock were Indra and his elephant Airavata. Its dung was amrita (elixir of life), which kept Uttanka alive in Nagaloka. The rider and horse in Nagaloka were Indra and the fire-god Agni. Veda also explained to Uttanka that his friend, Indra, had helped him during his journey. After handing over the earrings and taking leave of his guru, Uttanka went to Hastinapur, the kingdom of King Janamejaya. He resolved to teach a lesson to Takshaka who"
"Jataka tales The Jātaka tales are a voluminous body of literature native to India concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form. The future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates. Often, Jātaka tales include an extensive cast of characters who interact and get into various kinds of trouble - whereupon the Buddha character intervenes to resolve all the problems and bring about a happy ending. In Theravada Buddhism, the Jātakas are a textual division of the Pāli"
"one of them died. Pinglak is a lion in the story. Sanjeewak was a bull who, because of his incapability’s and illness was discarded by his master and was left alone in a jungle, where he sat on the bank of Yamuna river and grew stronger. Once, the king of the jungle, the lion named Pinglak came near the bank of river to quench his thirst, but when he listened to the threatening sound of Sanjeewak, he hidden himself under a tree. The lion had two cunning jackal ministers named Karkat and Damnak. When they saw lion threatened, Damnak went"
"in the Jātaka such as the Rabbit in the Moon of the Śaśajātaka (Jataka Tales: no.316), are found in numerous other languages and media. For example, The Monkey and the Crocodile, The Turtle Who Couldn't Stop Talking and The Crab and the Crane that are listed below also famously featured in the Hindu Panchatantra, the Sanskrit ""niti-shastra"" that ubiquitously influenced world literature. Many of the stories and motifs are translations from the Pali but others are instead derived from vernacular oral traditions prior to the Pali compositions. Sanskrit (see for example the Jātakamālā) and Tibetan Jātaka stories tend to maintain"
"in a kingdom ruled by a lion. He, along with his moralizing sidekick named Karataka, conspire to break up alliances and friendships of the lion king. A series of fables describe the conspiracies and causes that lead to close and inseparable friends breaking up. The Book 1 contains over thirty fables, with the version Arthur Ryder translated containing 34: The Loss of Friends, The Wedge-Pulling Monkey, The Jackal and the War-Drum, Merchant Strong-Tooth, Godly and June, The Jackal at the Ram-Fight, The Weaver's Wife, How the Crow-Hen Killed the Black Snake, The Heron that Liked Crab-Meat, Numskull and the Rabbit,"
"appreciate excellence when he sees it. The Bodhisattva was a white elephant. Devadatta was the king of Magadha who had owned the elephant but lost it through jealousy. In the ""Cula Nandiya Jataka"" (223), Sariputra is a Brahmin spiritual teacher who advises his student Devadatta not to be harsh, cruel and violent, without success. In the ""Khantivadi Jataka"" (313), the future Gautama Buddha was a wise ascetic who was arrested and tortured by King Kalabu (Devadatta). Sariputta was Kalabu's army chief and he bandaged the Bodhisattva's wounds. In the ""Kurungamiga Jataka"" (206), Sariputra is a woodpecker while Mahamoggallana is a"
"Supratika In Hindu mythology there were three elephants by the name Supratika. The foremost among them is listed as one of the Diggajas, each representing the eight quarters. The Hindu epic ""Mahabharata"" describes two more elephants by the same name – a mythical elephant that was an incarnation of a sage, and the one that belonged to Bhagadatta, the king of Pragjyotisha. The ""Amarakosha"", a thesaurus of Sanskrit, mentions the names of eight male elephants, that bear the world together, as Airavata, Pundarika, Vamana, Kumunda, Anjana, Pushpa-danta, Sarva-bhauma, and Supratika. Supratika represents the north-east direction, the quarter of Soma. Anjanavati"
"his profession as a hunter. In the ""Kotisimbali Jataka"" (412), Sariputra is a king of the Garudas (supanna-raja) who saves a tree which was the abode of the future Buddha, who had a reincarnation as a tree spirit. In the ""Bhojajaniya Jataka"" (23), the Bodhisatta was a warhorse riddent by Sariputra, who was a warrior. The pair combined to capture seven kings who were hostile to their own monarch. In the ""Jarudapana Jataka"" (256), Sariputra was a Naga king who helps the Bodhisattva, a merchant, to transport some treasure found by the merchant. In total, there were thirty reincarnations where"
"multilocularis"". The jackal is dispersing across Europe through rivers and valleys, bringing parasites into regions where these did not previously exist. Golden jackals appear in Indian folklore and in two ancient texts, the ""Jakatas"" and the ""Panchatantra"", where they are portrayed as intelligent and wily creatures. The ancient Hindu text, the ""Mahabharata"", tells the story of a learned jackal who sets his friends the tiger, wolf, mongoose, and mouse against each other so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it. The ""Panchatantra"" tells the fable of a jackal who cheats a wolf and a lion out of their shares"
"as first of the three things (the latter two being the tree and water buffalo) that the Brahmin encounters. The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal is a popular Indian fairy tale with a long history and many variants. Mary Frere included a version in her 1868 collection of Indian folktales, ""Old Deccan Days"", the first collection of Indian folktales in English. A version was also included in Joseph Jacobs' collection ""Indian Fairy Tales"". A brahmin passes a tiger in a trap. The tiger pleads for his release, promising not to eat the"
"The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal is a popular Indian fairy tale with a long history and many variants. Mary Frere included a version in her 1868 collection of Indian folktales, ""Old Deccan Days"", the first collection of Indian folktales in English. A version was also included in Joseph Jacobs' collection ""Indian Fairy Tales"". A brahmin passes a tiger in a trap. The tiger pleads for his release, promising not to eat the brahmin. The brahmin sets him free but no sooner is the tiger out of the cage then he says"
"of the ""Panchatantra"" and ""Baital Pachisi"" is particularly notable. ""The Jataka Tales"" are a collection of 547 Buddhist stories, which are for the most part moral stories with an ethical purpose. ""The Tale of the Bull and the Ass"" and the linked ""Tale of the Merchant and his Wife"" are found in the frame stories of both the ""Jataka"" and the ""Nights"". It is possible that the influence of the ""Panchatantra"" is via a Sanskrit adaptation called the ""Tantropakhyana"". Only fragments of the original Sanskrit form of this work exist, but translations or adaptations exist in Tamil, Lao, Thai and"
"Pinglak Pinglak is an epic character in Panchatantra. The lion is metaphorically called as Pinglak. It is hypothesis and the story is used to compare the real moral and relevant at present also. ""Panchatantra"", a collection of stories which depict animals in human situations (see anthropomorphism, Talking animals in fiction). In each of the stories every animal has a ""personality"" and each story ends in a moral. The first chapter is Mitrabheda, which means betrayal of friends. This story is about a lion and a bull who became friends. Somehow, a dispute occurred between them and they both fought. Finally,"
"on earth, such as wisdom, virtue and leadership. Many of these Jatakas depict him in partnership and working together with the future Gautama Buddha and Mahamoggalana. There are various accounts of reincarnations in the Jataka depicting Sariputra counteracting the evil behaviour of Devadatta, in particular towards the future Buddha. In the ""Lakkhana Jataka"" (11), Sariputra was one of two male stag siblings, each leading his own herd. Sariputra safely guided his herd back to the hills, while his foolish brother Devadatta loses his whole herd. In the ""Dummedha Jataka"" (122), Sariputra is a king of Varanasi, who is able to"
"another Jain text – the ""Rajavali-Katha"" – Chanakya accompanied Chandragupta to forest for retirement, once Bindusara became the king. ""Brihatkatha-Manjari"" by Kshemendra and ""Kathasaritsagara"" by Somadeva are two 11th century Kashmiri Sanskrit collections of legends. Both are based on a now-lost Prakrit-language ""Brihatkatha-Sarit-Sagara"", which itself is based on the now-lost Paishachi language ""Brihatkatha"" by ""Gunadhya"". The Chanakya-Chandragupta legend in these collections actually focuses on another character named Shakatala (IAST: Śakaṭāla). The Kashmiri version of the legend goes like this: Vararuchi (identified with Katyayana), Indradatta and Vyadi were three disciples of the sage Varsha. Once, on behalf of their guru Varsha,"
"Panchatantra The Panchatantra (IAST: Pañcatantra, , ""Five Treatises"") is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story. The surviving work is dated to about 300 BCE, but the fables are likely much more ancient. The text's author is unknown, but has been attributed to Vishnu Sharma in some recensions and Vasubhaga in others, both of which may be fictitious pen names. It is likely a Hindu text, and based on older oral traditions with ""animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine"". It is ""certainly the"
"parallels the ""Panchatantra"". The two jackals' names transmogrified into Kalila and Dimna in the Persian version. Perhaps because the first section constituted most of the work, or because translators could find no simple equivalent in Zoroastrian Pahlavi for the concept expressed by the Sanskrit word 'Panchatantra', the jackals' names, ""Kalila and Dimna,"" became the generic name for the entire work in classical times. After the first chapter, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ inserted a new one, telling of Dimna's trial. The jackal is suspected of instigating the death of the bull “Shanzabeh"", a key character in the first chapter. The trial lasts for"
"Chamataka is a jackal that usually features as the chief villain in strips of the Kalia the Crow series. He is usually seen working together with his accomplice and friend Doob Doob, the crocodile. Most plots feature the two trying to catch prey, usually the two rabbits, Keechu and Meechu, and coming up with a variety of schemes to do so. The prey, however, are always saved by the clever Kalia, making him Chamataka and Doob Doob's chief enemy. Kalia has nevertheless saved their lives too on some occasions. He has a she-jackal friend named Chamataki. Doob Doob the crocodile"
"on the duties of a chief. Mahakapi Jataka The Mahakapi Jataka is one of the Jataka tales or stories of the former lives of the Buddha, when he was still a Bodhisattva, as a king of the monkeys The story runs that the Bodhisattva was born as a monkey, ruler over 80,000 monkeys. They lived at a spot near the Ganges and ate of the fruit of a great mango tree. King Brahmadatta of Benares, desiring to possess the mangoes, surrounded the tree with his soldiers, in order to kill the animals, but the Bodhisattva formed a bridge over the"
"mentions Kamsa, Devagabbha (Sk: Devaki), Upasagara or Vasudeva, Govaddhana (Sk: Govardhana), Baladeva (Balarama), and Kanha or Kesava (Sk: Krishna, Keshava). The Arjuna and Krishna interaction is missing in the Jataka version. In the Buddhist version, Krishna laments in uncontrollable sorrow when his son dies, and a Ghatapandita feigns madness to teach Krishna a lesson. The Jataka tale also includes an internecine destruction among his siblings after they all get drunk. Krishna also dies in the Buddhist legend by the hand of a hunter named Jara, but while he is traveling to a frontier city. Mistaking Krishna for a pig, Jara"
"who decides in their favour and kills the wolf and returns the camel to them.) This fable shades into an Indian variant of the story, first told as the ""Dabbhapuppha Jataka"", which features different animals but has at its centre the same situation of an animal making an unequal division. Here a jackal offers to arbitrate between two otters who are quarrelling over a fish they have co-operated in bringing to land. The jackal awards them the head and tail and runs off with the bulk of their catch. As well as being a condemnation of the greed that leads"
"tortoise. They save the life of the Bodhisattva, an antelope, from a hunter (Devadatta). The woodpecker later saves the imprisoned tortoise. This mirrors their final human reincarnations where Devadatta causes a split in the sangha but Sariputra and Mahamoggallana win back the monks that Devadatta had led away. There are other various depictions of previous reincarnations which exhibit the bond between Sariputra and Gautama Buddha. The ""Maha Paduma Jataka"" (472) describes how Sariputra, as a hill spirit, saved the life of the Bodhisatta, who was Prince Maha Paduma. In the ""Mamsa Jataka"" (315), the Bodhisattva convinced Sariputra to give up"
"to Sanjeewak and somehow managed to bring friendship between Pinglak and Sanjeewak. The lion indulged so deeply in the friendship that he left his entire kingship. When all the animals in the jungle felt unsecured due to this, then the jackals again managed to create differences between Pinglak and Sanjeewak. And finally in a fight between the lion and the bull, the bull gets killed. These characters are in story of * ""Mitra-bheda"": The Separation of Friends (The Lion and the Bull) is one of the five books. Its original Indian version is as under;- Pinglak Pinglak is an epic"
"the legendary king Udayana. A large number of tales are built around this central story, making it the largest existing collection of Indian tales. It also contains early recensions of the ""Panchatantra"" in Book 10; and the ""Vetālapañcaviṃśati"", or ""Baital Pachisi"", in Book 12. The ""Kathāsaritsāgara"" is generally believed to derive from Gunadhya's lost ""Brihatkatha"" written in the lost Paisaci dialect. But the Kashmirian (or ""Northwestern"") ""Brihatkatha"" that Somadeva adapted may be quite different from the Paisaci ur-text, as at least 5 apparent descendants of Gunadhya's work exist — all quite different in form and content, the best-known (after the"
"feature prominently in Buddhist myths, whether domesticated beasts like the cow or the cat, or wild beasts such as the lion or crocodile. The Jātakas frequently feature talking animals and common fable tropes such as the donkey that clothes himself in a lion's skin. A distinctive feature of Buddhist tales, however, is that the ethical implications of such talking beasts are not dismissed. Instead, it is in dialogue with talking beasts that ethics of non-violence and restraint in killing animals are developed. In some Jātakas it is also common that an animal acts in a more moral manner than a"
"in which the king tries to capture and hold a vetala who tells a puzzling tale which ends with a question. In addition to ""Kathasaritsagara"", the collection appears in three other Sanskrit recensions, a number of Indian vernacular versions and several English translations from Sanskrit and Hindi; it is the most popular of the Vikramaditya legends. There are minor variations among the recensions; see List of Vetala Tales. In Kshemendra, Somadeva and Śivadāsa's recensions, the king is named Trivikramasena; in ""Kathasaritsagara"", his capital is located at Pratishthana. At the end of the story, the reader learns that he was formerly"
"and asks to see the trap. Once there he claims he still doesn't understand. The tiger gets back in the trap to demonstrate and the jackal quickly shuts him in, suggesting to the brahmin that they leave matters thus. There are more than a hundred versions of this tale spread across the world. In some the released animal is a crocodile, in some a snake, a tiger and others a wolf. Some variants are very old, going back at least to the ""Panchatantra"" or ""Fables of Bidpai"" and the Jataka tales. In Europe it appeared some 900 years ago in"
"their hind legs and use a common language for communication. Soothran Soothran (Malayalam: സൂത്രൻ) is the titular protagonist of the Indian comic series that appears regularly in the comic magazine ""Balarama. ""The comics are conceptualized by Luis Fernandes (the editor of ""Tinkle"") and NM Mohan, written by Madhavan Namboothiri and illustrated currently by Simi Muhamma. The story revolves around a smart, tricky and clever jackal named Soothran who lives in a cave in the jungle. His best friend, Sheru, is a dumb and cowardly tiger. The strips depict the adventures of the two friends, and is noted for its funny"
"Dandaka Dandaka (, IAST: ) is the name of a forest mentioned in the ancient Indian texts, such as ""Ramayana"". It is also known as ""Dandakaranya"", ""aranya"" being the Sanskrit word for ""forest"". It was the location of the Danda Kingdom, a stronghold of the Rakshasa tribes. This forest is the scene of many of Rama and Sita's adventures, and is described as ""a wilderness over which separate hermitage are scattered, while wild beasts and Rakshasas everywhere abound."" Ramayana describes Dandaka-aranya as a vast forest. Some passages represent it as beginning immediately south of the Yamuna. The present-day identification of"
"""You have put your head inside a wolf’s mouth and taken it out again in safety; that ought to be reward enough for you."" In early versions, where Phaedrus has a crane, Babrius has a heron, but a wolf is involved in both. The story is very close in detail to the ""Javasakuna Jataka"" in the Buddhist scriptures. In this it is a woodpecker that dislodges the bone from a lion's throat, having first taken the precaution of propping its mouth open with a stick. On testing his gratitude later, the woodpecker is given the same answer as the wolf's"