In chemistry, what is the common name for the alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula C(n)H(2n+2), the simplest form of which is the methane (CH4) gas?
"chemistry approaches including olefin metathesis and enzymatic reactions and can be used to produce waxes from inexpensive starting materials like vegetable oils. Although many natural waxes contain esters, paraffin waxes are hydrocarbons, mixtures of alkanes usually in a homologous series of chain lengths. These materials represent a significant fraction of petroleum. They are refined by vacuum distillation. Paraffin waxes are mixtures of saturated n- and iso- alkanes, naphthenes, and alkyl- and naphthene-substituted aromatic compounds. A typical alkane paraffin wax chemical composition comprises hydrocarbons with the general formula CH, such as Hentriacontane, CH. The degree of branching has an important influence"
"Methane Methane ( or ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a group-14 hydride and the simplest alkane, and is the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an attractive fuel, though capturing and storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure. Natural methane is found both below ground and under the sea floor. When it reaches the surface and the atmosphere, it is known as atmospheric methane. The Earth's atmospheric methane"
"does not exhibit any anomalous effects attributed to hydrogen bonding, and so its properties conform well to the prevailing trend of heavier group 14 hydrides. This series has the chemical formula XH. Ethane is commonly found alongside methane in natural gas. The other hydrides are even less stable than the tetrahydrides. All straight-chain saturated group 14 hydrides follow the formula XH, the same formula for the alkanes. Many other group 14 hydrides are known. Carbon forms a huge variety of hydrocarbons (with propane and butane following methane and ethane among the alkanes, but also including alkenes, alkynes, cyclic and branched"
"for CH=CH is still prevalent among chemists in North America. Like all hydrocarbons, ethylene is an asphyxiant and combustible. It is listed as an IARC class 3 carcinogen as there is no evidence at present that it causes cancer in humans. Ethylene Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or HC=CH. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint ""sweet and musky"" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds). Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry, and its worldwide production (over 150 million tonnes in 2016) exceeds"
"carbon atoms increases. The general equation for complete combustion is: In the absence of sufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide or even soot can be formed, as shown below: For example, methane: See the alkane heat of formation table for detailed data. The standard enthalpy change of combustion, Δ""H"", for alkanes increases by about 650 kJ/mol per CH group. Branched-chain alkanes have lower values of Δ""H"" than straight-chain alkanes of the same number of carbon atoms, and so can be seen to be somewhat more stable. Alkanes react with halogens in a so-called ""free radical halogenation"" reaction. The hydrogen atoms of the"
"combustion, just like other alkanes. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, it burns to form water and carbon dioxide. With insufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide is also formed. It has a surface tension of 0.0238 N·m. Decane Decane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH. Although 75 structural isomers are possible for decane, the term usually refers to the normal-decane (""""n""-decane""), with the formula CH(CH)CH. All isomers, however, exhibit similar properties and little attention is paid to the composition. These isomers are flammable liquids. Decane is a component of gasoline (petrol) and kerosene. Like other alkanes, it is a"
"Ethylene Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or HC=CH. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint ""sweet and musky"" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds). Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry, and its worldwide production (over 150 million tonnes in 2016) exceeds that of any other organic compound. Much of this production goes toward polyethylene, a widely used plastic containing polymer chains of ethylene units in various chain lengths. Ethylene is also an important natural plant hormone and is used in agriculture to"
"backbone chain of the molecules. Other organic compounds have the formula CH, namely cyclobutane and methylcyclopropane, but are not alkenes and do not fall under the name ""butene"". There are also cyclic alkenes with four carbon atoms overall such as cyclobutene and two isomers of methylcyclopropene, but they do not have the formula CH and are not discussed here. All four of these isomers are gases at room temperature and pressure, but can be liquefied by lowering the temperature or raising the pressure on them, in a manner similar to pressurised butane. These gases are colourless, but do have distinct"
"may be released during accidents or leaks. Acetylene Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula CH. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities. As an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because its two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple bond. The carbon–carbon triple bond places all four atoms in the"
"Annulene Annulenes are completely conjugated monocyclic hydrocarbons. They have the general formula CH (when n is an even number) or CH (when n is an odd number). The IUPAC naming conventions are that annulenes with 7 or more carbon atoms are named as [""n""]annulene, where ""n"" is the number of carbon atoms in their ring, though sometimes the smaller annulenes are referred to using the same notation, and benzene is sometimes referred to simply as annulene. The first three annulenes are cyclobutadiene, benzene, and cyclooctatetraene ([8]annulene). Some annulenes, namely cyclobutadiene, cyclodecapentaene or [10]annulene, cyclododecahexaene or [12]annulene and cyclotetradecaheptaene ([14]annulene), are"
"Alkyne In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula . Alkynes are traditionally known as acetylenes, although the name ""acetylene"" also refers specifically to CH, known formally as ethyne using IUPAC nomenclature. Like other hydrocarbons, alkynes are generally hydrophobic but tend to be more reactive. Alkynes are characteristically more unsaturated than alkenes. Thus they add two equivalents of bromine whereas an alkene adds only one equivalent in the reaction."
"temperatures (77 K). Typical reactions with organic compounds include: With water insertion into the O-H bond forms the carbene, H-C-OH that rearranges to formaldehyde, HCHO. Atomic carbon Atomic carbon, systematically named carbon and λ-methane, also called monocarbon, is colourless gaseous inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C (also written [C]). It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature and pressure, being removed through autopolymerisation. Atomic carbon is the simplest form of carbon, and is also the progenitor of carbon clusters. In addition, it may be considered to be the graphite monomer. The trivial name ""monocarbon"" is the most commonly used and"
"Alkene In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably (see nomenclature section below). Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, known as mono-enes, form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula . Alkenes have two hydrogen atoms fewer than the corresponding alkane (with the same number of carbon atoms). The simplest alkene, ethylene (CH), with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name ""ethene"", is the organic compound produced on the largest scale"
"Neopentane Neopentane, also called 2,2-dimethylpropane, is a double-branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms. Neopentane is a flammable gas at room temperature and pressure which can condense into a highly volatile liquid on a cold day, in an ice bath, or when compressed to a higher pressure. Neopentane is the simplest alkane with a quaternary carbon, and has achiral tetrahedral symmetry. It is one of the three structural isomers with the molecular formula CH (pentanes), the other two being ""n""-pentane and isopentane. Out of these three, it is the only one to be a gas at standard conditions; the other being"
"numbered: For simplicity, here is an image of the same molecule, where the hydrogens in the parent chain are removed and the carbons are shown by their numbers: Now, following the above steps: The final name is (6""E"",13""E"")-18-bromo-12-butyl-11-chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxytricosa-6,13-dien-19-yne-3,9-dione. Straight-chain alkanes take the suffix ""-ane"" and are prefixed depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, following standard rules. The first few are: For example, the simplest alkane is CH methane, and the nine-carbon alkane CH(CH)CH is named nonane. The names of the first four alkanes were derived from methanol, ether, propionic acid and butyric acid, respectively. The rest"
"Hexane Hexane is an alkane of six carbon atoms, with the chemical formula CH. The term may refer to any of the five structural isomers with that formula, or to a mixture of them. In IUPAC nomenclature, however, hexane is the unbranched isomer (""n""-hexane); the other four isomers are named as methylated derivatives of pentane and butane. IUPAC also uses the term as the root of many compounds with a linear six-carbon backbone, such as 2-methylhexane. Hexanes are significant constituents of gasoline. They are all colorless liquids, odorless when pure, with boiling points between . They are widely used as"
"Cumulene A cumulene is a hydrocarbon with three or more ""cumulative"" (consecutive) double bonds. They are analogous to allenes, only having a more extensive chain. The simplest molecule in this class is butatriene (HC=C=C=CH), which is also called simply ""cumulene"". Unlike most alkanes and alkenes, cumulenes tend to be rigid, comparable to alkynes, which makes them appealing for molecular nanotechnology. Polyynes are another kind of rigid carbon chains. Cumulenes are found in regions of outer space where hydrogen is rare (see astrochemistry). Cumulenes containing heteroatoms are called heterocumulenes; an example is carbon suboxide. The first reported synthesis of a butatriene"
"Methylene (compound) Methylene (systematically named methylidene, and dihydridocarbon), also called carbene is an organic compound with the chemical formula (also written ). It is a colourless gas that fluoresces in the mid-infrared range, and only persists in dilution, or as an adduct. Methylene is the simplest carbene. It is usually detected only at very low pressures, very low temperatures, or as a short-lived intermediate in chemical reactions. The trivial name ""carbene"" is the preferred IUPAC name. The systematic names ""methylidene"" and ""dihydridocarbon"", valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. ""Methylidene"" is viewed as methane"
"Methylidenecarbene Methylidenecarbene (systematically named λ-ethene and dihydrido-1κ""H""-dicarbon(""C""—""C"")) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (also written [] or ). It is a metastable proton tautomer of acetylene, which only persists as an adduct. It is a colourless gas that phosphoresces in the far-infrared range. It is the simplest unsaturated carbene. The systematic names ""λ-ethene"", and ""dihydrido-1κH-dicarbon(C—C)"", valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. In appropriate contexts, methylidenecarbene can be viewed as ethene with two hydrogen atoms removed, or as ethane with four hydrogens removed; and as such, ""ethen-1-ylidene"" (or ""vinylidene"") or ""ethane-1-diylidene"", respectively,"
"as stable as benzene, as their reactivity more closely resembles a conjugated polyene than an aromatic hydrocarbon. In annulynes, one double bond is replaced by a triple bond. Annulene Annulenes are completely conjugated monocyclic hydrocarbons. They have the general formula CH (when n is an even number) or CH (when n is an odd number). The IUPAC naming conventions are that annulenes with 7 or more carbon atoms are named as [""n""]annulene, where ""n"" is the number of carbon atoms in their ring, though sometimes the smaller annulenes are referred to using the same notation, and benzene is sometimes referred"
"Acetylene Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula CH. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities. As an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because its two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple bond. The carbon–carbon triple bond places all four atoms in the same straight line, with CCH bond angles"
"the hidrocarbon mixture obtained by condensation of methanol at 200 °C with zinc iodide catalyst (the main component being the isomer 2,2,3-trimethylbutane, obtained in almost 50% yield). 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane is an organic compound of carbon and hydrogen with formula , more precisely ––––: a molecule of pentane with methyl groups – replacing hydrogen atoms on carbon atoms 2 and 3. It is an alkane (""paraffin"" in older nomenclature), a fully saturated hydrocarbon; specifically, one of the isomers of heptane. Like typical alkanes, it is a colorless flammable compound; under common ambient conditions, it is a mobile liquid, less dense than"
"Butane Butane () is an organic compound with the formula CH that is an alkane with four carbon atoms. Butane is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The term may refer to either of two structural isomers, ""n""-butane or isobutane (also called ""methylpropane""), or to a mixture of these isomers. In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, ""butane"" refers only to the ""n""-butane isomer (which is the isomer with the unbranched structure). Butanes are highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases that quickly vaporize at room temperature. The name butane comes from the roots but- (from butyric acid, named after the"
"Decane Decane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH. Although 75 structural isomers are possible for decane, the term usually refers to the normal-decane (""""n""-decane""), with the formula CH(CH)CH. All isomers, however, exhibit similar properties and little attention is paid to the composition. These isomers are flammable liquids. Decane is a component of gasoline (petrol) and kerosene. Like other alkanes, it is a nonpolar solvent, does not dissolve in water, and is readily combustible. Although it is a component of fuels, it is of little importance as a chemical feedstock, unlike a handful of other alkanes. Decane undergoes"
"C−H bond is generally regarded as being non-polar. In structural formulas of molecules, the hydrogen atoms are often omitted. Compound classes consisting solely of C–H bonds and C–C bonds are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Collectively they are known as hydrocarbons. In October 2016, astronomers reported that the very basic chemical ingredients of life—the carbon-hydrogen molecule (CH, or methylidyne radical), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion (CH+) and the carbon ion (C+)—are the result, in large part, of ultraviolet light from stars, rather than in other ways, such as the result of turbulent events related to supernovae and young stars, as"
"Atomic carbon Atomic carbon, systematically named carbon and λ-methane, also called monocarbon, is colourless gaseous inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C (also written [C]). It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature and pressure, being removed through autopolymerisation. Atomic carbon is the simplest form of carbon, and is also the progenitor of carbon clusters. In addition, it may be considered to be the graphite monomer. The trivial name ""monocarbon"" is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name ""carbon"", a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. However, as a compositional name, it does"
"require ""S"" ≥ 11. Many of the physical properties of alkenes and alkanes are similar: they are colourless, nonpolar, and combustable. The physical state depends on molecular mass: like the corresponding saturated hydrocarbons, the simplest alkenes, ethene, propene, and butene are gases at room temperature. Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids. The melting point of the solids also increases with increase in molecular mass. Alkenes generally have stronger smells than the corresponding alkane. Ethylene is described to have a ""sweet"" odor, while ethane is odorless, for example. The binding of"
"gas - has four hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom. It has light gravity, and takes the form of a gas at normal temperatures and pressures. The next heavier hydrocarbon, ethane, has the chemical formula CH and is a slightly denser gas. Gases, of course, have no gravity at atmospheric temperatures and pressures. Organic compounds combining carbon and oxygen are many in number. Those with more carbon atoms per hydrogen atom are heavier and denser. Most hydrocarbons are liquid under standard conditions, with greater viscosity associated with greater gravity. Heavy oil and bitumen, which have far more carbon mass than"
"general formula , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms"". However, some sources use the term to denote ""any"" saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic (i.e. the cycloalkanes) or polycyclic, despite their having a different general formula (i.e. cycloalkanes are CH). In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). The longest series of linked carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number"
"if current demand remains static. Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (paraffins), cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color and viscosity. The ""alkanes"", also known as ""paraffins"", are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CH. They generally have from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although trace amounts of shorter or longer molecules"
"shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule, as well as various amounts of heavier hydrocarbon gases such as ethane (CH), propane (CH), normal butane (""n""-CH), isobutane (""i""-CH), pentanes and even higher-molecular-mass hydrocarbons. The raw gas also contains various amounts of acid gases such as carbon dioxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (HS) and mercaptans such as methanethiol (CHSH) and ethanethiol (CHSH). When processed into finished by-products (see Natural-gas processing), these heavier hydrocarbons are collectively referred to as NGL (natural-gas liquids). The extraction of the NGL often involves a turboexpander and a low-temperature distillation column (called a ""demethanizer"") as shown in the figure. The inlet"
"2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane is an organic compound of carbon and hydrogen with formula , more precisely ––––: a molecule of pentane with methyl groups – replacing hydrogen atoms on carbon atoms 2 and 3. It is an alkane (""paraffin"" in older nomenclature), a fully saturated hydrocarbon; specifically, one of the isomers of heptane. Like typical alkanes, it is a colorless flammable compound; under common ambient conditions, it is a mobile liquid, less dense than water. 2,3-Dimethylpentane is notable for being one of the two simplest alkanes with optical isomerism. The optical center is the middle carbon of the pentane backbone, which"
"the only position on a propane chain where a methyl substituent can be located without altering the main chain and forming the constitutional isomer ""n""-butane. Isobutane Isobutane, also known as ""i""-butane,2-methylpropane or methylpropane, is a chemical compound with molecular formula HC(CH). It is an isomer of butane. It is the simplest alkane with a tertiary carbon. Isobutane is used as a precursor molecule in the petrochemical industry, for example in the synthesis of isooctane. Isobutane is obtained by isomerization of butane. Isobutane is the principal feedstock in alkylation units of refineries. Using isobutane, gasoline-grade ""blendstocks"" are generated with high branching"