The Flammarion engraving that can be frequently seen on book covers sought to illustrate what belief system?
"Flammarion engraving The Flammarion engraving is a wood engraving by an unknown artist, so named because its first documented appearance is in Camille Flammarion's 1888 book ""L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire"" (""The Atmosphere: Popular Meteorology""). The engraving has often, but erroneously, been referred to as a woodcut. It has been used to represent a supposedly medieval cosmology, including a flat earth bounded by a solid and opaque sky, or firmament, and also as a metaphorical illustration of either the scientific or the mystical quests for knowledge. In fact, even in the Early Middle Ages, almost all Christian scholars agreed the Earth was"
"the image to propagandize the myth that medieval Europeans widely believed the Earth to be flat. In his book, however, Flammarion never discusses the history of beliefs about the shape of the Earth. His text suggests that the image is simply a fanciful illustration of the false view of the sky as an opaque barrier. Flammarion engraving The Flammarion engraving is a wood engraving by an unknown artist, so named because its first documented appearance is in Camille Flammarion's 1888 book ""L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire"" (""The Atmosphere: Popular Meteorology""). The engraving has often, but erroneously, been referred to as a woodcut."
"for that very reason. He continually praises ""true"" heroes like Christopher Columbus, Isaac Newton and Madame Curie while questioning image-crafted politicians, entertainers, academics and sports ""heroes"". He exalts genuine discoveries (calendar, printing press, medicine) and bemoans media-driven ones of the modern age. His works, therefore, emphasize such ""pre-image"" concepts as the importance of the individuals, family, tradition, religion, capitalism and democracy. Some people have alleged that the book's cover which has a colorized version of an image by Flammarion (made in the style of a woodcut), is used to promote the view that medieval Christianity was anti-scientific. The jacket credits"
"other. Had Flammarion known of the engraving in 1872, it seems unlikely that he would have left it out of that year's edition, which was already heavily illustrated. The more probable conclusion therefore is that Flammarion commissioned the engraving specifically to illustrate this particular text, though this has not been ascertained conclusively. The idea of the contact of a solid sky with the earth is one that repeatedly appears in Flammarion's earlier works. In his ""Les mondes imaginaires et les mondes réels"" (""Imaginary Worlds and Real Worlds,"" 1864), he cites a legend of a Christian saint, Macarius the Roman, which"
"in his ""Les terres du ciel"" (""The Lands of the Sky""): The Flammarion engraving appeared in C. G. Jung's ""Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies"" (1959). The first color version to be published was made by Roberta Weir and distributed by Berkeley's Print Mint in 1970. That color image spawned most of the modern variations that have followed since. Donovan's 1973 LP, ""Cosmic Wheels"", used an extended black and white version on its inner sleeve (an artist added elements extending the image to fit the proportions of the record jacket). The image also appeared in"
"to traditional pictorial representations of the ""wheel in the middle of a wheel"" described in the visions of the Hebrew prophet Ezekiel. The caption that accompanies the engraving in Flammarion's book reads: In 1957, astronomer Ernst Zinner claimed that the image dated to the German Renaissance, but he was unable to find any version published earlier than 1906. Further investigation, however, revealed that the work was a composite of images characteristic of different historical periods, and that it had been made with a burin, a tool used for wood engraving only since the late 18th century. The image was traced"
"to Flammarion's book by Arthur Beer, an astrophysicist and historian of German science at Cambridge and, independently, by Bruno Weber, the curator of rare books at the Zürich central library. Flammarion had been apprenticed at the age of twelve to an engraver in Paris and it is believed that many of the illustrations for his books were engraved from his own drawings, probably under his supervision. Therefore, it is plausible that Flammarion himself created the image, though the evidence for this remains inconclusive. Like most other illustrations in Flammarion's books, the engraving carries no attribution. Although sometimes referred to as"
"""The Compleat Astrologer"" (pg. 25) by Derek and Julia Parker in 1971. The Flammarion engraving appeared on the cover of Daniel J. Boorstin's bestselling history of science ""The Discoverers"", published in 1983. Other books devoted to science that used it as an illustration include ""The Mathematical Experience"" (1981) by Philip J. Davis and Reuben Hersh, ""Matter, Space, and Motion: Theories in Antiquity and Their Sequel"" (1988) by Richard Sorabji, ""Paradoxes of Free Will"" (2002) by Gunther Stent, and ""Uncentering the Earth: Copernicus and On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"" (2006) by William T. Vollmann. Some books devoted to mysticism"
"Charity), virtues to which every member of the Villanova community should aspire. A book symbolizes Augustine's dedication to education and the New Testament where he found Christianity. A cincture is part of the habit worn by members of the Order of Saint Augustine. Hovering above is the flaming heart, symbol of Augustine's search for God and his love of neighbors. Behind the book is the crosier – a staff traditionally held by a Bishop – commemorating Augustine's service as Bishop of Hippo. Above and behind the book are two crosses, symbolic of Augustine's conversion and the University's commitment to Catholicism."
"which Flammarion, an ardent bibliophile and book collector, might have owned. In Flammarion's ""L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire"", the image refers to the text on the facing page (p. 162), which also clarifies the author's intent in using it as an illustration: The same paragraph had already appeared, ""without"" the accompanying engraving, in an earlier edition of the text published under the title of ""L'atmosphère: description des grands phénomènes de la Nature"" (""The Atmosphere: Description of the Great Phenomena of Nature,"" 1872). The correspondence between the text and the illustration is so close that one would appear to be based on the"
"mathematical message written beside his body and a pentagram drawn on his chest in his own blood. The novel explores an alternative religious history, whose central plot point is that the Merovingian kings of France were descended from the bloodline of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene, ideas derived from Clive Prince's ""The Templar Revelation"" (1997) and books by Margaret Starbird. The book also refers to ""The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail"" (1982) though Dan Brown has stated that it was not used as research material. ""The Da Vinci Code"" provoked a popular interest in speculation concerning the Holy Grail"
"a forgery or a hoax, Flammarion does not characterize the engraving as a medieval or renaissance woodcut, and the mistaken interpretation of the engraving as an older work did not occur until after Flammarion's death. The decorative border surrounding the engraving is distinctly non-medieval and it was only by cropping it that the confusion about the historical origins of the image became possible. According to Bruno Weber and to astronomer Joseph Ashbrook, the depiction of a spherical heavenly vault separating the earth from an outer realm is similar to the first illustration in Sebastian Münster's ""Cosmographia"" of 1544, a book"
"misconception was frequently refuted in historical scholarship since at least 1920, it persisted in popular culture and in some school textbooks into the 21st century. An American schoolbook by Emma Miller Bolenius published in 1919 has this introduction to the suggested reading for Columbus Day (12 October): A 2009 survey of schoolbooks from Austria and Germany showed that the Flat Earth myth became dominant in the second half of the 20th century and persists in most historical textbooks for German and Austrian schools. As recently as 1983 Daniel Boorstin published a historical survey, ""The Discoverers"", which presented the Flammarion engraving"
"Flammarion was one of the chief proponents of cosmic pluralism during the latter half of the nineteenth century. His first book, ""La pluralité des mondes habités"" (1862) was a great popular success, going through 33 editions in its first twenty years. Flammarion was one of the first people to put forward the idea that extraterrestrial beings were genuinely alien, and not simply variations of earthly creatures. In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries the term ""cosmic pluralism"" became largely archaic as knowledge diversified and the speculation on extraterrestrial life focused on particular bodies and observations. The historic debate continues to"
"that he believed that dwellers on Mars had tried to communicate with the Earth in the past. He also believed in 1907 that a seven-tailed comet was heading toward Earth. In 1910, for the appearance of Halley's Comet, he believed the gas from the comet’s tail ""would impregnate [the Earth’s] atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet."" As a young man, Flammarion was exposed to two significant social movements in the western world: the thoughts and ideas of Darwin and Lamarck, and the rising popularity of spiritism with spiritualist churches and organizations appearing all over Europe. He"
"Flieger. They share a symbolical and literal association with fire, are both rebels against gods's decrees and, basically, inventors of artefacts that were sources of light, or vessels to divine flame. The Bible and traditional Christian narrative also influenced ""The Silmarillion"". Tolkien was a devout Roman Catholic. The conflict between Melkor and Eru Ilúvatar parallels that between Satan and God. Further, ""The Silmarillion"" tells of the creation and fall of the Elves, as ""Genesis"" tells of the creation and fall of Man. As with all of Tolkien's works, ""The Silmarillion"" allows room for later Christian history, and one version of"
"position at the Paris Observatory later the same year. It is not quite clear if these two incidents are related to each other. In ""Real and Imaginary Worlds"" (1864) and ""Lumen"" (1887), he ""describes a range of exotic species, including sentient plants which combine the processes of digestion and respiration. This belief in extraterrestrial life, Flammarion combined with a religious conviction derived, not from the Catholic faith upon which he had been raised, but from the writings of Jean Reynaud and their emphasis upon the transmigration of souls. Man he considered to be a “citizen of the sky,” others worlds"
"out of a dozen astrolabes from the same Vienna school preserved in museums around the world. An image of an angel defied identification until it was realised that Bessarion had been named after an early Egyptian saint who was venerated as an angel in the Byzantine liturgy. Furthermore, the Latin dedication is an acrostic with hidden meanings and the vertical axes of the acrostic define eight spaces containing letters that identify (more than once) the eight persons depicted in the enigmatic ‘Flagellation of Christ’ by Piero della Francesca. It seems that the concept of the painting and the persons depicted"
"For example, the title of the first book, ""The Eye in the Pyramid"", refers to the Eye of Providence, a mystical symbol which derives from the ancient Egyptian Eye of Horus and is erroneously claimed to be the symbol of the Bavarian Illuminati. Some of America's founding fathers are alleged by conspiracy theorists to have been members of this sect. The books are loaded with references to the Illuminati, the Argenteum Astrum, many and various world domination plans, conspiracy theories and pieces of gnostic knowledge. Many of the odder conspiracies in the book are taken from unpublished letters to ""Playboy"""
"Groupe Flammarion Groupe Flammarion is the fourth-largest publishing group in France, comprising many units, including its namesake, founded in 1876 by Ernest Flammarion, as well as units in distribution, sales, printing and bookshops (La Hune and Flammarion Center). Flammarion became part of the Italian media conglomerate RCS MediaGroup in 2000. Éditions Gallimard acquired Flammarion from RCS MediaGroup in 2012. Subsidiaries include Casterman and ""Fluide Glacial"". Ernest Flammarion successfully launched his family publishing venture in 1875 with the ""Treaty of Popular Astronomy"" of his brother, the astronomer Camille Flammarion. The firm published Émile Zola, Maupassant, and Jules Renard as well as"
"Temple, Healing of the Blind Man, Healing of the Leper. During the Carolingian era, King Charlemagne believed in the spiritual powers of gemstones and minerals, and their magical connection to heaven. He believed sapphires symbolized an image of heaven, heavenly virtues, and eternal life. Charlemagne passed down his interest in the spiritual qualities of gemstones to his grandson, Charles the Bald, who ordered the Codex Aureus and Lindau Gospels to be written in 870. The artisans created the covers with emeralds, sapphires, rubies, garnets, agate, and pearls. The standard of the work is extremely refined, with each of the gems"
"turn were based on Lossing's 1856 version. [[File:Pontormo - Cena in Emmaus - Google Art Project.jpg|130px|thumb|""Supper at Emmaus"", a 1525 [[Jacopo Pontormo]] painting, contains the Eye of Providence in a triangle]] Some [[Masonic conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories]] state that the Great Seal shows a sinister influence by [[Freemasonry]] in the founding of the United States. Such theories usually claim that the [[Eye of Providence]] (found, in the Seal, above the pyramid) is a common Masonic emblem, and that the Great Seal was created by Freemasons. These claims, however, misstate the facts. While the [[Eye of Providence]] is today a common Masonic"
"The laurel wreath still carries some of the Cusack motto ""En Dieu est mon Espoir"". Furthermore, on the tree appears the Cusack Crest described as ""The Mermaid holding a Sword in her right hand and what appears to be a comb in her left"". The modern crest differs slightly. At the top of the stone there are three suns with the letters I.H.S. surmounted by a cross in each. It is a Franciscan device to show that devotion to Christ should supersede earthly loyalties. The reason for the three suns could have been in memory of the three Sir Thomas"
"biblical and nationalistic symbols and images. A particularly popular motif is the lion, which can be found as the mascarons originally fitted on the insides of the gunport doors, grasping the royal coat of arms on either side, the figurehead, and even clinging to the top of the rudder. Each side of the beakhead originally had 20 figures (though only 19 have actually been found) that depicted Roman emperors from Tiberius to Septimius Severus. Overall, almost all heroic and positive imagery is directly or indirectly identified with the king and was originally intended to glorify him as a wise and"
"her paintings that document her childhood, early adulthood and first years in New Orleans are inscribed with the narratives of specific events, that often reference her evangelical activities. Morgan particularly favored the Book of Revelations. William A. Fagaly writes, ""The apocalyptic text of the Book of Revelation offers a plethora of visionary images: the Apocalypse and its four horsemen, the Antichrist, the Whore of Babylon, the Beast (with the mark 666), the heavenly book of seven seals, Armageddon, the return of the Jews to the Holy Land, the millennial kingdom of Christ on Earth, and the New Jerusalem."" It is"
"that Francis' Uncle Louis is found to be a traitor and the Monument comb shop is closed down while the military police investigate. Some have said that this might be based on Cormier's father as Cormier wrote that his father was very mysterious. The novel has a very complicated outlook on heroism and what defines a hero. Francis is considered to be a hero as his actions during the war saved the lives of others. Religion is also a key theme as Francis is a devoted Catholic. The place of religion within the community of Frenchtown is often emphasised and"
"a sacred duty. The church's iconography primarily centres around images directly connected to Sigmar himself: the comet and the hammer are the foremost of these. Also a popular national and religious symbol is the griffon, the personal heraldry of Emperor Magnus the Pious, who saved the Empire from disaster during the Great War Against Chaos in IC 2302–2303. It is a well-known theory among the theologians the Old World that a Champion of Light arises to do battle with the forces of Chaos when they unify around their periodic leaders. Many have felt that Sigmar may have been one of"
"the crest, he used Hopkinson's constellation of thirteen stars. The motto was ""E Pluribus Unum"", taken from the first committee, and was on a scroll held in the eagle's beak. An eagle holding symbols of war and peace has a long history, and also echoed the second committee's themes. Franklin owned a 1702 [[emblem book]], which included an eagle with olive branch and arrows near its talons, which may have been a source for Thomson. The arrows also mirror those in the arms of the [[Dutch Republic]], the only country in Europe with a representative government at the time, which"
"America throughout the 18th century. It is still found in Catholic, Orthodox, and even some Protestant churches, and it symbolises the [[Holy Trinity]] (the triangle) and God's [[omniscience]] (the eye) surrounded by rays of glory, denoting God's [[divinity]]. Furthermore, contrary to the claims of these conspiracy theories, the Great Seal was not created by Freemasons. While [[Benjamin Franklin]] was a Mason, he was the only member of any of the various Great Seal committees definitively known to be so, and his ideas were not adopted. Of the four men whose ideas were adopted, neither [[Charles Thomson]], [[Pierre Du Simitière]] nor"
"Alamut, Bavarian Illuminati, Bogomils, Cabalists, Candomblé, Cathars, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Elders of Zion, Freemasons, Gnostics, Jesuits, Knights Templar, Opus Dei, Ordo Templi Orientis, Panta Rei and the Rosicrucians. ""Foucault's Pendulum"" (1988) has been called ""the thinking man's ""Da Vinci Code"""". The parchment that sparks the Plan plays a role which is similar to the parchments in the Rennes-le-Château story in Brown's novel and in ""The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail"" (1982), from which Brown drew inspiration. Eco's novel predated the ""Da Vinci"" phenomenon by more than a decade, but both novels are concerned with the"
"purposes such as ""Fast Luck"" and ""Love Drawing"". Throughout the African-American community one finds Christian symbolism and prayer, which made it a natural addition to the similar symbolism of hoodoo. Mirroring the hoodoo concept of the ""Bible-as-talisman"", the book itself proposes to be a protective amulet: ""Whoever carries this book with him is safe from all his enemies, visible or invisible; and whoever has this book with him cannot die without the holy corpse of Jesus Christ, nor drown in any water, nor burn up in any fire, nor can any unjust sentence be passed upon him. So help me."""
"of the ships on which the main characters sail, in order to ensure that the dimensions and the interior layouts were correct. He lives in Cornouaille in Brittany. When Bourgeon's usual editor since 1983, the family-owned company Casterman, was bought by the large corporation Flammarion, problems arose. Bourgeon and Lacroix claimed that Flammarion had altered the sales numbers to slow down royalty payments to the authors, and then committed other irregularities. The authors took Flammarion to court in 1999. Flammarion countersued separately, charging the authors over failure to produce a new album of the Cyann series in less than three"
"mentioned in the novel ""The Time Traveler's Wife"", much of which is set in the Newberry. The French astronomer Camille Flammarion's book ""Les terres du ciel"" (The Worlds of the Sky) (1877) was bound with the skin donated from a female admirer. A portion of the binding in the copy of Dale Carnegie's ""Lincoln the Unknown"" that is part of the collection of Temple University's Charles L. Blockson Collection was ""taken from the skin of a Negro at a Baltimore Hospital and tanned by the Jewell Belting Company"". The National Library of Australia holds a book of 18th century poetry"