Which chemical element takes its name from the Arabic word for 'yellow'?
"temperament (of a person dominated by the yellow bile humour); the masculine; and the eastern point of the compass. In alchemy the chemical element of sulfur was often associated with fire and its alchemical symbol and its symbol was an upward-pointing triangle. In alchemic tradition, metals are incubated by fire in the womb of the Earth and alchemists only accelerate their development. Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word ""agni"" is Sanskrit for fire (noun), cognate with Latin ""ignis"" (the root of English ""ignite""), Russian ""огонь"" (fire), pronounced ""agon"". Agni has three forms: fire, lightning and the sun."
"in 1900. At right is displayed the web color medium turquoise. At right is displayed the web color dark turquoise. Turquoise (color) Turquoise () is a blue/green color, based on the gem of the same name. The word ""turquoise"" comes from the French for ""Turkish"", as the gem was originally imported from Turkey. The first recorded use of ""turquoise"" as a color name in English was in 1573. The X11 color named turquoise is displayed on the right. Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl(PO)(OH)·4HO. It is"
"terbia and erbia (all the names are derived from the town name ""Ytterby""). The earth giving pink salts he called ""terbium""; the one that yielded yellow peroxide he called ""erbium"". So in 1842 the number of known rare-earth elements had reached six: yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, erbium and terbium. Nils Johan Berlin and Marc Delafontaine tried also to separate the crude yttria and found the same substances that Mosander obtained, but Berlin named (1860) the substance giving pink salts ""erbium"", and Delafontaine named the substance with the yellow peroxide ""terbium"". This confusion led to several false claims of new elements,"
"by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols, and is an abbreviation of the element's New Latin name ""natrium"", which refers to the Egyptian ""natron"", a natural mineral salt mainly consisting of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames. As early as 1860, Kirchhoff and Bunsen noted the high sensitivity of a sodium flame test, and stated in Annalen der Physik und Chemie: In a corner of our 60 m room farthest away from the apparatus, we exploded 3"
"can regarded as a portmanteau of ""borax"" and ""carbon"". Aluminium was named by Humphry Davy in the early 1800s. It is derived from the Greek word ""alumen"", meaning bitter salt, or the Latin ""alum"", the mineral. Gallium is derived from the Latin ""Gallia"", referring to France, the place of its discovery. Indium comes from the Latin word ""indicum"", meaning indigo dye, and refers to the element's prominent indigo spectroscopic line. Thallium, like indium, is named after the Greek word for the color of its spectroscopic line: ""thallos"", meaning a green twig or shoot. ""Nihonium"" is named after Japan (""Nihon"" in"
"externally cold and dry, while gold was hot and moist. Thus, Jabir theorized, by rearranging the qualities of one metal, a different metal would result. By this reasoning, the search for the philosopher's stone was introduced to Western alchemy. Jabir developed an elaborate numerology whereby the root letters of a substance's name in Arabic, when treated with various transformations, held correspondences to the element's physical properties. The elemental system used in medieval alchemy also originated with Jabir. His original system consisted of seven elements, which included the five classical elements (aether, air, earth, fire, and water) in addition to two"
"the mineral fluorospar, which was used as a flux in metal working. Chlorine's name comes from the Greek word ""chloros"", meaning ""greenish-yellow"". Bromine's name comes from the Greek word ""bromos"", meaning ""stench"". Iodine's name comes from the Greek word ""iodes"", meaning ""violet"". Astatine's name comes from the Greek word ""astatos"", meaning ""unstable"". Tennessine is named after the US state of Tennessee. The halogens show trends in chemical bond energy moving from top to bottom of the periodic table column with fluorine deviating slightly. (It follows trend in having the highest bond energy in compounds with other atoms, but it has"
"be colored by anodization are particular advantages. Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin ""Molybdaenum"", from Ancient Greek , meaning ""lead"", itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores. The free element, which is a silvery metal, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides, and for this reason it is often used in high-strength steel alloys. Molybdenum does not occur as a free metal on Earth, but rather in"
"Cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal. Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass, but the color was later thought by alchemists to be due to the known metal bismuth. Miners had long used the name ""kobold ore"" (German"
"as follows: Thus, according to Budge and others, chemistry derives from an Egyptian word ""khemein"" or ""khēmia"", ""preparation of black powder"", ultimately derived from the name ""khem"", Egypt. A decree of Diocletian, written about 300 AD in Greek, speaks against ""the ancient writings of the Egyptians, which treat of the ""khēmia"" transmutation of gold and silver"". Arabic ""al-kīmiyaʾ"" or ""al-khīmiyaʾ"" ( or ), according to some, is thought to derive from the Koine Greek word ""khymeia"" () meaning ""the art of alloying metals, alchemy""; in the manuscripts, this word is also written ""khēmeia"" () or ""kheimeia"" (), which is the"
"Turquoise (color) Turquoise () is a blue/green color, based on the gem of the same name. The word ""turquoise"" comes from the French for ""Turkish"", as the gem was originally imported from Turkey. The first recorded use of ""turquoise"" as a color name in English was in 1573. The X11 color named turquoise is displayed on the right. Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl(PO)(OH)·4HO. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years"
"a meeting of the Imperial Institute of France. On 6 December, Gay-Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen. It was Gay-Lussac who suggested the name """"iode"""", from the Greek word (""ioeidēs"") for violet (because of the colour of iodine vapor). Ampère had given some of his sample to English chemist Humphry Davy (1778–1829), who experimented on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine. Davy sent a letter dated 10 December to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element. Arguments erupted between Davy and Gay-Lussac over"
"Egyptian blue Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate (CaCuSiO or CaOCuO(SiO) (calcium copper tetrasilicate)) or cuprorivaite, is a pigment used in ancient Egypt for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. It was known to the Romans by the name ""caeruleum"" – see also the English word cerulean. After the Roman era, Egyptian blue fell from use and the manner of its creation was forgotten. The ancient Egyptian word wꜣḏ signifies blue, blue-green, and green. The first recorded use of ""Egyptian blue"" as a color name in English was in 1809. Egyptian blue"
"Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black non-metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. The elemental form was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811. It was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac from this property, after the Greek ""ἰώδης"" ""violet-coloured"". Iodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I), iodate (), and the various periodate anions. It is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element."
"would not be satisfactorily produced. For example, if the temperatures were above 1050°C, it would become unstable. If too much lime was added, wollastonite (CaSiO) forms and gives the pigment a green color. Too much of the copper ingredients results in excesses of copper oxides cuprite and tenorite. The main component of Egyptian blue was the silica, and quartz sand found adjacent to the sites where Egyptian blue was being manufactured may have been its source, although no concrete evidence supports this hypothesis. The only evidence cited is by Jakcsh ""et al."", who found crystals of titanomagnetite, a mineral found"
"many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom. The word ""yellow"" comes from the Old English ""geolu"", ""geolwe"" (oblique case), meaning ""yellow, yellowish"", derived from the Proto-Germanic word ""gelwaz"" ""yellow"". It has the same Indo-European base, ""gʰel-"", as the words ""gold"" and ""yell""; ""gʰel-"" means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out. The English term is related to other Germanic words for ""yellow"", namely Scots ""yella"", East Frisian ""jeel"", West Frisian ""giel"", Dutch ""geel"", German ""gelb"", and Swedish and Norwegian ""gul"". According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the oldest known use of"
"result. Like Zosimos, Jabir believed this would require a catalyst, an ""al-iksir"", the elusive elixir that would make this transformation possible — which in European alchemy became known as the philosopher's stone. According to Jabir's mercury-sulfur theory, metals differ from each in so far as they contain different proportions of the sulfur and mercury. These are not the elements that we know by those names, but certain principles to which those elements are the closest approximation in nature. Based on Aristotle's ""exhalation"" theory the dry and moist exhalations become ""sulfur"" and ""mercury"" (sometimes called ""sophic"" or ""philosophic"" mercury and sulfur)."
"Aluminium oxide Aluminium oxide (IUPAC name) or aluminum oxide (American English) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula . It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium(III) oxide. It is commonly called alumina (regardless of whether the element is spelled aluminum or aluminium), and may also be called aloxide, aloxite, or alundum depending on particular forms or applications. It occurs naturally in its crystalline polymorphic phase α-AlO as the mineral corundum, varieties of which form the precious gemstones ruby and sapphire. AlO is significant in its use to"
"IUPAC on 1 June 2011, IUPAC asked the discovery team at the JINR to suggest permanent names for those two elements. The Dubna team chose to name element 114 ""flerovium"" (symbol Fl), after the Russian Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), named after the Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov (also spelled Flerov); earlier reports claim the element name was directly proposed to honour Flyorov. In accordance with the proposal received from the discoverers IUPAC officially named flerovium after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (an older name for the JINR), not after Flyorov himself. Flyorov is known for writing to Joseph"
"with alpha particles. In 1811, the German chemist Johann Schweigger proposed that the name ""halogen"" – meaning ""salt producer"", from αλς [als] ""salt"" and γενειν [genein] ""to beget"" – replace the name ""chlorine"", which had been proposed by the English chemist Humphry Davy. Davy's name for the element prevailed. However, in 1826, the Swedish chemist Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius proposed the term ""halogen"" for the elements fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, which produce a sea-salt-like substance when they form a compound with an alkaline metal. Fluorine's name comes from the Latin word ""fluere"", meaning ""to flow"", because it was derived from"
"Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a ""rare earth element"". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. Its only stable isotope, Y, is also its only naturally occurring isotope. In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ""ytterbite"", after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and"
"is flammable. Yttrium Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a ""rare-earth element"". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals, and is never found in nature as a free element. Y is the only stable isotope, and the only isotope found in the Earth's crust. In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ""ytterbite"", after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius'"
"is also possible that ""al-kīmiyāʾ"" derived from , meaning ""cast together"". There are two main views on the derivation of the word, which agree in holding that it has an Arabic descent, the prefix ""al"" being the Arabic article. But according to one, the second part of the word comes from the Greek ""χημεία"", pouring, infusion, used in connexion with the study of the juices of plants, and thence extended to chemical manipulations in general; this derivation accounts for the old-fashioned spellings ""chymist"" and ""chymistry"". The other view traces it to ""khem"" or ""khame"", hieroglyph ""khmi"", which denotes black earth"
"Arabic as kahraba' or kahraba (which later became the Arabic word for electricity, كهرباء ""kahrabā<nowiki>'</nowiki>""), it too was called amber in Europe (Old French and Middle English ambre). Found along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, yellow amber reached the Middle East and western Europe via trade. Its coastal acquisition may have been one reason yellow amber came to be designated by the same term as ambergris. Moreover, like ambergris, the resin could be burned as an incense. The resin's most popular use was, however, for ornamentation—easily cut and polished, it could be transformed into beautiful jewelry. Much of"
"Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula HgCl. Also known as the mineral calomel (a rare mineral) or mercurous chloride, this dense white or yellowish-white, odorless solid is the principal example of a mercury(I) compound. It is a component of reference electrodes in electrochemistry. The name calomel is thought to come from the Greek καλός ""beautiful"", and μέλας ""black""; or καλός and μέλι ""honey"" from its sweet taste. The ""black"" name (somewhat surprising for a white compound) is probably due to its characteristic disproportionation reaction with ammonia, which gives a “spectacular” black coloration due to the"
"Chlorine Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine. The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (common salt), has been known since ancient times. Around 1630, chlorine gas was first synthesised in a chemical reaction,"
"Mercury (element) Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum ( ). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature. Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as cinnabar (mercuric sulfide). The red pigment vermilion is obtained by grinding natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric sulfide. Mercury"
"for example, hydrogen (""water-producing""), oxygen (""acid-producing""), nitrogen (""soda-producing""), bromine (""stink""), and argon (""no reaction"") were based on Greek roots, while the names of iodine and chlorine were derived from the Greek words for their characteristic colors. Indium, rubidium, and thallium were similarly named for the colors of particular lines in their emission spectra. Iridium, which forms compounds of many different colors, takes its name from ""iris"", the Latin for ""rainbow"". The noble gases have all been named for their origin or properties. Helium comes from the Greek ""helios"", meaning ""sun"" because it was first detected as a line in the"
"Yttrium Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a ""rare-earth element"". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals, and is never found in nature as a free element. Y is the only stable isotope, and the only isotope found in the Earth's crust. In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ""ytterbite"", after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in"
"""more appropriately called by the Arabic word alcohol since it is formed from cider or fermented sugar as well as wine"", and publishing the first chemical equation ""grape must = carbonic acid + alcohol"", calling this reaction ""one of the most extraordinary in chemistry"", noting ""In these experiments, we have to assume that there is a true balance or equation between the elements of the compounds with which we start and those obtained at the end of the reaction."" The book contains a list of 33 elements, only 23 of which are elements in the modern sense. The elements given"
"forms as an active center of enzymes, such as the vanadium bromoperoxidase of some ocean algae. Vanadium was discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río, a Spanish-Mexican mineralogist, in 1801. Del Río extracted the element from a sample of Mexican ""brown lead"" ore, later named vanadinite. He found that its salts exhibit a wide variety of colors, and as a result he named the element ""panchromium"" (Greek: παγχρώμιο ""all colors""). Later, Del Río renamed the element ""erythronium"" (Greek: ερυθρός ""red"") because most of the salts turned red upon heating. In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils, backed by del Río's"
"displayed the X11 color named turquoise. ""Turquoise"" is the name of a greenish blue color, based on the gem of the same name. The word ""turquoise"" comes from the French for Turkish, as the gem was originally imported from Turkey. The first recorded use of ""turquoise"" as a color name in English was in 1573. Perhaps owing to sharing its name with a mineral, turquoise is currently a more common term in English than other cyan-like colors. Verdigris is the common name for a green pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates or the natural patina"
"probable basis of the Arabic form. According to Mahn, the Greek word χυμεία ""khumeia"" originally meant ""pouring together"", ""casting together"", ""weld"", ""alloy"", etc. (cf. Gk. ""kheein"" () ""to pour""; ""khuma"" (), ""that which is poured out, an ingot""). Assuming a Greek origin, chemistry is defined as follows: Later medieval Latin had ""alchimia / alchymia"" ""alchemy"", ""alchimicus"" ""alchemical"", and ""alchimista"" ""alchemist"". The mineralogist and humanist Georg Agricola (died 1555) was the first to drop the Arabic definite article ""al-"". In his Latin works from 1530 on he exclusively wrote ""chymia"" and ""chymista"" in describing activity that we today would characterize as"