"The phrase ""two plus two equals five"" (""2 + 2 = 5"") popularized by George Orwell is plausibly derived from what developmental policy of the erstwhile Soviet Union?"
"outspoken account of events, ""Assignment in Utopia,"" published in 1937. Lyons' writing directly influenced George Orwell. In his seminal novel ""Nineteen Eighty-Four"", Orwell borrowed a chapter title from ""Assignment in Utopia,"" ""Two Plus Two Equals Five."" Lyons recalled that this was a common slogan in the USSR during the drive to complete the first Five-Year Plan in just four years; Orwell adapted it as a metaphor for official totalitarian lying. Following his return from the Soviet Union, Lyons very briefly flirted with Trotskyism. Leon Trotsky himself initially praised ""Assignment in Utopia"" but later became quite critical of Lyons as he"
"2 + 2 = 5 The phrase ""two plus two equals five"" (""2 + 2 = 5"") is a slogan used in many different forms of media, most notably in Part One, Chapter Seven of the book ""1984"" by George Orwell. In the novel, it is used as an example of an obviously false dogma that one may be required to believe, similar to other obviously false slogans promoted by the Party in the novel. Orwell's protagonist, Winston Smith, uses the phrase to wonder if the State might declare ""two plus two equals five"" as a fact; he ponders whether,"
"In business texts about synergy, ""2 + 2 = 5"" is used without irony to indicate that the outcome of a collective effort is greater sum of individual efforts. 2 + 2 = 5 The phrase ""two plus two equals five"" (""2 + 2 = 5"") is a slogan used in many different forms of media, most notably in Part One, Chapter Seven of the book ""1984"" by George Orwell. In the novel, it is used as an example of an obviously false dogma that one may be required to believe, similar to other obviously false slogans promoted by the"
"during the game. In the video game ""Orwell"", the achievement '2+2=5' is unlocked for ensuring the public acceptance of the Orwell surveillance system and the eradication of Thought, a prominent anti-government movement, therefore ensuring the continued and total control of The Nation's totalitarian government. Brazilian songwriter Caetano Veloso wrote a song called ""Como 2+2"" (""like 2+2"", in Portuguese), in which one of the verses translates as ""everything allright like 2 + 2 are 5"", a reference to the dictatorship that ruled Brazil then. Dostoevsky's dialogue about two times two equaling five is recited in the 2018 HBO movie ""Fahrenheit 451""."
"novel to the Broadway stage. Orwell sold the American stage rights to Sheldon, explaining that his basic goal with ""Nineteen Eighty-Four"" was imagining the consequences of Stalinist government ruling British society: [""Nineteen Eighty-Four""] was based chiefly on communism, because that is the dominant form of totalitarianism, but I was trying chiefly to imagine what communism would be like if it were firmly rooted in the English speaking countries, and was no longer a mere extension of the Russian Foreign Office. The statement ""2 + 2 = 5"", used to torment Winston Smith during his interrogation, was a communist party slogan"
"an account of his time in the Soviet Union. This contains a chapter ""Two Plus Two Equals Five"", that referred to Guminer's slogan. However, Orwell spoke of the Nazis, so he may have been making reference to the Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, who once, in a debatably hyperbolic display of loyalty to Adolf Hitler, declared, ""If the Führer wants it, two and two makes five!"" In ""Nineteen Eighty-Four"", Orwell writes: In presidential debates prior to the 2009 Iranian presidential elections, reformist candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi accused his interlocutor, president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, of being illogical and said: ""If you ask (the president) what"
"In Germany"" (1842) Bakunin compares the behavior of Compromising Positivists to the one of Juste-milieu at the beginning of the July Revolution quoting a French journal: ""The Left says, 2 times 2 are 4; the Right, 2 times 2 are 6; and the Juste-milieu says, 2 times 2 are 5"". ""Deux et deux font cinq (2 + 2 = 5"") was the title of a short story collection by French absurdist writer Alphonse Allais published in 1895. Similarly, a 1920 art manifesto by Russian imaginist poet Vadim Shershenevich was titled ""2 × 2 = 5"". The Soviet Union began its"
"from the second five-year plan, which encouraged fulfillment of the five-year plan in four years. The slogan was seen in electric lights on Moscow house-fronts, billboards and elsewhere. The switch of Oceania's allegiance from Eastasia to Eurasia and the subsequent rewriting of history (""Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia. A large part of the political literature of five years was now completely obsolete""; ch 9) is evocative of the Soviet Union's changing relations with Nazi Germany. The two nations were open and frequently vehement critics of each other until the signing of"
"First five-year plan The first five-year plan (, ) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin and based on his policy of Socialism in One Country. It was implemented between 1928 and 1932. The Soviet Union entered a series of five-year plans which began in 1928 under the rule of Joseph Stalin. Stalin launched what would be referred as a ""revolution from above"" to improve the Soviet Union’s domestic policy, more importantly centered around rapid industrialization and secondly, the collectivization of agriculture. His desire was"
"control the slums in the port cities and the industrial sprawl of the Kanto Plain. The Soviet Union was set up amongst the ruins of the Russian Empire starting in 1925. It is ruled by the Bolshevik Party (who are Communists, followers of the teachings of German economic theorist Karl Marx). It used technology to modernize Russia. Government programs sponsoring scientific research, technological specialization, and skilled labor manufacturing were used to create a prosperous economy with trade links outside the Union. Investments in agricultural reform and improved transport and distribution networks allowed rapid movements of food and supplies to where"
"from war communism to the New Economic Policy. In his 1915 article ""On the Slogan for a United States of Europe"", Lenin had written: Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence, the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country alone. After expropriating the capitalists and organising their own socialist production, the victorious proletariat of that country will arise against the rest of the world. In 1918, Lenin wrote: I know that there are, of course, sages who think they are very clever and even call themselves Socialists, who"
"V. I. Lenin's November 1920 epigram that ""Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the whole country"" — an injunction programmatically advanced by the 1920 GOELRO plan. With Soviet electrical engineers and advanced generation equipment in chronically short supply in this period, the Soviet Union turned at once to the hiring of foreign specialists and the importation of machinery produced abroad in an effort to expeditiously overcome the deficit during the years of the first Five Year Plan, launched in 1928. One of the foreign firms contracting with the Soviet government for the installation of electrical equipment and its supervision"
"enthusiasm of the workers=5"". Stalin declared the plan a success at the beginning of 1933, noting the creation of several heavy industries. George Orwell may have been influenced by this poster. George Orwell had used this concept before publishing ""Nineteen Eighty-Four"" in 1949. During his career at the BBC, he became familiar with the methods of Nazi propaganda. In his essay ""Looking Back on the Spanish War"", published in 1943 (six years before the publication of ""Nineteen Eighty-Four""), Orwell wrote: In the view of most of Orwell's biographers, the main source for this was ""Assignment in Utopia"" by Eugene Lyons,"
"higher than many non-socialist economies, so they would have eventually caught up to the West if those growth rates had been maintained. Some reject all comparisons altogether, noting that the communist states started out with economies that were generally much less developed to begin with. Starting with the first five-year plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and early 1930s, Soviet leaders pursued a strategy of economic development concentrating the country's economic resources on heavy industry and defense rather than on consumer goods. This strategy was later adopted in varying degrees by communist leaders in Eastern Europe and"
", as reflected in this statement from a speech by Joseph Stalin: According to ""Nineteen Eighty-Four"" by George Orwell, doublethink is: Orwell explains that the Party could not protect its near-absolute power without degrading its people with constant propaganda. Yet knowledge of this brutal deception, even within the Inner Party itself, could lead to the implosion of the State. Although ""Nineteen Eighty-Four"" is most famous for the Party's pervasive surveillance of everyday life, this control means that the population of Oceania—""all of it"" and including the ruling elite—could be controlled and manipulated merely through the alteration of everyday thought and"
"Uskoreniye Uskoreniye (; literally meaning ""acceleration"") was a slogan and a policy announced by Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on 20 April 1985 at a Soviet Party Plenum, aimed at the acceleration of political, social and economic development of the Soviet Union. It was the first slogan of a set of reforms that also included ""perestroika"" (restructuring), ""glasnost"" (transparency), ""new political thinking"", and ""democratisation"". In May 1985, Gorbachev gave a speech in Leningrad, during which he admitted the slowing down of the economic development and inadequacy of living standards. This was the first time in history that a Soviet"
"on both the Narkomindel and the Comintern. In particular, Carr examined the relationship between the Soviet Communist Party and the other Communist parties around the world, the Comintern's structure, the Soviet reaction to the Locarno Treaties, and the early efforts (ultimately successful in 1949) to promote a revolution in China. The third phrase was the period of the Five-Year Plans beginning with the first five-year plan in 1928, which saw the Soviet state promoting the growth of heavy industry, eliminating private enterprise, collectivising agriculture, and of quotas for industrial production being set in Moscow. In Carr's opinion, the changes wrought"
"catch up with and surpass the UK in 15 years. Comrade Khrushchev has told us, the Soviet Union 15 years later will surpass the United States of America. I can also say, 15 years later, we may catch up with or exceed the UK. The Great Leap Forward campaign began during the period of the Second Five Year Plan which was scheduled to run from 1958 to 1963, though the campaign itself was discontinued by 1961. Mao unveiled the Great Leap Forward at a meeting in January 1958 in Nanjing. The central idea behind the Great Leap was that rapid"
"this growth by two forces: (1) ""An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals"" and (2) ""Officials make work for each other."" He notes that the number employed in a bureaucracy rose by 5–7% per year ""irrespective of any variation in the amount of work (if any) to be done"". ""Parkinson's Law"" was translated into many languages. It was highly popular in the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc. In 1986, Alessandro Natta complained about the swelling bureaucracy in Italy. Mikhail Gorbachev responded that ""Parkinson's law works everywhere."" The first-referenced meaning of the law has dominated, and sprouted several corollaries,"
"reunification in 1990. All the Eastern European national economies had productivity far below the Western European average. Nevertheless, some countries under communist rule with socialist economies maintained consistently higher rates of economic growth than industrialized Western countries with capitalist economies. From 1928 to 1985, the economy of the Soviet Union grew by a factor of 10 and GNP per capita grew more than fivefold. The Soviet economy started out at roughly 25 percent the size of the economy of the United States. By 1955, it climbed to 40 percent. In 1965, the Soviet economy reached 50% of the contemporary United"
"by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population (""New People"") into agricultural communes. The entire population was forced to become farmers in labor camps. In the Caucasian region of the former Soviet Union, ethnic population transfers have affected many thousands of individuals in Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper; in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Georgia proper and in Chechnya and adjacent areas within Russia. George Orwell, in his 1946 essay ""Politics and the English Language"" (written during the World War II evacuation and expulsions in Europe), observed ""In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible."
"Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union The five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Soviet Union (USSR) (, ""Pjatiletnije plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR"") consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union, beginning in the late 1920s. The Soviet state planning committee Gosplan developed these plans based on the theory of the productive forces that formed part of the ideology of the Communist Party for development of the Soviet economy. Fulfilling the current plan became the watchword of Soviet bureaucracy. Most other communist states, including the People's"
"end of the Cold War, the breakdown of the Soviet Empire and ultimately of the Soviet Union itself. New political thinking New political thinking (or simply ""new thinking"") was the doctrine put forth by Mikhail Gorbachev as part of his reforms of the Soviet Union. Its major elements were deideologization of international politics, abandoning the concept of class struggle, priority of universal human interests over the interests of any class, increasing interdependence of the world, mutual security based on political rather than military instruments, which constituted a significant shift from the previous principles of the Soviet foreign politics. In 1987"
"1965 Soviet economic reform The 1965 Soviet economic reform, sometimes called the Kosygin reform () or Liberman reform, were a set of planned changes in the economy of the Soviet Union (USSR). A centerpiece of these changes was the introduction of profitability and sales as the two key indicators of enterprise success. Some of an enterprise's profits would go to three funds, used to reward workers and expand operations; most would go to the central budget. The reforms were introduced politically by Alexei Kosygin—who had just become Premier of the Soviet Union following the removal of Nikita Khrushchev—and ratified by"
"had developed since the introduction of the first five-year plan in 1928. Until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when economic reforms backed by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced significant changes in the traditional system (see perestroika). the allocation of resources was directed by a planning apparatus rather than through the interplay of market forces. From the Stalin era through the late 1980s, the five-year plan integrated short-range planning into a longer time frame. It delineated the chief thrust of the country's economic development and specified the way the economy could meet the desired goals of the Communist Party of"
"of the new constitution, one speaker proclaimed that there were, in fact, no classes in the USSR, and newspapers effused over how the dreams of the working class were coming true for the luckiest people in the world. One admission that there were classes—workers, peasants, and working intelligentsia—dismissed it as unimportant, as these new classes had no need to conflict. Military metaphors were used frequently for this creation, as in 1929, where the collectivization of agriculture was officially termed a ""full-scale socialist offensive on all fronts."" The Second Five Plan saw a slowdown of the Socialist Offensive, this against a"
"of stateless communism. In Soviet ideology, Marx's concepts of the ""lower and higher phases of communism"" articulated in the ""Critique of the Gotha Program"" were reformulated as the stages of ""socialism"" and ""communism"". The Soviet state claimed to have begun the phase of ""socialist construction"" during the implementation of the first Five-Year Plans during the 1930s, which introduced a centrally planned, nationalized/collectivized economy. The 1962 Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, published under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, claimed that socialism had been firmly established in the USSR, and that the state would now progress to the"
"of the Soviet economy based on total electrification of the country. The plan was developed in 1920 and covered a 10 to 15-year period. It included construction of a network of 30 regional power stations, including ten large hydroelectric power plants, and numerous electric-powered large industrial enterprises. The plan became the prototype for subsequent Five-Year Plans and was fulfilled by 1931. From its creation, the government in the Soviet Union was based on the one-party rule of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks). After the economic policy of ""War communism"" during the Russian Civil War, as a prelude to fully developing socialism"
"in order to unify the interests of workers, enterprises, and society as a whole by means of the system of economic stimuli. 1965 Soviet economic reform The 1965 Soviet economic reform, sometimes called the Kosygin reform () or Liberman reform, were a set of planned changes in the economy of the Soviet Union (USSR). A centerpiece of these changes was the introduction of profitability and sales as the two key indicators of enterprise success. Some of an enterprise's profits would go to three funds, used to reward workers and expand operations; most would go to the central budget. The reforms"
"the cities. The famine finally ended in 1933, after a successful harvest. Collectivization continued. During the second five-year plan Stalin came up with another famous slogan in 1935: ""Life has become better, life has become more cheerful."" Rationing was lifted. In 1936, due to a poor harvest, fears of another famine led to famously long breadlines. However, no such famine occurred, and these fears proved largely unfounded. During the second five-year plan, under the policy of ""cultural revolution"" , the Soviet authorities established fines that were collected from farmers. Citing 's ""Stakhanovism"" in her book ""Everyday Stalinism"", Fitzpatrick wrote: ""...in"
"cultural level of life of the people on the basis of high rates of development of socialist production, an increase of its effectiveness, scientific-technical progress, and an acceleration of the growth of the productiveness of labor"". Such messages were typical of stamps for the Brezhnev and post-Brezhnev period until the changes occurred under Mikhail Gorbachev. New slogans, ""perestroika"", ""uskoreniye"", ""demokratizatsiya"", and ""glasnost"", were coined and appeared on the postage stamps of the USSR. A unique complete pane of 25 early Soviet Union stamps is known as ""Soviet Air Post ""Wide 5"" surcharged"". The stamp itself was produced in 1924 as"
"an intensive program of industrial growth and socialization. For this purpose the administration adopted the Soviet economic model, based on state ownership in the modern sector, large collective units in agriculture, and centralized economic planning. The Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan (1953–57). As in the Soviet economy, the main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Soviet planners helped their Chinese counterparts formulate the plan. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and"
"of growth. In response to a draft Five-Year Plan prepared by the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh) which posited industrial growth of 135% over the five economic years 1927/28 to 1932/33, Bazarov deemed the long-term possibilities ""fascinating"" and ""enchanting."" Such a pace was soon dismissed as inadequate by those holding more extreme views, however, and Bazarov was sharply criticized for pessimism in underestimating ""the advantages inherent in the Soviet system."" Ultimately, a growth of 179% over the five-year period was approved by Soviet planning authorities, and Bazarov, Groman, and others holding similar views favoring a less drastic rate of"