The 'Hallux' is the medical name for what, in the human body?
"may be treated via cheilectomy in which the metatarsal head is reshaped and bone spurs reduced. Stage 3 hallux rigidus often involves significant cartilage loss and may be treated by an osteotomy in which cartilage on the first metatarsal head is repositioned, possibly coupled with a hemi-implant in which the base of the proximal phalanx (base of the big toe) is resurfaced. Stage 4 hallux rigidus, also known as end stage hallux rigidus involves severe loss of range of motion of the big toe joint and cartilage loss. Stage 4 hallux rigidus may be treated via fusion of the joint"
"Pallister–Hall syndrome Pallister–Hall syndrome is a disorder that affects the development of many parts of the body. It is named for Judith Hall and Philip Pallister. Most people with this condition have extra fingers and/or toes (polydactyly), and the skin between some fingers or toes may be fused (cutaneous syndactyly). An abnormal growth in the brain called a hypothalamic hamartoma is characteristic of this disorder. In many cases, these growths do not cause any medical problems; however, some hypothalamic hamartomas lead to seizures or hormone abnormalities that can be life-threatening in infancy. Other features of Pallister–Hall syndrome include a malformation"
"Body louse The body louse (""Pediculus humanus humanus"", sometimes called ""Pediculus humanus corporis"") is a louse that infests humans. The condition of being infested with head lice, body lice, or pubic lice is known as pediculosis. Body lice are vectors for the transmission of the human diseases epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. The body louse genome sequence analysis was published in 2010. ""Pediculus humanus humanus"" (the body louse) is indistinguishable in appearance from ""Pediculus humanus capitis"" (the head louse) but will interbreed only under laboratory conditions. In their natural state, they occupy different habitats and do not usually"
"parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Pallister–Hall syndrome Pallister–Hall syndrome is a disorder that affects the development of many parts of the body. It is named for Judith Hall and Philip Pallister. Most people with this condition have extra fingers and/or toes (polydactyly), and the skin between some fingers or toes may be fused (cutaneous syndactyly). An abnormal growth in the brain called a hypothalamic hamartoma is characteristic of this disorder. In many cases, these growths do not cause any medical problems; however,"
"muscle and tendon, inflammation and irritation is common at the site of the sustenaculum tali. Hallux saltans is a condition that develops as a result of overusing the FHL muscle. With this condition, a nodule develops along the FHL tendon which may produce a popping effect during contraction because it drags along surrounding tissues. If left untreated and continually irritated, stenosis of the tendon may occur, resulting in the big toe becoming stiff and relatively immobile. This condition is known as Hallux Rigidus. Most FHL injuries can be managed through conservative treatment. Rest is usually the first indicated intervention for"
"Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ ""thorax"" ""breastplate, cuirass, corslet"" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along"
"cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees. Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ ""thorax"" ""breastplate, cuirass, corslet"" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the"
"Malleus The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for ""hammer"" or ""mallet"". It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the ""incus"". The malleus is a bone situated in the middle ear. It is the first of the three ossicles, and attached to the tympanic membrane. The ""head of the malleus"" is the large protruding section, which attaches to the incus. The head connects to the ""neck of malleus"", and the bone"
"the outer surface of the fifth toe, supplied by the sural nerve. Sensation to the bottom of the toes is supplied by the medial plantar nerve, which supplies sensation to the great toe and inner three-and-a-half toes, and the lateral plantar nerve, which supplies sensation to the little toe and half of the sensation of the fourth toe. In humans, the hallux is usually longer than the second toe, but in some individuals, it may not be the longest toe. There is an inherited trait in humans, where the dominant gene causes a longer second toe (""Morton's toe"" or ""Greek"
"in coma. Thalamus The thalamus (from Greek , ""chamber"") is a large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness. It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves, within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon, as first assigned by Wilhelm His Sr. in 1893. The thalamus is a paired structure of gray matter located in"
"other debris, and sloughed-off inflammatory cells. Once phlegm has been expectorated by a cough it becomes sputum. There are multiple factors that can contribute to an excess of phlegm in the throat or larynx. Humourism is an ancient theory that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called the ""four humours"", which are held in balance when a person is healthy. It is closely related to the ancient theory of the four elements and states that all diseases and disabilities result from an excess or deficit in black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Hippocrates, an ancient Greek"
"Heliox Heliox is a breathing gas composed of a mixture of helium (He) and oxygen (O). Heliox is a medical treatment for patients with difficulty breathing. The mixture generates less resistance than atmospheric air when passing through the airways of the lungs, and thus requires less effort by a patient to breathe in and out of the lungs. Heliox has been used medically since the 1930s, and although the medical community adopted it initially to alleviate symptoms of upper airway obstruction, its range of medical uses has since expanded greatly, mostly because of the low density of the gas. Heliox"
"the mouth. Other symptoms include pallor, extreme dyspnea, pulmonary valve stenosis, cardiac murmurs and a deviated ventricular septum. Pallor can be described as a pale color of the skin, and dyspnea is difficulty breathing. Pulmonary valve stenosis is the narrowing of the pulmonary valve which leads to decreased blood flow to the pulmonary artery. Cardiac murmurs are sounds that can be heard when using a stethoscope that make a swooshing noise rather than a normal “lub-dup”. Lastly a deviated ventricular septum is when there is a hole between the ventricle walls resulting in blood between the ventricles flowing freely between"
"Callosity A callosity is another name for callus, a piece of skin that has become thickened as a result of repeated contact and friction. When occurring on an animal's buttocks, as with baboons, they are specifically called ischial callosities. Ischial relates to the ischium: it forms the lower and back part of the hip bone. The pads enable the monkeys to sleep sitting upright on thin branches, beyond reach of predators, without falling. The ischial callosities are one of the most distinctive pelvic features which separates Old World monkeys from New World monkeys. In whales, the term ""callosity"" refers to"
"the hemispheres. The main ones are known as the genu, the rostrum, the trunk or body, and the splenium. The corpus callosum forms the floor of the longitudinal fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres. It also forms part of the roof of the lateral ventricles. The corpus callosum has four main parts; individual nerve tracts that connect different parts of the hemispheres. These are the rostrum, the genu, the trunk or body, and the splenium. A narrowed part between the trunk and the splenium is known as the isthmus. The front part of the corpus callosum, towards the frontal"
"genome. Other lice that infest humans are the head louse and the crab louse. The claws of these three species are adapted to attachment to specific hair diameters. Body louse The body louse (""Pediculus humanus humanus"", sometimes called ""Pediculus humanus corporis"") is a louse that infests humans. The condition of being infested with head lice, body lice, or pubic lice is known as pediculosis. Body lice are vectors for the transmission of the human diseases epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. The body louse genome sequence analysis was published in 2010. ""Pediculus humanus humanus"" (the body louse) is indistinguishable"
"Thalamus The thalamus (from Greek , ""chamber"") is a large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness. It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves, within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon, as first assigned by Wilhelm His Sr. in 1893. The thalamus is a paired structure of gray matter located in the forebrain"
"of lymphoid follicles in an outer portion called the cortex. The inner portion of the node is called the medulla, which is surrounded by the cortex on all sides except for a portion known as the hilum. The hilum presents as a depression on the surface of the lymph node, causing the otherwise spherical lymph node to be bean-shaped or ovoid. The efferent lymph vessel directly emerges from the lymph node at the hilum. The arteries and veins supplying the lymph node with blood enter and exit through the hilum. The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately"
"Humorism Humorism, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers, positing that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person—known as humors or humours—directly influences their temperament and health. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black bile (, '), yellow bile (, '), phlegm (, """"), and blood (, ""ema""), and each corresponds to one of the traditional four temperaments. A humor is also referred to as a ""cambium"" (pl. ""cambia"" or ""cambiums""). Based on Hippocratic"
"Melancholia Melancholia (from ' ""gall bladders"" also Latin ""lugere"" lugubriousness to mourn, Latin ""morosus"" moroseness of self-will or fastidious habit, and old English ""wist wistfulness"" of intent or saturnine) is a concept from ancient or pre-modern medicine. Melancholy was one of the four temperaments matching the four humours. In the 19th century, ""melancholia"" could be physical as well as mental, and melancholic conditions were classified as such by their common cause rather than by their properties. The name ""melancholia"" comes from the old medical belief of the four humours: disease or ailment being caused by an imbalance in one or"
"Cortical homunculus A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological ""map"" of the areas and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body. The word ""homunculus"" is Latin for ""little man"", and was a term used in alchemy and folklore long before scientific literature began using it. A cortical homunculus, or ""cortex man"", illustrates the concept of heuristically representing the body lying within the brain. Nerve fibres from the spinal cord terminate in various areas of the parietal lobe in the cerebral"
"FHL tendinitis or tenosynovitis. A radiograph should be taken to rule out this condition. Flexor hallucis longus muscle The flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is one of the three deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg that attaches to the plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe. The other deep muscles are the flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior; the tibialis posterior is the most powerful of these deep muscles. All three muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve which comprises half of the sciatic nerve. The flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular"
"Calyx (anatomy) Calyx is a term used in animal anatomy for some cuplike areas or structures. Latin, from ""calyx"" (from Ancient Greek ""κάλυξ, ""case of a bud, husk""). The spicules containing the basal portion of the upper tentacular part of the polyp of some soft corals (also called ""calice""). A body part of the Entoprocta from which tentacles arise and the mouth and anus are located. The body disk that is covered with a leathery tegumen containing calcareous plates (in crinoids and ophiuroids the main part of the body where the viscera are located). Either a minor calyx in the"
"Hydrosalpinx A hydrosalpinx is a distally blocked fallopian tube filled with serous or clear fluid. The blocked tube may become substantially distended giving the tube a characteristic sausage-like or retort-like shape. The condition is often bilateral and the affected tubes may reach several centimeters in diameter. The blocked tubes cause infertility. A fallopian tube filled with blood is a hematosalpinx, and with pus a pyosalpinx. Hydrosalpinx is a composite of the Greek words ὕδωρ (hydōr – ""water"") and σάλπιγξ (sálpinx – ""trumpet""); its plural is ""hydrosalpinges"". Symptoms can vary. Some patients have lower often recurring abdominal pain or pelvic pain,"
"thus from PIE root ""deik"" — ""to show"". In classical Latin ""hallex"", ""allex"", ""hallus"" and ""allus"", with genitive ""(h)allicis"" and ""(h)alli"", are used to refer to the big toe. The form ""hallux"" (genitive, ""hallucis"") currently in use is however a blend word of the aforementioned forms. Compare pollex, the equivalent term for the thumb. In birds with anisodactyl or heterodactyl feet, the hallux is opposed or directed backwards and allows for grasping and perching. While the thumb is often mentioned as one of the signature characteristics in humans, this manual digit remains partially primitive and is actually present in all"
"Humerus The humerus (, plural: ""humeri"") is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a rounded head, a narrow neck, and two short processes (tubercles, sometimes called tuberosities). The body is cylindrical in its upper portion, and more prismatic below. The lower extremity consists of 2 epicondyles, 2 processes (trochlea & capitulum), and 3 fossae (radial fossa, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa). As well as its"
"of its location in the chest, near where emotions are subjectively felt; or else the name comes from the herb ""thyme"" (also in Greek ""θύμος"" or ""θυμάρι""), which became the name for a ""warty excrescence"", possibly due to its resemblance to a bunch of thyme. Galen was the first to note that the size of the organ changed over the duration of a person's life. In the nineteenth century, a condition was identified as ""status thymicolymphaticus"" defined by an increase in lymphoid tissue and an enlarged thymus. It was thought to be a cause of sudden infant death syndrome but"
"underlying principle of most medieval medicine was Galen's theory of humours. This was derived from the ancient medical works, and dominated all western medicine until the 19th century. The theory stated that within every individual there were four humours, or principal fluids—black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood, these were produced by various organs in the body, and they had to be in balance for a person to remain healthy. Too much phlegm in the body, for example, caused lung problems; and the body tried to cough up the phlegm to restore a balance. The balance of humours in humans"
"Sulcus (neuroanatomy) In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: ""furrow"", pl. ""sulci"") is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. It surrounds a gyrus (pl. gyri), creating the characteristic folded appearance of the brain in humans and other mammals. The larger sulci are usually called fissures. Sulci, the grooves, and gyri, the folds or ridges, make up the folded surface of the cerebral cortex. Larger or deeper sulci are termed fissures, and in many cases the two terms are interchangeable. The folded cortex creates a larger surface area for the brain in humans and other mammals. When looking at the human"
"of the airway called a bifid epiglottis, laryngeal cleft, an obstruction of the anal opening (imperforate anus), and kidney abnormalities. Although the signs and symptoms of this disorder vary from mild to severe, only a small percentage of affected people have serious complications. As noted above, the hypothalamic hamartoma can cause seizures. The most common types of seizures that occur are known as gelastic epilepsy. The term ""gelastic"" originates from the Greek word """"gelos"" which means ""laughter"". Seizures may begin at any age but usually before three or four years of age. The seizures usually start with laughter and the"
"Callus (mollusc) A callus is an anatomical feature that exists in some mollusk shells, a thickened area of shell material that can partly or completely cover the umbilicus, or can be located as a coating on the body whorl near the aperture of the shell (i.e. a parietal callus or columellar callus). A callus exists in the shells of various species of gastropods (snails) and also in the shells of several species of ""Nautilus"", a cephalopod. A callum is an anatomical feature of some mature bivalve shells of species in the family Pholadidae, the piddocks. The callum is an area"
"from ""a tooth which falls out"" to ""remedy for treatment of the lung"", but concentrates on treatments for problems dealing with the urinary system, blood, hair, and bites (by human beings, pigs, and hippopotamuses). One incantation deals with the 'Canaanite illness', ""when the body is coal-black with charcoal spots"", probably tularemia, one of the 'plagues' which helped to unseat the Hyksos. Hearst papyrus The Hearst Papyrus, also called the Hearst Medical Papyrus, is one of the medical papyri of ancient Egypt. It was named after Phoebe Hearst. The papyrus contains 18 pages of medical prescriptions written in hieratic Egyptian writing,"
"Harlequin syndrome Harlequin syndrome is a condition characterized by asymmetric sweating and flushing on the upper thoracic region of the chest, neck and face. Harlequin syndrome is considered an injury to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS controls some of the body's natural processes such as sweating, skin flushing and pupil response to stimuli. Such individuals with this syndrome have an absence of sweat skin flushing unilaterally; usually on the one side of the face, arms and chest. It is an autonomic disorder that may occur at any age. Harlequin syndrome affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United"