Which group of mammals belong to the order, Chiroptera?
"Yangochiroptera lineages. Analyses of the hearing gene ""Prestin"" seem to favour the idea that echolocation developed independently at least twice, rather than being lost secondarily in the pteropodids. Bats are placental mammals. After rodents, they are the largest order, making up about 20% of mammal species. In 1758, Carl Linnaeus classified the seven bat species he knew of in the genus ""Vespertilio"" in the order Primates. Around twenty years later, the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach gave them their own order, Chiroptera. Since then, the number of described species has risen to over 1,200, traditionally classified as two suborders: Megachiroptera"
"Ptilodontidae Ptilodontidae is a family of primitive mammals within the extinct order Multituberculata. Representatives are known from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene of North America. The Ptilodontidae family was originally named Ptilodontinae and classified as a subfamily by Edward Drinker Cope in 1887. It was amended by Gregory and Simpson in 1926 to its current status. In addition, Cope mistakenly classified the ""Ptilodus"" genus as a marsupial. He originally named it ""Chirox"", and placed it in the new family Chirogidae in 1887. Since it has been reclassified, and Chirogidae is now officially a synonym of Ptilodontidae. One of the most"
"Yinpterochiroptera The Yinpterochiroptera, or Pteropodiformes, is a suborder of the Chiroptera, which includes taxa formerly known as megabats and five of the microbat families: Rhinopomatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, and Megadermatidae. This suborder is primarily based on molecular genetics data. This proposal challenged the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups of bats. Further studies are being conducted, using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology, to assess its merit. The term Yinpterochiroptera is constructed from the words Pteropodidae (the family of megabats) and Yinochiroptera (a term proposed in 1984 by Karl F. Koopman to refer to certain families of"
"Yangochiroptera The Yangochiroptera, or Vespertilioniformes, is a proposed suborder of Chiroptera that includes most of the microbat families, except the Rhinopomatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae and the Megadermatidae. These other families, plus the megabats, are seen as part of another suborder, Yinpterochiroptera. The rationale for the Yangochiroptera taxon is primarily based on molecular genetics data. The Yangochiroptera/ Yinpterochiroptera classification remains a relatively recent proposal, which challenges the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups. Further studies are being conducted, using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology, to assess the merit of this alternative view of bat evolution. The term ""Yangochiroptera"""
"Chelicerata The subphylum Chelicerata (New Latin, from French ""chélicère"", from Greek χήλή, ""khēlē"" ""claw, chela"" and κέρας, ""kéras"" ""horn"") constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda. It contains the horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, arachnids (including scorpions and spiders) and several extinct lineages, such as the eurypterids. The Chelicerata originated as marine animals, possibly in the Cambrian period, but the first confirmed chelicerate fossils, eurypterids, date from about 467 to 458 million years ago in the Middle Ordovician period. The surviving marine species include the four species of xiphosurans (horseshoe crabs), and possibly the 1,300 species of pycnogonids"
"mites may be useful in controlling some of these. Chelicerata The subphylum Chelicerata (New Latin, from French ""chélicère"", from Greek χήλή, ""khēlē"" ""claw, chela"" and κέρας, ""kéras"" ""horn"") constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda. It contains the horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, arachnids (including scorpions and spiders) and several extinct lineages, such as the eurypterids. The Chelicerata originated as marine animals, possibly in the Cambrian period, but the first confirmed chelicerate fossils, eurypterids, date from about 467 to 458 million years ago in the Middle Ordovician period. The surviving marine species include the four species of xiphosurans"
"the sister-group of the Tracheata (hexapods plus myriapods) and chelicerates as least closely related to the other groups. It is generally agreed that the Chelicerata contain the classes Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, etc.), Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) and Eurypterida (sea scorpions, extinct). The extinct Chasmataspida may be a sub-group within Eurypterida. The Pycnogonida (sea spiders) were traditionally classified as chelicerates, but some features suggest they may be representatives of the earliest arthropods from which the well-known groups such as chelicerates evolved. However, the structure of ""family tree"" relationships within the Chelicerata has been controversial ever since the late 19th century. An"
"grouping. Lipotyphla Lipotyphla is a formerly used order of mammals, including the members of the order Eulipotyphla (i.e. the solenodons, family Solenodontidae; hedgehogs and gymnures, family Erinaceidae; desmans, moles, and shrew-like moles, family Talpidae; and true shrews, family Soricidae) as well as two other families of the former order Insectivora, Chrysochloridae (golden moles) and Tenrecidae (tenrecs). However, molecular studies found the golden moles and tenrecs to be unrelated to the others (these afrotherian groups were then put in their own order, Afrosoricida). This made Lypotyphla an invalid polyphyletic order and gave rise to the notion of Eulypotyphla instead, an exclusively"
"""Ciurcopterus"" is classified as part of the pterygotid family of eurypterids, a group of highly derived eurypterids of the Silurian to Devonian periods that differ from other groups by a number of features, perhaps most prominently in the chelicerae (the first pair of limbs) and the telson. The chelicerae of the Pterygotidae were enlargened and robust, clearly adapted to be used for active prey capture and more similar to the claws of some modern crustaceans, with well developed teeth on the claws, than to the chelicerae of other eurypterid groups. Another feature distinguishing the group from other eurypterid groups were"
"Lipotyphla Lipotyphla is a formerly used order of mammals, including the members of the order Eulipotyphla (i.e. the solenodons, family Solenodontidae; hedgehogs and gymnures, family Erinaceidae; desmans, moles, and shrew-like moles, family Talpidae; and true shrews, family Soricidae) as well as two other families of the former order Insectivora, Chrysochloridae (golden moles) and Tenrecidae (tenrecs). However, molecular studies found the golden moles and tenrecs to be unrelated to the others (these afrotherian groups were then put in their own order, Afrosoricida). This made Lypotyphla an invalid polyphyletic order and gave rise to the notion of Eulypotyphla instead, an exclusively laurasiatherian"
"these groups of myriapods is believed to be monophyletic, relationships among them are less certain. Centipedes make up the class Chilopoda. They are fast, predatory and venomous, hunting mostly at night. There are around 3,300 species, ranging from the diminutive ""Nannarrup hoffmani"" (less than 12 mm or in in length) to the giant ""Scolopendra gigantea"", which may exceed . Millipedes form the class Diplopoda. Most millipedes are slower than centipedes, and feed on leaf litter and detritus. They are distinguished by the fusion of each pair of body segments into a single unit, giving the appearance of having two pairs"
"Mixopteridae The Mixopteridae are a family of eurypterids, an extinct group of chelicerate arthropods commonly known as ""sea scorpions"". The family is one of two families contained in the superfamily Carcinosomatoidea (along with Carcinosomatidae), which in turn is one of the superfamilies classified as part of the suborder Eurypterina. Mixopterids were characterized by large exoskeletons with scattered tubecules or semicircular scales. The prosoma (head) was subquadrate, protruding antemedially. The chelicerae (claws in front of the mouth) were small. The first two pairs of walking legs were strongly developed, with long paired spines. The third and fourth walking legs were moderately"
"Cerapoda Cerapoda (""ceratopsians and ornithopods"") is a clade of the dinosaur order Ornithischia. Cerapoda is divided into two groups: Ornithopoda (""bird-foot"") and Marginocephalia (""fringed heads""). The latter group includes the Pachycephalosauria (""thick-headed lizards"") and Ceratopsia (""horned faces""). The following taxonomy follows Richard J. Butler, Paul Upchurch and David B. Norman, 2008 (and Butler ""et al."", 2011) unless otherwise noted. Cerapoda was first named by Sereno in 1986 and defined by him as """"Parasaurolophus walkeri"" Parks, 1922, ""Triceratops horridus"" Marsh, 1889, their most recent common ancestor and all descendents"". The cladogram below follows a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Richard J. Butler,"
"the names on the oldest valid genus description in each group, ""Pteropus"" and ""Vespertilio"". Under this new proposed nomenclature, Pteropodiformes is the suborder that would replace Yinpterochiroptera. Suborder Yinpterochiroptera (Pteropodiformes) Yinpterochiroptera The Yinpterochiroptera, or Pteropodiformes, is a suborder of the Chiroptera, which includes taxa formerly known as megabats and five of the microbat families: Rhinopomatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, and Megadermatidae. This suborder is primarily based on molecular genetics data. This proposal challenged the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups of bats. Further studies are being conducted, using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology, to assess its merit."
"Cingulata Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos (maximum body mass of 45 kg (100 lb) in the case of the giant armadillo) existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200 kg (440 lb) and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or more. The cingulate order originated in South America during the Paleocene epoch, and due to the continent's former isolation remained confined"
"Orycteropodidae Orycteropodidae is a family of afrotherian mammals. Although there are many fossil species, the only species surviving today is the aardvark, ""Orycteropus afer"". Orycteropodidae is recognized as the only family within the order Tubulidentata, so the two are effectively synonyms. Aardvarks had originally been categorized as relatives of American anteaters in the order Edentata. But their unique type of teeth and other morphological characteristics had made it clear that aardvarks are not closely related to any other living mammals. Since the end of the 19th century, they are placed in their own separate order Tubulidentata. Both the fossil record"
"Scrotifera Scrotifera is a clade of placental mammals that comprises the following orders and their common ancestors: Chiroptera, Carnivora, Pholidota, Perissodactyla and Cetartiodactyla, with the latter including the traditional orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea. Scrotifera is the sister group to the Eulipotyphla and together they make up the Laurasiatheria. Peter Waddell, then of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, explains the etymology of the clade's name as follows: The name comes from the word scrotum, a pouch in which the testes permanently reside in the adult male. All members of the group have a postpenile scrotum, often prominently displayed, except for some"
"to the Chiroptera (bats) and together they make up Scrotifera. Ferungulata Ferungulata or Fereuungulata is a clade of placental mammals that groups together various carnivorans and ungulates. It has existed in two guises, a traditional one based on morphological analysis and a revised one taking into account more recent molecular analyses. The traditional Ferungulata was established by George Gaylord Simpson in 1945. It grouped together the extant orders Carnivora, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla with the Tubulidentata and the superorder Paenungulata, as well as a number of orders known only from fossils. Although Simpson placed whales (Cetacea) in a separate cohort, recent"
"It is a sister group to Euarchontoglires (or Supraprimates) with which it forms the clade Boreoeutheria. Laurasiatheria includes the following extant taxa: Uncertainty still exists regarding the phylogenetic tree for extant laurasiatherians, primarily due to disagreement about the placement of Chiroptera and Perissodactyla. Based on morphological grounds, Chiroptera had long been classified in the superorder Archonta (e.g. along with treeshrews and the gliding colugos) until genetic research instead showed their kinship with the other laurasiatherians. The studies conflicted in terms of the exact placement of Chiroptera, however, with it being linked most closely to groups such as Eulipotyphla, Ferae or"
"Orthoptera Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives. More than 20,000 species are distributed worldwide. The insects in the order have incomplete metamorphosis, and produce sound (known as a ""stridulation"") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or ear is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets,"
"not consider them to be closely related. The order is subdivided into: Paucituberculata Paucituberculata is an order of South American marsupials. Currently represented only by shrew opossums, over the course of the Cenozoic it included a wide variety of mammal species, including the Glires-like argyrolagoideans. The fossil record goes back to the Late Paleocene (Itaboraian in the SALMA classification). It is one of two clades of Ameridelphia, a paraphyletic group; genetic studies have shown these animals to be a sister group to Australidelphia (i.e., Didelphimorphia branched off first). The strange Polydolopiformes have historically been considered part of the clade, which"
"Isoptera, Blattodea and Mantodea being its three orders. In some classifications, however, Dictyoptera is shifted to order status and in others the class Isoptera has been subsumed under Blattodea while retaining Dictyoptera as a superorder. Regardless, in all classifications the constituent groups are the same, just treated at different rank. Termites and cockroaches are very closely related, with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus ""Cryptocercus"". Based on genetic evidence, the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids and the enigmatic groups Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea. If the Dictyoptera are considered a superorder these"
"Alienoptera Alienoptera is an extinct order of insects. It is part of Dictyoptera making it closely related to cockroaches and mantises. The majority of known members of the group are known from the Cenomanian aged amber from Myanmar;; however, the group also includes two genera (""Apiblatta"" and ""Vcelesvab"") from the Albian Crato Formation (Brazil), as well as two genera (""Chimaeroblattina"" and ""Grant"") from the middle Eocene Green River Formation (Colorado, United States). Vršanský ""et al."" (2018) did not consider Alienoptera to be a separate insect order; instead, the authors assigned the family Alienopteridae to the order Blattaria and to the"
"Mycteroptidae Mycteroptidae are a family of eurypterids, a group of extinct chelicerate arthropods commonly known as ""sea scorpions"". The family is one of three families contained in the superfamily Mycteropoidea (along with Hibbertopteridae and Drepanopteridae), which in turn is one of four superfamilies classified as part of the suborder Stylonurina. Mycteroptids were sweep-feeding eurypterids only known from the Late Carboniferous. Mycteroptids were medium medium-sized to fairly large mycteropoids with parabolic prosoma and a hastate telson with paired ventral keels. They had a culticular ornament of scales or mucrones and unlike the hibbertopterids, appendage IV was non-spiniferous. The first and second"
"Cheilostomata Cheilostomata (accepted name Cheilostomatida), an order of Bryozoa in the class Gymnolaemata, are exclusively marine, colonial invertebrate animals. Cheilostome colonies are composed of calcium carbonate and grow on a variety of surfaces, including rocks, shells, seagrass and kelps. The colony shapes range from simple encrusting sheets to erect branching and even unattached forms. As in other bryozoan groups, each colony is composed of a few to thousands of individual polypides. Each individual has a U-shaped gut, and no respiratory, circulatory, or nerve system. Unique among bryozoans, cheilostome polypides are housed in a box-shaped zooids, which do not grow larger"
"by molecular studies. The Dinomyidae may belong to the Chinchilloidea, the Abrocomidae may belong to the Octodontoidea, and the Hydrochaeridae may have evolved from within the Caviidae. Caviomorpha Caviomorpha is the rodent infraorder or parvorder that unites all New World hystricognaths. It is supported by both fossil and molecular evidence. The Caviomorpha was for a time considered to be a separate order outside the Rodentia, but is now accepted as a genuine part of the rodents. Caviomorphs include the extinct Heptaxodontidae (giant hutias) and extant families of chinchilla rats, hutias, guinea pigs and the capybara, chinchillas and viscachas, tuco-tucos, agoutis,"
"Chevrotain Chevrotains, also known as mouse-deer, are small ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, the only members of the infraorder Tragulina. The 10 extant species are placed in three genera, but several species also are known only from fossils. The extant species are found in forests in South and Southeast Asia, with a single species in the rainforests of Central and West Africa. They are solitary or live in pairs, and feed almost exclusively on plant material. Chevrotains are the smallest hoofed mammals in the world. The Asian species weigh between , while the African chevrotain is considerably larger"
"Astrapotheria Astrapotheria is an extinct order of South American and Antarctic hoofed mammals that existed from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Miocene, . Astrapotheres were large and rhinoceros-like animals and are certainly one of the most bizarre orders of mammals with an enigmatic evolutionary history. This taxonomy of this order is not clear, but it may belong to Meridiungulata (along with Notoungulata, Litopterna, Pyrotheria and Xenungulata). In turn, Meridungulata is believed to belong to the extant superorder Laurasiatheria. Some scientists have regarded the astrapotheres (and sometimes the Meridiungulata all together) as members of the clade Atlantogenata. However, recent collogen"
"Hibbertopteridae The Hibbertopteridae are a family of eurypterids, an extinct group of chelicerate arthropods commonly known as ""sea scorpions"". The family is one of three families contained in the superfamily Mycteropoidea (along with Mycteroptidae and Drepanopteridae), which in turn is one of four superfamilies classified as part of the suborder Stylonurina. Hibbertopterids are among the most bizarre eurypterids and occurred from the Late Devonian to the Late Permian. Derived sweep-feeders, they inhabited freshwater swamps and rivers, feeding by raking through the soft sediment with blades on their anterior appendages to capture small invertebrates. Their morphology was so unusual that they"
"with either ""Hibbertopterus"" and ""Cyrtoctenus"". ""Dunsopterus"" may additionally be synonymous with ""Vernonopterus"" due to similarities in the podomeres and the opisthosomal ridges. It has also been suggested that ""Cyrtoctenus"" and ""Hibbertopterus"" represent different ontogenetic stages of each other, where rachis would have developed in the later moult stages. This would also explain why smaller ""Hibbertopterus"" specimens are more complete than the fragmentary remains known of ""Cyrtoctenus"", as the majority of ""Hibbertopterus"" specimens would represent exuviae whilst ""Cyrtoctenus"" specimens represent actual mortalities susceptible to scavengers. Family Hibbertopteridae Hibbertopteridae The Hibbertopteridae are a family of eurypterids, an extinct group of chelicerate arthropods"
"or in dim-light environments. They are thought to have been carnivorous or insectivorous, but ""Rhipaeosaurus"" may have been an omnivore. Nycteroleteridae Nycteroleteridae is a family of procolophonian parareptilians (extinct early reptiles) from the Middle to Late Permian of Russia and North America. They are sometimes classified as a sister group to pareiasaurids (but see ""Classification)"". The group includes the genera ""Macroleter"", ""Bashkyroleter"", """"Bashkyroleter"" mesensis"", ""Nycteroleter"", ""Emeroleter"", and probably ""Rhipaeosaurus"". They were carnivorous, and occasionally ate insects. The group was most common in European Russia, with only a few fossils in North America. One fossil has also been found in Africa,"
"Jin Liyong, Chen Jun and Pascal Godefroit. Cerapoda Cerapoda (""ceratopsians and ornithopods"") is a clade of the dinosaur order Ornithischia. Cerapoda is divided into two groups: Ornithopoda (""bird-foot"") and Marginocephalia (""fringed heads""). The latter group includes the Pachycephalosauria (""thick-headed lizards"") and Ceratopsia (""horned faces""). The following taxonomy follows Richard J. Butler, Paul Upchurch and David B. Norman, 2008 (and Butler ""et al."", 2011) unless otherwise noted. Cerapoda was first named by Sereno in 1986 and defined by him as """"Parasaurolophus walkeri"" Parks, 1922, ""Triceratops horridus"" Marsh, 1889, their most recent common ancestor and all descendents"". The cladogram below follows a"
"on termites and ants. They rely on their sense of smell to find most of their food and hunt at night. A few anatomical characters unite the Orycteropodidae and Tubulidentata. This classification follows Lehmann 2009. Orycteropodidae Orycteropodidae is a family of afrotherian mammals. Although there are many fossil species, the only species surviving today is the aardvark, ""Orycteropus afer"". Orycteropodidae is recognized as the only family within the order Tubulidentata, so the two are effectively synonyms. Aardvarks had originally been categorized as relatives of American anteaters in the order Edentata. But their unique type of teeth and other morphological characteristics"