The writing system of Elder Futhark (that was later simplified to Younger Futhark) is the oldest form of what alphabet?
"""bobo"" (a Frankish personal name). Runic inscriptions A runic inscription is an inscription made in one of the various runic alphabets. The body of runic inscriptions falls into the three categories of Elder Futhark (some 350 items, dating to between the 2nd and 8th centuries AD), Anglo-Frisian Futhorc (some 100 items, 5th to 11th centuries) and Younger Futhark (close to 6,000 items, 8th to 12th centuries). The total 350 known inscriptions in the Elder Futhark script fall into two main geographical categories, North Germanic (Scandinavian, c. 267 items) and Continental or South Germanic (""German"" and Gothic, c. 81 items). These"
"about the 7th century. This phoneme eventually became indistinguishable from the regular ""r"" sound in the later stages of Old Norse, at about the 11th or 12th century. The shape of the rune may be derived from that a letter expressing /x/ in certain Old Italic alphabets (), which was in turn derived from the Greek letter Ψ which had the value of /kʰ/ (rather than /ps/) in the Western Greek alphabet. The Elder Futhark rune is conventionally called ""Algiz"" or ""Elhaz"", from the Common Germanic word for ""elk"". There is wide agreement that this is most likely not the"
"word-final ""*-z"" in Proto Germanic, In Proto-Norse pronounced closer to , perhaps . Within later Old Norse, the Proto-Norse phoneme collapses with by the 12th century. Unicode has ""Latin Small Capital Letter R"" at code point U+0280 ʀ. A corresponding capital letter is at U+01A6 Ʀ, called ""Latin Letter Yr"". The rune itself is encoded at U+16E6 ""Long Branch Yr"". Variants are ""Short Twig Yr"" at U+16E7 and ""Icelandic Yr"" at U+16E8 . The Anglo-Saxon ""calc"" rune ᛣ has the same shape as Younger Futhark ""yr"", but is unrelated in origin (being a modification or ""doubling"" of ""cen"" ᚳ). Independently,"
"letter in any case appears from the very earliest runic inscriptions, figuring on the Vimose comb inscription, ""harja"". As the only rune of the Elder Futhark which was not connected, its evolution was the most thorough transformation of all runes, and it was to have numerous graphical variants. In the later period of the Elder Futhark, during the 5th to 6th centuries, connected variants appear, and these are the ones that give rise to the derivations in Anglo-Saxon (as ᛄ ""ger"" and ᛡ ""ior"") and Scandinavian (as ᛅ ""ár"") traditions. The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌾 ""j"", named ""jer"", which"
"was published in 1988 by Stephen E. Flowers. List's row is based on the Younger Futhark, with the names and sound values mostly close to the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc. The two final runes, ""Eh"" and ""Gibor"", added to the Younger Futhark inventory, are taken from Anglo-Saxon ""Eoh"" and ""Gyfu"". Apart from the two additional runes, and a displacement of the ""Man"" rune from 13th to 15th place, the sequence is identical to that of the Younger Futhark. List noted in his book, ""The Secret of the Runes"", that the """"runic futharkh (= runic ABC) consisted of sixteen symbols in ancient times."""""
"Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. They are found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. They are divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions is a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference between them was functional (viz., the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-twig runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood). In the Middle Ages, the"
"alphabet and shares similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic, and the traditional Mongolian alphabets. The alphabet consists of 22 letters, all of which are consonants. It is a cursive script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is """" (); the name is thought to derive from the Greek adjective ""strongýlē"" (, 'rounded'), Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has undergone some revival since the 10th century. When Arabic gradually began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent"
"forms. Then, as now, dental suffixes indicated the past tense of the weak verbs, as in ""work"" and ""worked"". Old English syntax is similar to that of modern English. Some differences are consequences of the greater level of nominal and verbal inflection, allowing freer word order. Old English was first written in runes, using the futhorc – a rune set derived from the Germanic 24-character elder futhark, extended by five more runes used to represent Anglo-Saxon vowel sounds, and sometimes by several more additional characters. From around the 9th century, the runic system came to be supplanted by a (minuscule)"
"from one or more scripts that ultimately trace their roots back to the Phoenician alphabet. Many Western scholars believe that the Brahmi script of India and the subsequent Indic alphabets are also derived from the Aramaic script, which would make Phoenician the ancestor of virtually every alphabetic writing system in use today. However, due to an indigenous-origin hypothesis of Brahmic scripts, no definitive scholarly consensus exists. Phoenician alphabet The Phoenician alphabet, called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1050 BC, is the oldest verified alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad consisting of 22 letters, all"
"Odal (rune) The Elder Futhark Odal rune (), also known as the Othala rune, represents the ""o"" sound. Its reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *""ōþalan"" ""heritage; inheritance, inherited estate"". It was in use for epigraphy during the 3rd to the 8th centuries. It is not continued in the Younger Futhark, disappearing from the Scandinavian record around the 6th century, but it survived in the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, and expressed the Old English ""œ"" phoneme during the 7th and 8th centuries. Its name is attested as ""ēðel"" in the Anglo-Saxon manuscript tradition. The rune is encoded in Unicode at code point U+16DF: ."
"Phoenician alphabet The Phoenician alphabet, called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1050 BC, is the oldest verified alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad consisting of 22 letters, all consonants, with"" matres lectionis"" used for some vowels in certain late varieties. It was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language, used by the civilization of Phoenicia. Phoenicia is located in modern-day Syria, Lebanon, and northern Israel. The Phoenician alphabet is derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs. It became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world,"
"the rune had changed considerably, an older 7th century form of the rune () was assumed by the s-rune. When the n-rune had stabilized in its form during the 6th and 7th centuries, its vertical stroke slanted towards the right (), which made it possible to simplify the ""jēra""-rune by having only one vertical stroke that slanted towards the left, giving the ""ár""-rune of the Younger Futhark. Since a simpler form of the rune was available for the /a/ phoneme, the older cross form of the rune now came to be used for the /h/ phoneme. The development of the"
"were added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Unicode block for Runic alphabets is U+16A0–U+16FF. It is intended to encode the letters of the Elder Futhark, the Anglo-Frisian runes, and the Younger Futhark long-branch and short-twig (but not the staveless) variants, in cases where cognate letters have the same shape resorting to ""unification"". The block as of Unicode 3.0 contained 81 symbols: 75 runic letters (U+16A0–U+16EA), 3 punctuation marks (Runic Single Punctuation U+16EB , Runic Multiple Punctuation U+16EC and Runic Cross Punctuation U+16ED ), and three runic symbols that are used in"
"Latin alphabet introduced by Irish missionaries. Futhorc runes were no longer in common use by the year 1000. There are competing theories about the origins of the Anglo-Saxon futhorc. One theory proposes that it was developed in Frisia and from there spread later to England. Another holds that runes were first introduced to England from Scandinavia where the futhorc was modified and then exported to Frisia. Both theories have their inherent weaknesses, and a definitive answer may come from further archaeological evidence. The early futhorc was identical to the Elder Futhark, except for the split of ""a"" into three variants"
"Anglo-Saxon runes Anglo-Saxon runes are runes used by the early Anglo-Saxons as an alphabet in their writing. The characters are known collectively as the futhorc (or ""fuþorc""), from the Old English sound values of the first six runes. The futhorc was a development from the 24-character Elder Futhark. Since the futhorc runes are thought to have first been used in Frisia before the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, they have also been called Anglo-Frisian runes. They were likely used from the 5th century onward, recording Old English and Old Frisian. They were gradually supplanted in Anglo-Saxon England by the Old English"
"by Anglo-Saxon settlers. Very few examples of this form of written Old English have survived, mostly as short inscriptions or fragments. The Latin script, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued in parallel for some time. As such, the Old English alphabet began to employ parts of the Roman alphabet in its construction. Futhorc influenced the emerging English alphabet by providing it with the letters ""thorn"" (Þ þ) and ""wynn"" (Ƿ ƿ). The letter ""eth"" (Ð ð) was later devised as a modification of ""dee"" (D d), and"
"all three rune poems: Haglaz In the Anglo-Saxon futhorc, it is continued as ""hægl"" and in the Younger Futhark as ""hagall"" The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌷 ""h"", named ""hagl"". The Elder Futhark letter has two variants, single-barred and double-barred . The double-barred variant is found in continental inscriptions while Scandinavian inscriptions have exclusively the single-barred variant. The Anglo-Frisian futhorc in early inscriptions has the Scandinavian single-barred variant. From the 7th century, it is replaced by the continental double-barred variant, the first known instances being found on a Harlingen solidus (ca. 575–625), and in the Christogram on St. Cuthbert's coffin."
"Middle Bronze Age alphabets from the southern Levant resemble Egyptian hieroglyphs or an early alphabetic writing system found at Wadi-el-Hol in central Egypt. In addition to being preceded by proto-Canaanite, the Phoenician alphabet was also preceded by an alphabetic script of Mesopotamian origin called Ugaritic. The development of the Phoenician alphabet from the Proto-Canaanite coincided with the rise of the Iron Age in the 11th century BC. This alphabet has been termed an ""abjad"" — that is, a script that contains no vowels — from the first four letters ""aleph"", ""beth"", ""gimel"", and ""daleth"". The oldest known representation of the"
"also written with Syriac script and was called Suriyani Malayalam. There are three major variants of the Syriac alphabet: , and . The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is (; the name is thought to derive from the Greek adjective [""strongýlē"", 'rounded'], though it has also been suggested to derive from [, 'gospel character']). Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century. It is often used in scholarly publications (such as the Leiden University version of the Peshitta), in titles, and in inscriptions. In"
"a syllabary, but unneeded symbols were discarded. An alphabetic cuneiform script with 30 signs including three that indicate the following vowel was invented in Ugarit before the 15th century BC. This script was not used after the destruction of Ugarit. The Proto-Sinaitic script eventually developed into the Phoenician alphabet, which is conventionally called ""Proto-Canaanite"" before ca. 1050 BC. The oldest text in Phoenician script is an inscription on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram. This script is the parent script of all western alphabets. By the tenth century, two other forms can be distinguished, namely Canaanite and Aramaic. The Aramaic gave"
"""golden age of philology"" in the 19th century, runology formed a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics. The largest group of surviving Runic inscription are Viking Age Younger Futhark runestones, commonly found in Denmark and Sweden. Another large group are medieval runes, most commonly found on small objects, often wooden sticks. The largest concentration of runic inscriptions are the Bryggen inscriptions found in Bergen, more than 650 in total. Elder Futhark inscriptions number around 350, about 260 of which are from Scandinavia, of which about half are on bracteates. Anglo-Saxon futhorc inscriptions number around 100 items. Runic alphabets have seen numerous"
"of the Old Futhark a high degree of certainty. The shape of the rune is likely based on Etruscan ""v"" 𐌅 , like Greek Digamma and Latin F ultimately from Phoenician waw . The name is recorded in all three rune poems: Fehu The Fe rune (Old Norse ""fé""; Old English ""feoh"") represents the ""f""-sound in the Younger Futhark and Futhorc alphabets. Its name means ""(mobile) wealth"", cognate to English ""fee"" with the original meaning of ""sheep"" or ""cattle"" (Dutch ""Vee"", German ""Vieh"", Latin ""pecum"", Sanskrit ""pashu""). The rune derives from the unattested but reconstructed Proto-Germanic *fehu in the Elder"
"to have the earliest markings resembling runic inscriptions. Theories of the existence of separate Gothic runes have been advanced, even identifying them as the original alphabet from which the Futhark were derived, but these have little support in archaeological findings (mainly the spearhead of Kovel, with its right-to-left inscription, its T-shaped tiwaz, and its rectangular dagaz). If there ever were genuinely Gothic runes, they were soon replaced by the Gothic alphabet. The letters of the Gothic alphabet, however, as given by the Alcuin manuscript (9th century), are obviously related to the names of the Futhark. The names are clearly Gothic,"
"of loose objects, but the North Germanic tradition shows a preference for bracteates, while the South Germanic one has a preference for fibulae. The precise figures are debatable because some inscriptions are very short and/or illegible so that it is uncertain whether they qualify as an inscription at all. The division into Scandinavian, North Sea (Anglo-Frisian), and South Germanic inscription makes sense from the 5th century. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Elder Futhark script is still in its early phase of development, with inscriptions concentrated in what is now Denmark and Northern Germany. The tradition of runic literacy"
"in Ukraine used it to calculate the passage of time, until 1900 when a member of the community brought it to Stockholm. The prominent Swedish runologist Jansson commented on the use of runes in his country with the following words: Medieval runes have been supported by the Unicode Runic block since version 3.0 (1999). Medieval runes The medieval runes, or the futhork, was a Scandinavian 27 letter runic alphabet that evolved from the Younger Futhark after the introduction of dotted runes at the end of the Viking Age and it was fully formed in the early 13th century. Due to"
"eoh, peordh, eolh, sigel, tir, beorc, eh, mann, lagu, ing, ethel, daeg, ac, aesc, yr, ior, ear. Extra runes attested to outside of the rune poem include cweorth, calc, gar, and stan. Some of these additional letters have only been found in manuscripts. Feoh, þorn, and sigel stood for [f], [þ], and [s] in most environments, but voiced to [v], [ð], and [z] between vowels or voiced consonants. Gyfu and wynn stood for the letters yogh and wynn, which became [g] and [w] in Middle English. A runic alphabet consisting of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo-Saxon futhorc is"
"The futhorc started to be replaced by the Latin alphabet from around the 7th century, but it was still sometimes used up until the 10th or 11th century. In some cases, texts would be written in the Latin alphabet, and þorn and ƿynn came to be used as extensions of the Latin alphabet. By the Norman Conquest of 1066, it was very rare and disappeared altogether shortly thereafter. From at least five centuries of use, fewer than 200 artefacts bearing futhorc inscriptions have survived. Several famous English examples mix runes and Roman script, or Old English and Latin, on the"
"Old Turkic language Old Turkic (also East Old Turkic, Orkhon Turkic, Old Uyghur) is the earliest attested form of Turkic, found in Göktürk and Uyghur inscriptions dating from about the 7th century AD to the 13th century. It is the oldest attested member of the Orkhon branch of Turkic, which is extant in the modern Western Yugur language. However, it is not the ancestor of the language now called Uighur; the contemporaneous ancestor of Uighur to the west is called Middle Turkic. Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the Orkhon-Yenisei runiform script, the Old Uyghur alphabet"
"character references can be in decimal format (&#""DDDD"";) or hexadecimal format (&#x""HHHH"";). For example, ܕ and ܕ (1813 in decimal) both represent U+0715 SYRIAC LETTER DALATH. Syriac alphabet The Syriac alphabet ( ) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD. It is one of the Semitic abjads descending from the Aramaic alphabet through the Palmyrene alphabet, and it shares similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic and the traditional Mongolian scripts. Syriac is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script where most, but not all, letters"
"years in Turpan. The last known manuscripts are dated to the 18th century. This was the prototype for the Mongolian and Manchu alphabets. The Old Uyghur alphabet was brought to Mongolia by Tata-tonga. Like the Sogdian alphabet, the Old Uyghur tended to use ""matres lectionis"" for the long vowels as well as for the short ones. The practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned. Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic abjad, the Old Uyghur alphabet can be said to have been largely ""alphabetized"". Old Uyghur alphabet The Old Uyghur alphabet was used for writing the Old"
"map, through changing the keyboard layout or through a compose key. Various forms of thorn were used for medieval scribal abbreviations: Thorn (letter) Thorn or þorn (Þ, þ) is a letter in the Old English, Gothic, Old Norse, Old Swedish and modern Icelandic alphabets, as well as some dialects of Middle English. It was also used in medieval Scandinavia, but was later replaced with the digraph ""th,"" except in Iceland, where it survives. The letter originated from the rune in the Elder Fuþark and was called ""thorn"" in the Anglo-Saxon and ""thorn"" or ""thurs"" (a category of beings in Germanic"
"these two, there are three alphabets used primarily for a single language, although they are occasionally applied to minority languages in the states from which they originate. The oldest of these alphabets is the Greek alphabet, which could be considered the progenitor of all the surviving alphabets of Europe, with the earliest recorded inscriptions appearing in the 9th century BC. The other two are both found in the Caucasus, both originating in the 5th century. The Georgian alphabet is used primarily to write Georgian, though it is also used to write the other Kartvelian languages, Svan, Mingrelian and Laz, all"
"younger futhark. This is the rune that is transliterated with A. The k-rune, which looks like a Y is a transition form between and in the two futharks. There are quite few intermediary inscriptions like this one. Three more are known from Blekinge, i.e. the Björketorp Runestone, the Istaby Runestone and the Gummarp Runestone, which were moved to Copenhagen and lost in the Copenhagen Fire of 1728. The Stentoften, Istaby Runestone and Gummarp Runestone inscriptions can be identified with the same clan through the names that are mentioned on them, and the names are typical for chieftains. The Björketorp Runestone"