What movement was founded by Charles Taze Russell in 1881?
"""Bewitched by Spiritualism"", and ""The Gilded Lie"", as warnings of the dangers posed by cultic groups. Watson's use of fiction to counter the cults has been repeated by later novelists like Frank E. Peretti. The early twentieth century apologists generally applied the words ""heresy"" and ""sects"" to groups like the Christadelphians, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, Spiritualists, and Theosophists. This was reflected in several chapters contributed to the multi-volume work released in 1915 ""The Fundamentals"", where apologists criticised the teachings of Charles Taze Russell, Mary Baker Eddy, the Mormons and Spiritualists. Since the 1940s, the approach of traditional Christians was to apply"
"major changes since it was formulated in 1881 by Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Bible Student movement. Russell initially applied it to the ""church""—the ""little flock"" of 144,000 who would go to heaven—but five years later explained that it was an individual who would act as a sole channel or agent for Christ, dispensing ""food"", or new truths, for God's ""household"". Bible Students consequently regarded Russell as the ""faithful and wise servant"" of the parable. In 1927 the Watch Tower Society announced that the ""servant"" was not in fact an individual, but was made up of the entire body"
"Bible Student movement The Bible Student movement is the name adopted by a Millennialist Restorationist Christian movement that emerged from the teachings and ministry of Charles Taze Russell, also known as Pastor Russell. Members of the movement have variously referred to themselves as ""Bible Students"", ""International Bible Students"", ""Associated Bible Students"", or ""Independent Bible Students"". The origins of the movement are associated with the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881. A number of schisms developed within the congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society between 1909 and 1932. The most significant split began in"
"young men on campus and in urban YMCAs, as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans. Mary Baker Eddy introduced Christian Science, which gained a national following. The Society for Ethical Culture was established in New York in 1876 by Felix Adler and attracted a Reform Jewish clientele. Charles Taze Russell founded the Bible Students movement. In July 1879, Russell began publishing a monthly religious journal, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence. He and his group of fellow students first identifying themselves as The People's Pulpit"
"Laymen's Home Missionary Movement The Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, founded by Paul S. L. Johnson in 1918, is a non-sectarian, interdenominational religious organisation that arose as an independent offshoot of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society after the death of its founder, Charles Taze Russell. It is active in many countries, including the United States, Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, India, Africa (Nigeria, Kenya) and the Caribbean (Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad). In early 1917, a disagreement arose between the members of the Editorial Committee of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (the Bible Student movement founded"
"its public ministry, yet still functions as the L.H.M.M. Laymen's Home Missionary Movement The Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, founded by Paul S. L. Johnson in 1918, is a non-sectarian, interdenominational religious organisation that arose as an independent offshoot of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society after the death of its founder, Charles Taze Russell. It is active in many countries, including the United States, Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, India, Africa (Nigeria, Kenya) and the Caribbean (Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad). In early 1917, a disagreement arose between the members of the Editorial Committee of the Watch Tower"
"work was popular with contemporary evangelical Christians. In 1891 pyramidology reached a global audience when it was integrated into the works of Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Bible Student movement. Russell however denounced the British-Israelite variant of pyramidology in an article called ""The Anglo-Israelitish Question"" . Adopting Joseph Seiss's designation that the Great Pyramid of Giza was ""the Bible in stone"" Russell taught that it played a special part in God's plan during the ""last days"" basing his interpretation on Isaiah 19:19-20 which says - ""In that day shall there be an altar (pile of stones) to the Lord"
"Lake Valley in what is today Utah. In 1870, Charles Taze Russell began to study the Bible with a group of Millerist Adventists, including George Storrs and George Stetson, and beginning in 1877 Russell jointly edited a religious journal, ""Herald of the Morning"", with Nelson H. Barbour. In July 1879, after separating from Barbour, Russell began publishing the magazine ""Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence"", highlighting his interpretations of biblical chronology, with particular attention to his belief that the world was in ""the last days"". In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to"
"journal was ""Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christs Presence"", first published in 1879 by Russell, founder of the Bible Student movement. Other early writers for the Watch Tower Society included J. H. Paton and W. I. Mann. Formation of the society was announced in the April 1881 issue of ""Zion's Watch Tower"". That year, the society received donations of $35,391.18. On December 15, 1884, the society was incorporated as Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in Pennsylvania as a non-profit, non-stock corporation with Russell as president. The corporation was located in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. In its charter, written by Russell, the"
"which also proved disappointing. Led by Benjamin Wallace Keith, an associate of Barbour's since 1867, the group adopted the belief in a two-stage, initially invisible presence. They believed that Christ had indeed come in 1874 and would soon become visible for judgments. Barbour started a magazine in the fall of 1873 to promote his views, calling it ""The Midnight Cry"". It was first issued as a pamphlet, with no apparent expectation of becoming a periodical. He quickly changed the name to ""Herald of the Morning"", issuing it monthly from January 1874. In December 1875, Charles Taze Russell, then a businessman"
"Mason ... Something I do seems to be the same as Masons do, I don't know what it is; but they often give me all kinds of grips and I give them back, then I tell them I don't know anything about it except just a few grips that have come to me naturally. Throughout his ministry he said that he believed Christian identity is incompatible with Freemasonry. He described Freemasonry, Knights of Pythias, Theosophy, and other such groups as ""grievous evils"" and ""unclean"". Charles Taze Russell Charles Taze Russell (February 16, 1852 – October 31, 1916), or Pastor Russell,"
"The Photo-Drama of Creation The Photo-Drama of Creation, or ""Creation-Drama"", is a four-part Christian film (eight hours in total) produced by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania under the direction of Charles Taze Russell, the founder of the Bible Student movement. The film presents their beliefs about God's plan from the creation of the earth through to the end of the 1,000 year reign of Christ. Production began in 1912, and the presentation was introduced to audiences in 1914. It was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides. Russell also published"
"a form of ""soul sleep"". Advent Christians such as George Storrs and Jonas Wendell influenced the Bible Student movement. In the 1870s, a Bible study group led by Charles Taze Russell formed into what was eventually called the Bible Student movement. Russell's congregations did not consider him to be the founder of a new religion, but that he helped in restoring true Christianity from the apostasy that Jesus and the Apostle Paul foretold. They believed that other Churches departed in a Great Apostasy from the original faith on major points, and that the original faith could be restored through a"
"Free Bible Students The Free Bible Students is a branch of the Bible Student movement. The Free Bible Students form independent, autonomous assemblies and the name, ""Free"", is given to them to distinguish them from Bible Students, with whom they share historical roots. The group discarded many of the teachings of Bible Student founder Charles Taze Russell. In 1905 Paul S. L. Johnson, one of Russell's pilgrims and a former Lutheran minister, pointed out to Russell that his doctrines on the New Covenant had undergone a complete reversal: until 1880 he had taught that the New Covenant would be inaugurated"
"own free will. One year later (to the day) Pastor Charles Taze Russell appointed him as a Pilgrim of the Bible Student movement. He eventually served as Russell's personal secretary. In time, he became Russell's most trusted friend and advisor. Johnson suffered a nervous breakdown in 1910 a result of withstanding dissidents from within who were challenging the teachings of Pastor C.T. Russell on questions around his understanding of the new covenant and the ransom for all. Johnson left the Watch Tower Society when Joseph F. Rutherford took over its direction after Russell's death. He founded the Laymen's Home Missionary"
"by Charles Taze Russell) over Russell's arrangements for the Editorial Committee outlined in his Last Will and Testament and the Society's official charter. This caused the Society to splinter into many factions with over 25% of the original Bible students leaving the WTBTS by 1928 with many forming other independent groups and fellowships which included the Elijah Voice Society, The Pastoral Bible Institute (PBI) and others. The Laymen's Home Missionary Movement (LHMM) was formed by three former members of the Pastoral Bible Institute Committee which was formed by a large group of dissenting brethren in 1917 at the Fort Pitt"
"Tower Society president Charles Taze Russell, which led to his joining the Bible Student movement, and he was baptized in 1906. He was appointed the legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society in 1907, as well as a traveling representative prior to his election as president in 1917. His early presidency was marked by a dispute with the Society's board of directors, in which four of its seven members accused him of autocratic behavior and sought to reduce his powers. The resulting leadership crisis divided the Bible Student community and contributed to the loss of one-seventh of adherents by 1919"
"Millennial Dawnists. Russell advertised for 1000 preachers in 1881, and encouraged all who were members of ""the body of Christ"" to preach to their neighbors, to gather the ""little flock"" of saints while the vast majority of mankind would be given the opportunity to gain salvation during Christ's 1000-year reign. Russell's supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible and his writings. Russell rejected the concept of a formal organization as ""wholly unnecessary"" for his followers and declared that his group had no record of its members' names, no creeds, and no sectarian name. He wrote in February 1884:"
"at a private boarding school for girls in Germany, in preparation for the 'Little Go' at Cambridge. There she won a modern languages scholarship to Girton College, Cambridge. Soon she joined the Heretics Society, co-founded by C. K. Ogden in 1909. It questioned traditional authorities in general and religious dogma in particular. The society helped her to discard traditional values and develop her own feminist mode of thought. In June 1915 she received a First Class Honours degree in modern languages at Girton with a special distinction in Orals. In 1924, Russell campaigned passionately for birth control, joining with H."
"initially lukewarm, grew hostile in some sectors as the cooperative movement developed, and shopkeepers, butter-buyers and sections of the press led a campaign of virulent opposition. Cooperatives and Plunkett were denounced for supposedly ruining the dairy industry but the movement caught hold, with the mass of farmers benefitting. Plunkett and his colleagues including the poet and painter George William Russell (AE) made a good working team, writing widely on economic and cultural development, and on the role of labour. As early as 1894, when his campaign reached a size too big to be directed by a few individuals, Plunkett founded"
"""Herald"", disputing Barbour's teaching. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed as an unincorporated administrative agency for the purpose of disseminating tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles, with ""Pastor"" Russell, as he was by then called, as secretary and William Henry Conley as president. Three years later, on December 15, 1884, Russell became the president of the society when it was legally incorporated in Pennsylvania. He said the corporation was ""not a 'religious society' in the ordinary meaning of this term,"" explaining: ""This is a business association merely ... a business convenience in disseminating the truth."" Russell began"
"that organization. Russell's first book ""Treasure in Earthen Vessels an Introduction to the New Testament"" was published in 1966 by Herald Publishing House. Since that time his research on the Latter Day Saint movement has been published widely in journals, but the only book-length study that has appeared is his 2008 edited volume, ""Homosexual Saints: The Community of Christ Experience"". Russell became active in the civil rights movement in the 1960s and was co-founder of the Independence, Missouri, chapter of the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE). As editor of ""Courage,"" in the early 1970s, Russell advocated women's ordination to the"
"New Social Alliance The New Social Alliance or New Social Movement was an idea supported by some British Conservatives in 1871 for an alliance between working-class leaders and aristocratic Conservatives to ameliorate the conditions of the working class. The historian John Vincent has called the New Social Alliance ""conservative socialism"" and a ""poor man's Young England"". In July 1871 the Conservative MP John Pakington proposed to Lord Derby a committee or a commission of Conservative peers and landowners to consider the needs of the artisan class as articulated by their leaders. The idea originated with John Scott Russell, a Scottish"
"with Distinction and also received the prize for the best student in the program. She moved to the United States, in 1963 where she had been accepted into an interdisciplinary PhD program at Harvard University. Her research focused on sociology and the study of revolution. Russell's research focus probably stems from her own involvement in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. In 1963, Russell had joined the Liberal Party of South Africa that had been founded by Alan Paton, the author of ""Cry the Beloved Country"". While participating in a peaceful protest in Cape Town, Russell was arrested with other"
"the successive presidencies of Charles Taze Russell, Joseph Rutherford, Nathan Knorr and Frederick Franz. In October 1801, members of the Danbury Baptists Associations wrote a letter to the new president-elect Thomas Jefferson. Baptists, being a minority in Connecticut, were still required to pay fees to support the Congregationalist majority. The Baptists found this intolerable. The Baptists, well aware of Jefferson's own unorthodox beliefs, sought him as an ally in making all religious expression a fundamental human right and not a matter of government largesse. In his January 1, 1802 reply to the Danbury Baptist Association Jefferson summed up the First"
"move their goods to market, and the more inclined they were to protest, as in the Populist movement of the 1890s. Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners (who purchased their crop), railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices. Sales of various types of horse pulled harvesting machines increased dramatically between the Civil war and the end of the century. Harvesting machine improvements included automatic rakers, which eliminated the manual raker, allowing operation by a single man, and combination harvester and binders. To modernize traditional agriculture reformers founded the Grange movement, in 1867. The Granges focused initially on social"
"Faith"" and the ""Church of God General Conference (Morrow, GA)"". Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church The United Seventh-Day Brethren is a small Sabbatarian Adventist body. In 1947, several individuals and two independent congregations within the Church of God Adventist movement formed the ""United Seventh-Day Brethren"", seeking to increase fellowship and to combine their efforts in evangelism, publications, and other . The Bible Students movement founded by Charles Taze Russell had in its early development close connections with the Millerite movement and stalwarts of the Adventist faith, including George Storrs and Joseph Seiss. The various groupings of independent Bible Students has"
"of the apocalypse advocated by Charles Taze Russell, the founder of the Bible Student movement. A second biography of Parsons was published in 2005 through Weidenfeld & Nicolson with the title ""Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons""; it was written by George Pendle, who described Parsons as ""the Che Guevara of occultism"" and said that although Parsons ""would not live to see his dream of space travel come true, he was essential to making it a reality."" Pendle considered that the cultural stigma attached to Parsons' occultism was the primary cause of his low public"
"Witnesses have been persecuted and their activities are banned or restricted in some countries. Persistent legal challenges by Jehovah's Witnesses have influenced legislation related to civil rights in several countries. The organization has received criticism regarding biblical translation, doctrines, and alleged coercion of its members. The Watch Tower Society has made various unfulfilled predictions about major biblical events such as Christ's Second Coming, the advent of God's Kingdom, and Armageddon. Their policies for handling cases of child sexual abuse have been the subject of various formal inquiries. In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"
"Charles Edward Russell Charles Edward Russell (September 25, 1860 in Davenport, Iowa – April 23, 1941 in Washington, DC) was an American journalist, opinion columnist, newspaper editor, and political activist. The author of a number of books of biography and social commentary, he won the 1928 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for ""The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas"". Russell is also remembered as one of three co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He was born in Davenport, Iowa, a transportation center on the Mississippi River on the far eastern border of the state."
"he claimed he was the legitimate successor of Charles Taze Russell. Therefore, he was ousted from the Watch Tower Society by Joseph Rutherford in 1920. He published two journals, the monthly ""The Monitor of the Reign of Justice"" (""Le Moniteur du Règne de Justice"") and the weekly ""Newspaper for All"" (""Le Journal pour tous""). In Italy, the first community was founded in 1946 in Turin by Sebastiano Chiardola. The movement theology includes Christian doctrines of restorationism and millennialism. Its beliefs can be found in Freytag's writings: ""The Divine Revelation"" (""La Divine Révélation"", 1920), ""The Message to Humanity"" (""Le Message à"
"was imminent. From 1879, ""Watch Tower"" supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. In 1881, ""Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society"" was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred ""pilgrims,"" or traveling"
"and later became chairman of its Hawke's Bay chapter. He took up directorships of several large businesses in the area. In 1905, he became heavily involved in the Political Reform League which worked to promote conservative views and candidates for public office. Despite an active working and business life, Russell was prominent in the raising of a militia unit of the New Zealand Volunteer Force following the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899. He commanded the unit, the Wellington (East Coast) Mounted Rifles Regiment, which by 1901 numbered about 900 men. Most of his volunteers were young farm workers"