'Economo's Disease', or 'Trypanosomiasis' is better known as what?
"African trypanosomiasis African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species ""Trypanosoma brucei"". There are two types that infect humans, ""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" (TbG) and ""Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense"" (TbR). TbG causes over 98% of reported cases. Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas. Initially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later"
"Trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus ""Trypanosoma"". In humans this includes African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. A number of other diseases occur in other animals. Approximately 30,000 people in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa have African trypanosomiasis, which is caused by either ""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" or ""Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense"". Chagas disease causes 21,000 deaths per year mainly in Latin America. The tsetse fly bite erupts into a red chancre sore and within a few weeks, the person can experience fever, swollen lymph glands, blood in urine,"
"effects that may be treated with ease. In regions of the world where the disease is common eflornithine is provided for free by the World Health Organization. Some species of cattle such as the African buffalo, N'dama, and Keteku appear trypanotolerant and do not develop symptoms. Calves are more resistant than adults. Trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus ""Trypanosoma"". In humans this includes African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. A number of other diseases occur in other animals. Approximately 30,000 people in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa"
"Trypanosomatida Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid excavates distinguished by having only a single flagellum. The name is derived from the Greek ""trypano"" (borer) and ""soma"" (body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate, invertebrate or plant. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans. The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by ""Trypanosoma brucei"" and transmitted by tsetse flies), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused"
"Winterbottom's sign Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites ""Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense"" and ""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness. Dr. Anthony Martinelli describes Winterbottom's sign as the swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) along the back of the neck, in the posterior cervical chain of lymph nodes, as trypanosomes travel in the lymphatic fluid and cause inflammation. It may be suggestive of cerebral infection. The term Winterbottom's sign derives from descriptions of the posterior cervical lymphadenopathy associated with African trypanosomiasis made by a slave trader"
"using the sign to weed out the ill. Winterbottom's sign Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites ""Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense"" and ""Trypanosoma brucei gambiense"" which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness. Dr. Anthony Martinelli describes Winterbottom's sign as the swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) along the back of the neck, in the posterior cervical chain of lymph nodes, as trypanosomes travel in the lymphatic fluid and cause inflammation. It may be suggestive of cerebral infection. The term Winterbottom's sign derives from descriptions of the posterior cervical lymphadenopathy associated"
"an intracellular environment in the mammalian host. Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various diseases, including the fatal human diseases sleeping sickness, caused by ""Trypanosoma brucei"", and Chagas disease, caused by ""Trypanosoma cruzi"". The mitochondrial genome of the ""Trypanosoma"", as well as of other kinetoplastids, known as the kinetoplast, is made up of a highly complex series of catenated circles and minicircles and requires a cohort of proteins for organisation during cell division. In 1841, Gabriel Valentin found flagellates that today are included in ""Trypanoplasma"" in the blood of trout. The genus (""T. sanguinis"") was named by Gruby"
"Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS) is an incurable and sometimes fatal flu-like neurological condition linked to the ingestion of the dietary supplement L-tryptophan. The risk of developing EMS increases with larger doses of tryptophan and increasing age. Some research suggests that certain genetic polymorphisms may be related to the development of EMS. The presence of eosinophilia is a core feature of EMS, along with unusually severe myalgia (muscle pain). Subsequent epidemiological studies suggested that EMS was linked to specific batches of L-tryptophan supplied by a single large Japanese manufacturer, Showa Denko. It eventually became clear that recent batches of Showa"
"Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids. Amongst the protozoa, the trypanosomes characteristically bore tissue in another organism and feed on blood (primarily) and also lymph. This behaviour causes disease or the likelihood of disease that varies with the organism: for example, trypanosomiasis in humans (Chagas disease in South America), dourine and surra in horses, and a brucellosis-like disease in cattle. Parasites need a host body and the haematophagous insect triatomine (descriptions ""assassin bug"", ""cone-nose bug"", and ""kissing bug"") is the major vector in accord with a mechanism of infection. The triatomine likes the nests of vertebrate"
"United States. Transfusion blood and tissue products are now actively screened in the U.S., thus addressing and minimizing this risk. The disease was named after the Brazilian physician and epidemiologist Carlos Chagas, who first described it in 1909. The disease was not seen as a major public health problem in humans until the 1960s (the outbreak of Chagas disease in Brazil in the 1920s went widely ignored). Dr Chagas discovered that the intestines of Triatomidae (now Reduviidae: Triatominae) harbored a flagellate protozoan, a new species of the genus ""Trypanosoma"", and was able to demonstrate experimentally that it could be transmitted"
"to 1906 primarily in Uganda and the Congo Basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease. Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as animal trypanosomiasis. African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages. The first stage, known as the hemolymphatic phase, is characterized by fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching. Fever is intermittent, with attacks lasting from a day to a week, separated by intervals of a few days to a month or longer. Invasion of the circulatory"
"Chagas disease Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protist ""Trypanosoma cruzi"". It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae, or ""kissing bugs"". The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30–40% of people develop further symptoms 10–30 years after the"
"treatment and financial ruin, but there is inequality between the wealthy and poor in terms of economic burden. These diseases also cost the government in terms of health care and lost worker productivity through morbidity and shortened life spans. In Kenya, for example, deworming is estimated to increase average adult income by 40 percent, which is a benefit-to-cost ratio of 100. Each untreated case of Trachoma is estimated to cost US$118 in lost productivity. Each case of schistosomiasis causes a loss of 45.4 days of work per year. Most of the diseases cost the economies of various developing countries millions"
"stages in two hosts. Dramatic morphological changes are possible between lifecycle stages. Diseases caused by members of the order trypanosomatida include sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, caused by species of ""Trypanosoma"", and leishmaniasis, caused by species of ""Leishmania"". ""Trypanosoma brucei"" can undergo meiosis as a likely part of a sexual cycle. ""Leishmania major"" is also capable of a meiotic process that is likely part of a sexual cycle. Kinetoplastida Kinetoplastida (or Kinetoplastea, as a class) is a group of flagellated protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa, and characterised by the presence of an organelle with a large massed DNA called"
"Ribeirão Preto in 1953. He soon organized the Department of Pathology, became its chairman, and began to assemble a small group of Brazilian researchers. While in Ribeirão Preto, Köberle noted that a promising field of research in pathology for the new department and himself could be Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, which had been discovered by another Brazilian physician named Carlos Chagas, in 1910. Even though 40 years had passed since its discovery, little was known about the peculiar manifestations of the chronic phase of the disease, such as megaesophagus, megacolon, cardiomegaly, heart ventricular aneurysm, achalasia, etc., and the mechanism"
"antibiotics and surgery. It is found in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Chagas disease is also known as American trypanosomiasis. There are approximately 15 million people infected with Chagas disease. The chance of morbidity is higher for immuno-compromised individuals, children, and elderly, but very low if treated early. Chagas disease does not kill victims rapidly, instead causing years of debilitating chronic symptoms. It is caused by a vector-borne protozoa and spread by contact with ""Trypanosoma cruzi"" infected feces of the triatomine (assassin) bug. The protozoan can enter the body via the bug's bite, skin breaks, or mucous membranes. Infection can"
"as a meiotic mechanism. Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids. Amongst the protozoa, the trypanosomes characteristically bore tissue in another organism and feed on blood (primarily) and also lymph. This behaviour causes disease or the likelihood of disease that varies with the organism: for example, trypanosomiasis in humans (Chagas disease in South America), dourine and surra in horses, and a brucellosis-like disease in cattle. Parasites need a host body and the haematophagous insect triatomine (descriptions ""assassin bug"", ""cone-nose bug"", and ""kissing bug"") is the major vector in accord with a mechanism of infection. The triatomine likes"
"Trimethylaminuria Trimethylaminuria (TMAU; primary trimethylaminuria), also known as fish odor syndrome or fish malodor syndrome, is a rare metabolic disorder that causes a defect in the normal production of an enzyme named flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (""FMO3""). When ""FMO3"" is not working correctly or if not enough enzyme is produced, the body loses the ability to properly convert trimethylamine (TMA) from precursor compounds in food digestion into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), through a process called ""N""-oxidation. Trimethylamine then builds up and is released in the person's sweat, urine, and breath, giving off a strong fishy odor or strong body odor. A variant"
"more economically significant crops, namely coconut (""Cocos nucifera"") and oil palm (""Elaeis guineensis""). Finally, in 1982, Dollet successfully cultivated trypanosomatids ""in vitro"", which allowed for the isolation of ""Phytomonas"" in 24 different plant families from across the globe. While there has been recent genetic work done on ""Phytomonas"" species, genome level analysis is limited compared to the genome data available for disease causing trypanosomatids in animals and humans, especially ""Trypanosoma cruzi"", ""Trypanosoma brucei"", and ""Leishmania major"". In 2015, ""Phytomonas nordicus"" was found to be a part of the generally heteroxenous ""Phytomonas"" genus, despite it being a monoxenous parasite of the"
"exchange funds, property, equipment, human resources, and intellectual property. These public-private partnerships and product-development partnerships have been established to address challenges in pharmaceutical industry, especially related to neglected disease research. These partnerships can help increase the scale of the effort towards therapeutic development by using different knowledge, skills, and expertise from different sources. These types of partnerships have been shown to be more effective than industry or public groups working independently. ""Trypanosoma"" of both the ""rhodesiense"" and ""gambiense"" types can affect other animals such as cattle and wild animals. In animals it is known as animal trypanosomiasis. African trypanosomiasis African"
"dogs. It is hoped that it will be commercially available by 2018. Chagas disease Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protist ""Trypanosoma cruzi"". It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae, or ""kissing bugs"". The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms."
"Schistosoma Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes. They are parasitic flatworms responsible for a highly significant group of infections in humans termed ""schistosomiasis"", which is considered by the World Health Organization as the second-most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease (after malaria), with hundreds of millions infected worldwide. Adult flatworms parasitize blood capillaries of either the mesenteries or plexus of the bladder, depending on the infecting species. They are unique among trematodes and any other flatworms in that they are dioecious with distinct sexual dimorphism between male and female. Thousands of eggs are released and reach either"
"TRIANGLE disease TRIANGLE disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system. TRIANGLE stands for “TPPII-related immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay with impaired glycolysis and lysosomal expansion” where ""TPP2"" is the causative gene. This disease manifests as recurrent infection, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay. TRIANGLE disease was first described in a collaborative study by Dr. Helen C. Su from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and Dr. Sophie Hambleton from the University of Newcastle and their collaborators in 2014. The disease was also described by the group of Ehl et al. TRIANGLE disease is"
"disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei and usually presents in the chronic form. He investigates the epidemiology of sleeping sickness. He was one of the first to report of the resurgence of sleeping sickness, calling for more aid, inter-country collaboration and improved healthcare facilities and treatment options. He is investigating treatments for African trypanosomiasis. He investigated the efficacy and safety of DB289, which is administered as a dication prodrug to Pentamidine. They investigated SCYX-7158 as a single-dose treatment for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). In a country with few passable roads or hospitals, Kande recruited 400 people with late stage Trypanosoma"
"Eastern equine encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), commonly called Triple E or, sleeping sickness (not to be confused with ""trypanosomiasis"") is a zoonotic alphavirus and arbovirus present in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. EEE was first recognized in Massachusetts, United States, in 1831 when 75 horses died mysteriously of viral encephalitis. Epizootics in horses have continued to occur regularly in the United States. It can also be identified in asses and zebras. Due to the rarity of the disease, its occurrence can cause economic impact in relation to the loss of horses and poultry. EEE is found"
"Eastern equine encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), commonly called Triple E or, sleeping sickness (not to be confused with ""trypanosomiasis"") is a zoonotic alphavirus and arbovirus present in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. EEE was first recognized in Massachusetts, United States, in 1831 when 75 horses died mysteriously of viral encephalitis. Epizootics in horses have continued to occur regularly in the United States. It can also be identified in asses and zebras. Due to the rarity of the disease, its occurrence can cause economic impact in relation to the loss of horses and poultry. EEE is found"
"various vertebrate species including humans, antelopes, bovine cattle, camels, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. These diseases are caused by several different trypanosome species that may also survive in wild animals such as crocodiles and monitor lizards. The diseases have different distributions across the African continent, so are transmitted by different species. This table summarizes this information: Human African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosomes of the species ""Trypanosoma brucei"". This disease is invariably fatal unless treated but can almost always be cured with current medicines, if the disease is diagnosed early enough. Sleeping sickness begins with a"
"and 1 in 60,000 adults a year. It has been reported in almost all ethnic populations. The disease is named after Joannes Cassianus Pompe, who characterized it in 1932. Pompe described accumulation of glycogen in muscle tissue in some cases of a previously unknown disorder. This accumulation was difficult to explain as the enzymes involved in the usual metabolism of glucose and glycogen were all present and functioning. The basis for the disease remained a puzzle until Christian de Duve's discovery of lysosomes in 1955 for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1974. His co-worker Henri G. Hers realised"
"hygiene and sanitation. Yaws is most prevalent in the warm, moist, tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. The foodborne trematode infections include clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis, and paragonimiasis. These infections are all zoonotic, primarily affecting domestic or wild animals, but also transmitted to humans. They are acquired by eating food, such as raw fish, contaminated with the larval stages of the parasites. At least 40 million people are thought to be infected. African trypanosomiasis is also known as African sleeping sickness. There are fewer than 10,000 cases currently. Human African trypanosomiasis is vector-borne, and spread through the"
"Refsum disease Refsum disease, also known as classic or adult Refsum disease, heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, phytanic acid oxidase deficiency and phytanic acid storage disease, is an autosomal recessive neurological disease that results in the over-accumulation of phytanic acid in cells and tissues. It is one of several disorders named after Norwegian neurologist Sigvald Bernhard Refsum (1907–1991). Refsum disease typically is adolescent onset and is diagnosed by above average levels of phytanic acid. Humans obtain the necessary phytanic acid primarily through diet. It is still unclear what function phytanic acid plays physiologically in humans, but has been found to regulate fatty"
"The problem of drug resistance in malaria has driven efforts to develop vaccines. Trypanosomes are parasitic protozoa that cause African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). There are no vaccines to prevent these infections so drugs such as pentamidine and suramin, benznidazole and nifurtimox are used to treat infections. These drugs are effective but infections caused by resistant parasites have been reported. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa and is an important public health problem worldwide, especially in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Drug resistance has ""become a major concern"". The discovery of penicillin in 1928 and other antibiotics in the 20th"
"$1.02 billion US dollars towards the neglected disease discovery efforts. For kinetoplastid infections specifically, they have donated an average of $28.15 million US dollars annually between the years 2007 to 2011. They have labeled human African trypanosomiasis a high-opportunity target meaning it is a disease that presents the greatest opportunity for control, elimination, and eradication, through the development of new drugs, vaccines, public-health programs, and diagnostics. They are the second highest funding source for neglected diseases, immediately behind the US National Institutes of Health. At a time where public funding is decreasing and government grants for scientific research are harder"
"Ancylostomiasis Ancylostomiasis (also anchylostomiasis or ankylostomiasis) is a hookworm disease caused by infection with Ancylostoma hookworms. The name is derived from Greek ancylos αγκύλος ""crooked, bent"" and stoma στόμα ""mouth"". Ancylostomiasis is also known as miner's anaemia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anaemia and Egyptian chlorosis. Helminthiasis may also refer to ancylostomiasis, but this term also refers to all other parasitic worm diseases as well. In the United Kingdom, if acquired in the context of working in a mine, the condition is eligible for Industrial Injuries Disability Benefit. It is a prescribed disease (B4) under the relevant legislation.§ Ancylostomiasis is caused when"