From which ore does Chromium come?
"countries producing the rest of about 18% of the world production. The two main products of chromium ore refining are ferrochromium and metallic chromium. For those products the ore smelter process differs considerably. For the production of ferrochromium, the chromite ore (FeCrO) is reduced in large scale in electric arc furnace or in smaller smelters with either aluminium or silicon in an aluminothermic reaction. For the production of pure chromium, the iron must be separated from the chromium in a two step roasting and leaching process. The chromite ore is heated with a mixture of calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate"
"through the development of beneficiation plants. Chromite is a metallic mineral. Its chemical formula is (Fe Cr2 O4) and it basically consists of three main metallic elements and oxides such as Ferrous (Fe), Chromium (Cr) and Oxides (O2) (Haqqi Borthers Pakistan, 2005). Besides these three important metallic elements, there are several metallic oxides of the minerals found in Chromite Ore such as Manganese (Mn), Aluminum (Al), Titanium (Ti) and Calcium (Ca) etc. Chromite is melted and it is from the metal family of minerals. It is basically used in hardening of iron i.e. 18 % of Chromium is used in"
"Chromium Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle transition metal. Chromium boasts a high usage rate as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. Chromium is also the main component of stainless steel, a popular steel alloy due to its uncommonly high specular reflection. Simple polished chromium reflects almost 70% of the visible spectrum, with almost 90% of infrared light waves being reflected. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word"
"Chromite Chromite is an iron chromium oxide: FeCrO. It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. Magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite (MgCrO); substitution of aluminium occurs leading to hercynite (FeAlO). It is by far the most industrially important mineral for the production of metallic chromium, used as an alloying ingredient in stainless and tool steels. Chromite is found as orthocumulate lenses of chromitite in peridotite from the Earth's mantle. It also occurs in layered ultramafic intrusive rocks. In addition, it is found in metamorphic rocks such as"
"scale from ores containing chromium(III) oxides. The ore is fused with a base, typically sodium carbonate, at around 1000 °C in the presence of air (source of oxygen): <chem> 2Cr2O3 + 4Na2CO3 + 3O2 -> 4Na2CrO4 + 4CO2</chem> This step solubilizes the chromium and allows it to be extracted into hot water. At this stage, other components of the ore such as aluminium and iron compounds, are poorly soluble. Acidification of the resulting aqueous extract with sulfuric acid or carbon dioxide affords the dichromate: <chem> 2Na2CrO4 + 2CO2 + H2O -> Na2Cr2O7 + 2NaHCO3 </chem> <chem> 2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 ->"
"Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) oxide (or chromia) is the inorganic compound of the formula . It is one of the principal oxides of chromium and is used as a pigment. In nature, it occurs as the rare mineral eskolaite. adopts the corundum structure, consisting of a hexagonal close packed array of oxide anions with of the octahedral holes occupied by chromium. Similar to corundum, is a hard, brittle material (Mohs hardness 8 to 8.5). It is antiferromagnetic up to 307 K, the Néel temperature. It is not readily attacked by acids. occurs naturally in mineral eskolaite, which is found in chromium-rich"
"extracted from chromite is used in chrome plating and alloying for production of corrosion resistant superalloys, nichrome, and stainless steel. Chromium is used as a pigment for glass, glazes, and paint, and as an oxidizing agent for tanning leather. It is also sometimes used as a gemstone. In 2002 14,600,000 metric tons of chromite were mined. The largest producers were South Africa (44%), India (18%), Kazakhstan (16%), Zimbabwe (5%), Finland (4%), Iran (4%), and Brazil with several other countries producing the rest of less than 10% of the world production. Afghanistan has significant deposits of high grade chromite ore, which"
"is mined illegally in Khost Province and then smuggled out of the country. In Pakistan, chromite is mined from the ultramafic rocks in mainly the Muslimbagh killa Saifullah District and Khanozai area of Pishin District of Balochistan. Most of the chromite is of metallurgical grade with CrO averaging 54% and a chrome to iron ratio of 2.6:1. Recently, the biggest user of chromite ore has been China, importing large quantities from South Africa, Pakistan, and other countries. The concentrate is used to make ferrochrome, which is in turn used to make stainless steel and some other alloys. In April 2010"
"source of the metal chromium. Chromitite Chromitite is an igneous cumulate rock composed mostly of the mineral chromite. It is found in layered intrusions such as the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa, the Stillwater igneous complex in Montana and the Ring of Fire discovery in Ontario. Chromitite typically forms as orthocumulate layered lenses in peridotite rocks, at times intergrown with other oxides such as magnetite and ilmenite, and silicates such as olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar (mainly anorthite), and garnet crystals. The chromium rich garnet uvarovite forms in interbeded layers with chromitite. Chromitite is the main economic source for the"
"or chromite ores. Sulfides associated with peridotites form nickel ores and platinoid metals; most of the platinum used in the world today is mined from the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa and the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. The chromite bands found in peridotites are the world's major source of chromium. Peridotite Peridotite is a dense, coarse-grained igneous rock consisting mostly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. Peridotite is ultramafic, as the rock contains less than 45% silica (). It is high in magnesium (Mg), reflecting the high proportions of magnesium-rich olivine, with appreciable iron. Peridotite is derived from the"
"Pipe in Russia produces samples of the native metal. This mine is a kimberlite pipe, rich in diamonds, and the reducing environment helped produce both elemental chromium and diamond. The relation between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) strongly depends on pH and oxidative properties of the location. In most cases, Cr(III) is the dominating species, but in some areas, the ground water can contain up to 39 µg/liter of total chromium of which 30 µg/liter is Cr(VI). Chromium was first discovered as an element after it came to the attention of the Western world in the red crystalline mineral crocoite (which is"
"of air. The chromium is oxidized to the hexavalent form, while the iron forms iron(III) oxide, FeO. Subsequent leaching of this material at higher temperatures dissolves the chromates, leaving a residue of insoluble iron oxide. Normally the chromate solution is further processed to make chromium metal, but a chromate salt may be obtained directly from the liquor. Chromate containing minerals are rare. Crocoite, PbCrO, which can occur as spectacular long red crystals, is the most commonly found chromate mineral. Rare potassium chromate minerals and related compounds are found in the Atacama desert. Among them is lópezite - the only known"
"the Government of Ontario announced that they would be opening up a large chromite deposit to development in the northern part of Ontario known as the Ring of Fire. This plan has since been suspended. Chromite Chromite is an iron chromium oxide: FeCrO. It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. Magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite (MgCrO); substitution of aluminium occurs leading to hercynite (FeAlO). It is by far the most industrially important mineral for the production of metallic chromium, used as an alloying ingredient in stainless"
"making stainless steel. The Chromite Ore extracted in mountains of Khanozai and Muslim Bagh region consists 44.7 to 59.1 % of the Chromium. (Bilgrami, 1969). From Islamic Jurisprudence point of view, those extracted metallic minerals which are melted by fire in order to use them are subjected to Khumas (One-fifth or 20 %)- a type of Zakat, therefore, Chromite as a metallic mineral does fall in this category for which Khumas is necessary to be paid to the people mentioned in the Quran and hadith of Muhammad (Sahih Al Bukhari). The support to vulnerable groups of society such as widows,"
"of 2010, India had 200 million tonnes of resource. Major amount of resources are available from Orissa (Cuttack and Jajpur districts). Minor amount of resources are available from Manipur, Nagaland, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. In 2009-2010, India produced 3.41 million tonnes and ranked second in world production. It is mostly mined by opencast method. Chromium provides additional strength to the alloys and it is resistant to corrosion, so it is mainly used in metallurgical applications. It can withstand sudden temperature changes, so it is used in refractories. It is also used in chemical applications. Non-metallic minerals"
"Plant of Klos is subject to a general intervention to become again operational. Renewal of equipments is performed by Swedish engineers who are part of the company that also built it many years ago. Chromium enrichment plant will enable the collection of low quality mineral from all mines of Albania and the region. The chromium ore of Bulqiza Mine is a ready-to-sell product, but also the primary raw material for our metallurgic Plant of Elbasan producing high-carbon Ferro – Chrome. The quality of the Chrome ore product is of 40% CrO The exploitation system in our Bulqiza Mine is that"
"Chrome alum Chrome alum or Chromium(III) potassium sulfate is the potassium double sulfate of chromium. Its chemical formula is KCr(SO) and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as KCr(SO)·12(HO). It is used in leather tanning. Chromium alum is produced from chromate salts or from ferrochromium alloys. Concentrated aqueous solutions of potassium dichromate can be reduced, usually with sulfur dioxide but also with alcohols or formaldehyde, in the presence of sulfuric acid at temperatures <40 °C. Alternatively and less commonly, ferrochromium alloys can be dissolved in sulfuric acid and, after precipitation of the ferrous sulfate, the chrome alum crystallizes"
"Though rare, carlsbergite - the natural form of chromium nitride - occurs in some meteorites. Chromium nitride Chromium nitride is a chemical compound of chromium and nitrogen with the formula CrN. It is very hard, and is extremely resistant to corrosion. It is an interstitial compound, with nitrogen atoms occupying the octahedral holes in the chromium lattice: as such, it is not strictly a chromium(III) compound nor does it contain nitride ions (N). Chromium forms a second interstitial nitride, dichromium nitride, CrN. Chromium(III) nitride can be prepared by direct combination of chromium and nitrogen at 800 °C: It can also"
"found in Russia was the main source for such tanning materials. In 1827, a larger chromite deposit was discovered near Baltimore, United States, which quickly met the demand for tanning salts much more adequately than the crocoite that had been used previously. This made the United States the largest producer of chromium products until the year 1848, when larger deposits of chromite were uncovered near the city of Bursa, Turkey. Chromium is also famous for its reflective, metallic luster when polished. It is used as a protective and decorative coating on car parts, plumbing fixtures, furniture parts and many other"
"is found in many natural resources and is used in many dyes and pigments. Chromium can be found naturally in some foods like vegetables, meats, and fruits. Consumption of chromium can cause kidney damage, liver damage, increased chances of lung cancer, and ulcers. The town of Rockaway Borough’s initial action to the contamination of the water in 1981 was to install a carbon water treatment system to get rid of the pollution in the water. In 1986, further studies proceeded to improve the process of purification and investigations soon found that the pollution was coming from two spots in the"
"casting is impractical. Heating with chlorine and carbon yields chromium(III) chloride and carbon monoxide: Chromates can be formed by the oxidation of chromium(III) oxide and another oxide in a basic environment: Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) oxide (or chromia) is the inorganic compound of the formula . It is one of the principal oxides of chromium and is used as a pigment. In nature, it occurs as the rare mineral eskolaite. adopts the corundum structure, consisting of a hexagonal close packed array of oxide anions with of the octahedral holes occupied by chromium. Similar to corundum, is a hard, brittle material (Mohs"
"Ore. Probable Reserves of Chromite are approximately 4.5 million metric tons. Small scale local market exists for chemical grade chromite for use in Chromic Acid and to some extent refractory bricks. Vast majority of chromite ore is exported to the People's Republic of China. Most of it is of metallurgical grade, 46% CrO, with a chrome to iron ratio of 3:1, smaller quantities of Chemical and Refractory Grade ore are produced as well. Karachi University, Pakistan awards yearly the Pakistan Chrome Mines Gold Medal to the leading student in Geology. Pakistan Chrome Mines was awarded chromite leases by the Government"
"Ferrochrome Ferrochrome, or Ferrochromium (FeCr) is a type of ferroalloy, that is, an alloy between chromium and iron, generally containing 50% to 70% chromium by weight. Ferrochrome is produced by electric arc carbothermic reduction of chromite. Most of the world's ferrochrome is produced in South Africa, Kazakhstan and India, which have large domestic chromite resources. Increasing amounts are coming from Russia and China. The production of steel is the largest consumer of ferrochrome, especially the production of stainless steel with chromium content of 10 to 20% is the main application of ferrochrome. Over 80% of the world's ferrochrome is utilised"
"Tiebaghi Tiebaghi is a mine and former village near Koumac, New Caledonia. Chromite ore was first discovered in 1877 as sparse blocks on top of Tiebaghi plateau at 580 m elevation. From 1902 to 1920 Cr ore was extracted in an open pit 100 m deep, 200 m wide. From 1927 the mine was operated underground and was the largest chromium mine in the world in 1941. The mine closed for the first time in 1962. Mining resumed in 1982 with a new access drift, 1.2 km long, which was opened from the NE flank of the massif to reach"
"Chrome chalcedony Chrome chalcedony is a green variety of the mineral chalcedony, colored by small quantities of chromium. It is most commonly found in Zimbabwe, where it is known as Mtorolite, Mtorodite, or Matorolite. Chrome chalcedony is similar in appearance to the better known chrysoprase, but differs in that whilst chrome chalcedony is colored by chromium (as chromium(III) oxide), chrysoprase is colored by nickel. The two can be distinguished with a Chelsea color filter, as chrome chalcedony will appear red, whilst chrysoprase will appear green. Chrome chalcedony (unlike chrysoprase) may also contain tiny black specks of chromite. Chrome chalcedony is"
"magnesiochromite. Most of the time, economic geology names chromite the whole chromite-magnesiochromite series: FeCrO, (Fe,Mg)CrO, (Mg,Fe)CrO and MgCrO. The two main products of chromite refining are ferrochromium and metallic chromium; for those products the ore smelter process differs considerably. For the production of ferrochromium the chromite ore (FeCrO) is reduced with either aluminium or silicon in an aluminothermic reaction and for the production of pure chromium the iron has to be separated from the chromium in a two step roasting and leaching process. Chromite is also used as a refractory material, because it has a high heat stability. The chromium"
"coming from India, no deposits have been found there. It may have come from Anatolia (in modern-day Turkey), where deposits are known to exist. Chrome chalcedony disappeared from use sometime in the 2nd century. It was only rediscovered when the Zimbabwean deposits were found in the 1950s. Chrome chalcedony Chrome chalcedony is a green variety of the mineral chalcedony, colored by small quantities of chromium. It is most commonly found in Zimbabwe, where it is known as Mtorolite, Mtorodite, or Matorolite. Chrome chalcedony is similar in appearance to the better known chrysoprase, but differs in that whilst chrome chalcedony is"
"rapidly throughout the region. In 1794, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin received samples of crocoite ore. He produced chromium trioxide (CrO) by mixing crocoite with hydrochloric acid. In 1797, Vauquelin discovered that he could isolate metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven, for which he is credited as the one who truly discovered the element. Vauquelin was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious gemstones, such as ruby or emerald. During the 19th century, chromium was primarily used not only as a component of paints, but in tanning salts as well. For quite some time, the crocoite"
"Sodium chromate Sodium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaCrO. It exists as a yellow hygroscopic solid, which can form tetra-, hexa-, and decahydrates. It is an intermediate in the extraction of chromium from its ores. Sodium chromate, like other hexavalent chromium compounds, is toxic and carcinogenic. It is obtained on a vast scale by roasting chromium ores in air in the presence of sodium carbonate: This process converts the chromium into a water-extractable form, leaving behind iron oxides. Typically calcium carbonate is included in the mixture to improve oxygen access and to keep silicon and aluminium impurities"
"chromium from its ores, sodium chromate is used as a corrosion inhibitor in the petroleum industry. It is also a dyeing auxiliary in the textile industry and a wood preservative. It is a diagnostic pharmaceutical in determining red blood cell volume. In organic chemistry, sodium chromate is used as an oxidant, converting primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones. Sodium chromate Sodium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaCrO. It exists as a yellow hygroscopic solid, which can form tetra-, hexa-, and decahydrates. It is an intermediate in the extraction of chromium from its ores."
"reserves found in the Baljrawih area and Wadi Halfa area have been assessed at 2 billion tons. Chromium deposits have been established in the Inqasna Mountains, the Nuba Mountains, and the Red Sea Mountains. The estimated reserves of crude chrome is 1 million tons. Chrome has been extracted since the 1970s. Chromite is extracted from the Ingessana Hills, which has an estimated reserve of 1 million tons; production here in the recent years has been about 10,000 tons per year. Manganese is found in the Red Sea Mountains and the Albeodh desert along the River Nile, and in areas around"
"Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Minor amounts of magnetite are found in Assam, Bihar, Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Mining is done by the opencast method. Iron ore is mainly used for manufacturing of pig iron, sponge iron and steel. It is also used in coal washeries, cement and glass industries. Public sector companies like National Mineral Development Corporation and Steel Authority of India contribute to 25% of the total production. Private companies including Tata Steel provide major contribution. Chromite is an oxide of chromium and iron. It is the only commercial source of chromium. As"
"Krotite Krotite is a natural mineral composed of calcium, aluminium and oxygen, with the molecular formula CaAlO. It is the low-pressure dimorph of CaAlO, of which the high-pressure dimorph is named dmitryivanovite. Krotite was reported in 2011 in a calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion (CAI) in the carbonaceous chondrite meteorite NWA (North West Africa) 1934, which landed in Morocco. The mineral name was approved by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA 2010-038) and honors Alexander N. Krot, a researcher in cosmochemistry at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, Hawaii. Researchers have found that the mineral, which has the same atomic arrangement as"