The spice saffron is made from the dried stigmas of which flower?
"Saffron (trade) In the context of trade, saffron is one of the world's most expensive spices by weight, saffron consists of stigmas plucked from the vegetatively propagated and sterile ""Crocus sativus"", known popularly as the saffron crocus. The resulting dried ""threads"" are distinguished by their bitter taste, hay-like fragrance, and slight metallic notes. The saffron crocus is unknown in the wild; its most likely precursor, ""Crocus cartwrightianus"", originated in Crete or Central Asia; The saffron crocus is native to Southwest Asia, and was first cultivated in the area now known as Greece. ""Saffron, for example, was once less regarded than"
", yellow, and ""leukos"", white. The Latin name ""Crocus"", and the Greek name ""krokos"" which gave it birth, were used by ancients to designate the peculiar species with violet flowers:"" Crocus sativus"", whose large stigmas, highly fragrant and of a beautiful orange yellow tint, produce the famous saffron used in coloration of certain food and liquors. The cream-colored Crocus, known in Lebanon as ""hirsanneen"", grows abundantly after autumn first rainfalls. Its tubercles are sometimes eaten. Crocus has 3 stamens. This characteristic, among others, allows to differentiate it from meadow saffron which belongs to the Lily Family and has 6 stamens"
"numerous bright red flowers, which are radially symmetric with inferior ovaries. The iris family contains about 70 genera and over 1,600 species with a worldwide distribution. Members of the family are usually perennial herbs with sword-shaped unifacial leaves; the inflorescence is a spike or panicle of solitary flowers, or forms a monochasial cyme or rhipidium (meaning that the successive stems of the flowers follow a zig-zag path in the same plane); and the flower has only three stamens, each opposite to an outer tepal. Saffron is obtained from the dried styles of ""Crocus sativus"" L., a member of the iris"
"Safflower Safflower (""Carthamus tinctorius"") is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds. Plants are tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having seasonal rain. It grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in such environments. Safflower is one of humanity's oldest crops. Chemical analysis of ancient Egyptian textiles dated to the Twelfth Dynasty identified dyes made from safflower, and"
"(preferably) sealed in airtight containers. One freshly picked flower yields an average of fresh saffron or dried; roughly 150 flowers yield of dry saffron threads; to produce of dried saffron, of flowers are needed; yields of dried saffron. To glean of dry saffron requires the harvest of 50,000–75,000 flowers; a kilogram requires 110,000–170,000 flowers. Forty hours of labour are needed to pick 150,000 flowers. Saffron contains more than 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds. It also has many nonvolatile active components, many of which are carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, lycopene, and various α- and β-carotenes. However, saffron's golden yellow-orange colour is primarily"
"to parts of North Africa, North America, and Oceania. Saffron's taste and iodoform- or hay-like fragrance result from the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal. It also contains a carotenoid pigment, crocin, which imparts a rich golden-yellow hue to dishes and textiles. Its recorded history is attested in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical treatise compiled under Ashurbanipal, and it has been traded and used for over four millennia. Iran now accounts for approximately 90% of the world production of saffron. A degree of uncertainty surrounds the origin of the English word ""saffron"". It might stem from the 12th-century Old French term ""safran"","
"safflower (""Carthamus tinctorius"") or turmeric (""Curcuma longa"") in cuisine. Both mimic saffron's colour well, but have distinctive flavours. Saffron is used in the confectionery and liquor industries; this is its most common use in Italy. Chartreuse, izarra, and strega are types of alcoholic beverages that rely on saffron to provide a flourish of colour and flavour. The savvy often crumble and pre-soak saffron threads for several minutes prior to adding them to their dishes. They may toss threads into water or sherry and leave them to soak for approximately ten minutes. This process extracts the threads' colour and flavour into"
"(""Carthamus tinctorius"", which is often sold as ""Portuguese saffron"" or ""açafrão""), annatto, and turmeric (""Curcuma longa""). Saffron has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Saffron has also been used as a fabric dye, particularly in China and India, and in perfumery. It is used for religious purposes in India. Dried saffron is composed of 65% carbohydrates, 6% fat, 11% protein (table) and 12% water. In comparison to other spices or dried foods, the nutrient content of dried saffron shows richness in content of B vitamins and dietary minerals (table). In a serving of one tablespoon (2 grams), manganese"
"following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit:- Medicinally, many cultures use infusions from dried leaves or florets. Research also suggests that T. patula essential oil has the ability to be used as residual pesticide against bedbugs. The essential oil is being investigated for antifungal activity, including treatment of candidiasis and treating fungal infections in plants. The dried and ground flower petals constitute a popular spice in the Republic of Georgia in the Caucasus, where they are known as imeruli shaphrani (= 'Imeretian Saffron') from their pungency and golden colour and particular popularity in the Western province"
"to saffron as having a Kashmiri provenance. According to Chinese herbalist Wan Zhen, ""[t]he habitat of saffron is in Kashmir, where people grow it principally to offer it to the Buddha."" Wan also reflected on how it was used in his time: ""The flower withers after a few days, and then the saffron is obtained. It is valued for its uniform yellow colour. It can be used to aromatise wine."" The Minoans portrayed saffron in their palace frescoes by 1600–1500 BC; they hint at its possible use as a therapeutic drug. Ancient Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia,"
"species typically have red to orange, trumpet-like flowers that secrete large amounts of nectar. Other species are adapted to pollination by butterflies and moths, carrion flies and long-proboscid flies, and even monkey-beetles. Up to 80 genera have been recognised in the family, with a total of around 1500 species, worldwide. The Afrotropic ecozone, and in particular South Africa, have the greatest diversity of genera. The spice saffron comes from the stigma of the saffron crocus, ""Crocus sativus"". Iridaceae Iridaceae is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises, meaning rainbow, referring to its many colours."
"is लघुनामन् = ""laghunAman"", a word which still carries the phonetic sound of """"qinnamon."""" Eight species of saffron are known to grow in Israel, some of which are protected by law. The dried stamens, used commercially to produce one of the most expensive food spices in the world, was formerly used as one of the ingredients in the Holy Incense. If mixed with the styles, the spice is called ""female saffron,"" and is of less value. Scholars are divided as to its true identification. The Indian Orris (""Saussurea lappa""), or Costus, is a fragrant root of an herb of the"
"The epithet ""byzantinum"" means 'from Istanbul, Turkey' (formerly Byzantium). Colchicum byzantinum Colchicum byzantinum (Byzantine meadow saffron) is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae with a long history of cultivation, and no certain place of origin, which means it could be a hybrid of other species. Therefore its correct designation may be ""Colchicum"" × ""byzantinum"" (unresolved). It shares many traits with ""Colchicum cilicicum"". The flowers have no scent and are light pink with a prominent central white stripe. Each tepal has a purple tip, even white selections. This plant is very reliable in gardens, and has gained the"
"Colchicum brachyphyllum Colchicum brachyphyllum grows abundantly by the melting snow of the mountains of Lebanon. The preferred name is now C. szovitsii"" ssp. ""brachyphyllum. The generic name of this flower comes from Colchis, a legendary kingdom east of the Black Sea, since this plant is poisonous and calls back to memory that Colchis had been the native country of Medea, the famous poisoner in antiquity. ""Brachyphyllum"" is formed from the Greek ""Brakhus"", short, and ""phullon"" leaf. Meadow saffron has six stamens. This characteristic, among others, differentiates it from the crocus, which belongs to the Iridaceae family and has three stamens."
"agents. It must, therefore, be stored away in air-tight containers to minimise contact with atmospheric oxygen. Saffron is somewhat more resistant to heat. Saffron is not all of the same quality and strength. Strength is related to several factors including the amount of style picked along with the red stigma. Age of the saffron is also a factor. More style included means the saffron is less strong gram for gram, because the colour and flavour are concentrated in the red stigmas. Saffron from Iran, Spain and Kashmir is classified into various grades according to the relative amounts of red stigma"
"borrowed from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (""za'farān""), and ultimately from Persian word ""zarparan"" which literally means ""yellow stigmas"". The Latin form """" is also the source of the Catalan ""safrà"", Italian ""zafferano"", but Portuguese"" açafrão"", and Spanish ""azafrán"" come from the Arabic ""az-zaferán"". The Latin term ""crocus"" is certainly a Semitic loanword. It is adapted from the Aramaic form ""kurkema"" via the Arabic term ""kurkum"" and the Greek intermediate κρόκος ""krokos"", which once again signifies ""yellowish"". The Sanskrit ""kunkumam"" might be ultimately the origin, or in some way related to the Semitic term. ""Crocus cartwrightianus"" is a species of flowering plant in"
"the stigma develops to its final position by the third night. Much of the seed production comes from self-pollination. The flowers are visited by various insects including Noctuidae, Sphingidae, bumblebees, and hoverflies. In the northern hemisphere ""Saponaria officinalis"" blooms from May to September, and in the southern hemisphere October to March. As its common name implies, it can be used as a very gentle soap, usually in dilute solution. It has historically been used to clean delicate or unique textiles; it has been hypothesized that the plant was used to treat the Shroud of Turin. A lathery liquid that has"
"Research in China is ongoing. In Europe saffron threads were a key component of an aromatic oil known as ""crocinum"", which comprised such motley ingredients as alkanet, dragon's blood (for colour), and wine (again for colour). ""Crocinum"" was applied as a perfume to hair. Another preparation involved mixing saffron with wine to produce a viscous yellow spray; it was copiously applied in sudoriferously sunny Roman amphitheatres—as an air freshener. Books Journal articles Miscellaneous Trade and use of saffron Saffron is a key seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine in use for over three millennia. One of the world's most expensive spices"
"usual substitutes in food—turmeric and safflower, among others—yield a garishly bright yellow that could hardly be confused with that of saffron. Saffron's main colourant is the flavonoid crocin; it has been discovered in the less tediously harvested—and hence less costly—gardenia fruit. Research in China is ongoing. In Europe saffron threads were a key component of an aromatic oil known as ""crocinum"", which comprised such motley ingredients as alkanet, dragon's blood (for colour), and wine (again for colour). ""Crocinum"" was applied as a perfume to hair. Another preparation involved mixing saffron with wine to produce a viscous yellow spray; it was"
"A saffron harvest is shown in the Knossos palace frescoes of Minoan Crete, which depict the flowers being picked by young girls and monkeys. One of these fresco sites is located in the ""Xeste 3"" building at Akrotiri, on the Aegean island of Santorini—the ancient Greeks knew it as ""Thera"". These frescoes likely date from the 16th or 17th century BC but may have been produced anywhere between 3000 and 1100 BC. They portray a Minoan goddess supervising the plucking of flowers and the gleaning of stigmas for use in the manufacture of what is possibly a therapeutic drug. A"
"Ditaxis heterantha Ditaxis heterantha is a member of the plant family Euphorbiaceae and grows wild in Guanajuato, Mexico, where it is known as azafrán, azafrancillo, or azafrán de bolita and has several culinary uses, including as a substitute for saffron. ""Ditaxis heterantha"" is not related to true saffron (""Crocus sativus"") nor to safflower (""Carthamus tinctorius""), which also is used as a saffron substitute. ""Ditaxis heterantha"" has dull, dark brown seeds 3–5 mm in diameter that resemble allspice. The waxy, deep orange endosperm of the seed is used in Mexico (particularly Guanajuato) for coloring and flavoring food, such as menudo amarillo."
"Colchicum byzantinum Colchicum byzantinum (Byzantine meadow saffron) is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae with a long history of cultivation, and no certain place of origin, which means it could be a hybrid of other species. Therefore its correct designation may be ""Colchicum"" × ""byzantinum"" (unresolved). It shares many traits with ""Colchicum cilicicum"". The flowers have no scent and are light pink with a prominent central white stripe. Each tepal has a purple tip, even white selections. This plant is very reliable in gardens, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017)."
"flowers or root of ""Alkanna tinctoria"" (""ratan jot"") and from liberal amounts of dried, deseeded Kashmiri chilies (""lal mirch""). These chilies, whose flavor approximates that of paprika, are considerably milder than the typical dried cayenne pepper of Indian cuisine. The recipe's spice emphasises aroma rather than heat. Saffron is also part of some traditional recipes. There are significant differences in preparation between the Hindu and Muslim dishes in Kashmir: Muslims use ""praan"", a local form of shallot and petals of ""maval"", the Cockscomb flower, for colouring (and for its supposed ""cooling"" effect); Hindus eschew these, along with garlic and onions,"
"sepals. The five petals are bright white, up to 1.3 centimeters long, and divided into three toothlike lobes at the tips. Lithophragma affine Lithophragma affine is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common name San Francisco woodland star. It is native to the coast of western North America from Oregon to Baja California, where it grows in open habitat on mountain slopes, hills, and canyonsides. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing erect or leaning with a tall naked flowering stem. The leaves are located on the lower part of the stem, each divided"
"stigmas over screens of fine mesh, which are then baked over hot coals or wood or in oven-heated rooms where temperatures reach for 10–12 hours. Afterwards the dried spice is preferably sealed in airtight glass containers. Bulk quantities of lower-grade saffron can reach upwards of 500 per pound; retail costs for small amounts may exceed ten times that rate. In Western countries the average retail price is approximately US$1,000 per pound. Prices vary widely elsewhere, but on average tend to be lower. The high price is somewhat offset by the small quantities needed in kitchens: a few grams at most"
"Colchicum autumnale Colchicum autumnale, commonly known as autumn crocus, meadow saffron or naked ladies, is a toxic autumn-blooming flowering plant that resembles the true crocuses, but is a member of the Colchicaceae plant family, unlike the true crocuses which belong to the Iridaceae family. The name ""naked ladies"" comes from the fact that the flowers emerge from the ground long before the leaves appear. Despite the vernacular name of ""meadow saffron"", this plant is not the source of saffron, which is obtained from the saffron crocus, ""Crocus sativus"" – and that plant too is sometimes called ""autumn crocus"". The species"
"it is today because the crocus from which it is extracted was not particularly mysterious. It flourished in European locations extending from Asia Minor, where it originated, to Saffron Walden in England, where it was naturalised. Only subsequently, when its labour-intensive cultivation became largely centred in Kashmir, did it seem sufficiently exotic to qualify as one of the most precious of spices.""Saffron crocus cultivation has long centered on a broad belt of Eurasia bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the southwest to India and China in the northeast. The major producers of antiquity—Iran, Spain, India, and Greece—continue to dominate the"
"MLA from Pampore constituency winning consecutive 3rd time in assembly elections held in Nov-Dec 2014. http://www.kashmirlife.net/pampore-32-issue21-vol06-62850/ Pampore Pampore or Pampur is a historic town situated on the eastern side of river Jehlum on Srinagar-Jammu National Highway in Jammu and Kashmir. It is worldwide famous for its Saffron, so known as ""Saffron Town of Kashmir"". Pampore is one of the few places in the world where saffron , the world's most expensive spice, grows.The area is about 11 km from Srinagar city centre Lal Chowk. The postal code of area is 192121. Areas Of Pampore are usually named as ""Bal"" as"
"It has an oil content of about 40% and a protein content of about 20%, as well as containing the apocarotenoids heterathin and ditaxin. Ditaxis heterantha Ditaxis heterantha is a member of the plant family Euphorbiaceae and grows wild in Guanajuato, Mexico, where it is known as azafrán, azafrancillo, or azafrán de bolita and has several culinary uses, including as a substitute for saffron. ""Ditaxis heterantha"" is not related to true saffron (""Crocus sativus"") nor to safflower (""Carthamus tinctorius""), which also is used as a saffron substitute. ""Ditaxis heterantha"" has dull, dark brown seeds 3–5 mm in diameter that resemble"
"more than 3,500 years and spans different cultures, continents, and civilizations, see history of saffron. ""Crocus sativus"" is currently known to grow in the Mediterranean, East Asia, and Irano-Turanian Region. Saffron may be the triploid form of a species found in Eastern Greece, ""Crocus cartwrightianus""; it probably appeared first in Crete. An origin in Western or Central Asia, although often suspected, is not supported by botanical research. Other sources suggest some genetic input from ""Crocus pallasii"". ""Crocus sativus"" has a corm, which holds leaves, bracts, bracteole, and the flowering stalk. These are protected by the corm underground. ""C. sativus"" generally"
"outer florets) and 'Chrysantha' (yellow, double). 'Variegata' is a cultivar with yellow variegated leaves. The cultivar group ‘Fiesta Gitana’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Pot marigold florets are edible. They are often used to add color to salads or added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of saffron. The leaves are edible but are often not palatable. They have a history of use as a potherb and in salads. Flowers were used in ancient Greek, Roman, Middle Eastern, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb, as well as a dye for fabrics, foods,"
"Satyrion In Greek mythology, Satyrion is the name of a nymph, perhaps from the region of Taranto, Italy. Her union with the god Poseidon produced Taras. Satyrions is a former name for orchids from their connection to satyrs. Orchis was the son of a satyr and a nymph, who was killed for insulting a priestess of Bacchus, and was turned into the flower that bears his name. It was believed that orchids were the food of the satyrs, and incited them to excesses. Satyrion is also a name for ragwort and ancient aphrodisiac made from it. Though it may have"
"fresco from the same site also depicts a woman using saffron to treat her bleeding foot. These ""Theran"" frescoes are the first botanically accurate visual representations of saffron's use as an herbal remedy. This saffron-growing Minoan settlement was ultimately destroyed by a powerful earthquake and subsequent volcanic eruption sometime between 1645 and 1500 BC. The volcanic ash from the destruction entombed and helped preserve these key herbal frescoes. Ancient Greek legends tell of brazen sailors embarking on long and perilous voyages to the remote land of Cilicia, where they traveled to procure what they believed was the world's most valuable"