A fungus that thrives in wet Spring weather causes 'chocolate spot' on the leaves and stems of which vegetable?
"Botrytis fabae Botrytis fabae is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes chocolate spot disease of broad or fava bean plants, ""Vicia faba"". It was described scientifically by Mexican-born Galician microbiologist Juan Rodríguez Sardiña in 1929. Chocolate spot disease caused by ""Botrytis fabae"" manifests itself as small red-brown spots on leaves, stems and flowers of broad bean plants. These enlarge and develop a grey, dead centre with a reddish-brown margin. Spores form on the dead tissue and spread the infection to other plants. In severe infections leaves and flowers may fall and badly affected stems may keel over. The pathogen"
"Choanephora cucurbitarum The fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum is a plant pathogen that causes fruit and blossom rot of various cucurbits. It can also affect okra, snap bean, and southern pea, and may cause a stem and leaf rot of ""Withania somnifera"". Recently Das et al. 2017 added few more patho-index on ""aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), ""teasle gourd (Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde"", ""hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet)"", ""green pea (Pisum sativum)"" from India. ( Wet weather, high temperature and high humidity favor disease development from inoculum that is typically soil-borne. Signs of infection on fruits or"
"the saprotrophic fungus and by looking at the leaves closely, small mushrooms with luminescence can be seen. The fungi's luminescence is active in the presence and absence of light. Mycena citricolor's luminescence is also affected by the temperature of its environment. Mycena citricolor Mycena citricolor is a plant pathogen producing leaf spots on coffee plants. This fungus causes the disease commonly known as American Leaf Spot. Mycena citricolor affects coffee plants, primarily in Latin America, but can grow on other plants as well. This fungus can grow on all parts of the coffee plant including the leaves, stems and fruits."
"by weather conditions. This fungus has a white powdery appearance. It appears on leaves in the summer time. Infection normally begins on older leaves, typically close to the junction between the lamina and petiole, and it develops on both ab- and adaxial surfaces. This pathogen decreases yields in crops by the reduction of light to chlorophyll in the leaves of plants. This will affect (as was mentioned) the yield and the quality of the seed crops. It also causes leaf and shoot deformities. In the case of Erysiphe betae, entry into the cell is both mechanical penetration and enzymatic degradation"
"is also referred to as a ""snowbank mushroom"" because fruit bodies typically appear around the edges of melting snowbanks. In Europe, the fungus typically fruits from March to May. ""Disciotis venosa"" is found in North America and Europe (including Bulgaria, Sweden, Spain, and Wales). It also occurs in Turkey, where it is considered critically endangered. Disciotis venosa Disciotis venosa, commonly known as the bleach cup, veiny cup fungus, or the cup morel is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Fruiting in April and May, they are often difficult to locate because of their nondescript brown color. Found in"
"brown to dark brown, indistinctly striate with fine hyaline polar appendages, and measure 16-20 µm x 8-12 µm (Saroj et al. 2012). Choanephora cucurbitarum The fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum is a plant pathogen that causes fruit and blossom rot of various cucurbits. It can also affect okra, snap bean, and southern pea, and may cause a stem and leaf rot of ""Withania somnifera"". Recently Das et al. 2017 added few more patho-index on ""aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), ""teasle gourd (Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde"", ""hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet)"", ""green pea (Pisum sativum)"" from India. ("
"yields by nearly 100 percent. The disease is also known as yellow leaf or shothole disease to cherry growers due to the characteristic yellowing leaves and shot holes present in the leaves upon severe infection. Cherry leaf spot is caused by the ascomycete fungus Blumeriella jaapii (formerly known as ""Coccomyces hiemalis"")(anamorph ""Phloeosporella padi""). This fungus overwinters in dead leaves on the ground as its main form of survival. In the spring, apothecia develop on these leaves. Ascospores are produced in these fungal fruiting bodies and are forcibly ejected during rainy periods for about 6–8 weeks, starting at petal fall. This"
"the Philippine Journal of Agriculture, it is an easily avoidable one with proper care and management. Cercospora melongenae Cercospora melongenae is a fungal plant pathogen that causes leaf spot on eggplant (""Solanum melongenum""). It is a deuteromycete fungus that is primarily confined to eggplant species. Some other host species are ""Solanum aethiopicum"" and ""Solanum incanum"". This plant pathogen only attacks leaves of eggplants and not the fruit. It is fairly common among the fungi that infect community gardens and home gardens of eggplant. Generally speaking, ""Cercospora melongenae"" attacks all local varieties of eggplants, but is most severe on the Philippine"
"Cercospora arachidicola Cercospora arachidicola is a fungal ascomycete plant pathogen that causes early leaf spot of peanut. Peanuts (""Arachis hypogaea"") originated in South America and are cultivated globally in warm, temperate and tropical regions. All cultivars of peanuts are equally susceptible to peanut fungal pathogens; however, ""C. arachidicola"" is an economically important peanut pathogen and is responsible for significant economic losses in the peanut industry, more specifically in the Southeastern, Eastern, and the Southwestern United States. Early leaf spot of peanut can drastically reduce yields, leading to economic downturn of the peanut crop economy. Annual crop losses in the United"
"vary depending on the host and the area of the plant infected. In general, ""pseudomonas cichorii"" is seen to cause leaf blighting and spotting. The first appearance of symptoms involves a water soaked lesion that develops at the edge of the leaf, midvein or randomly across the leaf These lesions progressively turn black or brown and may be surrounded by yellow halos. These lesions also often “coalesce and progress to severe leaf blight under favorable conditions for the bacterium.” When the infected leaves become dry, the spots often look brittle and crack. ""Pseudomonas cichorii"" grows in warm, wet and humid"
"Cercospora melongenae Cercospora melongenae is a fungal plant pathogen that causes leaf spot on eggplant (""Solanum melongenum""). It is a deuteromycete fungus that is primarily confined to eggplant species. Some other host species are ""Solanum aethiopicum"" and ""Solanum incanum"". This plant pathogen only attacks leaves of eggplants and not the fruit. It is fairly common among the fungi that infect community gardens and home gardens of eggplant. Generally speaking, ""Cercospora melongenae"" attacks all local varieties of eggplants, but is most severe on the Philippine eggplant and less parasitic on a Siamese variety. ""Cercospora melongenae"" is found primarily in warm climates"
"most successful way to be overcome the pathogen and maintain yields. Sources of resistance have been reported and prolong incubation and latent period by reducing the number of lesions per unit area of leaf surface, defoliation, and sporulation. Cercospora arachidicola Cercospora arachidicola is a fungal ascomycete plant pathogen that causes early leaf spot of peanut. Peanuts (""Arachis hypogaea"") originated in South America and are cultivated globally in warm, temperate and tropical regions. All cultivars of peanuts are equally susceptible to peanut fungal pathogens; however, ""C. arachidicola"" is an economically important peanut pathogen and is responsible for significant economic losses in"
"Mycena citricolor Mycena citricolor is a plant pathogen producing leaf spots on coffee plants. This fungus causes the disease commonly known as American Leaf Spot. Mycena citricolor affects coffee plants, primarily in Latin America, but can grow on other plants as well. This fungus can grow on all parts of the coffee plant including the leaves, stems and fruits. When grown on the leaves, Mycena citricolor results in leaves with holes that often fall from the plant. The Mycena fungus can be identified growing on subcircular, brown spots on coffee leaves. The brown spots are caused be the presence of"
"elevations, and its range continues into Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia. The ""Boletus rex-veris"" is edible and delicious. It has significant commercial value in areas that it fruits prolifically. Boletus rex-veris Boletus rex-veris, commonly known as the spring king bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus ""Boletus"" found in western North America. The large, edible fruiting bodies known as mushrooms appear under pine trees, generally in May to June. It has a pinkish to brownish cap and its stem is often large and swollen, and the overall colour may have an orange-red tinge. As with other boletes, the size"
"tropical locations but its range might be expanding. It can be found in pastures growing on debris and on damaged potato leaves, on dead leaves and stem of plants and occasionally in indoor environments on paper, ceiling tiles and may be present in carpet and mattress dust. It is thought to be especially frequent on fodder grasses.""Pithomyces chartarum"" foliar infections can be clearly observed because they result in the formation of necrotic spots; however, recent studies have suggested that plant infections may be asymptomatic under certain circumstances. Growth of the fungus is inhibited ""in vitro"" by ""Bacillus subtilis"" and cochliodinol."
"Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Xanthomonas campestris"" pv. ""vesicatora is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot (BLS) on peppers and tomatoes. It is a gram-negative and rod-shaped. It causes symptoms throughout the above-ground portion of the plant including leaf spots, fruit spots and stem cankers. Since this bacterium cannot live in soil for more than a few weeks and survives as inoculum on plant debris, removal of dead plant material and chemical applications to living plants are considered effective control mechanisms. Classification of the ""Xanthomonas"" species that cause bacterial leaf spot is currently in flux. Up until a few years"
"on an agar plate looks rough and undulated . When grown in vitro on agar, the fungus produces a white to olive-colored mycelium. In latter periods of growth, the mycelium is an olive to dark green or black color . ""Didymella bryoniae"" survives on deceased vines, crop debris and on seeds in between seasons and ""D. bryoniae"" can survive for 5 months on the soil surface in winter . The fungus develops best under moist conditions and cotyledons and young watermelon/melon leaves are especially susceptible to the fungus . ""D. bryoniae"" produces ascospores (meiotic spores) in perithecia and conidia (mitotic"
"spread to other plants in the vicinity by wind and splashes of water. This secondary spread of infection proceeds most rapidly under cool, humid conditions, the optimum conditions being a temperature between 15 °C and 22 °C and a relative humidity of at least 90%. Under dry conditions the pathogen remains within the limits of the chocolate-coloured spots but under wet conditions the lesions expands aggressively. Alternating wet and dry conditions may lead to spots with a series of concentric growth rings, however during longer periods of wet weather the fungus thrives and the leaf is killed. After harvest the"
"Bacterial leaf scorch Bacterial leaf scorch (commonly abbreviated BLS, also called bacterial leaf spot) is a disease state affecting many crops, caused mainly by the xylem-plugging bacterium ""Xylella fastidiosa"". It can be mistaken for ordinary ""leaf scorch"" caused by cultural practices such as over-fertilization. BLS can be found on a wide variety of hosts, ranging from ornamental trees (elm, maple, oak) and shrubs, to crop species including blueberry and almond. Bacterial spot of peppers and tomatoes is caused by the bacteria ""Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria"". Bacterial spot of peaches is caused by the bacteria ""Xanthomonas campestris pv. Pruni"". Spots may"
"current host or spread to other susceptible hosts in the area. ""Cercospora melongenae"" enters through breaks in the plant surface on the young leaf host of eggplants, typically through lesions caused by the fungi. Fruiting bodies of the fungus are overall larger when the fungus is able to proliferate during a heavy rain period versus a dry season. The fungus favors wet or moist leaves and high relative humidity for optimal infection. A conducive environment for this fungus is one that is moist and wet, with a fair amount of wind and rainsplash for optimal dispersal. This fungi produces larger"
"Stemphylium solani Stemphylium solani is a plant pathogen fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is the causal pathogen for grey leaf spot in tomatoes and leaf blight in alliums and cotton, though a wide range of additional species can serve as hosts. Symptoms include white spots on leaves and stems that progress to sunken red or purple lesions and finally leaf necrosis. ""S. solani"" reproduces and spreads through the formation of conidia on conidiophores. The teleomorph name of ""Stemphyllium"" is Pleospora though there are no naturally known occurrences of sexual reproduction. Resistant varieties of tomato and cotton are common, though"
"Spring black stem Spring Black Stem is a common fungal, foliar disease caused by ""Ascochyta medicaginicola"" (syn. ""Phoma medicaginis""). Spring Black Stem is most commonly found in alfalfa, but also attacks certain clovers. The fungus survives in stubble from previous cuttings and spreads easily by rain splash, running water, and equipment. The disease is present in numerous alfalfa fields throughout the Northeast United States. The fungal pathogen ""Phoma medicaginis"" attacks the host alfalfa. Numerous spots develop on the lower leaves, petioles, and stems. The disease produces small black spots on the leaves which eventually turn the leaf yellow, resulting in"
"spring. Hot and dry conditions in the summer cause the fungus to become inactivated and the leaf spots to turn white and crusted. During the summer, the diseased leaves fall leaving only the healthy ones on the partially defoliated trees. This provides a natural control for the disease. The disease also mainly infects young leaves in the spring. The presence of free moisture on the leaves is crucial for the conidia to germinate. This can occur in as little as 9 hours in the optimum temperature range, and usually in no more than 24 hours. Without free moisture, the conidia"
"Cochliobolus sativus The fungus Cochliobolus sativus is the teleomorph (sexual stage) of Bipolaris sorokiniana (anamorph) which is the causal agent of a wide variety of cereal diseases. The pathogen can infect and cause disease on the root (where it is known as common root rot), leaf and stem, and head tissue. ""C.sativus"" is extremely rare in nature and thus it is the asexual or anamorphic stage which causes infections. The two most common diseases caused by ""B.sorokiniana"" are spot blotch and common root rot, mainly on wheat and barley crops. The mycelium of ""B.sorokiniana"" is usually deep olive-brown. New cultures"
"can continue into the summer if there is enough moisture. ""Didymella pisi"" is the teliomorph stage of ""Ascochyta pisi"" All above ground parts of the pea plant and all growth stages are susceptible to ""Ascochyta pisi."" The fungus overwinters in seed, soil, or infected crop residues. Infected crop residue is the primary source of infection in the main pea producing areas. The fungus survives on seeds and in the soil as resting spores, called chlamydospores. The seed to seedling transmission rate is low. Infected seeds turn purplish-brown and are often shriveled and smaller in size The pathogen survives as hyphae"
"Puccinia mariae-wilsoniae Puccinia mariae-wilsoniae, commonly known as the spring beauty rust, is a species of rust fungus found in North America. A plant pathogen, it grows on the leaves of the spring beauty flowering plants ""Claytonia caroliniana"" and ""C. virginica"". The species was first described scientifically in 1874 by Charles Horton Peck, although Peck attributed authorship to George William Clinton, mayor of Buffalo, New York in 1842–43; the first specimens were collected in Buffalo. The specific epithet was originally published as ""mariae-wilsoni"", but this is an orthographic error that was later corrected to ""mariae-wilsoniae"". Early 20th-century rust authority Joseph Charles"
"new spores in these wounded areas. The growth of ""C. coccodes"" is most rapid at 80 °F, although the fungus can cause infections over a wide range of temperatures between 55°-95 °F. Wet weather promotes disease development, and splashing water in the form of rain or irrigation favors the spread of the disease (Dillard, 1987). The pathogen also produces an acervulus which is full of conidia that help to spread the infection (Hughes, 2009). Plant crops on well drained soils, use 3- 4- year crop rotations with plants which are not hosts, and resistant plants. Sanitation can also be important"
"fertilizers (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium). It has been reported from both cultivated and uncultivated soils, including soils from greenhouses and forests in the mediterranean and subtropical zones but is thought to be comparatively rare in temperate zones. Soil depth and pH are not considered to be strongly influential on the growth properties of this fungus in vivo. This species is able to cause rot in foods such as Kola nuts and is a common air contaminant. It can be parasitized by other fungi including species of ""Piptocephalis,"" and ""Trichoderma viride."" Additionally, its growth is inhibited in vitro by the fungus,"
"infected plants are usually smaller and the flavor is affected negatively, as fewer sugars and solids are stored in the fruit. ""Podosphaera fuliginea"" uses haustoria to gain access to the leaf epidermal cells. The fungus is usually spread during the spring through mycelium from infected plant, or through ascocarps. Signs appear after 3–7 days of infection if conditions are favorable. The mycelium grows rapidly during the warm summer months with an optimum temperature of about 50-90 degrees F. The leaves are most susceptible 16–23 days after unfolding. High humidity favors the development of disease, but infection can occur at relative"
"Colletotrichum capsici Colletotrichum capsici is a species of fungus and plant pathogen which causes leaf blight on ""Chlorophytum borivilianum"", basil, chickpea and pepper as well as dieback in pigeonpea and anthracnose in poinsettia. ""Colletotrichum capsici"" has a broad host range, but prefers peppers, yams and eggplants. On chili peppers, ""Capsicum annuum"" L., ""C. capsici"" infect the stem, fruit, and leaves of the plant, causing anthracnose, die-back and ripe fruit rot. ""C. capsici"" infection tends to infect ripe red fruit, and lead to the development of brown necrotic lesions containing concentric acervuli that will eventually appear black from the setae and"
"inoculum and are responsible for foliar infections. Conidia infect leaf tissue and results in mycelium production which leads to the formation of leaf spots associated with Narcissus Fire. As a result of this, the actual fungus can be isolated from the leaf spots because the spots are made up of conidia and mycelium. Both ascospores and conidia are airborne inoculum and are most often transmitted from plant to plant via wind. Apothecial production, and therefore flower infection, generally peaks from mid-March to early April and conidial production, and therefore foliar infection, generally peaks in late April. There are two main"
"by physical damage but can also penetrate through natural openings, such as stomata. In the spring, the primary inoculum is thought to be conidia, which are produced from pycnidia, and are dispersed by rainsplash to infect leaves. Infections lead to leaf spots which eventually develop into lesions. Black pycnidia can be observed in lesions. Secondary infection occurs when pycnidia produce more conidia during the growing season that are again dispersed by rainsplash and spread to new leaves for infection. The fungus overwinters as mycelium and pycnidia in host debris. Perithecia have also been observed in lesions and have been demonstrated"
"'bloom' on the fruit are thought to settle in the host's bark and bud scales, growing at first without causing obvious signs, but in the spring the fungus invades the plant tissues, causing swollen and deformed shoots. The fungus remains in these as a mycelium. The gall inducing fungus then grows into the flowers and the developing fruit. The cycle then repeats itself. The fungus infects the ovaries causing a pseudo-pollination and an enhanced cell division, resulting in the infested fruit being larger than the healthy one. As a fungus, cool and wet weather conditions promote the germination of spores,"