By what name is the 1931 naval mutiny at Cromarty Firth commonly known?
"seals live here, while minke whales seasonally migrate. Larger animals such as humpback whales, northern bottlenose whales, long-finned pilot whales, common dolphins, large fish such as the sunfish and basking sharks are seasonal or occasional visitors to the firth. The Firth forms one of the safest and most commodious anchorages in the north of Scotland and Invergordon was at one time a major base for the Royal Navy's Home Fleet. The Firth was the scene of the Invergordon Mutiny in 1931. Remnants of the Navy remain, such as the disused airfield near Evanton (now an industrial estate) which was built"
"1931, as part of its attempts to deal with the Great Depression, the new National Government launched cuts to public spending. Navy spending cuts were translated into a 10% pay cut (matching 10% cuts across the board for public sector workers). However, the cuts were not applied equally to all ranks. Sailors of the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at Invergordon (on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland) in the afternoon of Friday 11 September, learned about the cuts from newspaper reports. Copeman - then a 24-year-old able seaman serving on the HMS Norfolk - succinctly describes the causes of the mutiny: It"
"operations. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet after the February Revolution of 1917 and she was the only dreadnought available to the Bolsheviks for several years after the October Revolution of 1917. She bombarded the mutinous garrison of Fort Krasnaya Gorka and supported Bolshevik light forces operating against British ships supporting the White Russians in the Gulf of Finland in 1918–19. Later, her crew joined the Kronstadt Rebellion of 1921 and she was renamed Marat"" after the rebellion was crushed. ""Marat"" was reconstructed from 1928 to 1931 and represented the Soviet Union at the Coronation Naval"
"to a landlord. This form of protest was also quite limited in scale, partly because of harsh government intervention. More impressive was the strike or mutiny in 1933 of the sailors of , an armored ship of the Royal Netherlands Navy. As earlier in the United Kingdom (Invergordon Mutiny) the sailors protested a cut of their wages. The mutiny ended when the Dutch army bombed the ship, killing 22 of the sailors and forcing the rest of the crew to surrender. In 1934 another impressive event took place known as the Jordaan riot. A reduction of the already low government"
"a totally separate command. became the Fleet's flagship and served in that capacity until 1924. The fleet never fought in a naval battle in its short history. The fleet's only point of note in history was in 1931, during the Invergordon Mutiny. Sailors of the fleet openly refused to obey orders over a dispute on pay sparked by the government at the time. The fleet's short history ended in 1932, when the Admiralty having been shaken by the events of the Invergordon Mutiny, renamed the fleet, as the Home Fleet. Post holders included: Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom) The Atlantic Fleet"
"advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1929 before being promoted to full admiral on 12 December 1930. In September 1931 the National Government led by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald decided to reduce the wages of all public sector employees: the wage reduction in the Royal Navy was particularly severe and led directly to the Invergordon Mutiny later that month. In the aftermath of the mutiny Kelly, known for his skill in personnel matters, was asked to take command of the Atlantic Fleet in October 1931. He insisted that the mutineers be transferred out"
"Madeira uprising The Madeira uprising, also referred to as the Island Revolt or the Revolt of the Deported, was a military uprising against the government of the National Dictatorship (1926–1933) that took place on the island of Madeira, beginning in the early hours of 4 April 1931. On 8 April the rebellion spread to some islands of the Azores and, on 17 April, reached Portuguese Guinea. There were also attempts at military recruitment in Mozambique and on the island of São Tomé, which failed early on. Military mutinies, planned for the continent, never occurred. The rebellious military in the Azores,"
"Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 The Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 () was a violent rebellion of Chilean Navy enlisted men against the government of Vice President Manuel Trucco. In 1931 Chile was bankrupt. The situation had caused the downfall of President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo on 26 July 1931. The collapse of exports and prices for Chilean products, the lack of liquidity and the high level of external debt had led the League of Nations to name Chile as the country most affected worldwide by the Great Depression. There were already 130,000 unemployed and the situation had caused the"
"in 1934. During World War II he survived the Siege of Leningrad but in 1946 he was sent to the Gulag after being accused of being a British spy; he was imprisoned for more than a decade. After his release in the 1950s, he became a friend of Donald MacLean in Moscow. Another leader, Navy boxer Fred Copeman, commanded the British Battalion of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. Invergordon Mutiny The Invergordon Mutiny was an industrial action by around 1,000 sailors in the British Atlantic Fleet that took place on 15–16 September 1931. For two days, ships"
"a new government with the Conservatives. Sailors of the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at Invergordon on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland in the afternoon of Friday 11 September, learned about the cuts from newspaper reports; some reports implied that a 25% cut would be imposed on all ratings. The shock of this news had a palpable effect. On 12 September, orders were received from the Admiralty confirming the pay cuts. On the evening of 13 September, by which time sailors had already started agitating, Rear-Admiral Wilfred Tomkinson, in temporary command of the fleet while Admiral Sir Michael Hodges was in hospital,"
"mutiny lasted two days (15–16 September 1931). Wincott, with another able seaman - Fred Copeman - became a member of the ""Norfolk""'s strike committee. Although the mutiny was entirely peaceful, the Royal Navy imprisoned dozens of the ringleaders and dismissed hundreds more, Wincott among them. Shortly after being discharged from the Royal Navy, he became involved with the Communist Party speaking at meetings up and down Britain. During this time according to The National Archives, he was being followed, and his mail was intercepted by MI5. Wincott mentions in his memoirs that he was aware of being followed and of"
"Grabar from Poreč and Jerko Šižgorić from Šibenik). The Commander-in-Chief of the fleet, Admiral Maximilian Njegovan, was retired and replaced by Miklós Horthy, who was promoted to Counter-admiral. Cattaro mutiny The Cattaro mutiny or Kotor mutiny was an unsuccessful revolt by sailors of part of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in early 1918, inspired by the October Revolution. The mutiny took place in the Cattaro naval base. As World War I progressed, the cumulative effects of wartime economic and social disorganization became pervasive and the discipline of Austro-Hungarian soldiers and sailors became undermined. Hunger, cold and naval inaction resulted in complaints, desertions"
"became First Sea Lord in July 1930. The greatest crisis faced by Field at the Admiralty was the pay crisis that soon followed. With the ongoing effects of worldwide depression and budget restrictions, a 25% pay cut was introduced across the fleet and one shilling per day was taken from every naval man. It were these proposed measures which led to the Invergordon Mutiny in September 1931 when the sailors of the Atlantic Fleet at Invergordon left their ships and refused duty. At King George V's insistence, Admiral Sir John Kelly, who was popular with the fleet, was brought out"
"Royal Indian Navy mutiny The Royal Indian Navy revolt (also called the Royal Indian Navy mutiny or Bombay mutiny) encompasses a total strike and subsequent revolt by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay harbour on 18 February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the revolt spread and found support throughout British India, from Karachi to Calcutta, and ultimately came to involve over 20,000 sailors in 78 ships and shore establishments. The mutiny was repressed with force by British troops and Royal Navy warships. Total casualties were 8 dead and 33"
"fleet division at the Cattaro Bay naval base on the Adriatic Sea. Sailors on about 40 ships had joined the mutiny. Initial demands for better treatment were soon replaced by political demands and a call for peace. The mutiny failed to spread to other units. On February 3, the loyal Third fleet arrived and together with coastal artillery engaged in a short and successful skirmish against the mutineers. About 800 sailors were imprisoned, dozens were court-martialed and four seamen were executed (the leader of the uprising, Bohemian social democrat Franz Rasch and three Croats – Mate Brničević from Omiš, Antun"
"November. On 5 December the ship rejoined the 2nd Cruiser Squadron at Scapa Flow. Twelve days later the squadron sailed to Cromarty Firth. On 30 December 1915, ""Natal"" was lying in the Cromarty Firth with her squadron, under the command of Captain Eric Back. The captain was hosting a film party aboard and had invited the wives and children of his officers, one civilian friend and his family, and nurses from the nearby hospital ship ""Drina"" to attend. A total of seven women, one civilian male, and three children were in attendance that afternoon. Shortly after 15:25, and without warning,"
"where in 1931 her crew participated in the Invergordon Mutiny. March 1932 saw her transferred to the Home Fleet until in July 1935 she was once again in the Mediterranean. In 1936 a second octuple 2 pdr mounting was added. Between March 1937 and November 1939 she underwent a complete rebuild at Devonport. The machinery was changed to eight Admiralty 3 drum boilers with four Parsons steam turbines producing a total of . Fuel load was 3,393 tons oil, and maximum speed was reduced to despite the increase in power, due to the increase in displacement and draught. Deck armour"
"(Golden Cockerel Press). John Fryer (Royal Navy officer) John Fryer (15 August 1753 – 26 May 1817) was the sailing master on HMAV ""Bounty"", a British vessel made famous by the Mutiny on the ""Bounty"". He had the interesting position of being a strong critic of both Lieutenant William Bligh and mutiny leader Fletcher Christian, even at one time accusing Bligh of favouring Christian. Despite his anger at Bligh, he did not support the mutiny. Fryer was born at Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk. After his naval service, he returned to Wells, and his grave in the churchyard is now clearly identified. In"
"A number of the organisers of the strike were jailed, while 200 sailors were discharged from the service. A further 200-odd sailors were purged from elsewhere in the Navy, accused of attempting to incite similar incidents. The Admiralty held Tomkinson accountable for the mutiny, blaming him for failing to punish dissidents after the first protests. The mutiny caused a panic on the London Stock Exchange and a run on the pound, bringing Britain's economic troubles to a head and forced it off the Gold Standard on 21 September 1931. Len Wincott, a leader of the mutiny, defected to the USSR"
"remained in Norwegian fjords to threaten Allied shipping until she was destroyed by the RAF in Operation Catechism on 12 November 1944. St Nazaire was one of the 38 battle honours presented to the Commandos after the war. The raid has since been called ""The Greatest Raid of All"". The survivors formed their own association, the St Nazaire Society, which is a registered charity in the United Kingdom. A memorial to the raid erected in Falmouth bears the following inscription: A new , a Type 22 Frigate, was launched on 7 October 1987. She carried the ship's bell from the"
"Frederick Field (Royal Navy officer) Admiral of the Fleet Sir Frederick Laurence Field, (18 April 1871 – 24 October 1945) was a senior Royal Navy officer. He served in the Boxer Rebellion as commander of a raiding party and in the First World War as commanding officer of the battleship , flagship of Admiral Martyn Jerram at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet before serving as First Sea Lord during the early 1930s in which role dealt with the response to the Invergordon Mutiny in September 1931 and ensured the abandonment"
"1936 Naval Revolt The 1936 naval revolt () or Mutiny on the Tagus ships (""Motim dos Barcos do Tejo"") was a mutiny in Portugal that occurred on 8 September 1936 aboard the aviso and destroyer . It was organized by the Revolutionary Organization of the Fleet (""Organização Revolucionária da Armada"", ORA), a left-wing group with links to the Portuguese Communist Party. The mutineers intended to demand António de Oliveira Salazar's resignation and were apparently inspired by the ongoing Spanish Civil War. The Portuguese fleet lay at anchor in the estuary of the Tagus River on 8 September 1936. The rebels"
"waves corresponding to political unrest in Britain and Ireland. They included the First Scottish Martyrs in 1794; British Naval Mutineers (from the Nore Mutiny) in 1797 and 1801; Irish rebels in 1798, 1803, 1848 and 1868; Scots Rebels (1820); Yorkshire Rebels (1820 and 1822); leaders of the Merthyr Tydfil rising of 1831; the Tolpuddle Martyrs (1834); Swing Rioters and Luddites (1828–1833); American and French-Canadian prisoners from the Upper Canada rebellion and Lower Canada Rebellion (1839), and Chartists (1842). With increasing numbers of free settlers entering New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) by the mid-1830s, opposition to the transportation"
"part of its attempts to deal with the Great Depression, the new National Government launched cuts to public spending. Navy spending cuts were translated into a 10% pay cut (matching 10% cuts across the board for public sector workers). However, the cuts were not applied equally to all ranks. Sailors of the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at Invergordon (on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland) in the afternoon of Friday 11 September, learned about the cuts from newspaper reports. Wincott - then a 24-year-old able seaman serving on the ""Norfolk"", organized meetings which prevented the cruiser from moving for two days. The"
"Operation Fish Operation Fish was the World War II evacuation of British wealth from the UK to Canada. It was the biggest known movement of wealth in history. In September 1939 the British government decreed that all people living in the UK had to declare their securities with the Royal Treasury. Even before Operation Fish convoys had been sent with millions of pounds' worth of gold and money to purchase weapons from the Americans. One such run involved Commodore Augustus Willington Shelton Agar and his ship . At 23.18 on 3 October 1939 HMS ""Emerald"" dropped anchor in Plymouth, England."
"were executed, and the mutineers were all pardoned by their commanders one year later, along with the advent of the Socialist Republic of Chile. Naval mutinies: Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 The Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 () was a violent rebellion of Chilean Navy enlisted men against the government of Vice President Manuel Trucco. In 1931 Chile was bankrupt. The situation had caused the downfall of President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo on 26 July 1931. The collapse of exports and prices for Chilean products, the lack of liquidity and the high level of external debt had led the League"
"(31 May 1933) HMS Collingwood (7 July 1916) HMS Resolution (6 January 1928) HMS Alarm (13 January 1916) HMS Obdurate (30 March 1916) HMS Roxburgh (17 June 1916) HMS Resolution (23 December 1916) HMS Caradox (11 July 1930) HMS Hermes (23 October 1934) RFA Silverol(27 December 1916) HMS Whitley (17 September 1920) HM Tug St Martin (2 May 1927) HMS Greenwich (22 November 1917) HMS Durban (31 August 1931) HMS Shark (16 November 1934) HMS Acasta (19 February 1936) HMS Trinidad (4 February 1929) HMS Submarine E51 (1 January 1917) HMS Surprise (2 January 1917) HMTr William Hutchinson, Admiralty Trawler"
"short and successful skirmish. About 800 sailors were imprisoned, dozens were court-martialed, and four seamen were executed, including the leader of the uprising, Franz Rasch, a Bohemian. Given the huge crews required in naval vessels of that time this is an indication that the mutiny was limited to a minority. A second attempt to force the blockade took place in June 1918 under the command of Rear-Admiral Horthy. A surprise attack was planned, but the mission was doomed when the fleet was by chance spotted by an Italian MAS boat patrol, commanded by Luigi Rizzo that had already sunk, at"
"in public spending and wages. Public sector wages and unemployment pay were cut by 10%, and income tax was raised from 4s 6d to 5s in the pound (from 22.5% to 25%). The pay cuts did not go down well, however, and resulted in a non-violent ""mutiny"" in the Royal Navy protesting pay cut. These measures were deflationary and merely reduced purchasing power in the economy, worsening the situation, and by the end of 1931 unemployment had reached nearly 3 million. The measures were also unsuccessful at defending the gold standard, which the National Government had ostensibly been created to"
"There were also four destroyers—""Comet"" and her sister ""Crusader"" in 1931, and the flotilla leaders ""Duncan"" in 1932 and ""Exmouth"" in 1934. The only other vessels launched between the wars were the mining tenders ""Nightingale"" in 1931 and ""Skylark"" in 1932. New Dockyard facilities included a Steel Foundry, built in 1926. The ""Semaphore Tower"" was opened in 1930, a facsimile of its namesake (1810–24) which had been destroyed in a fire in 1913. The arch beneath incorporates the Lion Gate, once part of the 18th-century fortifications. The original Semaphore Tower nestled between a sizeable pair of buildings: the Rigging Store"
"of the dead and missing that totaled 390 in January 1916, but did not list the women and children on board that day. Losses are listed from 390 to 421. With her hull still visible at low water, it was Royal Navy practice on entering and leaving Cromarty right up to World War II for every warship to sound ""Still"", and for officers and men to come to attention as they passed the wreck. After numerous attempts, much of the ship was salvaged. The remainder was blown up in the 1970s to level the wreck so that it would not"
"as Second Officer aboard the Royal Navy prize vessel SS ""Criton"" (captured from the Vichy French). SS ""Criton"" sailed from Freetown for the UK on 19 June 1941, but was intercepted by two Vichy France warships, ""Air France IV"" and ""Edith Germaine"", on 21 June and sunk by gunfire. ""Criton""'s crew were escorted under armed guard to Conakry, where the executive officers were tried and found guilty of piracy by a Vichy French naval court-martial and imprisoned in Timbuktu. They managed to escape, and walked up the Niger River before they were recaptured and returned to Timbuktu. De Neumann was"
"control. In the inter-war period, the Royal Navy was stripped of much of its power. The Washington and London Naval Treaties imposed the scrapping of some capital ships and limitations on new construction. In 1932, the Invergordon Mutiny took place over a proposed 25% pay cut, which was eventually reduced to 10%. International tensions increased in the mid-1930s and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1935 failed to halt the development of a naval arms race. By 1938, treaty limits were effectively being ignored. The re-armament of the Royal Navy was well under way by this point; the Royal Navy"