What nationality was the mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707- 1783)?
"Euler–Mascheroni constant The Euler–Mascheroni constant (also called Euler's constant) is a mathematical constant recurring in analysis and number theory, usually denoted by the lowercase Greek letter gamma (). It is defined as the limiting difference between the harmonic series and the natural logarithm: Here, formula_2 represents the floor function. The numerical value of the Euler–Mascheroni constant, to 50 decimal places, is: The constant first appeared in a 1734 paper by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, titled ""De Progressionibus harmonicis observationes"" (Eneström Index 43). Euler used the notations and for the constant. In 1790, Italian mathematician Lorenzo Mascheroni used the notations"
"mathematicians of the 18th century and is held to be one of the greatest in history. He is also widely considered to be the most prolific mathematician of all time. His collected works fill 60 to 80 quarto volumes, more than anybody in the field. He spent most of his adult life in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, then the capital of Prussia. A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: ""Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all."" Leonhard Euler was born on 15 April 1707, in Basel, Switzerland to Paul III"
"languages. Wolfram Euler is a distant relative of the mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783). He lives in Munich, is married and father of a son. Wolfram Euler Wolfram Euler (born 5 May 1950) is a German historical linguist and Indo-Europeanist. Euler gained his doctorate (Ph.D.) in 1979 at Gießen university (Prof. Rolf Hiersche) with a theses on parallels in nominal formation between Indo-Iranian languages and Greek. The study was received as a contribution to the identification of Greek being part of the phylogenetic Eastern group of indoeuropean languages, despite of the Western geographic location of Greece. Up until today, Euler has"
"Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church, and Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters: Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena, and a younger brother Johann Heinrich. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a friend of the Bernoulli family; Johann Bernoulli was then regarded as Europe's foremost mathematician, and would eventually be the most important influence on young Leonhard. Euler's formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. In 1720, aged"
"Carl Euler Carl Hieronymus Euler (1834–27 November 1901) was a Swiss farmer and ornithologist who worked in Brazil. Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland. In 1853 he travelled to Rio de Janeiro and bought a farm near Cantagalo. He also became Swiss vice-consul, and in his spare time collected birds and studied their habits. His findings were published in the ""Journal für Ornithologie"" between 1867 and 1893. He sent his specimens to the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, where Jean Cabanis named Euler's flycatcher (""Lathrotriccus euleri"") after him, and to the National Museum of Brazil. He died in Rio de"
"Wolfram Euler Wolfram Euler (born 5 May 1950) is a German historical linguist and Indo-Europeanist. Euler gained his doctorate (Ph.D.) in 1979 at Gießen university (Prof. Rolf Hiersche) with a theses on parallels in nominal formation between Indo-Iranian languages and Greek. The study was received as a contribution to the identification of Greek being part of the phylogenetic Eastern group of indoeuropean languages, despite of the Western geographic location of Greece. Up until today, Euler has published about 80 scientific articles and books covering most branches of the Indoeuropean languages; major contributions refer to the Baltic, Indo-Iranian, Greek and Germanic"
"Janeiro on 27 November 1901. Carl Euler Carl Hieronymus Euler (1834–27 November 1901) was a Swiss farmer and ornithologist who worked in Brazil. Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland. In 1853 he travelled to Rio de Janeiro and bought a farm near Cantagalo. He also became Swiss vice-consul, and in his spare time collected birds and studied their habits. His findings were published in the ""Journal für Ornithologie"" between 1867 and 1893. He sent his specimens to the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, where Jean Cabanis named Euler's flycatcher (""Lathrotriccus euleri"") after him, and to the National Museum of Brazil."
"Euler's identity In mathematics, Euler's identity (also known as Euler's equation) is the equality where Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. It is considered to be an exemplar of mathematical beauty, as it shows a profound connection between the most fundamental numbers in mathematics. Euler's identity is often cited as an example of deep mathematical beauty. Three of the basic arithmetic operations occur exactly once each: addition, multiplication, and exponentiation. The identity also links five fundamental mathematical constants: Furthermore, the equation is given in the form of an expression set equal to zero, which is common"
"star. Leonhard Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: ""Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all."" Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. The Bernoulli family produced many notable scientists (Bernoulli number, Bernoulli's principle, Bernoulli's rule...). Albert Einstein (naturalized in 1901) was probably"
"Edmund Hauler Edmund Hauler (17 November 1859, Buda – 1 April 1941, Vienna) was an Austrian classical philologist born in Ofen to a Danube Swabian German family. His father, Johann Hauler (1829–1888) was also a classical philologist. In 1882 he earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna, and was awarded the ""sub auspiciis Imperatoris"" (under the auspices of the Emperor). In 1885 he continued his education at the University of Bonn with Hermann Usener (1834–1905) and Franz Bücheler (1837–1908), and from 1885 to 1887 undertook study trips to France, England, Switzerland and Italy. From 1890 to 1893 he was"
"thirteen, he enrolled at the University of Basel, and in 1723, he received a Master of Philosophy with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of Descartes and Newton. During that time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's incredible talent for mathematics. At that time Euler's main studies included theology, Greek, and Hebrew at his father's urging in order to become a pastor, but Bernoulli convinced his father that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician. In 1726, Euler completed a dissertation on the propagation of sound with the title ""De"
"Ulf von Euler Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters. Ulf S. von Euler was born in Stockholm, the son of two noted scientists, Hans von Euler-Chelpin, a professor of chemistry, and Astrid Cleve, a professor of botany and geology. His father was German and the recipient of Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1929, and his maternal grandfather was Per Teodor Cleve, Professor of Chemistry at the Uppsala University, and the discoverer of the"
"Rudolf Eisler Rudolf Eisler (7 January 1873 – 14 December 1926) was an Austrian philosopher. Rudolf Eisler was born in Vienna to a family of wealthy Jewish merchants. As a student of Wilhelm Wundt, Rudolf Eisler studied philosophy at Leipzig University and earned his Ph.D. there. In addition to Immanuel Kant, his philosophical writings, particularly those concerning phenomenalism, were largely influenced by Wundt, as well as Hermann Cohen and Edmund Husserl. Upon moving back to Vienna in 1901, he and his family settled in the ""Matzos Quarter,"" a section of the city largely composed of working-class Jews. Due to his"
"Letters to a German Princess Letters to a German Princess, On Different Subjects in Physics and Philosophy (French: ""Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie"") were a series of 234 letters written by the mathematician Leonhard Euler between 1760 and 1762 addressed to Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt and her younger sister Louise. Euler started the first letter with an explanation of the concept of ""size"". Starting with the definition of a foot, he defined the mile and the diameter of the earth as a unit in terms of foot and then calculated the distance"
"not poor, but brought money with them, establishing themselves as specialist elites, choosing Russia as migration target because it offered greater opportunities for their trades than America. Only in the later 19th century, with Russian industrialization, saw significant migration of lower social classes. Most of these Swiss diaspora populations returned to Switzerland in during the interwar period in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and especially as a result of the Dekulakization under Joseph Stalin during 1929-1931. The most famous Swiss to have lived in Russia are probably the mathematician Leonhard Euler and the military officer Franz Lefort,"
"Leonhard Euler: A Tricentennial Tribute"" (by Lokenath Debnath) on page 64 claims that Heegner was a ""retired Swiss mathematician"", but he appears to be neither Swiss nor retired at the time of his 1952 paper. Kurt Heegner Kurt Heegner (; 16 December 1893 – 2 February 1965) was a German private scholar from Berlin, who specialized in radio engineering and mathematics. He is now famous for his mathematical discoveries in number theory and, in particular, the Stark–Heegner theorem. Heegner was born and died in Berlin. In 1952, he published what he claimed was the solution of a classic problem proposed"
"on the observations of Helmuth Kulenkampff, Euler and Heisenberg were able to calculate an improved figure for meson decay time. They also introduced the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian that laid the basis for the quantitative treatment of vacuum polarization. Euler died in a reconnaissance flight over the Sea of Azov, during World War II. He had joined the Luftwaffe a few months earlier. Hans Heinrich Euler Hans Heinrich Euler (b. 6 October 1909 in Merano, d. 1941) was a German physicist. He received his PhD in 1935 at the University of Leipzig under Werner Heisenberg with a thesis ""Über die Streuung von"
"Eduard Mahler Eduard Mahler, or Mahler Ede (September 28, 1857, Cífer, Austro-Hungarian Empire – June 29, 1945, Újpest) was a Hungarian-Austrian astronomer, Orientalist, natural scientist. He graduated from the Vienna public school in 1876, and then studied mathematics and physics at the Universität Wien, taking his degree in 1880. From November 1, 1882, till the death of T. Oppolzer (December, 1886) Mahler shared in the latter's scientific labors. On June 1, 1885, he was appointed assistant in the royal Austrian commission on measurement of degrees. Mahler has devoted himself chiefly to chronology. In early life, he paid considerable attention to"
"anniversary of Leonhard Euler's birth, to John Derbyshire for his book about Bernhard Riemann and the Riemann hypothesis: Prime Obsession. Paul Halmos Paul Richard Halmos (; March 3, 1916 – October 2, 2006) was a Hungarian-Jewish-born American mathematician who made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, statistics, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces). He was also recognized as a great mathematical expositor. According to György Marx, Halmos was one of The Martians. Halmos arrived in the U.S. at 13 years of age. He obtained his B.A. from the University of Illinois,"
"1773, he lost his wife Katharina after 40 years of marriage. Three years after his wife's death, Euler married her half-sister, Salome Abigail Gsell (1723–1794). This marriage lasted until his death. In 1782 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In St. Petersburg on 18 September 1783, after a lunch with his family, Euler was discussing the newly discovered planet Uranus and its orbit with a fellow academician Anders Johan Lexell, when he collapsed from a brain hemorrhage. He died a few hours later. wrote a short obituary for the Russian Academy"
"August Euler August Euler (20 November 1868 – 1 July 1957) was a pioneer German aviator, aircraft constructor and the holder of the first Germany Pilots license, issued in 1909. After the First World War, he became German Secretary of State for Air, until he retired in 1922. Euler was born at Oelde in Westphalia and was educated at Oelde and at public schools in Cologne and Aachen and from 1885 started a career in engineering. He worked for Seidel & Neumann, originally a sewing machine company,which later made cycles and motor cars. Euler took up cycle racing and then"
"Johann Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli (also known as Jean or John; – 1 January 1748) was a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is known for his contributions to infinitesimal calculus and educating Leonhard Euler in the pupil's youth. Johann was born in Basel, the son of Nicolaus Bernoulli, an apothecary, and his wife, Margaretha Schonauer, and began studying medicine at Basel University. His father desired that he study business so that he might take over the family spice trade, but Johann Bernoulli did not like business and convinced his father to"
"Joseph-Louis Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lagrange ( or ; ; born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier, 25 January 1736 – 10 April 1813; also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia) was an Italian Enlightenment Era mathematician and astronomer. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics. In 1766, on the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Prussia, where he stayed for over twenty years, producing volumes of work and winning several prizes"
"Prize (1967), the Carl Ludwig Medaille (1953), the Schmiedeberg Plaquette (1969), La Madonnina (1970), many honorary doctorates from universities around the world, and the membership to several erudite, medical and scientific societies. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1973. Ulf von Euler Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters. Ulf S. von Euler was born in Stockholm, the son of two noted scientists, Hans von Euler-Chelpin, a professor"
"Julius Plücker Julius Plücker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) was a German mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves. Plücker was born at Elberfeld (now part of Wuppertal). After being educated at Düsseldorf and at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin he went to Paris in 1823, where he came under the influence of the great school of French geometers, whose founder, Gaspard"
"and aviation associations and received many honorary distinctions for his early work. August Euler August Euler (20 November 1868 – 1 July 1957) was a pioneer German aviator, aircraft constructor and the holder of the first Germany Pilots license, issued in 1909. After the First World War, he became German Secretary of State for Air, until he retired in 1922. Euler was born at Oelde in Westphalia and was educated at Oelde and at public schools in Cologne and Aachen and from 1885 started a career in engineering. He worked for Seidel & Neumann, originally a sewing machine company,which later"
"Johann Hauler Johann Hauler (9 October 1829 – 9 August 1888) was an Austrian educator and classical philologist born in Oberrimsingen, a district of Breisach, Germany. He was the father of Edmund Hauler (1859–1941), a professor of classical philology at the University of Vienna. He studied classical and Romance philology at the University of Bonn under Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (1806–1876) and Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784–1868), then at the University of Freiburg with Theodor Bergk (1812–1881), and finally in Paris. After earning his doctorate in 1855 with the dissertation """"De Theocriti vita et carminibus"""", he taught French and ancient languages at"
"through the ranks in the academy and was made a professor of physics in 1731. Two years later, Daniel Bernoulli, who was fed up with the censorship and hostility he faced at Saint Petersburg, left for Basel. Euler succeeded him as the head of the mathematics department. On 7 January 1734, he married Katharina Gsell (1707–1773), a daughter of Georg Gsell, a painter from the Academy Gymnasium. The young couple bought a house by the Neva River. Of their thirteen children, only five survived childhood. Concerned about the continuing turmoil in Russia, Euler left St. Petersburg on 19 June 1741"
"Charles Loewner Charles Loewner (29 May 1893 – 8 January 1968) was an American mathematician. His name was Karel Löwner in Czech and Karl Löwner in German. Karl Loewner was born into a Jewish family in Lany, about 30 km from Prague, where his father Sigmund Löwner was a store owner. Loewner received his Ph.D. from the University of Prague in 1917 under supervision of Georg Pick. One of his central mathematical contributions is the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture in the first highly nontrivial case of the third coefficient. The technique he introduced, the Loewner differential equation, has had"
"Euler Society The Euler Society is an American group that is dedicated to the examination of the life and work of Leonhard Euler. Its first meeting was August 2002, organized after several enthusiasts met at the 2001 Joint Mathematics Meeting. The Euler Society was founded in 2001. The mission of the Euler Society is to encourage academic contributions that study the life, work, and influence of Leonhard Euler. Along with examining Euler, the Euler Society also explores current mathematical topics that build upon his work. In addition, the society engages in the study of the Enlightenment, which was an intellectual"
"within the boundaries of modern Switzerland. In the 18th century the intellectual movement in Switzerland greatly developed, though it was naturally strongly influenced by local characteristics. Basel, Bern and especially Zürich were the chief literary centres. Basel was distinguished for its mathematicians, such as Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), and three members of the Bernoulli family, the brothers Jakob (1654–1705) and Johann (1667–1748), and the latter's son Daniel (1700–1782). But its chief literary glory was Isaak Iselin (1728–1782), one of the founders of the Helvetic Society (1760) and of the Economical Society (1777). He wrote about the philosophy of history, ideal politics"
"Hans Heinrich Euler Hans Heinrich Euler (b. 6 October 1909 in Merano, d. 1941) was a German physicist. He received his PhD in 1935 at the University of Leipzig under Werner Heisenberg with a thesis ""Über die Streuung von Licht an Licht nach der Diracschen Theorie"" (On the scattering of light by light based on Dirac's theory). Euler was the first physicist who was able to show that Paul Dirac's introduction of the positron opens the possibility that photons in electron-positron pair production scatter with each other and calculated the cross section for this process in his PhD thesis. Based"
"Leonhard Euler. The correspondence initially began in March 1735 with a letter sent by Ehler to Euler. The correspondence itself is lost, but we can find the main thread of their relationship with Euler’s first letter of response. In the letter, Euler talks of the problem of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, a problem that Ehler brought to Euler’s attention. The reason for such an inquiry was the desire by Kuhn and Ehler to encourage mathematical advancements within Prussia. The letter itself reads: Euler replied to Ehler and Kuhn in April 1736: While this letter seems to suggest Euler’s reluctance"