In rowing, what is the action of turning the oar blade flatto reduce wind resistance called?
"This control is also called ""collective"" as distinct from the ""cyclic"" control for lateral movement. The collective blade setting is mostly achieved through vertical movement of the swashplate. Feathering the blades of a propeller means to increase their angle of pitch by turning the blades to be parallel to the airflow. This minimizes drag from a stopped propeller following an engine failure in flight. Blade pitch control is a feature of nearly all large modern horizontal-axis wind turbines. While operating, a wind turbine's control system adjusts the blade pitch to keep the rotor speed within operating limits as the wind"
"providing drive, and the area inboard of it providing drag. Shorter, wider blades place this pivot point closer to the blade's neck, reducing the area dragging in the water. Oar (sport rowing) In rowing, oars are used to propel the boat. Oars differ from paddles in that they use a fixed fulcrum, an oarlock or rowlock attached to the side of the boat, to transfer power from the handle to the blade, rather than using the athlete's shoulders or hands as the pivot-point as in canoeing and kayaking. When the rower uses one oar on one side, it is called"
"Reefing Reefing is the means of reducing the area of a sail, usually by folding or rolling one edge of the canvas in on itself. The converse operation, removing the reef, is called ""shaking it out."" Reefing improves the performance of sailing vessels in strong winds, and is the primary safety precaution in rough weather. Reefing sails improves vessel stability and minimizes the risk of damage to the sail or other gear. Proper skills in and equipment for reefing are crucial to averting the dangers of capsizing or broaching in heavy weather. Sails may have built-in alternative attachment points that"
"oar, allowing large, heavy boats to be rowed if necessary. The efficiency of this system gave rise to the Chinese saying ""a scull equals three oars"". Single-oar sculling can occur in competitive rowing when a sweep boat is locked-on at the starting line of a race and the coxswain needs to adjust the direction the boat is pointed in. In order to accomplish this without pulling the boat away from the starting line, the coxswain will command a rower in the bow half of the boat to ""scull"" the blade of the rower in the seat behind them. By maneuvering"
"Oar (sport rowing) In rowing, oars are used to propel the boat. Oars differ from paddles in that they use a fixed fulcrum, an oarlock or rowlock attached to the side of the boat, to transfer power from the handle to the blade, rather than using the athlete's shoulders or hands as the pivot-point as in canoeing and kayaking. When the rower uses one oar on one side, it is called ""sweep"" rowing that the single oar is called a ""sweep"" oar. When the rower uses two oars at the same time, one on each side, it is called sculling,"
"against the anchor the oars provide. The recovery is the section where the rower's blades are not in the water, but instead gliding above it as the rower prepares for the next stroke. The catch is the moment the blades are dropped into the water at the end of the recovery and the start of the drive, while the finish is when the blades are slipping out after the drive is done and the recovery is beginning. In order to improve balance on the recovery, the blades are feathered, or held parallel to the surface of the water, at the"
"flip or ""rotate"" to the other side of the mast when tacking or jibing, hence the rotation in the name. Rotational sails have an aerofoil shape on the leeward side when powered, but are nearly flat when sheeted out (unpowered). In comparison with cambered sails, rotational designs offer less power and stability when sailing straight, but are easier to handle when maneuvering. Rotational sails are usually lighter and easier to rig. A windsurfing sail is tensioned at two points: at the tack (by downhaul), and at the clew (by outhaul). There is a set of pulleys for downhauling at the"
"turns so that the board is no longer edge-on to the wind it will be blown over to one side as the extra surface area is revealed. This movement is transmitted by a series of linkages to a blade (or oar) in the water, so that the oar is turned around its vertical axis, when the wind vane rotates from its neutral position. As the blade described above turns, the pressure of water moving past it causes it to swing out sideways on the end of a pivoted rod. An immersed area of 0.1 m at 1 m lever length"
"asymmetrical and many rowers strongly prefer one side to the other. Also, sweep oar rowers usually feather and square the oar with the inside hand (the one closer to the rowlock), allowing the handle to turn within the outside hand, whose wrist remains flat throughout. This is obviously not possible in sculling, and scullers tend to feather and square by holding the oar handle in the extended fingers when feathered, and rolling it into the palm of the hand to square it, the wrist remaining flat throughout. The average speed of a boat increases with the crew size and sculling"
"blade still in the water, the hands drop slightly to unload the oar so that spring energy stored in the bend of the oar gets transferred to the boat, which eases removing the oar from the water and minimizes energy wasted on lifting water above the surface (splashing). The recovery phase follows the drive. The recovery starts with the extraction and involves coordinating the body movements with the goal to move the oar back to the catch position. In extraction, the rower pushes down on the oar handle to quickly lift the blade from the water and rapidly rotates the"
"to reef without going on deck in heavy weather. Intermediate reef cringles are not used. The equipment for jiffy reefing is sometimes integrated with Dutchman flaking, a furling technology that flakes (or folds up) the sail on alternate sides of the boom. Reefing Reefing is the means of reducing the area of a sail, usually by folding or rolling one edge of the canvas in on itself. The converse operation, removing the reef, is called ""shaking it out."" Reefing improves the performance of sailing vessels in strong winds, and is the primary safety precaution in rough weather. Reefing sails improves"
"Anatomy of a rowing stroke The two fundamental reference points in the anatomy of a rowing stroke are the ""catch"" where the oar blade is placed in the water, and the ""extraction"" (also known as the 'finish', 'release' or 'tapping down') where the oar blade is removed from the water. After the blade is placed in the water at the ""catch"", the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward which is called the ""drive"" phase of the stroke. Once the rower extracts the oar from the water, the ""recovery"" phase begins, setting up the rower's body for"
"Sweep (rowing) Sweep or sweep-oar rowing is a type of rowing when a rower has one oar, usually held with both hands. As each rower has only one oar, the rowers have to be paired so that there is an oar on each side of the boat. This is in contrast to sculling when a rower has two oars, one in each hand. In the UK the term is less used as the term rowing generally refers to sweep oar. The term pulling was also used historically. Sweep or single oar rowing has a long history and was the means"
"and applies pressure to the oar by pushing the seat toward the bow of the boat by extending the legs, thus pushing the boat through the water. The point of placement of the blade in the water is a relatively fixed point about which the oar serves as a lever to propel the boat. As the rower's legs approach full extension, the rower pivots the torso toward the bow of the boat and then finally pulls the arms towards his or her chest. The hands meet the chest right above the diaphragm. At the end of the stroke, with the"
"between rowing and other forms of water transport, such as canoeing or kayaking, is that in rowing the oars are held in place at a pivot point that is in a fixed position relative to the boat, this point is the load point for the oar to act as a second class lever (the blade fixed in the water is the fulcrum). In flatwater rowing, the boat (also called a ""shell"" or ""fine boat"") is narrow to avoid drag, and the oars are attached to oarlocks ( also called ""gates"" ) at the end of outriggers extending from the sides"
"the water and/or cause difficulties with balancing on the recovery phase of the rowing stroke. Blade pitch Blade pitch or simply pitch refers to turning the angle of attack of the blades of a propeller or helicopter rotor into or out of the wind to control the production or absorption of power. Wind turbines use this to adjust the rotation speed and the generated power. A propeller of a ship uses this effect to control the ship's speed without changing the rotation of the shaft and to increase the efficiency of streaming fluids. In aircraft, blade pitch is usually described"
"the stroke. Once the skiffer has pushed the blade as far forward in the water as possible, he or she ""extracts"" the oar from the water, and the ""recovery"" phase begins, setting up the skiffer's body for the next stroke. On the recovery, it is normal to tip the blade flat (known as ""feathering""). There are some differences from the rowing stroke. The hands must never pass one above the other - one hand must always lead, or one of the blades will ""dig"" in the water. The seat does not slide and the unbending of the legs follows from"
"oarlocks with his feet. On a craft used in Italy, the catamaran ""moscone"", the rower stands and takes advantage of his body weight to increase leverage while sculling. Forward-facing systems: ""Articulated"" or ""bow facing"" oars have two-piece oars and use a mechanical transmission to reverse the direction of the oar blade, enabling a seated rower to row facing forward with a pulling motion. ""Push rowing"", also called ""back-watering"" if used in a boat not designed for forward motion, uses regular oars with a pushing motion to achieve forward-facing travel, sometimes seated and sometimes standing. This is a convenient method of"
"which lever the boat through the water. The pivot point of the oars (attached solidly to the boat) is the fulcrum. The motive force is applied through the rower's feet. In traditional rowing craft, the pivot point of the oars is generally located on the boat's gunwale. The actual fitting that holds the oar may be as simple as one or two pegs (or thole pins) or a metal oarlock (also called rowlock - ""rollock""). In performance rowing craft, the rowlock is usually extended outboard on a ""rigger"" to allow the use of a longer oar for increased power. ""Sculling"""
"Rowing Rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of oars in the water, displacing water, and propelling the boat forward. The difference between paddling and rowing is that rowing requires oars to have a mechanical connection with the boat, while paddles are hand-held and have no mechanical connection. This article deals with the more general types of rowing, such as for recreation and transport rather than the sport of competitive rowing which is a specialized case of racing using strictly regulated equipment and a highly refined technique. In some localities, rear-facing systems prevail. In other localities,"
"image at the right; the red arrow indicates the wind direction. This maneuver is frequently used when the desired direction is (nearly) directly into the wind. In practice, the sails are set at an angle of 45° to the wind for conventional sailships and the tacking course is kept as short as possible before a new tack is set in. Rotor ships can tack much closer to the wind, 20 to 30°. The opposite maneuver, i.e. turning the stern through the wind, is called jibing (or ""wearing"" on square-rigged ships). Tacking more than 180° to avoid a jibe (mostly in"
"the wind come from one side of the sail only. Because the lateral wind forces are highest on a sailing vessel, close-hauled and beating to windward, the resisting water forces around the vessel's keel, centerboard, rudder and other foils is also highest to mitigate leeway—the vessel sliding to leeward of its course. Ice boats and land yachts minimize lateral motion with sidewise resistance from their blades or wheels. ""Tacking"" or ""coming about"" is a maneuver by which a sailing craft turns its bow into and through the wind (called the ""eye of the wind"") so that the apparent wind changes"
"Roller furling Roller furling is a method of furling or reefing a sail by rolling it around a stay or rotating spar. Roller furling is most prominent on foresails such as jibs, followed by mainsails. The furling system itself is very simple in concept. The leading edge of the sail (luff) to be furled is stiffened in some way, such as by attaching it to a length of plastic pipe or by sewing in a stiff material such as foam. This stiffened edge serves to spread the force of the furler along the edge of the sail, so that the"
"per oar. These oars could be more than a dozen metres long. The oars used in competitive rowing are long (250–300 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the blade. The part of the oar the oarsman holds while rowing is called the handle. While rowing, the oars are supported by metal frames attached to the side of the boat called outriggers. Classic oars were made of wood, but modern oars are made from synthetic material, the most common being carbon fibre. The sport of competitive rowing has developed a tradition of"
"boat called riggers for extra leverage. The most common shape now seen is the ""cleaver"" (also called ""hatchet""), which is used almost universally. Cleaver blades are asymmetrical, with a somewhat rectangular shape resembling a meat cleaver, hence the name. The shaft of a cleaver blade connects to the blade offset to the top corner of the blade. The shape of the face and the offset connection is designed to maximize the surface area of the blade in contact with the water during the rowing stroke, while also minimizing the amount and depth of the shaft that is submerged and contributing"
"reduce weather helm. Racing sailors use their body weight to bring the boat to a more upright position. Reducing or reefing the total sail area will have the same effect and, counter-intuitively, many boats will sail faster with less sail in a stiff breeze once heel and weather helm have been reduced, due to the reduction in underwater drag (see Over-canvassed sailing). Easing the sheets on aft-most sails, such as the mainsail in a sloop or cutter can have an immediate effect, especially to help with maneuvering. Moving or increasing sail area forward can also help, for example by raising"
"international courses, landmarks for the steersmen, consisting of two aligned poles, may be provided. Blades, otherwise known as oars to amateurs or non rowers, are used to propel the boat. They are long (sculling: 250–300 cm; sweep oar: 340–360 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the blade. Classic blades were made out of wood, but modern blades are made from more expensive and durable synthetic material, the most common being carbon fiber. An 'oar' is often referred to as a ""blade"" in the case of sweep oar rowing and as a"
"Rowlock A rowlock , sometimes spur (due to the similarity in shape and size), oarlock (USA) or gate (Australia) is a brace that attaches an oar to a boat. When a boat is rowed, the rowlock acts as a fulcrum, and, in doing so, the propulsive force that the rower exerts on the water with the oar is transferred to the boat by the thrust force exerted on the rowlock. On ordinary rowing craft, the rowlocks are attached to the gunwales. In the sport of rowing, the rowlocks are attached to outriggers (often just called ""riggers""), which project from the"
"an oar. The hawksbill turtle's genus of Eretmochelys is derived from the Greek root ""eretmo"", which roughly translates to ""oar"". The turtle was so-named because of the oar-like shape of its front flippers. Oar An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end. Rowers grasp the oar at the other end. The difference between oars and paddles are that oars only have one blade, and are used exclusively for rowing, whereas paddles can have either one or two blade and are not rowed. Oars for rowing are generally connected to the vessel"
"Stroke (rowing) In rowing, stroke is the action of propelling the boat with oars, and also a rower seated closest to the stern of the boat. The stroke side is the port side of the boat. The stroke is the set of actions to propel the boat, and comprises two main parts - the drive when pressure is applied through the oars to pull the boat through the water, and the recovery when the oars are lifted out of the water and returned to the start position. When the boat has more than one rower, the rower closest to the"
"oarlock (conventionally the port one) is rigged higher than the other prior to rowing. This prevents the oar handles from colliding with one another and causing a crab or other problems. Single-oar sculling is the process of propelling a watercraft by moving a single, stern-mounted oar from side to side while changing the angle of the blade so as to generate forward thrust on both strokes. The technique is very old and its origin uncertain, though it is thought to have developed independently in different locations and times. It is known to have been used in ancient China, and on"
"spooned for faster propulsion. Utility oars are often unbalanced. Rowers looking for performance and ease of use over long distances often use balanced oars, where the inboard (handle) end uses either heavy shoulders(button/collar) or lead weights inside the handle. Generally the oar is weighted so it is balanced about outboard of the rowlock in a oar so the oar is slightly blade heavy. Most designers position rowlocks about aft of the rowing thwart and about above the thwart. Short rowers— and under—can shorten these distances by and taller rowers— plus—can extend the distance . In a short rowing boat the"
"downhaul tension shifts the center of effort up. More outhaul lowers the camber/draft, making the sail flatter and easier to control, but less powerful; less outhaul results in more draft, providing more low-end power, but usually limiting speed by increasing aerodynamic resistance. The disciplines of windsurfing (wave, freestyle, freeride) require different sails. Wave sails are reinforced to survive the surf, and are nearly flat when depowered to allow riding waves. Freestyle sails are also flat when depowered, and have high low-end power to allow quick acceleration. Freeride sails are all-rounders that are comfortable to use and are meant for recreational"