What is the last name of the Russian inventor who discovered in 1939 that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a high-voltage source, an image is produced?
"Kirlian photography Kirlian photography is a collection of photographic techniques used to capture the phenomenon of electrical coronal discharges. It is named after Semyon Kirlian, who, in 1939, accidentally discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a high-voltage source, an image is produced on the photographic plate. The technique has been variously known as ""electrography"", ""electrophotography"", ""corona discharge photography"" (CDP), ""bioelectrography"", ""gas discharge visualization (GDV)"", ""electrophotonic imaging (EPI)"", and, in Russian literature, ""Kirlianography"". Kirlian photography has been the subject of mainstream scientific research, parapsychology research and art. To a large extent, It has been used"
"like cyanotype. In 1938 Bulgarian physicist Georgi Nadjakov found that when placed into electric field and exposed to light, some dielectrics acquire permanent electric polarization in the exposed areas. That polarization persists in the dark and is destroyed in light. Chester Carlson, the inventor of photocopying, was originally a patent attorney and part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the patent office in New York City required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was arthritic, found this a painful and tedious process. This prompted him to conduct experiments with photoconductivity. Carlson experimented with"
"Nikolai Pylchykov Nikolai Dmitrievich Pilchikov (, 2 April 1857, Kharkov, Russian Empire – 19 May 1908, Kharkov, Russian Empire) was a Russian physicist, inventor, and geologist. He is known for the discovery of the photovoltaic effect, new properties of X-rays, and ways to control various mechanisms of the radio provided a basis of radio control. Pilchikov discovered the phenomenon of electronic photography and determined its principles, conducted fundamental research of atmospheric ionisation and light polarisation, and designed many ingenious devices and appliances, many of which carry his name, including the prototype of the modern protective suit for astronauts. Nikolai Dmitrievich"
"Photograph A photograph (also known as a photo) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are created using a camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see. The process and practice of creating such images is called photography. The word ""photograph"" was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φῶς (""""), meaning ""light"", and γραφή (""graphê""), meaning"
"High-frequency electric discharge (Kirlian effect) images"". Scientific study of what the researchers called the Kirlian effect was conducted by Victor Inyushin at Kazakh State University. Early in the 1970s, Thelma Moss and Kendall Johnson at the Center for Health Sciences at the UCLA conducted extensive research into Kirlian photography. Moss led an independent and unsupported parapsychology laboratory that was shut down by the university in 1979. Kirlian photography is a technique for creating contact print photographs using high voltage. The process entails placing sheet photographic film on top of a metal discharge plate. The object to be photographed is then"
"Pylchykov was a son of Dmitriy Pavlovich Pilchikov, ukrainophile, member of Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius. Pilchikov was a member of the . Nikolai Pylchykov Nikolai Dmitrievich Pilchikov (, 2 April 1857, Kharkov, Russian Empire – 19 May 1908, Kharkov, Russian Empire) was a Russian physicist, inventor, and geologist. He is known for the discovery of the photovoltaic effect, new properties of X-rays, and ways to control various mechanisms of the radio provided a basis of radio control. Pilchikov discovered the phenomenon of electronic photography and determined its principles, conducted fundamental research of atmospheric ionisation and light polarisation, and"
"Valentin Alexandrovich Fabrikant Valentin Alexandrovich Fabrikant (; 9 October, 1907 - 3 March, 1991) was a Soviet scientist in the field of Electromagnetic radiation, professor, laureate of the Stalin Prize (1951). He was born in 1907 in the Moscow. In 1930 he graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Department of Moscow University. After graduation, he moved to work at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. Since 1932, Fabrikant has been working on the issue of gas-discharge optics. In 1938 he proposed a method of direct experimental proof of the existence of stimulated emission. In 1948, he experimentally confirmed that the wave"
"properties of selenium as the basis for their research in the field of image transmission. Constantin Perskyi Constantin Dmitrievich Perskyi (Константин Дмитриевич Перский) (2 June 1854 – 5 April 1906) was a Russian scientist who is credited with coining the word television (""télévision"") in a paper that he presented in French at the 1st International Congress of Electricity, which ran from 18 to 25 August 1900 during the International World Fair in Paris. At the time, he was Professor of Electricity at the Artillery Academy of Saint Petersburg. His paper referred to the work of other experimenters in the field,"
"replenished with 47 photographs by L. N. Lazarev, from 18.11.2016 No. 90. 2016 — Lazarev created a bronze sculpture called ""Photographer"". The sculpture acquired by The State Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve «Homeland of VI Lenin ». Act PP-30/16. Composer, People’s Artist of Russia Gennady Gladkov: Writer, playwright and USSR State Prize awardee Alexander Gelman: Cameraman, Lenin Prize awardee and Honored Art Worker of Russia Sergey Medynsky: Filmmaker, journalist, President of Russia Prize awardee L. Reznikov: Writer Xenia Golubovich: Photography historian Valery Blumfelde: Leonid Lazarev Leonid Nikolaevich Lazarev (Russian: Леонид Николаевич Лазарев, born July 14, 1937) is a notable Russian photo"
"Anatol Josepho Anatol Marco Josepho (March 31, 1894 – December 16, 1980), born Anatol Josephewitz, was a Jewish Siberian immigrant to the United States from Omsk, Russia, who invented and patented the first automated photo booth in 1925, which was named the ""Photomaton"". In 1927, he was paid one million dollars for the invention. Josepho's father was a wealthy jeweler and his mother died when he was three years old. He developed a close bond with his father and became interested in the Wild West cultural phenomenon of expansion in the United States in the late 1800s. He began taking"
"pioneers, such as the Russian Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky in the period 1909 through 1915. Such methods lasted until about 1960 using the expensive and extremely complex tri-color carbro Autotype process. When employed, the reproduction of prints from three-plate photos was done by dyes or pigments using the complementary CMY model, by simply using the negative plates of the filtered takes: reverse red gives the cyan plate, and so on. Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia. The color TV pioneer John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first"
"attention to what would become the Iconoscope. In a 1970s series of videotaped interviews, Zworykin recalled that, ""Farnsworth was closer to this thing you're using now [i.e., a video camera] than anybody, because he used the cathode-ray tube for transmission. But, Farnsworth didn't have the mosaic [of discrete light elements], he didn't have storage. Therefore, [picture] definition was very low... But he was very proud, and he stuck to his method."" Contrary to Zworykin's statement, Farnsworth's patent #2,087,683 for the Image Dissector (filed April 26, 1933) features the ""charge storage plate"" invented by Tihanyi in 1928 and a ""low velocity"""
"our compatriots who emigrated to the United States, Vladimir K. Zworykin with his iconoscope made by Kataev, is applying for invention and 30 April 1933 receives the Copyright certificate of the USSR No. 29.865. In 1931 with the help of his tube produces a transmission of the first image. In 1932, leading the development of vacuum receiving tube with magnetic focusing of the electron beam. In 1933 refines iconoscope made by Kataev. Patents the transfer of ""electronic image"" with conductive photocathode on dielectric (copyright certificate dated September 30, 1933 with priority from February 20, 1932). In 1936 for a few"
"a unique emphasis on filmmaking, shooting sports, and computer programming. Remnants of what once was Josepho's personal mansion can be found between the camp and Murphy Ranch. Anatol Josepho Anatol Marco Josepho (March 31, 1894 – December 16, 1980), born Anatol Josephewitz, was a Jewish Siberian immigrant to the United States from Omsk, Russia, who invented and patented the first automated photo booth in 1925, which was named the ""Photomaton"". In 1927, he was paid one million dollars for the invention. Josepho's father was a wealthy jeweler and his mother died when he was three years old. He developed a"
"in alternative medicine research. In 1889, Czech B. Navratil coined the word ""electrography"". Seven years later in 1896, a French experimenter, , created electrographs of hands and leaves. In 1898, Polish engineer Jakub Jodko-Narkiewicz demonstrated electrography at the fifth exhibition of the Russian Technical Society. In 1939, two Czechs, S. Pratt and J. Schlemmer published photographs showing a glow around leaves. The same year, Russian electrical engineer Semyon Kirlian and his wife Valentina developed Kirlian photography after observing a patient in Krasnodar hospital who was receiving medical treatment from a high-frequency electrical generator. They had noticed that when the electrodes"
"Photogravure Photogravure is an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained (adding a pattern to the plate) and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched, resulting in a high quality intaglio plate that can reproduce detailed continuous tones of a photograph. The earliest forms of photogravure were developed by two original pioneers of photography itself, first Nicéphore Niépce in France in the 1820s, and later Henry Fox Talbot in England. Niépce was seeking a means to create photographic images on plates that could then be"
"and Sheila Ostrander, published a book, ""Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain"". High-voltage electrophotography soon became known to the general public as Kirlian photography. Although little interest was generated among western scientists, Russians held a conference on the subject in 1972 at Kazakh State University. Kirlian photography was used in the former Eastern Bloc in the 1970s. The corona discharge glow at the surface of an object subjected to a high-voltage electrical field was referred to as a ""Kirlian aura"" in Russia and Eastern Europe. In 1975, Belarusian scientist Victor Adamenko wrote a dissertation titled ""Research of the structure of"
"Yevgeny Zavoisky Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky (; September 28, 1907 – October 9, 1976) was a Soviet physicist known for discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance in 1944. He likely observed nuclear magnetic resonance in 1941, well before Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell, but dismissed the results as not reproducible. Zavoisky is also credited with design of luminescence camera for detection of nuclear processes in 1952 and discovery of magneto-acoustic resonance in plasma in 1958. Zavoisky was born in 1907 in Mogilyov-Podolsk, a town in the south of Russian Empire (now in Vinnytsia oblast, Ukraine). His father Konstantin Ivanovich was a"
"child pornography and less commonly pornography overall. These laws vary greatly between jurisdictions. Photograph A photograph (also known as a photo) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are created using a camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see. The process and practice of creating such images is called photography. The word ""photograph"" was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and"
"is moved to expose the photosensitive substrate. Moholy-Nagy used this technique to create many of his photograms. Gottfried Jäger (photographic theorist) describes this as ""the result of pure light design; the rudimentary expression of an interaction of light and photosensitive material… a kind of self representation of light."" László Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946), American, born in Austria-Hungary (in Bacsborsod). Moved to Vienna in late 1919 after serving in the Austro-Hungarian army. In 1919 he and his wife Lucia Moholy began experimenting with the process of making photograms, and Lucia Moholy (Czechoslovakia) developed a technique they called the photogram. Moholy-Nagy produced photogram and"
"Alexei Shulgin Alexei Shulgin (; born 1963 in Moscow) is a Russian born contemporary artist, musician, and online curator. Working out of Moscow and Helsinki, Shulgin established the Immediate Photography Group in 1988 and started his career in this area of study. After 1990, he shifted his interests from photography to the Internet, and consequently, in 1994, founded Moscow-WWW-Art-Lab WWW Art Lab, collaborating with many artists from London and Slovenia. That very same year, the artist created an online photo museum called ""Hot Pictures"". In 1997, Shulgin continued his work with the invention of Form Art (Form Art), and later"
"was invented by Dr. John N. Shive (more famous for his wave machine) at Bell Labs in 1948, but it was not announced until 1950. The electrons that are generated by photons in the base–collector junction are injected into the base, and this photodiode current is amplified by the transistor's current gain β (or h). If the base and collector leads are used and the emitter is left unconnected, the phototransistor becomes a photodiode. While phototransistors have a higher responsivity for light they are not able to detect low levels of light any better than photodiodes. Phototransistors also have significantly"
"by the Klydonograph. Klydonograph is generally used to record impulse voltages between 2 kV and 50 kV. Klydonograph The Klydonograph is a device that records a surge in electrical voltage on a sulphur-dusted photographic film. The device is credited to John F. Peters, who pursued the idea as a means of investigating the effects of lightning on electric power lines. The resulting graphic varies in size and shape as a function of the potential, polarity, and wave shape of the captured lightning discharge. Imaging an electrical impulse with sulphur dust was documented in 1777 by Dr. G. C Lichtenberg, and"
"progressive waves possess reflective properties, solving a problem with holograms formed in experiments with colliding beams. A great deal of his scientific work was dedicated to examination of quasi-deep holograms (the specific one-dimensional structure) and selectograms (a new type of periodic three-dimensional environment). Under Denisyuk’s supervision a range of new light-sensitive materials including reoksan, capillary porous glass, and various composite materials were developed for use as holographic recording media. Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (July 27, 1927 in Sochi – May 14, 2006 in Saint Petersburg) a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of optical holography. He is known"
"Semyon Davidovich Kirlian Semyon Davidovich Kirlian (; ; ; 20 February 1898 – 4 April 1978) was a Soviet inventor and researcher of Armenian descent, who along with his wife Valentina Khrisanovna Kirlian (; died 1972), a teacher and journalist, discovered and developed Kirlian photography. Kirlian was born in 1898 Yekaterinodar, Russian Empire (now Krasnodar, Russia) in an Armenian family. He possessed an early interest in, and aptitude for, work with electricity. Just before the Russian Revolution of 1917, Kirlian attended a conference in his home city at which Nikola Tesla gave talks and demonstrations; Tesla was one of Kirlian's"
"was worked out by W. S. Johnson with Richard Beard, a coal merchant and entrepreneur. They hired John Frederick Goddard, a chemist and lecturer in optics. Goddard came up a chemistry formula to make the image plate sensitive to light so that an image would develop on it much faster than the daguerreotype cameras of the time. The image plate used iodine chloride to make the plates sensitive to light, which helped to shorten the camera exposure time. The concave mirror reflector improvement and the photo-sensitive plate were the key innovative features Wolcott based his 1840 camera invention on that"
"to the USSR in the 1930s, prior to the Cold War, to instruct the Soviet customers on the capabilities of RCA equipment and to investigate customer needs. During one of these visits, in September 1934, RCA's Vladimir Zworykin was shown the first multiple-dynode photomultiplier, or ""photoelectron multiplier"". This pioneering device was proposed by Leonid A. Kubetsky in 1930 which he subsequently built in 1934. The device achieved gains of 1000x or more when demonstrated in June 1934. The work was submitted for print publication only two years later, in July 1936 as emphasized in a recent 2006 publication of the"
"and the household."" Rafail Levitsky's father was the famous Sergei Lvovich Levitsky (1819–1898, Moscow, Russian: Сергей Львович Львов-Левицкий), who is considered the patriarch of Russian photography and one of Europe's most important early photographic pioneers, inventors and innovators. With a career that began in the 1840s, working as a daguerreotypist in Germany and Italy; Levitsky's father knew Daguerre personally, and introduced the term ‘light painting’ to Russia. It was he who first proposed the idea to artificially light subjects in a studio setting using electric lighting along with daylight. With a working life that spanned fifty years, Sergei Levitsky distinguished"
"versions showing these tell-tale peculiarities are increasingly scarce. Adolf Miethe designed a high-quality, sequential-exposure color camera, which was manufactured by Bermpohl and became available commercially in 1903. Prokudin-Gorsky published an illustration of it in ""Fotograf-Liubitel"" in 1906. The most common model used a single oblong plate 9 cm wide by 24 cm high, the same format as Prokudin-Gorsky's surviving negatives, and it photographed the images in unconventional blue-green-red sequence, which is also a characteristic of Prokudin-Gorsky's negatives if the usual upside-down image in a camera and gravity-compliant downward shiftings of his plates are assumed. An inventor as well as a"
"Klydonograph The Klydonograph is a device that records a surge in electrical voltage on a sulphur-dusted photographic film. The device is credited to John F. Peters, who pursued the idea as a means of investigating the effects of lightning on electric power lines. The resulting graphic varies in size and shape as a function of the potential, polarity, and wave shape of the captured lightning discharge. Imaging an electrical impulse with sulphur dust was documented in 1777 by Dr. G. C Lichtenberg, and this idea was further developed by others (to include a photographic plate, for example) before being adopted"
"described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed ""Radioskop"". After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, and so he applied for patents in the United States. In 1923, while employed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Russian-born American engineer Vladimir Zworykin presented a project for a totally electronic television system to the company's general manager. In July 1925, Zworykin submitted a patent application titled ""Television System"" that included a charge storage plate constructed of a thin"
"his photo-sensitive plate and came up with a chemical ""accelerator"" that was a mix of bromide and chloride. This along with improved polished silver plates earned them a second U.S. patent in photography in December 1841, designated #2,391. They also came up with new innovative studio lighting by designing special outdoor mirrors that provided more light to the inside studio itself for faster better quality portrait pictures. Wolcott died on November 10, 1844, in Stamford, Connecticut. Alexander S. Wolcott Alexander Simon Wolcott (also Alexander S. Wolcott and A. S. Wolcott; June 14, 1804 – March 26, 1844) was a maker"
"eV (electronvolt). The ultraviolet method (UPS) was pioneered by Feodor I. Vilesov, a physicist at St. Petersburg (Leningrad) State University in Russia (USSR) in 1961 to study the photoelectron spectra of free molecules in the gas phase. The early experiments used monochromatized radiation from a hydrogen discharge and a retarding potential analizer to measure the photoelectron energies. The PES was further developed by David W. Turner, a physical chemist at Imperial College in London and then at Oxford University, in a series of publications from 1962 to 1967. As a photon source, he used a helium discharge lamp which emits"