Who invented the game of 'Monopoly'?
"and the development of that land. By 1933, a board game had been created much like the version of ""Monopoly"" sold by Parker Brothers and its related companies through the rest of the 20th century, and into the 21st. Several people, mostly in the Midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution. By the 1970s, the idea that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore; it was printed in the game's instructions for many years, in a 1974 book devoted to ""Monopoly"", and was cited in a"
"Charles Darrow Charles Brace Darrow (August 10, 1889 – August 28, 1967) was an American best known as the claimed inventor of the ""Monopoly"" board game (Elizabeth Magie was the original inventor of the game; Darrow's version was derivative). He became the first millionaire game designer in history. Darrow was a domestic heater salesman from Germantown, a neighborhood in Philadelphia (the part of Germantown he lived in is now called Mount Airy) during the Great Depression. The house he lived in still stands at 40 Westview Street. While Darrow eventually sold his version of ""Monopoly"" to Parker Brothers, claiming it"
"History of the board game Monopoly The board game ""Monopoly"" has its origins in the early 20th century. The earliest known version of ""Monopoly"", known as ""The Landlord's Game"", was designed by an American, Elizabeth Magie, and first patented in 1904 but existed as early as 1902. Magie, a follower of Henry George, originally intended ""The Landlord's Game"" to illustrate the economic consequences of Ricardo's Law of Economic rent and the Georgist concepts of economic privilege and land value taxation. A series of board games was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land"
"Magie died in Staunton, Virginia in 1948, aged 82. She is buried with her husband, Albert Wallace Phillips, in Columbia Gardens Cemetery, located in Arlington, Virginia. Her role as the board game ""Monopoly""s inventor was not uncovered during her lifetime, but rather during research for a trial. Ralph Anspach was an economics professor, and in 1973 he began a long legal battle against Parker Brothers over his ""Anti-Monopoly"" game. While researching the case, he uncovered her patents. His research became part of the court record. Lizzie Magie Elizabeth J. Phillips (née Magie; 1866–1948) was an American game designer and Georgist."
"into smaller sets, sold in black cardboard boxes, with boards sold separately from the sets. After Darrow started to take orders from other Philadelphia department stores, Parker Brothers reconsidered. Parker Brothers negotiated the rights from Darrow to produce the game in large scale. Darrow sought and received on the game in 1935, which Parker Brothers acquired. Within a year, 20,000 sets of the game were being produced every week. ""Monopoly"" ended up being the best-selling board game in America that year, and it made Darrow the first millionaire game designer in history. Darrow was later promoted as the sole inventor"
"a market by a single entity. It is now owned and produced by the American game and toy company Hasbro. The history of ""Monopoly"" can be traced back to 1903, when American anti-monopolist Elizabeth Magie created a game which she hoped would explain the single tax theory of Henry George. It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. She took out a patent in 1904. Her game, ""The Landlord's Game"", was self-published, beginning in 1906. A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1906 through"
"as a game called ""Inflation"", designed by Rudy Copeland and published by the Thomas Sales Co., in Fort Worth, Texas, also came to the attention of Parker Brothers management in the 1930s, after they began sales of ""Monopoly"". Copeland continued sales of the latter game after Parker Brothers attempted a patent lawsuit against him. Parker Brothers held the Magie and Darrow patents, but settled with Copeland rather than going to trial, since Copeland was prepared to have witnesses testify that they had played ""Monopoly"" before Darrow's ""invention"" of the game. The court settlement allowed Copeland to license Parker Brothers' patents."
"media. ""Monopoly"" has become a part of international popular culture, having been licensed locally in more than 103 countries and printed in more than thirty-seven languages. ""Monopoly"" is derived from ""The Landlord's Game"" created by Elizabeth Magie in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one where monopolists work under few constraints, and to promote the economic theories of Henry George—in particular his ideas about taxation. It was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935. The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly—the domination of"
"the name ""Anti-Monopoly"" and distributing the game. For a time during the dispute, the game was marketed as simply ""Anti."" Anti-Monopoly Anti-Monopoly is a board game made by San Francisco State University Professor Ralph Anspach, in response to ""Monopoly"". Anspach created ""Anti-Monopoly"" in part as a response to the lessons taught by the mainstream game, which he believed created the impression that monopolies were something desirable. His intent was to demonstrate how harmful monopolies could be to a free-enterprise system, and how antitrust laws work to curtail them in the real world. The game was originally to be produced in"
"to be his own invention, modern historians credit Darrow as just one of the game's final developers. Monopoly is a board game which focuses on the acquisition of fictional real estate titles, with the incorporation of elements of chance. After losing his job at a sales company following the Stock Market Crash of 1929, Darrow worked at various odd jobs. Seeing his neighbors and acquaintances play a home-made board game in which the object was to buy and sell property, he decided to publish his own version of the game, with the help of his first son, William, and his"
"Monopoly (game show) Monopoly is an American television game show based on the board game of the same name. The format was created by Merv Griffin and produced by his production company, Merv Griffin Enterprises. ""Monopoly"" aired as a summer replacement series on ABC along with ""Super Jeopardy!"", a special tournament edition of Griffin's quiz show. ""Monopoly"" premiered on June 16, 1990, and aired following ""Super Jeopardy!"" for twelve consecutive Saturday nights until September 1, 1990. Former ""Jeopardy!"" contestant Mike Reilly was chosen to host the series, with Charlie O'Donnell as announcer. Three separate women, Kathy Davis, Kathy Karges, and"
"Anti-Monopoly Anti-Monopoly is a board game made by San Francisco State University Professor Ralph Anspach, in response to ""Monopoly"". Anspach created ""Anti-Monopoly"" in part as a response to the lessons taught by the mainstream game, which he believed created the impression that monopolies were something desirable. His intent was to demonstrate how harmful monopolies could be to a free-enterprise system, and how antitrust laws work to curtail them in the real world. The game was originally to be produced in 1973 as ""Bust the Trust"", but the title was changed to ""Anti-Monopoly"". It has seen multiple printings and revisions since"
"Lizzie Magie Elizabeth J. Phillips (née Magie; 1866–1948) was an American game designer and Georgist. She invented ""The Landlord's Game"", the precursor to ""Monopoly"", to illustrate teachings of the progressive era economist Henry George. Elizabeth J. Magie was born in Macomb, Illinois, in 1866 to James Magie, a newspaper publisher and an abolitionist who accompanied Lincoln as he traveled around Illinois in the late 1850s debating politics with Stephen Douglas. James Magie introduced Lizzie to the economist Henry George's writing, specifically the book ""Progress and Poverty"", after which Magie became a strong supporter of what at that time was called"
"Monopoly (1991 video game) Monopoly is a video game based on the board game ""Monopoly"", released on Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Genesis, NES, and SNES. Developed by Sculptured Software and published by Parker Brothers (the Game Boy version was published by Majesco Sales), this title was one of many inspired by the property. It is not to be confused with the 1993 ""Monopoly"" game, which was released in Japan only. The game contains very similar gameplay to the board game it is based on, with various physical tasks being replaced by automation and digital representations. Earl Green of AllGame"
"Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World’s Favorite Board Game,"" which tells the true story of the board game Monopoly. Pilon spent more than five years investigating the game's origins, which date back to feminist Lizzie Magie and the Progressive Era. The book discusses economics professor Ralph Anspach's decade-long legal battle over the rights to his own game, Anti-Monopoly, as well as his efforts to uncover Magie as the game's true inventor, even as Parker Brothers had incorrectly claimed that a man, Charles Darrow, had invented the game during the Great Depression. (Magie died in 1948 in obscurity, working"
"Monopoly (1988 video game) Monopoly is a Sega Master System video game based on the board game ""Monopoly"", released in 1988. Developed by Nexa Corporation and published by Sega itself, this title was one of many inspired by the property. According to Game Freaks 365, the game was ""one of the first real boardgames that was programmed"" into a video game. The game contains very similar gameplay to the board game it is based on, with various physical tasks being replaced by automation and digital representations. For some time, Sega had wanted the license rights to Monopoly. Parker Brothers granted"
"Monopoly (1999 video game) Monopoly is a Nintendo 64 video game based on the board game ""Monopoly"", released on December 18, 1999. Developed by Mind's Eye Productions and published by Hasbro Interactive, this title was one of many inspired by the property. The game contains very similar gameplay to the board game it is based on, with various physical tasks being replaced by automation and digital representations. IGN reviewer Aaron Boulding thought the ability to customise the game according to house rules was an ""endearing"" feature, and appreciated that it kept the spirit of the board game it was based"
"typical ""Monopoly"" session with the same number of players (as it is not a requirement for one player to force all of their opponents into bankruptcy). Milton Bradley Company (MB) was one of the companies that Charles Darrow showed his ""Monopoly"" in 1934, but was turned down. After the success of ""Monopoly"" and ""Finance"", Milton Bradley decided to issue its own version of ""Finance"". Despite the ""Landlord's Game"" patents having expired and the auction-monopoly game itself having developed in the public domain, Parker Brothers sued Milton Bradley for patent infringement, and the latter was forced to license the former's patents"
"""Bulls and Bears"" with Darrow's photograph on the box lid (though he had no involvement with the game), a ""Time"" magazine article about the game made it seem as if Darrow himself was the sole inventor of both ""Bulls and Bears"" and ""Monopoly"": At the start of World War II, both Parker Brothers and Waddington stockpiled materials they could use for further game production. During the war, ""Monopoly"" was produced with wooden tokens in the U.S., and the game's cellophane cover was eliminated. In the UK, metal tokens were also eliminated, and a special spinner was introduced to take the"
"of monopoly play and the unique design by purchasing the later 1924 patent. Parker Brothers acquired Magie's patent to ""The Landlord's Game"" but although both patents had the same name they covered different claims. The substitution or confusion of the early patent for the later is still commonplace. The Landlord's Game The Landlord's Game is a board game patented in 1904 by Elizabeth Magie as . It is a realty and taxation game intended to educate users about Georgism. It is the inspiration for the board game ""Monopoly"". In 1902 to 1903, Magie designed the game and play tested it"
"over a copy of ""Monopoly"" to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States. Victor Watson, the managing director of Waddingtons, gave the game to his son Norman, head of the card games division, to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning – transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside the United States. Watson felt that for the game to be a success"
"to Darrow, and he asked the Todds for a written set of the rules. After that night, Darrow went on to utilize this and distribute the game himself as ""Monopoly"". Because of this act the Todds refused to speak to Darrow ever again. After the game's excellent sales during the Christmas season of 1934, Parker Brothers bought the game's copyrights from Darrow. When the company learned Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game, it bought the rights to Magie's patent. Parker Brothers began selling the game on February 6, 1935. Several people, mostly in the Midwestern United States"
"Monopoly (1997 video game) Monopoly is a PlayStation video game based on the board game ""Monopoly"", released on November 6, 1997. Developed by Gremlin Interactive and published by Hasbro Interactive, this title was one of many inspired by the property. The game contains very similar gameplay to the board game it is based on, with various physical tasks being replaced by automation and digital representations. Absolute PlayStation said the game's graphics were ""tastefully executed"", the board itself was ""accurately represented"", and that some of the pictural representations of properties were ""humorous"". Game Revolution described it as a ""winner"" and ""solid"","
"The Landlord's Game The Landlord's Game is a board game patented in 1904 by Elizabeth Magie as . It is a realty and taxation game intended to educate users about Georgism. It is the inspiration for the board game ""Monopoly"". In 1902 to 1903, Magie designed the game and play tested it in Arden, Delaware. The game was created to be a ""practical demonstration of the present system of land grabbing with all its usual outcomes and consequences"". She based the game on the economic principles of Georgism, a system proposed by Henry George, with the object of demonstrating how"
"in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. In 1970, three years after Darrow's death, Atlantic City placed a commemorative plaque in his honor on The Boardwalk, near the corner of Park Place. In 1973 Ralph Anspach, an economics professor at San Francisco State University, produced ""Anti-Monopoly"", a game similar to ""Monopoly"", and for this was sued by Parker Brothers. During the ten year suit, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that Darrow had copied down the rules directly (even the misspelling of Marven Gardens as ""Marvin Gardens"") from the game produced by Charles Todd. Charles Darrow Charles Brace Darrow (August 10, 1889"
"Monopoly (game) Monopoly is a board game in which players roll two six-sided dice to move around the game board, buying and trading properties, and developing them with houses and hotels. Players collect rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them into bankruptcy. Money can also be gained or lost through Chance and Community Chest cards, and tax squares; players can end up in jail, which they cannot move from until they have met one of several conditions. The game has numerous house rules, and hundreds of different editions exist, as well as many spin-offs and related"
"wife Esther. Darrow marketed his version of the game under the name ""Monopoly"". In truth, Darrow was just one of many people in the American Midwest and East Coast who had been playing a game of buying and trading property. See history of the board game Monopoly. The game's direct ancestor was ""The Landlord's Game"", created by Elizabeth Magie. The game was used by college professors and their students, and another variant, called ""The Fascinating Game of Finance"", was published in the Midwest in the late 1920s and early 1930s. From there the game traveled back east, where it had"
"Monopoly (1995 video game) Monopoly is a 1995 computer game based on the board game ""Monopoly"". Developed by Westwood Studios, published by Hasbro Electronic Entertainment and distributed by Virgin Interactive Entertainment. this title was one of many inspired by the property. The game is an adaption of the board game of the same game, with the components of physical gameplay given automation and digital representations. 3D animations are provided for player movement across the board. Up to six human players can play either on the same computer or over LAN. The game's music was in a MIDI format and had"
"Spiegel company purchased Bauer. Spiegel later declared bankruptcy, yet Bauer still remains, albeit in a smaller presence in the United States today. From 1976 to 1985, General Mills went to court as the parent company of Parker Brothers, which held the rights on the brand name and gaming idea of the board game ""Monopoly"", claiming that the so-called Anti-Monopoly game of an economics professor infringed their trademark. The dispute extended up to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled against them, saying that while they have exclusive rights to the game ""Monopoly"", they can not prevent others from using the word"
"Poleconomy Poleconomy is a board game invented by New Zealander Bruce E. Hatherley and first published in 1980. It is similar to ""Monopoly"" but the board is divided into companies rather than properties. Players compete to acquire properties and investments through stylized economic and political activity. The playing time is set by agreement from all players, e.g. 2 hours, and the winner is determined by the monetary sum of all player cash, companies, insurance or other assets. The game can also end when there are no more companies, advertisements in the bank or bonds in the treasury. Another objective of"
"F. O. Alexander Franklin Osborne Alexander (November 3, 1897 – January 17, 1993), known professionally as F. O. Alexander, was a comic strip artist and editorial cartoonist. He is credited for having designed the board game Monopoly, including the iconic mascots and characters. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Alexander studied at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, taking several courses in cartooning and also attended Northwestern University. In World War I he served with the Camouflage Engineers in Europe. During the mid-1920s, Alexander launched two comic strips, ""Finney of the Force"" (1925–31) and ""The Featherheads"" (1926–36), but he is"
"use with her rules. Various versions of the game popped up over the following years under a variety of names, ""Monopoly"", ""Finance"", and ""Auction"" being among them. Among the Atlantic City and Philadelphia communities of Quakers, the game was particularly popular with college students and economics professors. Jesse and Eugene Raiford, Quakers in Atlantic City, used household items instead of pawns and changed the properties to those of Atlantic City. With Magie's first patent having expired, in 1923, Magie decided to attempt to regain control by applying for another patent. On September 23, 1924, a second patent was issued to"
"version of the ""Monopoly"" game board, although the game misspelled the name as ""Marvin"" Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow, its eventual patentee. His homemade ""Monopoly"" board was copied by Parker Brothers. In 1995 Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling. It is the only property on the board that is not located within Atlantic City. Marven Gardens Marven Gardens is a neighborhood in Margate City, Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States, located two miles (3 km) south of"