The name of which chemical element is derived from the Greek for acid + producer?
"element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth's crust. Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe. However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter makes up only about 15% of the matter in the universe: the remainder is dark matter; the composition of this is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements. The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium, were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly"
"Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς ""oxys"", ""acid"", literally ""sharp"", referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής ""-genes"", ""producer"", literally ""begetter"", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. One of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work ""Pneumatica"", Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck. Philo"
"from the French ""nitre"" (potassium nitrate, also called saltpeter) and the French suffix ""-gène"", ""producing"", from the Greek -γενής (-genes, ""begotten""). Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen is the essential part of nitric acid, which in turn was produced from niter. In earlier times, niter had been confused with Egyptian ""natron"" (sodium carbonate) – called νίτρον (nitron) in Greek – which, despite the name, contained no nitrate. The earliest military, industrial, and agricultural applications of nitrogen compounds used saltpeter (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate), most notably in gunpowder, and later as fertiliser. In 1910, Lord Rayleigh discovered that an electrical discharge"
"Succinic acid Succinic acid () is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH)(COH). The name derives from Latin ""succinum"", meaning amber. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. It is marketed as food additive E363. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all"
"Picric acid Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (ON)CHOH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name ""picric"" comes from the Greek πικρός (""pikros""), meaning ""bitter"", reflecting its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols. Like other highly nitrated organic compounds, picric acid is an explosive, hence its primary use. It has also been used in medicine (antiseptic, burn treatments) and dyes. Picric acid was probably first mentioned in the alchemical writings of Johann Rudolf Glauber. Initially, it was made by nitrating substances such as animal horn, silk, indigo, and natural resin, the synthesis"
"Armstrong's acid Armstrong's acid (naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid) is a fluorescent organic compound with the formula CH(SOH). It is one of several isomers of naphthalenedisulfonic acid. It a colorless solid, typically obtained as the tetrahydrate. Like other sulfonic acids, it is a strong acid. It is named for British chemist Henry Edward Armstrong. It is prepared by disulfonation of naphthalene with oleum: Further sulfonation gives The 1,3,5-trisulfonic acid derivative. Fusion of Armstrong's acid in NaOH gives the disodium salt of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, which can be acidified to give the diol. The intermediate in this hydrolysis, 1-hydroxynaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid, is also useful. Nitration gives nitrodisulfonic"
"giving hydrogen-forming.) Acidaminobacter Acidaminobacter is a genus in the phylum Firmicutes (Bacteria). The name ""Acidaminobacter"" derives from New Latin ""acidum aminum"", amino acid, a rod"" bacter"", nominally meaning ""a rod"", but in effect meaning a bacterium, a staff or rod; resulting in ""Acidaminobacter"", the amino acid rod bacterium. The genus contains a single species, ""Acidaminobacter hydrogenoformans"" (Stams and Hansen 1985, type species of the genus). The specific name is based on New Latin ""hydrogenum"" (from Greek ""húdōr"" (ὕδωρ), water; and ""gennaō"" (γεννάω), to produce) hydrogen (that which produces water, so called because it forms water when exposed to oxygen); Latin"
"Styphnic acid Styphnic acid (from Greek ""stryphnos"" ""astringent""), or 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol, is a yellow astringent acid that forms hexagonal crystals. It is used in the manufacture of dyes, pigments, inks, medicines, and explosives such as lead styphnate. It is itself a low sensitivity explosive, similar to picric acid, but explodes upon rapid heating. It may be prepared by the nitration of resorcinol with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid. This compound is an example of a trinitrophenol. Like picric acid, it is a moderately strong acid, capable of displacing carbon dioxide from solutions of sodium carbonate, for example. It may"
"nomenclature. The name ""acetic acid"" derives from ""acetum"", the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself. ""Glacial acetic acid"" is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. Similar to the German name ""Eisessig"" (""ice-vinegar""), the name comes from the ice-like crystals that form slightly below room temperature at (the presence of 0.1% water lowers its melting point by 0.2 °C). A common symbol for acetic acid is ""AcOH"", where ""Ac"" is the pseudoelement symbol representing the acetyl group −C(=O)−; the conjugate base, acetate (), is thus represented as ""AcO"". (The ""Ac"" is not to be"
"Formic acid Formic acid, systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid. The chemical formula is HCOOH or HCOH. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. The word ""formic"" comes from the Latin word for ant, ""formica"", referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. Esters, salts, and the anion derived from formic acid are called formates. Industrially formic acid is produced from methanol. Formic acid is a colorless liquid having a pungent, penetrating odor at room temperature, not unlike the related acetic acid. It is miscible"
"acid was discovered by Austrian chemist Johann Heller in 1837, by analyzing the products of heating a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal. The name comes from Greek ""ῥοδίζω"" (""rhodizō"", ""to tinge red""), on account of the color of its salts. Rhodizonates tend to have various shades of red, from yellowish to purplish, in transmitted light, with a greenish luster in reflected light. Potassium rhodizonate can be prepared with good yield and purity by oxidizing inositol with nitric acid and reacting the result with potassium acetate in the presence of oxygen. The rhodizonate crystallizes out of the solution due to"
"word for a shade of blue but the Greek word for blue (), again owing to its derivation from Prussian blue. Hydrogen cyanide forms in at least limited amounts from many combinations of hydrogen, carbon, and ammonia. Hydrogen cyanide is currently produced in great quantities by several processes, as well as being a recovered waste product from the manufacture of acrylonitrile. In 2006 between 500 million and 1 billion pounds were produced in the US. The most important process is the Andrussow oxidation invented by Leonid Andrussow at IG Farben in which methane and ammonia react in the presence of"
"named the acidic product ""fluss-spats-syran"" (fluorspar acid). In 1810, the French physicist André-Marie Ampère suggested that hydrogen and an element analogous to chlorine constituted hydrofluoric acid. Sir Humphry Davy proposed that this then-unknown substance be named ""fluorine"" from fluoric acid and the ""-ine"" suffix of other halogens. This word, with modifications, is used in most European languages; Greek, Russian, and some others (following Ampère's suggestion) use the name ""ftor"" or derivatives, from the Greek φθόριος (""phthorios"", destructive). The New Latin name ""fluorum"" gave the element its current symbol F; Fl was used in early papers. Initial studies on fluorine were"
"Magnesite in Greece Magnesium (Mg) is a chemical element, an alkaline earth metal, the eighth-most abundant element in the Earth's crust and the fourth-most common element on Earth. It is contained in magnesite, dolomite, brucite, carnallite, talc, and magnesium minerals. China is now the biggest producer of crude magnesite in the world for refractory and agricultural uses. Crude magnesite was produced in Greece in 1910. It was first found in Atalanti and in the Province of Lokris, central Greece. Other localities were Perachori, near Corinth; Ermioni (or Kastri) and on Spetses Island in southern Argolis in the Peloponnese; on Paros"
"for high pressure systems (3,000 p.s.i.) and aluminium tubing for low pressure systems. Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and"
"alkaline material the name """"lithion""/""lithina"""", from the Greek word ""λιθoς"" (transliterated as ""lithos"", meaning ""stone""), to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral, as opposed to potassium, which had been discovered in plant ashes, and sodium, which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood. He named the metal inside the material ""lithium"". Arfwedson later showed that this same element was present in the minerals spodumene and lepidolite. In 1818, Christian Gmelin was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red color to flame. However, both Arfwedson and Gmelin tried and failed to isolate the"
"Chorismic acid Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for: The name chorismic acid derives from a classical Greek word, ""χωρίζω"" meaning ""to separate"", because the compound plays a role as a branch-point in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Shikimate → shikimate-3-phosphate → 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate) Chorismate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final chemical reaction 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate → chorismate + phosphate. Chorismate is transformed into ""para""-aminobenzoic acid by the enzymes 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase. Chorismate lyase is an enzyme that transforms chorismate into 4-hydroxybenzoate"
"Adipic acid Adipic acid or hexanedioic acid is the organic compound with the formula (CH)(COOH). From an industrial perspective, it is the most important dicarboxylic acid: about 2.5 billion kilograms of this white crystalline powder are produced annually, mainly as a precursor for the production of nylon. Adipic acid otherwise rarely occurs in nature, but it is known as manufactured E number food additive E355. Adipic acid is produced from a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone called ""KA oil"", the abbreviation of ketone-alcohol oil. The KA oil is oxidized with nitric acid to give adipic acid, via a multistep pathway."
"probable basis of the Arabic form. According to Mahn, the Greek word χυμεία ""khumeia"" originally meant ""pouring together"", ""casting together"", ""weld"", ""alloy"", etc. (cf. Gk. ""kheein"" () ""to pour""; ""khuma"" (), ""that which is poured out, an ingot""). Assuming a Greek origin, chemistry is defined as follows: Later medieval Latin had ""alchimia / alchymia"" ""alchemy"", ""alchimicus"" ""alchemical"", and ""alchimista"" ""alchemist"". The mineralogist and humanist Georg Agricola (died 1555) was the first to drop the Arabic definite article ""al-"". In his Latin works from 1530 on he exclusively wrote ""chymia"" and ""chymista"" in describing activity that we today would characterize as"
"Malic acid Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (- and -enantiomers), though only the -isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The name ""malic"" derives from Latin, ""malus"" meaning ""apple"". This derivation is also seen in the traditional German name for malic acid being Äpfelsäure"
"Grieco elimination The Grieco elimination is an organic reaction describing the elimination reaction of an aliphatic primary alcohol through a selenide to a terminal alkene. It is named for Paul Grieco. The alcohol first reacts with ""o""-nitrophenylselenocyanate and tributylphosphine to form a selenide via a nucleophilic substitution on the electron-deficient selenium. In the second step, the selenide is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to give a selenoxide. This structure decomposes to form an alkene by an E elimination mechanism with expulsion of a selenol in a fashion similar to that of the Cope elimination. This reaction takes part in the synthesis"
"later named: in Greek, hydrogen means ""water-former"". Industrial production is mainly from steam reforming natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive methods such as the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is used near the site of its production, the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks. Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen, also called diprotium when consisting specifically of a pair of protium atoms) is highly flammable and will"
"Acidaminobacter Acidaminobacter is a genus in the phylum Firmicutes (Bacteria). The name ""Acidaminobacter"" derives from New Latin ""acidum aminum"", amino acid, a rod"" bacter"", nominally meaning ""a rod"", but in effect meaning a bacterium, a staff or rod; resulting in ""Acidaminobacter"", the amino acid rod bacterium. The genus contains a single species, ""Acidaminobacter hydrogenoformans"" (Stams and Hansen 1985, type species of the genus). The specific name is based on New Latin ""hydrogenum"" (from Greek ""húdōr"" (ὕδωρ), water; and ""gennaō"" (γεννάω), to produce) hydrogen (that which produces water, so called because it forms water when exposed to oxygen); Latin ""formans"", forming,"
"to polystyrene. Approximately 24.7 million tons of ethylbenzene were produced in 1999. Many ethyl-containing compounds are generated by electrophilic ethylation, i.e. treatment of nucleophiles with sources of Et. Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate [EtO]BF is such a reagent. For good nucleophiles, less electrophilic reagents are employed, such as ethyl halides. In unsymmetrical ethylated compounds, the methylene protons in the ethyl substituent are diastereotopic. Chiral reagents are known to stereoselectively modify such substituents. The name of the group is derived from the Aether, the first-born Greek elemental god of air (and at that time a general term for any highly volatile compound) and ""hyle"","
"be reacted with weakly basic oxides, such as those of lead and silver, to form the corresponding salts. The solubility of picric acid and styphnic acid in water is less than their corresponding mono- and di-nitro compounds, and far less than their non-nitrated percursor phenols, so they may be purified by fractional crystallisation. Styphnic acid Styphnic acid (from Greek ""stryphnos"" ""astringent""), or 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol, is a yellow astringent acid that forms hexagonal crystals. It is used in the manufacture of dyes, pigments, inks, medicines, and explosives such as lead styphnate. It is itself a low sensitivity explosive, similar to picric acid,"
"the mineral fluorospar, which was used as a flux in metal working. Chlorine's name comes from the Greek word ""chloros"", meaning ""greenish-yellow"". Bromine's name comes from the Greek word ""bromos"", meaning ""stench"". Iodine's name comes from the Greek word ""iodes"", meaning ""violet"". Astatine's name comes from the Greek word ""astatos"", meaning ""unstable"". Tennessine is named after the US state of Tennessee. The halogens show trends in chemical bond energy moving from top to bottom of the periodic table column with fluorine deviating slightly. (It follows trend in having the highest bond energy in compounds with other atoms, but it has"
"Palladium Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. More than half the supply of palladium"
"very useful for preparing quinoline libraries for drug discovery. Grieco three-component condensation The Grieco three-component condensation is an organic chemistry reaction that produces nitrogen-containing six-member heterocycles via a multi-component reaction of an aldehyde, an aniline, and an electron-rich alkene. The reaction is catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid or Lewis acids such as ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Yb(OTf)). The reaction is named for Paul Grieco, who first reported it in 1985. The reaction process involves the formation of an aryl immonium ion intermediate followed by an aza Diels-Alder reaction with an alkene. Imines are electron-poor, and thus usually function as the dienophile. Here, however,"
"with alpha particles. In 1811, the German chemist Johann Schweigger proposed that the name ""halogen"" – meaning ""salt producer"", from αλς [als] ""salt"" and γενειν [genein] ""to beget"" – replace the name ""chlorine"", which had been proposed by the English chemist Humphry Davy. Davy's name for the element prevailed. However, in 1826, the Swedish chemist Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius proposed the term ""halogen"" for the elements fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, which produce a sea-salt-like substance when they form a compound with an alkaline metal. Fluorine's name comes from the Latin word ""fluere"", meaning ""to flow"", because it was derived from"
"discovered, pharmacosiderite was known as cube ore. The present name, given by J. F. L. Hausmann in 1813, is made up of the Greek words for arsenic and iron, the two most significant consisting elements. ""Pharmakos"" means poison, which is related to arsenic, and ""sideros"" means iron. Pharmacolite and picropharmacolite, which are different arsenates, are not associated besides via nomenclature. Siderite, a carbonate mineral, only shares the common element iron with pharmacosiderite. Attribution: Pharmacosiderite Pharmacosiderite is a hydrated basic ferric arsenate, with chemical formula KFe(AsO)(OH)·(6-7)HO and a molecular weight of 873.38 g/mol. It consists of the elements arsenic, iron, hydrogen,"
"from the Greek word πορφύρα (""porphyra""), meaning ""purple"". Metal complexes derived from porphyrins occur naturally. One of the best-known families of porphyrin complexes is heme, the pigment in red blood cells, a cofactor of the protein hemoglobin. Porphyrins are the conjugate acids of ligands that bind metals to form complexes. The metal ion usually has a charge of 2+ or 3+. A schematic equation for these syntheses is shown: A porphyrin without a metal-ion in its cavity is a ""free base"". Some iron-containing porphyrins are called hemes. Heme-containing proteins, or ""hemoproteins"", are found extensively in nature. Hemoglobin and myoglobin are"
"factories, coal-burning power plants, and metal sewers. The main source of elevated thallium concentrations in water is the leaching of thallium from ore processing operations. Thallium Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. It is a gray post-transition metal that is not found free in nature. When isolated, thallium resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861, in residues of sulfuric acid production. Both used the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy, in which thallium produces a notable green spectral line. Thallium, from Greek"
"did not support either. ""Azote"" later became ""nitrogen"" in English, although it has kept the earlier name in French and several other European languages. Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to ""oxygène"" in 1777 from the Greek roots "" (oxys)"" (acid, literally ""sharp"", from the taste of acids) and ""-γενής (-genēs)"" (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids. Chemists (such as Sir Humphry Davy in 1812) eventually determined that Lavoisier was wrong in this regard (hydrogen forms the basis for acid chemistry), but by then the name was too well established. ""Oxygen"" entered the"