How do we better know a list compiled in ancient times by Antipater of Sidon and by an observer identified as Philo of Byzantium?
"her homeland. Cicero (""Oratore"", III, 50 and ""de Fato"", 2) described him as a brilliant epigrammist but sometimes too fond of imitation. He, along with Philo of Byzantium, Strabo, Herodotus and Diodoros of Sicily, is associated with the list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which he described in a poem composed about 140 BC: Antipater of Sidon Antipater of Sidon (Greek: Ἀντίπατρος ὁ Σιδώνιος, ""Antipatros ho Sidonios"") was an ancient Greek poet in the second half of the 2nd century BC. His poems preserved in the ""Greek Anthology"" include evocations of art and literature and some epitaphs."
"present list (substituting the walls of Babylon for the lighthouse): Another 2nd century BC observer, who claimed to be the mathematician Philo of Byzantium, wrote a short account entitled ""The Seven Sights of the World"". However, the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of the supposedly seven places, which agreed with Antipater's list. Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus (484 BC–ca. 425 BC) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305–240 BC), housed at the Museum of Alexandria, survived only as references. The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed, after 280 BC,"
"Hesiod's ""Theogony"". Names of deities on the cuneiform tablets from Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria) fall into similar patterns. Compare the genealogical tables at Sanchuniathon. Philo of Byblos Philo of Byblos (, ""Phílōn Býblios""; ; – 141 ), also known as Herennius Philon, was an antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works in Greek. He is chiefly known for his Phoenician history assembled from the writings of ""Sanchuniathon"". Philo was born in the first century in Byblos in Lebanon. ""He lived into the reign of Hadrian, of which he wrote a history, now lost."" His name ""Herennius"" suggests that"
"and psalms, and all kinds of other things by reason of which knowledge and piety are increased and brought to perfection."" Philo quotes almost exclusively from the Torah, but occasionally from Ben Sira and Wisdom of Solomon. According to Michael Barber, the earliest and most explicit testimony of a Hebrew canonical list comes from Josephus (37CE – c. 100CE). Josephus refers to sacred scriptures divided into three parts, the five books of the Torah, thirteen books of the Nevi'im, and four other books of hymns and wisdom: ""For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from"
"travellers began to list what they saw to remember them. Instead of ""wonders"", the ancient Greeks spoke of """"theamata"""" (θεάματα), which means ""sights"", in other words ""things to be seen"" (Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰκουμένης [γῆς] """"). Later, the word for ""wonder"" (""""thaumata"""" θαύματα, ""wonders"") was used. Hence, the list was meant to be the Ancient World's counterpart of a travel guidebook. The first reference to a list of seven such monuments was given by Diodorus Siculus. The epigrammist Antipater of Sidon who lived around or before 100 BC, gave a list of seven such monuments, including six of the"
"names, but longer lists including around 300. Saint Nicholas's name only appears on the longer lists, not the shorter ones. Nicholas's name appears on a total of three early lists, one of which, Theodore the Lector's, is generally considered to be the most accurate. According to Jona Lendering, there are two main possibilities: A later legend, first attested in the fourteenth century, over 1,000 years after Nicholas's death, holds that, during the Council of Nicaea, Nicholas lost his temper and slapped ""a certain Arian"" across the face. On account of this, Constantine revoked Nicholas's miter and pallium. Stephen D. Greydanus"
"Philo of Byblos Philo of Byblos (, ""Phílōn Býblios""; ; – 141 ), also known as Herennius Philon, was an antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works in Greek. He is chiefly known for his Phoenician history assembled from the writings of ""Sanchuniathon"". Philo was born in the first century in Byblos in Lebanon. ""He lived into the reign of Hadrian, of which he wrote a history, now lost."" His name ""Herennius"" suggests that he was a client of the ""consul suffectus"" Herennius Severus, through whom Philo could have achieved the status of a Roman citizen. Philo wrote a"
"a solution that is similar to the solution given by Hero of Alexandria several centuries later. Philo of Byzantium Philo of Byzantium (, ""Philōn ho Byzantios"", ca. 280 BC – ca. 220 BC), also known as Philo Mechanicus, was a Greek engineer, physicist and writer on mechanics, who lived during the latter half of the 3rd century BC. Although he was from Byzantium he lived most of his life in Alexandria, Egypt. He was probably younger than Ctesibius, though some place him a century earlier. Philo was the author of a large work, ""Mechanike syntaxis"" (Compendium of Mechanics), which contained"
"King of Tyre The traditional king-list of Tyre, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon, is derived from Josephus, ""Against Apion"" I.121–127, and his ""Antiquities of the Jews"" VIII.141–149. His list was based on a lost history by Menander of Ephesus, who had drawn his information, Josephus asserts, from the chronicles of Tyre itself. The dates for the reconstruction of the Tyrian king list from Hiram I through Pygmalion are established in three places by three independent sources: a Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building the Temple, from 967 BC onwards), an Assyrian record (tribute of"
"a corrected text by A. Burckhardt in the Teubner series. The most recent major publication was by E. Honigmann (Le Synekdèmos d'Hiéroklès et l'opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre; Brussels, 1939). Synecdemus The Synecdemus or Synekdemos () is a geographic text, attributed to Hierocles, which contains a table of administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire and lists of their cities. The work is dated to the reign of Justinian but prior to 535, as it divides the 912 listed cities in the Empire among 64 Eparchies. The ""Synecdemus"", along with the work of Stephanus of Byzantium were the principal sources"
"finally of France and of independent Lebanon in the 20th century. King of Tyre The traditional king-list of Tyre, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon, is derived from Josephus, ""Against Apion"" I.121–127, and his ""Antiquities of the Jews"" VIII.141–149. His list was based on a lost history by Menander of Ephesus, who had drawn his information, Josephus asserts, from the chronicles of Tyre itself. The dates for the reconstruction of the Tyrian king list from Hiram I through Pygmalion are established in three places by three independent sources: a Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building"
"were visible from a central hall, and so liable to the inspection of the Athenian democracy. He is known to have written books on the Athenian arsenal and on the proportions of temple buildings, but these are now lost. Vitruvius (vii, introduction) quotes Philon on the proportions of temples, and on the naval arsenal which was at the port of Piraeus. Philon's arsenal was destroyed by the forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla in the Roman conquest of Athens in 86 BC. Philon Philon (), Athenian architect of the 4th century BC, is known as the planner of two important works:"
"to the times of first civilizations. One of the earliest efforts of ancient historians was aimed at compiling the chronology of contemporary rulers and their predecessors. The kinglists, found in most centers of the ancient civilizations (for an example, see the Sumerian kinglist), formed a basis for building more detailed historical accounts and served as a skeleton for further historical studies. It is difficult to imagine what history of Ancient Egypt we would have, if modern historians could not base their research on the tables of rulers by Manetho and the Abydos inscriptions. The history of Rome would be difficult"
"in the days of Anicetus, Bishop of Rome"", and then refers to ""the above catalogue"", though he has given none. He is clearly quoting a writer who was at Rome in the time of Anicetus and made a list of popes A list which has some curious agreements with Epiphanius in that it extends only to Anicetus, is found in the poem of Pseudo-Tertullian against Marcion; apparently Epiphanius has mistaken Marcion for ""Marcellina"". The same list is at the base of the earlier part of the Liberian Catalogue, doubtless taken from Hippolytus. Correspondences among the lists of St. Irenaeus, Africanus,"
"[[Category:Philosophy books]] [[Category:Philo]] Philo's works The works of Philo, a first-century Alexandrian philosopher, are mostly allegorical interpretations of the Torah (known in the Hellenic world as the Pentateuch), but also include histories and comments on philosophy. Most of these have been preserved in Greek by the Church Fathers; some survive only through an Armenian translation. Many of the titles by which texts and text groups are known are modern conventions and not inventions of Philo. Philo's commentary on the Pentateuch is usually classified within three genres. The ""Quaestiones"" explain the Pentateuch catechetically, in the form of questions and answers (""Zητήματα"
"apparently, little interest in Christians for creativity, systemization, or completeness. Their primary function, therefore, was to show that Christian morality should approximately conform to the well accepted morality of Hellenism. Therefore, the catalogues should not be considered creedal or specifically Christian. Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Several New Testament passages contain lists that have come to be labeled Catalogues of Vices and Virtues by scholars. The catalogue form was extremely popular with everyone in 1st century Hellenism. Plato wrote the earliest catalogue. They could easily be adapted for a range of philosophies and ethics. Philo, a hellenized Jew, also wrote"
"Hierocles (author of Synecdemus) Hierocles (Greek: Ἱεροκλῆς ""Hierokles"") was a Byzantine geographer of the sixth century and the attributed author of the ""Synecdemus"" or ""Synekdemos"", which contains a table of administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire and lists of the cities of each. The work is dated to the reign of Justinian but prior to 535, as it divides the 912 listed cities in the Empire among 64 Eparchies. The ""Synecdemus"" is thus one of the most invaluable monuments which we have to study the political geography of the sixth century East. The work of Hierocles along with that of"
"that only two of the Greek sibyls were historical: Herophile of Erythrae, who is thought to have lived in the 8th century BC, and Phyto of Samos who lived somewhat later. He observes that the Greeks at first seemed to have known only one sibyl, and instances Heraclides Ponticus as the first ancient writer to distinguish several sibyls: Heraclides names at least three sibyls, the Phrygian, the Erythraean, and the Hellespontine. The scholar David S. Potter writes, ""In the late fifth century BC it does appear that 'Sibylla' was the name given to a single inspired prophetess"". Like Heraclitus, Plato"
"of the ancient Phoenicians assembled by the Phoenician writer Sanchuniathon who, according to Eusebius/Philo, transcribed the sacred lore from pillars in the temples of Byblos. Philo also translated all (or some) parts of the work in his Phoenician History. According to Porphyry, Sanchuniathon wrote a history of the Jews, based on information derived from Hierombal (i.e. Jeruba'al), a priest of the god Jevo, and dedicated it to Abelbal or Abibal, king of Berytus. The sequence of the gods and their genealogy among the Phoenicians, as gleaned from Philo's quoted fragments, were for long recognized as supporting the general scheme in"
"Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Several New Testament passages contain lists that have come to be labeled Catalogues of Vices and Virtues by scholars. The catalogue form was extremely popular with everyone in 1st century Hellenism. Plato wrote the earliest catalogue. They could easily be adapted for a range of philosophies and ethics. Philo, a hellenized Jew, also wrote several. There is surprisingly little difference between the Christian and non-Christian catalogues. The longest list is in the Epistle to the Galatians and every item is common among pagan catalogues except one. Catalogues vary by size, content, and style. There was,"
"Philo of Byzantium Philo of Byzantium (, ""Philōn ho Byzantios"", ca. 280 BC – ca. 220 BC), also known as Philo Mechanicus, was a Greek engineer, physicist and writer on mechanics, who lived during the latter half of the 3rd century BC. Although he was from Byzantium he lived most of his life in Alexandria, Egypt. He was probably younger than Ctesibius, though some place him a century earlier. Philo was the author of a large work, ""Mechanike syntaxis"" (Compendium of Mechanics), which contained the following sections: The military sections ""Belopoeica"" and ""Poliorcetica"" are extant in Greek, detailing missiles, the"
"Phila (daughter of Antipater) Phila (Greek: Φίλα; died 287 BC), daughter of Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, is celebrated by the ancient sources as one of the noblest and most virtuous women of the age in which she lived. Her abilities and judgment were so conspicuous even at an early age, that her father, Antipater, often consulted her in regard to political affairs. According to Antonius Diogenes, she was married to Balacrus (probably the satrap of Cappadocia of that name) as early as 332 BC. In 322 BC, her father gave her in marriage to Craterus as a reward for"
"the parallel story in . However, others see it as referring to Sodom's inhospitable attitude in seeking to interrogate the visitors. Most Jewish views regard the sins of Sodom to be ""failing to practice hospitality"", and even though same-sex activities are condemned most harshly in Leviticus, the opinion that Genesis 19 might refer to any other sexual act other than with Lot's daughters is alien to most ancient Jewish tradition. See documentation at Sodomy. The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) described the inhabitants of Sodom in an extra-biblical account: The Jewish historian Josephus (AD 37 –"
"are not without cleverness at learning."" (Book 5) Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus (; ""Diodoros Sikeliotes"") ( 1st century BC) or Diodorus of Sicily was a Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history ""Bibliotheca historica"", much of which survives, between 60 and 30 BC. It is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy, arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Greece and Europe. The second covers the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great. The third covers the period to about"
"Philo's works The works of Philo, a first-century Alexandrian philosopher, are mostly allegorical interpretations of the Torah (known in the Hellenic world as the Pentateuch), but also include histories and comments on philosophy. Most of these have been preserved in Greek by the Church Fathers; some survive only through an Armenian translation. Many of the titles by which texts and text groups are known are modern conventions and not inventions of Philo. Philo's commentary on the Pentateuch is usually classified within three genres. The ""Quaestiones"" explain the Pentateuch catechetically, in the form of questions and answers (""Zητήματα καὶ Aύσεις, Quæstiones"
"of Byzantium edited poetic texts and introduced the division of poems into separate lines on the page, since they had previously been written out just like prose. He also invented the system of Greek diacritics, wrote important works on lexicography, and introduced a series of signs for textual criticism. He wrote introductions to many plays, some of which have survived in partially rewritten forms. The fifth head librarian was an obscure individual named Apollonius, who is known by the epithet (""the classifier of forms""). One late lexicographical source explains this epithet as referring to the classification of poetry on the"
"says, from their mothers, as the women in those days had free intercourse with any whom they met."" Various descendants are listed, many of whom have allegorical names but are described in the quotations from Philo as mortals who first made particular discoveries or who established particular customs. The work includes a genealogy and history of various northwest Semitic deities who were widely worshipped. Many were listed in the genealogy under the names of their counterparts in the Greek pantheon (see interpretatio graeca), or in Hellenized forms of their Semitic names, or both. The additional names given for some of"
"of a Trojan origin for the Franks through the chronicle. The initial 24 chapters of the first book are based on the anonymous ""Liber generationis"" which in turn is derived from the work of Hippolytus. The remainder of the book contains a compendium of various chronological tables including a list of the Roman Emperors, a list of Judaic kings, a list of popes up to the accession of Theodore I in 642 and Chapter 3 of the chronicle of Isidore of Seville. On the reverse of the folio containing the papal list is an ink drawing showing two people which"
"these local histories continued to be written into Late Antiquity, as long as the city-states survived. Two early figures stand out: Hippias of Elis, who produced the lists of winners in the Olympic Games that provided the basic chronological framework as long as the pagan classical tradition lasted, and Hellanicus of Lesbos, who compiled more than two dozen histories from civic records, all of them now lost. Thucydides largely eliminated divine causality in his account of the war between Athens and Sparta, establishing a rationalistic element which set a precedent for subsequent Western historical writings. He was also the first"
"of the known world of his era. The Greek Eleusinian Mysteries and Dionysian Mysteries mixed with such influences as the Cult of Isis, Mithraism and Hinduism, along with some Persian influences. Such cross-cultural exchange was not new to the Greeks; the Egyptian god Osiris and the Greek god Dionysus had been equated as Osiris-Dionysus by the historian Herodotus as early as the 5th century BC (see Interpretatio graeca). Philo of Alexandria (c.25 BCE – c.50 CE) attempted to reconcile Greek Rationalism with the Torah, which helped pave the way for Christianity with Neo-Platonism, and the adoption of the Old Testament"
"even displayed astrological models of the universe. The 3rd century BC engineer Philo of Byzantium referred in his works to water clocks already fitted with an escapement mechanism, the earliest known of its kind. The biggest achievement of the invention of clepsydrae during this time, however, was by Ctesibius with his incorporation of gears and a dial indicator to automatically show the time as the lengths of the days changed throughout the year, because of the temporal timekeeping used during his day. Also, a Greek astronomer, Andronicus of Cyrrhus, supervised the construction of his Horologion, known today as the Tower"
"all literary ability, they possess, even in their meagerness, a certain value.” In his compilation Jewish and non-Jewish sources are cited indiscriminately side by side; and to Alexander, therefore, the world is indebted for information on the oldest Jewish, Hellenic, and Samaritan elaboration of Biblical history in prose or poetry. The epic poet Philo, the tragic writer Ezekiel, the historian Eupolemus, the chronicler Demetrius, the so-called Artapanus, the historian Aristeas, and Theodotus the Samaritan, as well as an unnamed fellow countryman of the latter often confused with Eupolemus, the rhetorician Apollonius Molon (an anti-Jewish writer)—all of these authors are known"
"an educated Greek born in Mendes in the 1st century BC. The king-list that the author of the ""Aegyptiaca"" had access to is unknown to us, but of the surviving king-lists, the one most similar to his is the Turin Royal Canon (or ""Turin Papyrus""). The oldest source with which we can compare to Manetho are the ""Old Kingdom Annals"" (c. 2500-2200 BC). From the New Kingdom are the list at Karnak (constructed by order of Thutmose), two at Abydos (by Seti I and Ramesses II— the latter a duplicate but updated version of the former), and the Saqqara list"