Who was kidnapped and assassinated by the left-wing movement 'Brigate Rosse' in 1978?
"1978. On the morning of 16 March 1978, the day on which the new Andreotti cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament, the car of Aldo Moro, then-president of the Christian Democracy, was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades (Italian: ""Brigate Rosse"", or BR) terrorists in Via Fani in Rome. Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards (two Carabinieri in Moro's car and three policemen in the following car) and kidnapped him. During the kidnapping of Moro, Andreotti refused any negotiation with the terrorists. Moro, during his imprisonment, wrote a statement expressing"
"was killed by the ""Red Brigades"". On 20 April, in Milan, policeman Francesco De Cataldo was killed by the ""Red Brigades"". On 10 October, in Rome, judge Girolamo Tartaglione was killed by the ""Red Brigades"". On 11 October, in Naples, university teacher Alfredo Paolella was killed by ""Prima Linea"". On 8 November, in Patrica (a town near Frosinone), judge Fedele Calvosa was killed by the ""Unità Comuniste Combattenti"". On March 16, 1978, Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the Red Brigades (then led by Mario Moretti) and five of his security detail were killed. Aldo Moro was a left-leaning Christian Democrat"
"the Christian Democratic leader Aldo Moro by the Marxist-Leninist extreme-left terrorist group Red Brigades. On the morning of 16 March 1978, the day on which the new cabinet led by Giulio Andreotti was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament, the car of Moro, former prime minister and then president of DC, was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades terrorists in Via Fani in Rome. Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards, (two Carabinieri in Moro's car and three policemen in the following car) and kidnapped him. Cossiga formed immediately two ""crisis committees"". The"
"of the Communists in a Western country would have represented a cultural failure for the USA. The Soviets considered potential participation by the Italian Communist Party in a cabinet a form of emancipation from Moscow and rapprochement to the Americans, therefore also opposing it. On 16 March 1978, on Via Fani, a street in Rome, a unit of the militant far-left organisation known as the Red Brigades () blocked the two-car convoy transporting Moro and kidnapped him, murdering his five bodyguards. At the time, all of the founding members of the Red Brigades were in jail; therefore, the organisation led"
"out. In the ensuing gunfight, two police officers were killed, as was Cagol. Renato Curcio was again captured by the authorities in January 1976, tried, convicted and imprisoned. Margherita Cagol Margherita Cagol (8 April 1945 - 5 June 1975) was a former leader of the Italian left-wing militant organization, the Red Brigades (""Brigate Rosse""). She was married to Renato Curcio. She was born to a middle-class family in Sardagna, Trentino, in the north of Italy. Her mother was a pharmacist and her father a prosperous merchant, owner of a perfumery. In 1964 she enrolled in the faculty of Social Science"
"directed primarily at English institutions, resulting in at least five deaths. In 1970, their activities culminated in events referred to as the October Crisis when James Cross, the British trade commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier. Laporte was strangled with his own rosary beads a few days later. In their published Manifesto, the militants stated: ""In the coming year Bourassa will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized."" At the request of Premier Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. In 1977, the newly elected"
"When Moro was abducted by the Red Brigades in 1978, the Christian Democrats in government immediately took a hardline position: the ""State must not bend"" on terrorist demands. They refused to negotiate with the Red Brigades, while local Christian Democrats in Campania made every effort and even negotiated with criminals to release Cirillo, a relatively minor politician in comparison with Moro. Cirillo died on 30 July 2017 at age 96. Kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo On April 27, 1981, the Red Brigades kidnapped the 60-year-old Christian Democrat (DC) politician Ciro Cirillo and killed his two-man escort in the garage of his"
"Courts to defend them (""difensori d' ufficio"") were also targeted and killed. Amongst jurists, Professor Fausto Cuocolo was also attacked in 1979, during an exam at University of Genoa: it was the first time that BR attacked in a school. In 1978, the Second BR, headed by Mario Moretti, kidnapped and murdered Christian Democrat Aldo Moro, who was the key figure in negotiations aimed at extending the Government's parliamentary majority, by attaining a Historic Compromise between the Italian Communist Party and the ""Democrazia Cristiana"". A team of Red Brigades members, using stolen Alitalia airline company uniforms, ambushed Moro, killed five"
"and Bettino Craxi. Also the rightist Christian Democrat Giulio Andreotti had doubts about the accommodation. Finally, the PCI started to provide external support to a Christian Democratic one-party government led by Andreotti. Despite this, several radical communists in the PCI boycotted the government. There was an increase in far-left terrorism, mainly committed by the Red Brigades (, BR). The BR kidnapped Aldo Moro, the then Party President of DC, on 16 March 1978. After several consultations in the Italian Parliament, the government refused the terrorists' conditions, and Moro was killed on 9 May 1978. A strong anti-communist sentiment rose, and"
"Kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo On April 27, 1981, the Red Brigades kidnapped the 60-year-old Christian Democrat (DC) politician Ciro Cirillo and killed his two-man escort in the garage of his Naples apartment building. At the time Cirillo directed reconstruction efforts in Campania devastated by the earthquake in the Irpinia region on November 23, 1980. He was released after a controversial deal with the Camorra. Cirillo was a key figure in the Campanian regional DC hierarchy. He was the right-hand man of Antonio Gava – one of the national leaders of the Doroteo faction of the DC –, responsible for appointments"
"of the merger of Renato Curcio's Proletarian Left and a radical student and worker group. They went completely underground and organized the Red Brigades and spent the next three years, from 1972 to 1975, engaging in a series of bombings and kidnappings of prominent figures. Franceschini was captured and imprisoned in 1974. He was released in 1992. Alberto Franceschini Alberto Franceschini (born 26 October 1947) is an Italian former terrorist, a founder and leading member of the Italian left-wing militant organization, the Red Brigades (""Brigate Rosse""), along with Renato Curcio, Margherita Cagol and Mario Moretti. Franceschini was born in Reggio"
"to 1980. He then became the regional councilor of public works and chairman of the commission which oversaw the regions recovery efforts following the Irpinia earthquake in November 1980. On April 27, 1981, Cirllo was kidnapped from his home in Torre del Greco by five members of the Red Brigade. During the kidnapping, Cirillo's police escort, Giovanni Senanzi, and his chauffeur, Mario Cancello, were killed in a shoot out between the Red Brigade and the police, while his secretary suffered leg wounds. Cirillo was held captive by the Red Brigade for 89 days. While Cirillo's kidnapping drew worldwide headlines, many"
"Francesco Lorusso Pierfrancesco Lorusso (Bologna, 7 October 1952 – Bologna, 11 March 1977), generally known as Francesco Lorusso, was an Italian militant of the far-left extra-parliamentary organization Lotta Continua who was shot dead by carabinieri in Bologna on 11 March 1977 during the riots of that year. Lorusso was killed when police intervened during a confrontation between left-wing militants and ""Communion and Liberation"", a right-wing militant Catholic group. The then Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti remarked on TV, that this killing was ""normal and inevitable"". The Italian Communist Party (PCI), the first Party in Bologna, did not participate. The"
"on Via Michelangelo Caetani towards the Tiber River near the Roman Ghetto. After the recovery of Moro's body, the Minister of the Interior Francesco Cossiga resigned. On 7 April 1979, Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri was arrested along with other leaders of ""Autonomia Operaia"" (Oreste Scalzone, E. Vesce, A. Del Re, L. Ferrari Bravo, Franco Piperno and others). Pietro Calogero, an attorney close to the Italian Communist Party, accused the Autonomia group of masterminding left-wing terrorism in Italy. Negri was charged with a number of offences including leadership of the Red Brigades, being behind Moro's kidnapping and murder, and plotting to"
"only historical left-wing organization that took part in the funeral of Lorusso was the Youth Socialist Federation, with its secretary Emilio Lonardo. Francesco Lorusso Pierfrancesco Lorusso (Bologna, 7 October 1952 – Bologna, 11 March 1977), generally known as Francesco Lorusso, was an Italian militant of the far-left extra-parliamentary organization Lotta Continua who was shot dead by carabinieri in Bologna on 11 March 1977 during the riots of that year. Lorusso was killed when police intervened during a confrontation between left-wing militants and ""Communion and Liberation"", a right-wing militant Catholic group. The then Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti remarked on"
"in Italy. In this context, the PCI opened its doors to many Catholics and a debate started about the possibility of contact. Notably, Berlinguer's strictly Catholic family was not brought out of its strictly respected privacy. In the general election of June 1976, the PCI gained 34.4% of the vote. In Italy a so-called ""government of national solidarity"" was ruling, but Berlinguer claimed that in an emergency government a strong and powerful cabinet to solve a crisis of exceptional gravity was needed. On 16 March 1978, Aldo Moro, President of the Christian Democratic Party, was kidnapped by the Red Brigades,"
"Liberation Cell, on October 5, 1970, Louise Lanctôt along with her brother Jacques Lanctôt, Yves Langlois, Nigel Hamer, and Marc Carbonneau put their plans into action. They carried out an armed abduction of James Cross, the British Trade Commissioner to Canada, from his Montreal home as part of their violent attempt to overthrow the elected government and to establish a socialist Quebec state independent of Canada. On October 10, Chenier Cell leader Paul Rose and his brother, Jacques Rose along with Bernard Lortie and Francis Simard, kidnapped and then murdered Quebec Vice Premier and Cabinet Minister Pierre Laporte. Believing many"
"1970, in the context of the labour unrest within the factory. In December, a neo-fascist coup, dubbed the ""Golpe Borghese"", was planned by young far-right fanatics, elderly veterans of Italian Social Republic, and supported by members of the ""Corpo Forestale dello Stato"", along with right-aligned entrepreneurs and industrialists. The ""Black Prince"", Junio Valerio Borghese, took part in it. The coup, called off at the last moment, was discovered by the newspaper ""Paese Sera"", and publicly exposed three months later. On March 26, Alessandro Floris was assassinated in Genoa by a unit of the October 22 Group, a far-left terrorist organization."
"education system. Soon after, Cossette-Trudel's views became more extreme and he joined the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) whose members were responsible for a decade of radical manifestos, bombings and armed robberies in the Province of Quebec. While still a student, he met and married another radical leftist, Louise Lanctôt. During what became known as the October Crisis, as the leader of the FLQ's Liberation Cell, on October 5, 1970, Jacques Cossette-Trudel along with his wife Louise, her brother Jacques Lanctôt, Yves Langlois, Nigel Hamer, and Marc Carbonneau abducted James Cross, the British Trade Commissioner, from his Montreal home,"
"occasion. 1977 was the year with the most terrorist actions. Christian Democrat Aldo Moro was assassinated in May 1978 by the Red Brigades, a terrorist leftist group then led by Mario Moretti. Before his murder, Aldo Moro, a central figure in the Christian Democrat Party, several times Prime Minister, was trying to include the Communist Party, headed by Enrico Berlinguer, in the parliamentary majority, an operation called the ""historic compromise"". At this point, the PCI was the largest communist party in western Europe; this was largely due to its reformist orientation, to its growing independence from Moscow and to the"
"were fiercely opposed by the Communist Party and trade unions: a few left-wing politicians even used the condescending expression ""comrades who do wrong"" (""Compagni che sbagliano""). , one of RB's members who participated at the kidnapping, declared that the decision to kidnap Moro ""was taken a week before, a day was decided, it could have been March 15 or 17"". On May 9, 1978, after a summary ""trial of the people"", Moro was murdered by Mario Moretti with, it was also determined, the participation of . The corpse was found that same day in the trunk of a red Renault"
"Paul Rose (political figure) Paul Abigal Rose (October 16, 1943 – March 14, 2013) was a Québécois nationalist and terrorist known for his role in the October Crisis. He was convicted of the kidnapping and murder by strangulation of Quebec Deputy Premier Pierre Laporte in 1970. A Quebec government commission later determined in 1980 that Rose was not present when Laporte was killed, despite a recorded confession. He was the leader of the Chenier cell of the ""Front de libération du Québec"" (FLQ), an armed group which was fighting what they considered the oppression of French Quebecers. On October 10,"
"He would later try to include the Communist Party as well with a deal called the ""historic compromise"". However, this attempt at compromise was stopped by the kidnapping and murder of Moro in 1978 by the Red Brigades, an extremist left-wing terrorist organization. The Communist Party was at this point the largest communist party in Western Europe and remained such for the rest of its existence. Their ability to attract members was largely due to their pragmatic stance, especially their rejection of extremism and to their growing independence from Moscow (see Eurocommunism). The Italian communist party was especially strong in"
"coast in Italy. According to the 'Ndrangheta turncoat (pentito) Francesco Fonti, Romeo was involved in attempts to locate the place in Rome where the Christian Democrat politician and former Prime Minister Aldo Moro was held by the militant communist group the Red Brigades after they had kidnapped him on March 16, 1978. Romeo had been asked by unnamed national and Calabrian Christian Democrats such as Riccardo Misasi and Vito Napoli to help out. With the help of the Italian military intelligence agency SISMI and the criminal organisation the Banda della Magliana Fonti was able to locate the house where Moro"
"War II Italian partisan movement, which was itself a mostly leftist, anti-fascist revolutionary movement. The group was influenced by volumes on the Tupamaros published by Feltrinelli, ""a sort of do-it-yourself manual for the early Red Brigades"", and was influenced by and saw itself as a continuation of theItalian partisan resistance movement of the 1940s, which was interpreted as an example of a youthful anti-fascist minority using violent means for just ends. The group's most infamous act took place in 1978, when the second groups of the BR, headed by Mario Moretti, kidnapped the former Christian Democrat Prime Minister Aldo Moro,"
"save a life. In 2018, the daughter of Mr. Aldo Moro, the Italian political leader kidnapped and killed by the Red Brigades, Ms. Maria Fida Moro, reacted to a controversial statement made by a former terrorist on the 40th anniversary of his father's murder by indicating that the only former terrorist that she had respect for had been Marco Donat-Cattin, who would have wanted ""to be cancelled from the world and who died trying to give back to others part of what he had taken away"". [ Marco Donat-Cattin Marco Donat-Cattin (28 September 1953 – 19 June 1988) was an"
"members did not understand why Moro had been chosen as a target. Aldo Moro's assassination caused a strong reaction against the Brigades by the Italian law enforcement and security forces. The murder of a popular political figure also drew condemnation from other Italian left-wing militant formations and even the imprisoned ex-leaders of the Brigades. The Brigades suffered a loss of support. These events were closely portrayed in the 2003 Italian film by Marco Bellocchio, ""Good Morning, Night"". A crucial turning point was the murder, in 1979, of Guido Rossa, a member of the PCI and a trade union organizer. Rossa"
"his life. A member of the ""Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale"" political party, Rose's involvement with radical groups began in 1968 after meeting Jacques Lanctôt, a member of the FLQ, during a rally against Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau at the ""Saint-Jean-Baptiste"" parade. During what became known as the October Crisis, on October 5, 1970, members of the FLQ's Liberation Cell kidnapped the British Trade Commissioner James Cross from his Montreal home as part of a violent attempt to overthrow the elected government and to establish a socialist Quebec state independent of Canada. On October 10, Paul Rose as leader"
"the Quebec Liberal Party, and considered to be a leading member of the party's left wing. After Lesage announced in 1969 that he would step down as party leader, Laporte ran to succeed him, but lost the 1970 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election to fellow cabinet member Robert Bourassa. When Bourassa was elected Premier of Quebec in 1970, he appointed Laporte as Parliamentary Leader, Minister of Labour and immigration. On 10 October 1970, Laporte was kidnapped from his home on Robitaille Street in Saint-Lambert, Quebec, by the Chénier Cell of the FLQ. The kidnappers – Paul and Jacques Rose, Francis"
"Quebec provincial legislature to honour his death. Khadir later withdrew the proposal, blaming anglophone media for nationalist hate-mongering, and claiming Rose had recanted and been rehabilitated. Paul Rose (political figure) Paul Abigal Rose (October 16, 1943 – March 14, 2013) was a Québécois nationalist and terrorist known for his role in the October Crisis. He was convicted of the kidnapping and murder by strangulation of Quebec Deputy Premier Pierre Laporte in 1970. A Quebec government commission later determined in 1980 that Rose was not present when Laporte was killed, despite a recorded confession. He was the leader of the Chenier"
"Viale called it a ""tragic accident"". Another innocent victim of the riots of that year was Giorgiana Masi, who was killed in Rome by a gunshot during an event organized by the Radical Party to celebrate the third anniversary of the victory in the referendum on divorce. As the perpetrators of the murder remained unknown, the movement attributed the responsibility of the crime to police officers in plain clothes, which were immortalized at that time dressed in clothing of the style of young people of the movement. Cossiga was in office at the time of the kidnapping and murder of"
"dismissed: the author of the call was, in fact, Valerio Morucci. On 7 April 1979, at the age of forty-six, Antonio Negri was arrested for his part in the Autonomy Movement, along with others (Emilio Vesce, Luciano Ferrari Bravo, Mario Dalmaviva, Lauso Zagato, Oreste Scalzone, Pino Nicotri, Alisa del Re, Carmela di Rocco, Massimo Tramonte, Sandro Serafini, Guido Bianchini, and others). Padova's Public Prosecutor Pietro Calogero accused them of being involved in the political wing of the Red Brigades, and thus behind left-wing terrorism in Italy. Negri was charged with a number of offenses, including leadership of the Red Brigades,"
"Compromise). However, Christian Democrat party leader Aldo Moro's kidnapping and murder by the Red Brigades in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise. The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981. The Proletarian Unity Party merged into the PCI in 1984. During the Years of Lead, the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades, who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI. According to Mitrokhin, the party asked the Soviets to pressure the Czechoslovakian State Security (StB) to withdraw their support to"