Although it is erroneously believed that it was built as a teaching tool for students to understand 3D objects, its real purpose was solving the problem of moving its parts independently without the mechanism falling apart. What is this object in question that was invented at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest in the 1970s?
"the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest. Although it is widely reported that the Cube was built as a teaching tool to help his students understand 3D objects, his actual purpose was solving the structural problem of moving the parts independently without the entire mechanism falling apart. He did not realise that he had created a puzzle until the first time he scrambled his new Cube and then tried to restore it. Rubik obtained Hungarian patent HU170062 for his ""Magic Cube"" in 1975. Rubik's Cube was first called the Magic Cube (Bűvös kocka) in Hungary. The first test"
"of a mentor."" From 1971 to 1979, Rubik was a professor of architecture at the Budapest College of Applied Arts (""Iparművészeti Főiskola""). It was during his time there that he built designs for a three-dimensional puzzle and completed the first working prototype of the Rubik's Cube in 1974, applying for a patent on the puzzle in 1975. In an interview with CNN, Rubik stated that he was ""searching to find a good task for my students."" Starting with blocks of wood and rubber bands, Rubik set out to create a structure which would allow the individual pieces to move without"
"in 1828, and Jedlik's operating instructions are kept at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest. The motor still works perfectly today. However, Jedlik only reported his invention decades later and the true date of it is uncertain. He was a prolific author. In 1845, Jedlik was the first university professor in the Kingdom of Hungary who began teaching his students in Hungarian instead of Latin. His cousin Gergely Czuczor, a Hungarian linguist, asked him to create a Hungarian technical vocabulary in physics, the first of its kind, by which he became one of its founders. In the 1850s he"
"Mr Perczel says the cloak wearer can move around ever-changing backgrounds. Mr Perczel, from Hungary, came up with the idea under the guidance of ""invisibility expert"" Professor Ulf Leonhardt, who teaches at the university's school of physics and astronomy. The student recognised the potential of the invisible sphere and spent eight months fine tuning his project. The key development lies in the ability of the sphere, an optical device, to not only remain invisible itself but to slow light. According to Prof Leonhardt, all optical illusions can slow down rays of light and the sphere can be used to bend"
"in improving the abilities of a mechanical arm. With such technology, engineers were able to easily remove unneeded metal underneath mold cavities. Stemming off these uses, welding started to become increasingly popular for mechanical arms. In 1979, the company Nachi refined the first motor-driven robot to perform spot welding. Spot welding is a very important process used in the creation of cars to join separate surfaces together. Soon enough, mechanical arms were being passed down to additional car companies. As constant improvements were being made, the National University of Singapore (NUS) decided to make even further advancements by inventing a"
"experimental results. Around the same time, László Havasi from Hungary independently introduced another ballbot called ""ERROSphere"". The robot did not reliably balance and no further work was presented. Since the introduction of CMU Ballbot in 2005, several other groups around the world have developed ballbots. Prof. Masaaki Kumagai developed ""BallIP"" in 2008 at Tohoku Gakuin University, Japan. Prof. Kumagai and his group demonstrated the capability of ballbots to carry loads and be used for cooperative transportation. They developed a number of small ballbots and demonstrated cooperative transportation using them. A group of mechanical engineering students at ETH Zurich, Switzerland developed"
"With these operations the combination of the parts can be changed. The goal of the game is to obtain a specific combination, such as forming a picture or ordering the number on the segments. Puck puzzle The Puck puzzle (also Picture Disc and Kép Korong in the original Hungarian) is a combination puzzle invented in 1980 by Hungarian physicist András Végh. The disc shaped puzzle consists of 2 central pieces - the inner disc - and segments forming a ring around the inner disc. The number of segments is an even number - most commonly six, eight or twelve. The"
"An electric powered flywheel gyroscope inserted in a bicycle wheel is being sold as a training wheel alternative. Gyroscope A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος ""gûros"", ""circle"" and σκοπέω ""skopéō"", ""to look"") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the conservation of angular momentum. Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the microchip-packaged"
"Mester útca 13, IX. Budapest in the district of Ferencváros. In his machine workhop in Budapest he manufactured the machines, which he had invented, and he also collaborated with the manager of the company Linum Taussig, Paul Hermann (""Hungarian"": Hermann Pál), Budaörsi út 45, XI. Budapest, Újbuda in the district of Újbuda. The machine was a tool that consisted of one or more parts, and used energy to achieve a particular goal. The machines were usually powered by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electrical means, and were frequently motorized. A powered tool also requires moving parts to classify as a machine."
"film as its reflective surface, the screen is relatively low-cost and light-weight, and can cover a large area without seams (thus helping maintain the illusion); however, this lightness can make the screen vibrate due to atmospheric effects such as wind, when outdoors; or powerful sound systems, when indoors. The system is intended to ""create the illusion of life-size, full colour, 3D moving images"". It consists of a flat, two-dimensional image that produces the illusion of being three-dimensional and suspended in free space. It does not, for instance, recreate stereoscopy as most 3D displays do, nor is it a hologram. Aspects"
"the surface of a vat filled with a liquid photopolymer. The beam is focused onto the surface of the liquid photopolymer, creating each layer of the desired 3D object by means of crosslinking (generation of intermolecular bonds in polymers). It was invented with the intent of allowing engineers to create prototypes of their designs in a more time effective manner. After the patent was granted in 1986, Hull co-founded the world's first 3D printing company, 3D Systems, to commercialize it. Stereolithography's success in the automotive industry allowed 3D printing to achieve industry status and the technology continues to find innovative"
"Pseudoscope A pseudoscope is a binocular optical instrument that reverses depth perception. It is used to study human stereoscopic perception. Objects viewed through it appear inside out, for example: a box on a floor would appear as a box shaped hole in the floor. It typically uses sets of optical prisms, or periscopically arranged mirrors to swap the view of the left eye with that of the right eye. In the 1800s Charles Wheatstone coined the name from the Greek ψευδίς σκοπειν -- ""false view"". The device was used to explore his theory of stereo vision. Basically, Pseudoscopic is 3D"
"Stereoscopic motion Stereoscopic motion, as introduced by Béla Julesz in his book ""Foundations of Cyclopean Perception"" of 1971, is a translational motion of figure boundaries defined by changes in binocular disparity over time in a real-life 3D scene, a 3D film or other stereoscopic scene. This translational motion gives rise to a mental representation of three dimensional motion created in the brain on the basis of the binocular motion stimuli. Whereas the motion stimuli as presented to the eyes have a different direction for each eye, the stereoscopic motion is perceived as yet another direction on the basis of the"
"eye, giving a convincing illusion of 3D. Such displays can have multiple viewing zones, thereby allowing multiple users to view the image at the same time, though they may also exhibit dead zones where only a non-stereoscopic or pseudoscopic image can be seen, if at all. A parallax barrier is a device placed in front of an image source, such as a liquid crystal display, to allow it to show a stereoscopic image or multiscopic image without the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. The principle of the parallax barrier was independently invented by Auguste Berthier, who published"
"devices, so that trigonometric vectors could be calculated and tested. The early sets were sophisticated and were often used by engineers to teach and simulate industrial robotics. This use was advanced by the addition of electrical and electronic components such as microswitches, magnetic-sensing reed switches, and photocells, which sensed position and provided input to motors. With the basic electronic block (""Grundbaustein""), which contained an operational amplifier, Schmitt trigger and delay line circuits could be built. In the late 1970s, electronic binary-logic modules (AND, NAND, OR, NOR, flip-flops) were introduced, so that models could make some branching decisions. Pneumatic devices were"
"each other and focused on the same point, it recreates the natural effect of seeing things in three dimensions. A moving image extension of the stereoscope has a large vertically mounted drum containing a wheel upon which are mounted a series of stereographic cards which form a moving picture. The cards are restrained by a gate and when sufficient force is available to bend the card it slips past the gate and into view, obscuring the preceding picture. These coin-enabled devices were found in arcades in the late 19th and early 20th century and were operated by the viewer using"
"Rochester Cloak A Rochester Cloak is a cloaking device which can be built using inexpensive, everyday materials. John Howell, a professor of physics at the University of Rochester, and graduate student Joseph Choi developed the device, which features four standard lenses that allows an object to appear invisible as the viewer moves several degrees away from the optimal viewing positions. The cloaked region is a cylindrical [annular] region between the first and last lenses. For a shorter 3 lens symmetric cloak the middle lens can be diverging to give a '3D triangular-ring' cloaked region between the first and last lenses."
"is an ordinary circle (see above). The real projective plane, like the Klein bottle, cannot be embedded in three-dimensions without self-intersections. In graph theory, the Möbius ladder is a cubic graph closely related to the Möbius strip. In 1968, Gonzalo Vélez Jahn (UCV, Caracas, Venezuela) discovered three dimensional bodies with Möbian characteristics; these were later described by Martin Gardner as prismatic rings that became toroidal polyhedrons in his August 1978 Mathematical Games column in Scientific American. There have been several technical applications for the Möbius strip. Giant Möbius strips have been used as conveyor belts that last longer because the"
"sometimes even frighten people. The majority of these devices didn't project their images, and could only be viewed by a one or a few persons at a time. They were considered optical toys rather than devices for a large scale entertainment industry like later animation. Many of these devices are still built by and for film students learning the basic principles of animation. An article in the ""Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and The Arts"" (1821) raised some interest in optical illusions of curved spokes in rotating wheels seen through vertical apertures. In 1824 Peter Mark Roget provided mathematical details"
"Scissors-glasses Scissors-glasses (or binocles-ciseaux) are eyeglasses, normally used to correct distance-vision, mounted on scissoring stems rather than on temple stems as modern eyeglasses are. The invention of scissors-glasses solved the problem of the single lensed monocle or ""quizzing glass"", thought to be tiresome to the eye, by providing two lenses on a ""Y"" shaped frame. They usually had a ring in the end of the handle so that they could be worn on a ribbon or gold chain around the neck. Elegant examples, often gilded and highly ornamented, became common among the more fashionable members of French and German society"
"Puck puzzle The Puck puzzle (also Picture Disc and Kép Korong in the original Hungarian) is a combination puzzle invented in 1980 by Hungarian physicist András Végh. The disc shaped puzzle consists of 2 central pieces - the inner disc - and segments forming a ring around the inner disc. The number of segments is an even number - most commonly six, eight or twelve. The outer ring can be rotated around the central disc, similar to a wheel being rotated around its axis. The two parts of the central disc can also be rotated, together with the attached ring."
"him, which enabled movement of a lens to project more from a scene through the camera obscura. It consisted of a ball as big as a fist, through which a hole (AB) was made with a lens attached on one side (B). This ball was placed inside two halves of part of a hollow ball that were then glued together (CD), in which it could be turned around. This device was attached to a wall of the camera obscura (EF). This universal joint mechanism was later called a scioptric ball. In his 1637 book ""Dioptrique"" French philosopher, mathematician and scientist"
"mirror uses a container that is as close to the necessary parabolic shape as possible. Liquid mirrors can be a low cost alternative to conventional large telescopes. Compared to a solid glass mirror that must be cast, ground, and polished, a rotating liquid metal mirror is much less expensive to manufacture. Isaac Newton noted that the free surface of a rotating liquid forms a circular paraboloid and can therefore be used as a telescope, but he could not actually build one because he had no way to stabilize the speed of rotation. The concept was further developed by Ernesto Capocci"
"He wanted to create an affordable microscope that would be versatile and sturdy enough to work in field conditions. He also wanted to create a device that people felt they had ownership of, which is part of the reason the Foldscope comes in a kit to be assembled. He developed the first prototype in 2014. A Foldscope is an optical microscope that can be assembled from a punched sheet of cardstock, a spherical glass lens, a light emitting diode and a diffuser panel, along with a watch battery that powers the LED. Once assembled, the Foldscope is about the size"
"Globe effect The globe effect, sometimes called the rolling ball effect or the spinning globe effect, is an optical phenomenon that occurs with visual optical instruments, in particular binoculars and telescopes, that are designed to be free of distortion. When these instruments are panned, the moving image appears to roll over a curved, convex surface. In 1949, Horst Koehler at Zeiss (Jena) suggested adding some pincushion distortion to the optical design to eliminate the globe effect. August Sonnefeld conducted experiments with volunteers, which supported the claim that a supplementary distortion could improve the imaging of visual optical instruments. Since that"
"class, at the Hungarian University of Arts and Design (now: Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design). Erdély also gave the name ""Spidron"" to it, when he discovered it in the early 70s. The name originates from the English names of spider and spiral, because the shape is reminiscent of a spider web. The term ends with the affix ""-on"" as in polygon. In his initial work Erdély started with a hexagon. He combined every corner with the after-next one. In his mathematical analysis of spidrons Stefan Stenzhorn demonstrated that it is possible to create a spidron with every regular Polygon"
"the building is the Hungarian Province of the Jesuit Order, but the maintainer is the Pázmány Péter Catholic University. The goal of the Hungarian Bionic Vision Center is to restore vision of visually impaired patients to the maximum extent and to improve the quality of their lives through using medical and technological aids. They run programmes to study medical and engineering technologies. Homepage: lataskozpont.itk.ppke.hu The RobotLab is to apply ideas inspired by Biology using Information Technologies. How is it possible to design better prosthesis? Can neurobiology help to develop new remote control robots for helicopters? Can a biped be taught"
"being viewed, which would block all light and result in no image being seen. Teleidoscope A teleidoscope is a kind of kaleidoscope, with a lens and an open view, so it can be used to form kaleidoscopic patterns from objects outside the instrument, rather than from items installed as part of it. Invented by John Lyon Burnside III and Harry Hay, the patent was filed in 1970 and granted in 1972. The lens at the end of the tube is not an optical requirement, but protects the internals of the teleidoscope. A spherical ball lens is often used. An advantage"
"cross-section of the object. The light causes the resin to solidify. The object rises slowly enough to allow resin to flow under and maintain contact with the bottom of the object. An oxygen-permeable membrane lies below the resin, which creates a “dead zone” (persistent liquid interface) preventing the resin from attaching to the window (photopolymerization is inhibited between the window and the polymerizer). Unlike stereolithography, the printing process is continuous. The inventors claim that it can create objects up to 100 times faster than commercial three dimensional (3D) printing methods. CLIP objects have smooth sides, unlike 2015 commercial 3D printers,"
"Taylor and Michael Polanyi, realized that the plastic deformation of ductile materials could be explained in terms of the theory of dislocations developed by Vito Volterra in 1905. Though the discovery was neglected until after World War II, it was critical in developing the modern science of solid mechanics. In Hungary he seems to have experienced some difficulty in finding immediate employment and spent the next few years living with his mother and ruminating on his doctoral research. From 1936-1939 he worked for the Tungsram light bulbs manufacturer, where, with the help of Mihály (Michael) Polanyi, he developed a new"
"that modern techniques are heavily computational. The patent itself is limited to straight reflecting surfaces, which are not sufficient to produce 3D images. In the 1970s, Gabriel Liebermann discovered that a scratch in the shape of a circular arc produces glints whose motion is approximately consistent with binocular disparity. His 1980 artwork World Brain is made of CNC-machined semi-circular arcs that produce a holographic effect. The phenomenon was independently discovered in the 1990s by William Beaty who popularized a method of making hand-drawn holograms using a compass (drafting). This has come to be known as scratch holography. Beaty established a"
"textbooks each contain eight plates with descriptions and images of a variety of contemporary physics devices including manometers (fluid statics), lenses/prisms (refraction), and various simple machines. Coverage of electricity is relatively sparse, although many other diverse topics are surveyed, including mechanics, magnetism, celestial mechanics, fluid drag experiments, mineralogy, and human anatomy. Extensive bibliographical references are provided. These textbooks (1750s) at least somewhat ambiguously reflect incorrect Cartesian vortex mechanics, rather than the correct Newtonian mechanics fully embraced by Horvath (1770s). Indeed, modern Newtonian mechanics (1687) was only widely accepted in Hungary by the 1760s and 1770s. Bbetween 1616 and 1759, three"
"the fixed triangle, became the favored structural device, whether in painting, architectural or garden design, dance steps, or musical notations. Odd numbers replace even numbers in the regularity of a Chinese master pattern, and a pull to one side allows a motif to turn the corner of a three-dimensional object, thus giving continuity and motion that is lacking in a static frontal design. Japanese painters used the devices of the cutoff, close-up, and fade-out by the 12th century in ""yamato-e"", or Japanese-style, scroll painting, perhaps one reason why modern filmmaking has been such a natural and successful art form in"