The Galata bridge spans what water body that is part of the Bosphorous strait and that has been a subject of numerous works of art?
"proposal, and the idea of building a bridge across the Golden Horn was shelved until the 19th century. In the early 19th century, Mahmud II (1808–1839) had a bridge built a bit further up the waterway, between Azapkapı and Unkapanı. This bridge, known as the Hayratiye (Benefaction in English), was opened on September 3, 1836. The project was carried out by Deputy Lord High Admiral Fevzi Ahmet Paşa using the workers and facilities of the naval arsenal. According to the History of Lutfi, this bridge was built on linked pontoons and was around long. The first Galata Bridge at the"
"between Italy and Tunisia. The Turkish Straits are the channel between European Turkey and Asian Turkey and consist of the (from south to north) Dardanelles the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus Three suspension bridges cross the Bosphorus. The first of these, the Bosphorus Bridge, is long and was completed in 1973. The second, named Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge, is long, and was completed in 1988 about north of the first bridge. The Bosporus Bridge forms part of the O1 Motorway, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the Trans-European Motorway. Construction of a third suspension"
"Bosphorus Bridge The Bosphorus Bridge (), known officially as the 15 July Martyrs Bridge () and unofficially as the First Bridge (), is one of the three suspension bridges spanning the Bosphorus strait (Turkish: ""Boğaziçi"") in Istanbul, Turkey, thus connecting Europe and Asia (alongside Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge). The bridge extends between Ortaköy (in Europe) and Beylerbeyi (in Asia). It is a gravity-anchored suspension bridge with steel towers and inclined hangers. The aerodynamic deck hangs on zigzag steel cables. It is long with a deck width of . The distance between the towers (main span)"
"are expressed in Herodotus' ""Histories"", 4.83; as ""Bosporus Thracius, Bosporus Thraciae "", and , respectively. Other names by which the strait is referenced by Herodotus include Chalcedonian Bosporus (""Bosporus Chalcedoniae"", , Herodotus 4.87), or Mysian Bosporus (""Bosporus Mysius""). The term eventually came to be used as common noun βόσπορος, meaning ""a strait"", and was also formerly applied to the Hellespont in Classical Greek by Aeschylus and Sophocles. As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia, and specifically connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. The"
"Ferries in Istanbul The city of Istanbul is at a geographic crossroads, straddling Europe and Asia Minor, and is divided by a sea lane called the Bosphorus Strait, which joins the Black Sea in the northeast and the Marmara Sea in the southwest. This strait has played a key role in the history of the city. Boats have traversed the waters of the Bosphorus for millennia and until the opening of the first Bosphorus bridge in 1973, were the only mode of transport between the European and Asian halves of Istanbul. They continue to serve as a key public transport"
"Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (""Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Bridge""), also known as the Second Bosphorus Bridge (in Turkish: ""Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü"", ""F.S.M. Köprüsü"" or ""2. Köprü""), is a bridge in Istanbul, Turkey spanning the Bosphorus strait (Turkish: ""Boğaziçi""). When completed in 1988, it was the 5th-longest suspension bridge span in the world; today it is the 24th. The bridge is named after the 15th-century Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who conquered the Byzantine capital, Constantinople (Istanbul), in 1453. It carries the European route E80, Asian Highway 1, Asian Highway 5 and Otoyol 2 highways."
"Government discussed creating a large-scale canal project roughly long that runs north-south through the western edges of Istanbul Province as a second waterway between the Black Sea and the Marmara, intended to reduce risk in the Bosphorus. This Kanal İstanbul project currently continues to be debated. Two suspension bridges and a cable-stayed bridge cross the Bosphorus. The first of these, the 15th July Martyrs Bridge, is long and was completed in 1973. The second, named Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosphorus II) Bridge, is long, and was completed in 1988 about north of the first bridge. The first Bosphorus Bridge forms part"
"Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge () is a bridge for rail and motor vehicle transit over the Bosphorus strait, to the north of two existing suspension bridges in Istanbul, Turkey. It was initially named the Third Bosphorus Bridge (with Bosphorus Bridge being the First Bosphorus Bridge and Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge the Second Bosphorus Bridge). It is about north of the Bosphorus Bridge. The bridge is located near the Black Sea entrance of the Bosphorus strait, between Garipçe in Sarıyer on the European side and Poyrazköy in Beykoz on the Asian side. The foundation stone laying"
"Bosporus The Bosporus () or Bosphorus ( or ; Ancient Greek: Βόσπορος ""Bosporos"" ; also known as The Strait of Istanbul; ) is a narrow, natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in northwestern Turkey. It forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara, and, by extension via the Dardanelles, the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. Most of the shores of the strait are heavily settled, straddled by the city of Istanbul's"
"descends to the Bosphorus. ""Galata"" has subsequently been re-adopted by the city of Genoa in the naming of its naval museum ""Galata Museo del Mare."" In historic documents, Galata is often called Pera, which comes from the old Greek name for the place, Peran en Sykais, literally ""the Fig Field on the Other Side."" The quarter first appears in Late Antiquity as Sykai or Sycae. By the time the ""Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae"" was compiled in ca. 425 AD, it had become an integral part of the city as its 13th region. According to the ""Notitia"", it featured public baths and"
"themes. For example, G. K. Chesterton's poem ""Lepanto"" contains the memorable couplet ""From evening isles fantastical rings faint the Spanish gun, / And the Lord upon the Golden Horn is laughing in the sun."" Golden Horn The Golden Horn (; , ""Chrysókeras""; ), also known by its modern Turkish name, (), is a major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey. As a natural estuary that joins Bosphorus Strait at the point where the strait meets the Sea of Marmara, the waters of the Golden Horn help define the northern boundary of the peninsula constituting"
"Golden Horn The Golden Horn (; , ""Chrysókeras""; ), also known by its modern Turkish name, (), is a major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey. As a natural estuary that joins Bosphorus Strait at the point where the strait meets the Sea of Marmara, the waters of the Golden Horn help define the northern boundary of the peninsula constituting ""Old Istanbul"" (ancient Byzantium and Constantinople), the tip of which is the promontory of Sarayburnu, or Seraglio Point. This estuarial inlet geographically separates the historic center of Istanbul from the rest of the city,"
"during this time period included the emergence of the Strait of Bosphorus and Skagerrak during glacial epochs, which respectively turned the Black Sea and Baltic Sea into fresh water, followed by their flooding (and return to salt water) by rising sea level; the periodic filling of the English Channel, forming a land bridge between Britain and the European mainland; the periodic closing of the Bering Strait, forming the land bridge between Asia and North America; and the periodic flash flooding of Scablands of the American Northwest by glacial water. The current extent of Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes and other"
"completed in July 2012 and with a span of is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world as of 2013. Eastern Bosphorus The Eastern Bosphorus (, ""Bosfor Vostochny"") is a strait located in Primorsky Krai, Russia, that separates the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula and Russky Island, and connects Amur Bay and Ussuri Bay within Peter the Great Gulf. The Eastern Bosphorus has a depth of up to , and is about long and only wide at its narrowest point. The strait features several bays within the peninsula and Russky Island, including the major Zolotoy Rog bay around which most of the city"
"occurs as a variant in medieval Latin (as ""Bosfor"", and occasionally ""Bosforus, Bosferus""), and in medieval Greek sometimes as Βόσφορος, giving rise to the French form ""Bosphore"", Spanish ""Bósforo"" and Russian Босфор. The 12th century Greek scholar John Tzetzes calls it "" Damaliten Bosporon"" (after ""Damalis""), but he also reports that in popular usage the strait was known as ""Prosphorion"" during his day, the name of the most ancient northern harbour of Constantinople. Historically, the Bosporus was also known as the ""Strait of Constantinople"", or the Thracian Bosporus, in order to distinguish it from the Cimmerian Bosporus in Crimea. These"
"available in various places along the coasts of the Bosphorus. The prices vary according to the type of the ride, and some feature loud popular music for the duration of the trip. Bosporus The Bosporus () or Bosphorus ( or ; Ancient Greek: Βόσπορος ""Bosporos"" ; also known as The Strait of Istanbul; ) is a narrow, natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in northwestern Turkey. It forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea"
"Bosporus Water Tunnel The Bosphorus Water Tunnel () or Bosporus aqueduct is an under sea aqueduct in Istanbul, Turkey, crossing the Bosphorus strait. It was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in Düzce Province to the European side of Istanbul. With a population of about 15 million, Istanbul is trying to secure its citizens' access to drinking water. Most clean water in Turkey (and, consequently, Istanbul) is located on the Asian borders of the country. Therefore, it is difficult to bring water to Istanbul's Asian side with hundreds of kilometres of pipelines, and another challenge to"
"to waters from the Mediterranean Sea breaching a sill in the Bosporus Strait. The hypothesis was headlined when ""The New York Times"" published it in December 1996, shortly before it was published in an academic journal. While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur, there is debate over the suddenness, dating and magnitude of the events. Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths. The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world: the Balkans to the west, the Eurasian"
"area now known as the Black Sea (when a land bridge, where the Bosporus is now, collapsed under the pressure of rising water in the Mediterranean Sea) submerged a great deal of human activity that had been gathered round what had been an enormous, fresh-water lake. Significant cave art sites off the coast of western Europe such as the Grotto Cosquer can be reached only by diving, because the cave entrances are underwater, though the upper portions of the caves themselves are not flooded. Throughout history, seismic events have at times caused submergence of human settlements. The remains of such"
"metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both coasts. Together with the Dardanelles, the Bosporus forms the Turkish Straits. The name of the channel comes from the Ancient Greek (""Bosporos""), which was folk-etymologised as , i.e. ""cattle strait"" (or ""Ox-ford""), from the genitive of ""bous"" ""ox, cattle"" + ""poros"" ""passage"", thus meaning ""cattle-passage"", or ""cow passage"". This is in reference to the mythological story of Io, who was transformed into a cow, and was subsequently condemned to wander the Earth until she crossed the Bosporus, where she met the Titan Prometheus, who comforted her with the information that"
"Marmara further connects to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming in from Russia. The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain the subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the Black Sea deluge hypothesis, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by"
"and the strait of Bosphorus () to the west. The geographers consider it to be a part of Kocaeli Çatalca subregion, where Çatalca is a peninsula on the other side of Bosphorous. Together with the strait of Dardanelles, the passage through Bosphorus and the Kocaeli peninsula is the main passage of people from Europe to Asia. During ancient times, Phrygians, Bithynians and Galatians were some of them. But while Phrygians and Galatians moved to Central Anatolia, it was the Bithynians who controlled the region for a considerable time. Hannibal, the Carthaginian commander who took refuge in Bithynia, died in Kocaeli"
"tip of Asia to Europe, encompassing at least some 1,000 metres of open water if not more. Years later, a similar boat bridge would be constructed by Xerxes I on the Dardanelles (Hellespont) strait, during his invasion of Greece. The Byzantines called the Bosporus ""Stenon"" and most important toponyms of it Bosporios Akra, Argyropolis, St. Mamas, St. Phokas, Hestiai or Michaelion, Phoneus, Anaplous or Sosthenion in European side and Hieron tower, Eirenaion, Anthemiou, Sophianai, Bithynian Chryspolis in Asian side in this era The strategic significance of the strait was one of the factors in the decision of the Roman Emperor"
"and principal religious and secular institutions of the empire, and the districts of Galata, Beyoğlu, Şişli and Harbiye, where a large proportion of the inhabitants were non-Muslims and where foreign merchants and diplomats lived and worked. As Peyami Safa wrote in his novel, ""Fatih-Harbiye"", a person who went from Fatih to Harbiye via the bridge set foot in a different civilization and a different culture. Apart from its place in fiction, the romantic appearance of the Galata Bridge made it the subject of many paintings and engravings. Galata Bridge The Galata Bridge (, ) is a bridge that spans the"
"named for the Cimmerian Bosporus rather than for the more famous Bosporus at the other end of the Black Sea. Briefly annexed by Pontus from the late-2nd century BC, it stretched along both southern shores of the Sea of Azov from the time of Greek colonization to the end of the Roman Empire, serving as a client kingdom which exported wheat, fish, and slaves in exchange for Greek and Roman manufactures and luxuries. Its later history is uncertain, but probably the Huns overran it in the late-4th century. The Sea of Azov was frequently the scene of military conflicts between"
"Ponte della Concordia, Fossombrone The Ponte della Concordia, also referred to as the Ponte Diocleziano is an ancient Roman bridge over the river Metauro in Fossombrone, Province of Pesaro and Urbino, region of Marche, Italy. The single arch bridge emerges from the ancient center of the Roman town of Forum Sempronii. The original bridge was built during the rule of Maximian and Diocletian in 292. The name of ""Ponte della Concordia"" is new, assigned in 1964 by the Council of the Comune di Fossombrone. It had also been known as Ponte Vittorio Emanuele III, or Ponte sul Metauro. It corresponds"
"Strait of Bonifacio The Strait of Bonifacio (, , , , Gallurese: ""Bocchi di Bunifaciu"", , ) is the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, named after the Corsican town Bonifacio. It is wide and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea from the western Mediterranean Sea. The strait is notorious among sailors for its weather, currents, shoals, and other obstacles. The most famous disaster in the Strait of Bonifacio was that of the French frigate ""Sémillante"" on February 15, 1855. ""Sémillante"" had left the port of Toulon the day before on its way into the Black Sea to supply the Crimean War with"
"while its Turkish name, ""Haliç"", simply means ""estuary"", and is derived from the Arabic word khaleej, meaning ""gulf"". Throughout its storied past, the Golden Horn has witnessed many tumultuous historical incidents, and its dramatic vistas have been the subject of countless works of art. The Golden Horn is the estuary of the Alibeyköy and Kağıthane Rivers. It is 7.5 kilometers (4.66 mi) long, and 750 meters (2,460 ft) across at its widest. Its maximum depth, where it flows into the Bosphorus, is about 35 meters (115 ft). At present, the Golden Horn is spanned by five bridges. Moving from upstream"
"a pontoon bridge to cross the Bosphorus and Emperor Caligula built a bridge at Baiae in 37 AD. For Emperor Darius I The Great of Persia (522–485 BC), the Greek Mandrocles of Samos once engineered a pontoon bridge that stretched across the Bosporus, linking Asia to Europe, so that Darius could pursue the fleeing Scythians as well as move his army into position in the Balkans to overwhelm Macedon. Other spectacular pontoon bridges were Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges across the Hellespont by Xerxes I in 480 BC to transport his huge army into Europe: According to John Hale's ""Lords of the"
"portion of the strait has been linked to the Greek legend of Scylla and Charybdis. In some circumstances, the mirage of Fata Morgana can be observed when looking at Sicily from Calabria. With its bottleneck shape, it is also a compulsory point of transit of the migration of many bird species. In 1957, a 220 kV overhead power line was built across the Strait of Messina. Its pylons are among the highest in the world. This power line has since been replaced by a submarine power cable, but the pylons remain and are protected as historical monuments (see Pylons of"
"sea grotto or emerges from a cliff to adore her sleeping figure (see below). Again, Polyphemus merges with the cliff where he meditates in the same way that Galatea merges with her element within the grotto in the painting at Musée d'Orsay. The visionary interpretation of the story also finds its echo in Odilon Redon's 1913 painting ""The Cyclops"" in which the giant towers over the slope on which Galatea sleeps. French sculptors have also been responsible for some memorable versions. Auguste Ottin's separate figures are brought together in an 1866 fountain in the Luxembourg Garden. Above is crouched the"
"Karaköy Karaköy, the modern name for ancient Galata, is a commercial quarter in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey, located at the northern part of the Golden Horn mouth on the European side of Bosphorus. Karaköy is one of the oldest and most historic districts of the city, and is today an important commercial center and transport hub. The location is connected with the surrounding neighborhoods through streets originating from Karaköy Square. The Galata Bridge links Karaköy to Eminönü in the southwest, Tersane Street to Azapkapı in the west, Voyvoda Street to Şişhane in the northwest, the steeply sloping Yüksek"
"Karamagara Bridge The Karamagara Bridge (, ""Bridge of the Black Cave"") is a Byzantine or late Roman bridge in the ancient region of Cappadocia in eastern Turkey, and possibly the earliest known pointed arch bridge. The single arch of 17 m spans between the cliffs of the rocky gorge of the Arapgir Çayı, an affluent of the Euphrates. The bridge, along with much of the Arapgir Çayı valley, has been submerged since the completion of the Keban Dam in 1975, as a result of which the water level in the Euphrates valley and some of its upstream tributaries dramatically rose."