Which scale that is used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake (not Richter!) quantifies its effects on humans, objects of nature, and man-made structures on a scale of I through XII with XII denoting total destruction?
"Puebla until the 1999 Tehuacán earthquake. Sources 1973 Veracruz earthquake The 1973 Veracruz earthquake, also known as El Terremoto de Orizaba, occurred at 3:50 a.m. local time (9:50 GMT) on August 28, with the epicenter located in the vicinity of Serdán in the Mexican state of Puebla. It registered 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (""Severe"") on the Mercalli intensity scale. The effects of the earthquake were felt in the Mexican states of Veracruz and Puebla in southeast Mexico. The area that was damaged in Veracruz is tropical and mountainous; Pico de"
"Seismic intensity scales Seismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from an earthquake. They are distinguished from seismic magnitude scales, which measure the magnitude or overall strength of an earthquake. Intensity scales are based on the observed effects of the shaking, such as the degree to which people or animals were alarmed, and the extent and severity of damage to different kinds of structures or natural features. The maximal intensity observed, and the extent of the area where shaking was felt (see isosiesmal map, below), can be used"
"Seismic magnitude scales Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or ""size"" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary on the type and component of the seismic waves measured and the calculations used. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, and in the purposes for which magnitudes are used. The Earth's crust is stressed"
"the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) has standardized the measurement procedures and equations for the principal magnitude scales, , , , and . The first scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes, developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter and popularly known as the ""Richter"" scale, is actually the , label ML or M. Richter established two features now common to all magnitude scales. First, the scale is logarithmic, so that each unit represents a ten-fold increase in the ""amplitude"" of the seismic waves. As the energy of a wave is 10 times its amplitude, each"
"on the human feelings. The strength of the earthquakes is changing according to its distance. In XİX century there were attempts to classify earthquakes according to their damages to our lives, geological environment and etc. At the end of that century there was widely spread the Rossi- Forel (RF) earthquake intensity scale. In these scale the earthquakes intensity is divided to ten points. In 1902 in Italy by the Juzeppe Merkali has been adopted the scale of 12 points. In 1931 the American scientists Q. Vud. And F. Nyumen and in 1956 the Richter has made a few changes in"
"scale has been applied to modern, historical and paleoearthquakes in the frame of the INQUA TERPRO Commission on Paleoseismology and Active tectonics. It is now available in ten different languages. Environmental Seismic Intensity scale The Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake on the basis of the effects of the earthquake on the natural environment (Earthquake Environmental Effects). The international effort to develop a new scale of macroseismic intensity that would focus exclusively on environmental effects of earthquakes began in the early 1990s and was sponsored by the International"
"to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process. The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the Richter magnitude scale in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century. Seismic waves travel through the Earth's interior and can be recorded by seismometers at great distances. The surface wave magnitude was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The moment magnitude scale measures the amplitude of"
"the area. The first simple classification of earthquake intensity was devised by Domenico Pignataro in the 1780s. However, the first recognisable intensity scale in the modern sense of the word was drawn up by P.N.G. Egen in 1828; it was ahead of its time. The first widely adopted intensity scale, the ""Rossi–Forel scale"", was introduced in the late 19th century. Since then numerous intensity scales have been developed and are used in different parts of the world. Seismic intensity scales Seismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from"
"Richter magnitude scale The so-called Richter magnitude scale – more accurately, ""Richter's magnitude scale"", or just ""Richter magnitude"" – for measuring the strength (""size"") of earthquakes refers to the original ""magnitude scale"" developed by Charles F. Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 paper, and later revised and renamed the Local magnitude scale, denoted as ""ML"" or ""M"". Because of various shortcomings of the ML scale most seismological authorities now use other scales, such as the moment magnitude scale (), to report earthquake magnitudes, but much of the news media still refers to these as ""Richter"" magnitudes. All magnitude scales"
"for measuring earthquake magnitudes was developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935. Subsequent scales (see seismic magnitude scales) have retained a key feature, where each unit represents a ten-fold difference in the amplitude of the ground shaking, and a 32-fold difference in energy. Subsequent scales are also adjusted to have approximately the same numeric value within the limits of the scale. Although the mass media commonly reports earthquake magnitudes as ""Richter magnitude"" or ""Richter scale"", standard practice by most seismological authorities is to express an earthquake's strength on the moment magnitude scale, which is based on the actual energy released"
"Environmental Seismic Intensity scale The Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake on the basis of the effects of the earthquake on the natural environment (Earthquake Environmental Effects). The international effort to develop a new scale of macroseismic intensity that would focus exclusively on environmental effects of earthquakes began in the early 1990s and was sponsored by the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). After the final draft of the scale was approved by INQUA at its XVII Congress in Cairns, Australia, in 2007, the scale became officially known"
"are the most destructive. Deeper earthquakes, having less interaction with the surface, produce weaker surface waves. The surface-wave magnitude scale, variously denoted as Ms, M, and M, is based on a procedure developed by Beno Gutenberg in 1942 for measuring shallow earthquakes stronger or more distant than Richter's original scale could handle. Notably, it measured the amplitude of surface waves (which generally produce the largest amplitudes) for a period of ""about 20 seconds"". The scale approximately agrees with at ~6, then diverges by as much as half a magnitude. A revision by , sometimes labeled M, measures only waves of"
"factors based on the human feelings. The strength of the earthquakes is changing according to its distance. In XİX century there were attempts to classify earthquakes according to their damages to our lives, geological environment and etc. At the end of that century there was widely spread the Rossi- Forel (RF) earthquake intensity scale. In these scale the earthquakes intensity is divided to ten points. In 1902 in Italy by the Juzeppe Merkali has been adopted the scale of 12 points. In 1931 the American scientists Q. Vud. And F. Nyumen and in 1956 the Richter has made a few"
"estimate for the city, overall. An intensity, I, given in Roman numerals from I to XII, is calculated for each settlement, accounting for the magnitude of the earthquake and its distance, and also accounting for the local amplification, if known. The built environment is poorly known for some countries. The quality of buildings differs by country and settlement size. For estimating damage to the built environment, one needs to calculate the damage expected for each type of building present in a given settlement. For each settlement one needs to know the distribution of buildings into classes with different resistance to"
"waves travel through. Determination of an earthquake's magnitude generally involves identifying specific kinds of these waves on a seismogram, and then measuring one or more characteristics of a wave, such as its timing, orientation, amplitude, frequency, or duration. Additional adjustments are made for distance, kind of crust, and the characteristics of the seismograph that recorded the seismogram. The various magnitude scales represent different ways of deriving magnitude from such information as is available. All magnitude scales retain the logarithmic scale as devised by Charles Richter, and are adjusted so the mid-range approximately correlates with the original ""Richter"" scale. Since 2005"
"scale"", used in the Mediterranean Sea and the ""Imamura-Iida intensity scale"", used in the Pacific Ocean. The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensity ""I"" according to the formula where formula_2 is the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as the ""Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale"", is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by the NGDC/NOAA and the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. In 2013, following the intensively studied tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, a new 12 point scale was proposed, the Integrated Tsunami"
"degrees. formula_40 is mainly between 5 and 8. The Tsumura empirical formula: Where formula_42 is the total duration of oscillation in seconds. formula_40 is mainly between 3 and 5. The Tsuboi, University of Tokyo, empirical formula: Where formula_31 is the amplitude in micrometers. Richter magnitude scale The so-called Richter magnitude scale – more accurately, ""Richter's magnitude scale"", or just ""Richter magnitude"" – for measuring the strength (""size"") of earthquakes refers to the original ""magnitude scale"" developed by Charles F. Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 paper, and later revised and renamed the Local magnitude scale, denoted as ""ML"" or"
"Moment magnitude scale The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted as M"" or M"") is one of many seismic magnitude scales used to measure the size of earthquakes. The scale was developed in the 1970s to succeed the 1930s-era Richter magnitude scale (""M""). Even though the formulas are different, the new scale was designed to produce magnitude values for a given earthquake similar to those produced by the older one. Under suitable assumptions, as with the Richter magnitude scale, an increase of one step on this logarithmic scale corresponds to a 10 (about 32) times increase in the amount of energy"
"the shock, but also takes into account the seismic moment (total rupture area, average slip of the fault, and rigidity of the rock). The Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale, and the Mercalli intensity scale are based on the observed effects and are related to the intensity of shaking. Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities: Propagation velocity of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the density and elasticity of the medium. In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves"
"for the event was based on a calculation that requires only about 3 minutes. This calculation is, in turn, based on the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave. The amplitude of the seismic wave is measured using the , which is similar to Richter magnitude scale. However, these scales ""saturate"" for earthquakes that are above a certain magnitude (magnitude 8 on the JMA scale); that is, in the case of very large earthquakes, the scales' values change little despite large differences in the earthquakes' energy. This resulted in an underestimation of the tsunami's height in initial reports. Problems in issuing"
"shaking, and observed damage. There is correlation between these scales, but not always absolute agreement since experiences and damage can be affected by many other factors, including the quality of earthquake engineering. Generally speaking, The United States Geological Survey developed an Instrumental Intensity scale, which maps peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity on an intensity scale similar to the felt Mercalli scale. These values are used to create shake maps by seismologists around the world. In the 7-class Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, the highest intensity, Shindo 7, covers accelerations greater than 4 m/s² (0.41 ""g""). In India,"
"China seismic intensity scale The China seismic intensity scale (CSIS) is a national standard in the People's Republic of China used to measure seismic intensity. Similar to EMS-92 on which CSIS drew reference, seismic impacts are classified into 12 degrees of intensity, or liedu (, literally ""degrees of violence"") in Roman numerals from I for insensible to XII for landscape reshaping. The scale was initially formalized by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) in 1980, therefore often referred to by its original title as ""China Seismic Intensity Scale (1980)"". It was later revised, and adopted as a national standard, or Guobiao,"
"damage descriptions given are those from the Fujita scale, which are more or less still accurate. However, for the actual EF scale in practice, damage indicators (the type of structure which has been damaged) are predominantly used in determining the tornado intensity. The EF scale currently has 28 damage indicators (DI), or types of structures and vegetation, each with a varying number of degrees of damage (DoD). Larger degrees of damage done to the damage indicators correspond to higher wind speeds. The links in the right column of the following table describe the degrees of damage for the damage indicators"
"decibels. In a similar vein, the peak signal-to-noise ratio is commonly used to assess the quality of sound and image compression methods using the logarithm. The strength of an earthquake is measured by taking the common logarithm of the energy emitted at the quake. This is used in the moment magnitude scale or the Richter magnitude scale. For example, a 5.0 earthquake releases 32 times and a 6.0 releases 1000 times the energy of a 4.0. Another logarithmic scale is apparent magnitude. It measures the brightness of stars logarithmically. Yet another example is pH in chemistry; pH is the negative"
"12 points seismic intensity scale is given above. 1 points- hardly felt 2-points- hardly felt. IS felt by the people in the constant position 3- points Weak Vibrations. The earthquake is felt by some people inside and few people outside the buildings. It is like the passage of the vehicle. The careful people are noticing the vibration of the things in the upper floors. 4- points Obvious vibrations- The earthquake is felt by outside and inside people. The people are being awoke but they are not frightened. The building is wholly vibrating. The sound of the squeak of the doors"
"a probability of exceedance (PE). Seismic engineers and government planning departments use these values to determine the appropriate earthquake loading for buildings in each zone, with key identified structures (such as hospitals, bridges, power plants) needing to survive the maximum considered earthquake (MCE). Damage to buildings is related to both peak ground velocity (PGA) and the duration of the earthquake – the longer high-level shaking persists, the greater the likelihood of damage. Peak ground acceleration provides a measurement of ""instrumental intensity"", that is, ground shaking recorded by seismic instruments. Other intensity scales measure ""felt intensity"", based on eyewitness reports, felt"
"as ""ESI 2007"". Like many other intensity scales, ESI 2007 uses the basic structure of twelve degrees of seismic intensity and is designed for application during field surveys immediately after the seismic event. However, the definitions of intensity degrees in ESI 2007 are based on the observation of distribution and size of environmental effects produced by an earthquake. This approach makes ESI 2007 a unique diagnostic tool for the assessment of seismic intensity levels X to XII in sparsely populated and uninhibited areas where earthquake effects on people and built environment may not be easily observed. For intensity level IX"
"an instrument generally consisting of a constantly unwinding roll of paper, anchored to a fixed place, and a pendulum or magnet suspended with a marking device above the roll, to record actual earth motion during an earthquake. The scale takes into account the instrument's distance from the epicenter, or the point on the ground that is directly above the earthquake's origin. Richter chose to use the term ""magnitude"" to describe an earthquake's strength because of his early interest in astronomy; stargazers use the word to describe the brightness of stars. Gutenberg suggested that the scale be logarithmic so an earthquake"
"from it empirically as a quantity without units, just a number designed to conform to the formula_3 scale. A spectral analysis is required to obtain formula_12, whereas the other magnitudes are derived from a simple measurement of the amplitude of a specifically defined wave. All scales, except formula_5, saturate for large earthquakes, meaning they are based on the amplitudes of waves which have a wavelength shorter than the rupture length of the earthquakes. These short waves (high frequency waves) are too short a yardstick to measure the extent of the event. The resulting effective upper limit of measurement for formula_17"
"indirectly and incompletely reflect the force of an earthquake, involve other factors, and are generally limited in some respect of magnitude, focal depth, or distance. The ""moment magnitude scale"" – Mw or M – developed by and , is based on an earthquake's ""seismic moment"", M, a measure of how much work an earthquake does in sliding one patch of rock past another patch of rock. Seismic moment is measured in Newton-meters (Nm or Nm) in the SI system of measurement, or dyne-centimeters (dyn-cm) in the older CGS system. In the simplest case the moment can be calculated knowing only"
"Fujita scale The Fujita scale (F-Scale), or Fujita–Pearson scale (FPP scale), is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists and engineers after a ground or aerial damage survey, or both; and depending on the circumstances, ground-swirl patterns (cycloidal marks), weather radar data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as photogrammetry or videogrammetry if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-Scale) in the United States in February 2007. In"
"the same thing is that at different distances, for different hypocentral depths, and for different earthquake sizes, the amplitudes of different types of elastic waves must be measured. formula_2 is the scale used for the majority of earthquakes reported (tens of thousands) by local and regional seismological observatories. For large earthquakes worldwide, the moment magnitude scale (MMS) is most common, although formula_3 is also reported frequently. The seismic moment, formula_12, is proportional to the area of the rupture times the average slip that took place in the earthquake, thus it measures the physical size of the event. formula_5 is derived"
"both scales. Unlike other scales, the moment magnitude scale does not saturate at the upper end; there is no upper limit to the possible measurable magnitudes. However, this has the side-effect that the scales diverge for smaller earthquakes. Various ways of determining moment magnitude have been developed, and several subtypes of the scale can be used to indicate the basis used. Moment magnitude scale The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted as M"" or M"") is one of many seismic magnitude scales used to measure the size of earthquakes. The scale was developed in the 1970s to succeed the 1930s-era Richter"