How many tons of TNT does a megaton represent
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"as dynamite contain more energy. The ""kiloton (of TNT)"" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 terajoules. The ""megaton (of TNT)"" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules. The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control treaties, and has been used to characterize the energy released in such other highly destructive events as an asteroid impact. A gram of TNT releases 2673–6702 J (joules) upon explosion. The energy liberated by one gram"
"ton of uranium"", meaning 1,000 kg. A gigatonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2eq) is a unit used by the UN climate change panel, IPCC, to measure the effect of a technology or process on global warming. The ""tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT)"" is used as a proxy for energy, usually of explosions (TNT is a common high explosive). Prefixes are used: kiloton(ne), megaton(ne), gigaton(ne), especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield, based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of about 4.2 MJ/kg (or one thermochemical calorie per milligram). Hence, 1 t TNT = 4.2 GJ, 1 kt TNT = 4.2 TJ,"
"usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more usually used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events in equivalent mass of TNT, often loosely as approximate figures. When used in this context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelt either as ""ton"" or ""tonne"" with the relevant prefix attached. A metric ton unit (mtu) can mean within metal (e.g. tungsten, manganese) trading, particularly within the US. It traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% (i.e. 10 kg) of metal."
"Tonne The tonne () (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms; or one megagram (Mg); it is equivalent to approximately pounds, or 0.984 long tons (UK). Although not part of the SI, the tonne is accepted for use with SI units and prefixes by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The tonne is derived from the weight of pure water; there are 1,000 litres in one tonne. The SI symbol for the tonne is ""t"", adopted at the same time"
"TNT equivalent TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The ""ton of TNT"" is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184 gigajoules, which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms or one megagram) of TNT. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4,184 joules of energy are released. This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of traditional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such"
"as the unit in 1879. Its use is also official for the metric ton in the United States, having been adopted by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology. It is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Informal and non-approved symbols or abbreviations include ""T"",”Te”, ""mT"", ""MT"", and ""mt"". Some of these are SI symbols for other units: ""T"" is the SI symbol for the tesla and ""Mt"" is the SI symbol for megatonne (equivalent to one teragram); if describing TNT equivalent units of energy, this is equivalent to 4.184 petajoules."
"detonation of trinitrotoluene. A tonne of TNT equivalent is approximately 4.184 gigajoules or 1,163 kilowatt hours. A tonne of oil equivalent is the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. It is approximately 41.84 gigajoules or 11,630 kilowatt hours. In India, the kilowatt hour is often simply called a ""Unit"" of energy. A million units, designated ""MU"", is a gigawatt hour and a BU (billion units) is a terawatt hour. Burnup of nuclear fuel is normally quoted in megawatt days per tonne (MW⋅d/MTU), where tonne refers to a metric ton of uranium metal or its equivalent,"
"a (now obsolete) force unit of the same name, the tonne-force, equivalent to about 9.8 kilonewtons: a unit also often called simply ""tonne"" or ""metric ton"" without identifying it as a unit of force. In contrast to the tonne as a mass unit, the tonne-force or metric ton-force is not acceptable for use with SI, partly because it is not an exact multiple of the SI unit of force, the newton. Tonne The tonne () (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000"
"blast explosives), in a small, confined space, may have over twice the power of destruction. The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of explosions. TNT equivalent TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The ""ton of TNT"" is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184 gigajoules, which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms or one megagram) of TNT. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4,184 joules of energy are released."
"1 Mt TNT = 4.2 PJ. The SI unit of energy is the joule. Assuming that a TNT explosion releases 1,000 small (thermochemical) calories per gram (4.2 kJ/g), one tonne of TNT is equivalent to 4.2 gigajoules. In the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ. There are several slightly different definitions. This is ten times as much as a tonne of TNT because atmospheric oxygen is used. Like the gram and the kilogram, the tonne gave rise to"
"""kilokilogram"". The ""tonne"" (t) is a SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram, or 10 kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 10 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram or 10 g is 10 tonne, commonly called a ""kilotonne"". Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain. For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom"
"Nuclear weapon yield The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy released when that particular nuclear weapon is detonated, usually expressed as a TNT equivalent (the standardized equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene which, if detonated, would produce the same energy discharge), either in kilotons (kt—thousands of tons of TNT), in megatons (Mt—millions of tons of TNT), or sometimes in terajoules (TJ). An explosive yield of one terajoule is 0.239 kt of TNT. Because the accuracy of any measurement of the energy released by TNT has always been problematic, the conventional definition is that one kiloton of TNT"
"of TNT (130 PJ), depending on the exact height of burst estimated when the scaling-laws from the effects of nuclear weapons are employed. However, modern supercomputer calculations that include the effect of the object's momentum find that more of the energy was focused downward than would be the case from a nuclear explosion and estimate that the airburst had an energy range from 3 to 5 megatons of TNT (13 to 21 PJ). The 15-megaton (Mt) estimate represents an energy about 1,000 times greater than that of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan—roughly equal to that of the United"
"TNT (4.7 megajoules per kilogram), or gasoline (47.2 megajoules per kilogram, but gasoline requires an oxidant, so an optimized gasoline and O mixture contains 10.4 megajoules per kilogram). Black powder also has a low energy density compared to modern ""smokeless"" powders, and thus to achieve high energy loadings, large amounts of black powder are needed with heavy projectiles. Gunpowder is a low explosive, that is, it does not detonate but rather deflagrates (burns quickly). This is an advantage in a propeller device, where one does not desire a shock that would shatter the gun and potentially harm the operator, however"
"had a rating of exactly 100 on the ""F of I"" scale. The reference has since been changed to a more sensitive explosive called RDX, which has an F of I rating of 80. The heat of detonation utilized by NIST is 4184 J/g (4.184 MJ/kg). The energy density of TNT is used as a reference point for many other explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in equivalent kilotons (~4.184 terajoules) or megatons (~4.184 petajoules) of TNT. The heat of combustion is 14.5 megajoules per kilogram, which requires that some of the carbon in TNT"
"the thrust of an F100 fighter jet engine are both around 130 kN. One kilonewton, 1 kN, is , or about 100 kg of load. So for example, a platform that shows it is rated at , will safely support a load. Specifications in kilonewtons are common in safety specifications for: Newton (unit) The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion. See below for the conversion factors. ""One newton is the force needed"
"to define the ""metric horsepower"" (PS) as 75 metre-kiloponds per second. In addition, kilograms force is the standard unit used for Vickers hardness testing. The tonne-force, metric ton-force, megagram-force, and megapond (Mp) are each 1000 kilograms-force. The decanewton or dekanewton (daN), exactly 10 N, is used in some fields as an approximation to the kilogram-force, because it is close to the 9.80665 N of 1 kgf. Kilogram-force The kilogram-force (kgf or kg), or kilopond (kp, from Latin ""pondus"" meaning ""weight""), is a gravitational metric unit of force. It is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram"
"TNT, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200–28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants. On January 1, 1947, the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (known as the McMahon Act) took effect, and the Manhattan Project was officially turned over to the United States Atomic Energy Commission. On August 15, 1947, the Manhattan District was abolished. Between 1945 and 1990, more than 70,000 total warheads were developed, in over 65 different varieties, ranging in yield from around .01 kilotons (such as the man-portable Davy Crockett shell) to the 25 megaton"
"truck, train or other freight carrier. In the past it has been used for a cargo ship but the register ton is now preferred. It is correctly abbreviated as ""FT"" but some users are now using freight ton to represent a weight of , thus the more common abbreviations are now M/T, MT, or MTON (for measurement ton), which still cause it to be confused with the tonne, or even the megatonne. The register ton is a unit of volume used for the cargo capacity of a ship, defined as . It is often abbreviated RT or GRT for gross"
"the 224 imperial gallons (1.018 m) of the water ton (based on distilled water). One measurement ton or freight ton is equal to , but historically it has had several different definitions. It is sometimes abbreviated as ""MTON"". It is used to determine the amount of money to be charged as ""Freight"" in carrying different sorts of cargo. In general if a cargo is heavier than salt water, the actual tonnage is used. If it is lighter than salt water, e.g. feathers, freight is calculated using Measurement Tons of 40 cubic feet. The freight ton represents the volume of a"
"20,000,000 megatons (Mt) of TNT, while the asteroid created Chicxulub impact, that is connected with the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to at least 70,000,000 Mt of energy, which is roughly 7000 times the maximum arsenal of the US and Soviet Union. However, comparisons with supervolcanoes are more misleading than helpful due to the different aerosols released, the likely air burst fuzing height of nuclear weapons and the globally scattered location of these potential nuclear detonations all being in contrast to the singular and subterranean nature of a supervolcanic eruption. Moreover, assuming the entire world stockpile of weapons were grouped"
"react with atmospheric oxygen, which does not occur in the initial event. For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so an optimized gasoline and O mixture contains 10.4 megajoules per kilogram). Various methods can be used to detect TNT, including optical and electrochemical sensors and explosive-sniffing dogs. In 2013, researchers from the Indian Institutes of Technology using noble-metal quantum clusters could detect TNT at the sub-zeptomolar (10 mol/m) level. TNT is poisonous, and skin contact can cause skin irritation, causing the"
"that happens to be expressed using words normally associated with mass (e.g., kilogram, tonne, pound). The definition applies for both spellings: ""ton of TNT"" and ""tonne of TNT"". Measurements in tons of TNT have been used primarily to express nuclear weapon yields, though they have also been used since in seismology as well. A tonne of oil equivalent (toe), sometimes ""ton of oil equivalent"", is a conventional value, based on the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. The unit is used, for example, by the International Energy Agency (IEA), for the reported world energy consumption"
"metric ton (25 TJ/kg). The ""Taylor limit"" is not derived from first principles, and weapons with yields as high as 9.5 megatons per metric ton have been theorized. The highest achieved values are somewhat lower, and the value tends to be lower for smaller, lighter weapons, of the sort that are emphasized in today's arsenals, designed for efficient MIRV use, or delivery by cruise missile systems. Large single warheads are seldom a part of today's arsenals, since smaller MIRV warheads, spread out over a pancake-shaped destructive area, are far more destructive for a given total yield, or unit of payload"
"Tonne of oil equivalent The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. It is approximately 42 gigajoules or 11,630 kilowatt hours, although as different crude oils have different calorific values, the exact value is defined by convention; several slightly different definitions exist. The ""toe"" is sometimes used for large amounts of energy. Multiples of the ""toe"" are used, in particular the megatoe (Mtoe, one million toe) and the gigatoe (Gtoe, one billion toe). A smaller unit of kilogram of oil equivalent (kgoe) is"
"480 V system with 20,000 amps of fault current, the resulting power is 9.6 MW. If the fault lasts for 10 cycles at 60 Hz, the resulting energy would be 1.6 megajoules. For comparison, TNT releases 2175 J/g or more when detonated (a conventional value of 4,184 J/g is used for TNT equivalent). Thus, this fault energy is equivalent to 380 grams (approximately 0.8 pounds) of TNT. The character of an arc flash blast is quite different from a chemical explosion (more heat and light, less mechanical shock), but the resulting devastation is comparable. The rapidly expanding superheated vapor produced"
"the failure of the cooling system for a tank storing tens of thousands of tons of dissolved nuclear waste resulted in a chemical (non-nuclear) explosion having an energy estimated at about 75 tons of TNT (310 gigajoules). This released 740 PBq (20 MCi) of fission products, of which 74 PBq (2 MCi) drifted off the site, creating a contaminated region of 15,000-20,000 km called the East Urals Radioactive trace. Subsequently, an estimated 49 to 55 people died of radiation-induced cancer, 66 were diagnosed with chronic radiation syndrome, 10,000 people were evacuated from their homes, and 470,000 people were exposed to"
"is held simply to be equivalent to 10 calories. The yield-to-weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon. The practical maximum yield-to-weight ratio for fusion weapons (thermonuclear weapons) has been estimated to six megatons of TNT per metric ton of bomb mass (25 TJ/kg). Yields of 5.2 megatons/ton and higher have been reported for large weapons constructed for single-warhead use in the early 1960s. Since then, the smaller warheads needed to achieve the increased net damage efficiency (bomb damage/bomb mass) of multiple warhead systems have resulted in decreases in the yield/mass ratio for"
"Tsar Bomba, whose yield was claimed between being ""only"" or at a maximum of by differing political figures, either as a way for hyping the power of the bomb or as an attempt to undercut it. Nuclear weapon yield The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy released when that particular nuclear weapon is detonated, usually expressed as a TNT equivalent (the standardized equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene which, if detonated, would produce the same energy discharge), either in kilotons (kt—thousands of tons of TNT), in megatons (Mt—millions of tons of TNT), or sometimes in terajoules (TJ)."
"data. 1 MT/s is 10 or one million transfers per second; similarly, 1 GT/s means 10, or equivalently in the US/short scale, one billion transfers per second. The choice of the symbol ""T"" for ""transfer"" conflicts with the International System of Units, in which ""T"" stands for the tesla unit of magnetic flux density. ""Megatesla per second"" would be a reasonable unit to describe the rate of a rapidly changing magnetic field, such as in a pulsed field magnet or kicker magnet, although the equivalent units of ""tesla per microsecond"" (T/μs) would reflect typical engineering values better. These terms alone"
"4744 tons of ANFO explosive (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil), equivalent to 4 kilotons of TNT, were used to roughly simulate the effect of an eight kiloton air-burst nuclear device. With a total energy release of about (or 4.2 kilotons of TNT equivalent), Minor Scale was reported as ""the largest planned conventional explosion in the history of the free world"", surpassing another large conventional explosion, the ""British Bang"" disposal of ordinance on Heligoland in 1947, reported to have released of energy (about 3.2 kilotons of TNT equivalent). The Q&A released as part of the effort states: ""Future tests are not"
"Agreement), and at the same time TENEX signed a Contract with a Group of Western Companies (Cameco, Canada; Cogema, France; Nukem, Germany/US) regarding the purchase of the LEU Feed. As years passed, numerous commercial contract terms were renegotiated and revised to accommodate mutual interests. The Megatons to Megawatts program was initiated in 1993 and completed on schedule in December 2013. A total of 500 tonnes of Russian warhead grade HEU (equivalent to 20,008 nuclear warheads) were converted in Russia to nearly 15,000 tonnes tons of LEU (low enriched uranium) and sold to the US for use as fuel in American"