What is a more familiar name for Deuterium Oxide?
"normal circumstances does not pose a health threat to humans. It is estimated that a person might drink of heavy water without serious consequences. Small doses of heavy water (a few grams in humans, containing an amount of deuterium comparable to that normally present in the body) are routinely used as harmless metabolic tracers in humans and animals. The deuteron has spin +1 (""triplet"") and is thus a boson. The NMR frequency of deuterium is significantly different from common light hydrogen. Infrared spectroscopy also easily differentiates many deuterated compounds, due to the large difference in IR absorption frequency seen in"
"lower volatility of deuterium gas and compounds, enriching deuterium fractions in comets and planets exposed to significant heat from the Sun over billions of years of solar system evolution. Deuterium is not radioactive, and does not represent a significant toxicity hazard. Water enriched in molecules that include deuterium instead of protium is called heavy water. Deuterium and its compounds are used as a non-radioactive label in chemical experiments and in solvents for H-NMR spectroscopy. Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator and coolant for nuclear reactors. Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial nuclear fusion. H (atomic mass"
"Sodium diuranate Sodium diuranate or yellow uranium oxide, NaUO·6HO, is a uranium salt also known as the yellow oxide of uranium. Sodium diuranate is commonly referred to by the initials SDU. Along with ammonium diuranate it was a component in early yellowcakes. The ratio of the two species is determined by process conditions; however, yellowcake is now largely a mix of uranium oxides. It was also used in porcelain dentures to give them a fluorescence similar to that of natural teeth and once used in pottery to produce ivory to yellow shades in glazes. It was added to these products"
"Denatonium Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (under trade names such as BITTERANT-b, BITTER+PLUS, Bitrex or Aversion) and as denatonium saccharide (BITTERANT-s), is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. It was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by MacFarlan Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, and registered under the trademark ""Bitrex"". Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter to most humans. Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids but are often traded as solutions. They are used as aversive agents (bitterants)"
"Heavy water Heavy water (deuterium oxide, ', ') is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( or D, also known as ""heavy hydrogen""), rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope ( or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water. The presence of deuterium gives the chemical different nuclear properties, and the increase of mass gives it different physical and chemical properties compared to normal ""light water"". Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope with a nucleus containing a neutron and a proton; the nucleus of a"
"Deuterium Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol ' or ', also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1). The nucleus of deuterium, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common protium has no neutron in the nucleus. Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen. Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156% (or, on a mass basis, 0.0312%) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans, while protium accounts for more than 99.98%. The abundance of deuterium changes"
"Deuterium Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol ' or ', also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1). The nucleus of deuterium, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common protium has no neutron in the nucleus. Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen. Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156% (or, on a mass basis, 0.0312%) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans, while protium accounts for more than 99.98%. The abundance of deuterium changes"
"Deuterated acetone Deuterated acetone ((CD)CO), also known as Acetone-D, is a form (called an isotopologue) of acetone (CH)CO in which the hydrogen atom (""H"") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope (""D""). Deuterated acetone is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. As with all deutrated compounds, the properties of deuterated acetone are virtually identical to those of regular acetone. Deuterated acetone is prepared from heavy water, DO, by what amounts to an aldol reaction. In this case, the base used is a deuterated version of lithium hydroxide: In order to fully deuterate the acetone, the process is repeated several"
"Deuterated chloroform Deuterated chloroform (CDCl), also known as chloroform-d, is an isotopologue of chloroform (CHCl) in which the hydrogen atom (""H"") is replaced with a deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope (""D""). Deuterated chloroform is the most common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy of organic molecules, because of its ability to dissolve a wide variety of organic molecules. Most compounds soluble in dichloromethane are soluble in chloroform, but chloroform is much cheaper than deuterated DCM. The properties of CDCl are virtually identical to those of regular chloroform. In proton NMR spectroscopy, the deuterium does not exhibit a large interfering peak, whereas protium"
"Deuterated DMSO Deuterated DMSO, also known as dimethyl sulfoxide-d, is an isotopologue of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, (CH)S=O)) with chemical formula ((CD)S=O) in which the hydrogen atoms (""H"") are replaced with their isotope deuterium (""D""). Deuterated DMSO is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. Deuterated DMSO is produced by heating DMSO in heavy water (DO) with a basic catalyst such as calcium oxide. The reaction does not give complete conversion to the d product, and the water produced must be removed and replaced with DO several times to drive the equilibrium to the fully deuterated product. Pure deuterated DMSO shows"
"The technique had previously been used to isolate heavy isotopes of neon. The cryogenic boiloff technique concentrated the fraction of the mass-2 isotope of hydrogen to a degree that made its spectroscopic identification unambiguous. Urey created the names protium, deuterium, and tritium in an article published in 1934. The name is based in part on advice from G. N. Lewis who had proposed the name ""deutium"". The name is derived from the, Greek deuteros (second), and the nucleus to be called ""deuteron"" or ""deuton"". Isotopes and new elements were traditionally given the name that their discoverer decided. Some British scientists,"
"naturally-occurring, non-radioactive, stable isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium was discovered by Harold Urey in 1931, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1934. The deuterium isotope effect has become an important tool in the elucidation the mechanism of chemical reactions. Deuterium contains one proton, one electron, and a neutron, effectively doubling the mass of the deuterium isotope without changing the its significantly. However, the C-D bond is a bit shorter, and it has reduced electronic polarizability and less hyperconjugative stabilization of adjacent bonds (including the developing anti-bonding orbital of a newly-forming bond). It potentially can result in weaker van der"
"of research in both astronomy and climatology. Deuterium is frequently represented by the chemical symbol D. Since it is an isotope of hydrogen with mass number 2, it is also represented by . IUPAC allows both D and , although is preferred. A distinct chemical symbol is used for convenience because of the isotope's common use in various scientific processes. Also, its large mass difference with protium (H) (deuterium has a mass of , compared to the mean hydrogen atomic weight of , and protium's mass of ) confers non-negligible chemical dissimilarities with protium-containing compounds, whereas the isotope weight ratios"
"oxide and/or hydroxide in Paris in 1879 from the mineral samarskite ((Y,Ce,U,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O) and identified a new element in it via sharp optical absorption lines. The Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine announced a new element ""decipium"" (from meaning ""deceptive, misleading"") in 1878, but later in 1880–1881 demonstrated that it was a mixture of several elements, one being identical to the Boisbaudran's samarium. Although samarskite was first found in the remote Russian region of Urals, by the late 1870s its deposits had been located in other places making the mineral available to many researchers. In particular, it was found that the samarium isolated"
"and hydroperoxyl (HO) being the two simplest. The compound hydrogen ozonide (HO) is not known, although some of its alkali metal ozonide salts are; these having the formula MO. The respective sulfur analogue for hydroxyl is sulfanyl (HS). One or both of the protium atoms in water can be substituted with the isotope deuterium, yielding respectively semiheavy water and heavy water, the latter being one of the most famous deuterium compounds. Due to the high difference in density between deuterium and regular protium, heavy water exhibits many anomalous properties. The radioisotope tritium can also form tritiated water in much the"
"(turning it yellow or brown over time). Lanthanum oxide has replaced thorium dioxide in almost all modern high-index glasses. Thorium dioxide Thorium dioxide (ThO), also called thorium(IV) oxide, is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in color. Also known as thoria, it is produced mainly as a by-product of lanthanide and uranium production. Thorianite is the name of the mineralogical form of thorium dioxide. It is moderately rare and crystallizes in an isometric system. The melting point of thorium oxide is 3300 °C – the highest of all known oxides. Only a few elements (including tungsten and carbon) and"
"is called a deuteron. Deuterium comprises 0.0026 – 0.0184% (by population, not by mass) of hydrogen samples on Earth, with the lower number tending to be found in samples of hydrogen gas and the higher enrichment (0.015% or 150 ppm) typical of ocean water. Deuterium on Earth has been enriched with respect to its initial concentration in the Big Bang and the outer solar system (about 27 ppm, by atom fraction) and its concentration in older parts of the Milky Way galaxy (about 23 ppm). Presumably the differential concentration of deuterium in the inner solar system is due to the"
"Deuterated drug Deuterated drug is a small molecule medicinal product in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms contained in the drug molecule have been replaced by its heavier stable isotope deuterium. Because of the kinetic isotope effect, deuterium-containing drugs may have significantly lower rates of metabolism, and hence a longer half-life. The first patent in the US granted for deuterated molecules was in the 1970s. Since then patents on deuterated drugs have become more prolific. Hydrogen is a chemical element with an atomic number of 1. It has just one proton and one electron. Deuterium is the heavier"
"times, distilling off the acetone from the heavy water , and re-running the reaction in a fresh batch of heavy water. Deuterated acetone Deuterated acetone ((CD)CO), also known as Acetone-D, is a form (called an isotopologue) of acetone (CH)CO in which the hydrogen atom (""H"") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope (""D""). Deuterated acetone is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. As with all deutrated compounds, the properties of deuterated acetone are virtually identical to those of regular acetone. Deuterated acetone is prepared from heavy water, DO, by what amounts to an aldol reaction. In this case, the"
"amorphous form in fused sodium chloride, and allowing crystallization to take place. It yields reddish-yellow to greenish-yellow prisms or leaflets. Sodium diuranate Sodium diuranate or yellow uranium oxide, NaUO·6HO, is a uranium salt also known as the yellow oxide of uranium. Sodium diuranate is commonly referred to by the initials SDU. Along with ammonium diuranate it was a component in early yellowcakes. The ratio of the two species is determined by process conditions; however, yellowcake is now largely a mix of uranium oxides. It was also used in porcelain dentures to give them a fluorescence similar to that of natural"
"Thorium dioxide Thorium dioxide (ThO), also called thorium(IV) oxide, is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in color. Also known as thoria, it is produced mainly as a by-product of lanthanide and uranium production. Thorianite is the name of the mineralogical form of thorium dioxide. It is moderately rare and crystallizes in an isometric system. The melting point of thorium oxide is 3300 °C – the highest of all known oxides. Only a few elements (including tungsten and carbon) and a few compounds (including tantalum carbide) have higher melting points. All thorium compounds are radioactive because there are no"
"same way. Another notable deuterium chalcogenide is deuterium disulfide. Deuterium telluride (DTe) has slightly higher thermal stability than protium telluride, and has been used experimentally for chemical deposition methods of telluride-based thin films. Hydrogen shares many properties with the halogens; substituting the hydrogen with halogens can result in chalcogen halide compounds such as oxygen difluoride and dichlorine monoxide, alongside ones that may be impossible with hydrogen such as chlorine dioxide. One of the most well-known hydrogen chalcogenide ions is the hydroxide ion, and the related hydroxy functional group. The former is present in alkali metal, alkaline earth, and rare-earth hydroxides,"
"most natural occurrence in the universe is bonded with a typical atom, a gas called hydrogen deuteride (HD or ). The existence of deuterium on Earth, elsewhere in the solar system (as confirmed by planetary probes), and in the spectra of stars, is also an important datum in cosmology. Gamma radiation from ordinary nuclear fusion dissociates deuterium into protons and neutrons, and there are no known natural processes other than the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which might have produced deuterium at anything close to its observed natural abundance (deuterium is produced by the rare cluster decay, and occasional absorption of naturally"
"Hydrogen–deuterium exchange Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (also called H–D or H/D exchange) is a chemical reaction in which a covalently bonded hydrogen atom is replaced by a deuterium atom, or vice versa. It can be applied most easily to exchangeable protons and deuterons, where such a transformation occurs in the presence of a suitable deuterium source, without any catalyst. The use of acid, base or metal catalysts, coupled with conditions of increased temperature and pressure, can facilitate the exchange of non-exchangeable hydrogen atoms, so long as the substrate is robust to the conditions and reagents employed. This often results in perdeuteration: hydrogen-deuterium"
"Aluminium oxide Aluminium oxide (IUPAC name) or aluminum oxide (American English) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula . It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium(III) oxide. It is commonly called alumina (regardless of whether the element is spelled aluminum or aluminium), and may also be called aloxide, aloxite, or alundum depending on particular forms or applications. It occurs naturally in its crystalline polymorphic phase α-AlO as the mineral corundum, varieties of which form the precious gemstones ruby and sapphire. AlO is significant in its use to"
"deuterium behaves somewhat similarly to ordinary hydrogen (with a few chemical differences, as noted). It can be distinguished from ordinary hydrogen most easily by its mass, using mass spectrometry or infrared spectrometry. Deuterium can be detected by femtosecond infrared spectroscopy, since the mass difference drastically affects the frequency of molecular vibrations; deuterium-carbon bond vibrations are found in spectral regions free of other signals. Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium, along with those of the stable heavy oxygen isotopes O and O, are of importance in hydrology, to trace the geographic origin of Earth's waters. The heavy"
"Triuranium octoxide Triuranium octoxide (UO) is a compound of uranium. It is present as an olive green to black, odorless solid. It is one of the more popular forms of yellowcake and is shipped between mills and refineries in this form. UO has potential long-term stability in a geologic environment. In the presence of oxygen (O), uranium dioxide (UO) is oxidized to UO, whereas uranium trioxide (UO) loses oxygen at temperatures above 500 °C and is reduced to UO. The compound can be produced by any one of three primary chemical conversion processes, involving either uranium tetrafluoride (UF) or uranyl"
"used for deuterium and tritium. The IUPAC accepts the D and T symbols, but recommends instead using standard isotopic symbols (H and H) to avoid confusion in the alphabetic sorting of chemical formulas. The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, with no neutrons, is sometimes called ""protium"". (During the early study of radioactivity, some other heavy radioactive isotopes were given names, H (atomic mass u) is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%. Because the nucleus of this isotope consists of only a single proton, it is given the formal name ""protium"". The proton has never been"
"team proposed the name ""becquerelium"" after Henri Becquerel. The American team in 1997 proposed the name ""hahnium"" after Otto Hahn (previously this name had been used for element 105). The name ""darmstadtium"" (Ds) was suggested by the GSI team in honor of the city of Darmstadt, where the element was discovered. The GSI team originally also considered naming the element ""wixhausium"", after the suburb of Darmstadt known as Wixhausen where the element was discovered, but eventually decided on ""darmstadtium"". The new name was officially recommended by IUPAC on August 16, 2003. Darmstadtium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several"
"in a mine at the Swedish town of Ytterby, near Stockholm. Yttrium(III) oxide Yttrium oxide, also known as yttria, is YO. It is an air-stable, white solid substance. Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both materials science as well as inorganic compounds. The thermal conductivity of yttrium oxide is 27 W/(m·K). Yttria is widely used to make Eu:YVO and Eu:YO phosphors that give the red color in color TV picture tubes. YO is a prospective solid-state laser material. In particular, lasers with ytterbium as dopant allow the efficient operation both in continuous operation and in pulsed"
"Uranium trioxide Uranium trioxide (UO), also called uranyl oxide, uranium(VI) oxide, and uranic oxide, is the hexavalent oxide of uranium. The solid may be obtained by heating uranyl nitrate to 400 °C. Its most commonly encountered polymorph, γ-UO, is a yellow-orange powder. There are three methods to generate uranium trioxide. As noted below, two are used industrially in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel and uranium enrichment. Uranium trioxide is shipped between processing facilities in the form of a gel, most often from mines to conversion plants. When used for conversion, all uranium oxides are often called reprocessed uranium(RepU). Cameco Corporation,"
"Uranium hexafluoride Uranium hexafluoride (), colloquially known as ""hex"" in the nuclear industry, is a compound used in the process of enriching uranium, which produces fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Hex forms solid grey crystals at standard temperature and pressure, is highly toxic, reacts with water, and is corrosive to most metals. The compound reacts mildly with aluminium, forming a thin surface layer of AlF that resists any further reaction from the compound. Milled uranium ore—UO or ""yellowcake""—is dissolved in nitric acid, yielding a solution of uranyl nitrate UO(NO). Pure uranyl nitrate is obtained by solvent extraction, then"
"Deutetrabenazine Deutetrabenazine (trade name Austedo) is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor which is used for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and tardive dyskinesia. Chemically, deutetrabenazine is an isotopic isomer of tetrabenazine in which six hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium atoms. The incorporation of deuterium slows the rate of drug metabolism, allowing less frequent dosing. A Lancet study published on June 28, 2017 carried out a review between October 29, 2014 and August 19, 2016 where 298 patients were randomly assigned to receive at least one of the following: one dose of placebo per day,"