In 1950 who made the allegation that 205 State Department officials were 'card carrying communists'?
"remains derogatory. After the 1950s, the scope of the word expanded and is used for non-political applications. Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed there were fifty-seven ""card-carrying communists"" working for the United States Department of State, an allegation that was widely reported by American newspapers. This figure was different from the 205 ""bad risks"" figure, confusing reporters. The ""fifty-seven card-carrying Communists"" phrase first appears in a radio interview that McCarthy gave in Salt Lake City, and is the phrase that appears in the Congressional Record on the speech he gave at Wheeling. McCarthy made a distinction between ""card-carrying communists"" and what he"
"John E. Peurifoy claimed the number had dropped from 108 to 57 names. On February 9, 1950, McCarthy gave a Lincoln Day ""Enemies Within"" speech to the Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virginia. His words in the speech are a matter of some debate, as no audio recording was saved. However, it is generally agreed that he produced a piece of paper that he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the State Department. McCarthy is usually quoted to have said: ""The State Department is infested with communists. I have here in my hand a list of"
"205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department."" There is some dispute about whether or not McCarthy actually gave the number of people on the list as being ""205"" or ""57"". In a later telegram to President Truman, and when entering the speech into the Congressional Record, he used the number ""57."" In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Lee commission to the new Federal Communications Commission, where he served for nearly 28 years"
"audio recording was saved. However, it is generally agreed that he produced a piece of paper that he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the State Department. McCarthy is usually quoted to have said: ""The State Department is infested with communists. I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department."" There is some dispute about whether or not McCarthy actually gave the number of"
"Red Channels Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television was an anti-Communist piece published in the United States at the start of the 1950's. Issued by the right-wing journal ""Counterattack"" on June 22, 1950, the pamphlet-style book names 151 actors, writers, musicians, broadcast journalists, and others in the context of purported Communist manipulation of the entertainment industry. Some of the 151 were already being denied employment because of their political beliefs, history, or association with suspected subversives. ""Red Channels"" effectively placed the rest on the industry blacklist. In May 1947, Alfred Kohlberg, an American textile importer"
"and fears of Communism, Lorwin became the subject of a loyalty investigation. When it was dropped in January 1949, he took a leave of absence to write a book on the French labor movement. On February 20, 1950, while Lorwin was in France, Senator Joseph McCarthy gave a speech in the Senate in which he detailed charges against 81 State Department employees whom he identified as security risks. He said Lorwin, number 54 on the list, was ""connected with a number of Communist-front organizations."" Lorwin was the only person named that day who was indicted. Lorwin, now the chief of"
"years earlier for the House Appropriations Committee. Led by former FBI agent Robert E. Lee, the House investigators had been allowed to review the security clearance documents on State Department employees, and had determined that there were ""incidents of inefficiencies"" in the security reviews of 108 past and present employees. The Lee list was also the source of McCarthy's famous list of 57 ""cardcarrying Communists"" in the State Department. In 1948, the State Department had informed the House that of the 108 cases flagged by Lee, 57 were still working for the department. This list included persons whom Lee had"
"16, 1954, and received considerable press attention, including gavel-to-gavel live television coverage on ABC and DuMont (April 22–June 17). The media coverage, particularly television, greatly contributed to McCarthy's decline in popularity and his eventual censure by the Senate the following December. McCarthy came to national prominence in February 1950 after giving a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, in which he claimed to have a list of 205 State Department employees who were members of the Communist Party. McCarthy claimed the list was provided to and dismissed by then-Secretary of State Dean Acheson, saying that the ""State Department harbors a nest"
"States are, or have been, employed by the Department of State."" The chairman of the subcommittee was Senator Millard Tydings, a Democrat from Maryland. On February 20, 1950, McCarthy had delivered a 5-hour speech to the Senate in which he presented the cases of 81 ""loyalty risks"" who he claimed were working for the State Department. McCarthy declined requests to disclose the actual names of the people on his list, and instead referred to them by ""case numbers"". It is widely accepted that most of McCarthy's cases were taken from the so-called ""Lee list""—a report that had been compiled three"
"his 1950 speech, McCarthy made additional accusations of Communist infiltration into the State Department, the administration of President Harry S. Truman, the Voice of America, and the U.S. Army. He also used various charges of communism, communist sympathies, disloyalty, or sex crimes to attack a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside of government. This included a concurrent ""Lavender Scare"" against suspected homosexuals (as homosexuality was prohibited by law at the time, it was also perceived to increase a person's risk for blackmail). Former U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson has written, ""The so-called 'Red Scare' has been the"
"of ""the most brazen whitewash of treasonable conspiracy in our history."" The full Senate voted three times on whether to accept the report, and each time the voting was precisely divided along party lines. Tydings Committee The Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, more commonly referred to as the Tydings Committee, was a subcommittee authorized by in February 1950 to look into charges by Joseph R. McCarthy that he had a list of individuals who were known by the Secretary of State to be members of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA)"
"Tydings Committee The Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, more commonly referred to as the Tydings Committee, was a subcommittee authorized by in February 1950 to look into charges by Joseph R. McCarthy that he had a list of individuals who were known by the Secretary of State to be members of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) yet who were still working in the State Department. The mandate of the committee was to conduct ""a full and complete study and investigation as to whether persons who are disloyal to the United"
"Wisconsin, claimed in 1950 that there were 205 Communist spies in the State Department. The main target of McCarthyism however was ideological nonconformism, and individuals were targeted for their beliefs. Black lists were established in many industries restricting the employment of suspected nonconformists, and libraries were pressured to remove books and periodicals that were considered suspect. McCarthy investigated Voice of America and although no communists were found, 30 employees were fired as a result. The strongest support for McCarthyism came from German and Irish Catholics who had been isolationist in both world wars and had an anti-British bias and opposed"
"McCarthy is usually quoted as saying: ""I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department."" This speech resulted in a flood of press attention to McCarthy and helped establish his path to becoming one of the most recognized politicians in the United States. The first recorded use of the term ""McCarthyism"" was in a political cartoon by ""Washington Post"" editorial cartoonist Herbert Block (aka Herblock), published on"
"a government security review in 1948. In 1950, when Senator Joseph McCarthy launched the anti-Communist crusade known by his name, he identified her as one of the State Department employees whose disloyalty he could prove. On March 13, 1950, when he narrowed his suspects from his early list of 81, he included her as one of nine he named to the Senate's Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, commonly known as the Tydings Committee, which was investigating his charges. Among her defenders were Eleanor Lansing Dulles, a State Department official from a politically prominent family. and"
"report of his death. Pearson's own protege, Jack Anderson, later asserted that Pearson ""hounded Jim Forrestal with dirty aspersions and insinuations until at last, exhausted and his nerves unstrung, one of the finest servants that the Republic ever had died of suicide."" In 1950, Pearson began the first in a series of columns attacking Senator Joseph McCarthy after McCarthy declared that he had a list of 205 people in the State Department that were members of the American Communist Party. Ironically, Pearson, through his associate Jack Anderson, had been using McCarthy as a confidential source for information on other politicians."
"project physicist Martin David Kamen. In the 1950s she became the object of controversy when critics accused her of denying passports without due process on the basis of politics, while critics defended her actions as attempts to support the fight against Communism. Senator Wayne Morse called her decisions ""tyrannical and capricious"" for failure to disclose the reasons for the denial of passport applications. Her supporters included Secretary of State Dean Acheson and Senator Pat McCarran. Such decisions were made necessary by Section 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, which made it a crime for any member of"
"of his tenure at CBS. By the early 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist campaigns created a sense of fear in Washington. Downs' wife, Roz, described the atmosphere: ""Nobody at the State Department would talk to [Downs] anymore, nobody at the Defense Department would talk to him anymore, nobody in government would talk to anybody—they weren't even talking to their own friends anymore...Everybody was crazy—and frightened."" In 1950, CBS correspondents Howard K. Smith and Alexander Kendrick were named in the ""Red Channels"", a list of 151 figures in entertainment in journalism accused of being ""Red Fascists and their sympathizers"" in the"
"the State Department"". In reciting the information from the Lee list cases, McCarthy consistently exaggerated, representing the hearsay of witnesses as facts and converting phrases such as ""inclined towards Communism"" to ""a Communist"". In response to McCarthy's charges, the Senate voted unanimously to investigate, and the Tydings Committee hearings were called. This was a subcommittee of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations set up in February 1950 to conduct ""a full and complete study and investigation as to whether persons who are disloyal to the United States are, or have been, employed by the Department of State"". Many"
"""Counterattack"", ""The Newsletter of Facts to Combat Communism"", it declared that it was run by ""a group of ""former"" FBI men. It has no affiliation whatsoever with any government agency."" Notwithstanding that claim, it seems the editors of ""Counterattack"" had direct access to the files of both the Federal Bureau of Investigation and HUAC; the results of that access became widely apparent with the June 1950 publication of ""Red Channels"". This ""Counterattack"" spinoff listed 151 people in entertainment and broadcast journalism, along with records of their involvement in what the pamphlet meant to be taken as Communist or pro-Communist activities."
"leading to the Second Red Scare, also known as McCarthyism. Charges that Soviet agents had infiltrated the government were believed by 78% of the people in 1946, and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower in 1952. Truman was reluctant to take a more radical stance because he feared that the full disclosure of the extent of the communist infiltration would reflect badly on the Democratic Party. In 1949, Truman described American communist leaders, whom his administration was prosecuting, as ""traitors"", but in 1950 he vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Act. It was passed over his veto. Truman would later"
"Communist organization to attempt to use or obtain a passport. Appellants Herbert Aptheker and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn were native born citizens and residents of the United States and had held valid passports. Aptheker was editor of ""Political Affairs"", the 'theoretical organ' of the Communist Party in the United States and appellant Flynn was chairman of the Party. On January 22, 1962, the Acting Director of the Passport Office notified appellants that their passports were revoked because the Department of State believed that their use of the passports would violate § 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 which"
"was portrayed by critics of the Truman Administration as an ""avoidable catastrophe"". It led to a ""rancorous and divisive debate"" and the issue was exploited by the Republicans at the polls in 1952. It also played a large role in the rise of Joseph McCarthy, who, with his allies, sought scapegoats for that ""loss"", targeting notably Owen Lattimore, an influential scholar of Central Asia. In the early 1950s, the Truman administration was attacked for the ""loss"" of China with Senator Joseph McCarthy charging in a 1950 speech that ""Communists and queers"" in the State Department, whom President Harry S. Truman"
"friends, who testified on Service's behalf. Five years after ""Amerasia"", on March 14, Senator Joseph McCarthy accused Service of being a Communist sympathizer in the State Department. Service was cleared of the charges by the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, also known as the Tydings Committee. However, a final review board found ""reasonable doubt"" as to Service's loyalty, and Secretary of State Dean Acheson ordered his dismissal. In the ""red scare"" turmoil of the early 1950s, John P. Davies, and other diplomats were blamed for the fall of China to the Communists,"
"Nixon described it as a bill to implement ""a new approach to the complicated problem of internal communist subversion... It provided for registration of all Communist Party members and required a statement of the source of all printed and broadcast material issued by organizations that were found to be Communist fronts."" Nixon served as floor manager for the Republican Party; Vito Marcantonio served as floor manager for the Democratic Party. On May 19, 1948, the bill passed the House by 319 to 58. Forty-six Harvard University professors publicly opposed its passage. (The Nixon Library cites this bill's passage as Nixon's"
"in the country, especially in the government, so alleged Communists were often tried and fired. People like Senator Joseph McCarthy were able to capitalize on this widespread fear of communism to gain political power. McCarthy claimed to have the names of more than 200 communists in the state department, and he held a series of televised smear campaigns in order to rid the government of communists. However, his attempts to find communists were largely unsuccessful; he ended up accusing the US army of containing communists, leading to his downfall and irrelevance after his inquiry of the army starting in 1953."
"violated 18 U. S. C. 1001 by falsely swearing in that affidavit that he was not on April 28, 1950, a member of the Communist Party or affiliated with such Party. The Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction and also an order of the District Court denying the petitioner's motion for a new trial. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari. Two errors in the trial were alleged. Harvey Matusow and J. W. Ford, the Government's principal witnesses, were Communist Party members paid by the FBI contemporaneously to make oral or written reports of the Communist"
"his charges as an intentionally nefarious hoax. When Tydings ran for re-election in 1950, McCarthy's staff distributed a composite picture of Tydings with Earl Browder, the former leader of the American Communist Party. Tydings had never met him before Browder testified in July 1950. The composite photo merged a 1938 photo of Tydings listening to the radio and a 1940 photo of Browder delivering a speech; the text under the composite photo stated that when Browder had testified before Tydings's committee, Tydings had said, ""Thank you, sir."" Although the quote was technically accurate, it was generally held to be misleading,"
"1952. After hearing testimony from twenty-two witnesses for the Attorney General and three for the Party, and reviewing 507 exhibits, the Board issued a 137-page report finding the Party was a ""Communist-action"" and ordering that it register. On appeal, the Court of Appeals denied the Party's motion for leave to adduce additional evidence, which the Party had alleged would show that three witnesses for the Attorney General had committed perjury before the Board, and affirmed the Board's order. Though the Party challenged the constitutionality of the Act, the Supreme Court did not address these issues in its opinion, delivered by"
"convicted under the Smith Act in 1949. Ten defendants were given sentences of five years and the eleventh was sentenced to three years. All of the defense attorneys were cited for contempt of court and were also given prison sentences. In 1951, twenty-three other leaders of the party were indicted including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union, who was removed from the board of the ACLU in 1940 for membership in a totalitarian political party. By 1957 over 140 leaders and members of the Communist Party had been charged under the law. In 1952,"
"based on allegations made early that month before the HUAC by Whittaker Chambers: his persistence helped pave the way for the subsequent Hiss Case with two trials in 1949 and a verdict against Hiss in January 1950, which in turn helped lead to McCarthyism and the rise of Nixon to senator, vice president, and eventually president. In his paper ""The Problem of American Communism In 1945"", Cronin wrote, ""In the State Department, the most influential Communist has been Alger Hiss."" When Whittaker Chambers testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in August 1948 and said that Hiss was a"
"and then refuse to ""name names"" of colleagues with Communist affiliations. Thus many faced a choice between ""crawl[ing] through the mud to be an informer,"" as actor Larry Parks put it, or becoming known as a ""Fifth Amendment Communist""—an epithet often used by Senator McCarthy. In the Senate, the primary committee for investigating Communists was the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS), formed in 1950 and charged with ensuring the enforcement of laws relating to ""espionage, sabotage, and the protection of the internal security of the United States."" The SISS was headed by Democrat Pat McCarran and gained a reputation for"
"member of the Subcommittee on Internal Security. He was a strong supporter and friend of Joseph McCarthy and engaged in McCarthyism. Jenner and McCarthy were both part of ""a core of isolationist Republicans in the Senate"" along with Herman Welker of Idaho and George W. Malone of Nevada. In 1950, when McCarthy issued a report falsely accusing a number of State Department employees of being secret Communists (see Tydings Committee), Jenner supported him, claiming that the State Department had engaged in ""the most scandalous and brazen whitewash of treasonable conspiracy in our history"" and stating: ""Considering the fact that we"