Who published a report after a Public Enquiry into racial disturbances in South East London in April 1981?
"Scarman Report The Scarman report was commissioned by the UK Government following the 1981 Brixton riots. Lord Scarman was appointed by then Home Secretary William Whitelaw on 14 April 1981 (two days after the rioting ended) to hold the enquiry into the riots. The Scarman report was published on 25 November 1981. The terms of reference for the enquiry were ""to inquire urgently into the serious disorder in Brixton on 10–12 April 1981 and to report, with the power to make recommendations"". The riot took place in Brixton, London on 11 April 1981. At the time when Brixton underwent deep"
"Home Secretary, William Whitelaw, commissioned a public inquiry into the riot headed by Lord Scarman. The Scarman report was published by Susana De Freitas on 25 November 1981. Scarman found unquestionable evidence of the disproportionate and indiscriminate use of 'stop and search' powers by the police against black people. As a consequence, a new code for police behaviour was put forward in the ""Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984""; and the act also created an independent Police Complaints Authority, established in 1985, to attempt to restore public confidence in the police. Scarman concluded that ""complex political, social and economic factors"
"5,000 people were involved in the riot. Following the 1981 Brixton riot the Government commissioned a public inquiry into the riot headed by Lord Scarman. The subsequent Scarman report was published in November 1981 and found unquestionable evidence of the disproportionate and indiscriminate use of 'stop and search' powers by the police against black people. The report made a number of recommendations and led to a new code for police behaviour in the ""Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"" and the creation of an independent Police Complaints Authority in 1985. The 1999 Macpherson Report, an investigation into the murder of"
"African-Caribbean populations. These ""uprisings"" (as they were described by some in the community) took place in St Pauls in 1980, Brixton, Toxteth and Moss Side in 1981, St Pauls again in 1982, Notting Hill Gate in 1982, Toxteth in 1982, and Handsworth, Brixton and Tottenham in 1985. The riots had a profoundly unsettling effect on local residents, and led the then Home Secretary William Whitelaw to commission the Scarman report to address the root causes of the disturbances. The report identified both ""racial discrimination"" and a ""racial disadvantage"" in Britain, concluding that urgent action was needed to prevent these issues"
"action to Central London, in the largest Black issue demonstration seen in the UK. Racial tensions continued to rise in the early part of the year. On 28 March 1981, Enoch Powell — by then an Ulster Unionist MP, but still an influence on the Conservative Party — gave a speech in which he warned of the dangers of a ""racial civil war"" in Britain. By 6 April, it was announced that overall unemployment had risen from 1.5 million to 2.5 million in 12 months; and that joblessness among ethnic minorities had risen faster, up 82% in the same period."
"""West Midlands Ethnic Minority Arts Service""; its director, Pogus Caesar, documented the riots, and Black Audio Film Collective produced the 1986 film ""Handsworth Songs"". Private groups such as Shades of Black work closely with the community. There was further unrest in 1991 and 2005; with a fatality occurring during the 2005 riot. The 2011 England riots also spread to the Handsworth area. The Guardian online article 'Riots don't happen without a reason' (August 2011) seeks to explore the context and histories of these inner-city riots, since the 1980's; emphasising the need for improvements in the relationship between the community and"
"[created a] disposition towards violent protest"". The 1999 Macpherson Report, an investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the failure of the police to establish sufficient evidence for the prosecution of the charged suspects, found that recommendations of the 1981 Scarman Report had been ignored. The report concluded that the police force was ""institutionally racist"". This report, which did not cover the events of the Brixton Riots, disagreed with the conclusions made by Scarman. On 25 March 2011, BBC Radio 4 broadcast reminiscences of participants including police and black Brixton residents. On 13 April, Margaret Thatcher dismissed the notion"
"of trade unions at GCHQ (1985). He is best known for chairing the public inquiry on the causes of the race riots in Brixton in 1981. He also chaired inquiries into the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969 (1969–1972), the Red Lion Square disorders (1975) and the Grunwick dispute (1977). After entering the House of Lords the more liberal aspects of his character dominated – he was chancellor of the University of Warwick, president of the British Institute of Human Rights, and worked on behalf of the Prince's Trust, the Birmingham Six, and Charter 88 among many other projects. In"
"1981) recognised that the riots did represent the result of social problems, such as poverty and deprivation. The Government responded by sending Michael Heseltine, as ""Minister for Merseyside"" to set up the Merseyside Task Force and launch a series of initiatives, including the Liverpool international garden festival and the Mersey Basin Campaign. Novel by John Cornelius called Liverpool 1981 Toxteth riots The Toxteth riots of July 1981 were a civil disturbance in Toxteth, inner-city Liverpool, which arose in part from long-standing tensions between the local police and the black community. They followed the Brixton riots earlier that year. The Merseyside"
"by Moonman who seems to have been affected by the Brixton riots and anxious about the possibility of societal breakdown. In May 1981, the Centre published a report called ""The Nazis are in the Playground"". According to the BBC's ""Nationwide"" programme, it ""claims extreme right-wing groups are recruiting school children & authorities are unable to control the situation"". The BBC interviewed Moonman on this on ""Nationwide"". BBC archive records state that he ""discusses young racism increasing 50% in 2 yrs; subtle strategies used; importance of process for future of N.F; accuses N.U.T of indifference, and gives Centre's proposals"". Later in"
"inner-city decline were not implemented and rioting would break out again in the 1985 and 1995 Brixton riots. 1981 Brixton riot The 1981 Brixton riot, or Brixton uprising, was a confrontation between the Metropolitan Police and protesters in Lambeth, South London, England, between 10 and 12 April 1981. The main riot on 11 April, dubbed ""Bloody Saturday"" by ""Time"" magazine, resulted in almost 280 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public; over a hundred vehicles were burned, including 56 police vehicles; and almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests. Reports suggested"
"that gap between the two was increasing, not reducing as was expected. The Black report was commissioned in March 1977 by David Ennals, Labour Secretary of State, following publication of a two-page article by Richard G. Wilkinson in New Society, on 16 December 1976, entitled ""Dear David Ennals."" The report was nearly ready for publication in early 1979. In the General Election on 3 May 1979, the Conservatives were elected. The Black Report was not issued until 1980 by the Conservative Government. The Black report was published on August Bank Holiday with only 260 copies made available on the day"
"1981 Brixton riot The 1981 Brixton riot, or Brixton uprising, was a confrontation between the Metropolitan Police and protesters in Lambeth, South London, England, between 10 and 12 April 1981. The main riot on 11 April, dubbed ""Bloody Saturday"" by ""Time"" magazine, resulted in almost 280 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public; over a hundred vehicles were burned, including 56 police vehicles; and almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests. Reports suggested that up to 5,000 people were involved. Brixton in South London was an area with serious social and"
"Bloody Sunday Inquiry The Bloody Sunday Inquiry, also known as the Saville Inquiry or the Saville Report after its chairman, Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in January of 1998 by British Prime Minister Tony Blair after campaigns for a second inquiry by families of those killed and injured in Derry on Bloody Sunday during the peak of ethno-political violence known as The Troubles. It was published on 15 June 2010. The inquiry was set up to establish a definitive version of the events of Sunday 30 January 1972, superseding the tribunal set up under Lord Widgery that had reported"
"weekend and one man, injured in the fighting, was taken to hospital. In the aftermath of the 2001 Bradford riots, the Government Office for the East of England commissioned a study to identify possible ""hotspots"" where violence might occur in the region. The report, which focused on Peterborough and Luton, was not published. However, it was reported that it criticised Peterborough City Council for being ""blind"" to problems of race relations in the city. Research published by the Institute of Race Relations has highlighted racism and racist attacks suffered by asylum seekers, migrant workers and more long-standing minority communities in"
"Workers Against Racism was criticised in the press for its activities during the 1981 Brixton Riots. An internal Home Office report to the Prime Minister claimed the Revolutionary Communist Party set up a Lambeth Unemployed Workers’ Group shortly before the Riots, and has since formed a South London Workers Against Racism group, similar to the East London Workers Against Racism which attracted some notoriety for organising vigilante patrols. The RCP's 'Workers Against Racism' campaign fought many deportation threats, like George Roucou's, on the grounds that British immigration law was racist. Roucou was a shop steward in the building workers' union"
"in street fighting between the Metropolitan Police and local Afro-Caribbean community, leading to a number of cars and shops set on fire, stones thrown at police and hundreds of arrests and minor injuries. A similar pattern occurred further north in Toxteth, Liverpool, and Chapeltown, Leeds. Despite the recommendations of the Scarman Report (published in November 1981), relations between black youths and police did not significantly improve and a further wave of nationwide conflicts occurred in Handsworth, Birmingham, in 1985, when the local South Asian community also became involved. Following the police shooting of a black grandmother Cherry Groce in Brixton,"
"an ""'awful' cost"": Bloody Sunday Inquiry The Bloody Sunday Inquiry, also known as the Saville Inquiry or the Saville Report after its chairman, Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in January of 1998 by British Prime Minister Tony Blair after campaigns for a second inquiry by families of those killed and injured in Derry on Bloody Sunday during the peak of ethno-political violence known as The Troubles. It was published on 15 June 2010. The inquiry was set up to establish a definitive version of the events of Sunday 30 January 1972, superseding the tribunal set up under Lord Widgery"
"1959 in St Pancras Town Hall, organised by activist Claudia Jones as a response to the riots and the state of race relations in Britain at the time. The riots caused tension between the Metropolitan Police and the British African-Caribbean community, which claimed that the police had not taken their reports of racial attacks seriously. In 2002, files were released that revealed that senior police officers at the time had assured the Home Secretary, Rab Butler, that there was little or no racial motivation behind the disturbance, despite testimony from individual police officers to the contrary. In 1964 Majbritt Morrison"
"1981 Chapeltown riots The Chapeltown Riots of 1981 took place in the Leeds district of Chapeltown in West Yorkshire, England, during a time when many other areas of the UK were suffering similar problems (such as London, Birmingham and Liverpool). The riots unfolded in July 1981 from a background of racial tension, inner city poverty, poor housing and high unemployment (which was rising rapidly as a result of the recession at the time). This brought high tension, particularly amongst the area's Caribbean community, culminating in attacks on the local police. These weren't to be the last riots in the area."
"the causes of the riot. The committee issued a report, ""The Negro in Harlem: A Report on Social and Economic Conditions Responsible for the Outbreak of March 19, 1935,"" which described the rioting as ""spontaneous"" with ""no evidence of any program or leadership of the rioters."" The report identified ""injustices of discrimination in employment, the aggressions of the police, and the racial segregation"" as conditions which led to the outbreak of rioting. The report congratulated the Communist organizations as deserving ""more credit than any other element in Harlem for preventing a physical conflict between whites and blacks."" Alain Locke was"
"should lead to such an inquiry. 1980 St. Pauls riot The St Pauls riot occurred in St Pauls, Bristol, England on 2 April 1980 when police raided the Black and White Café on Grosvenor Road in the heart of the area. After several hours of disturbance in which fire engines and police cars were damaged, 130 people were arrested, 25 were taken to hospital, including 19 police and members of the press. The riot occurred against a background of increasing racial tension, poor housing and alienation of black youth. As a result of the disturbances local authorities and the national"
"the international media by publicly burning a copy of the book. In July 2001, ethnic tensions led to rioting. The Ouseley Report, written shortly before the riots broke out, noted that Bradford had become deeply divided by segregated schooling, with communities deeply ignorant of each other, and there was widespread fear of crime and violence which West Yorkshire Police had insufficiently tackled for fear of being branded racist. In response to the Ouseley Report, approximately £3 million was provided by the Home Office and the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund to regenerate the city. A further £2 billion was invested in regenerating"
"Stafford Scott and Martin Sylvester Brown, police constables on duty that night and a former resident of the Carpet-Right building, the burned remains now providing a highly poignant reminder of the events. They are combined with the views of Diane Abbott, Iain Duncan Smith, Michael Gove and Pastor Nims Obunge. It was received well by all critics, with 4 stars from all major press including ""The Guardian"". Australian mod rock band The Feldons reference the riots in their song London Town from their 2012 album ""Goody Hallett and Other Stories"". While authorities and mass media referred to these events as"
"In 1987 there was further rioting in Chapeltown and in 2001 there was widespread rioting in nearby Harehills. Other riots in the UK the same year 1981 Chapeltown riots The Chapeltown Riots of 1981 took place in the Leeds district of Chapeltown in West Yorkshire, England, during a time when many other areas of the UK were suffering similar problems (such as London, Birmingham and Liverpool). The riots unfolded in July 1981 from a background of racial tension, inner city poverty, poor housing and high unemployment (which was rising rapidly as a result of the recession at the time). This"
"1981 Toxteth riots The Toxteth riots of July 1981 were a civil disturbance in Toxteth, inner-city Liverpool, which arose in part from long-standing tensions between the local police and the black community. They followed the Brixton riots earlier that year. The Merseyside police force had, at the time, a poor reputation within the black community for stopping and searching young black men in the area, under the ""sus"" laws, and the perceived heavy-handed arrest of Leroy Alphonse Cooper on Friday 3 July, watched by an angry crowd, led to a disturbance in which three policemen were injured. The existing tensions"
"book form in 1883. He also wrote many popular ballads attempting to draw attention to the predicament of the poor. These efforts were important in raising public opinion on the subject and led to reform legislation in the Act of 1885. Sims was appointed as part of an 1882 study of social conditions in Southwark in 1882 and as a witness before the 1884 royal commission on working-class housing. Sims also raised public awareness of other issues, including white slave traffic in a series articles published in the ""Daily Telegraph"", later in book form as ""London by Night"" (1906) and"
"Ouseley Report The Ouseley Report, dated July 2001, by the former chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, Herman, Lord Ousely, gave a long-awaited response to race relations in Bradford of West Yorkshire, in Northern England. The report painted a picture of racial segregation and a deep-rooted concern about crime. Its publication coincided with the Bradford 2001 riots, but was in fact carried out months before 7 July when the rioting broke out. The report noted that Bradford had strong divisions along racial, ethnic and religious lines, reinforced by segregated schooling. This had resulted in communities deeply ignorant of each"
"Letwin claimed it would not ameliorate the situation but would do little more than ""subsidise Rastafarian arts and crafts workshops"" stating that black ""entrepreneurs will set up in the disco and drug trade"". When the 1985 paper was released under the 30 years rule into the public record through the National Archives on 30 December 2015, a chastened Letwin apologised on the same day for ""the offence caused"". The memo argued that the riots were caused by bad behaviour not social conditions: Broadwater Farm riot The Broadwater Farm riot occurred around the Broadwater Farm estates area of Tottenham, North London,"
"an increase in attacks on black and Asian people by white people. The ""Joint Campaign Against Racism"" committee reported that there had been more than 20,000 attacks on British people of colour, including Britons of South Asian origin, during 1985. Various police forces in the United Kingdom (such as the Greater Manchester Police, the London Metropolitan Police, the Sussex Police and the West Yorkshire Police services) have been accused of institutionalised racism throughout the late 20th and 21st centuries, by people such as the Chief Constable of the GMP in 1998 (David Wilmot); the BBC's ""Secret Policemen"" documentary 5 years"
"since. ""Race & Class"" – a journal on racism, empire and globalisation - continues to be published quarterly by the IRR through Sage Publications. Those who have served on its Editorial Board include Eqbal Ahmad, John Berger, Victoria Brittain, Malcolm Caldwell, Jan Carew, Basil Davidson, Thomas Hodgkin, Orlando Letelier, Manning Marable, Colin Prescod, Cedric Robinson, Edward Said and Chris Searle. The IRR since its transformation carries out small-scale ""ad hoc"" pieces of research on pressing aspects of racism, the results of which have been published as pamphlets and reports. In 1979 the IRR produced ""Police Against Black People"", evidence to"
"of violence and vandalism by both the establishment and by protestors. The behaviour of the Metropolitan Police in dealing with the protests were also widely criticised for instances of untruthfulness and excessive use of force. In November 2009, the Labour Party government of Prime Minister Gordon Brown commissioned a study into higher education funding in England. Chaired by Lord Browne of Madingley, the former chief executive of BP, the report was to be titled the Browne Review. In the build up to the United Kingdom General Election in May 2010, the leader of the Liberal Democrats, Nick Clegg, pledged that"
"controversy prior to the early 1980s race riots (in St Pauls, Bristol, in 1980, and in Brixton, London; Toxteth, Liverpool; Handsworth, Birmingham; and Chapeltown, Leeds in 1981). This led to campaigns against the law including the ""Scrap Sus"" campaign led by Mavis Best and Paul Boateng. In 1980, the House of Commons' Sub-Committee on Race Relations and Immigration began hearings into the law. In the case of the race riots, the alleged abusive use of the sus law was believed to be a contributory factor to those events. The sus law was repealed on 27 August 1981, on the advice"