The name of which part of the former Roman province of Dacia, translates into English as 'land beyond the forest'?
"Roman Dacia Roman Dacia (also Dacia Traiana ""Trajan Dacia"" or Dacia Felix ""Fertile/Happy Dacia"") was a province of the Roman Empire from 106 to 274–275 AD. Its territory consisted of eastern and south-eastern Transylvania, the Banat and Oltenia (regions of modern Romania). It was from the very beginning organized as an imperial province, fitting a border area, and remained so throughout the Roman occupation. Historians' estimates of the population of Roman Dacia range from 650,000 to 1,200,000. The conquest of Dacia was completed by Emperor Trajan (98–117) after two major campaigns against Decebalus' Dacian kingdom. The Romans did not occupy"
"Dacia, on the plain between the Danube and the Tisa rivers, according to the scholars' interpretation of Pliny's text: ""The higher parts between the Danube and the Hercynian Forest (Black Forest) as far as the winter quarters of Pannonia at Carnutum and the plains and level country of the German frontiers there are occupied by the Sarmatian Iazyges, while the Dacians whom they have driven out hold the mountains and forests as far as the river Theiss"". Written a few decades after the Roman conquest of parts of Dacia in AD 105–106, Ptolemy's ""Geographia"" included the boundaries of Dacia. According"
"Traiana"" (the Roman province) as far east as the ""Hierasus"" (Siret) river, in the middle of modern Romania. Roman rule extended to the south-western area of the Dacian Kingdom (but not to what later became known as Maramureş), to parts of the later Principality of Moldavia east of the Siret and north of the Upper Trajan Wall, and to areas in modern Muntenia and Ukraine, except the Black Sea shore. After the Marcomannic Wars (AD 166–180), Dacian groups from outside Roman Dacia had been set in motion. So were the 12,000 Dacians 'from the neighbourhood of Roman Dacia sent away"
"Sarmisegetuza Regia, which was razed to the ground. The name of the Dacians' homeland, Dacia, became the name of a Roman province, and the name Dacians was used to designate the people in the region. ""Roman Dacia"", also ""Dacia Traiana"" or ""Dacia Felix"", was a province of the Roman Empire from 106 to 271 or 275 AD. Its territory consisted of eastern and southeastern Transylvania, and the regions of Banat and Oltenia (located in modern Romania). Dacia was organised from the beginning as an imperial province, and remained so throughout the Roman occupation. It was one of the empire's Latin"
"was eventually decimated by the Avars in 586. On a more specific note, Aurelian developed Dacia Ripensis on a stretch of the Danube specifically between Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior. Dacia Ripensis Dacia Ripensis (, ""Dakia Parapotamia"", English translation: ""Dacia from the banks of the river [Danube]"") was the name of a Roman province (part of Dacia Aureliana) first established by Aurelian c. AD 283, south of the Danube, after he withdrew from Dacia Traiana. It is unclear whether Aurelian or the Emperor Diocletian replaced Dacia Aureliana with two provinces, but by 285, there were two – Dacia Mediterranea with"
"his goal through two military campaigns, the second of which ended with the annihilation of the Dacian state and the establishment of the province of Dacia in 106. It included Oltenia and large portions of Banat, Transylvania, and Wallachia. Many colonists ""from all over the Roman world"" arrived and settled in the new province in the following decades. Dacia was situated over the empire's natural borders. It was surrounded by native tribes inhabiting the regions of Crișana, Maramureș, and Moldavia, which are now integral part of Romania, but were never annexed by the Romans. Dacia province was plundered by neighboring"
"and development. Not all of Dacia was permanently occupied. What was permanently included in the province, after the post-Trajanic evacuation of some land across the lower Danube, were the lands extending from the Danube to the inner arch of the Carpathian Mountains, including Transylvania, the Metaliferi Mountains and Oltenia. The Roman province eventually took the form of an ""excrescence"" North of the Danube, with ill-defined limits, stretching from the Danube northwards to the Carpathians, and was intended perhaps as a basis for further expansion in Eastern Europewhich the Romans conceived to be much more ""flattened"", and closer to the ocean,"
"scholars have challenged this identification and have recognised the ""Cotobacchi"" as a distinct tribe. Ammianus Marcellinus, writing c. 400, locates the Costoboci between the Dniester and Danube rivers, probably to the north-east of the former Roman province of Dacia. In his ""Geographia"" (published between 135 and 143 AD), the Greek geographer Ptolemy seems to indicate that the Costoboci inhabited north-western or north-eastern Dacia. In addition, some scholars identify the people called ""Transmontanoi"" (literally: ""people beyond the mountains"") by Ptolemy, located to the north of the Carpathians, as Dacian Costoboci. Some scholars associate the Costoboci with the Lipiţa culture. However Roger"
"(Daco-Celtic) and Iranian elements (Daco-Sarmatian) occupied territories in the north-west and north-east of Dacia. This region covered roughly the same area as modern Romania plus Bessarabia (Republic of Moldova) and eastern Galicia (south-west Ukraine), although Ptolemy places Moldavia and Bessarabia in ""Sarmatia Europaea"", rather than ""Dacia"". After the Dacian Wars (AD 101-6), the Romans occupied only about half of the wider Dacian region. The Roman province of Dacia covered just western Wallachia as far as the ""Limes Transalutanus"" (East of the river ""Aluta"", or Olt) and Transylvania, as bordered by the Carpathians. The impact of the Roman conquest on these"
"Oltenia Oltenia (, also called Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions, with the alternate Latin names ""Wallachia Minor"", ""Wallachia Alutana"", ""Wallachia Caesarea"" between 1718 and 1739) is a historical province and geographical region of Romania in western Wallachia. It is situated between the Danube, the Southern Carpathians and the Olt river. Initially inhabited by Dacians, Oltenia was incorporated in the Roman Empire (106, at the end of the Dacian Wars; ""see Roman Dacia""). In 129, during Hadrian's rule, it formed Dacia Inferior, one of the two divisions of the province (together with Dacia Superior, in today's Transylvania); Marcus Aurelius' administrative reform"
"(Dniester), in Greek sources the ""Tyras"". But several Dacian settlements are recorded between the rivers Dniester and ""Hypanis"" (Southern Bug), and the Tisia (Tisza) to the west. At times Dacia included areas between the Tisa and the Middle Danube. The Carpathian Mountains are located in the middle of Dacia. It thus corresponds to the present-day countries of Romania and Moldova, as well as smaller parts of Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. A Dacian Kingdom of variable size existed between 82 BC until the Roman conquest in AD 106. The capital of Dacia, Sarmizegetusa, located in modern Romania, was"
"Dacia Ripensis Dacia Ripensis (, ""Dakia Parapotamia"", English translation: ""Dacia from the banks of the river [Danube]"") was the name of a Roman province (part of Dacia Aureliana) first established by Aurelian c. AD 283, south of the Danube, after he withdrew from Dacia Traiana. It is unclear whether Aurelian or the Emperor Diocletian replaced Dacia Aureliana with two provinces, but by 285, there were two – Dacia Mediterranea with its capital at ""Serdica"" and Dacia Ripensis, with its capital at ""Ratiaria"". Later, these two ""Dacias"" along with Dardania, Lower Moesia, and Prevalitana constituted the Diocese of Dacia. Ratiaria was"
"Historical names of Transylvania Transylvania has had different names applied to it in several traditions. The first reference to the region was as the Medieval Latin expression ""terra ultra silvam"" ""land beyond the forest"" in a document dating to 1075. The expression ""Partes Transsylvanæ"" ""area beyond the forest"" appears in the 12th century in ""Legenda Sancti Gerhardi"" and subsequently as ""Transsilvania"" in medieval documents of the Hungarian kingdom. The names of ""Ardeal"" in Romanian and ""Erdély"" in Hungarian are believed to be connected. However, the original source and meaning are disputed and claimed by both Romanians and Hungarians. The first"
"Dacia In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia (; English ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians. The Greeks referred to them as the Getae (east of Dacia) and the Romans called them Daci. Dacia was bounded in the south approximately by the Danubius river (Danube), in Greek sources the ""Istros"", or at its greatest extent, by the Haemus Mons. Moesia (Dobruja), a region south-east of the Danube, was a core area where the Getae lived and interacted with the Ancient Greeks. In the east it was bounded by the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) and the river ""Danastris"""
"from their own country'. Their native country could have been the Upper Tisa region, but other places cannot be excluded. The later Roman province ""Dacia Aureliana"", was organized inside former Moesia Superior after the retreat of the Roman army from Dacia, during the reign of emperor Aurelian during AD 271–275. It was reorganized as Dacia Ripensis (as a military province) and Dacia Mediterranea (as a civil province). Ptolemy gives a list of 43 names of towns in Dacia, out of which arguably 33 were of Dacian origin. Most of the latter included the added suffix ‘dava’ (meaning settlement, village). But,"
"the entirety of the old Dacian kingdom, as the greater part of Moldavia, together with Maramureș and Crișana, was ruled by Free Dacians even after the Roman conquest. In 119, the Roman province was divided into two departments: ""Dacia Superior"" (""Upper Dacia"") and ""Dacia Inferior"" (""Lower Dacia""; later named ""Dacia Malvensis""). In 124 (or around 158), ""Dacia Superior"" was divided into two provinces: ""Dacia Apulensis"" and ""Dacia Porolissensis"". During the Marcomannic Wars the military and judicial administration was unified under the command of one governor, with another two senators (the ""legati legionis"") as his subordinates; the province was called ""tres"
"organized into the province of Dacia (or ""Dacia Traiana""), but Maramureș and further regions inhabited by the Costoboci, Bastarnae and other tribes remained free of Roman rule. The Romans officially abandoned Dacia under Emperor Aurelian (""r."" 270–275). The presence of a primarily Latin-speaking population in the former province after the legions and imperial administration had been withdrawn is the core of the debate between scholars who support the continuity theory and their opponents. Along with the abandonment of Dacia, Aurelian organized a new province bearing the same name (""Dacia Aureliana"") south of the Lower Danube. Roman forts were erected north"
"after the fall of Decebalus and the disintegration of his kingdom in 106. The three regions together formed the new province of Dacia. The new province was surrounded by ""barbarian"" tribes, including the Costoboci, the Iazyges and the Roxolani. New Germanic tribesthe Buri and the Vandalsarrived and settled in the vicinity of Dacia province in the course of the Marcomannic Wars in the second half of the 2nd century. Hoes, coulters and other tools made of antler were unearthed at nine ""Schela Cladovei"" settlements along the Lower Danube, suggesting that cultivation of plants began in the lands now forming Romania"
"Chorographia"", iii.29), as the author is assuming the reader would know where the forest is. The earliest reference is in Aristotle's (""Meteorologica""). He refers to the ""Arkýnia"" (or ""Orkýnios"") mountains of Europe, but tells us only that, remarkably in his experience, rivers flow north from there. During the time of Julius Caesar, this forest blocked the advance of the Roman legions into Germania. His few statements are the most definitive. In ""De Bello Gallico"" he says that the forest stretches along the Danube from the territory of the Helvetii (present-day Switzerland) to Dacia (present-day Romania). Its implied northern dimension is"
"""Legio XIII Gemina"" and the ""Legio IV Flavia Felix"". The Roman territories to the north of the Lower Danube were divided into three provincesUpper Dacia, Lower Dacia, and Dacia Porolissensisin the reign of Emperor Hadrian. He also withdrew the ""Legion IV Flavia Felix"" from the province. Upper Dacia, where the only Roman legion stationed in the next century, was administered by former praetors; the two other provinces were ruled by governors from the ""ordo equester"". During the Marcomannic Wars, a new legionthe ""Legio V Macedonica""was transferred to Dacia. Thereafter the two legions stationed in the three provincesnow named Dacia Apulensis,"
"fully Romanized area. Post-Aurelianic Dacia fell into three divisions: the area along the river, usually under some type of Roman administration even if in a highly localized form; the zone beyond this area, from which Roman military personnel had withdrawn, leaving a sizable population behind that was generally Romanized; and finally what is now the northern parts of Moldavia, Crisana, and Maramures, which were never occupied by the Romans. These last areas were always peripheral to the Roman province, not militarily occupied but nonetheless influenced by Rome as part of the Roman economic sphere. Here lived the free, unoccupied Carpi,"
"of the Roman Empire. Toponymic analysis of place-names in the former Roman Dacia north of the Danube suggests that, on top of names which have a Thracian, Scytho-Iranian, Celtic, Roman and Slavonic origin, there are some un-Romanized Dacian place-names which were adopted by the Slavs (possibly via the Hungarians) and transmitted to the Romanians, in the same way that some Latin place-names were transmitted to the Romanians via the Slavs (such as ""Olt""). According to those who posit the continued existence of a Romanized Dacian population after the Roman withdrawal, Aurelian's decision to abandon the province was solely a military"
"Tabula Peutingeriana between Romula and Rusidava. The same document depicts a second Acidava, between Cedoniae and Apula, but some authors believe it is actually a copy error and the correct name is Sacidava, another Dacian town. Acidava Acidava (""Acidaua"") was a Dacian and later Roman fortress on the Olt river near the lower Danube. The settlements remains are located in today's Enoşeşti, Olt County, Romania. After the Roman conquest of Dacia by Roman Emperor Trajan, Acidava became a civilian and military center, with castra being built in the area. Acidava was part of the Limes Alutanus, a line of fortifications"
"Dacia, Brașov Dacia (in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect, ""Ste"", ""Stin"", ""Štîn"", in German ""Stein"", in Hungarian ""Garat""), is a village in Brașov County, Romania, part of Jibert commune. Until 1931, the village was known in Romanian as ""Ștena"" (Romanianization of the German/Saxon name). In that year, the authorities changed its name to ""Dacia"". The village was first attested in 1309. Until 1980, it was inhabited by a majority of Transylvanian Saxons (by the end of 1970, most of them started emigrating in Germany). The Transylvanian Saxon noble family of Soterius von Sachsenheim has its origins in this village, Valentinus Schöchtert"
"Ziridava Ziridava (""Ziridaua"", ) was a Dacian town located between Apulon and Tibiscum, mentioned by Ptolemy in the area of the Dacian tribe of Biephi (today's Romania, Banat region). Ziridava is mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia (c. 140) in the form Ziridaua () as an important town in western Dacia, at latitude 48° N and longitude 46° 30' E (note that he used a different meridian and some of his calculations were off). Ptolemy completed his work soon after Trajan's Dacian Wars, as a result of which parts of Dacia were incorporated into the Roman Empire as the new Dacia province."
"(see below): The Dacia of King Burebista (82–44 BC), stretched from the Black Sea to the source of the river Tisa and from the Balkan Mountains to Bohemia. During that period, the Geto-Dacians conquered a wider territory and Dacia extended from the Middle Danube to the Black Sea littoral (between Apollonia and Olbia) and from present-day Slovakia's mountains to the Balkan mountains. In 53 BC, Julius Caesar stated that the lands of the Dacians started on the eastern edge of the Hercynian Forest (Black Forest). After Burebista's death, his kingdom split in four states, later five. Strabo, in his Geography"
"Dalmatia (Roman province) Dalmatia was a Roman province. Its name is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae, which lived in the central area of the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It encompassed the northern part of present-day Albania, much of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo and Serbia, thus covering an area significantly larger than the current Croatian region of Dalmatia. Originally this region was called Illyria (in Greek) or Illyricum (in Latin). The province of Illyricum was dissolved and replaced by two separate provinces: Dalmatia and Pannonia. The region which run along the"
"tribes, including the Carpians and Sarmatians from the 230s, and by the Goths from the 250s. As the frontiers were to be shortened for defensive purposes, the withdrawal of the Roman legions from Dacia began in the 260s. The province officially ceased to exist under Emperor Aurelian (270–275) who ""withdrew the Romans from the cities and countryside of Dacia"". Garrisons stationed in Drobeta and Sucidava remained on the northern bank of the river. Romanians speak a language originating from the dialects of the Roman provinces north of the ""Jireček Line"". This line divided, in Roman times, the predominantly Greek-speaking southern"
"170–180 when the migration of the Vandal Hasdingi pushed out this northern Dacian group. This Dacian group, possibly the Costoboci/Lipiţa culture, is associated by Gudmund Schütte with towns having the specific Dacian language ending ""dava"" i.e. Setidava. The Roman province ""Dacia Traiana"", established by the victors of the Dacian Wars during AD 101–106, initially comprised only the regions known today as Banat, Oltenia, Transylvania, and was subsequently gradually extended to southern parts of Moldavia, while Dobruja and Budjak belonged the Roman province of Moesia. In the 2nd century AD, after the Roman conquest, Ptolemy puts the eastern boundary of ""Dacia"
"the frontier of Dacia Porolissensis (additional province organized in 124 AD), castrat that blocked the main pathways of a potential external attack to the northwestern Roman Dacia territories. Actually, westwards, horizon is far closed, beyond Jibou, to the hills in Popteleac-Mirșid-Creaca-Moigrad (""Porolissum"") area. Castra of Tihău It was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia. Fortification of historical significance, the castra of Tihău was called since the 18th century ""citadel of Tuhutum"". Ruins on the plateau ""Grădiște"" shows that the Castra of Tihău was a Roman fort of auxiliary troop, pertaining to the northwest sector of Dacic ""limes"". Repeated"
"fourth century reform (also splitting Italy in two while separating Egypt from Oriens and Macedonia from Moeasiae as new dioceses), these two “Dacias” along with Dardania, Moesia Prima, and Prevalitana constituted the Civil diocese of Dacia. Dacia Aureliana Dacia Aureliana was a province in the eastern half of the Roman Empire established by Roman Emperor Aurelian in the territory of former Moesia Superior after his evacuation of Dacia Traiana beyond the Danube in 271. Between 271/275 and 285, it occupied most of what is today northwestern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia. Its capital was in Serdica (modern Sofia). The Emperor Diocletian's"
"beyond the Danube to be evacuated, and transplanted to Moesia and Roman Thracia the soldiers and colonists who were faithful to the Roman cause. The country occupied by these immigrants formed the new Province of Dacia, Sardica being included in this province (Homo, ""Essai sur le règne de l'empereur Aurélien"", pp. 313–21). Later, Diocletian divided Dacia into Dacia Ripensis and Dacia Mediterranea. Sardica was the civil and ecclesiastical metropolis of the latter. Gallienus established a mint at Sardica, and Constantine the Great, who was born in the region, contemplated making it his capital. Ecclesiastically, Sardica belonged to the Patriarchate of"
"Munteniawere not incorporated in the Roman Empire. Other regionsBanat, western Muntenia, Oltenia and Transylvaniaformed the Roman province of Dacia Traiana for about 170 years. According to the ""continuity"" theory, modern Romanian is the direct descendant of the Latin dialect of Dacia Traiana and developed primarily in the lands now forming Romania; the concurring ""immigrationist"" theory maintains that Proto-Romanian was spoken in the lands to the south of the Danube and Romanian-speakers settled in most parts of modern Romania only centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire. Most scholars agree that two major dialects developed from Common Romanian by the"