Fans of the band The Clash should know that what word meaning 'citadel' in Arabic refers to any walled enclosure but is mostly used for a specific area of Algiers?
"Casbah of Algiers The Casbah (, ""qaṣba"", meaning citadel (fortress)) is specifically the citadel of Algiers in Algeria and the traditional quarter clustered around it. In 1992, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed ""Kasbah of Algiers"" a World Cultural Heritage site, as ""There are the remains of the citadel, old mosques and Ottoman-style palaces as well as the remains of a traditional urban structure associated with a deep-rooted sense of community."" More generally, a kasbah is the walled citadel of many North African cities and towns. The name made its way into English from French in"
"Kasbah An-Nouar The Kasbah An-Nouar or Kasbah Filali is a walled district and former military enclosure in the old medina of Fez, Morocco. Its name means ""citadel of the flowers"", but it is sometimes also referred to as Kasbah Filala and Kasbah Chorfa. It is one of several fortified military enclosures or kasbahs that were built around the old city of Fez across different periods. The foundation of the kasbah reportedly dates to the Almohad period when Muhmmad al-Nasir (12th century) rebuilt the fortifications of Fez. It is likely that it took its present form, however, during the Alaouite period,"
"likely coincides with the kasbah's foundation, which may make it an Almohad foundation as well, later restored under the Alaouites. Outside the kasbah, in front of Bab Chorfa, is a local but extensive open-air market that has taken place here for generations. Kasbah An-Nouar The Kasbah An-Nouar or Kasbah Filali is a walled district and former military enclosure in the old medina of Fez, Morocco. Its name means ""citadel of the flowers"", but it is sometimes also referred to as Kasbah Filala and Kasbah Chorfa. It is one of several fortified military enclosures or kasbahs that were built around the"
"including men who were evacuated to Africa after being wounded during Operation Husky, and who died there. El Alia Cemetery El Alia Cemetery () is a cemetery in a suburb of Algiers in the commune of Oued Smar in Algeria. The name ""El Alia"" means in Arabic ""which is high"", but came from the surname of the donor of the land in 1928, Hamza El-Alia. It comprises tombs of numerous Algerian notables and also has the graves of actors and actresses and other artists (opera singers, musicians, painters, sculptors, architects, writers, poets). It also includes the tombs of several scientists,"
"town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel. The only natural World Heritage Sites is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range. Algiers is the country's cosmopolitan capital, displaying much of the French Architectural heritage due to years of colonization. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 122 metres"
"El Alia Cemetery El Alia Cemetery () is a cemetery in a suburb of Algiers in the commune of Oued Smar in Algeria. The name ""El Alia"" means in Arabic ""which is high"", but came from the surname of the donor of the land in 1928, Hamza El-Alia. It comprises tombs of numerous Algerian notables and also has the graves of actors and actresses and other artists (opera singers, musicians, painters, sculptors, architects, writers, poets). It also includes the tombs of several scientists, academicians and sports people. Allies militaries who died during the North African Campaign were also buried there,"
"is now Constantine Province, Algeria, 88 km (55 mi) due south of Annaba, 957 m above the sea: it is now called Tifesh. The chief ruin is that of an extensive fortress, the walls of which are 3 metres thick. Tassili n'Ajjer, is a heavily eroded sandstone rock formation in the Algerian section of the Sahara Desert, situated on a vast plateau, that encompasses south-east Algeria, western Libya and northern Niger. It features over 300 rock arches, dense clusters of eroded sandstone rock pillars and steep cliffs and gorges where water pools permanently at the surface. Tassili n'Ajjer covers an"
"Christians converted voluntarily to Islam, many fleeing the law or other problems at home. Once converted to Islam, they were safe in Algiers. Many occupied positions of authority, such as Samson Rowlie, an Englishman who became Treasurer of Algiers. The city under Ottoman control was enclosed by a wall on all sides, including along the seafront. In this wall, five gates allowed access to the city, with five roads from each gate dividing the city and meeting in front of the Ketchaoua Mosque. In 1556, a citadel was constructed at the highest point in the wall. A major road running"
"Jijel Arabic Jijeli, or Jijel Arabic, is a variety of Arabic spoken specifically in the Jijel Province in northeastern Algeria, but traces of it reach parts of the neighboring Skikda and Mila Provinces. It is quite different from all the other Arabic dialects spoken in eastern Algeria and has probably survived into present times because of the geographic enclavement of that mountainous area and the difficulty of terrestrial connections with the rest of the country for centuries. Jijel is a relic of the Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects (resulting from the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th and 8th centuries)"
"Biledulgerid Biledulgerid (Bheladal Dsherid = country of dates) was formerly a country in Northern Africa, south of Mount Atlas, bounded on the north by Tunis, on the west by Algiers and the Sahara, on the east by Tripoli, supposed to be about 180 miles square. Berbers lived here, along with Black people. A large proportion of the young men are destroyed by the change of climate to which they are thus exposed, as also by bad nourishment and epidemic fevers. Certain parts of this country, called Dara, Tasilet and Segelmesse, belong to Morocco; to Algiers belongs Wadreag, and to Tunis"
"months. In Amenas In Amenas (, ""‘In ’Amanās"") is a town and commune in eastern Algeria, bordering with Libya. The town is located west of the border. There is no border crossing in the area. The municipality had 7,385 inhabitants in 2008, up from 5.302 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 3.4% According to the Algerian novelist Mouloud Mammeri the name is a Tuareg word which means ""lieu des méharis"" or ""place of camel drivers."" The natural gas facility near the municipality was attacked by Islamist militants on 16 January 2013. In Amenas has a hot desert climate"
"Palace of the Dey Palace of the Dey (), also known as Algeria Castle () or Dey Hussein Palace (), is an Ottoman era palace in the city of Algiers, Algeria. Completed in the 16th century, it is situated inside the Casbah of Algiers, and settled by successive deys of the city. It once was the second largest palace in the Ottoman Empire, next to Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. Hussein Dey had lived in the palace for 12 years. The palace witnessed the so-called """" in 1827 which became the indirect cause of the French declaration of war against Algeria."
"Tell Atlas The Tell Atlas () is a mountain chain over in length, belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges in North Africa, stretching from Morocco, through Algeria to Tunisia. The ranges of this system have average elevations of about and form a natural barrier between the Mediterranean and the Sahara. Its highest summit is the high Lalla Khedidja in the Jurjura Range. Several large cities such as the Algerian capital, Algiers, with ~1,500,000 residents (2005) and Oran with ~770,000 residents (2005) lie at the base of the Tell Atlas. The Algerian city Constantine with approximately 505,000 residents (2005) lies 80"
"In Amenas In Amenas (, ""‘In ’Amanās"") is a town and commune in eastern Algeria, bordering with Libya. The town is located west of the border. There is no border crossing in the area. The municipality had 7,385 inhabitants in 2008, up from 5.302 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 3.4% According to the Algerian novelist Mouloud Mammeri the name is a Tuareg word which means ""lieu des méharis"" or ""place of camel drivers."" The natural gas facility near the municipality was attacked by Islamist militants on 16 January 2013. In Amenas has a hot desert climate (Köppen"
"Fort is near the town of Maadid (aka Maadhid), about southeast of Algiers, in the Maghreb. In 1980, it was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, and described as ""an authentic picture of a fortified Muslim city"". The town includes a long line of walls. Inside the walls are four residential complexes, and the largest mosque built in Algeria after that of Mansurah. It is similar in design to the Grand Mosque of Kairouan, with a tall minaret, . Excavations have brought to light numerous terracotta, jewels, coins and ceramics testifying to the high level of civilization under"
"during an attack attributed to islamic militants. The troops were returning to their barracks when their vehicle was hit by a roadside bomb. Cap Djinet Cap Djinet is a cape at the Mediterranean Sea near the town of Djinet, 50 kilometers east of Algiers, near Dellys, in the Boumerdès Province of Algeria. A moment magnitude scale ( 6.8) earthquake in northern Algeria on May 21, 2003 produced a shoreline uplift characterized by a continuous white band visible at rocky headlands. The uplift distribution indicated an average of .55 meters along the shoreline with a maximum of .75 m near Boumerdes"
"on the wooden parts of the building. The collapse and cracks were resulting from the environment of the building where surrounded by the busy roads. Algerian government has been initiating an international team to conduct even more extensive renovation. Palace of the Dey Palace of the Dey (), also known as Algeria Castle () or Dey Hussein Palace (), is an Ottoman era palace in the city of Algiers, Algeria. Completed in the 16th century, it is situated inside the Casbah of Algiers, and settled by successive deys of the city. It once was the second largest palace in the"
"because at the time of colonization, the French authorities forbade Muslims to bury their dead in flat terrain. It comprises tombs of numerous Algerian notables and it is one of the most preferred place for actors and actresses and other artists (opera singers, musicians, painters, sculptors, architects, writers, poets). It also includes the tombs of several scientists, academicians and sportspeople. The cemetery also contains paintings by . El Kettar Cemetery El Kettar Cemetery () is one of the most famous cemeteries in Algeria. It is situated in a suburb of the city of Algiers in the commune of Oued Koriche."
"between December and February for high altitudes of over 600 m. The indigenous people called the town of El Kseur Iɣil Mɛebed (in Berber). On the other hand, the name of El Kurs comes from the Arabic qasar, in Algerian Arabic qsar, plural qsur, meaning ""palace"" or ""fortified village"", berberized in Leqser; The municipality takes its name from a courthouse which gave its celebrity to the city. Another hypothesis, more probable, gives origin of the name the citadel (qasr) erected in 1327 during the siege of Bgayet by the Zianides. Ibn Khaldun speaks of it in his book ""History of"
"many vestiges. It is attached to the current Algerian commune of Ighil Ali (wilaya of Béjaïa). The site is located southeast of Ighil Ali, north of Teniet En Nasr, about northwest of Bordj Bou Arreridj and about southwest of Bejaia. The Kalâa, following the heart-shaped relief, is built on a rocky plateau with an area of in the Biban range, at nearly above sea level. Kalâa of Ait Abbas The Kalâa of the Aït Abbas or Kalâa of the Beni Abbes (Berber: ⵇⴰⵍⵄⴰ ⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵄⴰⴱⴰⵙ [Qalεa nāt εabbas]; Arabic: قلعة بني عباس), sometimes spelled Qal'a or Guelaa, was a citadel"
"number of agricultural buildings on a former concreted aircraft parking/maintenance area to the south of the field. Chateaudun-du-Rhumel Airfield Chateaudun-du-Rhumel (Chateaudun Du Rhumel) Airfield is an abandoned military airfield in Algeria, located about 6 km north-northwest of Chelghoum el Aid, in Mila province, about 47 km southwest of Constantine. During World War II it was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps. The airfield was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and its primary use was that of a heavy bomber airfield, with"
"health centres (clinics) inside Tal Afar, and other clinics in the periphery. The Tal Afar Citadel, a ruined Ottoman fortress, is located in the center of the city. Local history states that British administrators augmented the structure of the original fortress. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the fortress was further augmented and made to house the city’s mayoral, municipal and police headquarters. The neighborhood including and surrounding the fortress is known as ""Qalah"" or ""Castle"". Large parts of the citadel were blown up by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in December 2014. Many residents identify themselves"
"once spoken over all of Constantine, Algeria but later mixed with Bedouin Hilalian dialects brought by the invasion of the Banu Hilal in the 11th century. Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects remained intact only in a small area around Jijel while they were heavily mixed with bedouin dialects in the areas of Constantine, Mila, Collo and El Milia. Pre-Hilalian dialects also remain in the urban areas of Fez, Rabat, Tlemcen, Constantine and Tunis. Tlemcen Arabic and Jijel Arabic remain very close. Jijel Arabic is also amongst the most Berber-influenced Arabic dialects of Algeria. Jijel Arabic Jijeli, or Jijel Arabic, is a variety"
"up with identical planning concepts were Ghardaïa, Melika, Beni Isguen, Bou Noura and El Atteuf. The identical “miniature citadels” as they are termed had each their own mosque with minaret functioning as watch towers, houses built around the mosque in concentric circles and surrounded by a high walls (extending up to the ramparts). which together gave the feel of a fortress to each village. The mosque also provided for storage of grains and arms for defence. However, during the summer season as they migrated to a ""citadel"" outside the fortified villages, in an informal setting of artificial palm grove, a"
"that country. It is also near the troubled Western Sahara, embracing territory previously claimed by Morocco. Much of the internal disorder and violence associated with economic distress and the Islamist movement has occurred in the 1st Military Region (Blida), which includes the capital of Algiers, and the 5th Military Region (Constantine). Army units have been strengthened in and near the cities where attacks against the government and security forces have occurred. Although regional commanders were originally all colonels, the commanders of the 1st Military Region (Mohamed Djenouhat) and the 5th Military Region (Abdelhamid Djouadi) were both promoted to major general"
"Algeria itself, attacks continued, with car bombs and assassinations of musicians, sportsmen, and unveiled women, as well as police and soldiers. Even at this stage, the seemingly counterproductive nature of many of its attacks led to speculation (encouraged by FIS members abroad whose importance was undermined by GIA hostility to negotiation) that the group had been infiltrated by Algerian secret services. The region south of Algiers, in particular, came to be dominated by the GIA, who called it the ""liberated zone"". Later, it would come to be known as the ""Triangle of Death"". Reports of battles between the AIS and"
"Bab El Oued Bab El Oued is a neighbourhood in Algiers, the capital of Algeria, along the coast north of the city centre. As of 2008, the population of the commune of Bab El Oued was 64,732. During the existence of French Algeria, Bab El Oued became the main neighbourhood of poor ""pied-noirs"", including many poor fishermen. Towards the end of the Algerian War of Independence, the neighbourhood became the stronghold of the Organisation armée secrète, until OAS attacks on the French Army led them to assault and purge the neighbourhood, during the siege of Bab el Oued on March"
"cemetery and a mosque]. The city is located within the Sahara Desert in northern-central Algeria. The Ghardaïa Province is divided into 13 ""communes"" or municipalities, which includes the Ghardaïa municipality. It is bordered by Ouargla and El Bayadh Wilayas. It is nestled in the M'zab valley, lying on the left bank of the Wadi Mzab, which is commonly dry throughout the year. The commune of Ghardaïa now covers an area of and includes a number of suburbs, towns and villages in addition to Ghardaïa. Suburb settlements include Mélika, Béni Isguen, Bounoura (Has Bunur) and El Atteuf (Tadjnint), all of which"
"Citadel of Aleppo The Citadel of Aleppo () is a large medieval fortified palace in the centre of the old city of Aleppo, northern Syria. It is considered to be one of the oldest and largest castles in the world. Usage of the Citadel hill dates back at least to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. Subsequently, occupied by many civilizations including the Greeks, Byzantines, Ayyubids and Mamluks, the majority of the construction as it stands today is thought to originate from the Ayyubid period. An extensive conservation work took place in the 2000s by the Aga Khan Trust"
"area in 1934. Since Algerian independence in 1962, the town has been deliberately built up, partly because of its importance as a last outpost before the Moroccan, Sahrawi and Mauritanian borders. In 1963, the area was the scene of fighting between Algerian and Moroccan forces laying claim to western Algeria, in the Sand War. The region has since been heavily militarized, increasing its relevance. Since the mid-70s, the Tindouf region served as base for the Polisario Front, a Sahrawi nationalist organization fighting for Western Sahara's independence. The Polisario Front is headquartered in self-administered refugee camps south of the city, which"
"is partly covered in Mediterranean forest, with scattered patches of cultivation. The inhabitants of the Dahra Range are from Berber origin, descending from the Banou Ifren and the Maghraouas Dahra Range The Dahra Range () is a mountain range located in northern Algeria. 'Dahra' is an Arabic word meaning 'back'; in toponymy this term indicates a long plateau of lesser altitude. The Dahra is a low mountain chain part of the greater Tell Atlas which stretches from Algiers in the east along the Mediterranean coast until reaching the mouth of the Chelif near Mostaganem at its western end. Its tallest"
"of Sidi Abderrhamane Thaalibi, a Sufi from Baghdad and the founder of Algiers. He is considered a saint in Morocco. Because of this, many Moroccans make informal pilgrimages to this site ""to reflect on life and to seek religious enlightenment"". Some believe that the saint possessed magical powers, so his tomb still possesses these powers. People come and seek this magic to be cured. Non-Muslims may not enter the shrine. Public: University of Hassan II Casablanca Private: International schools: Casablanca staged the 1961 Pan Arab Games, the 1983 Mediterranean Games, and games during the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco"
"in the East and their transformation into Nazi concentration camps. A ""mellah"" (Arabic ملاح, probably from the word ملح, Arabic for ""salt"") is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an analogue of the European ghetto. Jewish populations were confined to ""mellahs"" in Morocco beginning from the 15th century and especially since the early 19th century. In cities, a ""mellah"" was surrounded by a wall with a fortified gateway. Usually, the Jewish quarter was situated near the royal palace or the residence of the governor in order to protect its inhabitants from recurring riots. In contrast, rural ""mellahs"""