Where in the human body would you find the Calcaneus?
"(""pes valgus""), and if it is turned laterally the foot is in an inverted position (""pes varus""). The talar shelf is typically involved in subtalar or talocalcaneal tarsal coalition. Calcaneus In humans, the calcaneus (; from the Latin ""calcaneus"" or ""calcaneum"", meaning heel) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. In humans, the calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bones and the largest bone of the foot. The talus bone, calcaneus, and navicular bone are considered the proximal row"
"Calcitonin Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland, and in many other animals in the ultimopharyngeal body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcitonin has been found in fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Its importance in humans has not been as well established as its importance in other animals, as its function is usually not significant in the regulation of normal calcium homeostasis. It belongs to the calcitonin-like protein"
"Calcarine sulcus The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. Its name comes from the Latin ""calcar"" meaning ""spur"". It is a complete sulcus. The calcarine sulcus begins near the occipital pole in two converging rami and runs forward to a point a little below the splenium of the corpus callosum, where it is joined at an acute angle by the medial part of the parieto-occipital sulcus. The anterior part of this sulcus gives rise to the prominence of the calcar avis in the posterior cornu"
"aspect of the olecranon. Anconeus is innervated by a branch of the radial nerve (cervical roots 7 and 8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus called the nerve to the anconeus. The somatomotor portion of radial nerve innervating anconeus bifurcates from the main branch in the radial groove of the humerus. This innervation pattern follows the rules of innervation of the musculature of the posterior forearm (extensor) compartment by the radial nerve. Its role in elbow extension is trivial in humans. It assists in extension of the elbow, where the triceps brachii is the principal agonist, and supports"
"thick, convex, free border. Splenium translates as ""bandage"" in Greek. The trunk of the corpus callosum lies between the splenium and the genu. The callosal sulcus separates the corpus callosum from the cingulate gyrus. On either side of the corpus callosum, the fibers radiate in the white matter and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobes constitute the ""forceps minor"" (also ""forceps anterior"") and those curving backward from the splenium into the occipital lobes, the ""forceps major"" (also ""forceps posterior""). Between these two parts is the main body"
"Kallikrein Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases, enzymes capable of cleaving peptide bonds in proteins. In humans, plasma kallikrein (""KLKB1"") has no known paralogue, while tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (""KLKs"") encode a family of fifteen closely related serine proteases. These genes are localised to chromosome 19q13, forming the largest contiguous cluster of proteases within the human genome. Kallikreins are responsible for the coordination of various physiological functions including blood pressure, semen liquefaction and skin desquamation. Eugen Werle reported in 1934 finding a substance in the pancreas of humans and various animals in such great amounts that the pancreas could be"
"of the lateral ventricle. The calcarine sulcus is where the primary visual cortex (V1) is concentrated. The central visual field is located in the posterior portion of the calcarine sulcus and the peripheral visual field in the anterior portion. Calcarine sulcus The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. Its name comes from the Latin ""calcar"" meaning ""spur"". It is a complete sulcus. The calcarine sulcus begins near the occipital pole in two converging rami and runs forward to a point a little below the splenium"
"Corpus callosum The corpus callosum (Latin for ""tough body""), also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick, nerve tract consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain. The corpus callosum is only found in placental mammals. It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain, about ten centimetres in length and consisting of 200–300 million axonal projections. A number of separate nerve tracts, classed as subregions, of the corpus callosum connect different parts of"
"CAPN6 Calpain 6 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the CAPN6 gene. Calpains are ubiquitous, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent, cysteine proteases. The calpain proteins are heterodimers consisting of an invariant small subunit and variable large subunits. The large subunit possesses a cysteine protease domain, and both subunits possess calcium-binding domains. Calpains have been implicated in neurodegenerative processes, as their activation can be triggered by calcium influx and oxidative stress. The protein encoded by this gene is highly expressed in the placenta. Its C-terminal region lacks any homology to the calmodulin-like domain of other calpains. The protein lacks"
"in the thalamus, and to the superior colliculus. Both the left and right hemisphere of the brain have a lateral geniculate nucleus, named after its resemblance to a bent knee (""genu"" is Latin for ""knee""). In humans as well as in many other primates, the LGN has layers of magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells that are interleaved with layers of koniocellular cells. In humans the LGN is normally described as having six distinctive layers. The inner two layers, (1 and 2) are magnocellular layers, while the outer four layers, (3,4,5 and 6), are parvocellular layers. An additional set of neurons,"
"Calvaria (skull) The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural ""calvariae""; however, many medical texts list the word as ""calvarium"", neuter Latin noun with plural ""calvaria"") is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. It forms the main component of the skull roof. The calvaria (skullcap) is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable. Premature complete ossification of these sutures"
"CALU mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and maps to 7q32. Calumenin Calumenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""CALU"" gene. Calumenin (CALU) is a calcium-binding protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is involved in such ER functions as protein folding and sorting. Calumenin is a member of the EF-hand superfamily in the ER and Golgi apparatus named CERC. CERC is an acronym for its family members Cab-45, reticulocalbin, Erc-55 (RCN2), and calumenin. The CALU gene encodes a deduced 315-amino acid protein containing 6 EF-hand motifs, 1 potential N-glycosylation site, and a C-terminal"
"food entering the duodenum from the stomach. The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the upper left part of the abdomen. It is found behind the stomach. The pancreas is about long. Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into the head of pancreas, the neck of pancreas, the body of pancreas, and the tail of pancreas. The ""head"" is surrounded by the duodenum in its concavity. The head surrounds two blood vessels, the superior mesenteric artery and vein. From the back of the head emerges a small uncinate process, which extends to the back of the superior mesenteric"
"Biglycan Biglycan is a small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) which is found in a variety of extracellular matrix tissues, including bone, cartilage and tendon. In humans, biglycan is encoded by the ""BGN"" gene which is located on the X chromosome. The name ""biglycan"" was proposed in an article by Fisher, Termine and Young in an article in the Journal of Biological Chemistry in 1989 because the proteoglycan contained two GAG chains; formerly it was known as proteoglycan-I (PG-I). Biglycan consists of a protein core containing leucine-rich repeat regions and two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains consisting of either chondroitin sulfate (CS) or"
"calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the parahippocampal gyrus. This region is believed to play an important role in vision and dreaming. Visual memory dysfunction and visuo-limbic disconnection have been shown in cases where the lingual gyrus has been damaged (due to stroke or other traumatic brain injuries). Further, impaired visual memory is related to either damage to the region or disconnections between the gyrus and other brain structures. Hypermetabolism in the lingual gyrus"
"the peroneus longus and brevis. It separates the two oblique grooves of the lateral surface of the calcaneus (for the tendons of the peroneal muscles). Its chief anatomical significance is as a point of divergence of the previously common pathway shared by the distal tendons of peroneus longus and peroneus brevis ""en route"" to their distinct respective attachment sites. The calcaneus is part of two joints: the proximal intertarsal joint and the talocalcaneal joint. The point of the calcaneus is covered by the calcanean bursa. In the calcaneus, an ossification center, is developed during the 4th–7th week of fetal development."
"in coma. Thalamus The thalamus (from Greek , ""chamber"") is a large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness. It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves, within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon, as first assigned by Wilhelm His Sr. in 1893. The thalamus is a paired structure of gray matter located in"
"Achilles tendon The Achilles tendon or heel cord, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is a tendon of the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. These muscles, acting via the tendon, cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle, and (except soleus) flexion at the knee. Abnormalities of the Achilles tendon include inflammation (Achilles tendinitis), degeneration, rupture, and becoming embedded with cholesterol deposits (xanthomas). The Achilles tendon connects muscle to bone, like other tendons, and is located at"
"Corpora arenacea Corpora arenacea (or brain sand or acervuli or corpus arenaceum) are calcified structures in the pineal gland and other areas of the brain such as the choroid plexus. Older organisms have numerous corpora arenacea, whose function, if any, is unknown. Concentrations of ""brain sand"" increase with age, so the pineal gland becomes increasingly visible on X-rays over time, usually by the third or fourth decade. They are sometimes used as anatomical landmarks in radiological examinations. Chemical analysis shows that they are composed of calcium phosphate (later characterized as hydroxyapatite), calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate. Recently, calcite"
"the time for interhemispheric communication as a macaque's. The fibrous bundle at which the corpus callosum appears, can and does increase to such an extent in humans that it encroaches upon and wedges apart the hippocampal structures. Corpus callosum The corpus callosum (Latin for ""tough body""), also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick, nerve tract consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain. The corpus callosum is only found in placental mammals. It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them. It is the"
"in mammals. In mammals there are two variant forms, STC1, which is fundamentally similar to fish stanniocalcin, and STC2, which is more different in structure and function. In invertebrates, freshwater leeches are found to contain the hormone. In leeches it is produced in the fat cells (adipocytes). STC1 was discovered in 1995 from human kidney. It was demonstrated that human kidney extract produced the same calcium inhibitory action when injected in a fish. The gene that produce STC1, ""STC1"" is located in the short arm of human chromosome 8 (position p21.2). STC1 mRNA is formed in heart, lung, liver, adrenal"
"Stanniocalcin Stanniocalcin (originally named hypocalcin or teleocalcin or parathyrin) is a family of hormones which regulate calcium and phosphate balance in the body. The first stanniocalcin discovered was from fish and was identified as the principal calcium-reducing (hypocalcaemic) factor. It was isolated from special organs in fish called corpuscles of Stannius, hence the name stanniocalcin. Chemically, stanniocalcins are glycosylated proteins (i.e. proteins containing carbohydrate, or glycoproteins) having a molecular mass of 50 kDa. They exist in molecular pairs (homodimers) and are joined together by disulfide linkage. Stanniocalcins are made up of approximately 250 amino acids. In 1839, the German anatomist"
"hands and feet. They may occur near the knee, commonly near the cruciate ligaments, but also they may occur at the origins of the gastrocnemius tendon and, anteriorly, on Hoffa's infrapatellar fat pad. At the shoulder, they typically occur at the acromioclavicular joint or along the biceps tendon. From their common origin at a joint or tendon, ganglion cysts may form in a wide range of locations. Rarely, intraosseous ganglion cysts occur, sometimes in combination with a cyst in the overlying soft tissue. Very rare cases of intramuscular ganglion cysts in the gastrocnemius muscle of the calf have been reported."
"Glans The glans (, plural ""glandes"" ; from the Latin word for ""acorn"") is a vascular structure located at the tip of the penis in male mammals or a homologous genital structure of the clitoris in female mammals. The exterior structure of the glans consists of mucous membrane, which is usually covered by foreskin or clitoral hood in naturally developed genitalia. This covering, called the prepuce, is normally retractable in adulthood. The glans naturally joins with the inner labia, and the frenulum of the penis or clitoris. In non-technical or sexual discussions, often the word ""clitoris"" refers to the external"
"in general. The two superior colliculi sit below the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the vertebrate midbrain. It comprises the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and immediately superior to the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, ""quadruplet bodies""). The brachium of superior colliculus (or superior brachium) extends laterally from the superior colliculus, and, passing between the pulvinar and medial geniculate body, is partly continued into an eminence called the lateral geniculate body, and partly into the optic tract. The microstructure of the optic tectum"
"Anconeus muscle The anconeus muscle (or anconaeus/anconæus) is a small muscle on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint. Some consider anconeus to be a continuation of the triceps brachii muscle. Some sources consider it to be part of the posterior compartment of the arm, while others consider it part of the posterior compartment of the forearm. The anconeus muscle can easily be palpated just lateral to the olecranon process of the ulna. Anconeus originates on the posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts distally on the superior posterior surface of the ulna and the lateral"
"Malleus The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for ""hammer"" or ""mallet"". It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the ""incus"". The malleus is a bone situated in the middle ear. It is the first of the three ossicles, and attached to the tympanic membrane. The ""head of the malleus"" is the large protruding section, which attaches to the incus. The head connects to the ""neck of malleus"", and the bone"
"CAPNS1 Calpain small subunit 1, also known as CAPN4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""CAPNS1"" gene. Calpains are a ubiquitous, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent, cysteine proteases. Calpain families have been implicated in neurodegenerative processes, as their activation can be triggered by calcium influx and oxidative stress. Calpain I and II are heterodimeric with distinct large subunits associated with common small subunits, all of which are encoded by different genes. The small regulatory subunit consists of an N-terminal domain, containing about 30% glycine residues and a C-terminal Ca-binding domain. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein"
"own body. The superior colliculus (SC) or optic tectum (OT) is part of the tectum, located in the midbrain, superior to the brainstem and inferior to the thalamus. It contains seven layers of alternating white and grey matter, of which the superficial contain topographic maps of the visual field; and deeper layers contain overlapping spatial maps of the visual, auditory and somatosensory modalities. The structure receives afferents directly from the retina, as well as from various regions of the cortex (primarily the occipital lobe), the spinal cord and the inferior colliculus. It sends efferents to the spinal cord, cerebellum, thalamus"
"Panniculus carnosus The panniculus carnosus is a part of the subcutaneous tissues in the study of animal anatomy. It is a layer of striated muscle deep to the panniculus adiposus. In humans the platysma muscle of the neck, palmaris brevis in the hand, and the dartos muscle in the scrotum are described as a discrete muscle of the panniculus carnosus. Some of the muscles of facial expression in the head are part of the panniculus carnosus. In other parts of the body, the layer is vestigial, and may be absent or may exist only as microscopic, disconnected fibers. In other"
"located in the apical brush-border membrane of the intestinal enterocyte where it regulates calcium entry into the cell. It is most abundant in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum), along with the other calcium transport proteins, calbindin and the calcium-pumping ATPase, PMCA1. The TRPV6 calcium transporter also found in the human placenta, pancreas and prostate gland and in some species in the kidney, where the related channel TRPV5 is strongly expressed. Expression of TRPV6 is vitamin D dependent in mice and humans. Its expression was greatly reduced in animals that do not express the vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D"
"renal failure, hypercalcemia, hypergastrinemia and other gastrointestinal disorders, and pulmonary disease. Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone of 32 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 3454.93 daltons. Its structure comprises a single alpha helix. Alternative splicing of the gene coding for calcitonin produces a distantly related peptide of 37 amino acids, called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), beta type. The following are the amino acid sequences of salmon and human calcitonin: Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro Compared to salmon calcitonin, human calcitonin differs at 16 residues. Calcitonin Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans"
"Neurocranium In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the facial skeleton. In comparative anatomy, neurocranium is sometimes used synonymously with endocranium or chondrocranium. The neurocranium is divided into two portions: In humans, the neurocranium is usually considered to include the following eight bones: The ossicles (three on each side) are usually not included as bones of the neurocranium. There may"