An Act of Parliament instigated by artist William Hogarth,established which commercial principle?
"An Act to amend the Copyright Act (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session) An Act to amend the Copyright Act (Bill C-32) was a bill tabled on June 2, 2010 during the third session of the 40th Canadian Parliament by Minister of Industry Tony Clement and by Minister of Canadian Heritage James Moore. This bill served as the successor to the previously proposed but short-lived Bill C-61 in 2008 and sought to tighten Canadian copyright laws. In March 2011, the 40th Canadian Parliament was dissolved, with all the bills which did not pass by that point (including bill C-32) automatically becoming"
"Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (also known as The South Sea Scheme) is an early print by William Hogarth, created in 1721 and widely published from 1724. It caricatures the financial speculation, corruption and credulity that caused the South Sea Bubble in England in 1720–1. The South Sea Company was a British joint stock company founded in 1711. It was granted a monopoly to trade with Spain's South American colonies as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish Succession, in return for the company's assumption of the national debt"
"it is preserved. The Statute of Anne gave the publishers rights for a fixed period, after which the copyright expired. From the creation of the United Kingdom, the English school of painting is mainly notable for portraits and landscapes, and indeed portraits in landscapes. Among the artists of this period are Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792), George Stubbs (1724–1806), and Thomas Gainsborough (1727–1788). Pictorial satirist William Hogarth pioneered Western sequential art, and political illustrations in this style are often referred to as ""Hogarthian"". Following the work of Hogarth, political cartoons developed in England in the latter part of the 18th century under"
"a unique proof of ""Taste in High Life"", which went for £4.4s. A proof (probably unique) of the print of Hogarth's self-portrait (with his pug) ""Gulielmus Hogarth 1749"" sold for £25. Beer Street and Gin Lane Beer Street and Gin Lane are two prints issued in 1751 by English artist William Hogarth in support of what would become the Gin Act. Designed to be viewed alongside each other, they depict the evils of the consumption of gin as a contrast to the merits of drinking beer. At almost the same time and on the same subject, Hogarth's friend Henry Fielding"
"Paulson has described ""Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme"" as ""the one original Bubble print by an English artist"". John J. Richetti, in ""The Cambridge history of English literature, 1660–1780"", states that ""English graphic satire really begins with Hogarth's ""Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme"""". Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (also known as The South Sea Scheme) is an early print by William Hogarth, created in 1721 and widely published from 1724. It caricatures the financial speculation, corruption and credulity that caused the South Sea Bubble in England in"
"should be controlling the boys is an intentional rebuke on Hogarth's part; he agreed with Henry Fielding that one of the causes for the rising crime rate was the lack of care from the overseers of the poor, who were too often interested in the posts only for the social status and monetary rewards they could bring. Below the text the authorship is established: ""Designed by W. Hogarth, Published according to Act of Parliament. 1 Feb.. 1751"" The Act of Parliament referred to is the Engraving Copyright Act 1734. Many of Hogarth's earlier works had been reproduced in great numbers"
"Sale of Goods Act 1893 The Sale of Goods Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c.71) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which regulated contracts in which goods are sold and bought. Its purpose was to define the rights and duties of the parties (where not expressly defined in the agreement), while specifically preserving the relevance of ordinary contractual principles. The Act remains in force in the Republic of Ireland. The Act was drafted by Sir Mackenzie Chalmers, who later drafted the Marine Insurance Act 1906. As noted by Lord Denning"
"of Trade to be established by an Act of Parliament was erected on 1 August 1650. In October 1650, as part of the act to subdue their royalist colonies and prevent royalists from fleeing England, Parliament prohibited foreign ships from visiting or trading with any English Plantations in America, without license; the act also allowed the seizure of ships violating the prohibition by both the English navy and merchant ships. The act was a temporary war measure hastily enacted, but while it was stated in general terms to include all countries, it was aimed at the Dutch, and was superseded"
"shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops. Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: ""painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage"", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes. He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous"
"Parliament in England. This act was a scheme for taxing the colonies, directing that all commercial and legal documents, to be valid in a court of law, must be written on stamped paper sold at fixed prices by governmental officers, and also directing that a duty be applied to newspapers. Parliament assumed the right to tax the colonies and put additional duties on sugar, coffee, and other articles, and required that lumber and iron from the colonies only be exported to England. The news of the act infuriated the colonists, and Samuel Adams of Massachusetts invited all the colonies to"
"figure of Trade lies asleep or dead, ignored by all. Underneath, a verse reads: Hogarth may have tried to sell copies of the print in 1721, but no advertisements for the issue of the print are known. In 1724, following his unsuccessful attempt to break the printmakers' monopoly by self-publishing his popular print ""The Bad Taste of the Town"" (also known as ""Masquerades and Operas""), Hogarth sold his South Sea print, and another 1724 engraving entitled ""The Lottery"", through the printsellers Mrs Chilcott in Westminster Hall and R Caldwell in Newgate Street. Prints were sold for 1 shilling each. Various"
"established by William Hogarth in the Engraving Copyright Act. The 1735 act only protected original designs. Vandergucht and his supporters successfully lobbied to extend copyright protection to cover all prints. He concentrated on art dealing in the last 16 years of his life, selling prints, drawings, paintings and statues. He was a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. He moved to Vandyke's Head, Great Brook Street, in 1758, where he died in 1776. Gerard Vandergucht Gerard Vandergucht (or van der Gucht) (1696/97 – 18 March 1776) was an English engraver and art dealer. Vandergucht,"
"term's widespread use. The pictorial satire has been credited as the precursor to the political cartoons in England: John J. Richetti, in ""The Cambridge history of English literature, 1660–1780"", states that ""English graphic satire really begins with Hogarth's ""Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme"""". William Hogarth’s pictures combined social criticism with sequential artistic scenes. A frequent target of his satire was the corruption of early 18thcentury British politics. An early satirical work was an ""Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme"" (c.1721), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720 known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many"
"William Hogarth William Hogarth FRSA (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called ""modern moral subjects"", perhaps best known being his moral series ""A Harlot's Progress"", ""A Rake's Progress"" and ""Marriage A-la-Mode"". Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as ""Hogarthian"". Hogarth was born in London to a lower middle-class family. In his youth he took up an apprenticeship where he specialised in engraving."
"special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death. William Hogarth William Hogarth FRSA (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called ""modern moral subjects"", perhaps best known being his moral series ""A Harlot's Progress"", ""A Rake's Progress"" and ""Marriage A-la-Mode"". Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as ""Hogarthian"". Hogarth was born in London to a lower middle-class family. In his youth"
"to raise the professional status of the artist by establishing a sound system of training and expert judgement in the arts, and to arrange the exhibition of contemporary works of art attaining an appropriate standard of excellence. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation and interest among the public based on recognised canons of good taste. Fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, provided an early venue"
"It also (indirectly) created the Sea Gallantry Medal, the only UK state honour created by Act of Parliament, rather than Royal Warrant. As with many older Acts, it was repealed in its entirety by the subsequent Merchant Shipping Act 1894. In January 2007, after looting of the cargo of the container ship, the ""MSC Napoli"", acting Receiver of Wreck Mark Rodaway said he would invoke powers of this Act for the first time in 100 years, although the extant powers to which he referred are actually held under the more recent, replacement, legislation. Merchant Shipping Act 1854 The Merchant Shipping"
"the Act. Henry Seymour Conway, the government's leader in the House of Commons, introduced the Declaratory Act in an attempt to address both the constitutional and the economic issues, which affirmed the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies ""in all cases whatsoever"", while admitting the inexpediency of attempting to enforce the Stamp Act. Only Pitt and three or four others voted against it. Other resolutions passed which condemned the riots and demanded compensation from the colonies for those who suffered losses because of the actions of the mobs. The House of Commons heard testimony between 11 and 13"
"new plays to be approved by the Lord Chamberlain, and, more importantly for the characters depicted, closed any non-patent theatres. The majority of the painting was completed before the Act was passed in 1737, but its passing into law was no surprise and it was the work of a moment for Hogarth to insert a reference to the Act itself into the picture. While not part of the ""Four Times of the Day"" series, it appears that it was Hogarth's intention from the outset to sell the five prints together, ""Strolling Actresses"" complemented ""Four Times"" just as ""Southwark Fair"" had"
"economists is that the ""costs imposed on [American] colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small."" Some principles of English mercantile legislation pre-date both the passage of the Navigation Act 1651 and the settlement of England's early foreign possessions. A 1381 Act passed under King Richard II provided ""that, to increase the navy of England, no goods or merchandises shall be either exported or imported, but only in ships belonging to the King's subjects."" The letters patent granted to the Cabots by Henry VII in 1498 stipulated that the commerce resulting from their discoveries must be with"
"Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs. By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms, shop bills, and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the ""Element of Earth"". Morris heard that he was ""an engraver, and no painter"", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728. In 1757"
"Characters and Caricaturas Characters and Caricaturas is an engraving by English artist William Hogarth, that he produced as the subscription ticket for his 1743 series of prints, ""Marriage à-la-mode"", and which was eventually issued as a print in its own right. Critics had sometimes dismissed the exaggerated features of Hogarth's characters as caricature and, by way of an answer, he produced this picture filled with characterisations accompanied by a simple illustration of the difference between characterisation and caricature. Hogarth's earlier pictures had come under fire from critics for portraying characters in an exaggerated fashion, by reflecting their morality directly in"
"Companies Act 1862 The Companies Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c.89) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom regulating UK company law, whose descendant is the Companies Act 2006. Under section 167 of the Companies Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict c 89) one of the functions of a liquidator was to bring criminal proceedings against directors and others who were alleged to have committed offences in relation to the company. In the song ""Some seven men form an association"" in Gilbert and Sullivan's Utopia, Limited, King Paramount reforms the island of Utopia into a limited-liability"
"Beer Street and Gin Lane Beer Street and Gin Lane are two prints issued in 1751 by English artist William Hogarth in support of what would become the Gin Act. Designed to be viewed alongside each other, they depict the evils of the consumption of gin as a contrast to the merits of drinking beer. At almost the same time and on the same subject, Hogarth's friend Henry Fielding published ""An Inquiry into the Late Increase in Robbers"". Issued together with ""The Four Stages of Cruelty"", the prints continued a movement started in ""Industry and Idleness"", away from depicting the"
"Agricultural Holdings (England) Act 1883 The Agricultural Holdings (England) Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict. c. 61) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed by William Ewart Gladstone's Liberal government. The Agricultural Holdings (England) Act 1875 had provided a list of improvements for whose unexhausted value a departing tenant farmer could claim compensation from the landlord. However, compensation was not compulsory and so many landlords contracted out of the Act's provisions. The 1883 Act made compensation for the tenants' improvements compulsory and according to F. M. L. Thompson ""marked for the first time the compulsory intervention"
"he was able to reduce the land tax from 4 s. to 2 s in the pound (an effective reduction from 20% to 10%). One social consequence of the press gangs going to sea in an expansive navy fleet was to the growth of industrial processes necessary for warfare. In the ports the distillation of gin demonstrated clearly by engravers such as Hogarth in ""Gin Lane"" the depravity issuing forth from the demon drink. Preachers ""fire and brimsone"" in favour of temperance, and drunken soldiers and sailors persuaded the administration to introduce the Gin Acts. The 1751 act was the"
"Great Britain. This act was a scheme for taxing the colonies, directing that all commercial and legal documents, to be valid in a court of law, must be written on stamped paper sold at fixed prices by governmental officers, and also directing that a duty be applied to newspapers. Parliament, assuming the right to tax the colonies put additional duties on sugar, coffee and other articles. The government also required that lumber and iron from the colonies only be exported to England. The news of the act infuriated the colonists. Samuel Adams of Massachusetts invited all the colonies to a"
"first Navigation Act the following October. These acts formed the first definitive expression of England's commercial policy. They represent the first attempt to establish a legitimate control of commercial and colonial affairs, and the instructions indicate the beginnings of a policy which had the prosperity and wealth of England exclusively at heart. The 1650 Act prohibiting trade with royalist colonies was broader, however, because it provided that all foreign ships were prohibited from trading with any English plantations, without license, and it was made lawful to seize and make prizes of any ships violating the act. This Act, sometimes referred"
"advocated by John Locke in his book ""Some Thoughts Concerning Education"" (1693). If the child was now innocent, however, the picture remained the product of a commercial transaction between the client and the artist and continued to fulfil a social function of demonstrating the happy family life and social status enjoyed by the customer. It also stood in a tradition of portrait painting of adults and children that had well established conventions. In 1730, Hogarth had produced the ""before and after"" pair ""The House of Cards"" and ""The Tea Party"" where various minor mishaps occur relating to a house of"
"trade. In 1837, six Members of Parliament and six working men, including William Lovett (from the London Working Men's Association, set up in 1836) formed a committee, which in 1838 published the ""People's Charter"". This set out the six main aims of the movement. The achievement of these aims would give working men a say in law-making: they would be able to vote, and their vote would be protected by a secret ballot; and they would be able to stand for election to the House of Commons as a result of the removal of property qualifications and the introduction of"
"as the draftsman of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882, the Sale of Goods Act 1893 and the Marine Insurance Act 1906, all of which codified existing common law principles. The Sale of Goods Act was repealed and re-enacted by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 in a manner that revealed how sound the 1893 original had been. The Marine Insurance Act (mildly amended) has been a notable success, adopted ""verbatim"" in many common law jurisdictions. So, it is surprising that the British Parliament has failed to continue this proven practice of taking settled common law and converting it into"
"Act of Parliament, in order to accommodate the needs of local Jewish traders. This also provided the opportunity for Covent Garden and Spitalfields traders to sell their stock left over from Saturday. The enduring interest and demand for cut flowers and plants were introduced to the East End by Huguenot immigrants (driven from France after 1685 by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes), together with a fascination for caged song birds – the pub at the end of the market is called The Birdcage. The market suffered in World War II from rules prioritising food production, and went into"
"hoped to reach ""the lower Class of People,"" and while one shilling was still prohibitively expensive for most of the poor, the lower prices did allow him to reach a larger market, and more importantly rendered the prints cheap enough to display in taverns and coffee houses before a wider audience. Hogarth also had an eye on his copyright: the lower prices meant there was less chance of the images being reproduced and sold without Hogarth's permission. Although Hogarth had been instrumental in pushing through the Engraving Copyright Act 1734 (so much so that the Act is commonly known as"