"Who is the icon of linguistics who composed the sentence ""Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"" to demonstrate the difference between structure and meaning?"
"to be both grammatical and meaningless, as in Chomsky's famous example, ""colorless green ideas sleep furiously"". However, such sentences manifest a linguistic problem that is distinct from that posed by meaningful but ungrammatical (non)-sentences such as ""man the bit sandwich the"", whose meaning of which is fairly clear, but no native speaker would accept it to be well formed. The use of such intuitive judgments permitted generative syntacticians to base their research on a methodology in which studying language through a corpus of observed speech became downplayed since the grammatical properties of constructed sentences were considered to be appropriate data"
"and its modifier (colorless). In the second phrase, 'sleep' is the action or intent of the phrase. Furiously is an intensity action type (ZAI). All triangle-box phrases consist of either a core, boolean and or TAP. This sentence contains the intent/desire or focus of ideas and sleep. It can be inferred that sleep when done furiously produces colorless green ideas or ideas that are not clear and concrete. Fernando Pereira of the University of Pennsylvania has fitted a simple statistical Markov model to a body of newspaper text, and shown that under this model, ""Furiously sleep ideas green colorless"" is"
"rules are generally equivalent in power to those based on substitution into schemata. So in this type of approach, instead of being derived from the application of a number of phrase structure rules, the sentence ""Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"" would be generated by filling the words into the slots of a schema having the following structure: And which would express the following conceptual content: Though they are non-compositional, such models are monotonic. This approach is highly developed within Construction grammar and has had some influence in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar and Lexical Functional Grammar, the latter two clearly qualifying"
"example entry from the competition, from C.M. Street, is: Using the triangle-box method, ""Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"" is divided into two phrases: [Colorless green ideas] and [sleep furiously] per the LINZ algorithm based on parts of intent. In the first phrase the word 'ideas' is the core (ZC), the main focus of the phrase. In the second phrase, there are no core but rather an action (TAP), which is the focus of the second phrase. Returning to the first phrase, the desire or intent of this phrase is 'ideas' (ZC). 'Colorless' and 'green' are boolean. Specifically description booleans (green)"
"that the human speech engine was based upon statistical models, such as a Markov chain, or simple statistics of words following others. The sentence can be partially interpreted through polysemy. Both ""green"" and ""colorless"" have figurative meanings, which allow ""colorless"" to be interpreted as ""nondescript"" and ""green"" as either ""immature"" or pertaining to environmental consciousness. The sentence can therefore be construed as ""nondescript immature ideas have violent nightmares"", a phrase with less oblique semantics. In particular, the phrase can have legitimate meaning too, if ""green"" is understood to mean ""newly formed"" and ""sleep"" can be used to figuratively express mental"
"about 200,000 times less probable than ""Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"". This statistical model defines a similarity metric, whereby sentences which are more like those within a corpus in certain respects are assigned higher values than sentences less alike. Pereira's model assigns an ungrammatical version of the same sentence a lower probability than the syntactically correct form demonstrating that statistical models can learn grammaticality distinctions with minimal linguistic assumptions. However, it is not clear that the model assigns every ungrammatical sentence a lower probability than every grammatical sentence. That is, ""colorless green ideas sleep furiously"" may still be statistically more"
"or between basic oppositional categories (such as friend and enemy, life and death, or in a later volume, the raw and the cooked). The French philosopher Jacques Derrida both extended and profoundly critiqued structuralist thought on the processes by which meaning is produced through the interplay of difference in language, and in particular, writing. Whereas structuralist linguistics had recognized that meaning is differential, much structuralist thought, such as narratology, had become too focused on identifying and producing a typology of the fixed differential structures and binary oppositions at work in any given system. In his work, Derrida sought to show"
"Zellig Harris Zellig Sabbettai Harris (October 23, 1909 – May 22, 1992) was a very influential American linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. Originally a Semiticist, he is best known for his work in structural linguistics and discourse analysis and for the discovery of transformational structure in language. These developments from the first 10 years of his career were published within the first 25. His contributions in the subsequent 35 years of his career include transfer grammar, string analysis (adjunction grammar), elementary sentence-differences (and decomposition lattices), algebraic structures in language, operator grammar, sublanguage grammar, a theory of linguistic information,"
"Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, political activist, and social critic. Sometimes called ""the father of modern linguistics"", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He holds a joint appointment as Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and laureate professor at the University of Arizona, and is the author of over 100 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and mass media. Ideologically, he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism. Born"
"systems and structures of profit and greed"". In 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the Seán MacBride Peace Prize ""for his tireless commitment to peace, his strong critiques to U.S. foreign policy, and his anti-imperialism"". Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, political activist, and social critic. Sometimes called ""the father of modern linguistics"", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He holds a joint appointment as Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of"
"Axiom of categoricity The axiom of categoricity is a term coined by J. K. Chambers in 1995 to refer to the once-widespread tenet of linguistic theory that in order to properly study language, linguistic data should be removed or abstracted from all real-world context so as to be free of any inconsistencies or variability. This principle was, for different theorists and schools of thought, taken as a prerequisite for linguistic theory, or as a self-evident falsehood to be rejected. It remains an influential idea in linguistics. Ferdinand de Saussure divided language into two categories, ""langue"" (the abstract grammatical system a"
"in Europe, according to the modern conceptual exigencies"". The principles and methods employed by structuralism were later adapted in diverse fields by French intellectuals such as Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, and Claude Lévi-Strauss. Such scholars took influence from Saussure's ideas in their own areas of study (literary studies/philosophy, psychoanalysis, anthropology, respectively). However, their analogous interpretations of Saussure's linguistic theories led to proclamations of the end of structuralism in the two disciplines. Ferdinand de Saussure Ferdinand de Saussure (; ; 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant"
"Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (; ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, he argued that space, time and causation are mere sensibilities; ""things-in-themselves"" exist, but their nature is unknowable. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience, with all human experience sharing certain structural features. He drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposition that worldly objects can be intuited ""a priori"" (""beforehand""), and that intuition is therefore independent from objective reality. Kant believed that reason is the"
"Peter Ludlow Peter Ludlow (; born January 16, 1957), who also writes under the pseudonym Urizenus Sklar, is an American philosopher of language. He is noted for interdisciplinary work on the interface of linguistics and philosophy—in particular on the philosophical foundations of Noam Chomsky's theory of generative linguistics and on the foundations of the theory of meaning in linguistic semantics. He has worked on the application of analytic philosophy of language to topics in epistemology, metaphysics, and logic, among other areas. Ludlow has also established a research program outside of philosophy and linguistics. Here, his research areas include conceptual issues"
"being has no existence at all. Regardless of how it ""has largely been seen"" it seems clear that Gorgias was focused instead on the notion that true objectivity is impossible since the human mind can never be separated from its possessor. ""How can anyone communicate the idea of color by means of words since the ear does not hear colors but only sounds?"" This quote, written by the Sicilian philosopher Gorgias, was used to show his theory that ‘there is nothing’, ‘if there were anything no one would know it’, ‘and if anyone did know it, no one could communicate"
"Robert Brandom Robert Boyce Brandom (born March 13, 1950) is an American philosopher who teaches at the University of Pittsburgh. He works primarily in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and philosophical logic, and his work manifests both systematic and historical interests in these topics. His work has presented ""arguably the first fully systematic and technically rigorous attempt to explain the meaning of linguistic items in terms of their socially norm-governed use ('meaning as use', to cite the Wittgensteinian slogan), thereby also giving a non-representationalist account of the intentionality of thought and the rationality of action as well."" Brandom is"
"Michael Halliday Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M.A.K. Halliday; 13 April 1925 – 15 April 2018) was an English-born linguist who developed the internationally influential ""systemic functional linguistic"" SFL model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of ""systemic functional grammar"". Halliday describes language as a semiotic system, ""not in the sense of a system of signs, but a systemic resource for meaning"". For Halliday, language is a ""meaning potential""; by extension, he defines linguistics as the study of ""how people exchange meanings by 'languaging'"". Halliday describes himself as a ""generalist"", meaning that he has tried ""to look"
"Robert L. Greene Robert L. Greene is an American psychologist known for his work on human learning and memory. He has conducted notable experiments on why some lists of words are more memorable. Greene earned a B.A. from University of Pennsylvania in 1979 and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1984. In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on ""Mainstream Science on Intelligence"", an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the ""Wall Street Journal"", which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to the controversy about intelligence research that followed the publication of the"
"Benjamin Lee Whorf Commentary notes Citations Benjamin Lee Whorf Benjamin Lee Whorf (; April 24, 1897 – July 26, 1941) was an American linguist and fire prevention engineer. Whorf is widely known as an advocate for the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world. This principle has frequently been called the ""Sapir–Whorf hypothesis"", after him and his mentor Edward Sapir, but Whorf called it the principle of linguistic relativity, because he saw the idea as having implications similar to Einstein's principle of physical relativity. Throughout his life Whorf was"
"exposed to these language-wide considerations. Ajdukiewicz discarded this theory as the 1930s progressed. Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (12 December 1890 – 12 April 1963) was a Polish philosopher and logician, a prominent figure in the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic. He originated many novel ideas in semantics. Among these was categorial grammar, a highly flexible framework for the analysis of natural language syntax and (indirectly) semantics that remains a major influence on work in formal linguistics. Ajdukiewicz's fields of research were model theory and the philosophy of science. Ajdukiewicz was born in 1890 in Tarnopol in Galicia, which at that time,"
"perpetuated by Picard and his colleagues The heated, public debate between Picard and Barthes became somewhat of a watershed moment in the development of literary structuralism. Picard felt that ""Barthes was 'the instrument of a criticism that operates by instinct,' that uses a pseudoscientific jargon to make inept and absurd assertions in the name of biological, psychoanalytic and philosophic knowledge"" and of ""New Criticism"" believed that ""the mixture of impressionism and dogmatism set to a modernist rhythm of indetermination 'makes it possible to say absolutely any stupid thing'."" Raymond Picard Raymond Picard (6 August 1917 – 5 September 1975) was"
"""Man is a self-conscious nothing"" - Julius Bahnsen Julius Bahnsen Julius Friedrich August Bahnsen (March 30, 1830 – December 7, 1881) was a German philosopher. Bahnsen is usually considered the originator of characterology and a real-dialectical method of philosophical reflection which he laid down in his two-volume ""Contributions to Characterology"" (1867) and developed forth with his following works, amongst others his opus magnum ""The Contradiction in the Knowledge and Being of the World"" (1880/82). Born in Tondern (Tønder), Schleswig, in 1830 Bahnsen began his study of philosophy and (under Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch) philology in Kiel. From 1849 he fought as"
"a piece of chalk."""" """"Grammar and logic free language from being at the mercy of the tone of voice. Grammar protects us against misunderstanding the sound of an uttered name; logic protects us against what we say having a double meaning."""" """"He who believes in nothing still needs a girl to believe in him."""" Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (July 6, 1888 – February 24, 1973) was a historian and social philosopher, whose work spanned the disciplines of history, theology, sociology, linguistics and beyond. Born in Berlin, Germany into a non-observant Jewish family, the son of a prosperous banker, he converted"
"Benjamin Lee Whorf Benjamin Lee Whorf (; April 24, 1897 – July 26, 1941) was an American linguist and fire prevention engineer. Whorf is widely known as an advocate for the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world. This principle has frequently been called the ""Sapir–Whorf hypothesis"", after him and his mentor Edward Sapir, but Whorf called it the principle of linguistic relativity, because he saw the idea as having implications similar to Einstein's principle of physical relativity. Throughout his life Whorf was a chemical engineer by profession, but"
"Idriss Aberkane Idriss Aberkane (born May 23, 1986) is a French teacher, lecturer and essayist. Known for his writings and lectures on economy of knowledge and neurosciences, he publishes a successful essay in 2016, entitled ""Free up your mind!"". Lauded by some as a science educator, he has also been criticised for his lack of rigor and for exagerrating on his resume. For neurology researcher Sebastian Dieguez, ""Free up your Mind"" is ""an uninterrupted succession of isolated facts, of pointless detours, anecdotes and personal opinions, elementary mistakes, debunked ""theories"", truisms, hyperboles and aphorisms, which do not make for good science"
"Color does not exist without it. Krippendorff refers to the Italian philosopher G. Vico for opposing R. Descartes by claiming we humans know what we have constructed, made up, cognitively, materially, or socially, to the biologists J. Uexküll for his species-specific theory of meaning and H. Maturana and F. Varela for developing a biological foundation of cognition, to the psychologist J. J. Gibson for his conception of affordance, which acknowledges that our environment does not account for our perception, it merely affords our sensory-motor coordinations or it does not; and to the anthropological linguist B. L. Whorf for his recognition"
"Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of transcendentalism in his 1836 essay ""Nature"". Following this work, he gave a speech"
"with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution. The second half of the 19th century saw the use of green in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. One of the first to make color the central element of"
"can be seen both critically politically and/or humane . Leo Weisgerber Johann Leo Weisgerber (25 February 1899, Metz – 8 August 1985, Bonn) was a Lorraine-born German linguist who also specialized in Celtic linguistics. He developed the ""organicist"" or ""relativist"" theory that different languages produce different experiences. He was son of a village-teacher who served as a young man in the German army in Flanders and could not return to his home city for that. During World War II his pan-Celticist ideology was co-opted to support the German war effort, as did pro-Polish and pro-Czech ideology on the side of"
"Syntactic Structures Syntactic Structures is a major work in linguistics by American linguist Noam Chomsky. It was first published in 1957. It introduced the idea of transformational generative grammar. This approach to syntax (the study of sentence structures) was fully formal (based on symbols and rules). At its base, this method uses phrase structure rules. These rules break down sentences into smaller parts. Chomsky then combines these with a new kind of rules called ""transformations"". This procedure gives rise to different sentence structures. Using this limited set of rules, Chomsky aimed to ""generate"" all and only the grammatical sentences of"
"book on meaning in language was respected for daring to use example sentences with real political topics. Her book on natural language understanding was noted as admirably capturing the fact that “pragmatics is inherently interactive, that the central notions of the field... are properties of speakers and hearers, not of words or sentences.” Georgia M. Green Georgia M. Green is an American linguist and academic. She is an emeritus professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her research has focused on pragmatics, speaker intention, word order and meaning. She has been an advisory editor for several linguistics journals or"
"Graham Nelson Graham A. Nelson (born 1968) is a British mathematician and poet and the creator of the Inform design system for creating interactive fiction (IF) games. He has also authored several IF games, including the acclaimed ""Curses"" (1993) and ""Jigsaw"" (1995), using the experience of writing ""Curses"" in particular to expand the range of verbs that Inform is capable of understanding. He has been described by The New York Times as ""ornately literate."" Nelson is the author of the ""Inform Designer's Manual"", which includes one of the first published works of interactive fiction theory, an essay titled ""The Craft"
"Thomas R.G. Green Thomas R.G. Green (born 1941) is a British cognitive scientist, and Visiting Professor at the University of York, known for his contribution to cognitive modelling and the development of the concept of cognitive dimensions of notations. In the 1980s Green was working for MRC Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge, and became reader in computing at the Open University. In 2015 he is Visiting Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of York, and is affiliated with the Department of Computer Science of the University of Leeds. His research interests reaches from ""Programming language design"