"The French Lieutenant's Woman The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1969 postmodern historical fiction novel by John Fowles. It was his third published novel, after ""The Collector"" (1963) and ""The Magus"" (1965). The novel explores the fraught relationship of gentleman and amateur naturalist Charles Smithson and Sarah Woodruff, the former governess and independent woman with whom he falls in love. The novel builds on Fowles' authority in Victorian literature, both following and critiquing many of the conventions of period novels. Following publication, the library magazine ""American Libraries,"" described the novel as one of the ""Notable Books of 1969"". Subsequent to"
"Claire de Duras Claire, Duchess of Duras (née de Kersaint; 1777–1828) was a French writer best known for her 1823 novel called ""Ourika"", which examines issues of racial and sexual equality, and which inspired the 1969 John Fowles novel ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"". Claire de Duras left her native France for London during the French Revolution in 1789, and returned to France in 1808 as the Duchess of Duras. She maintained a famous literary salon in post-Revolutionary Paris and was the close friend of Chateaubriand, who she had met while in exile in London, and who helped her to publish"
"""The French Lieutenant’s Woman."" The book's success was likely also bolstered by the success of Hibbert's previous novels such as ""Mistress of Mellyn"" and ""The Shivering Sands"". The positive reception of these works eventually gave Hibbert the title of “Queen of Romantic Suspense” and driving the sales of Victoria Holt novels to over 56 million copies worldwide. The Secret Woman (novel) The Secret Woman is a Gothic romance and suspense novel written by English author Eleanor Hibbert under the pseudonym Victoria Holt. It was originally published in 1970 and is considered to be a bestseller. Set in 1887, it chronicles"
"number of treatments, including one by Dennis Potter in 1975 and by James Costigan in 1976, before Pinter's final draft. Actors considered for the role of Charles Smithson/Mike included Robert Redford and Richard Chamberlain, and Sarah/Anna included Francesca Annis, Charlotte Rampling, Gemma Jones, and Fowles's choice Helen Mirren. The award-winning music was composed by Carl Davis and performed by an unidentified orchestra and viola soloist Kenneth Essex. ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"" holds a rating of 74% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews. The French Lieutenant's Woman (film) The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1981 British romantic drama film directed"
"long time she was seen as the writer of small and unimportant sentimental novels, but recent criticism has revealed her works to be treasure troves of postmodern identity theory. It is likely she has not been well read because her choice and treatment of subject could not be appreciated until recently; she was ahead of her time. Claire de Duras Claire, Duchess of Duras (née de Kersaint; 1777–1828) was a French writer best known for her 1823 novel called ""Ourika"", which examines issues of racial and sexual equality, and which inspired the 1969 John Fowles novel ""The French Lieutenant's Woman""."
"further popular attention. Fowles described his main inspiration for ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"" to be a persistent image of a 'Victorian Woman,' who later developed into the novel's titular character Sarah Woodruff. In a 1969 essay titled ""Notes on an Unfinished Novel,"" Fowles reflects on his writing process. He said he had an image during the autumn of 1966 of ""A woman [who] stands at the end of a deserted quay and stares out to sea."" He determined that she belonged to a ""Victorian Age"" and had ""mysterious"" and ""vaguely romantic"" qualities. He made a note at the time about"
"playwright Harold Pinter, directed by Karel Reisz and starring Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons. The film received considerable critical acclaim and awards, including several BAFTAs and Golden Globes. The novel was also adapted and produced as a British play in 2006. Before Fowles published ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"" in 1969, he had already established his literary reputation with his novels ""The Collector"" (1963) and ""The Magus"" (1965). While writing ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"", he was working on the screenplay for the film adaptation of ""The Magus"". Moreover, ""The Collector"" had already been adapted in a 1965 film that gained Fowles"
"La Femme qui a Raison "" La Femme qui a Raison "" (‘The Reasonable Wife’), is a verse comedy in three acts written by Voltaire in 1749. The play was first performed in 1749 at a feast in honour of Stanisław Leszczyński in the castle of Lunéville and first published in 1759. The play was written just after Voltaire moved from Paris to the court of Lorraine with Émilie du Châtelet. Following his sensitive comedy ""Nanine"", which had been influenced by Samuel Richardson, the focus was on the contrast between love marriages and the more usual money marriages of the"
"The Maid of Orleans (poem) The Maid of Orleans () is a satirical poem by François-Marie Arouet, better known by his pen name, Voltaire. It was first published in 1899, but Voltaire had written it over a century beforehand; while he had started writing the text in 1730, he never completed it. It was translated into English by W. H. Ireland. Voltaire was undoubtedly one of the most controversial writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment Age, and ""The Maid of Orleans"" was also certainly one of his more contentious works. An epic and scandalous satire concerning the life of the"
"Frances Little Frances Little (November 22, 1863 – January 6, 1941) was the pseudonym of American author Fannie Caldwell. Caldwell and her husband, businessman J.D. Macaulay, made their home on Fourth Street in Louisville, Kentucky. Her debut book ""The Lady of the Decoration"" was published in New York City in 1906 and would be her most successful work. The ""Lady"" rode the wave of American interest and support for Japan in the Russo-Japanese War, and supports the Japanese cause throughout. Set between 1901 and 1905, it is written in the form of letters home to a female friend or sister;"
"Marie de Gournay Marie de Gournay (; 6 October 1565, Paris – 13 July 1645) was a French writer, who wrote a novel and a number of other literary compositions, including ""The Equality of Men and Women"" (""Égalité des hommes et des femmes"", 1622) and ""The Ladies' Grievance"" (""Grief des dames"", 1626). She insisted that women should be educated. Gournay was also an editor and commentator of Michel de Montaigne. After Montaigne's death, Gournay edited and published his ""Essays"". She was born in Paris in 1565. Her father, Guillaume Le Jars, was treasurer to King Henry III of France. In"
"highlight in ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"". Byatt described her motivation for responding in her essays in ""On Histories and Stories"", saying: The novel was adapted as a 1981 film, written by playwright Harold Pinter and directed by Karel Reisz. The production staff included composer Carl Davis and the cinematographer Freddie Francis. The film starred Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons with Hilton McRae, Jean Faulds, Peter Vaughan, Colin Jeavons, Liz Smith, Patience Collier, Richard Griffiths, David Warner, Alun Armstrong, Penelope Wilton and Leo McKern. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards: Streep was nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress"
"of the themes and textual content for which the original content had been so scorned. The Maid of Orleans (poem) The Maid of Orleans () is a satirical poem by François-Marie Arouet, better known by his pen name, Voltaire. It was first published in 1899, but Voltaire had written it over a century beforehand; while he had started writing the text in 1730, he never completed it. It was translated into English by W. H. Ireland. Voltaire was undoubtedly one of the most controversial writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment Age, and ""The Maid of Orleans"" was also certainly one"
"a sensitive relationship. John Fowles John Robert Fowles (; 31 March 1926 – 5 November 2005) was an English novelist of international stature, critically positioned between modernism and postmodernism. His work reflects the influence of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, among others. After leaving Oxford University, Fowles taught English at a school on the Greek island of Spetses, a sojourn that inspired ""The Magus"", an instant best-seller that was directly in tune with 1960s ""hippy"" anarchism and experimental philosophy. This was followed by ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"" (1969), a Victorian-era romance with a postmodern twist that was set in Lyme"
"devoted to Françoise de Graffigny and her works in the past thirty years. These surveys provide indications for further reading. Françoise de Graffigny Françoise de Graffigny, née Françoise d'Issembourg du Buisson d'Happoncourt (11 February 1695 - 12 December 1758), better known as Madame de Graffigny, was a French novelist, playwright and salon hostess. Initially famous as the author of ""Lettres d'une Péruvienne"", a novel published in 1747, she became the world's best-known living woman writer after the success of her sentimental comedy, ""Cénie"", in 1750. Her reputation as a dramatist suffered when her second play at the Comédie-Française, ""La Fille"
"John Fowles John Robert Fowles (; 31 March 1926 – 5 November 2005) was an English novelist of international stature, critically positioned between modernism and postmodernism. His work reflects the influence of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, among others. After leaving Oxford University, Fowles taught English at a school on the Greek island of Spetses, a sojourn that inspired ""The Magus"", an instant best-seller that was directly in tune with 1960s ""hippy"" anarchism and experimental philosophy. This was followed by ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"" (1969), a Victorian-era romance with a postmodern twist that was set in Lyme Regis, Dorset, where"
"Nicolas Chorier Nicolas Chorier (September 1, 1612 – August 14, 1692) was a French lawyer, writer, and historian. He is known especially for his historical works on Dauphiné, as well as his erotic dialogue called ""The School of Women, or The Seven Flirtatious Encounters of Aloisia"" (). He was born at Vienne, in present-day Isère. He practised as a lawyer in Grenoble and then as a prosecutor for King Louis XIV. His works on Dauphiné remain an important source for historians to this day. He died at Grenoble in his eightieth year. ""The School of Women"" first appeared as a"
"A Man's Woman A Man's Woman is an adventure novel by Frank Norris written in the year 1900. It is a story that primarily follows two characters, Bennett and Lloyd, and the unlikely love that blossoms between them. It is one of three romantic novels by this author who typically wrote about more serious topics. The story opens with Ward Bennett, an explorer of extraordinary will, and his men making an attempt to reach the North Pole, enduring brutal hardships. Many of the men die slow, painful deaths, and they all would have had a boat not stumbled across them."
"Charlotte Lennox Charlotte Lennox, ""née"" Ramsay (""c."" 1730 – 4 January 1804), was a Scottish author and poet. She is mostly remembered today as the author of ""The Female Quixote"", and for her association with Samuel Johnson, Joshua Reynolds and Samuel Richardson. However, she had a long career in her own right, writing poetry, prose, and drama. Charlotte Lennox was born in Gibraltar. Her father, James Ramsay of Dalhousie, was a Scottish captain in the Royal Navy, and her mother Catherine, née Tisdall (d. 1765), was Scottish and Irish. She was baptised Barbara Charlotte Ramsay. Very little direct information on"
"passion. This night, so that I can teach you above all in a freer language, we will sleep together in my bed, which I would like to be able to say will have been the softest of Venus's lace."" Nicolas Chorier Nicolas Chorier (September 1, 1612 – August 14, 1692) was a French lawyer, writer, and historian. He is known especially for his historical works on Dauphiné, as well as his erotic dialogue called ""The School of Women, or The Seven Flirtatious Encounters of Aloisia"" (). He was born at Vienne, in present-day Isère. He practised as a lawyer in"
"Women (novel) Women is a 1978 novel written by Charles Bukowski, starring his semi-autobiographical character Henry Chinaski. In contrast to ""Factotum"", ""Post Office"" and ""Ham on Rye"", ""Women"" is centered on Chinaski's later life, as a celebrated poet and writer, not as a dead-end lowlife. It does, however, feature the same constant carousel of women with whom Chinaski only finds temporary fulfillment. ""Women"" focuses on the many dissatisfactions Chinaski faced with each new woman he encountered. One of the women featured in the book is a character named Lydia Vance; she is based on Bukowski's one-time girlfriend, the sculptress and"
"Alexandre Dumas fils Alexandre Dumas (; 27 July 1824 – 27 November 1895) was a French author and playwright, best known for the romantic novel ""La Dame aux Camélias"" (""The Lady of the Camellias""), published in 1848, which was adapted into Giuseppe Verdi's opera ""La traviata"" (""The Fallen Woman""), as well as numerous stage and film productions, usually titled ""Camille"" in English-language versions. Dumas (French for 'son') was the son of Alexandre Dumas ('father'), also a well-known playwright and author of classic works such as ""The Three Musketeers"". Dumas was admitted to the (French Academy) in 1874 and awarded the"
"into English. Set in the mid-nineteenth century, the narrator identifies the novel's protagonist as Sarah Woodruff, the ""Woman"" of the title, also known as ""Tragedy"" and as ""The French Lieutenant's Whore"". She lives in the coastal town of Lyme Regis as a disgraced woman, supposedly abandoned by a French ship's officer named Varguennes who had returned to France and married. She spends some of her limited free time on The Cobb, a stone jetty where she stares out to sea. One day, Charles Smithson, an orphaned gentleman, and Ernestina Freeman, his fiancée and a daughter of a wealthy tradesman, see"
"Marguerite Duras Marguerite Donnadieu, known as Marguerite Duras (; 4 April 1914 – 3 March 1996), was a French novelist, playwright, screenwriter, essayist, and experimental filmmaker. Her script for the film ""Hiroshima mon amour"" (1959) earned her a nomination for Best Original Screenplay at the Academy Awards. Born in French Indochina, to two teachers (immigrants from France), her first sexual experiences were those of an impoverished, clever, French girl, growing up in Indochina. She was sent to France before World War II (to continue her education), and experienced that war as a young woman in occupied France. Her experience of"
"Basil Hood Basil Willett Charles Hood (5 April 1864 – 7 August 1917) was a British dramatist and lyricist, perhaps best known for writing the libretti of half a dozen Savoy Operas and for his English adaptations of operettas, including ""The Merry Widow"". He embarked on a career in the British Army, rising to the rank of captain, while writing theatrical pieces in his spare time. After some modest success, Hood and his collaborator, the composer Walter Slaughter, had a major hit with their long-running show, ""Gentleman Joe"", in 1895. Another long-running success was ""The French Maid"" (1896). Hood then"
"Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise ""The Second Sex"", a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including ""She Came to Stay"" and"
"Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise ""The Second Sex"", a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including ""She Came to Stay"" and"
"Madame de La Fayette Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne, comtesse de La Fayette (baptized 18 March 1634 – 25 May 1693), better known as Madame de La Fayette, was a French writer, the author of ""La Princesse de Clèves"", France's first historical novel and one of the earliest novels in literature. Christened ""Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne"", she was born in Paris to a family of minor but wealthy nobility. At 16, de la Vergne became the maid of honour to Queen Anne of Austria and began also to acquire a literary education from Gilles Ménage, who gave her lessons"
"the function of the novel, saying Throughout the essay, Fowles describes multiple influences and issues important to the novel's development, including his debt to other authors such as Thomas Hardy. In the essay, he describes surprise that the female character Sarah had taken the primary role in the novel. Later Fowles described other influences shaping the characters development, noting that the characters and story of ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"" were loosely derived from Claire de Duras's 1823 novel ""Ourika,"" which features a tragic affair between an African woman and French military man. Fowles later published a 1977 translation of ""Ourika"""
"A French Woman A French Woman () is a 1995 French drama film directed by Régis Wargnier. Shortly after marrying Louis (Daniel Auteuil), a French militar officer, Jeanne (Emmanuelle Béart) must face solitude as Louis is sent to fight in World War II. While waiting for his return from a POW camp, Jeanne gets involved on different affairs with his husband's comrades-in-arms. When he finally returns home and finds out about his wife's cheating, he forgives her and offers her freedom, but she refuses to accept and they come back together. Looking for a new life, the family (now with"
"Sur les femmes Sur les femmes (Essay on Women) is an essay by Denis Diderot published in ""Correspondance littéraire"" in 1772. It contains a response to Antoine Léonard Thomas's ""Essay on the Character, Morals, and Mind of Women in Different Centuries"", which was also published in 1772, and includes Diderot's own views on the subject. Besides the interest in responding to Thomas's essay, there occurred two incidents in Diderot's personal life at this time, both involving women, which are believed to have played a role in his crafting of this essay. The first of these was that although he remained"
"and Spanish. The novel was originally published in 1969 by Little Brown and Company in both Boston and Toronto. The novel has also been published in a number of English editions from different publishers, represented in the following list (with publication date in parenthesis): The general popularity of ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"" has inspired several responses to the novel, most notably other authors' work and adaptation into film and theatre. The most prominent response to the novel is A.S. Byatt's 1990 Booker Prize-winning novel, ""Possession"". She describes her novel as deliberately responding to the model of postmodern metafiction that critics"
"La circassienne La circassienne (The Circassian Woman) is an opera (""opéra comique"") in three acts composed by Daniel Auber to a French-language libretto by Eugène Scribe based on Louvet de Couvrai's 1787 novel ""Une année de la vie du chevalier de Faublas"". It was premiered on 2 February 1861 by the Opéra-Comique at the second Salle Favart in Paris. Set in Russia during the Russian-Circassian War, the opera was also known under the titles ""Morte d'amour"" (Died of Love), ""La révolte au Sérail"" (The Revolt in the Seraglio), ""Alexis"", and ""Faublas"". ""La circassienne"" was one of Auber's last operas, composed"