"usually a hairline fracture, commonly missed on normal X-rays. Symptoms are pain aggravated by gripping, tenderness over the hamate and symptoms of irritation of the ulnar nerve. This is characterized by numbness and weakness of the pinkie finger with partial involvement of the ring finger as well, the ""ulnar 1½ fingers"". The hook of hamate is particularly prone to fracture-related complications such as non-union due to its tenuous blood supply. It is also a common injury in baseball players. Several professional baseball players have had the bone removed during the course of their careers. This condition has been called ""Wilson's"
"ulnar nerve lies at the distal end of the humerus near the elbow. When struck, it can cause a distinct tingling sensation, and sometimes a significant amount of pain. It is sometimes popularly referred to as 'the funny bone', possibly due to this sensation (a ""funny"" feeling), as well as the fact that the bone's name is a homophone of 'humorous'. It lies posterior to the medial epicondyle, and is easily damaged in elbow injuries. The deltoid originates on the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion and the crest of the spine of the scapula. It is inserted on the"
"ulnar side; by its continued action it extends the elbow-joint. The muscle is a minor extensor of the carpus in carnivores, but has become a flexor in ungulates. In this case it is described as ""ulnaris lateralis"". Despite its name, the extensor carpi ulnaris is innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7 and C8), the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve. It would therefore be paralyzed in an injury to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. A common injury to the extensor carpi ulnaris is tennis elbow. This injury occurs in people that participate in activities"
"and antirheumatic medication. Cubital tunnel syndrome, more commonly known as ulnar neuropathy, occurs when the ulnar nerve is irritated and becomes inflamed. This can often happen where the ulnar nerve is most superficial, at the elbow. The ulnar nerve passes over the elbow, at the area known as the “funny bone”. Irritation can occur due to constant, repeated stress and pressure at this area, or from a trauma. It can also occur due to bone deformities, and oftentimes from sports. Symptoms include tingling, numbness, and weakness, along with pain. First line pain management techniques include the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory"
"known as Osborne's band or Osborne's ligament, which is considered a vestigial form of the epitrochleoanconeus. There are also cases where there is no structure at all bridging the space occupied by the epitrochleoanconeus. In humans the m. epitrochleoanconeus has no known function beyond its putative role as a retaining element for the ulnar nerve. As a muscle it is considered a vestigial form with its retaining function being performed less problematically by the less bulky Osborne's ligament. The prevalence of the epitrochleoanconeus in humans has been estimated to be between 1-30% from various cadaver elbow dissection studies, conversely Osborne's"
"Accessory bone An accessory bone or supernumerary bone is a bone that is not normally present in the body, but can be found as a variant in a significant number of people. They pose a risk of being misdiagnosed as bone fractures on radiography. The ""os ulnostyloideum"" is an ulnar styloid process that is not fused to the rest of the ulna bone. On X-rays, an ""os ulnostyloideum"" is sometimes mistaken for an avulsion fracture of the styloid process. However, the distinction between these is extremely difficult. It is alleged that the os ulnostyloideum has a close relationship with or"
"Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, also known as Tommy John surgery (TJS), is a surgical graft procedure where the ulnar collateral ligament in the medial elbow is replaced with either a tendon from elsewhere in the patient's body, or tendon from donated tissue of a cadaver. The procedure is common among collegiate and professional athletes in several sports, particularly in baseball. The procedure was first performed in 1974 by orthopedic surgeon Frank Jobe, a Los Angeles Dodgers team physician who served as a special advisor to the team until his death in 2014. It is named after"
"Ulna The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. It runs parallel to the radius, the other long bone in the forearm, and is the larger and longer of the two. The bone may break due to excessive weight or impact. The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. It"
"fingers cannot be flexed due to injury to the ulnar nerve. A common fracture of the hand is a scaphoid fracture—a fracture of the scaphoid bone, one of the carpal bones. This is the commonest carpal bone fracture and can be slow to heal due to a limited blood flow to the bone. There are various types of fracture to the base of the thumb; these are known as Rolando fractures, Bennet's fracture, and Gamekeeper's thumb. Another common fracture, known as Boxer's fracture, is to the neck of a metacarpal. The prehensile hands and feet of primates evolved from the"
"ligament has a prevalence of ~77%. The presence of the epitrochleoanconeus muscle can lead to ulnar neuropathy, or cubital tunnel syndrome, due to compression of the ulnar nerve. The absence of epitrochleoanconeus muscle or Osborne's ligament can increase the chances of ulnar nerve dislocation. While there were previous identifications of the epitrochleoanconeus in animal studies, under a variety of names, Gruber (1866) seems to offer the first extensive comparative study involving the epitrochleoanconeus in man. This was shortly followed by several accounts by Wood describing his identification of the muscle during a series of dissections in humans along with comparative"
"the ulnar, with two eminences; the lateral and larger is a rounded, articular eminence, termed the head of the ulna; the medial, narrower and more projecting, is a non-articular eminence, the styloid process. The head is separated from the styloid process by a depression for the attachment of the apex of the triangular articular disk, and behind, by a shallow groove for the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris. The ulna is a long bone. The long, narrow medullary cavity of the ulna is enclosed in a strong wall of cortical tissue which is thickest along the interosseous border and"
"cases, a cast should be applied that goes above the elbow. In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb, and the ulna is important primarily for muscular attachment. In many mammals, the ulna is partially or wholly fused with the radius, and may therefore not exist as a separate bone. However, even in extreme cases of fusion, such as in horses, the olecranon process is still present, albeit as a projection from the upper radius. Ulna The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest"
"evolutionary benefits from having a shorter pisiform bone, including facilitating ulnar deviation of the hand and preventing hyperextension of the wrist, motions that improve the action of clubbing. Pisiform bone The pisiform bone ( or ), also spelled pisiforme (from the Latin ""pisifomis"", pea-shaped), is a small knobbly, sesamoid bone that is found in the wrist. It forms the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel. The pisiform is a sesamoid bone, with no covering membrane of periosteum. It is the last carpal bone to ossify. The pisiform bone is a small bone found in the proximal row of the wrist"
"carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. As a proximal carpal bone, the lunate is also involved in movement of the wrist. The lunate bone is the most frequently dislocated carpal bone. The name of the lunate bone derives from the ""crescent-shaped"" (), from Latin ""luna"" (""moon""), from the bone's resemblance to a crescent moon. In amphibians and reptiles, the bone is instead referred to as the ""intermedium"", because of its position between the other two proximal carpals. Lunate bone The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone in the human hand."
"Humeroulnar joint The humeroulnar joint (ulnohumeral or trochlear joint), is part of the elbow-joint. It is composed of two bones, the humerus and ulna, and is the junction between the trochlear notch of ulna and the trochlea of humerus. It is classified as a simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus. When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same"
"Radioulnar synostosis Radioulnar synostosis is a rare condition where there is an abnormal connection between the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. This can be present at birth (congenital), when it is a result of a failure of the bones to form separately, or following an injury (post-traumatic). It typically causes restricted movement of the forearm, in particular rotation (pronation and supination), though is not usually painful unless it causes subluxation of the radial head. It can be associated with dislocation of the radial head which leads to limited elbow extension. Congenital radioulnar synostosis is rare, with approximately 350"
"the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz., the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. Fractures of the olecranon are common injuries. An olecranon fracture with anterior displacement of the radial head is called a Hume"
"Of these cases, the ulnar nerve was most often injured. Peripheral nerves are structured so that the axons are surrounded by most often a myelinated sheath and then an endoneurium. A perineurium surrounds that and the outermost layer is considered the epineurium. When injury occurs, “local vascular trauma leads to hemorrhage and edema (swelling), which results in vigorous inflammatory response resulting in scarring of the injured segment. In most cases, due to the extreme nature of the injury, there is typically complete loss of function. Trauma is the most frequent cause of peripheral nerve lesions. There are two classifications of"
"by the ulnar nerve. The opponens pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis are normally innervated by the median nerve. The flexor pollicis brevis has two heads a superficial and a deep. The flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) is typically an ulnar-innervated muscle. Due to a common interconnection between the median and ulnar nerves in the hand (Riche-Cannieu interconnection), the Median nerve may innervate the FPB in 35% of people. It is innervated by the Ulnar nerve in 50% of people and by both the median and ulnar nerves in 15%. The adductor pollicis is typically innervated by the ulnar nerve. There are"
"Pisiform bone The pisiform bone ( or ), also spelled pisiforme (from the Latin ""pisifomis"", pea-shaped), is a small knobbly, sesamoid bone that is found in the wrist. It forms the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel. The pisiform is a sesamoid bone, with no covering membrane of periosteum. It is the last carpal bone to ossify. The pisiform bone is a small bone found in the proximal row of the wrist (carpus). It is situated where the ulna joins the wrist, within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. It only has one side that acts as a"
"lunate. The ""medial surface"", the summit of the pyramid, is pointed and roughened, for the attachment of the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist. In reptiles and amphibians, the bone is instead referred to as the ""ulnare"", since (at least in the most primitive fossils) it articulates with the ulna. The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. Triquetral fractures can occur due to forceful flexion of the wrist, causing an avulsion of the dorsal aspect of the bone that is often hidden on anterior radiographs, but can be seen as a tiny"
"Ulnar deviation Ulnar deviation, also known as ulnar drift, is a hand deformity in which the swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joints (the big knuckles at the base of the fingers) causes the fingers to become displaced, tending towards the little finger. Its name comes from the displacement toward the ulna (as opposed to radial deviation, in which fingers are displaced toward the radius). Ulnar deviation is likely to be a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis, more than of osteoarthritis. Consideration should also be given to pigmented villonodular synovitis, in the setting of ulnar deviation and metacarpophalangeal synovitis. Ulnar deviation is also"
"biomechanics which may increase torque and force on the elbow. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, also known as Tommy John surgery (TJS), is a surgical graft procedure where the ulnar collateral ligament in the medial elbow is replaced with either a tendon from elsewhere in the patient's body, or tendon from donated tissue of a cadaver. The procedure is common among collegiate and professional athletes in several sports, particularly in baseball. The procedure was first performed in 1974 by orthopedic surgeon Frank Jobe, a Los Angeles Dodgers team physician who served as a special advisor to the"
"one-time, traumatic events. Rather, they are more often due to small chronic tears that accumulate over time. The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL, also known as medial collateral ligament) is located on the medial side of the elbow. The UCL complex comprises three ligaments: the anterior oblique, posterior oblique and transverse ligaments. The anterior oblique ligament (AOL) attaches from the undersurface of the medial epicondyle to the medial ulnar surface slightly below the coronoid process. It is the sturdiest of the three sections within the UCL. The AOL acts as the primary restraint against valgus stress at the elbow during flexion"
"fracture. Olecranon The olecranon from the ""Greek"" ""olene"" meaning elbow and ""kranon"" meaning head is the large, thick, curved bony eminence of the ulna, a long bone in the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It forms the most pointed portion of the elbow and is opposite to the cubital fossa or elbow pit. The olecranon serves as a lever for the extensor muscles that straighten the elbow joint. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward (supination) the olecranon faces towards the back"
"bone fragment on lateral views. The etymology derives from the Latin ""triquetrus"" which means ""three-cornered."" Therefore, it is sometimes also called the triangular bone or os triangulare. However, ""os triangulare"" may also refer to a nearby accessory bone. Triquetral bone The triquetral bone (; also called triquetrum, pyramidal, three-faced, and formerly cuneiform bone) is located in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of the carpus between the lunate and pisiform bones. It is on the ulnar side of the hand, but does not articulate with the ulna. It connects with the pisiform, hamate, and lunate bones."
"Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL or internal lateral ligament) is a thick triangular band at the medial aspect of the elbow uniting the distal aspect of the humerus to the proximal aspect of the ulna. It consists of two portions, an anterior and posterior united by a thinner intermediate portion. Note that this ligament is also referred to as the medial collateral ligament and should not be confused with the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL). The ""anterior portion"", directed obliquely forward, is attached, above, by its apex, to the front part of the medial"
"Cubital tunnel The cubital tunnel is a space of the dorsal medial elbow which allows passage of the ulnar nerve around the elbow. It is bordered medially by the medial epicondyle of the humerus, laterally by the olecranon process of the ulna and the tendinous arch joining the humeral and ulnar heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris. The roof of the cubital tunnel is elastic and formed by a myofascial trilaminar retinaculum (also known as the epicondyloolecranon ligament or Osborne band). Chronic compression of this nerve is known as cubital tunnel syndrome, a form of repetitive strain injury akin to"
"as sitting with one's arm over the back of a chair (radial nerve), frequently resting one's elbows on a table (ulnar nerve), or an ill-fitting cast or brace on the leg (peroneal nerve). Part of the patient's body can cause the compression and the term ""entrapment neuropathy"" is used particularly in this situation. The offending structure may be a well-defined lesion such as a tumour (for example a lipoma, neurofibroma or metastasis), a ganglion cyst or a haematoma. Alternatively, there may be expansion of the tissues around a nerve in a space where there is little room for this to"
"the cast will be removed and further analysis of the injury will be required. If the injury did not improve with the conservative courses of treatment, or if the injury was initially too severe for conservative treatment, invasive procedures may become necessary. Steroid injections and surgical procedures are the most prominent invasive procedures. Surgical repair or reconstruction of the ECU is not often required, yet a severe ECU injury may cause these approaches to be necessary. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle In human anatomy, the extensor carpi ulnaris is a skeletal muscle located on the ulnar side of the forearm. It"
"back of the hand and arm. This confusion can arise because the forearm can pronate and supinate. Similarly, in the forearm, for clarity, the sides are named after the bones. Structures closer to the radius are radial, structures closer to the ulna are ulnar, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as radioulnar. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures near the tibia (shinbone) are tibial and structures near the fibula are fibular (or peroneal). Most terms of anatomical location are relative to linear motion (translation) along the X- Y- and Z-axes, but there are other degrees of freedom"
"tear due to the prolonged pressure of the weight of the upper body. Symptoms resulting from leaning on the nerve can include numbness and tingling fingers. Common occupations such as cyclist, motorcyclist, and desk jobs prolong movement and elbow leaning. These activities involve pressure to the palms, which leads to cumulative damage to the nerve. When using a pizza cutter or similar hand tools which require downward pressure during use, applying upper body weight to push down on the tool over time can cause damage to the nerve. Older males are more likely to have ulnar mononeuropathy than females without"
"the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are often considered fractures to the wrist. The distal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint located between the bones of the forearm, the radius and ulna. Formed by the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius, this joint is separated from the radiocarpal joint by an articular disk lying between the radius and the styloid process of the ulna. The capsule of the joint"