"determined by the entire manuscript matrix — its physical form, contents, scribe(s), readers, and history."" New Philology New Philology generally refers to a branch of Mexican ethnohistory and philology that uses colonial-era native language texts written by Indians to construct history from the indigenous point of view. The name New Philology was coined by James Lockhart to describe work that he and his doctoral students and scholarly collaborators in history, anthropology, and linguistics had pursued since the mid-1970s. Lockhart published a great many essays elaborating on the concept and content of the New Philology and Matthew Restall published a description"
"the Middle East. Philology is the study of language preserved in written sources; classical philology is thus concerned with understanding any texts from the classical period written in the classical languages of Latin and Greek. The roots of classical philology lie in the Renaissance, as humanist intellectuals attempted to return to the Latin of the classical period, especially of Cicero, and as scholars attempted to produce more accurate editions of ancient texts. Some of the principles of philology still used today developed during this period. For instance, the observation that if a manuscript could be shown to be a copy"
"Cognitive philology Cognitive philology is the science that studies written and oral texts as the product of human mental processes. Studies in cognitive philology compare documentary evidence emerging from textual investigations with results of experimental research, especially in the fields of cognitive and ecological psychology, neurosciences and artificial intelligence. ""The point is not the text, but the mind that made it"". Cognitive Philology aims to foster communication between literary, textual, philological disciplines on the one hand and researches across the whole range of the cognitive, evolutionary, ecological and human sciences on the other. Cognitive philology: Among the founding thinkers and"
"excerpted in the Proceedings of the American Philological Association. ""Linguistics or philology may be considered either as a science or as a philosophy. Under the first aspect we may gain some idea of its extent by thinking of the vast number of languages which are to be investigated, not only those now spoken, but also many of which we have but the fossils. It touches here psychology and history, and enables us to know the unseen. A linguistic criticism is the source of all true commentary. By philology we can reconstruct prehistoric man, and read the history of times before"
"noteworthy scholars devoted to such investigations are: Cognitive philology Cognitive philology is the science that studies written and oral texts as the product of human mental processes. Studies in cognitive philology compare documentary evidence emerging from textual investigations with results of experimental research, especially in the fields of cognitive and ecological psychology, neurosciences and artificial intelligence. ""The point is not the text, but the mind that made it"". Cognitive Philology aims to foster communication between literary, textual, philological disciplines on the one hand and researches across the whole range of the cognitive, evolutionary, ecological and human sciences on the other."
"""Philology"". He defined philology as the study of human nature as exhibited in antiquity. Its methods include the examination of the history, writing, art and other examples of ancient cultures. It combines the study of history and language, through interpretation, in which history and linguistics coalesce into an organic whole. This was the ideal of Wolf's philological ""seminarium"" at Halle. During Wolf's time at Halle he published his commentary on the ""Leptines"" of Demosthenes (1789), which influenced his student Philipp August Böckh. He also published ""The Public Economy of Athens"", and ""Prolegomena ad Homerum"" (1795). The publication of the latter"
"criticism (or broader: text philology) is a part of philology, which is not just devoted to the study of texts, but also to edit and produce ""scientific editions"", ""scholarly editions"", ""standard editions"", ""historical editions"", ""reliable editions"", ""reliable texts"", ""text editions"" or ""critical editions"", which are editions in which careful scholarship has been employed to ensure that the information contained within is as close to the author's/composer's original intentions as possible (and which allows the user to compare and judge changes in editions published under influence by the author/composer). The relation between these kinds of works and the concept ""source criticism"""
"Before the 20th century, the term ""philology"", first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the study of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus. Since Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, however, this focus has shifted and the term ""philology"" is now generally used for the ""study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition"", especially in the United States (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the ""science of language""). Although the term ""linguist"" in the sense of ""a student of language"" dates from 1641, the term ""linguistics"" is"
"by one who has studied a science in all its ramifications. The term propaedeutics is often, of course, merely relative : thus philology belongs to the propaedeutics of history, while it is itself the main study of a certain class of scholars. The term, however, in its common use, is generally restricted to the body of knowledge, and of rules necessary for the study of some particular science — rules which originate in the application of the general laws of science or art to a particular department. Thus we find in the catalogues of lectures to be delivered in German"
"Phonology Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called ""phonemics"", or ""phonematics""), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning. Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages."
"Theology Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. Theology is basically the study of deities or their scriptures in order to discover what they have revealed about themselves. While theology has turned into a secular field, religious adherents still consider theology to be a discipline that helps them live and understand concepts such as life and love and that helps them lead lives of obedience to the deities they follow or worship. ""Theology"" is derived from the Greek ""theologia"" (θεολογία), which derived from ""Τheos"""
"Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies. Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States and Canada, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history. The abstract noun ""anthropology"" is first"
"Sinology Sinology or Chinese studies is the academic study of China primarily through Chinese thought, Chinese language, literature, Chinese culture and history, and often refers to Western scholarship. Its origin ""may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."" The field of sinology was historically seen to be equivalent to the application of philology to China, and until the 20th century was generally seen as meaning ""Chinese philology"" (language and literature). Sinology has broadened in modern times to include Chinese history, epigraphy, and other subjects. The terms ""sinology"" and ""sinologist"" were coined around 1838, and"
"Hymnology Hymnology (from Greek ὕμνος ""hymnos"", ""song of praise"" and -λογία ""-logia"", ""study of"") is the scholarly study of religious song, or the hymn, in its many aspects, with particular focus on choral and song. It may be more or less clearly distinguished from ""hymnody"", the creation and practice of such song. Hymnologists, such as Erik Routley, may study the history and origins of hymns and of traditions of sung worship, the biographies of the women and men who have written hymns that have passed into choral or congregational use, the interrelationships between text and tune, the historical processes, both"
"Ontology Ontology is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. The compound word ""ontology"" (""study of being"") combines ""onto-"" (Gr. ὄν, ""on"", gen. ὄντος, ""ontos"", ""being; that which is"")"
"Lexicology Lexicology is the part of linguistics that studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols, their meaning, the relationship of their meaning to epistemology in general, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements (morphemes such as the English ""-ed"" marker for past or ""un-"" for negation; and phonemes as basic sound units). Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics (for example, ""love"" vs. ""affection""), derivation (for example, ""fathom"" vs. ""unfathomably""), use and sociolinguistic distinctions (for example, ""flesh"" vs. ""meat""), and any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a"
"Morphology (linguistics) In linguistics, morphology () is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words, and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary. While words, along"
"of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics and Germanophone literature studies. German linguistics is traditionally called philology in Germany, as there is something of a difference between philologists and linguists. It is roughly divided as follows: In addition, the discipline examines German under various aspects: the way it is spoken and written, i.e., spelling; declination; vocabulary; sentence structure; texts; etc. It compares the various manifestations such as social groupings (slang, written texts, etc.) and geographical groupings (dialects, etc.). The study German literature is divided into two parts: ""Ältere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft"" deals with the period from the beginnings of German in the early"
"subject of discussion""). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in ""Grundzüge der Phonologie"" (1939) defines phonology as ""the study of sound pertaining to the system of language,"" as opposed to phonetics, which is ""the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech"" (the distinction between ""language"" and ""speech"" being basically Saussure's distinction between ""langue"" and ""parole""). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, while in more narrow terms, ""phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items."" According to"
"Philosophy Philosophy (from Greek , ""philosophia"", literally ""love of wisdom"") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? What is most real? Philosophers also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is there a best way to live? Is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)?"
"there is a difference between philology and linguistics, while the former relies on the investigation of previous literature and a language's historical development, the latter studies the language itself and generates systematic and scientific linguistics theories. Wang's distinction of philology and linguistics was largely questioned by many scholars; Xu Guozhang, a famous Chinese linguist specializing in English especially disagreed with Wang and claimed that a developed linguistic system did exist in traditional Chinese literature, such as ""Liu Shu 六书 (Six books)"", a book on the structure and use of Hanzi, the Chinese character. Wang Li (linguist) Wang Li (; ;"
"was not either platitudinously obvious or downright false."" He then states that, if all theology were completely eradicated from the earth, no one would notice or even care. He concludes: ""The achievements of theologians don't do anything, don't affect anything, don't achieve anything, don't even mean anything. What makes you think that 'theology' is a subject at all?"" Theology Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. Theology is basically the study of deities or their scriptures in order to discover what they have revealed"
"Filipinology In general, Filipinology () () or Philippine Studies refers to the study of the Philippines and the Filipino people. Belinda A. Aquino, former director of the Center for Philippine Studies at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, defines Philippine Studies as ""studies of Philippine culture and society, (which) started in the early 1900s when the Philippines became a colony of the United States. It encompasses the study of Filipino history, Filipino culture, Philippine languages, Filipino society, Filipino life, Filipino psyche or Filipino psychology, Filipino politics, and Filipino government. The approaches or perspectives of Philippine Studies could be theoretical, interdisciplinary,"
"University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology The Faculty of Philology is one of the constituent schools of the University of Belgrade. The school's purpose is to train and educate its students in the academic study or practice in linguistics and philology. The study of philology was established in Belgrade within the Belgrade Higher School's Department of Philosophy in 1808. The Department of Philology gained independence from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy in 1960. Many eminent international philologists contributed to the development of the Faculty of Philology, e.g. Russian Slavist Platon Kulikovsky, who was a visiting professor at the"
"folk and redactional, that have changed hymn texts and hymn tunes over time, and the sociopolitical, theological and aesthetic arguments concerning various styles of sung worship. Hymnology is sometimes more strictly construed, as in ""A Dictionary of Hymnology"", edited by John D. Julian, which concerns itself very largely with the history, textual changes, and translations of hymns, and with the biographies of hymnographers, and very little with the poetic metres of these hymns, or with the hymn tunes to which these are sung. Hymnology Hymnology (from Greek ὕμνος ""hymnos"", ""song of praise"" and -λογία ""-logia"", ""study of"") is the scholarly"
"Hippology Hippology (from Greek: ἵππος, ""hippos"", ""horse""; and λόγος, ""logos"", ""study"") is the study of the horse. Today, hippology is the title of an equine veterinary and management knowledge contest that is used in 4-H, Future Farmers of America (FFA), and many horse breed contests. Hippology consists of four phases: horse judging, written examination and slide identification, ID stations and team problem solving. Many youth across the United States and in other countries compete in hippology annually, showing their knowledge of all things ""horse"". Items covered in the contest may cover any equine subject, including reproduction, training, parasites, dressage, history"
"Epistemology Epistemology (; ) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge. Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief. Much debate in epistemology centers on four areas: (1) the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to such concepts as truth, belief, and justification, (2) various problems of skepticism, (3) the sources and scope of knowledge and justified belief, and (4) the criteria for knowledge and justification. Epistemology addresses such questions as: ""What makes justified beliefs justified?"", ""What does it mean to say that we"
"Phenology Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation). The word, coined by the Belgian botanist Charles Morren around 1849, is derived from the Greek φαίνω (""phainō""), ""to show, to bring to light, make to appear"" + λόγος (""logos""), amongst others ""study, discourse, reasoning"" and indicates that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle. Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the"
"the scientific study of language is known as linguistics and is generally considered a social science, a natural science or a cognitive science, the study of languages is still central to the humanities. A good deal of twentieth-century and twenty-first-century philosophy has been devoted to the analysis of language and to the question of whether, as Wittgenstein claimed, many of our philosophical confusions derive from the vocabulary we use; literary theory has explored the rhetorical, associative, and ordering features of language; and historical linguists have studied the development of languages across time. Literature, covering a variety of uses of language"
"philological tradition, much current etymological research is done in language families for which little or no early documentation is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian. Dialectology is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, the varieties of a language that are characteristic of particular groups, based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. This is in contrast to variations based on social factors, which are studied in sociolinguistics, or variations based on time, which are studied in historical linguistics. Dialectology treats such topics as divergence of two local dialects from a common ancestor and synchronic variation. Dialectologists are concerned with"
"Oenology Oenology (enology; ) is the science and study of wine and winemaking; distinct from viticulture, the agricultural endeavours of vine-growing and of grape-harvesting. The English word oenology derives from the word oinos, ""wine"" (""οἶνος"") and the suffix –logia ""study of"" (""-λογία"") from the Ancient Greek language. An oenologist is an expert in the fields comprehended by the ""Viticulture and Oenology"" designation for oenology-training programmes and research centres that include schooling, training, and education in the outdoor and indoors aspects of wine and the making of wine. An increasing number of schools offer degree-granting programs in Oenology and Viticulture. Most"
"Axiology Axiology (from Greek , ""axia"", ""value, worth""; and , ""-logia"") is the philosophical study of value. It is either the collective term for ethics and aesthetics, philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of worth, or the foundation for these fields, and thus similar to value theory and meta-ethics. The term was first used by Paul Lapie, in 1902, and Eduard von Hartmann, in 1908. Axiology studies mainly two kinds of values: ethics and aesthetics. Ethics investigates the concepts of ""right"" and ""good"" in individual and social conduct. Aesthetics studies the concepts of ""beauty"" and ""harmony."" Formal axiology, the"
"Philosophy and literature Philosophy and literature involves the literary treatment of philosophers and philosophical themes (the literature of philosophy), and the philosophical treatment of issues raised by literature (the philosophy of literature). Strictly speaking, the philosophy of literature is a branch of aesthetics, the branch of philosophy that deals with the question, ""what is art""? Much of aesthetic philosophy has traditionally focused on the plastic arts or music, however, at the expense of the verbal arts. In fact, much traditional discussion of aesthetic philosophy seeks to establish criteria of artistic quality that are indifferent to the subject matter being depicted."