"Acetic acid (medical use) Acetic acid, which at low concentrations is known as vinegar, is used as a medication to treat a number of conditions. As an eardrop it is used to treat infections of the ear canal. It may be used with an ear wick. As a liquid it is used to flush the bladder in those who have a urinary catheter in an attempt to prevent infection or blockage. As a gel it may be used to adjust the pH of the vagina. It may also be applied to the cervix to help detect cervical cancer during screening."
"acetic acid or succinic acid because the esters are more chemically stable, providing for a longer shelf-life. The ester forms are de-esterified in the gut and absorbed as free alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert McLean Evans and Katharine Scott Bishop and first isolated in a pure form by Evans and Gladys Anderson Emerson in 1935 at the University of California, Berkeley. Because the vitamin activity was first identified as a dietary fertility factor (in rats) it was given the name ""tocopherol"" from the Greek words ""τόκος"" [tókos, birth], and ""φέρειν"", [phérein, to bear or carry] meaning"
"concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin. Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It consists of a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group,"
"it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (the fatty acids), acetic acid does not occur in natural triglycerides. However, the artificial triglyceride triacetin (glycerine triacetate) is a common food additive and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines. Acetic acid is produced and excreted by acetic acid bacteria, notably the genus ""Acetobacter"" and ""Clostridium acetobutylicum"". These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and other foods spoil. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where"
"its systematic name is ""ethanoate"" (), the common ""acetate"" remains the preferred IUPAC name . The acetate anion, [CHCOO],(or [CHO]) is one of the carboxylate family. It is the conjugate base of acetic acid. Above a pH of 5.5, acetic acid converts to acetate: Many acetate salts are ionic, indicated by their tendency to dissolve well in water. A commonly encountered acetate in the home is sodium acetate, a white solid that can be prepared by combining vinegar and sodium bicarbonate (""bicarbonate of soda""): Transition metals can be complexed by acetate. Examples of acetate complexes include chromium(II) acetate and basic"
", or . Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting the two carbon atoms from acetate to a growing fatty acid. When part of a salt, the formula of the acetate ion is written as , , or . Chemists often represent acetate as OAc or, less commonly, AcO. Thus, HOAc is the symbol for acetic acid, NaOAc for"
"Acetoacetic acid Acetoacetic acid (also diacetic acid) is the organic compound with the formula CHCOCHCOOH. It is the simplest beta-keto acid group, and like other members of this class, it is unstable. The methyl and ethyl esters, which are quite stable, are produced on a large scale industrially as precursors to dyes. Acetoacetic acid is a weak acid. Under typical physiological conditions, acetoacetic acid exists as its conjugate base, acetoacetate. Acetoacetate is produced in mitochondria of the liver from acetoacetyl coenzyme A (CoA). First another acetyl group is added from acetyl CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylgluteryl CoA, and then an acetyl"
"The acetate ion would then be AcO and acetic acid would be AcOH or HOAc. Publications in geochemistry, however, are using Ac to refer to acetate rather than acetyl. Aluminium triacetate Aluminium triacetate, formally named aluminium acetate, is a chemical compound with composition . Under standard conditions it appears as a white, water-soluble solid that decomposes on heating at around 200 °C. The triacetate hydrolyses to a mixture of basic hydroxide / acetate salts, and multiple species co-exist in chemical equilibrium, particularly in aqueous solutions of the acetate ion; the name aluminium acetate is commonly used for this mixed system."
"Acetamide Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CHCONH. It is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound ""N"",""N""-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide. Acetamide can be considered an intermediate between acetone, which has two methyl (CH) groups either side of the carbonyl (CO), and urea which has two amide (NH) groups in those locations. Acetamide can be produced in the laboratory from ammonium acetate by dehydration: Alternatively acetamide can be obtained in excellent"
"acetic acid, especially at elevated temperature. The conversion of methyl acetate back into its components, by an acid, is a first-order reaction with respect to the ester. The reaction of methyl acetate and a base, for example sodium hydroxide, is a second-order reaction with respect to both reactants. A major use of methyl acetate is as a volatile low toxicity solvent in glues, paints, and nail polish removers. Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate in a process that was inspired by the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis. Methyl acetate Methyl acetate, also known as MeOAc, acetic acid methyl"
"zinc as well. Acetylacetone degradation has been characterized in the bacterium ""Acinetobacter johnsonii"". Acetylacetone Acetylacetone is an organic compound that exists in two tautomeric forms that interconvert rapidly and are treated as a single compound in most applications. Although the compound is formally named as the diketone form, pentane-2,4-dione, the enol form forms a substantial component of the material and is actually the favored form in many solvents. It is a colourless liquid that is a precursor to acetylacetonate (acac), a common bidentate ligand. It is also a building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The keto and enol"
"Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CHCO)O. Commonly abbreviated AcO, it is the simplest isolable anhydride of a carboxylic acid and is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, which is formed by its reaction with moisture in the air. Acetic anhydride, like most acid anhydrides, is a flexible molecule with a nonplanar structure. The pi system linkage through the central oxygen offers very weak resonance stabilization compared to the dipole-dipole repulsion between the two carbonyl oxygens. The energy barriers"
"confused with the symbol for the element actinium; the context prevents confusion among organic chemists.) To better reflect its structure, acetic acid is often written as –C(O)OH, −C(=O)OH, COOH, and . In the context of acid-base reactions, the abbreviation ""HAc"" is sometimes used, where ""Ac"" in this case is a symbol for acetate (rather than acetyl). Acetate is the ion resulting from loss of from acetic acid. The name ""acetate"" can also refer to a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid. The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid"
"Acetate An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy, metallic or nonmetallic and other base. ""Acetate"" also describes the conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called an anion) typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula . The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a ""positive"" ion (called a cation) are also commonly called ""acetates"" (hence, ""acetate of lead"", ""acetate of aluminum"", etc.). The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate (called acetic acid) with corresponding salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion"
"Acetic acid bacteria Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation. The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family ""Acetobacteraceae"". Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals. All acetic acid bacteria are rod-shaped and obligate aerobes. Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are ubiquitous in nature. They are actively present in environments where ethanol is being formed as a result of fermentation of sugars. They can be isolated from the nectar of flowers and"
"Citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the"" TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) "" or the"" Krebs cycle ""– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular"
"zinc acetate. Commercially important acetate salts are aluminium acetate, used in dyeing, ammonium acetate, a precursor to acetamide, and potassium acetate, used as a diuretic. All three salts are colourless and highly soluble in water. Acetate esters have the general formula CHCOR, where R is an organyl group. The esters are the dominant forms of acetate in the marketplace. Unlike the acetate salts, acetate esters are often liquids, lipophilic, and sometimes volatile. They are popular because they have inoffensive, often sweet odors, they are inexpensive, and they are usually of low toxicity. Almost half of acetic acid production is consumed"
"odor of acetic acid. Its main use in pharmaceutics is with enteric formulations. It can be used together with other coating agents, e.g. ethyl cellulose. Cellulose acetate phthalate is commonly plasticized with diethyl phthalate, a hydrophobic compound, or triethyl citrate, a hydrophilic compound; other compatible plasticizers are various phthalates, triacetin, dibutyl tartrate, glycerol, propylene glycol, tripropionin, triacetin citrate, acetylated monoglycerides, etc. According to a 1944 study by Hodge, there was no histological change on rats fed CAP for a year. The most common way to prepare cellulose acetate phthalate consists of the reaction of a partially substituted cellulose acetate (CA)"
"Vaccenic acid Vaccenic acid, also known as (""E"")-octadec-11-enoic acid is a naturally occurring trans-fatty acid found in the fat of ruminants and in dairy products such as milk, butter, and yogurt. It is also the predominant fatty acid comprising trans fat in human milk. Its IUPAC name is (""E"")-11-octadecenoic acid, and its lipid shorthand name is 18:1 ""trans""-11. The name was derived from the Latin ""vacca"" (cow). Vaccenic acid was discovered in 1928 in animal fats and butter. It is the main ""trans"" fatty acid isomer present in milk fat. Mammals convert it into rumenic acid, a conjugated linoleic acid,"
"acid acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation. Glacial acetic acid is used in analytical chemistry for the estimation of weakly alkaline substances such as organic amides. Glacial acetic acid is a much weaker base than water, so the amide behaves as a strong base in this medium. It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid. Acetic acid injection into a tumor has been used to treat cancer since the 1800s. Acetic acid is used as part of cervical cancer"
"water, alcohol foam or carbon dioxide are preferred for fire suppression. The vapour of acetic anhydride is harmful. Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CHCO)O. Commonly abbreviated AcO, it is the simplest isolable anhydride of a carboxylic acid and is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, which is formed by its reaction with moisture in the air. Acetic anhydride, like most acid anhydrides, is a flexible molecule with a nonplanar structure. The pi system linkage through the central oxygen"
"Acetylacetone Acetylacetone is an organic compound that exists in two tautomeric forms that interconvert rapidly and are treated as a single compound in most applications. Although the compound is formally named as the diketone form, pentane-2,4-dione, the enol form forms a substantial component of the material and is actually the favored form in many solvents. It is a colourless liquid that is a precursor to acetylacetonate (acac), a common bidentate ligand. It is also a building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The keto and enol forms of acetylacetone coexist in solution; these forms are tautomers. The enol form"
"Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium acetobutylicum, ATCC 824, is a commercially valuable bacterium sometimes called the ""Weizmann Organism"", after Jewish-Russian-born Chaim Weizmann. A senior lecturer at the University of Manchester, England, he used them in 1916 as a bio-chemical tool to produce at the same time, jointly, acetone, ethanol, and butanol from starch. The method has been described since as the ABE process, (Acetone Butanol Ethanol fermentation process), yielding 3 parts of acetone, 6 of butanol, and 1 of ethanol. Acetone was used in the important wartime task of casting cordite. The alcohols were used to produce vehicle fuels and synthetic rubber."
"Acetoin Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxybutanone or acetyl methyl carbinol, with the molecular formula is CHO, is a colorless or pale yellow to green yellow liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. Acetoin is a chiral molecule. The form produced by bacteria is (""R"")-acetoin. Acetoin is a neutral, four-carbon molecule used as an external energy store by a number of fermentive bacteria. It is produced by the decarboxylation of alpha-acetolactate, a common precursor in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Owing to its neutral nature, production and excretion of acetoin during exponential growth prevents overacidification of the cytoplasm and the surrounding"
"Silicotungstic acid Silicotungstic acid (also known as tungstosilicic acid) is the most commonly encountered heteropoly acid. It is a pale yellow solid with the chemical formula H[WSiO]. It is used as a catalyst in the chemical industry. Silicotungstic acid is used to manufacture ethyl acetate by the alkylation of acetic acid by ethylene: It has also been commercialized for the oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid: This route is claimed as a ""greener"" than methanol carbonylation. The heteropoly acid is dispersed on silica gel at 20-30 wt% to maximize catalytic ability. It has also recently been proposed as a mediator"
"Trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic acid (TCA; TCAA; also known as trichloroethanoic acid) is an analogue of acetic acid in which the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have all been replaced by chlorine atoms. Salts and esters of trichloroacetic acid are called trichloroacetates. It is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with acetic acid in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Another route to trichloroacetic acid is the oxidation of trichloroacetaldehyde. It is widely used in biochemistry for the precipitation of macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. TCA and DCA are both used in cosmetic treatments (such as chemical"
"screening in many areas in the developing world. The acid is applied to the cervix and if an area of white appears after about a minute the test is positive. Acetic acid is an effective antiseptic when used as a 1% solution, with broad spectrum of activity against streptococci, staphylococci, pseudomonas, enterococci and others. It may be used to treat skin infections caused by pseudomonas strains resistant to typical antibiotics. While diluted acetic acid is used in iontophoresis, no high quality evidence supports this treatment for rotator cuff disease. As a treatment for otitis externa, it is on the World"
"ACES (buffer) ACES is the common abbreviation for the compound ""N""-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. ACES is one of Good's buffers developed in the 1960s to provide buffers with pH ranging from 6.15-8.35 for use in various applications. With a p""K"" of 6.9, it is often used as a buffering agent in biological and biochemical research. It is a zwitterionic buffer with a useful buffering range of 6.1-7.5. The pioneering publication by Good and his co-workers described the synthesis and physical properties of ACES buffer. ACES had been used to develop buffers for both agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ACES use in isoelectric"
"Alpha-Eleostearic acid α-Eleostearic acid or (9""Z"",11""E"",13""E"")-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid, is an organic compound, a conjugated fatty acid and one of the isomers of octadecatrienoic acid. It is often called simply eleostearic acid although there is also a β-eleostearic acid (the all-""trans"" or (9""E"",11""E"",13""E"") isomer). Its high degree of unsaturation gives tung oil its properties as a drying oil. In their pioneering work on essential fatty acids, Burr, Burr and Miller compared the nutritional properties of α-eleostearic acid (ELA) to that of its isomer alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). ALA relieved essential fatty acid deficiency; ELA did not. In rats, α-eleostearic acid is converted to"
"infrequently on burning coal dumps, as a mineral of the same name. Acetamide Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CHCONH. It is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound ""N"",""N""-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide. Acetamide can be considered an intermediate between acetone, which has two methyl (CH) groups either side of the carbonyl (CO), and urea which has two amide (NH) groups in those locations. Acetamide can be produced in the laboratory"
"""acetylsalicylic acid"" (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as ""aspirin"" in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, ""Aspirin"", with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company Bayer, while aspirin, with a lowercase ""a"", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later. Bayer also lost the trademark in the same jurisdictions for ""Heroin"" which it trademarked a year before it"
"Etacrynic acid Etacrynic acid (INN) or ethacrynic acid (USAN), trade name Edecrin, is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and the swelling caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. Unlike the other loop diuretics, etacrynic acid is not a sulfonamide and thus, its use is not contraindicated in those with sulfa allergies. Ethacrynic acid is a phenoxyacetic acid derivative containing a ketone group and a methylene group. A cysteine adduct is formed with the methylene group and this is the active form. Ethacrynic acid is a diuretic that is used to treat"
"Adenylyl cyclase Adenylyl cyclase (, also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylate cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells. It is the most polyphyletic known enzyme: six distinct classes have been described, all catalyzing the same reaction but representing unrelated gene families with no known sequence or structural homology. The best known class of adenylyl cyclases is class III or AC-III (Roman numerals are used for classes). AC-III occurs widely in eukaryotes and has important roles in many human tissues. All classes of adenylyl cyclase catalyse the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"