"1905, is also a raspberry-blackberry hybrid, but is a second-generation cross (i.e., two first-generation crosses between blackberry and raspberry were then crossed to each other). Other similar hybrids include the nessberry, which is a cross between a dewberry and a red raspberry, and youngberry, a three-way cross between blackberry, raspberry, and dewberry. The loganberry has been used as a parent in more recent crosses between various ""Rubus"" species, such as boysenberry (Loganberry × raspberry × blackberry), the Santiam blackberry (loganberry × California blackberry [""R. ursinus""]), and the olallieberry (Black Logan × youngberry). Excerpt from ""Santa Cruz County; a faithful reproduction"
"Blackberry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ""Rubus"" in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus ""Rubus"", and hybrids between the subgenera ""Rubus"" and ""Idaeobatus"". The taxonomy of the blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that species have often been grouped together and called species aggregates. For example, the entire subgenus ""Rubus"" has been called the ""Rubus fruticosus"" aggregate, although the species ""R. fruticosus"" is considered a synonym of ""R. plicatus"". What distinguishes the blackberry from its raspberry relatives is whether or not the torus"
"and may be toxic. According to some traditions, a blackberry's deep purple color represents Christ's blood and the crown of thorns was made of brambles, although other thorny plants, such as ""Crataegus"" (hawthorn) and ""Euphorbia milii"" (crown of thorns plant), have been proposed as the material for the crown. Blackberry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ""Rubus"" in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus ""Rubus"", and hybrids between the subgenera ""Rubus"" and ""Idaeobatus"". The taxonomy of the blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that"
"Youngberry Youngberry is a complex hybrid between three different species from the genus ""Rubus"", the raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries of the rose family. The berries of the plant are eaten fresh or used to make juice, jam, and in recipes. Byrnes M. Young, a businessman in Morgan City, Louisiana, who loved science and plants, had an ongoing correspondence with Luther Burbank, who had created the 'Phenomenal' blackberry–raspberry hybrid. Young then crossed the 'Phenomenal' with the Austin-Mayes dewberry that was better adapted to his area. This produced 'Youngberry' in 1905, which was then released in 1926. It has red coloured berries"
"The yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry retain that species' distinctive flavor, different from the similar-appearing pale-fruited variants of cultivated red raspberries (generally the Eurasian"" Rubus idaeus"", but with some being the North American ""Rubus strigosus"", and other cultivars representing hybrids between these two widespread species). The center for black raspberry production is in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The main cultivar, 'Munger', is grown on about 600 ha (1500 acres). Other cultivars include 'John Robertson', 'Allen', 'Jewel', 'Blackhawk', 'Macblack', 'Plum Farmer', 'Dundee', 'Hanover', and 'Huron'. The plants are summer tipped by hand, mechanically pruned in winter and then machine"
"that readily detaches from the carpel, but differing in the ripe fruit being black, and in the stems being more prickly. The black fruit makes them look like blackberries, though this is only superficial, with the taste being unique and not like either the red raspberry or the blackberry. As suggested by the common name, black raspberries usually have very dark purple-black fruits, rich in anthocyanin pigments. However, due to occasional mutations in the genes controlling anthocyanin production, yellow-fruited variants (""yellow raspberries"") sometimes occur, and have been occasionally propagated, especially in home/farm gardens in the midwestern United States (e.g., Ohio)."
"cultivars of blackberries, (""Rubus ursinus"", ""R. fruticosus"") and raspberries (""R. idaeus""). The hybrid berries include:- The genus ""Rubus"" is a very complex one, particularly the blackberry/dewberry subgenus (""Rubus""), with polyploidy, hybridization, and facultative apomixis apparently all frequently occurring, making species classification of the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges of systematic botany. ""Rubus"" species have a basic chromosome number of seven. Polyploidy from the diploid (14 chromosomes) to the tetradecaploid (98 chromosomes) is exhibited. Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the"
"and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry. Most species are hermaphrodites, ""Rubus chamaemorus"" being an exception. The blackberries, as well as various other ""Rubus"" species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles. However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word ""ruber"", meaning ""red"". The scientific study of brambles is known as ""batology"". Examples of the hundreds"
"Rubus strigosus Rubus strigosus, the American red raspberry or American raspberry, is a species of ""Rubus"" native to much of North America. It has often been treated as a variety or subspecies of the closely related Eurasian ""Rubus idaeus"" (red raspberry or European raspberry), but currently is more commonly treated as a distinct species. Many of the commercial raspberry cultivars grown for their fruit derive from hybrids between ""R. strigosus"" and ""R. idaeus""; see Raspberry for more details. Botanists have long debated the taxonomic treatment of the Eurasian and American red raspberries, with some viewing all of these plants as"
"Jostaberry The jostaberry (""Ribes"" × ""nidigrolaria"") is a complex-cross fruit bush in the genus ""Ribes"", involving three original species, the black currant ""R. nigrum"", the North American coastal black gooseberry ""R. divaricatum"", and the European gooseberry ""R. uva-crispa"". It is similar to ""Ribes × culverwellii"", the Jochelbeere, which is descended from just two of these species, ""R. nigrum"" and ""R. uva-crispa"". The cultivated plants are tetraploid. They are descended from two separate first-generation crosses, both of which produced very few fruit. Fertile tetraploids were produced using colchicine. The name ""Jostaberry"" was created via combining the German words for blackcurrant and"
"Rudolph Boysen Charles Rudolph Boysen (July 14, 1895 – November 25, 1950) was the California horticulturist who created the boysenberry, a hybrid between several varieties of blackberries, raspberries, and loganberries. Rudolph Boysen had experimented with various berry crosses in Napa, California, during the 1920s. When Boysen first moved to Orange County, he brought berry vines with him which he planted on his in-law’s farm in Anaheim. Boysen worked as Anaheim City Parks superintendent from 1921-1950. In 1923, his hybrid grafted successfully and grew to bear fruit. However, unable to make his new berry a commercial success, Boysen abandoned his crop"
"inhibiting effect on the metabolism of some drugs may allow smaller doses to be used, which can help to reduce costs. Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross, a hybrid of pomelo × sweet orange, with sweet orange itself being a pomelo × mandarin hybrid. The grapefruit is a parent to many hybrids: The grapefruit's cousins include: Grapefruit The grapefruit (""Citrus"" × ""paradisi"") is a subtropical citrus tree known for its sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. Grapefruit is a hybrid originating in Barbados as an accidental cross between two introduced species, sweet orange (""C. sinensis"") and pomelo, or shaddock (""C. maxima""),"
"red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in Vermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare. Blue raspberry is a local name used in Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of ""R. strigosus"" and ""R. occidentalis"". Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern"
"with a sweet and juicy flesh, but can not be stored for more than 3 to 4 days. While the 'Youngberry' is not grown much in the U.S., it is grown in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and was a parent of the commercially successful olallie blackberry, and a grandparent of the marionberry. They can be grown in very fertile clay soils. Like its 'Phenomenal' parent, it is a hexaploid. Youngberry Youngberry is a complex hybrid between three different species from the genus ""Rubus"", the raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries of the rose family. The berries of the plant are"
"harvested. The yields are generally low per acre and this is why the fruits are often expensive. The species has been used in the breeding of many ""Rubus"" hybrids; those between red and black raspberries are common under the name purple raspberries; 'Brandywine', 'Royalty', and 'Estate' are examples of purple raspberry cultivars. Wild purple raspberries have also been found in various places in northeastern North America where the two parental species co-occur and occasionally hybridize naturally. The berries are typically dried or frozen, made into purées and juices, or processed as colorants. Fresh berries are also marketed in season. Two"
"Raspberry The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus ""Rubus"" of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus ""Idaeobatus""; the name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems. Raspberry derives its name from ""raspise"", ""a sweet rose-colored wine"" (mid-15th century), from the Anglo-Latin ""vinum raspeys"", or from ""raspoie"", meaning ""thicket"", of Germanic origin. The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface related to Old English ""rasp"" or ""rough berry"". Examples of raspberry species in ""Rubus"" subgenus ""Idaeobatus"" include: Several"
"red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, ""Rubus idaeus,"" with the European plants then classified as either ""R. idaeus"" subsp. ""idaeus"" or ""R. idaeus"" var. ""idaeus,"" and the native North American red raspberries classified as either ""R. idaeus"" subsp. ""strigosus,"" or ""R. idaeus"" var. ""strigosus"". Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking. The black raspberry, ""Rubus occidentalis,"" is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor. Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of"
"Boysenberry The boysenberry is a cross among the European raspberry (""Rubus idaeus""), European blackberry (""Rubus fruticosus""), American dewberry (""Rubus aboriginum""), and loganberry (""Rubus"" × ""loganobaccus""). It is a large aggregate fruit, with large seeds and a deep maroon color. The exact origins of the boysenberry are unclear, but the most definite records trace the plant as it is known today back to grower Rudolph Boysen, who obtained the dewberry–loganberry parent from the farm of John Lubben. In the late 1920s, George M. Darrow of the USDA began tracking down reports of a large, reddish-purple berry that had been grown on"
"the issue. Marionberry The 'Marion' cultivar (""Rubus L."" subgenus ""Rubus"") or Marion blackberry, marketed as , is a blackberry developed by the USDA ARS breeding program in cooperation with Oregon State University. It is a cross between the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' blackberries. The marionberry is currently the most common blackberry cultivar, accounting for over half of all blackberries produced in Oregon. The marionberry is a vigorously growing trailing vine, usually producing just a few canes up to 20 feet long. The vines have many large spines, and the fruiting laterals are long and strong, producing many berries. The berry is"
"Rubus chamaemorus Rubus chamaemorus is a rhizomatous herb native to cool temperate regions, alpine and arctic tundra and boreal forest, producing amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry. English common names include cloudberry, nordic berry, bakeapple (in Newfoundland and Labrador), knotberry and knoutberry (in England), aqpik or low-bush salmonberry (in Alaska – not to be confused with true salmonberry, ""Rubus spectabilis""), and averin or evron (in Scotland). Unlike most ""Rubus"" species, the cloudberry is dioecious, and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant. The cloudberry grows to high. The leaves alternate between having"
"Rubus idaeus Rubus idaeus (raspberry, also called red raspberry or occasionally as European raspberry to distinguish it from other raspberries) is a red-fruited species of ""Rubus"" native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions. A closely related plant in North America, sometimes regarded as the variety ""Rubus idaeus"" var. ""strigosus"", is more commonly treated as a distinct species, ""Rubus strigosus"" (American Red Raspberry), as is done here. Red-fruited cultivated raspberries, even in North America, are generally ""Rubus idaeus"" or horticultural derivatives of hybrids of ""R. idaeus"" and ""R. strigosus;"" these plants are all addressed in"
"medicinal use. Raspberry The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus ""Rubus"" of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus ""Idaeobatus""; the name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems. Raspberry derives its name from ""raspise"", ""a sweet rose-colored wine"" (mid-15th century), from the Anglo-Latin ""vinum raspeys"", or from ""raspoie"", meaning ""thicket"", of Germanic origin. The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface related to Old English ""rasp"" or ""rough berry"". Examples of raspberry species in ""Rubus"" subgenus ""Idaeobatus"""
"twice as long as the petals. The round-shaped fruit is a 12–15 mm diameter aggregation of drupelets; it is edible, and has a high content of anthocyanins and ellagic acid. Black raspberries are high in anthocyanins. This has led to their being very useful as natural dyes. Preliminary studies to evaluate their benefit for cancer treatment in mammalian test systems are ongoing and a small-scale clinical trial has begun on patients with Barrett's esophagus. The black raspberry is also closely related to the red raspberries ""Rubus idaeus"" and ""Rubus strigosus"", sharing the distinctively white underside of the leaves and fruit"
"Strawberry The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria × ananassa) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus ""Fragaria"", collectively known as the strawberries. It is cultivated worldwide for its fruit. The fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as preserves, juice, pies, ice creams, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in many products like lip gloss, candy, hand sanitizers, perfume, and many others. The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany,"
"contains about 65 species. In 2004, Kalkman expressed doubt about the monophyly of the combined group, and new molecular studies confirm this. They do not place these two genera together or even near one another. In eastern North America are two well-known species, named after their fruit color, red chokeberry and black chokeberry, plus a purple chokeberry whose origin is a natural hybrid of the two. A fourth species, ""Aronia mitschurinii"", that apparently originated in cultivation, is also known as ""Sorbaronia mitschurinii"". Red chokeberry, ""Aronia arbutifolia"" (""Photinia pyrifolia""), grows to 2–4m tall, rarely up to 6 m and 1–2 m"
"Marionberry The 'Marion' cultivar (""Rubus L."" subgenus ""Rubus"") or Marion blackberry, marketed as , is a blackberry developed by the USDA ARS breeding program in cooperation with Oregon State University. It is a cross between the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' blackberries. The marionberry is currently the most common blackberry cultivar, accounting for over half of all blackberries produced in Oregon. The marionberry is a vigorously growing trailing vine, usually producing just a few canes up to 20 feet long. The vines have many large spines, and the fruiting laterals are long and strong, producing many berries. The berry is glossy and,"
"which will become dark-coloured fruit on the strawberry. The fruit of the wild strawberry is smaller than that of the garden strawberry (""Fragaria × ananassa""). Botanically, the fruit is classified as an aggregate accessory fruit, but it is commonly called a berry. Virginia strawberry The Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry, or common strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) is one of two species of wild strawberry that were hybridized to create the modern domesticated garden strawberry. Its natural range is confined to North America, in the United States (including Alaska) and Canada, although a popular variety called ""Little Scarlet"" is grown only in Great"
"History of Knott's Berry Farm In 1932, on a visit to Rudolph Boysen's farm in nearby Anaheim, Walter Knott was introduced to a new hybrid berry of blackberry, red raspberry and loganberry cross-bred by Boysen, who gave Walter his last six wilted berry-hybrid plants. Walter planted and cultivated them, then the family sold the berries at their roadside stand. When people asked what kind they were, he called them ""Boysenberrys"". In 1934, to make ends meet, Knott's wife Cordelia (1890–1974) reluctantly began serving fried chicken dinners on their wedding china. For dessert, Knott's signature Boysenberry Pie was also served to"
"Oroblanco An oroblanco, oro blanco (white gold) or sweetie (""Citrus grandis"" Osbeck × ""C. Paradisi"" Macf.) is a sweet seedless citrus hybrid fruit similar to grapefruit. It is often referred to as oroblanco grapefruit. Oroblanco was developed as a cross between a diploid acidless pomelo and a seedy white tetraploid grapefruit, resulting in a triploid seedless fruit that is less acidic and less bitter than the grapefruit. The oroblanco was patented by the University of California in 1981 after its development by Robert Soost and James W. Cameron at that university's citrus experiment station in Riverside, California. The nine-year project"
"(ISHS) 348: 60-64 Fragaria × vescana Fragaria × vescana is a hybrid strawberry cultivar that was created in an effort to combine the best traits of the garden strawberry (""Fragaria"" × ""ananassa""), which has large berries and vigorous plants, with the woodland strawberry (""Fragaria vesca""), which has an exquisite flavour, but small berries. This cross cannot take place naturally. ""Fragaria"" × ""ananassa"" has eight sets of chromosomes whereas ""Fragaria vesca"" has only two sets. Repeated attempts to cross these resulted in sterile offspring. Researchers treated tissue from a ""Fragaria vesca"" plant with colchicine to create a mutant plant with four"
"James Harvey Logan (1841–1928). Logan was unsatisfied with the existing varieties of blackberries and tried crossing two varieties of blackberries to produce a superior cultivar. He happened to plant them next to plants of an old variety of red raspberry, 'Red Antwerp', all of which flowered and fruited together. The two blackberry cultivars involved in these experiments were probably 'Aughinbaugh' and 'Texas Early' (a cultivar of ""Rubus velox""), which were two of the three varieties that Logan had planted in his yard that year. Logan then gathered and planted the seed from his cross-bred plants. His 50 seedlings produced plants"
"well-known liqueurs based predominantly on black raspberry fruit include France's Chambord Liqueur Royale de France and South Korea's various kinds of Bokbunja (see Korean alcoholic beverages). Rubus occidentalis Rubus occidentalis is a species of ""Rubus"" native to eastern North America. Its common name black raspberry is shared with the closely related western American species ""Rubus leucodermis"". Other names occasionally used include wild black raspberry, black caps, black cap raspberry, thimbleberry, and scotch cap. ""Rubus occidentalis"" is a deciduous shrub growing to 2–3 m (7–10 feet) tall, with prickly shoots. The leaves are pinnate, with five leaflets on leaves, strong-growing stems"
"m, flowering in mid-spring, with fruit setting and ripening on a similar timetable to the blackcurrant. The plant displays hybrid vigor, growing and fruiting well and being resistant to a number of common diseases afflicting other ""Ribes"". In particular the plant is resistant to American gooseberry mildew, blackcurrant leaf spot, white pine blister rust, and big bud gall mite. Flowers are hermaphrodite and the plant is self-fertile following insect pollination. Propagation is usually by cuttings, rather than by seeds. Jostaberry The jostaberry (""Ribes"" × ""nidigrolaria"") is a complex-cross fruit bush in the genus ""Ribes"", involving three original species, the black"