"the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal feature an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to"
"Prize, Ralph M. Steinman, with whom he ran a laboratory at Rockefeller University for many years, was named to win the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the work on dendritic cells done in their lab, eighteen years after Cohn's death. By way of explaining Cohn's importance, one commentator has noted that macrophages ""are scavenger cells of the immune system that engulf and digest invaders, including bacteria and other pathogens, as well as toxins and dead cells. They are central to so-called innate immunity—immune defenses that can act without previous exposure to a pathogen. They are central to"
"end of 1919, when the predicted deflection of starlight near the sun was confirmed by Arthur Eddington's Solar Eclipse Expedition, though here again the actual results were somewhat ambiguous. Conclusive proof of the gravitational light deflection prediction was not achieved until the 1970s. The 2011 prize was awarded in part to Ralph Steinman, who died of cancer days before the award, a fact unknown to the Nobel committee at the time of the award. Committee rules prohibit posthumous awards, and Steinman's death created a dilemma unprecedented in the history of the award. The committee ruled that Steinman remained eligible for"
"Edelman, an American biologist who received his Ph.D. training at Dr. Kunkel’s laboratory, shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work with Rodney R. Porter on the immune system. Specifically, the Nobel Prize was given for his discovery of the structure of antibody molecules. Dr. Edelman and his laboratory colleagues taught immunology and biochemistry classes at Rockefeller University and were instrumental in leading Chang Yi to the most exciting, yet then still primitive, field of immunology. Ralph M. Steinman Dr. Steinman, a Canadian Immunologist and cell biologist, was one of the recipients of the 2011 Nobel Prize"
"live phagocytes...remain an ideal component for many courses in biology."" Cohn died suddenly of an aneurysm of the aorta. In addition to his wife and brother, he was survived by two children, David J. Cohn, a radiologist, and Ellen R. Cohn, editor-in-chief of the Benjamin Franklin papers, and three grandchildren. Ralph M. Steinman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in October 2011, only three days after his death. After his October 10 memorial service, the Steinman and Cohn families agreed to the establishment of a Zanvil A. Cohn-Ralph M. Steinman Professorship. Explaining why the two scientists merited"
"postdoctoral period at Rockefeller University in the lab of Ralph Steinman, who won the Nobel Prize in 2011 for his discovery of dendritic cells. Mellman grew up in New York, where he lived until he enrolled at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. While in college he maintained an interest in music but focused on the rapidly expanding field of cell biology. Working with David Miller, he began to study Chlamydomonas and found that a significant amount of the cell wall consisted of extensin. After leaving Oberlin, he enrolled in the graduate program at the University of California, Berkeley, but later"
"immunity"". The other half went to Bruce Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann, for ""their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"". However, the committee was not aware that he had died three days earlier, on September 30, from pancreatic cancer. This created a complication, since the statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that the prize is not to be awarded posthumously. After deliberation, the committee decided that as the decision to award the prize ""was made in good faith"", it would remain unchanged. Steinman's daughter said that he had joked the previous week with his family about staying alive until"
"opened and ran a small clothing store ""Mozart's"". After graduating from Sherbrooke High School, Steinman moved back to Montreal where he stayed with his maternal grandparents Nathan and Eva Takefman. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University and received his M.D. (""magna cum laude"") in 1968 from Harvard Medical School. He completed his internship and residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. On October 3, 2011, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine announced that he had received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for ""his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive"
"the prize announcement. Steinman said: ""I know I have got to hold out for that. They don't give it to you if you have passed away. I got to hold out for that."" Steinman had received numerous other awards and recognitions for his lifelong work on dendritic cells, such as the Albert Lasker Award For Basic Medical Research (2007), the Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003), and the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award (1998). In addition, he was made a member of Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.; elected 2002) and the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.; elected 2001). Immunology tries"
"and Randy Kerber. Steiner received a doctorate in musicology from the University of Southern California in 1981. His dissertation was about the early career of film composer Alfred Newman. Prior to Steiner's thesis, there existed little interest in the academic study of film music. Steiner became one of the first to bring musicology and film perspective together. Scholarly articles on film music appear in ""The Cue Sheet"", ""Film Music Quarterly"" and the ""Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress"". Fred Steiner died on June 23, 2011, at his home in Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico, after suffering a stroke at the age"
"of findings into practical applications that enhance human health and well being. Enabling translational research is a major mission of the company, as is advancing cellular therapy. The company’s products aim to support the development of cellular therapies and make cellular therapy a more viable reality for more patients. The company’s immunology products have been cited in many major publications by leading immunologists, including 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner Ralph M. Steinman. The company provides a comprehensive portfolio for immunology research, including autoimmunity, tumor immunology, dermatology, allergy, infection and inflammation research, and more. MACS Technology allows for"
"In 1989, Professor Altman won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Following Edith's diagnosis with advanced cancer in the summer of 2000, the two committed suicide together. They were found, according to the police report, with plastic bags tied around their heads and pillows on top of them, that August after fifty-six years of marriage; they were survived by both children and by four grandchildren, one of whom is Daniel Altman. Stephan Körner Stephan Körner, FBA (26 September 1913 – 17 August 2000) was a British philosopher, who specialised in the work of Kant, the study of concepts, and in the"
"Nixon to sign it into law, thus beginning the ""War on Cancer"". In 1971, with the help of Dallas ""Times Herald"" sports editor Blackie Sherrod, Steinmark wrote and published his autobiography ""I Play to Win."" The book was published posthumously, almost 3 months after Steinmark's death. Steinmark is the subject of the 2015 movie ""My All American"", and a coinciding biography ""Freddie Steinmark: Faith, Family, Football"", published by the University of Texas Press (September 1, 2015). Steinmark died on June 6, 1971 at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. In a pregame ceremony prior to University of Texas'"
"for the Nobel Prize in Physiology from 1921 to 1938, although he never received the prize. He died on 14 May 1944, during exile in Switzerland. Harry Benjamin, in a June 1944 obituary for his colleague, attributed the melancholy of his final years to his enforced exile in Zürich and the ‘unjust criticism’ of his rejuvenations and emphasised the ‘enormous impetus’ his work had for biochemists to concern themselves with all the endocrine glands. Eugen Steinach Eugen Steinach (28 January 1861 – 14 May 1944) was an Austrian physiologist and pioneer in endocrinology. He was born on 28 January 1861,"
"radiation therapy (including the then-new implant radiation treatment), Atwater died the following year at the age of 40. Long-time U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) died of malignant glioma. University of Texas sniper Charles Whitman who killed multiple people during a mass murder event in 1966 was diagnosed with astrocytoma post-mortem. The Connally Commission investigating the shooting concluded the tumor ""conceivably could have contributed to his inability to control his emotions and actions"". Dan Quisenberry (Major League pitcher) was diagnosed with grade IV astrocytoma in January 1998. He died in 1998 in Leawood, Kansas. Richard Burns, winner of the 2001 World"
"Johnson. In 1981, Nirenberg became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. In 1986, Nirenberg's achievements and contributions to the field of biochemistry genetics was recognized at an event honoring Maimonides and Menachem M. Schneerson, in the nation's capital, hosted by Bob Dole and Joe Biden. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2001. He died on January 15, 2010, from cancer after several months of illness. Marshall Warren Nirenberg Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was a Jewish American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in"
"Josef Steiner Cancer Research Award. In 2005 he was awarded the Scientific Grand Prize of the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation. In 2006, Folkman was one of seven people appointed by President Bush to the National Cancer Advisory Board of the National Institutes of Health. For his discoveries which originated the concept and developed the field of angiogenesis research, Folkman was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1992. He was awarded the Massry Prize from the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in 1997. On May 29, 1998 Folkman received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala"
"from Harvard University, and joined Cornell's entomology faculty in 1957. He married Maria Eisner, who was a member of his lab. In 1964, he helped found the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, where he worked until his death. In addition to his academic work, he was a passionate nature photographer and videographer. His film ""Secret Weapons"" won the Grand Award at the New York Film Festival and was named Best Science Film by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also an avid pianist and occasional conductor. Eisner died on March 25, 2011, of Parkinson's disease. He"
"by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists. Richard Feynman Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965."
"the Shaw Prize. Schekman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2013. His nomination reads: Schekman, Thomas C. Südhof, and James Rothman were awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine ""for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"". Schekman ""has already said he will donate his share of the prize money, $400,000, to create an endowment for the Esther and Wendy Schekman Chair in Basic Cancer Biology at UC Berkeley. Schekman's mother and sister, for whom the post is named, both died of cancer."" In July 2014,"
"understand visual motion perception at the level of neuronal activity. In 1987 Ralph began a postdoctoral position in the laboratory of Nobel Prize winner, Torsten Wiesel, at Rockefeller University. While at Rockefeller, Ralph nurtured a latent interest in theoretical studies of cortical visual processing and the rapidly emerging field of optical imaging of cortex, through collaboration with a pioneering group led by Amiram Grinvald. In 1991 Ralph moved to the newly established Rutgers Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience where he was on the faculty for the remainder of his career. He continued his pioneering neurophysiological and behavioral work on"
"Randy Schekman Randy Wayne Schekman (born December 30, 1948) is an American cell biologist at the University of California, Berkeley and former editor-in-chief of ""Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"". In 2011, he was announced as the editor of ""eLife"", a new high-profile open-access journal published by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Max Planck Society and the Wellcome Trust launching in 2012. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1992. Schekman shared the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with James Rothman and Thomas C. Südhof for their ground-breaking work on cell membrane vesicle"
"member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1986. He was elected Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research Academy in 2013. He was elected member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received honorary doctorates from Case Western Reserve University, Yale University, University of Chicago, and University of Miami. Alfred G. Gilman Alfred Goodman Gilman (July 1, 1941 – December 23, 2015) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist. He and Martin Rodbell shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ""for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."""
"Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for their work in this area. Their contributions, and those of Freeman Dyson, were about covariant and gauge-invariant formulations of quantum electrodynamics that allow computations of observables at any order of perturbation theory. Feynman's mathematical technique, based on his diagrams, initially seemed very different from the field-theoretic, operator-based approach of Schwinger and Tomonaga, but Freeman Dyson later showed that the two approaches were equivalent. Renormalization, the need to attach a physical meaning at certain divergences appearing in the theory through integrals, has subsequently become one of the fundamental aspects of quantum field theory and"
"Malcolm Steinberg Malcolm Steinberg (June 1, 1930 - February 7, 2012) was an American biologist who proposed the differential adhesion hypothesis as a mechanism explaining cell sorting during embryogenesis and cancer. Steinberg proposed that when cells form distinct tissues, specific cell-cell adhesion between cells from the same tissue can drive the separation. He further proposed that a difference in level of cell adhesion molecules expression between two cell types was sufficient to drive the separation. Steinberg pioneered work in characterizing the physical properties of cells and tissues. He proposed that cell-cell adhesion drives tissue rounding up and, comparing tissues to"
"Bruce Beutler Bruce Alan Beutler (born December 29, 1957) is an American immunologist and geneticist. Together with Jules A. Hoffmann, he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for ""their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"" (the other half went to Ralph M. Steinman for ""his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity""). Beutler is currently Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas. Between 1959 and 1977, Beutler lived in Southern California. He received his secondary school"
"medicine and the molecular biology of aging which was responsible for the controversial Oregon Petition. The purpose of this petition was to show a lack of consensus among scientists on the subject of global warming. An article accompanying the petition has been criticized as ""designed to be deceptive by giving people the impression that the article...is a reprint and has passed peer review."" Winner of the Enrico Fermi Award April 24, 1996. He was awarded the 1989 Albert Einstein World Award of Science. Kamen, Martin D. ""Radiant Science, Dark Politics: A Memoir of the Nuclear Age"", Foreword by Edwin M."
"number of graduate students (he has had at least 51 students, according to the Mathematics Genealogy Project), so shaping modern Fourier analysis. They include two Fields medalists, Charles Fefferman and Terence Tao. His honors include the Steele Prize (1984 and 2002), the Schock Prize in Mathematics (1993), the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1999), and the National Medal of Science (2001). In addition, he has fellowships to National Science Foundation, Sloan Foundation, Guggenheim Foundation, and National Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Stein was awarded the Stefan Bergman prize in recognition of his contributions in real, complex, and harmonic analysis. In 2012"
"the ""serious loss"" for science. Steven Weinberg, a Nobel laureate in Physics, places the cancellation of the SSC in the context of a bigger national and global socio-economic crisis, including a general crisis in funding for science research and for the provision of adequate education, healthcare, transportation and communication infrastructure, and criminal justice and law enforcement. Leon Lederman, a promoter and advocate from its early days, wrote his 1993 popular science book """" – which sought to promote awareness of the significance of the work which necessitated such a project – in the context of the project's last years and"
"relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes. Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium, making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical"
"of the stimuli themselves. His account of how his discoveries were made is in his book ""The Form Within"" which was published in 2013. It includes stories of his encounters with leading scientists and scholars of the day, and amusing stories like how he lost part of a finger when his hand was slammed down by the chimpanzee Washoe at the University of Oklahoma. In 1999, he was the inaugural winner of the Dagmar and Václav Havel Award for uniting the sciences and the humanities. He died in 2015 in Virginia, aged 95. Karl H. Pribram Karl H. Pribram (;"
"Edlund, Sven-David Sandström, Johan-Magnus Sjöberg, Jan Sandström, Andrea Tarrodi, Maria Löfberg, Anders Eliasson and Bo Hansson. Tranströmer died in Stockholm on 26 March 2015 at 83, less than 3 weeks before his 84th birthday. Other awards include the Övralid Prize, the Petrarca-Preis in Germany and the Swedish Award from International Poetry Forum. Tranströmer was announced as the recipient of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Literature. He was the 108th winner of the award and the first Swede to win since 1974. Tranströmer had been considered a perennial frontrunner for the award in years past, with reporters waiting near his residence"
"1997 he was awarded the Ig Nobel Peace Prize for his report ""The Possible Pain Experienced During Execution by Different Methods."" Harold Hillman died peacefully on 5 August 2016 of heart failure. He was survived by his wife, their children and grandchildren. Hillman was born to David Hillman, a well known producer of stained glass, who was the son of Rabbi Shmuel Yitzchak Hillman. His brothers were Ellis Hillman and Mayer Hillman, and he was a cousin of Isaac Herzog. Harold Hillman Harold Hillman (16 August 1930 – 5 August 2016) was a British scientist and expert in the neurobiology"