"in general, there is secure evidence of such early settlement. Although not regarded as an anatomically modern ""Homo sapiens"", a skull from the Central Narmada Valley in Madhya Pradesh, India, referred to as ""Narmada Man"", is the first authenticated discovery of a late Middle Pleistocene (around 200,000 BP) hominid from South Asia. The discovery has sparked much debate regarding where it belongs in the taxonomic organisation of Pleicestone hominids. Its morphometric traits do not easily match those of ""Homo erectus"", but they correlate with hominid specimens called archaic ""Homo sapiens"", which include pre-Neanderthals from Europe and West Asia. Other classifications"
"Neandertals. These discoveries may or may not be attributable to the Neandertals but exhibit similar characteristics. Neandertal (valley) The Neandertal (; ) (sometimes called ""the Neander Valley"" in English) is a small valley of the river Düssel in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located about east of Düsseldorf, the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia. The valley lies within the limits of the towns of Erkrath and Mettmann. In August, 1856, the area became famous for the discovery of Neanderthal 1, the first specimen of ""Homo neanderthalensis"" to be found. The Neandertal was originally a limestone canyon widely known for"
"Neandertal (valley) The Neandertal (; ) (sometimes called ""the Neander Valley"" in English) is a small valley of the river Düssel in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located about east of Düsseldorf, the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia. The valley lies within the limits of the towns of Erkrath and Mettmann. In August, 1856, the area became famous for the discovery of Neanderthal 1, the first specimen of ""Homo neanderthalensis"" to be found. The Neandertal was originally a limestone canyon widely known for its rugged scenery, waterfalls and caves. However, industrial quarrying during the 19th and 20th centuries removed"
"Rhünda Skull The Rhünda Skull is a fossil human skull that was found just outside the village of Rhünda in North Hesse, Germany. It is dated to the Magdalenian, about 12,000 years old. On the night of 19 July 1956 there was a heavy storm in North Hessen. This caused the stream northwest of Rhünda, the Rhündabach, to strongly erode the field that is now the Rhünda sports ground. On the morning of 20 July, a villager found parts of a hominid skull in the newly-eroded stream bed, about below the ground surface. The skull pieces were covered in calcareous"
"Düssel The Düssel is a small right tributary of the river Rhine in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Its source is east of Wülfrath. It flows westward through the Neander Valley where the fossils of the first Neanderthal man were found in August 1856. At Düsseldorf it forms a river delta by splitting into four streams (Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel, Kittelbach, Brückerbach), which all join the Rhine after a few kilometres. The Nördliche Düssel flows through the Hofgarten and passes under the Golden Bridge. Düsseldorf takes its name from the Düssel: ""Düsseldorf"" means ""the village of Düssel"". The name Düssel itself"
"Mesolithic. The skull is now thought to have belonged to a man. The skull now resides in the Museum of Hessian History in Kassel. Rhünda Skull The Rhünda Skull is a fossil human skull that was found just outside the village of Rhünda in North Hesse, Germany. It is dated to the Magdalenian, about 12,000 years old. On the night of 19 July 1956 there was a heavy storm in North Hessen. This caused the stream northwest of Rhünda, the Rhündabach, to strongly erode the field that is now the Rhünda sports ground. On the morning of 20 July, a"
"in West Germany on July 10, 1982. Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald Gustav Heinrich Ralph (often cited as G. H. R.) von Koenigswald (13 November 1902 – 10 July 1982) was a German-Dutch paleontologist and geologist who conducted research on hominins, including ""Homo erectus"". His discoveries and studies of hominid fossils in Java and his studies of other important fossils of south-eastern Asia firmly established his reputation as one of the leading figures of 20th Century paleo-anthropology. Von Koenigswald was born in Berlin in a period of intense interest and rapid growth in the study of evolution. He began his"
"Neanderthal 1 Feldhofer 1, Neanderthal 1 is the scientific name of the 40,000-year-old type specimen fossil of the species ""Homo neanderthalensis"", found in August 1856 in a German cave, the Kleine Feldhofer Grotte in the Neandertal valley, east of Düsseldorf. In 1864 the fossil's description was first published in a scientific magazine and officially named. However, the find was not the first Neanderthal fossil discovery. Rather, the true nature and significance had not been recognized on any of the earlier fossils, and therefore no separate species' name was assigned. The discovery was made by limestone quarry miners. Neanderthal 1 consists"
"bank near the town of Rhünda, close to the present-day sports area. About down a villager found a 12,000 years-old skull of a human, now known as The Rhünda Skull. Rhünda The Rhünda (), also called the Rhündabach, is a long, eastern tributary of the River Schwalm in the Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, North Hesse, Germany. The Rhünda rises in the northern foothills of the Knüllgebirge. Its source is in the village of Dickershausen, part of the town of Homberg (Efze), at above sea level. Initially the Rhünda flows northeastward through Sipperhausen and then after turns away from the Stöpplingskopf, towards north-northwest. In"
"Saccopastore skulls The Saccopastore skulls are a pair of fossilized hominid skulls that were found by the Aniene river in Lazio, Italy. They were located in a gravel pit about 2.5 km before the Aniene merges into the Tiber river. The first skull was discovered in 1929, and appears to be that of an adult female. The second was found in 1935 by Professors Breuil and Blanc, and forms part of the face of possibly a 35-year-old male. Both specimens appear to be Neanderthal, but display characteristics that differed from classical Neanderthal skulls. The skulls were originally kept at the"
"sinter and surrounded by lime-rich tuff, loess, and basalt fragments. The find was passed on to Prof. Dr. Eduard Jacobshagen in the Department of Anatomy and Anthropology at the University of Marburg. On 26 August 1956, Prof. Jacobshagen present his research at the international congress 'Hundert Jahre Neanderthaler: 1856–1956 [a century of Neanderthals]' in Düsseldorf. From his reconstruction of the skull, he postulated it belonged to the species ""Homo neanderthalensis"", i.e. a Neanderthal. This would mean the fossil was 30.000 years old. Furthermore, he thought the bones belonged to a female. Heberer and Kurth from Göttingen University reconstructed the skull"
"Florisbad Skull The Florisbad Skull is an important human fossil of the early Middle Stone Age, representing either late ""Homo heidelbergensis"" or early ""Homo sapiens"". It was discovered in 1932 by T. F. Dreyer at the Florisbad site, Free State Province, South Africa. The Florisbad Skull was classified as ""Homo (Africanthropus) helmei"" by Dreyer (1935), after the sponsor of Dreyer's expedition, R. E. Helme. The ""Africanthropus"" generic name proposed by Dreyer was taken up by Weinert (1938) to refer to early African human fossils. In a note to Dreyer's 1935 publication, C. U. Ariëns Kappers mentioned the close resemblance of"
"a 31 cm tall figurine of a humanoid with a lion's head. This is now known as the ""Löwenmensch"", at 35,000 to 40,000 years old qualifying as one of the oldest pieces of figurative art ever discovered. Further excavations followed in 1956 and 1957, and between 1959 and 1961. The stratigraphy includes layers from the Neolithic, Mesolithic, Upper Paleolithic, notably the Magdalenian and the Aurignacian periods and finally the Middle Paleolithic. More work followed in 1996 and 1997, when a dig led by Nicholas Conard, Michael Bolus and Andrew Kandel was conducted in the valley in front of the caves."
"presence of Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago. A fossil hominid skull that was found in northern Hesse, just outside the village of Rhünda, has been dated at 12,000 years ago. The Züschen tomb (German: Steinkammergrab von Züschen, sometimes also Lohne-Züschen) is a prehistoric burial monument, located between Lohne and Züschen, near Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany. Classified as a gallery grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone cist (""hessisch-westfälische Steinkiste""), it is one of the most important megalithic monuments in Central Europe. Dating to c. 3000 BC, it belongs to the Late Neolithic Wartberg culture. An early Celtic presence in what is now"
"skull found in Germany in 1856. Busk described it as ""characteristic of a race extending from the Rhine to the Pillars of Hercules"", highlighting its importance as confirmation that the Neanderthal 1 specimen was genuinely a member of a distinct species and not simply a deformed ""Homo sapiens"". The skull was the first Neanderthal adult cranium to be discovered and, although small, is nearly complete; it is thought to have belonged to a woman due to its gracile features. In 1926, a second Neanderthal skull was found by Dorothy Garrod at a rock shelter named Devil's Tower, very close to"
"they are a paraphyletic assemblage. Due to this, they will be discussed in detail separately. This large jaw fragment was first found in 1941 by Gustav von Koenigswald. Koenigswald was captured by the Japanese in World War II, but managed to send a cast of the jaw to Franz Weidenreich. Weidenreich described and named the specimen in 1945, and was struck by its size, as it was the largest hominid jaw then known. The jaw was roughly the same height as a gorilla's, but had a different form. Whereas in anthropoids the mandible (=jaw) has its greatest height at the"
"undoubtedly would have been left unconsidered and lost if not, thankfully, Dr. Fuhlrott of Elberfeld had secured and examined the find. Examination of the skeleton, namely the skull, revealed the individual belonged to the tribe of the Flat Heads, which still live in the American West and of which several skulls have been found in recent years on the upper Danube in Sigmaringen. Maybe the find can help to settle the issue of whether the skeleton belonged to an early central European original inhabitant people or simply to one of Attila's roaming horde's men."" This report lead two Bonn professors'"
"body of water in the immediate vicinity. Although many specimens are dated by comparisons of faunal assemblages, this method does not prove to have accurate chronological resolution for much of the last million years. Florisbad Skull The Florisbad Skull is an important human fossil of the early Middle Stone Age, representing either late ""Homo heidelbergensis"" or early ""Homo sapiens"". It was discovered in 1932 by T. F. Dreyer at the Florisbad site, Free State Province, South Africa. The Florisbad Skull was classified as ""Homo (Africanthropus) helmei"" by Dreyer (1935), after the sponsor of Dreyer's expedition, R. E. Helme. The ""Africanthropus"""
"probably dates back to the Germanic *""thusila"" and means ""roar"" (Old High German ""doson"", German ""tosen""). Düssel The Düssel is a small right tributary of the river Rhine in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Its source is east of Wülfrath. It flows westward through the Neander Valley where the fossils of the first Neanderthal man were found in August 1856. At Düsseldorf it forms a river delta by splitting into four streams (Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel, Kittelbach, Brückerbach), which all join the Rhine after a few kilometres. The Nördliche Düssel flows through the Hofgarten and passes under the Golden Bridge. Düsseldorf"
"from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic were found in the Dun Valleys of Dang-Deokhuri District in the Siwalik Hills, and an area along the Rato River in East Nepal. From a sandstone succession near Rato Khola, Corvinus discovered the skull of ""Archidiskodon planifrons"". Evidence of hand axe indicate human occupation can be dated back at least the late Middle Pleistocene. Most significantly, her finding of the Acheulian sites demonstrates that despite the scarce materials, the early South Asian Acheulian hominins were able to cross the vast Indo-Gangetic floodplain. On 7 January 2006, Corvinus was found stabbed and beheaded in her"
"the opposite relationship. The Java fossils are currently housed in the Senckenberg Museum with the financial support of the Werner Reimers Foundation of Bad Homburg. In 1937, von Koenigswald hosted paleontologist Franz Weidenreich's visit to Java to examine recent discovery sites. Also in 1937, von Koenigswald became a Dutch citizen. In 1938 von Koenigswald and Weidenreich together announced the discovery of a new skull of ""Pithecanthropus"" (""P. robustus""). Early in 1939, von Koenigswald took several Javanese hominin specimens to Weidenreich in Peking, China. Comparing the Sangiran and Choukoutien hominids led the two scientists to conclude that the specimens were closely"
"in a cave of the Neander Valley near Düsseldorf, Germany. Those remains were described in 1864 as ""Homo neanderthalensis"" by Professor William King of Queen's College, Galway, now University College. Later that year, the Gibraltar Skull was sent to England and exhibited by George Busk at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, with its similarity to the Neander Valley fossils noted. However, it wasn't until the early twentieth century that it was realized that Gibraltar 1 was the skull of a Neanderthal. If the skull's significance had been understood in the nineteenth century, Neanderthal Man"
"- was made by Alemayhew Asfaw and Charles Smart. Two weeks later, Paul Whitehead and Craig Wood found the upper portion of the face. The skull is 600,000 years old. Although the skull is most similar to those of Kabwe, Woodward's nomenclature was discontinued and its discoverers attributed it to ""H. heidelbergensis"". It has features, that represent a transition between ""Homo ergaster""/""erectus"" and ""Homo sapiens"". Another specimen, ""the hominid from Lake Ndutu"" in northern Tanzania, around 400,000 years old. In 1976 R.J.Clarke classified it as ""Homo erectus"" and it has generally been viewed as such since, although points of similarity"
"obligingly gave it the specific name ""sternbergii"" honoring its discoverer as a veteran fossil hunter. The name had been suggested to Osborn by William Diller Matthew; the specific epithet served as a consolation to the almost bankrupt Sternberg whose 1923 fossils were initially not acquired by the museum that had to use its 1923/1924 budget to process the finds of the great Asian expeditions by Roy Chapman Andrews. The holotype was the skull discovered by Sternberg in 1922, specimen AMNH 6325. It was found in a layer of the Fruitland Formation, dating from the Campanian, about seventy-five million years old."
"various shellfish, and grinding them between its blunt teeth. Historically, the first ""Cyamodus"" remains were found in Upper Muschelkalk shallow marine limestones at near Bayreuth in Bavaria (Germany). They included the incomplete holotype skulls of ""Cyamodus muensteri"" and ""Cyamodus rostatus"", which along with all other placodont remains recovered from the six quarries on the Lainecker Range in northern Bavaria were originally considered to have been derived from fish. The earliest ""Cyamodus"" skull was later restored by Muenster, with the addition of four teeth that had not been present in the original skull, and was named ""placodus muensteri"". Further placodont remains"
"monuments and heritage sites The Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site lies about 46km west of Brandfort and the site was declared as a National Monument (now a Provincial Heritage Site) in 1997. The Florisbad Skull, an early hominid from the Middle Stone Age, was found here. The first aeroplane built in Africa was built in Brandfort on property owned by Vice-Admiral Weston. The house has been turned into a restaurant and tourist attraction with the history of the Vice-Admiral and Brandfort. In the front of the Dutch Reformed Church, there is a wall of names which honours Voortrekker settlers in"
"Aroeira 3 Aroeira 3 is a 400,000 year old ""Homo heidelbergensis"" hominid skull which was discovered in the Aroeira cave, Portugal. It is the earliest human trace in Portugal. ""H. heidelbergensis"" existed at the transition between ""Homo erectus"" and early Neanderthals and used both stone tools and fire. The skull was damaged during the 2014 excavation but was restored in the following two years. In 2017 the description of the skull was published in ""PNAS"". It is on display in the National Archaeology Museum (Lisbon). Aroeira 3 is a 400,000 year old ""Homo heidelbergensis"" hominid skull from the Middle Pleistocene"
"Hofmeyr Skull The Hofmeyr Skull is a specimen of a 36,000 year old human skull that was found in 1952 near Hofmeyr, South Africa. It is one of a very few anatomically modern human skulls that have been discovered on the continent which have been dated to over 20,000 years old. The skull was found in the 1950s on the surface of an erosion gully, a dry channel bed of the Vlekpoort River, near Hofmeyr, a small town in Eastern Cape, South Africa. No other bones or archaeological artifacts were found in the vicinity at the time of the skull's"
"A mandible from the early hominid ""Homo heidelbergensis"" was excavated in 1907 at Mauer, Germany. Herbivores that coexisted with the lion included the hippopotamus, narrow-nosed rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant, mammoth and fallow deer. Sympatric predators included bears, wolves, hyenas and sabre-toothed cats. Panthera leo fossilis Panthera leo fossilis is a fossil cat of the genus ""Panthera"", which was first excavated near Mauer in Germany, and lived during the Upper Pleistocene. Bone fragments of ""P. l. fossilis"" were also excavated near Pakefield in the United Kingdom, which are estimated at 680,000 years old. Bone fragments excavated near Isernia in Italy are estimated"
"1895 and 1900 to what is now known as the Naturalis, in Leiden in the Netherlands. The main fossil of Java Man, the skullcap cataloged as ""Trinil 2"", has been dated biostratigraphically, that is, by correlating it with a group of fossilized animals (a ""faunal assemblage"") found nearby on the same geological horizon, which is itself compared with assemblages from other layers and classified chronologically. Ralph von Koenigswald first assigned Java Man to the Trinil Fauna, a faunal assemblage that he composed from several Javanese sites. He concluded that the skullcap was about 700,000 years old, thus dating from the"
"had already used to identify giant, extinct members of other modern groups known only from fossils, including giant tapir and ground sloth specimens. A scientific name had not yet been given to the new species, the specimen usually being referred to as the ""Grand Animal fossile des Carrières de Maëstricht"" or ""Great Fossil Animal of the Maastricht quarries"". In 1822 William Daniel Conybeare named it ""Mosasaurus"" after the Latin name (""Mosa"") of the Maas (Meuse) River passing along Mount Saint Peter, the second skull being the holotype, MNHNP AC9648. The specific name (epithet) ""hoffmanni"" was added by Gideon Mantell in"
"with human, dog, wolf, and pig DNA, and had been chemically treated. In 1947, Krumbiegel connected the pelt with a skull he had discovered about ten years earlier. He claimed the skull was 31 centimeters long and belonged to an omnivorous canid substantially larger than a Maned wolf, as Maned wolf skulls are smaller, about 24 cm. He published a paper describing the animal and suggesting a scientific name for it: ""Dasycyon hagenbecki"", though the skull had allegedly been lost in 1945 during World War II and was not available for peer review. Andean wolf The Andean Wolf, or Hagenbeck's"
"have been uncovered in five fossil localities: Kupferzell, Rielingshausen, Vellberg, Wolpertshausen, and Zwingelhausen. The holotype specimen is a mostly complete skeleton from Vellberg missing the head and neck. Also from Vellberg is a specimen preserving bones of the skull. Other more fragmentary specimens include limb bones and osteoderms. At some sites ""Jaxtasuchus"" is known only by its osteoderms. ""Jaxtasuchus"" is named after Jagst, a tributary of the Neckar river in the region where fossils were found. The type species ""J. salomoni"" is named after Hans Michael Salomon, who discovered the holotype specimen and donated it to the Staatliches Museum für"