"of vitriol"" (sulfuric acid), and ""cream of tartar"" (potassium bitartrate) borrowed their language from the kitchen. Many more names were based on color; for example, hematite, orpiment, and verdigris come from words meaning ""blood-like stone"", ""gold pigment"", and ""green of Greece"". Some names are based on their use. Lime is a general name for materials combining calcium with carbonates, oxides or hydroxides; the name comes from a root ""sticking or adhering""; its earliest use was as mortar for construction. Water has several systematic names, including ""oxidane"" (the IUPAC name), ""hydrogen oxide"", and ""dihydrogen monoxide"" (DHMO). The latter was the basis"
"called it ""Anethon"" from which the botanical name was derived. The common name comes from the Anglo-Saxon dylle or dylla, which then changed to dill. The word means 'to lull' – referring to its soothing properties. In the Middle Ages it was used as a charm against witchcraft. From 812 onwards, when Charlemagne, Emperor of France, ordered the extensive cultivation of this herb, it has been widely used, especially as a culinary herb. Dill oil is known for its grass-like smell and its pale yellow color, with a watery viscosity. Dill oil is used for the relief of flatulence, especially"
"Dippel's oil Dippel's oil (sometimes known as bone oil) is a nitrogenous by-product of the destructive distillation of bones. A dark, viscous, tar-like liquid with an unpleasant smell, it is named after its inventor, Johann Conrad Dippel. The oil consists mostly of aliphatic chains, with nitrogen functionalities and includes species such as pyrroles, pyridines and nitriles, as well as other nitrogenous compounds. Dippel's oil had a number of uses which are now mostly obsolete. Its primary use was as an animal and insect repellent. It saw limited use as a chemical warfare harassing agent during the desert campaign of World"
"Bisabolol Bisabolol, or more formally α-(−)-bisabolol or also known as levomenol, is a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol. It is a colorless viscous oil that is the primary constituent of the essential oil from German chamomile (""Matricaria recutita"") and ""Myoporum crassifolium"". It is poorly soluble in water and glycerin, but soluble in ethanol. The enantiomer, α-(+)-bisabolol, is also found naturally but is rare. Synthetic bisabolol is usually a racemic mixture of the two, α-(±)-bisabolol. Bisabolol has a weak sweet floral aroma and is used in various fragrances. It has also been used for hundreds of years in cosmetics because of its"
"to treat nausea, fever and inflammation; for pain reduction; for muscle relaxation and for many other disorders. The essential oil from the tuber has a deep, spicy woody-earthy smell, is highly-prized in India and is used extensively as a raw ingredient in perfumery, aromatherapy and soap making. Steam distillation of the tubers of cypriol yields 0.035–0.040% of an essential oil, the principal content of which is cyperene. Other constituent compounds are alpha-copaene and caryophyllene oxide. Cyperus scariosus Cyperus scariosus, also known as Cypriol, Nutgrass and by its Hindi name Nagarmotha, is a plant of the Cyperaceae family. It is a"
"Eucalyptol Eucalyptol is a natural organic compound that is a colorless liquid. It is a cyclic ether and a monoterpenoid. Eucalyptol is also known by a variety of synonyms: 1,8-cineol, 1,8-cineole, cajeputol, 1,8-epoxy-""p""-menthane, 1,8-oxido-""p""-menthane, eucalyptol, eucalyptole, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, cineol, cineole. In 1870, F. S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name ""eucalyptol"" to the dominant portion of ""Eucalyptus globulus"" oil. Eucalyptol comprises up to 90 percent of the essential oil of some species of the generic product Eucalyptus oil, hence the common name of the compound. It is also found in camphor laurel, bay leaves, tea tree, sweet basil, wormwood, rosemary, common"
"War II. The oil was used to render wells undrinkable and thus deny their use to the enemy. By not being lethal, the oil was claimed to not be in breach of the Geneva Protocol. Dippel's oil Dippel's oil (sometimes known as bone oil) is a nitrogenous by-product of the destructive distillation of bones. A dark, viscous, tar-like liquid with an unpleasant smell, it is named after its inventor, Johann Conrad Dippel. The oil consists mostly of aliphatic chains, with nitrogen functionalities and includes species such as pyrroles, pyridines and nitriles, as well as other nitrogenous compounds. Dippel's oil had"
"Virola Virola is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as epená, patricá, or cumala. They have glossy, dark green leaves and clusters of tiny yellow flowers, and may emit a pungent odor. Several species of this genus have been used to create hallucinogenic snuff powders. The tops of ""Virola oleifera"" have been shown to produce lignan-7-ols and verrucosin that have antifungal action regarding ""Cladosporium sphaerospermum"" in doses as low as 25 micrograms. Lignan-7-ols oleiferin-B and oleiferin-G worked for ""Cladosporium cladosporioides"" starting as"
"Vaseline Vaseline is an American brand of petroleum jelly-based products owned by British-Dutch company Unilever. Products include plain petroleum jelly and a selection of skin creams, soaps, lotions, cleansers, and deodorants. In many languages, the word ""Vaseline"" is used as generic for petroleum jelly; in Portuguese and some Spanish-speaking countries, the Unilever products are called Vasenol. The first known reference to the name Vaseline was by the inventor of petroleum jelly, Robert Chesebrough in his U.S. patent for the process of making petroleum jelly (U.S. Patent 127,568) in 1872. ""I, Robert Chesebrough, have invented a new and useful product from"
"the Heart of the Sea"" (2015) is a film based on the book ""of the same name"" by Nathaniel Philbrick. Whale oil Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Whale oil was sometimes known as train oil, which comes from the Dutch word ""traan"" (""tear"" or ""drop""). Sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is composed mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of regular whale oil, and is sold at a higher price when marketed. Early industrial"
"Latin). It has another common name, palm of Christ, or ""Palma Christi"", that derives from castor oil's reputed ability to heal wounds and cure ailments. Castor oil has many uses in medicine and other applications. An alcoholic extract of the leaf was shown, in lab rats, to protect the liver from damage from certain poisons. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of ""Ricinus communis"" were used in antimicrobial testing against eight pathogenic bacteria in rats and showed antimicrobial properties. The pericarp of ""Ricinus"" showed central nervous system effects in mice at low doses. At high doses mice quickly died. A water"
"Ammonium bituminosulfonate Ammonium bituminosulfonate or ammonium bituminosulphonate (synonyms of ichthammol, CAS# brand name: Ichthyol) is a product of natural origin obtained in the first step by dry distillation of sulfur-rich oil shale (bituminous schists). By sulfonation of the resulting oil (or purified fractions thereof) and subsequent neutralization with ammonia, Ichthammol results as viscous, water-soluble substance with characteristic bitumen-like odor. It is used in medicine (sometimes in combination with zinc oxide) as a treatment for different skin diseases, including eczema and psoriasis (see below). Ointments containing 10% or 20% Ichthammol are most common. They are sometimes called ""black ointments"" or ""drawing"
"Olay Olay, previously Oil of Olay or Oil of Ulay, is an American skin care line. It is one of Procter & Gamble's multibillion-dollar brands. For the 2009 fiscal year, which ended on June 30, Olay accounted for an estimated $2.8 billion of P&G's $79 billion in revenue. Olay originated in South Africa as Oil of Olay. Graham Wulff (1916–2008), a former Unilever chemist from Durban, started it in 1952. He chose the name ""Oil of Olay"" as a spin on the word ""lanolin"", a key ingredient. It was unique in the early days because it was a pink fluid"
"in the US, often as ergoapiol or apergol, until a highly toxic adulterated product containing apiol and tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (also famous as the adulterant added to Jamaican ginger) was introduced on the American market. Now that safer methods of abortion are available, apiol is almost forgotten. Apiol ""For the phenylpropene derivative, see apiole."" Apiol, also known as 'liquid apiol' or 'green oil of parsley' is the extracted oleoresin of parsley, rather than the distilled oil. Due to its similarity to the term apiole, care should be taken to avoid confusion. Apiol is an irritant and, in high doses, it can"
"Orimulsion Orimulsion is a registered trademark name for a bitumen-based fuel that was developed for industrial use by Intevep, the Research and Development Affiliate of Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA), following earlier collaboration on oil emulsions with BP. Like coal and oil, bitumen occurs naturally and is obtained from the world's largest deposit in the Orinoco Belt in Venezuela. The deposit is estimated to be more than 1,300 billion barrels (190 billion m) of bitumen, an amount approximately equivalent to the world's estimated proven oil reserves. Raw bitumen has an extremely high viscosity and specific gravity between 8 and 10"
"Valerius Cordus Valerius Cordus (February 18, 1515 – September 25, 1544) was a German physician and botanist who authored one of the greatest pharmacopoeias and one of the most celebrated herbals in history. He is also widely credited with developing a method for synthesizing ether (which he called by the poetic Latin name ""oleum dulci vitrioli"", or ""sweet oil of vitriol""). Cordus wrote prolifically, and identified and described several new plant species and varieties. The plant genus ""Cordia"" is named for him. In 1515, Valerius Cordus was born either in the city of Erfurt in Thuringia, or somewhere in the"
"as ""Viaticum, the Last Sacrament of the Christian"". The oil used in the sacrament is usually olive oil, though other oils may also be used. It is blessed by the bishop of the diocese at the Chrism Mass he celebrates on Holy Thursday or on a day close to it. In case of necessity, the priest administering the sacrament may bless the oil within the framework of the celebration. In the Roman Rite of the Latin Church, the priest anoints the sick person's forehead and hands with oil (usually in the form of a cross), saying: ""Through this holy anointing,"
"as antifungal properties (though ""Cymbopogon martinii"" was found to be more effective in that study). Citronellol is an essential oil constituent from ""Cymbopogon citratus"", ""Cymbopogon winterianus"", and ""Lippia alba"". Citronellol has been shown to lower blood pressure in rats by a direct effect on the vascular smooth muscle leading to vasodilation. In a small, randomized, controlled trial, an infusion made from ""C. citratus"" was used as an inexpensive remedy for the treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients. Lemon grass oil contains 65-85% citral in addition to myrcene, citronella, citronellol, and geraniol. Hydrosteam distillation, condensation, and cooling can be used"
"Olivetol Olivetol, also known as 5-pentylresorcinol or 5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol, is an organic compound found in certain species of lichen; it is also a precursor in various syntheses of tetrahydrocannabinol. Olivetol is a naturally occurring organic compound. It is found in certain species of lichens and can be readily extracted. 5-Pentylresorcinol is also produced by a number of insects, either as a pheromone, repellent or antiseptic. The cannabis plant internally produces the related substance olivetolic acid (OLA), which was hypothesized that the plant in turn utilizes to biosynthesize the psychoactive product tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This compound has been documented as being a usable"
"Ethacridine lactate Ethacridine lactate (ethacridine monolactate monohydrate, acrinol, trade name Rivanol) is an aromatic organic compound based on acridine. Its formal name is 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine monolactate monohydrate. It forms orange-yellow crystals with a melting point of 226 °C and it has a stinging smell. Its primary use is as an antiseptic in solutions of 0.1%. It is effective against mostly Gram-positive bacteria, such as ""Streptococci"" and ""Staphylococci"", but ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria such as ""Pseudomonas aeruginosa"". Ethacridine is also used as an agent for second trimester abortion. Up to 150 ml of a 0.1% solution is instilled extra-amniotically using a foley"
"is native to Australia, but is now cultivated in many warm places around the world. ""C. citriodora"" oil, when refined to increase its PMD content for use in insect repellents, is known in the United States as oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or by the tradenames Citrosynthol, Citrepel, and Citriodiol. Some commercial PMD products are not made from ""C. citriodora"" oil, but rather from synthetic citronellal. Refined OLE contains approximately up to 70% PMD (a mixture of the ""cis"" and ""trans"" isomers of ""p""-menthane-3,8-diol). OLE has been notified under the European Biocidal Products Directive (BPD) 98/8/EC (now BPR Regulation (EU)"
"perceived skin healing properties. Bisabolol is known to have anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. Bisabolol is also demonstrated to enhance the percutaneous absorption of certain molecules. A structurally related compound known as β-bisabolol (CAS registry number [15352-77-9]) differs only in the position of the tertiary alcohol functional group. Bisabolol Bisabolol, or more formally α-(−)-bisabolol or also known as levomenol, is a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol. It is a colorless viscous oil that is the primary constituent of the essential oil from German chamomile (""Matricaria recutita"") and ""Myoporum crassifolium"". It is poorly soluble in water and glycerin, but soluble in ethanol."
"product was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for marketing in the US market. The name ""Bitupal"" for the products was derived from the two words: bitumen & Palestine. Since 1959, the bitumen (asphalt) was collected from the Dead Sea by the members of Kibbutz ""Ein Gedi"" and transported to ""Teva"" in Jerusalem. ▪Anova - A product for combined therapy and Madinon-S for sequential therapy, two hormone products administered for the inhibition of ovulation and regulation of the menstrual cycle. ▪Foliandrin - A glycoside extracted from the ""Nerium oleander"" plant and prepared as drops, tablets and suppositories. Product"
"Vinyl ether Vinyl ether is the organic compound with the formula O(CH=CH). Other names include divinyl ether, divinyl oxide, ethenoxyethene. It is a colorless, volatile liquid. Under the tradename vinethene, vinyl ether was once used as an inhalation anesthetic. The analytical techniques used to study its pharmacology laid the groundwork for the testing of new anesthetic agents. Many divinyl ether derivatives of fatty acids exist in nature. Vinyl ether was first prepared in 1887 by Semmler from its sulfur substituted analogue, divinyl sulfide (obtained from the essential oil of Allium Ursinum L.), by reaction with silver oxide. In 1899, Knorr"
"maker of VapoRub. A study conducted in 1994 suggests menthol and camphor are effective cough suppressants for guinea pigs. It has been suggested that thymol oil can reduce or cure onychomycosis (nail fungus), although the same source mentions that ""no human studies have been conducted to test whether thymol is a lasting and effective treatment"". The ingredients, as listed on older product labels, are: camphor, menthol, spirits of turpentine, oil of eucalyptus, cedar leaf, nutmeg, and thymol, all ""in a specially balanced Vick formula"". Active Ingredients: ""Label reads: Active Ingredients (Purpose) Regular: Lemon: Inactive Ingredients Regular & Lemon: Lemon: In"
"Shortly after that the present name was given by Nuttal, Umbellularia californica. In 1875 Heaney obtained a colorless liquid (Oreodaphenol) via fractionation under reduced pressure. This oil of the California laurel possess a pungent odor. Stillman (1880) did a fractionation at 215-216 °C. He discovered that inhalation of its fumes can lead to a painful cold sensation and severe headaches. In earlier times the leaves of the tree were used for cures for headaches or stomachaches and even toothaches. Powers and Lee did in 1904 another fractionation on the oil of the tree at 217-222 °C. This yielded different compounds:"
"Orris root Orris root (""rhizoma iridis"") is a term used for the roots of ""Iris germanica"" and ""Iris pallida"". The most valued component of orris root is oil of Orris (0.1–0.2%), a yellow-white mass containing myristic acid. Oil of Orris is sometimes sold as ""Orris Butter"". Other components include, fat, resin, starch, mucilage, bitter extractive and a glucoside called 'Iridin' or 'Irisin'. Once important in western herbal medicine, it is now used mainly as a fixative and base note in perfumery, the most widely used fixative for potpourri. Orris is also an ingredient in many brands of gin. Fabienne Pavia,"
"his mistress become addicted to sweet oil of vitriol (a sixteenth century name for diethyl ether). Delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations plague the pope as he falls deeper into his addiction. Dr. Charles Montgomery, in the first season of American Horror Story, is shown to have acquired an ether addiction. Ether addiction Addiction to ether consumption, or etheromania, is the addiction to the inhalation or drinking of diethyl ether, commonly called ""ether"". Studies, including that of an ether addict in 2003, have shown that ether causes dependence; however, the only symptom observed was a will to consume more ether. No withdrawal"
"Apiole Apiole is a phenylpropene, also known as apiol, parsley apiol, or parsley camphor. Its chemical name is 1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene. It is found in the essential oils of celery leaf and all parts of parsley. Heinrich Christoph Link, an apothecary in Leipzig, discovered the substance in 1715 as greenish crystals reduced by steam from oil of parsley. In 1855 Joret and Homolle discovered that ""apiol"" was an effective treatment of amenorrea or lack of menstruation. In medicine it has been used, as essential oil or in purified form, for the treatment of menstrual disorders and as an abortifacient. It is an"
"Oil of brick Oil of brick, called by apothecaries Oleum de Lateribus and by alchemists Oil of Philosophers, was an empyreumatic oil obtained by subjecting a brick soaked in oil, such as olive oil, to distillation at a high temperature. The process initially started with pieces of brick, which were heated red hot in live coals, and extinguished in an earth half-saturated with olive oil. Being then separated and pounded grossly, the brick absorbs the oil. It was then put in a retort, and placed in a reverberatory furnace, where the oil was drawn out by fire. Oil of brick"
"and ""Crowea angustifolia var. angustifolia"". Apiole Apiole is a phenylpropene, also known as apiol, parsley apiol, or parsley camphor. Its chemical name is 1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene. It is found in the essential oils of celery leaf and all parts of parsley. Heinrich Christoph Link, an apothecary in Leipzig, discovered the substance in 1715 as greenish crystals reduced by steam from oil of parsley. In 1855 Joret and Homolle discovered that ""apiol"" was an effective treatment of amenorrea or lack of menstruation. In medicine it has been used, as essential oil or in purified form, for the treatment of menstrual disorders and as"
"Kerosene Kerosene, also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term), is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. It is widely used as a fuel in industry as well as households. Its name derives from (""keros"") meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Canadian geologist and inventor Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage. The term kerosene is common in much of Argentina, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and the United States, while the term paraffin (or a closely"
"Petroleum jelly Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin/paraffin wax or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. After petroleum jelly became a medicine chest staple, consumers began to use it for many ailments, as well as cosmetic purposes, including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STD), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and chest colds. Its folkloric medicinal value as a ""cure-all"" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. It is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug"