"the pairing between murmillones and other gladiator types can be seen in frescoes and graffiti in Pompeii. In one well-preserved example, a murmillo named Marcus Atillus, who is credited with one match and one victory, is depicted standing over the defeated figure of Lucius Raecius Felix, a gladiator with 12 matches and 12 victories. His opponent is shown kneeling, disarmed and unhelmeted. The graffito records that Felix survived the fight and was granted his freedom (""manumission""). Murmillo The murmillo (also sometimes spelled ""mirmillo"" or ""myrmillo"", pl. murmillones) was a type of gladiator during the Roman Imperial age. The murmillo-class gladiator"
"culture. Samnites were quite popular during the period of Roman Republic. Eventually, other gladiator types joined the roster, such as the murmillo and the Thraex. Under the reign of Emperor Augustus, Samnium became an ally and integral part of the Roman Empire (all Italians had by this point gained Roman citizenship). The Samnite was replaced by similarly armed gladiators, including the ""hoplomachus"" and the ""secutor"". The Samnite was named for the people of Samnium, an area in the southern Apennine Mountains of the Italian peninsula that Rome subdued in the 4th century BC. Rome fought three wars with Samnium from"
"popular type, was renamed secutor and the Gaul renamed murmillo, once these former enemies had been conquered then absorbed into Rome's Empire. In the mid-republican ""munus"", each type seems to have fought against a similar or identical type. In the later Republic and early Empire, various ""fantasy"" types were introduced, and were set against dissimilar but complementary types. For example, the bareheaded, nimble retiarius (""net-man""), armoured only at the left arm and shoulder, pitted his net, trident and dagger against the more heavily armoured, helmeted Secutor. Most depictions of gladiators show the most common and popular types. Passing literary references"
"gladiators appear often in Roman texts (they are the gladiators most often mentioned in Roman writings) until the early Imperial period. A likely possibility is that the Samnite went out of favour during the reign of Augustus when Samnium became an ally of Rome. As the real Samnites became fully integrated into Roman society, the gladiator based upon them was retired. At this time, similar classes, the ""hoplomachus"", ""murmillo"", and the ""secutor"" first appear in texts. It seems that the Samnite became specialized into these classes, although the means by which this happened is unclear. The Samnite and its successors"
"as by most early auxiliaries. In the Pyrrhic dance it was raised above the head and struck with a sword so as to emit a loud ringing noise. Parma (shield) A parma or parmula (the diminutive of ""parma"") was a type of round shield used by the Roman army, especially during the later period of imperial history. The ""parma"" was about 36 inches (91 cm) across (or less) and had iron in its frame, making it a very effective piece of armor. ""Parmas"" had handles and shield bosses (""umbos""). The ""parma"" was used by legionnaires in the early republican period"
"century. Maniple (military unit) Maniple (Latin: ""manipulus"", literally meaning ""a handful"") was a tactical unit of the Roman legion adopted during the Samnite Wars (343–290 BC). It was also the name of the military insignia carried by such unit. Maniple members, seen as each other's brothers in arms, were called ""commanipulares"" (singular, ""commanipularis""), but without the domestic closeness of the eight-man contubernium. The manipular system was adopted around 315 BC, during the Second Samnite War. The rugged terrain of Samnium, where the war was fought, was not conducive to maneuverability which was essential for phalanx formation which the Romans had"
"Maniple (military unit) Maniple (Latin: ""manipulus"", literally meaning ""a handful"") was a tactical unit of the Roman legion adopted during the Samnite Wars (343–290 BC). It was also the name of the military insignia carried by such unit. Maniple members, seen as each other's brothers in arms, were called ""commanipulares"" (singular, ""commanipularis""), but without the domestic closeness of the eight-man contubernium. The manipular system was adopted around 315 BC, during the Second Samnite War. The rugged terrain of Samnium, where the war was fought, was not conducive to maneuverability which was essential for phalanx formation which the Romans had inherited"
"the following century received technical advances at the hands of Publius Syrus and Decimus Laberius. Under the Empire mime became the predominant Roman drama, if with mixed fortunes under different emperors. Trajan banished mime artists; Caligula favored them; Marcus Aurelius made them priests of Apollo. Nero himself acted as a mime. The mime was distinguished from other dramas by its absence of masks, and by the presence of female as well as male performers. Stock characters included the lead (or archimimus[a]), the stooge or stupidus, and the gigolo, or cultus adulter. While most of this article has treated mime as"
"Capitulary A capitulary (medieval Latin ""capitularium"" ) was a series of legislative or administrative acts emanating from the Frankish court of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, especially that of Charlemagne; the first emperor of the Romans in the west since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century. They were so called because they were formally divided into sections called ""capitula"" (plural of ""capitulum"", a diminutive of ""caput"" meaning ""head(ing)"", i.e. chapters). As soon as the capitulary was composed, it was sent to the various functionaries of the Frankish empire, archbishops, bishops, missi dominici and counts,"
"Mansio In the Roman Empire, a mansio (from the Latin word ""mansus,"" the perfect passive participle of ""manere"" ""to remain"" or ""to stay"") was an official stopping place on a Roman road, or ""via"", maintained by the central government for the use of officials and those on official business whilst travelling. The roads which traversed the Ancient World were later surveyed, developed and carefully maintained by the Romans, featuring purpose-built rest stops at regular intervals, known as castra. Probably originally established as simple places of military encampment, in process of time they included barracks and magazines of provisions (horrea) for"
"arm guards and all-enclosing helmet, and the dangerous short sword). A number of ancient authors, including Valerius Maximus and Quintillian, assert that he also regularly fought the retiarius. It would certainly have been an unusual pairing, contrasting a heavily protected gladiator with a fast but lightly equipped one. This pairing is disputed; visual depictions of murmillones usually show them fighting the thraex or hoplomachus rather than the retiarius. However, Channel 4's ""Time Team"" discovered in Wales a carved penknife handle depicting a retiarius and a murmillo fighting. The murmillo's fighting style was suited for men with large muscular arms and"
"Hoplomachus A Hoplomachus (pl. hoplomachi) (hoplon meaning ""Equipment"" in Greek) was a type of gladiator in ancient Rome, armed to resemble a Greek hoplite (soldier with heavy armor and helmet, a small, round, concave shield, a spear and a sword). The hoplomachus would wear a bronze helmet, a manica on his right arm, loincloth (subligaculum), heavy padding on his legs, and a pair of high greaves reaching to mid-thigh. His weapons were the spear and a short sword. He was often pitted against the murmillo (armed like a Roman soldier), perhaps as a re-enactment of Rome's wars in Greece and"
"physical strength. Although the Spartan example was extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment. In the Roman Empire, the maximum penalty that a Roman citizen could receive under the law was 40 ""lashes"" or ""strokes"" with a whip applied to the back and shoulders, or with the ""fasces"" (similar to a birch rod, but consisting of 8–10 lengths of willow rather than birch) applied to the buttocks. Such punishments could draw blood, and were frequently inflicted in public. Quintilian (c. 35 – c. 100) voiced some opposition to the use of corporal punishment. According to Robert"
"the praetor's tribunal. These arrangements do not seem to have been strongly enforced. Popular factions supported favourite gladiators and gladiator types. Under Augustan legislation, the Samnite type was renamed ""Secutor"" (""chaser"", or ""pursuer""). The secutor was equipped with a long, heavy ""large"" shield called a ""scutum""); ""Secutores"", their supporters and any heavyweight ""secutor""-based types such as the Murmillo were ""secutarii"". Lighter types, such as the Thraex, were equipped with a smaller, lighter shield called a ""parma"", from which they and their supporters were named ""parmularii"" (""small shields""). Titus and Trajan preferred the ""parmularii"" and Domitian the ""secutarii""; Marcus Aurelius took"
"to twelve Roman miles, and tended to grow into a village or trading post. A ""mansio"" (plural ""mansiones"") was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the ""cursus publicus"". The support staff at such a facility included muleteers, secretaries, blacksmiths, cartwrights, a veterinarian, and a few military police and couriers. The distance between ""mansiones"" was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day. Mules were the animal most often used for pulling carts, travelling about 4 mph. As an example of the pace of communication, it took a messenger a minimum of nine"
"thongs or cords. At the turn of the first century, a kind of folded parchment notebook called ""pugillares membranei"" in Latin, became commonly used for writing throughout the Roman Empire. This term was used by both the pagan Roman poet Martial and Christian apostle Paul the Apostle. Martial used the term with reference to gifts of literature exchanged by Romans during the festival of Saturnalia. According to T. C. Skeat, ""in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices"" and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then ""must have"
"intended to mollify their otherwise harsh conditions, and maintain their obedience. Roman infants were usually swaddled. Apart from those few, typically formal garments reserved for adults, most children wore a scaled-down version of what their parents wore. Girls often wore a long tunic that reached the foot or instep, belted at the waist and very simply decorated, most often white. Outdoors, they might wear another tunic over it. Boy's tunics were shorter. Boys and girls wore amulets to protect them from immoral or baleful influences such as the evil eye and sexual predation. For boys, the amulet was a ""bulla"","
"in the corpse's sock or drove a hawthorn stake through the legs. Further measures included driving stakes into the grave, pouring boiling water over it, decapitating the corpse, or burning it. Mullo (vampire) Mullo (Muli: female, Mulo: male) is an undead, revenant, or vampire of Roma folklore. 'Mullo' means 'one who is dead'. A mullo is created when a person dies suddenly of some unnatural cause or the person did not have proper funeral rites. A mullo is described as having white clothes, hair that reaches to their feet, and one physical oddity (a trait which varies from geographic region"
"from this burden; if caught, they would be subject to forfeiture of their property or even execution. Curiales In Ancient Rome, the curiales (from ""co + viria"", 'gathering of men') were initially the leading members of a gentes (clan) of the city of Rome. Their roles were both civil and sacred. Each gens curiales had a leader, called a ""curio."" The whole arrangement of assemblies was presided over by the ""curio maximus"". The Roman civic form was replicated in the towns and cities of the empire as they came under Roman control. By the Late Empire, ""curiales"" referred to the"
"Pilum The pilum (plural ""pila""; ) was a javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. It was generally about long overall, consisting of an iron shank about in diameter and long with a pyramidal head. The shank was joined to the wooden shaft by either a socket or a flat tang. The total weight of a ""pilum"" was between , with the versions produced during the earlier Republic era being slightly heavier than those produced in the later Empire era. The weapon had a hard pyramidal tip but the shank was made of softer iron. This softness"
"presumed obsolete superlative form of , later (""smallest"", ""shallowest"", ""briefest""). Roman life, during classical antiquity, centred on the military, agriculture, and hunting. The short, cold days of winter would halt most forms of work. Brumalia was a festival celebrated during this ""dark"", interludal period. It was chthonic in character and associated with crops, of which seeds are sown in the ground before sprouting. Farmers would sacrifice pigs to Saturn and Ceres. Vine-growers would sacrifice goats in honor of Bacchus—for the goat is an enemy of the vine; and they would skin them, fill the skin-bags with air and jump on"
"Aedile Aedile ( , from ""aedes,"" ""temple edifice"") was an office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings (""aedēs"") and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enforce public order. There were two pairs of aediles: the first were the ""plebeian aediles"" (Latin ""aediles plebis"") and possession of this office was limited to plebeians; the other two were ""curule aediles"" (Latin ""aediles curules""), open to both plebeians and patricians, in alternating years. An ""aedilis curulis"" was classified as a ""magister curulis"". The office of the aedilis was generally held"
"Parma (shield) A parma or parmula (the diminutive of ""parma"") was a type of round shield used by the Roman army, especially during the later period of imperial history. The ""parma"" was about 36 inches (91 cm) across (or less) and had iron in its frame, making it a very effective piece of armor. ""Parmas"" had handles and shield bosses (""umbos""). The ""parma"" was used by legionnaires in the early republican period of Rome's history, by the lowest class division of the army— the ""velites"". Their equipment consisted of a ""parma"", javelin, sword and helmet. Later, the ""parma"" was replaced"
"as a single syllable (with the ""i"" becoming the Latin consonantal ""j"" and pronounced ""yō""). It was a strongly emotive ritual exclamation or invocation, used for instance in announcing triumph or celebrating Bacchus, but also to punctuate a joke. As an observance of state religion, Saturnalia was supposed to have been held ""ante diem xvi Kalendas Ianuarias"", sixteen days before the Kalends of January, on the oldest Roman religious calendar, which the Romans believed to have been established by the legendary founder Romulus and his successor Numa Pompilius. It was a ""dies festus"", a legal holiday when no public business"
"He and the hoplomachus, with his Greek equipment, were usually pitted against the murmillo, armed like a legionary, mimicking the opposition between Roman soldiers and their various enemies. Thraex The Thraex (pl. Thraeces), or Thracian, was a type of Roman gladiator, armed in the Thracian style with small rectangular, square or circular shield called a ""parmula"" (about 60 x 65 cm) and a very short sword with a slightly curved blade called a ""sica"" (like a small version of the Dacian falx), intended to maim an opponent's unarmoured back. His other armour included armoured greaves (necessitated by the smallness of"
"Roman graffiti In archaeological terms, graffiti (plural of graffito) is a mark, image or writing scratched or engraved into a surface. There have been numerous examples found on sites of the Roman Empire, including taverns and houses, as well as on pottery of the time. In many cases the graffiti tend toward the rude, with a line etched into the basilica in Pompeii reading ""Lucilla made money from her body,"" phallic images, as well as erotic pictures. Studying the graffiti left behind from the Roman Period can give a better understanding of the daily life and attitudes of the Roman"
"Turma A turma (Latin for ""swarm, squadron"", plural ""turmae"") was a cavalry unit in the Roman army of the Republic and Empire. In the Byzantine Empire, it became applied to the larger, regiment-sized military-administrative divisions of a ""thema"". The word is often translated as ""squadron"" but so is the term ""ala"", a unit that was made up of several ""turmae"". In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the time of the Punic Wars and Rome's expansion into Spain and Greece, the core of the Roman army was formed by citizens, augmented by contingents from Rome's allies (""socii""). The organization of"
"drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and racing. Equestrian sports, throwing, and swimming were also preferred physical activities. In the countryside, pastimes included fishing and hunting. Board games played in Rome included dice (Tesserae or Tali), Roman Chess (Latrunculi), Roman Checkers (Calculi), Tic-tac-toe (Terni Lapilli), and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula, predecessors of backgammon. Other activities included chariot races, and musical and theatrical performances. Roman Republic The Roman Republic (, ; ) was the era of classical"
"Vexillum The vexillum (; plural vexilla) was a flag-like object used as a military standard by units in the Ancient Roman army. The word ""vexillum"" is a diminutive of the Latin word, ""velum"", meaning a sail, which confirms the historical evidence (from coins and sculpture) that ""vexilla"" were literally ""little sails"": flag-like standards. In the ""vexillum"", the cloth was draped from a horizontal crossbar suspended from a staff. That is unlike most modern flags in which the ""hoist"" of the cloth is attached directly to a vertical staff. The bearer of a ""vexillum"" was known as a ""vexillarius"" or ""vexillifer""."
"(traditional symbols of imperium and authority); when outside the ""pomerium"", axes were added to the ""fasces"" to indicate an imperial magistrate's power to enact capital punishment outside Rome (the axes were removed within the ""pomerium""). The number of lictors in attendance upon a magistrate was an overt indication of the degree of ""imperium"". When in the field, a ""curule"" magistrate possessing an ""imperium"" greater or equal to that of a praetor wore a sash ritually knotted on the front of his cuirass. Further, any man executing ""imperium"" within his sphere of influence was entitled to the curule chair. As can"
"Roman cursive Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of handwriting (or a script) used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive, and new cursive. Old Roman cursive, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even by emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on Roman square capitals, but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. It was most commonly"
"as anyone in Rome. They were supplied with rations of bread and vegetables along with meats such as beef, mutton, or pork. Rations also depended on where the legions were stationed or were campaigning. Mutton was popular in Northern Gaul and Britannica, but pork was the main meat ration of the legions. From 123 BC, a ration of unmilled wheat (as much as 33 kg), known as the ""frumentatio"", was distributed to as many as 200,000 people every month by the Roman state. There was originally a charge for this but from 58 BC this charge was abolished by the"
"to an extreme where everything was huge and classical and they have moats. ""The Romulans are a people who live in a marshy area. They had little houses on stilts around mudwork. The mudwork became part of this central core and that was where the old part of the city-–the Forum and Senate buildings-–was located. As the city expanded going away from that, the buildings became bigger and more technological."" The Romulan government is similar to that of the Roman Republic before it became the Roman Empire. The Romulan government consists of at least two parts: It has been implied"