"were created. Today, the title of baron of the First French Empire is still claimed by families including d'Allemagne, Ameil, d'Andlau, d'Astorg, Auvray, Caffarelli, Christophe, Daru, Dein, Dubois, Eblé, Evain, Fabvier, DeCroy, Fain, Géloes, Gourgaud, Guerrier de Dumast, Hamelin, Hottinguer, Laffitte, Lefebvre, Lepic, Méquet, Mallet, Marbot family, Martin de Lagarde, Massias, Nérin, Nicolas, Parmentier, Petiet, Pinoteau, Portalis, Rey, Rippert, Roederer, de Saint-Didier, de Saint-Geniès, de Saizieu, Salmon, de Saluce, Seillère, Strolz, Testot-Ferry, Thiry, de Villeneuve, Werlein. The title of knight (""chevalier"") also went in front of the name. There was an obligation to have an income of at least 3,000"
"landscapes with figures in the manner of ""Pousyn"" (Houbraken means the landscape painter Gaspard Dughet, Nicolas Poussin's brother-in-law). Though he enjoyed success on his travels through France, England, and Holland, he tended to spend more than he earned, a practise which Houbraken disapproved of. He suffered from a sudden high fever which caused him to go insane and died shortly thereafter at the age of 36. He was buried in the St Nicolas-des-Champs church in Paris. His son, also named Jean François Millet (1666–1723), and also called Francisque, was born in Paris, and was made a member of the Academy"
"Gérald Poussin Gérald Poussin (born 1946 in Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland) is a Swiss artist, illustrator, painter, sculptor, animator and comics artist. He was involved in the animated films ""Trou attention"" (1970), ""Colonel Zabu"" (1970), ""Alphon au pays des merveilles"" (1972), ""La Nuit des Ploucs"" (1977), and ""Téo Véra change de monde"" (1979). Two of his films were presented at the Cannes Film Festival in 1971; he then set himself up as a cartoonist in Paris, working for a number of newspapers, including ""Hara-Kiri"", ""Zinc"", ""Charlie Hebdos"", ""L'Echo des Savannes"", ""Le nouvel Observateur"", and ""Libération"". After publishing albums of comic strips"
"Paul Gauguin Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (, ; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinctly different from Impressionism. Toward the end of his life, he spent ten years in French Polynesia, and most of his paintings from this time depict people or landscapes from that region. His work was influential to the French avant-garde and many modern artists, such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Gauguin's art became popular after his death, partially"
"Jules Pascin Julius Mordecai Pincas (March 31, 1885 – June 5, 1930), known as Pascin (; erroneously or ), Jules Pascin""', or the ""Prince of Montparnasse"", was a Bulgarian artist known for his paintings and drawings. He later became an American citizen. His most frequent subject was women, depicted in casual poses, usually nude or partly dressed. Pascin was educated in Vienna and Munich. He traveled for a time in the United States, spending most of his time in the South. He is best known as a Parisian painter, who associated with the artistic circles of Montparnasse, and was one"
"Poussinists and Rubenists In 1671 an argument broke out in the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris about whether drawing or color was more important in painting. On one side stood the Poussinists (Fr. ""Poussinistes"") who were a group of French artists, named after the painter Nicolas Poussin, who believed that drawing was the most important thing. On the other side were the Rubenists (Fr. ""Rubénistes""), named after Peter Paul Rubens, who prioritize color. There was a strong nationalistic flavour to the debate as Poussin was French but Rubens was Flemish, though neither was alive at the"
"through the mind paled compared to what was apprehended through the senses. Poussinists and Rubenists In 1671 an argument broke out in the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris about whether drawing or color was more important in painting. On one side stood the Poussinists (Fr. ""Poussinistes"") who were a group of French artists, named after the painter Nicolas Poussin, who believed that drawing was the most important thing. On the other side were the Rubenists (Fr. ""Rubénistes""), named after Peter Paul Rubens, who prioritize color. There was a strong nationalistic flavour to the debate as Poussin"
"36 boulevard de Clichy to the Cimetière de Saint-Ouen. A year later, Pascin's family had his remains re-interred at the more prestigious Cimetière de Montparnasse. Pascin Point in Antarctica is named after Jules Pascin. Jules Pascin Julius Mordecai Pincas (March 31, 1885 – June 5, 1930), known as Pascin (; erroneously or ), Jules Pascin""', or the ""Prince of Montparnasse"", was a Bulgarian artist known for his paintings and drawings. He later became an American citizen. His most frequent subject was women, depicted in casual poses, usually nude or partly dressed. Pascin was educated in Vienna and Munich. He traveled"
"art. After the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture was reorganized in 1661 by Louis XIV whose aim was to control all the artistic activity in France, a controversy occurred among the members that dominated artistic attitudes for the rest of the century. This ""battle of styles"" was a conflict over whether Peter Paul Rubens or Nicolas Poussin was a suitable model to follow. Followers of Poussin, called ""poussinistes"", argued that line (disegno) should dominate art, because of its appeal to the intellect, while followers of Rubens, called ""rubenistes"", argued that color (colore) should dominate art, because of its"
"Édouard Houssin Édouard Charles Marie Houssin (13 September 1847 - 15 May 1919) was a French sculptor. Édouard Charles Marie Houssin was born in Douai on 13 September 1847. In 1856 he joined the Academic Schools of Douai, and there received several awards. In 1864 he moved to Paris and joined the private studios of Henri Lemaire of Valenciennes and François Jouffroy of Dijon. In 1866 he was admitted to the sculpture section of the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1868 Houssin displayed his first bust to the Society of Friends of the Arts of Douai. From"
"his reputation as a major painter. With the departure of Vouet from Rome in 1627, Poussin became the most prominent French painter in Rome. Until 1630, he had painted rapidly (""with the fury of a demon"", Marino recorded) and produced large numbers of pictures of variable quality. Thereafter, he renounced seeking commissions for large decorative works, which were prestigious but required competitions and came with many restrictions, and concentrated instead on painting for art patrons and collectors, for whom he could work more slowly and develop his own subjects and style. In 1632 he bought a life interest in a"
"his works, in the National Gallery, London. Gaspard Dughet Gaspard Dughet (15 June 1615 – 27 May 1675), also known as Gaspard Poussin, was a French painter born in Rome. Dughet was born in Rome, the son of a French pastry-cook He specialised in painting landscapes of the Roman Campagna becoming, along with his exact contemporary Salvator Rosa, one of the two leading landscape painters of his time. He painted several cycles of frescoes, including one, showing various sites around Rome, at the Colonna Palace. He worked with Pier Francesco Mola, Cozza, and Mattia Preti at the Palazzo Pamphilj in"
"(about £32). For a comprehensive list of paintings by Gauguin, see List of paintings by Paul Gauguin. Self-portraits: Paul Gauguin Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (, ; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinctly different from Impressionism. Toward the end of his life, he spent ten years in French Polynesia, and most of his paintings from this time depict people or landscapes from that region. His work was influential to the French avant-garde and"
"is characterized by clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color. Until the 20th century he remained a major inspiration for such classically-oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Paul Cézanne. Details of Poussin's artistic training are somewhat obscure. Around 1612 he traveled to Paris, where he studied under minor masters and completed his earliest surviving works. His enthusiasm for the Italian works he saw in the royal collections in Paris motivated him to travel to Rome in 1624, where he studied the works of Renaissance and Baroque painters—especially Raphael, who had a powerful influence on his style."
"""His busts, all of impeccable and beautifully executed accuracy cannot be counted."" Over 144 works are attributed to him, of which 99 are portraits. Today the locations of only 27 works are known. Citations Sources Further reading Édouard Houssin Édouard Charles Marie Houssin (13 September 1847 - 15 May 1919) was a French sculptor. Édouard Charles Marie Houssin was born in Douai on 13 September 1847. In 1856 he joined the Academic Schools of Douai, and there received several awards. In 1864 he moved to Paris and joined the private studios of Henri Lemaire of Valenciennes and François Jouffroy of"
"Gaspard Dughet Gaspard Dughet (15 June 1615 – 27 May 1675), also known as Gaspard Poussin, was a French painter born in Rome. Dughet was born in Rome, the son of a French pastry-cook He specialised in painting landscapes of the Roman Campagna becoming, along with his exact contemporary Salvator Rosa, one of the two leading landscape painters of his time. He painted several cycles of frescoes, including one, showing various sites around Rome, at the Colonna Palace. He worked with Pier Francesco Mola, Cozza, and Mattia Preti at the Palazzo Pamphilj in Valmontone. He often collaborated with Guillaume Courtois"
"untypical for this period, though during the 1630s awareness of Poussin's talent was growing in the French court, until he was eventually ordered by the king to return to Paris in 1640 (he escaped back to Rome two years later, and never left again). His style and subject-matter also changed at the end of the 1620s, switching away from the influence of Italian baroque painters to a classicism influenced by classical sculpture and the High Renaissance. His paintings from about 1629 to 1633 are nearly all drawn from classical mythology, or the epics of Tasso. The Dresden ""Adoration"", dated 1633,"
"for a festival, and then, on his signal, kidnapped all of the women. He painted two versions, one in 1634, now in the Metropolitan Museum, and the other in 1637, now in the Louvre. He also painted two versions illustrating a story of Ovid in the ""Metamorphoses"" in which Venus mourning the death of Adonis after a hunting accident, transforms his blood into the color of the anemone flower. Throughout his career, Poussin frequently achieved what the art historian Willibald Sauerländer terms a ""consonance ... between the pagan and the Christian world"". An example is ""The Four Seasons"" (1660–64), in"
"assistance of a chef, Jacques Dughet, whose family took him in and cared for him, he largely recovered by 1629, and in 1630 he married Anne-Marie Dughet, the daughter of Dughet. His two brothers-in-law were artists, and Gaspard Dughet later took Poussin’s surname. Cardinal Barberini and Cassiano dal Pozzo returned to Rome in 1626, and by their patronage Poussin received two major commissions. In 1628, with a commission from Cardinal Barberini, he completed his first masterwork, ""The Death of Germanicus"" (Minneapolis Institute of Arts). It was partly inspired by the reliefs of the Meleager sarcophagus. In February 1628 he received"
"is writing under his inspiration. It is not known to what the painting alludes, nor what is its exact subject: perhaps the latter was always indefinite, because the picture appears in Mazarin's inventory of 1653 as ""Apollo with a Muse and a Poet crowned with Laurels"". Its warm colouring reveals the Titianesque strain in Poussin's work; it must have been painted during his first Roman period, at the end of the 1620s. Several other paintings of this period are related to this work: """", the """", and the book frontispiece drawn by Poussin and engraved by Claude Mellan for an"
"Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice is a 200 × 124 cm (approx 6.5 × 4 feet) oil-on-canvas by artist in the classical style Nicolas Poussin, painted between 1650 and 1653. It is currently held and exhibited at the Louvre in Paris Nicolas Poussin painted this work for his longtime friend and patron, Jean Pointel, who was a rich banker in Paris. Pointel also was a member of the libertines, a circle which Poussin himself frequented. It was in Pointel's collection, which had many works by Poussin, but was stored away after the political climate in"
"Lubin Baugin Lubin Baugin (c. 1612 – July 11, 1663) was a French painter known for a small number of still lifes, and for religious and mythological paintings. He was born in Pithiviers to a prosperous family. Although it is not known to whom he was apprenticed, he received his artistic training from 1622 to 1628, and entered the guild of St.-Germaine-des-Prés as a master painter on May 23, 1629. His earliest surviving paintings are still lifes. Around 1632–33 he traveled to Italy, where he settled in Rome. After 1641 he worked in Paris, where he died in 1663. Most"
"much studied later by commentators and artists alike. When Poussin's ""Seasons"" were first exhibited, they were immediately discussed by French academicians, connoisseurs and artists, including Charles le Brun, Sébastien Bourdon, Loménie de Brienne and Michel Passart, a patron of both Claude and Poussin. As Brienne reported at the time: Unlike other artists who spawned slavish imitators, Poussin's influence seems to have been wholly positive. Other artists understood his balance between ideal and reality. His influence can be seen in the work of French landscape painters such as Bourdon, Gaspard Dughet, Millet, Corot, Pissarro and Cézanne. Although the critic William Hazlitt"
"Paul Sérusier Paul Sérusier (9 November 1864 – 7 October 1927) was a French painter who was a pioneer of abstract art and an inspiration for the avant-garde Nabis movement, Synthetism and Cloisonnism. Sérusier was born in Paris. He studied at the Académie Julian and was a monitor there in the mid-1880s. In the summer of 1888 he travelled to Pont-Aven and joined the small group of artists centered there around Paul Gauguin. While at the Pont-Aven artist's colony he painted a picture that became known as ""The Talisman"", under the close supervision of Gauguin. The picture was an extreme"
"proposed a scholarly architectural classical landscape. He returned to Paris in 1639 and re-allied with Poussin in 1640, becoming his main assistant in the decorative scheme in the Grande Galerie of the Louvre. He travelled to Italy again in 1642 before settling back in France for good. He was made guardian of the king's paintings at the Louvre and the Tuileries, at the suggestion of François Sublet de Noyers. He died in Gaillon. Jean Lemaire (painter) Jean Lemaire (1598–1659) was a French painter. He is also known as Lemaire-Poussin, due to his frequent close collaborations with Nicolas Poussin. He specialised"
"Jean Lemaire (painter) Jean Lemaire (1598–1659) was a French painter. He is also known as Lemaire-Poussin, due to his frequent close collaborations with Nicolas Poussin. He specialised in landscapes and classical architectural scenes, populated with mythological figures in classical dress. Lemaire was born in Dammartin-en-Goële. He studied under Claude Vignon before moving to Rome, where there is evidence for his presence dated to 1613. It was there he became linked with Poussin, who arrived in Rome in 1624. Around 1636 Lemaire took part in the decorative scheme commissioned by Philip IV of Spain for his Buen Retiro palace - Lemaire"
"and Caravaggio (whose work Poussin detested, saying that Caravaggio was born to destroy painting). He studied the art of painting nudes at the Academy of Domenichino, and frequented the Academy of Saint Luke, which brought together the leading painters in Rome, and whose head in 1624 was another French painter, Simon Vouet, who offered lodging to Poussin. Poussin became acquainted with other artists in Rome and tended to befriend those with classicizing artistic leanings: the French sculptor François Duquesnoy whom he lodged with in 1626; the French artist Jacques Stella; Claude Lorraine; Domenichino; Andrea Sacchi; and joined an informal academy"
"nature, that is the classicism that I mean. What I don't accept is the classicism that limits you. I want that a visit to a master will help me find myself. Every time I leave a Poussin, I know better who I am."" Cézanne was described in 1907 by Maurice Denis as ""the Poussin of Impressionism"". Georges Seurat was another Post-Impressionist artist who admired the formal qualities of Poussin's work. In the 20th century, some art critics suggested that the analytic Cubist experiments of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were also founded upon Poussin's example. In 1963 Picasso based a"
"time. After over forty years the final resolution of the matter in favor of the Rubenists was signalled when Antoine Watteau's ""The Embarkation for Cythera"" was accepted as his reception piece by the French Academy in 1717. By that time the French Rococo was in full swing. The Poussinists believed in the Platonic idea of the existence in the mind of ideal objects that could be reconstructed in concrete form by the selection, using reason, of elements from nature. For the Poussinists, therefore, color was a purely decorative addition to form and drawing (design or ""disegno""), the use of line"
"the figures disposed frieze-like across the composition. This classicising tendency went on to make an inestimable impact on Western art, influencing many of the greatest painters of subsequent generations, from Jacques-Louis David and Ingres to Cézanne and Picasso; even today artists continue to be inspired by Poussin’s work and ideas about painting. In treating themes of death and dying, Poussin revealed himself at his most ambitious, consciously pitting himself against no less an artist than the ancient Greek painter Apelles who was, Poussin wrote, ""[much] pleased ... to represent scenes of death."" Today, the sobriety and control of Poussin's paintings"
"title as First Painter of the King, along with payment for his past French commissions. To thank Fouquet, Poussin made designs for the baths Fouquet was constructing at his chateau at Vaux-le-Vicomte. Another important French patron of Poussin in this period was Paul Fréart de Chantelou, who came to Rome in 1643 and stayed there for several months. He commissioned from Poussin some of his most important works, including the second series of the ""Seven Sacraments"", painted between 1644 and 1648, and his ""Landscape with Diogenes"". In 1649 he painted the ""Vision of St Paul"" for the comic poet Paul"
"painter, who had developed landscape painting in Rome, like Poussin (1594-1665). Both painters worked in a kind of stiff, mannered style, with a focus on archaeological remains and towering pine trees, followed by several Dutchmen who had also traveled to Rome. Soon, deviating from the classical ideal of perfection in beauty epitomized by healthy, towering trees, landscape painters came to discover the sublimity of the withered old tree, the two withered oaks by Jan van Goyen (1641) are a well-known example. For those who tried to find an answer to the classicism of French landscape painting, the lonely spruce at"
"Seven Sacraments (Poussin) The Seven Sacraments refers to two series of paintings of the seven sacraments by the French painter Nicholas Poussin. Painted between 1637 and 1640, the first series was commissioned by Cassiano del Pozzo in the second half of the 1630s and was sold to the Dukes of Rutland in 1784. One of the seven, ""Penance"", was destroyed in a fire at the Rutlands' Belvoir Castle in 1816, and ""Baptism"" was acquired by the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC in 1939, where it still resides. The remaining five were still at Belvoir Castle at the time"