"the voice. During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage grows together with the larynx. Consequently, the laryngeal prominence grows in size mainly in men. Together, a larger soundboard is made up in phonation apparatus and, as a result, the man gets a deeper voice note. Cosmetic surgery to reshape the Adam's apple is called chondrolaryngoplasty (thyroid cartilage reduction). The surgery is effective, such that complications tend to be few and, if present, transient. There are two main theories as to the origin of the term ""Adam's apple"". The """"Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable"""" and the 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary point"
"orthographic revision of what was previously known in the Nomina Anatomica as ""foramen thyreoideum"", an inconstantly present opening in the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. Thyroid cartilage The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the ""laryngeal skeleton"", the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It does not completely encircle the larynx; only the cricoid cartilage does. The thyroid cartilage is a hyaline cartilage structure that sits in front of the larynx and above the thyroid gland. The cartilage is composed of two halves, which meet in the middle at"
"Two muscles originate along the line, the thyrohyoid muscle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor. The sternothyroid inserts along the line. Movement of the cartilage at this joint produces a change in tension at the vocal folds, which in turn produces variation in voice. The thyroid cartilage forms the bulk of the front wall of the larynx. It protects the vocal folds (""vocal cords""), which are located directly behind it. When the angle of the thyroid cartilage changes relative to the cricoid cartilage, this changes the pitch of voice. The cartilage also serves as an attachment for several muscles. The English term"
"Thyrohyoid membrane The thyrohyoid membrane (or hyothyroid membrane) is a broad, fibro-elastic sheet of the larynx. It is attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, and above to the upper margin of the posterior surface of the body and greater cornua of the hyoid bone, thus passing behind the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid. It is separated from the hyoid bone by a mucous bursa, which facilitates the upward movement of the larynx during swallowing. Its middle thicker part is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament, its"
"Maxillary prominence Continuous with the dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary prominence (or maxillary process), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a "">""-shaped notch. The maxillary prominence forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in it are ossified the zygomatic bone and the greater part of the maxilla; it meets with the medial nasal prominence, from which, however, it is separated for a time by a groove, the naso-optic furrow, that extends from the furrow encircling the"
"was shown to more often arise from the left side and occasionally separated. The pyramidal lobe is also known as Lalouette's pyramid. The pyramidal lobe is a remnant of the thyroglossal duct which usually wastes away during the thyroid gland's descent. Small accessory thyroid glands may in fact occur anywhere along the thyroglossal duct, from the foramen cecum of the tongue to the position of the thyroid in the adult. A small horn at the back of the thyroid lobes, usually close to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery, is called Zuckerkandl's tubercle. Other variants include a"
"was formerly known as vocal fold mass. Thyroid Cartilage Control: This figure demonstrates control of the position or ""tilt"" of the thyroid cartilage through engagement or disengagement of the cricothyroid muscle. The speaker or singer can tilt the thyroid cartilage by adopting the posture of crying or sobbing, or making a soft whimpering noise, like a small dog whining. In Estill Voice training, it is proposed that the position of the thyroid cartilage influences not only pitch but also the quality and intensity of the sound produced. Cricoid Cartilage Control: This figure demonstrates control of the position of the cricoid"
"eyeball to the nasal pit. The maxillary prominences ultimately fuse with the medial nasal prominence and the globular processes, and form the lateral parts of the upper lip and the posterior boundaries of the nares. It is innervated by the maxillary nerve. Maxillary prominence Continuous with the dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary prominence (or maxillary process), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a "">""-shaped notch. The maxillary prominence forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in"
"with RP at presentation and 50% over the course of this autoimmune disease, and is more common among females. The involvement of the laryngotracheobronchial cartilages may be severe and life-threatening; it causes one-third of all deaths among persons with RP. Laryngeal chondritis is manifested as pain above the thyroid gland and, more importantly, as dysphonia with a hoarse voice or transient aphonia. Because this disease is relapsing, recurrent laryngeal inflammation may result in laryngomalacia or permanent laryngeal stenosis with inspiratory dyspnea that may require emergency tracheotomy as a temporary or permanent measure. Tracheobronchial involvement may or may not be accompanied"
"Arytenoid cartilage The arytenoid () cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached. These allow and aid in the vocal cords' movement. Each is pyramidal or ladle-shaped in form (arytenoid comes from Greek ""arytaina"" meaning ladle + ""eidos"", meaning form), and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. The posterior surface is a triangular, smooth, concave, and gives attachment to the arytenoid muscle and transversus. The antero-lateral surface is somewhat convex and rough. On it, near the apex of the cartilage, is a rounded"
"as the laryngotracheal folds, begin to form and grow until they join, forming a wall between the two organs. An incomplete separation of the organs leads to a congenital abnormality known as a tracheoesophageal fistula. The epithelium of the larynx is of endodermal origin, but the laryngeal cartilages, unlike the rest of the respiratory bud connective tissue, come from the mesenchyme of the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. The fourth pharyngeal arch, adjacent to what will be the root of the tongue, will become the epiglottis. The sixth pharyngeal arch, located around the laryngeal orifice, will become the thyroid, cricoid"
"hence it is rare to see prominence of the ear that does not have a conchal element. The concha affects the prominence of the ear three-fold ways: (i) the overall enlargement of the concha projects the ear away from the mastoid surface; (ii) an extension of the helical crus across the concha creates a firm cartilage bar that pushes the ear outwards; (iii) the effect of the angulation of the cartilage, at the junction between the cavum concha; and the sweep of cartilage up to the antitragal prominence, affects the position and prominence of the lobule (earlobe) and lower third"
"medial nasal prominence located inferior to the bridge of the nose and superior to the mandibular prominence. The intermaxillary segment yields the portion of the upper lip containing the philtrum, the upper jaw with 4 incisors, and the primary palate. The medial prominence fuses with the maxillary prominence, giving rise to a smooth upper lip while fusing the primary and secondary palate. Meanwhile, the lateral nasal prominence gives rise to the alae of the nose and fuses with the maxillary prominence, forming the Nasolacrimal duct. This duct is formed when the ectoderm thickens into a cord and sinks into the"
"is a common cause of acute thyroiditis in children and adolescents. Local anesthesia can be given here because of the presence of the internal laryngeal nerve underneath the mucous membrane. Piriform sinus On either side of the laryngeal orifice in humans is a recess, termed the piriform sinus (also piriform recess, pyriform sinus, piriform fossa, or smuggler's fossa), which is bounded medially by the aryepiglottic fold, laterally by the thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid membrane. The fossae are involved in speech. The term ""piriform,"" which means ""pear-shaped,"" is also sometimes spelled ""pyriform"" (as in the diagram on this page.) Deep to"
"Cuneiform cartilages In the human larynx, the cuneiform cartilages (from Latin: ""cunei"", ""wedge-shaped""; also known as cartilages of Wrisberg) are two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed one on either side, in the aryepiglottic fold. The cuneiforms are paired cartilages that sit on top of and move with the arytenoids. They are located above and in front of the corniculate cartilages, and the presence of these two pairs of cartilages result in small bulges on the surface of the mucous membrane. Covered by the aryepiglottic folds, the cuneiforms form the lateral aspect of the laryngeal inlet, while the"
"age, the thyroid gland appears as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue between the tuberculum impar and the copula linguae. The copula soon becomes covered over by the hypopharyngeal eminence at a point later indicated by the foramen cecum. The thyroid then descends in front of the pharyngeal gut as a bilobed diverticulum through the thyroglossal duct. Over the next few weeks, it migrates to the base of the neck, passing in front of the hyoid bone. During migration, the thyroid remains connected to the tongue by a narrow canal, the"
"lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the thyreohyoideus, sternohyoideus, and omohyoideus muscles, and with the body of the hyoid bone. It is pierced by the internal laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery. Thyrohyoid membrane The thyrohyoid membrane (or hyothyroid membrane) is a broad, fibro-elastic sheet of the larynx. It is attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, and above to the upper margin of the posterior surface of"
"three parts of the tongue. The surcus terminalis linguae is a V shaped line that separates the body of the tongue from the posterior part. The corresponding nerve for the three prominences of the anterior tongue is the trigeminal nerve. The posterior tongue is innervated by the glosopharyngeal nerve. The muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. The thyroid appears as an epithelial proliferation in the pharynx floor between the copula linguae and the tuberculum impar. This point later will be the foramen cecum. Later, the thyroid descends in front of the pharyngeal gut when it already"
"cartilage is pointed, curved backward and medialward, and surmounted by a small conical, cartilaginous nodule, the corniculate cartilage. They allow the vocal folds to be tensed, relaxed, or approximated. The arytenoids articulate with the supero-lateral parts of the cricoid cartilage lamina, forming the cricoarytenoid joints at which they can come together, move apart, tilt anteriorly or posteriorly, and rotate. Arytenoid cartilage The arytenoid () cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached. These allow and aid in the vocal cords' movement. Each is pyramidal or"
"the inferior part of the pharynx (hypopharynx) with the trachea. The laryngeal skeleton consists of six cartilages: three single (epiglottic, thyroid and cricoid) and three paired (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform). The hyoid bone is not part of the larynx, though the larynx is suspended from the hyoid. The larynx extends vertically from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. Its interior can be divided in supraglottis, glottis and subglottis. There are six cartilages, three unpaired and three paired, that support the mammalian larynx and form its skeleton. Unpaired cartilages: Paired cartilages: The muscles of"
"from being above the glottis (""epi-"" + ""glottis""). There are taste buds on the epiglottis. The epiglottis is shaped somewhat like a leaf of purslane, with the stem attached to the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage. The epiglottis is one of nine cartilaginous structures that make up the larynx (voice box). During breathing, it lies completely within the larynx. During swallowing, it serves as part of the anterior of the pharynx. The body of the epiglottis consists of elastic cartilage. The epiglottis has two surfaces, a forward-facing surface facing the tongue, and a surface facing the larynx. The entire"
"at the bottom of the cartilage is called the inferior thyroid notch. The two halves of the cartilage that make out the outer surfaces extend obliquely to cover the sides of the trachea. The posterior edge of each half articulates with the cricoid cartilage inferiorly at a joint called the cricothyroid joint. The most posterior part of the cartilage also has two projections upwards and downwards. The upper projection is called the ""superior horn"" (), and the lower is called the ""inferior horn"". The superior horn is long and narrow, backward, and medialward, and ends in a conical extremity, which"
"arytenoid cartilage, and into the adjacent portion of its anterior surface; it is termed the ""Vocalis"", and lies parallel with the vocal ligament, to which it is adherent. The vocal muscle is the upper portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle which is primarily involved in producing speech. A considerable number of the fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold, where some of them become lost, while others are continued to the margin of the epiglottis. They have received a distinctive name, thyroepiglottic muscle, ""thyreoepiglotticus"" or ""thyroepiglottic"", and are sometimes described as a separate muscle. A few fibers"
"in males than in females (17mm). All of these muscles receive their innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). This nerve can be vulnerable in thyroid surgery, if damaged control to the rima glottidis may be affected resulting in a hoarse voice, aphonia or difficulty breathing. Rima glottidis The rima glottidis is the opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx. It is normally subdivided into two parts: that between the arytenoid cartilages is called the intercartilaginous part (or the intercartilaginous glottis, respiratory glottis, or interarytenoid"
"arises from remnants of the thyroglossal duct, and may appear anywhere along its original length. Accessory thyroid tissue may be functional, but is generally insufficient for normal function if the main thyroid gland is entirely removed. Lingual thyroid is 4-7 times more common in females, with symptoms developing during puberty, pregnancy or menopause. Lingual thyroid may be asymptomatic, or give symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dysphonia (difficulty talking) and dyspnea (difficulty breathing). Thyroid dysgenesis Thyroid dysgenesis or thyroid agenesis is a cause of congenital hypothyroidism where the thyroid is missing, ectopic, or severely underdeveloped. It should not be confused"
"from the neural crest. The frontonasal prominence is a single structure that is ventral to the forebrain. It is derived from neural crest cells, which have an ectodermal origin. These neural crest cells migrate from the ectoderm as the forebrain closes, invading the space that will form the frontonasal prominence. The maxillary and mandibular prominences are derived from the first arch. The maxillary prominence is initially located superior/lateral to the stomodeum while the mandibular prominence is located inferior to it and will fuse early on. Nasal placodes originate on the frontonasal prominence from the ectoderm. They thicken and sink in"
"third arch) called the hypopharyngeal eminence, and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third). The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by the growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus. The terminal sulcus is shaped like a ""V"" with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the foramen caecum, which is the point where the embryological thyroid begins to descend."
"as it lies immediately deep to the superior thyroid artery. The ability to produce pitched sounds is then impaired along with easy voice fatigability, (usually mono-toned voice). Irritation of the internal laryngeal nerve results in uncontrolled coughing - usually as a result of food or water in the laryngopharynx. The lesion of this branch (for example, during surgery that seeks an anterior approach to the cervix, is associated with a loss of the laryngeal reflex of cough and an elevate risk of aspiration pneumonia. Fuller, D. R., Pimentel, J. T., & Peregoy, B. M. (2012). Applied anatomy & physiology for"
"has a belobed diverticulum shape. The thyroglossal duct keeps the thyroid joined to the tongue until it disappears. The thyroid keeps descending in front of the hyoid bone until finally it affixes to the front of the trachea in the seventh week. The thyroid starts working in the third month when the first follicles are visible and start producing colloid. The parafollicular cells come from the ultimobranchial body and produce calcitonin. The facial prominences are five swellings that appear in the fourth week and come from the first and second pharyngeal arch. They are basically made of mesenchyme that comes"
"""thyroid cartilage"" is derived from the Latin expression ""cartilago thyreoides"". The latter is a translation of Ancient Greek χόνδρος θυρεοειδής, attested in the writings of the Greek physician Galen. The Latin word ""cartilago"", as well as the Ancient Greek word χόνδρος, both mean ""cartilage"", while the ancient Greek word θυρεοειδής means ""shield-like"" or ""shield-shaped"". The latter compound is composed of Ancient Greek θυρεός, ""shield"" and εἶδος, ""form""/""shape"". The Greeks used εἶδος in compounds to indicate a resemblance with the first part of the word. The ancient Greek word θυρεός can be found in the ""Odyssey"" of Homer, and represented a"
"of each aryepiglottic fold exists a cuneiform cartilage which forms whitish prominence, the cuneiform tubercle. The aryepiglottic folds are shortened in laryngomalacia. Under certain circumstances, the aryepiglottic folds take part in phonation, for instance in the singing technique of vocal growl, such as practiced by Louis Armstrong and other jazz singers. It has been proven that the approximation of the aryepiglottic folds during vocalization may establish sustained co-oscillations, at relatively low frequencies, producing the growl or growling effect. Aryepiglottic fold The Aryepiglottic folds are triangular folds of mucous membrane enclosing ligamentous and muscular fibres. They are located at the entrance"
"gives attachment to the lateral thyrohyoid ligament. The ""inferior horn"" is short and thick; it is directed downward, with a slight inclination forward and medialward, and presents, on the medial side of its tip, a small oval articular facet for articulation with the side of the cricoid cartilage. The entire superior edge of the thyroid cartilage is attached to the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane. The thyroid cartilage is found between the levels of the C4 to C5 vertebrae. The ""oblique line"" is a line on the thyroid cartilage. It marks the upper lateral borders of the thyroid gland."
"classification is proposed by Pelizzo et al. Zuckerkandl's tubercle (thyroid gland) Zuckerkandl's tubercle is a pyramidal extension of the thyroid gland, present at the most posterior side of each lobe. Emil Zuckerkandl described it in 1902 as the ""processus posterior glandulae thyreoideae"". Although the structure is named after Zuckerkandl, it was discovered first by Otto Madelung in 1867 as the ""posterior horn of the thyroid"". The structure is important in thyroid surgery as it is closely related to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the inferior thyroid artery, Berry's ligament and the parathyroid glands. The structure is subject to an important amount"