"Pedology Pedology (from Greek: πέδον, ""pedon"", ""soil""; and λόγος, ""logos"", ""study"") is the study of soils in their natural environment. It is one of two main branches of soil science, the other being edaphology. Pedology deals with pedogenesis, soil morphology, and soil classification, while edaphology studies the way soils influence plants, fungi, and other living things. Soil is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the pedosphere, the locus of numerous interactions between climate (water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues, the mineral material of the original and added rock, and its position"
"Paedology Pedology (paidology, paedology) is the study of children's behavior and development (as distinct from pedagogy, the art or science of teaching, and pediatrics, the field of medicine relating to children). The origins of this trend in psychology and pedagogy go back to the end of the 18th century with the separation of a branch of psychology that would form the basis of pedagogy, a pedagogic psychology or ""experimental pedagogic psychology"", ""experimental pedagogy"", ""experimental education"". G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) fostered pedology as a separate study, and also became instrumental in the development of modern educational psychology. An American researcher, Oscar"
"decree of VKP(b) Central Committee ""On Pedological Perversions in the Narkompros System"" on July 4, 1936 . Paedology Pedology (paidology, paedology) is the study of children's behavior and development (as distinct from pedagogy, the art or science of teaching, and pediatrics, the field of medicine relating to children). The origins of this trend in psychology and pedagogy go back to the end of the 18th century with the separation of a branch of psychology that would form the basis of pedagogy, a pedagogic psychology or ""experimental pedagogic psychology"", ""experimental pedagogy"", ""experimental education"". G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) fostered pedology as a"
"Since pedology as a branch of science never reached its maturity, there is no common established understanding as to the scope or instruments of pedology. Bowie State University in Bowie, Maryland became the first university in the United States to offer a Bachelor's Degree in pedology. A 2014 document from the university refers to ""the pedology major (now known as child and adolescent studies)"". In Imperial Russia a prominent developer of the field was Aleksandr Nechayev (Александр Петрович Нечаев) in St. Petersburg, who in 1901 created the laboratory of experimental pedagogical psychology. Soviet pedology is traditionally thought to be founded"
"Chrisman, proposed the term ""pedology"" in 1893. At the end of the 19th century, pedology as a comprehensive study of the child came to prominence in Europe as an attempt to create a study of children in the manner of natural sciences. In 1909 Professor Kazimierz Twardowski organized a Pedological Society in Lviv, Austro-Hungary (now Ukraine). In 1910 a similar society was organized in Kraków. In 1911 the first World Congress in Pedology took place in Brussels, Belgium, with attendants from 22 countries. World War I (1914-1918) effectively put an end to the development of this study in Western Europe."
"Pedometrics Pedometrics is the application of mathematical and statistical methods for the study of the distribution and genesis of soils. Pedometrics is a portmanteau of the Greek roots ""pedos"" (soil) and ""metron"" (measurement). Measurement in this case is restricted to mathematical and statistical methods as it relates to pedology, the branch of soil science that studies soil in its natural setting. Pedometrics addresses soil related problems when there is uncertainty due to deterministic or stochastic variation, vagueness and lack of knowledge of soil properties and processes. It relies upon mathematical, statistical, and numerical methods and includes numerical approaches to classification"
"Pedobarography Pedobarography is the study of pressure fields acting between the plantar surface of the foot and a supporting surface. Used most often for biomechanical analysis of gait and posture, pedobarography is employed in a wide range of applications including sports biomechanics and gait biometrics . The term 'pedobarography' is derived from the Latin: ""pedes"", referring to the foot (as in: pedometer, pedestrian, etc.), and the Greek: ""baros"" meaning 'weight' and also 'pressure' (as in: barometer, barograph). The first documented pedobarographic study was published in 1882 and used rubber and ink to record foot pressures. Numerous studies using similar apparatus"
"Paleopedology Paleopedology (palaeopedology in the United Kingdom) is the discipline that studies soils of past geological eras, from quite recent (Quaternary) to the earliest periods of the Earth's history. Paleopedology can be seen either as a branch of soil science (pedology) or of paleontology, since the methods it uses are in many ways a well-defined combination of the two disciplines. Paleopedology's earliest developments arose from observations in Scotland circa 1795 whereby it was found that some soils in cliffs appeared to be remains of a former exposed land surface. During the nineteenth century there were many other finds of former"
"the term diversity has also caught the attention of scientists working on soils and other fields within the earth sciences which creates a forum and research projects on geodiversity. Measurements of diversity were introduced to pedology few years ago. The concept of pedodiversity is now widely accepted within the soil science community. Pedodiversity, as well as biodiversity, may be considered as a framework to analyze spatial patterns, being recognized as a novel pedometric tool. Pedodiversity is a measure of soil variation and also a function of soil formation and development or evolution. Pedodiversity is introduced to pedology to analyze soil"
"to deal with a supposed deterministic variation. Simulation models incorporate uncertainty by adopting chaos theory, statistical distribution, or fuzzy logic. Pedometrics addresses pedology from the perspective of emerging scientific fields such as wavelets analysis, fuzzy set theory and data mining in soil data modelling applications. The advance of pedometrics is also linked to improvements in remote and close-range sensing. Pedometrics Pedometrics is the application of mathematical and statistical methods for the study of the distribution and genesis of soils. Pedometrics is a portmanteau of the Greek roots ""pedos"" (soil) and ""metron"" (measurement). Measurement in this case is restricted to mathematical"
"a soil and the burial of a soil. (Retallack 2001) In geochemistry, a knowledge of the structure of former soils is also valuable to understand the composition of paleo continents. Paleopedology Paleopedology (palaeopedology in the United Kingdom) is the discipline that studies soils of past geological eras, from quite recent (Quaternary) to the earliest periods of the Earth's history. Paleopedology can be seen either as a branch of soil science (pedology) or of paleontology, since the methods it uses are in many ways a well-defined combination of the two disciplines. Paleopedology's earliest developments arose from observations in Scotland circa 1795"
"Scatology In medicine and biology, scatology or coprology is the study of feces. Scatological studies allow one to determine a wide range of biological information about a creature, including its diet (and thus where it has been), health and diseases such as tapeworms. The word derives from the Greek ( ) meaning ""dung, feces""; ""coprology"" derives from the Greek of similar meaning. A comprehensive study of scatology was documented by John Gregory Bourke under the title "" Rites of All Nations"" (1891). An abbreviated version of the work (with a foreword by Sigmund Freud), was published as ""The Portable Scatalog"""
"Penology Penology (from ""penal"", Latin ""poena"", ""punishment"" and the Greek suffix ""-logia"", ""study of"") is a sub-component of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences. The Oxford English Dictionary defines penology as ""the study of the punishment of crime and prison management,"" and in this sense it is equivalent with corrections. Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, via the repression or inhibition"
"spatial patterns, soil geography, and test the pedogenetic theories. Thus, pedodiversity is not only concerned with analysis of the pedotaxa number in a given area or region, but it should tackle also with the pedological structures, spatial pedotaxa and soilscapes structure. Pedodiversity Pedodiversity is the variation of soil properties (usually characterised by soil classes) within an area. Pedodiversity studies were first started by analyzing soil series–area relationships (Beckett and Bie, 1978). According to Guo et al. (2003) the term ""pedodiversity"" was developed by McBratney (1992) who discussed landscape preservation strategies based on pedodiversity. Recently, examinations of pedodiversity using indices commonly"
"over Soviet linguistics. Stalin's principal work in the field was a small essay, """"Marxism and Linguistic Questions."""" Pedology was a popular area of research on the basis of numerous orphanages created after the Russian Civil War. Soviet pedology was a combination of pedagogy and psychology of human development, that heavily relied on various tests. It was officially banned in 1936 after a special decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ""On Pedolodical Perversions in the Narkompros System"" on July 4, 1936. In the late 1940s, some areas of physics, especially quantum mechanics but also"
"Calceology Calceology (from Latin ""calcei"" ""shoes"" and , ""-logiā"", ""-logy"") is the study of footwear, especially historical footwear whether as archaeology, shoe fashion history, or otherwise. It is not yet formally recognized as a field of research. Calceology comprises the examination, registration, research and conservation of leather shoe fragments. A wider definition includes the general study of the ancient footwear, its social and cultural history, technical aspects of pre-industrial shoemaking and associated leather trades, as well as reconstruction of archaeological footwear. Among the early studies of footwear from European archaeological excavations, Roman period footwear figures prominently followed by medieval period"
"Petrology Petrology (from the Greek πέτρος, ""pétros"", ""rock"" and λόγος, ""lógos"", ""subject matter"", see -logy) is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form. Petrology has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology. Igneous and metamorphic petrology are commonly taught together because they both contain heavy use of chemistry, chemical methods, and phase diagrams. Sedimentary petrology is, on the other hand, commonly taught together with stratigraphy because it deals with the processes that form sedimentary rock. Lithology was once approximately synonymous with petrography, but in current usage, lithology focuses on macroscopic hand-sample or outcrop-scale"
"Arthropodology Arthropodology (from Greek - ""arthron"", ""joint"", and , ""gen"".: - ""pous"", ""podos"", ""foot"", which together mean ""jointed feet"") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs. This field is very important in medicine, studied together with parasitology. Medical arthropodology is the study of the parasitic effect of arthropods, not only as parasites but also as vectors. The first annual "" Conference on Medical Arthropodology"" was held in Madurai (Tamil Nadu) in 2007. Subfields of arthropodology are"
"Arthropodology Arthropodology (from Greek - ""arthron"", ""joint"", and , ""gen"".: - ""pous"", ""podos"", ""foot"", which together mean ""jointed feet"") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs. This field is very important in medicine, studied together with parasitology. Medical arthropodology is the study of the parasitic effect of arthropods, not only as parasites but also as vectors. The first annual "" Conference on Medical Arthropodology"" was held in Madurai (Tamil Nadu) in 2007. Subfields of arthropodology are"
"other attitude is one of self-disgust and misanthropy. This is found in the works of the Earl of Rochester and Jonathan Swift. Scatology In medicine and biology, scatology or coprology is the study of feces. Scatological studies allow one to determine a wide range of biological information about a creature, including its diet (and thus where it has been), health and diseases such as tapeworms. The word derives from the Greek ( ) meaning ""dung, feces""; ""coprology"" derives from the Greek of similar meaning. A comprehensive study of scatology was documented by John Gregory Bourke under the title "" Rites"
"Forensic podiatry Forensic Podiatry is a subdiscipline of forensic science in which specialized podiatric knowledge including foot and lower limb anatomy, musculoskeletal function, deformities and diseases of the foot, ankle, lower extremities, and at times, the entire human body is used in the examination of foot-related evidence in the context of a criminal investigation. Forensic Podiatry has been defined as: Those who specialize in this field need to have gained knowledge and experience in podiatry and also in forensic science and practice (Vernon et al., 2009). Forensic Podiatry is usually used to assist in the process of human identification, but"
"Soil science Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology (formation, chemistry, morphology, and classification of soil) and edaphology (how soils interact with living things, especially plants), are used as if synonymous with soil science. The diversity of names associated with this discipline is related to the various associations concerned. Indeed, engineers, agronomists, chemists, geologists, physical geographers, ecologists, biologists, microbiologists, silviculturists, sanitarians, archaeologists, and specialists in regional planning, all contribute to further knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences. Soil scientists have raised concerns about how to preserve soil and arable land in"
"Yogendra Yadav; and Curtis Gans, author of ""Voter Turnout in the United States, 1788–2009"". Psephology Psephology (from Greek ""psephos"" ψῆφος, 'pebble', as the Greeks used pebbles as ballots) is a branch of political science which deals with the study and scientific analysis of elections. Psephology uses historical precinct voting data, public opinion polls, campaign finance information and similar statistical data. The term was coined in 1948 in the United Kingdom by W. F. R. Hardie (1902–1990) after he was asked by his friend R. B. McCallum for a word to describe the study of elections; first written use in 1952."
"understand the mechanisms governing human gait and posture. The use of pedobarographs in clinical settings is supported by researchers. According to Bowen, et al., ""Pediobarograph measurements can be used to monitor and quantitatively assess the progressive changes of foot deformity over time. Pedobarograph is a reliable measurement that shows little variability between measurements at the same occasion and between measurements on different days."" International Foot and Ankle Biomechanics Community (i-FAB) Pedobarography Pedobarography is the study of pressure fields acting between the plantar surface of the foot and a supporting surface. Used most often for biomechanical analysis of gait and posture,"
"Psephology Psephology (from Greek ""psephos"" ψῆφος, 'pebble', as the Greeks used pebbles as ballots) is a branch of political science which deals with the study and scientific analysis of elections. Psephology uses historical precinct voting data, public opinion polls, campaign finance information and similar statistical data. The term was coined in 1948 in the United Kingdom by W. F. R. Hardie (1902–1990) after he was asked by his friend R. B. McCallum for a word to describe the study of elections; first written use in 1952. Psephology is a division of political science that deals with the examination as well"
"""soils"" and that the sedimentary paradigm should give way to a pedological paradigm. An advantage of using the pedological approach to study shallow water habitat is that soils are studied as a collection of horizons that are linked vertically with depth and horizontally across the subaqueous landscape. These horizons are studied and characterized by examining a combination of properties and characteristics, instead of, say, a single component or parameter. In this manner, subaqueous soil can be characterized as ecological map units and provide a site-based system to identify the geomorphic settings that represent the subaqueous landscape. The following are some"
"Podiatry Podiatry () or podiatric medicine () is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower extremity. The term ""podiatry"" came into use in the early 20th century in the United States and is now used worldwide, including countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia. Podiatry is practiced as a specialty in many countries, while in many English-speaking countries, the older title of chiropodist may be used by some clinicians (not to be confused with chiropractic, which is unrelated). In Australia, graduates of recognised academic"
"Hippology Hippology (from Greek: ἵππος, ""hippos"", ""horse""; and λόγος, ""logos"", ""study"") is the study of the horse. Today, hippology is the title of an equine veterinary and management knowledge contest that is used in 4-H, Future Farmers of America (FFA), and many horse breed contests. Hippology consists of four phases: horse judging, written examination and slide identification, ID stations and team problem solving. Many youth across the United States and in other countries compete in hippology annually, showing their knowledge of all things ""horse"". Items covered in the contest may cover any equine subject, including reproduction, training, parasites, dressage, history"
"Hedonology Hedonology (Hedonics), is the study of the impact an injury or incident had on a persons lifestyle. The Hedonology Institute was developed by Jeffrey Francis Magrowski, Ph.D., CRC, CRE. A trademark for Hedonology was registered in 1990 and abandoned in 1999 while Magrowski attended college and his studies in Vocational Rehabilitation. The development and use of Hedonics admissibility of scientific evidence for use in the legal system is set by the standard of Hedonic damages to evaluate non-economic damages using the American Juris Jurisprudence method (1988), based on the Frye Standard and supported by the Daubert Test. The determination"
"Speleology Speleology is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term ""speleology"" is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of exploring caves, but this is more properly known as ""caving"" or ""potholing"", or (not usually by participants) by the uncommon American term ""spelunking"". Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for ""in situ"" study are the same. Speleology is a cross-disciplinary field that combines the knowledge of chemistry, biology, geology, physics,"
"by the efforts of Vladimir Bekhterev; in particular, in 1918 he founded the Institute of Pedology as part of psychological institutions united into the Institute for Study of Brain and Psychical Activity. This science was intensively pursued in 1920s-1930s in the Soviet Union. A journal ""Pedologiya"" (""Педология"") was issued. Lev Vygotsky was one of its prominent supporters. While many works of pedologists were of considerable value, the approach was severely criticized for over-enthusiastic but poorly grounded approach of testing for predicting a child's mental development, in addition to estimating its status. It was officially banned in 1936 after a special"
"Rheology Rheology (; from Greek ῥέω ""rhéō"", ""flow"" and -λoγία, -""logia"", ""study of"") is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a liquid state, but also as ""soft solids"" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force. It is a branch of physics which deals with the deformation and flow of materials, both solids and liquids. The term ""rheology"" was coined by Eugene C. Bingham, a professor at Lafayette College, in 1920, from a suggestion by a colleague, Markus Reiner. The term was inspired by"
"is Landscape Beautiful?: The Science of Strollology Strollology Strollology or Promenadology is the ""science of strolling"" () as a method in the field of aesthetics and cultural studies with the aim of becoming aware of the conditions of perception of the environment and enhancement of environmental perception itself. Based on traditional methods in cultural studies as well as experimental practices like taking reflective walks and aesthetically interventions. The term and special field of studies was created in the 1980s by the Swiss sociologist Lucius Burckhardt, who, at that time, was a professor at the University of Kassel, as an alternative"