"pertussis"" bacteria. Until the beginning of the 1990s it was used as a part of the DTwP vaccine for the immunization of children. It, however, contained pertussis endotoxin (surface lipooligosaccharide) and produced side effects. New acellular pertussis vaccines were developed in the 1980s, which included only a few selected pertussis antigens (toxins and adhesins). Acellular vaccines are less likely to provoke side effects. They became a part of DTaP vaccines for children. In 2005, two new vaccine products were licensed for use in adolescents and adults that combine the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids with acellular pertussis vaccine. These (Tdap) vaccines"
"of all ages may be affected. In 2015, pertussis resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990. Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century. The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906. The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s. The classic symptoms of pertussis are a paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and fainting, or vomiting after coughing. The cough from pertussis has been documented to cause subconjunctival hemorrhages, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, hernias, and vertebral artery dissection. Violent coughing can cause the pleura to rupture, leading to a pneumothorax. Vomiting after"
"eight weeks, or sometimes longer. A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage, which usually lasts one to four weeks. This stage is marked by a decrease in paroxysms of coughing, although paroxysms may occur with subsequent respiratory infection for many months after the onset of pertussis. The time between exposure and the development of symptoms is on average 7–14 days (range 6–20 days), rarely as long as 42 days. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium ""Bordetella pertussis"". It is an airborne disease (through droplets) that spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. Uncertainties have"
"singer Philip Selway. Lena Rose Pepperdine died in 1930 of parrot fever. She was the first wife of George Pepperdine, the founder of Pepperdine University. Psittacosis Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium called ""Chlamydophila psittaci"" and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds. The incidence of infection in canaries and finches is believed to be lower than in psittacine birds. In certain contexts, the word is used when the disease is carried by any species of"
"a coughing spell or an inspiratory whooping sound on coughing, almost doubles the likelihood that the illness is pertussis. The absence of a paroxysmal cough or posttussive emesis, though, makes it almost half as likely. The illness usually starts with mild respiratory symptoms include mild coughing, sneezing, or a runny nose. This is known as the catarrhal stage. After one to two weeks, the coughing classically develops into uncontrollable fits, followed by a high-pitched ""whoop"" sound in younger children, or a gasping sound in older children, as the person tries to inhale (paroxysmal stage). This stage usually lasts two to"
"has varied between 2,000 and 10,000 reported cases each year over the last ten years, and it is the most common vaccine-preventable illness in Toronto. In 2009 Australia reported an average of 10,000 cases a year, and the number of cases had increased. In the U.S. pertussis in adults has increased significantly since about 2004. In 2010 ten infants in California died, and health authorities declared an epidemic encompassing 9,120 cases. They found that doctors had failed to correctly diagnose the infants' condition during several visits. Statistical analysis identified significant overlap in communities with a cluster of nonmedical child exemptions"
"old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe. The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days. Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated, but symptoms are typically milder. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium ""Bordetella pertussis"". It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits. Those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days. Diagnosis is by"
"and widespread watery diarrhea and dehydration that, in some cases, leads to death. This family is also known as Ptx and contains the toxin responsible for whooping cough. Pertussis toxin is secreted by the gram-negative bacterium, ""Bordetella pertussis"". Whooping cough is very contagious and cases are slowly increasing in the United States despite vaccination. Symptoms include paroxysmal cough with whooping and even vomiting. The bacterium ""Bordetella pertussis"" was first identified as the cause of whooping cough and isolated by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou in France in 1900. Shiga toxin, also known as Stx, is a toxin that is produced"
"for more severe strains. Despite widespread vaccination, however, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is today ""one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in Western countries"". The 21st-century resurgences in pertussis infections are attributed to a combination of waning immunity and bacterial mutations that elude vaccines. Immunization does not confer lifelong immunity; a 2011 CDC study indicated that protection may only last three to six years. This covers childhood, which is the time of greatest exposure and greatest risk of death from pertussis. An effect of widespread immunization on society has been the shift of reported infections from children"
"Psittacosis Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium called ""Chlamydophila psittaci"" and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds. The incidence of infection in canaries and finches is believed to be lower than in psittacine birds. In certain contexts, the word is used when the disease is carried by any species of birds belonging to the family Psittacidae, whereas ""ornithosis"" is used when other birds carry the disease. In humans, after an incubation period of 5–19 days,"
"per 100,000 people per year. Younger children who develop a peritonsillar abscess are often immunocompromised and in them, the infection can cause airway obstruction. The condition is often referred to as ""quincy"", ""quinsy"", or ""quinsey"", anglicised versions of the French word ""esquinancie"" which was originally rendered as squinsey and subsequently quinsy. Peritonsillar abscess Peritonsillar abscess (PTA), also known as a quinsy, is pus due to an infection behind the tonsil. Symptoms include fever, throat pain, trouble opening the mouth, and a change to the voice. Pain is usually worse on one side. Complications may include blockage of the airway or"
"Whooping cough Whooping cough (also known as pertussis or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease. Initially, symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough. This is followed by weeks of severe coughing fits. Following a fit of coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in. The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase ""100-day cough"". A person may cough so hard that they vomit, break ribs, or become very tired from the effort. Children less than one year"
"by laboratory diagnosis, although whooping cough is known among wild gorillas. Several zoos also have a long-standing custom of vaccinating their primates against whooping cough. After the bacteria are inhaled, they initially adhere to the ciliated epithelium in the nasopharynx. Surface proteins of ""B. pertussis"", including filamentous hemaglutinin and pertactin, mediate attachment to the epithelium. The bacteria then multiply. In infants, who experience more severe disease, the bacteria spread down to the lungs. The bacteria secrete a number of toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin, a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells and thereby inhibits the mucociliary elevator by which mucus and"
"bacterial peritonitis. This refers to changes in the mucosa of the stomach in people with portal hypertension, and is associated with cirrhosis severity. Cirrhosis can cause immune system dysfunction, leading to infection. Signs and symptoms of infection may be nonspecific and are more difficult to recognize (for example, worsening encephalopathy but no fever). Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary liver cancer that is more common in people with cirrhosis. People with known cirrhosis are often screened intermittently for early signs of this tumor, and screening has been shown to improve outcomes. Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease were the tenth leading cause"
"Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella parapertussis is a small Gram-negative bacterium of the genus ""Bordetella"" that is adapted to colonise the mammalian respiratory tract. Pertussis caused by ""B. parapertussis"" manifests with similar symptoms to ""B. pertussis""-derived disease, but in general tends to be less severe. Immunity derived from ""B. pertussis"" does not protect against infection by ""B. parapertussis"", however, because the O-antigen is found only on ""B. parapertussis"". This antigen protects ""B. parapertussis"" against antibodies specific to ""B. pertussis"", so the bacteria are free to colonize the host's lungs without being subject to attack by previous antibodies. These findings suggest ""B. parapertussis"""
"Perkinsus Perkinsus is a genus of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa. The genus was erected in 1978 to better treat its type species, ""Perkinsus marinus"", known formerly as ""Dermocystidium marinum"". These are parasitic protozoans that infect molluscs, at least some of which cause disease and mass mortality. ""P. marinus"" is the most notorious, causing the disease perkinsosis, or dermo, in wild and farmed oysters. As of 2004 there were six valid species in the genus. At least two more have been described since then. Species and common hosts include: ""P. andrewsi"" and ""P. chesapeaki"" might be the same species; because"
"collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat. This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction. Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine. Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age, with four doses to be given in the first two years of life. Protection from pertussis decreases over time, so additional doses of vaccine are often recommended for older children and adults. Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease. In those"
"the North Sea. In 1932 an outbreak of whooping cough hit Atlanta, Georgia, prompting pediatrician Leila Denmark to begin her study of the disease. Over the next six years her work was published in the ""Journal of the American Medical Association"", and in partnership with Emory University and Eli Lilly & Company, she developed the first pertussis vaccine. In 1942 American scientists Grace Eldering, Loney Gordon, and Pearl Kendrick combined the whole-cell pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to generate the first DTP combination vaccine. To minimize the frequent side effects caused by the pertussis component, Japanese scientist Yuji"
"the latter was described first, the name ""P. andrewsi"" will be a synonym. Perkinsus Perkinsus is a genus of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa. The genus was erected in 1978 to better treat its type species, ""Perkinsus marinus"", known formerly as ""Dermocystidium marinum"". These are parasitic protozoans that infect molluscs, at least some of which cause disease and mass mortality. ""P. marinus"" is the most notorious, causing the disease perkinsosis, or dermo, in wild and farmed oysters. As of 2004 there were six valid species in the genus. At least two more have been described since then. Species and common"
"DPT vaccine DPT (also DTP and DTwP) is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis (wP). DTaP and Tdap refer to similar combination vaccines in which the component ""P"" or ""p"" with lower case ""a"" is acellular. Also available are the DT and Td vaccines, which lack the pertussis component. In the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France, the abbreviation DTP refers to a combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis. In"
"Penicilliosis Penicilliosis (also known as penicillosis and talaromycosis) is an infection caused by ""Penicillium marneffei"". It is a dimorphic fungus. Once considered rare, its occurrence has increased due to AIDS. It is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia. Diagnosis is usually made by identification of the fungi from clinical specimens. Biopsies of skin lesions, lymph nodes, and bone marrow demonstrate the presence of organisms on histopathology. The most common symptoms are fever, skin lesions, anemia, generalized lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly. ""Penicillium marneffei"" demonstrates in vitro"
"debris are removed. TCT may contribute to the cough characteristic of pertussis. The cough may also be caused by a yet-to-be identified ""cough toxin"". Pertussis toxin causes lymphocytosis by an unknown mechanism. The elevated number of white blood cells leads to pulmonary hypertension, a major cause of death by pertussis. In infants who develop encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage and cortical atrophy occur, likely due to hypoxia. A physician's overall impression is most effective in initially making the diagnosis. Single factors are much less useful. Methods used in laboratory diagnosis include culturing of nasopharyngeal swabs on a nutrient medium (Bordet-Gengou medium), polymerase"
"the patient's prior history of receiving Tdap. DPT vaccine DPT (also DTP and DTwP) is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis (wP). DTaP and Tdap refer to similar combination vaccines in which the component ""P"" or ""p"" with lower case ""a"" is acellular. Also available are the DT and Td vaccines, which lack the pertussis component. In the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France, the abbreviation DTP refers to a combination"
"Peritonsillar abscess Peritonsillar abscess (PTA), also known as a quinsy, is pus due to an infection behind the tonsil. Symptoms include fever, throat pain, trouble opening the mouth, and a change to the voice. Pain is usually worse on one side. Complications may include blockage of the airway or aspiration pneumonitis. They are typically due to infection by a number of types of bacteria. Often it follows streptococcal pharyngitis. They do not typically occur in those who have had a tonsillectomy. Diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms. Medical imaging may be done to rule out complications. Treatment is by"
"fever, autumn fever, Akiyama disease, and marsh or swamp fever. ""L icterohaemorrhagiae"" was identified as the causative agent in pre-World War II outbreaks in Japan, which were characterized by jaundice and a high mortality rate. In October 2010 British rower Andy Holmes died after contracting Weil's Disease. His death has raised awareness of the disease among the public and medical professionals. Leptospirosis has many different names including: ""7-day fever"", ""harvest fever"", ""field fever"", ""canefield fever"", ""mild fever"", ""rat catcher's yellows"", ""Fort Bragg fever"", and ""pretibial fever"". It has historically been known as ""black jaundice"" and in Japan it is called"
"number of pertussis cases. Some studies have suggested that while acellular pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing the disease, they have a limited impact on infection and transmission, meaning that vaccinated people could spread the pertussis even though they may have only mild symptoms or none at all. The antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin are typically the recommended treatment. Newer macrolides are frequently recommended due to lower rates of side effects. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) may be used in those with allergies to first-line agents or in infants who have a risk of pyloric stenosis from macrolides. A reasonable guideline is to"
"Typhus Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure. The diseases are caused by specific types of bacterial infection. Epidemic typhus is due to ""Rickettsia prowazekii"" spread by body lice, scrub typhus is due to ""Orientia tsutsugamushi"" spread by chiggers, and murine typhus is due to ""Rickettsia typhi"" spread by fleas. There is currently no commercially available vaccine. Prevention is by reducing exposure to the organisms that spread the disease."
"disease in immunocompromised patients has been reported. ""B. bronchiseptica"" causes several diseases in other mammals, including kennel cough and atrophic rhinitis in dogs and pigs, respectively. Other members of the genus cause similar diseases in other mammals, and in birds (""B. hinzii"", ""B. avium""). The genus ""Bordetella"" is named after Jules Bordet. The most thoroughly studied of the ""Bordetella"" species are ""B. bronchiseptica"", ""B. pertussis"" and ""B. parapertussis"", and the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed. Transmission occurs by direct contact, or via respiratory aerosol droplets, or fomites. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells"
"just two booster shots within the first 20 years of life, but no booster after a third decade. Neonatal tetanus is a concern during pregnancy for some women, and mothers are recommended a booster against tetanus during their pregnancy in order to protect their child against the disease. Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a contagious disease that affects the respiratory tract. The infection is caused by a bacterium that sticks to the cilia of the lungs, and can be very contagious. Pertussis can be especially dangerous for babies, whose immune system are not yet fully developed, and can develop"
"Paratuberculosis Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. It is caused by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium avium"" subspecies ""paratuberculosis"". Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one), but have also been seen in a variety of nonruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally. Paratuberculosis is found worldwide, with some states in Australia (where it is usually called bovine Johne's disease or BJD) being the only areas proven to be"
"it to be termed the ""forgotten disease"". The disease is known to affect healthy young adults. The disease is becoming less rare with many cases being reported, however it is still known as ""the forgotten disease"" as many doctors are unaware of its existence, therefore often not even diagnosed which might considerably change the above-mentioned statistics. The mortality rate was 90% prior to antibiotic therapy, but is now generally quoted as 15% once this illness is correctly diagnosed and cured with proper medical treatment, although one series of cases reported mortality as low as 6.4%. Sepsis following from a throat"
"treat people age >1 year within 3 weeks of cough onset and infants age <1 year and pregnant women within 6 weeks of cough onset. If the person is diagnosed late, antibiotics will not alter the course of the illness, and even without antibiotics, they should no longer be spreading pertussis. When used early, antibiotics decrease the duration of infectiousness, and thus prevent spread. Short-term antibiotics (azithromycin for 3–5 days) are as effective as long-term treatment (erythromycin 10–14 days) in eliminating ""B. pertussis"" with fewer and less severe side effects. People with pertussis are infectious from the beginning of the"
"""B. pertussis"" and ""B. parapertussis"" are respiratory pathogens that cause pertussis. ""B. bronchiseptica"" and ""B. avium"" are respiratory pathogens of other animals. ""B. hinzii"" is not pathogenic and colonizes the respiratory tract of birds. ""B. holmesii"" has been isolated from human blood. Members of the ""Alcaligenes"" genus colonize humans, but not the respiratory tract, and soil and water. The ""B. trematum"" genome was sequenced in 2013, and is currently undergoing annotation. The genome is estimated to possess 4,145 coding sequences with the majority of sequences coding for amino acids, amino acid derivatives, and carbohydrate pathways. About 184 genes are predicted"