"involved in the strife. Later, he stated, ""I am not a member of the Kloncilium, nor a knight of the KKK,"" but Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff add that ""that was for public consumption."" The museum at Mount Rushmore displays a letter to Borglum from D. C. Stephenson, the infamous Klan Grand Dragon who was later convicted of the rape and murder of Madge Oberholtzer. The 8x10 foot portrait contains the inscription ""To my good friend Gutzon Borglum, with the greatest respect."" Correspondence from Borglum to Stephenson during the 1920s detailed a deep racist conviction in Nordic moral superiority"
"founded nearby in 1839; its name would be changed to Stone Mountain by the Georgia Legislature in 1947. From about the time of the American Civil War, the mountain was used as a quarry; this would not entirely cease until the 1970s. John Gutzon de la mothe Borglum (usually called Gutzon Borglum) was born in Idaho Territory in 1867, to one of several wives of a Dane who had converted to Mormonism. As a boy, Borglum lived in various places in the Far West. Turning to art as a career, he attended the San Francisco Art Academy, the Académie Julian,"
"Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. His initial idea was to sculpt the Needles; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from American Indian groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes such as Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and Buffalo Bill Cody, but Borglum decided that the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents. Senator Peter Norbeck sponsored the project"
"the dedication ceremony on July 3, 1929. During the sculpture's unveiling, the plane scattered roses across the field as a salute to those North Carolinians who had fought and died at Gettysburg. Borglum died in 1941 due to complications during surgery and is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California in the Memorial Court of Honor. His second wife, Mary Montgomery Williams Borglum (1874–1955) is interred alongside him. Gutzon Borglum John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum (March 25, 1867 – March 6, 1941) was an American artist and sculptor. He is most associated with his creation of the Mount"
"and charts of his life. Sha-có-pay Sha-có-pay, whose name in the Dakota language means ""The Six"", was painted from life by George Catlin. Catlin traveled throughout Western North America and painted Indians at a time when the only contact with Whites was from explorers and traders. The painting shows traditional Plains Ojibwe clothing such as a beaded buckskin shirt, a buffalo-hide robe, eagle feathers, hair pipes, and a beaded necklace that is unique to the tribes of the northernmost plains (Ojibwe and Cree). The portrait was painted by the artist during a trip to Fort Union in 1832. Catlin had"
"western Sioux quickly expanded their territory further to the Rocky Mountains (which they call ""Heska"", ""white mountains""). The Lakota once subsisted on the bison hunt, and on corn. They acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri River. The name Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ is archaic among the people, who prefer to call themselves ""Lakȟóta"". Today, the Lakota are the largest and westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. In the late 19th century, railroads wanted to build tracks through Indian lands. The"
"big game. One day, while accompanied by Ted Brockett of Keystone, South Dakota, Rushmore asked the name of the mountain and was told that it was Slaughterhouse Rock. Rushmore joked that his annual treks to the Hills had earned him the right to have the mountain named after himself. ""So just for the hell of it,"" Urbanek claimed, the locals started calling the hill Mount Rushmore. Whatever the precise story, the United States Board of Geographic Names officially recognized the name ""Mount Rushmore"" in June 1930. Forty years after the initial 1885 naming, Rushmore donated $5000 towards Gutzon Borglum's sculpture"
"Great Sioux Reservation The Great Sioux Reservation was the original area encompassing what are today the various Sioux Indian reservations in South Dakota and Nebraska. The reservation was established in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, and included all of present-day western South Dakota (commonly known as ""West River"" South Dakota) and modern Boyd County, Nebraska. This area was established by the United States as a reservation for the Teton Sioux, also known as the Lakota: the seven western bands of the ""Seven Council Fires"" (the Great Sioux Nation). In addition to the reservation dedicated to the Lakota, the Sioux"
"Sha-có-pay Sha-có-pay, whose name in the Dakota language means ""The Six"", was painted from life by George Catlin. Catlin traveled throughout Western North America and painted Indians at a time when the only contact with Whites was from explorers and traders. The painting shows traditional Plains Ojibwe clothing such as a beaded buckskin shirt, a buffalo-hide robe, eagle feathers, hair pipes, and a beaded necklace that is unique to the tribes of the northernmost plains (Ojibwe and Cree). The portrait was painted by the artist during a trip to Fort Union in 1832. Catlin had this to say about him:"
"31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of ""honeycombing"", a process where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand. In total, about of rock were blasted off the mountainside. The image of"
"Oglala Lakota The Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux (pronounced , meaning ""to scatter one's own"" in Lakota language) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Great Sioux Nation. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States. The Oglala are a federally recognized tribe whose official title is the Oglala Sioux Tribe (previously called the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota). However, many Oglala reject the term ""Sioux"" due to"
"to the east bank of the Missouri River, followed 10 years later by the Oglála and Brulé (Sičháŋǧu). The large and powerful Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa villages had long prevented the Lakota from crossing the Missouri. However, the great smallpox epidemic of 1772–1780 destroyed three-quarters of these tribes. The Lakota crossed the river into the drier, short-grass prairies of the High Plains. These newcomers were the Saône, well-mounted and increasingly confident, who spread out quickly. In 1765, a Saône exploring and raiding party led by Chief Standing Bear discovered the Black Hills (the ""Paha Sapa""), then the territory of the"
"on the west bank of the Missouri River in central South Dakota. Others live on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The different federally recognized tribes are politically independent of each other. The term ""Sičhą́ǧu"" appears on pages 3 to 14 of ""Beginning Lakhota"". ""Ká Lakȟóta kį líla hą́ske. 'That Indian (over yonder) is very tall.'"" ""Hą, hé Sičhą́ǧú. 'Yes, that's a Rosebud Sioux.'"" It appears to be a compound word of the Thítȟųwą Lakȟóta dialect meaning ""burned thigh"". Together with the Oglala Lakota, who are mostly based at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. They are often called ""Southern Lakota"". They were"
"no more tribal village dwellers. During the Great Sioux War of 1876, some Arikara served as scouts for Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign. The three tribes are settled on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota. Arikara Arikara (), also known as Sahnish, Arikaree or Ree, are a tribe of Native Americans in North Dakota. Today, they are enrolled with the Mandan and the Hidatsa as the federally recognized tribe known as the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation. The Arikara's name is believed to mean ""horns,"" in reference to the ancient custom of wearing two upright bones in"
"Black Hills Land Claim The Black Hills Land Claim is an ongoing land dispute between Native Americans from the Sioux Nation and the United States government. The Black Hills, the United States' oldest mountain range, is long and wide stretching across South Dakota and Wyoming. The Black Hills derived its name from the black image that is produced by the ""thick forest of pine and spruce trees"" that covers the hills and was given the name by the Native Americans belonging to the Lakota (Sioux). The Lakota Sioux settled the area in about 1765 after being pushed out of Wisconsin"
"with the United States confirmed the Lakota control over all the high plains from the Black Hills of the Dakotas westward across the Powder River Basin to the crest of the Big Horn Mountains. Thereafter bands of Lakota Sioux led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Gall and others, along with their Northern Cheyenne allies, hunted and raided throughout the length and breadth of eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming, which had been for a time ancestral Crow territory. On 25 June 1876, the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne achieved a major victory over army forces under Colonel George A. Custer at the"
"Cheyenne, Crow, Kiowa and Pawnee. The Lakota (also known as Sioux) arrived from Minnesota in the 18th century and drove out the other tribes, who moved west. They claimed the land, which they called "" (Black Mountains). The mountains commonly became known as the Black Hills. François and Louis de La Vérendrye probably travelled near the Black Hills in 1743. Fur trappers and traders had some dealings with the Native Americans. European Americans increasingly encroached on Lakota territory. After defeating the Lakota Sioux, the United States government made peace under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, establishing the Great Sioux"
"in 1926, Sioux Indian Chief White Bull and General Edward Settle Godfrey buried the hatchet at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Garryowen, Montana. It was near this site that Custer divided his forces and began his attack against the Sioux, Arapahoe and Cheyenne that were camped within the Valley of the Little Bighorn. This practice was most famously used in recent time during the 1990 Oka Crisis in Canada, although the weapons were not buried. Faced by an ultimatum that would have seen battle with the Canadian Forces the next day, the besieged Mohawk warriors piled and burned"
"the wood to a sacred pole at a lake. Some Omahas, but not all, identified it as Lake Andes in South Dakota. This may have been sometime in the last quarter of the 17th century. Probably, the people then moved back to a place near the mouth of the Big Sioux. Living east of the Missouri, they harassed the Arikara Indians residing on the western shores. In time, the Omaha settled in a new village on the Big Sioux and made peace here with the Arikara (and the Cheyenne and the Oto as well). The Arikara women taught the Omaha"
"Dakota, Colonel Sibley, with 2,000 men, pursued the Sioux into Dakota Territory. Sibley's army defeated the Lakota and Dakota in four major battles: the Battle of Big Mound on July 24, 1863; the Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake on July 26, 1863; the Battle of Stony Lake on July 28, 1863; and the Battle of Whitestone Hill on September 3, 1863. The Sioux retreated further, but faced Sully's Northwest Indian Expedition in 1864. General Alfred Sully led a force from near Fort Pierre, South Dakota, and decisively defeated the Sioux at the Battle of Killdeer Mountain on July 28, 1864"
"Big Sioux River The Big Sioux River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 419 miles (674 km) long, in eastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa in the United States. The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on ""Big Sioux River"" as the stream's name in 1931. The river was named after the Lakota people (Sioux Indians). The Big Sioux River rises in Roberts County, South Dakota on a low plateau known as the Coteau des Prairies and flows generally southwardly through Grant, Codington, Hamlin, Brookings, Moody, and Minnehaha counties, past the communities of Watertown, Castlewood, Bruce, Flandreau, Egan,"
"Memorial is a large mountainside sculpture near Mt. Rushmore being built with private funds. The Mammoth Site near Hot Springs is another privately owned attraction in the Black Hills. A working paleontological dig, the site has one of the world's largest concentrations of mammoth remains. Humans have lived in what is today South Dakota for several thousand years. The first inhabitants were Paleoindian hunter-gatherers, and disappeared from the area around 5000 BC. Between 500 AD and 800 AD, a semi-nomadic people known as the Mound Builders lived in central and eastern South Dakota. In the 14th century, the Crow Creek"
"smaller they must seem to One """"Wakantanka"""" who is up higher."" Wild Westing was Chief Red Shirt's main economic support for the next several decades. Chief Red Shirt died in 1925 at the age of 77 and is buried at Pine Ridge, South Dakota. Red Shirt Table is a table mountain in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, and part of the Pine Ridge Native Reservation of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. The table, named after Chief Red Shirt is approximately long, generally extending in a north-south direction, and is located along the western boundary of Badlands National Park's Stronghold Unit. The"
"Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory. The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (""Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake""). The US 7th Cavalry, a force of 700 men, suffered a major defeat while under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (formerly a brevetted major general during the American Civil War). Five of"
"him through below the ribs and scalped him. We tied the scalp to a long pole. The women blackened their faces and we had a big dance over it."" ""I was thirty-two years old when I was made Chief. A Chief has to do many things before he is Chief, so many brave deeds, so many scalps and so many horses."" The Great Sioux War of 1876-1877 was a series of conflicts involving the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes. Following the influx of gold miners to the Black Hills of South Dakota, war broke out when the native followers of"
"Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan. Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States Army in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the Powder River Country in north central Wyoming. The war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent Sioux chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into"
"mitigating any property damage from high water. Big Sioux River The Big Sioux River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 419 miles (674 km) long, in eastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa in the United States. The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on ""Big Sioux River"" as the stream's name in 1931. The river was named after the Lakota people (Sioux Indians). The Big Sioux River rises in Roberts County, South Dakota on a low plateau known as the Coteau des Prairies and flows generally southwardly through Grant, Codington, Hamlin, Brookings, Moody, and Minnehaha counties, past the"
"be given to the resisting northern bands. In October 1876, Army troops surrounded the villages of Red Cloud and Red Leaf. They arrested and briefly confined the leaders, holding them responsible for failing to turn in individuals arriving in camp from hostile bands. The US sent another commission to the agencies. According to historian Colin Calloway, ""Congress passed a law extinguishing all Lakota rights outside the Great Sioux Reservation."" Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie and his Fourth Cavalry were transferred to the Department of the Platte following the defeat at the Little Bighorn. Stationed initially at Camp Robinson, they formed the"
"with a band of Wičhíyena Sioux on the Vermillion River in modern-day South Dakota. On August 25, Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and 10 other men traveled about north of the river's junction with the Missouri River to see the ""mountain of the Little People"". Lewis wrote in his journal that the Little People were ""deavals"" (devils) with very large heads, about high, and very alert to any intrusions into their territory. The Sioux said that the devils carried sharp arrows which could strike at a very long distance, and that they killed anyone who approached their mound. The Little People"
"begun in 1917 by Gutzon Borglum. Borglum was dismissed in 1925, and replaced by Augustus Lukeman. (Borglum went on to design and carve Mount Rushmore.) No work had been done since 1928. Hancock simplified Lukeman's model, eliminating the horses' lower bodies and legs, and made design adjustments as problems arose with the carving or stone. He modeled towers to flank the carving, but they were never executed due to lack of money. Roy Faulkner completed the carving of the memorial in 1972. For Trinity Episcopal Church, Topsfield, Massachusetts, Hancock created an immersive sculpture group, ""The Garden of Gethsemane"" (1965–66). On"
"Bear Butte Bear Butte is a geological laccolith feature located near Sturgis, South Dakota, United States, that was established as a State Park in 1961. An important landmark and religious site for the Plains Indians tribes long before Europeans reached South Dakota, Bear Butte is called Mathó Pahá, or Bear Mountain, by the Lakota, or Sioux. To the Cheyenne, it is known as Noahȧ-vose (""giving hill"") or Náhkȯhe-vose (""bear hill""), and is the place where Ma'heo'o (God) imparted to Sweet Medicine, a Cheyenne prophet, the knowledge from which the Cheyenne derive their religious, political, social, and economic customs. The mountain"
"suddenly inspired to sculpt the Needles, several pillars made of granite, into likenesses of famous people. He hoped that such a sculpture would attract greater tourism to South Dakota. After failing to contact Lorado Taft, who was ill, Robinson gained the support of Gutzon Borglum. He was also backed by Senator Peter Norbeck. Robinson began efforts to raise funds for the project and to receive permission to carve the Needles. The funds were denied, and many groups including Native Americans disliked the idea. Environmentalist Cora Johnson of the ""Hot Springs Star"" felt that such a carving would destroy the landscape."
"large can of oil-based red paint and drives to Mount Rushmore. He climbs to the top, and standing on the head of George Washington, he ponders whether his plan is stupid, he once again sees Iktomi crawling across the paint can. Seeing this, he makes his tribute to Mogie by throwing the can of paint so that it drips down the side of George Washington's nose, almost like a rivulet of bloody tears. On the drive back, he sees a hitchhiker that looks like Mogie in his youth and laughs. The Lakota originated from the Great Lakes region where they"