"Joseph Fischer (cartographer) Joseph Fischer, S.J. (; 19 March 1858 – 26 October 1944) was a German clergyman and cartographer. Fischer had an eminently successful career as a cartographer, publishing old maps. In 1901, while he was investigating the Vikings' discovery of America, he accidentally discovered the long-lost map of Martin Waldseemüller, dated 1507. This map, which claims to update Ptolemy with the voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, is the first known to display the word ""America"". The map was purchased from its owner by the United States Library of Congress in 2001 for ten million dollars. Fischer was born in"
"Cartography Cartography (; from Greek χάρτης ""chartēs"", ""papyrus, sheet of paper, map""; and γράφειν ""graphein"", ""write"") is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. The fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to: Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems. What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term ""map"" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A"
"is called a cartographer. Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey: a civilian government agency, internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work. In addition to location"
"of throwing out the building information, or trying to render it all at once, we could generalize the data into some sort of outline of the urbanized area of the region. The cartographer has license to adjust the content within their maps to create a suitable and useful map that conveys spatial information, while striking the right balance between the map's purpose and the precise detail of the subject being mapped. Well generalized maps are those that emphasize the most important map elements while still representing the world in the most faithful and recognizable way. There are many cartographic techniques"
"cartogram, but it uses rectangles instead of circles, and attempts to retain visual cues at the expense of minimum distance. Schematic maps based on quad trees can be seen as non shape-preserving cartograms with some degree of neighborhood preservation. A collection of contiguous area cartograms is available at Worldmapper, which was started by a collaborative team of researchers at the Universities of Sheffield and Michigan. One of the first cartographers to generate cartograms with the aid of computer visualization was Waldo Tobler of UC Santa Barbara in the 1960s. Prior to Tobler's work, cartograms were created by hand (as they"
"from the driver cards - can be imported into tachograph analysis/archival software. Drivers and their employers are legally required to accurately record their activities, retain the records (files from internal memory and from driver cards must both be retained) and produce them on demand to transport authorities who are in charge of enforcing regulations governing drivers' working hours. They are also used in the maritime world, for example through the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine. The tachograph was originally introduced for the railroads so that companies could better document irregularities. The inventor was Max Maria von Weber, a"
"Cartographic propaganda Cartographic propaganda is a map created with the goal of achieving a result similar to traditional propaganda. The map can be outright falsified, or created using subjectivity with the goal of persuasion. The idea that maps are subjective is not new; cartographers refer to maps as a human-subjective product and some view cartography as an ""industry, which packages and markets spatial knowledge"" or as a communicative device distorted by human subjectivity. However, cartographic propaganda is widely successful because maps are often presented as a miniature model of reality, and it is a rare occurrence that a map is"
"maps are a key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS). In their study, geographers use four interrelated approaches: Cartography studies the representation of the Earth's surface with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science. Cartographers must learn cognitive psychology and ergonomics to understand which symbols convey information about the Earth most effectively, and"
"people had died. The map also communicated the message of Russian unity; the nation's provinces were shown linked together by a new rail network and contributing to the nation's well-being. Cartographic propaganda Cartographic propaganda is a map created with the goal of achieving a result similar to traditional propaganda. The map can be outright falsified, or created using subjectivity with the goal of persuasion. The idea that maps are subjective is not new; cartographers refer to maps as a human-subjective product and some view cartography as an ""industry, which packages and markets spatial knowledge"" or as a communicative device distorted"
"freelance cartographer. Over the years, the work itself as well as individual maps were of influence on other publishers, as they were frequently copied and re-issued. In the years that followed he brought out several volumes including ""Fifty-six new and accurate maps of Great Britain"", a book of maps of the British Isles. Then came ""The Compleat Geographer"" which was an update to ""A System of Geography"". He issued forty-two monochrome maps designed without the usual text, as by not using his usual colors he could produce them at significantly less expense than comparable works, and went through many new"
"himself. The combination of devising cartographical images by combining different sources for this purpose, or alternatively by mentioning his source by name, to write texts which would be printed on the back side of the map, to have these printed and to be his own publisher and bookseller, was unique at this time and brought him wealth. Ortelius was a close friend of the also Flemish cartographer Gerard Mercator who was half a generation older. Ortelius greatly admired Mercator for his qualities as a mathematician, designer of a new projection method to represent a globe on a flat surface, and"
"Mario Cartaro Mario Cartaro (ca. 1540-1620) was an engraver, draftsman, and print merchant. Cartaro was sometimes believed to be of northern European origin, since he used the signature ""Kartarius"" as well as ""Cartarius"". However, his 1579 ""Map of Rome"" is signed ""Marius Kartarius Viterbensis,"" indicating that he came from Viterbo. Active in Rome since 1560, he became famous as an engraver of works by various artists, views of the city, and - principally - maps. In addition to the ""Map of Rome"", one of his more noteworthy accomplishments is the rare ""Description of the territory of Perugia"" drawn by Egnazio"
"Scribing (cartography) Scribing was used to produce lines for cartographic map compilations before the use of computer based geographic information systems. Lines produced by manual scribing are sharp, clear and even. An impression of the corrected compilation sheet is photographed onto scribe sheet material or drawn using pencil. While working over a light table, lines on the scribe sheet are traced with a metal or sapphire-tipped scribe tool to remove thin lines of translucent coating to produce a handmade negative image. This compares with drafting where an ink image is made on tracing paper by depositing ink using a pen"
"Caledonia) is an example of a fictitious location that stubbornly survives, reappearing on new maps copied from older maps while being deleted from other new editions. Cartography Cartography (; from Greek χάρτης ""chartēs"", ""papyrus, sheet of paper, map""; and γράφειν ""graphein"", ""write"") is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. The fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to: Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems. What is the earliest known map is a"
"John Cary John Cary (c. 1754 – 1835) was an English cartographer. Cary served his apprenticeship as an engraver in London, before setting up his own business in the Strand in 1783. He soon gained a reputation for his maps and globes, his atlas, ""The New and Correct English Atlas"" published in 1787, becoming a standard reference work in England. In 1794 Cary was commissioned by the Postmaster General to survey England's roads. This resulted in ""Cary's New Itinerary"" (1798), a map of all the major roads in England and Wales. He also produced Ordnance Survey maps prior to 1805."
"Cartogram A cartogram is a map in which some thematic mapping variable – such as travel time, population, or GNP – is substituted for land area or distance. The geometry or space of the map is distorted, sometimes extremely, in order to convey the information of this alternate variable. They are primarily used to display emphasis and for analysis as nomographs. Two common types of cartograms are area and distance cartograms. Cartograms have a fairly long history, with examples from the mid-1800s. An area cartogram is sometimes referred to as a ""value-by-area map"" or an ""isodemographic map"", the latter particularly"
"rules, compasses and dividers – were essential to the practice of cartography. Many of the cartographers who worked in Paris never set foot outside the city; they did not gather firsthand knowledge for their maps. They were known as the ""geographes de cabinet"". An example of a cartographer who relied on other sources was Jean-Baptiste Bourgignon d’Anville, who compiled his information from ancient and modern sources, verbal and pictorial, published and even unpublished sources. Delisle’s 1718 ""Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississippi"" is an example of French cartography at its height. It was widely circulated in Europe"
"later, required specific artistic skills; a significant number of both little-known and the most outstanding artists were involved in decorating maps; maps and art works were often performed by the same artists, engravers and publishers who worked for both areas; artists, engravers and mapmakers belonged to the same group of society that determined the development of culture in many areas. As James A. Welu (1987) notes, ""For roughly a century, from 1570 to 1670, mapmakers working in the Low Countries brought about unprecedented advances in the art of cartography. The maps, charts, and globes issued during this period, at first"
"Alonzo de Santa Cruz Alonzo de Santa Cruz (or Alonso, Alfonso) (1505 – 1567) was a Spanish cartographer, mapmaker, instrument maker, historian and teacher. He was born about 1505, and died in November 1567. His maps were inventoried in 1572. Alonzo de Santa Cruz was a renowned cartographer on the Consejo de Indias (Council of the Indies) and a cosmographer at the ""Casa de Contratación"" (House of Trade). There, he worked on the Padrón Real, a Spanish map documenting the discoveries in the New World. Alonzo de Santa Cruz, described cosmography as a way of making a painting of the"
"interests in theology, philosophy, history, mathematics and geomagnetism as well as being an accomplished engraver, calligrapher and maker of globes and scientific instruments. Unlike other great scholars of the age he travelled little and his knowledge of geography came from his library of over one thousand books and maps, from his visitors and from his vast correspondence (in six languages) with other scholars, statesmen, travellers, merchants and seamen. Mercator's early maps were in large formats suitable for wall mounting but in the second half of his life he produced over 100 new regional maps in a smaller format suitable for"
"Locator map A locator map, sometimes referred to simply as a ""locator"", is typically a simple map used in cartography to show the location of a particular geographic area within its larger and presumably more familiar context. Depending on the needs of the cartographer, this type of map can be used on its own or as an inset or addition to a larger map. Arthur Robinson, an American cartographer influential in thematic cartography, stated that a map not properly designed ""will be a cartographic failure."" Any map that does not take its audience into account by assuming too much reader"
"Cartouche (cartography) A cartouche in cartography is a decorative emblem on a globe or map. Map cartouches may contain the title, the printer's address, date of publication, the scale of the map and legends, and sometimes a dedication. The design of cartouches varies according to cartographer and period style. On 15th-century maps they are modelled after Italian precedent (simple strapwork), by the 16th century architectural and figurative elements (like coats of arms) are added. The cartographic cartouche had its heyday in the Baroque period. Toward the end of the 18th century ornamental effects in cartography became less popular, their style"
"of good judgment and cartographic conventions are important to gain the best placement. Cartographic labeling Cartographic labeling is a form of typography and strongly deals with form, style, weight and size of type on a map. Essentially, labeling denotes the correct way to label features (points, arcs, or polygons). In type, form describes anything from lengths between letters to the case and color of the font. Form works well for both nominal (qualitative) and ordered (quantitative) data. Italics describe the sloping of letters setting it apart from non-italicized words (or vice versa). Using italics on a map also slightly decreases"
"which take up space on the map and might displace some other item of information. The cartographer is thus constantly making judgements about what to include, what to leave out and what to show in a ""slightly"" incorrect place. This issue assumes more importance as the scale of the map gets smaller (i.e. the map shows a larger area) because the information shown on the map takes up more space ""on the ground"". A good example from the late 1980s was the Ordnance Survey's first digital maps, where the ""absolute"" positions of major roads were sometimes a scale distance of"
"Society of Cartographers The Society of Cartographers (SoC) is an association of cartographers based in the United Kingdom. The Society was founded in 1964 at the University of Glasgow and was originally named the Society of University Cartographers. In 1989 the Society adopted a new title and constitution opening up membership to anyone who regularly makes maps. The Society of Cartographers purported aim is to support and encourage all those actively involved in the production of maps – whatever the method and format of map production. It seeks to do this by providing information and opportunities to contact, meet and"
"north, Carton House to the west, Blessington to the south west and Enniskerry to the south. He married twice. His widow continued the business after his death. John Rocque John Rocque (originally Jean; c. 1709–1762) was a surveyor and cartographer. Rocque was born no later than 1709, since that was the year he moved to England with his parents, who were French Huguenot émigrés. He became a godfather in 1728, which suggests he was at least twenty-one years old by that time. In addition to his work as surveyor and mapmaker, Rocque was an engraver and map-seller. He was also"
"arrested after a library staff member found his X-Acto knife on the floor. Gerard de Jode Gerard de Jode (1509–1591) was a Netherlandish cartographer, engraver and publisher who lived and worked in Antwerp during the 16th century. He was born in Nijmegen and died in Antwerp. In 1547 he was admitted to the Guild of St. Luke, and began his work as a publisher/printseller. He often printed the works of other cartographers including Gastaldi's map of the world in 1555, Jacob van Deventer's map of Brabant in 1558, Ortelius' eight sheet map of the world in 1564, and maps by"
"the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1447, it became feasible to print books and maps for a larger customer basis. Because they had to be handwritten, books were previously rare and very expensive. Schedel was also a notable collector of books, art and old master prints. An album he had bound in 1504, which once contained five engravings by Jacopo de' Barbari, provides important evidence for dating de' Barbari's work. Hartmann Schedel Hartmann Schedel (13 February 1440 – 28 November 1514) was a German physician, humanist, historian, and one of the first cartographers to use the printing press. He"
"Astrocartography Astrocartography (called ""astrogeography"" in Europe in earlier years) is one of several methods of locational astrology, which purports to identify varying life conditions through differences in location. Developed and popularized by American astrologer Jim Lewis (1941-1995), astrocartography is a locational astrology system that focuses on elements of the natal chart, by identifying these factors on a world ""Astro*Carto*Graphy Map."" Lewis' Astro*Carto*Graphy maps show all locations on the earth where planets were ""angular"" (rising, setting, on the zenith or nadir) at the moment of an event like a person's birth. An ""angular"" planet is one that is conjunct one of"
"Rudolf Leuzinger Rudolf Leuzinger (Netstal, December 17, 1826 - Mollis, January 11, 1896) was a Swiss cartographer. He is known as one of the most prolific cartographers in Switzerland and one of the best interpreters of mountain landscapes and geologic forms. Leuzinger was also the first to produce terrain maps in color lithography. His more than 300 maps are a rare combination of accuracy, scientific thoroughness and artistry and earned him several national and international honors. Rudolf Leuzinger was the son of master carpenter Jacob Leuzinger and Barbara Weber. As a young orphan, he grew up in the ‘Linthkolonie’, an"
"Philip used cartographers such as John Bartholomew the elder, August Petermann, and William Hughes to produce maps on copper plates. Philip then had these printed and hand-coloured by his women tinters. By the time he produced his county maps of 1862 he was using machine coloured maps produced on power-driven lithographic presses. 'His maps ranged from the expensive Imperial Library Atlas (1864) to an atlas costing as little as 3d. and, although the bulk of his production was for the commercial, and particularly the educational market, he also produced important scientific maps, notably of North America, especially the Arctic and"
"developed to simple oval or rectangular fields with inscriptions. Cartouche (cartography) A cartouche in cartography is a decorative emblem on a globe or map. Map cartouches may contain the title, the printer's address, date of publication, the scale of the map and legends, and sometimes a dedication. The design of cartouches varies according to cartographer and period style. On 15th-century maps they are modelled after Italian precedent (simple strapwork), by the 16th century architectural and figurative elements (like coats of arms) are added. The cartographic cartouche had its heyday in the Baroque period. Toward the end of the 18th century"
"entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room ""outside"" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise ""blank"" region ""inside"" the mapcartouche, map legend, title, compass rose, bar scale, etc. In particular, some maps contain smaller ""sub-maps"" in otherwise blank regions—often one at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and where the whole map fits on that globe, and a few showing ""regions of interest"" at a larger scale in order to show details that wouldn't otherwise fit. Occasionally sub-maps use the same scale as the"