"entered the Marxist vocabulary as referring to revolutionaries who destroy the revolution from the inside and turn against its true aims. For example, Leon Trotsky and his followers used this term about Joseph Stalin. Émile Zola's novel ""Germinal"" takes its name from the calendar's month of Germinal. The seafood dish lobster thermidor was probably named after the 1891 play ""Thermidor"", set during the Revolution. The French frigates of the ""Floréal"" class all bear names of Republican months. The Convention of 9 Brumaire An III, 30 October 1794, established the École Normale Supérieure. The date appears prominently on the entrance to"
"Coquelin. The play is named for the eleventh month of the French Republican Calendar. The dish lobster thermidor is named in honour of the play. Act I It is the era of the French Revolution, just before the fall of Robespierre. It is five in the morning, the month July (Thermidor), and on the banks of the River Seine in Paris, between the Isle Louvier and the Arsenal, the washerwomen come to rinse and beetle soiled linen. Citizen Labussière, a former actor who has been appointed Registering Clerk to the Committee of Public Safety, comes to the banks of the"
"5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal or an agricultural tool, respectively. Thermidor Thermidor () was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ""thermal"" which comes from the Greek word ""thermos"" which means ""heat"". Thermidor was the second month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). It started July 19 or 20. It ended August 17 or 18. It follows the Messidor and precedes the Fructidor. During Year 2, it was sometimes called Fervidor. Because of the Thermidorian reaction—9 Thermidor Year II—the"
"of his broken chains. Formerly, the figure also appeared on French ten-franc coins. Gustave Flaubert, in ""Sentimental Education"", compares the statue to a large golden star shining in the east. July Column The July Column (French: ""Colonne de Juillet"") is a monumental column in Paris commemorating the Revolution of 1830. It stands in the center of the Place de la Bastille and celebrates the ""Trois Glorieuses"" — the ""three glorious"" days of 27–29 July 1830 that saw the fall of King Charles X of France and the commencement of the ""July Monarchy"" of Louis-Philippe, King of the French. It was"
"a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Messidor Messidor () was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""messis"", which means ""harvest"". Messidor was the first month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). It started on 19 or 20 June. It ended on 18 or 19 July. It follows the Prairial and precedes the Thermidor. Like all FRC months Messidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day"
"called decades (""décades"") which each lasted ten days. Within every decade, each day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the fifth - the ""Quintidi"" - which had the name of an animal, and the tenth - the ""Decadi"" - which had the name of an agricultural tool. Fructidor Fructidor () is the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""fructus"", which means ""fruit"". Fructidor is the third month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). By the Gregorian calendar, Fructidor starts on either August 18 or August 19 and ends exactly"
"Messidor Messidor () was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""messis"", which means ""harvest"". Messidor was the first month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). It started on 19 or 20 June. It ended on 18 or 19 July. It follows the Prairial and precedes the Thermidor. Like all FRC months Messidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of"
"is also the time in which the elections take place for the Japanese House of Councillors, held every three years and replacing half of its seats. In Ancient Rome, the festival of Poplifugia was celebrated on 5 July, and Ludi Apollinares was held on 13 July and for several days afterwards. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. ""This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance."" July July is the seventh month of the year (between June and August) in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and the fourth of seven months to"
"being inserted around midsummer. Charlemagne (r. 768–814) recorded agricultural Old High German names for the Julian months. These remained in use, with regional variants and innovations, until the end of the medieval period in German-speaking Europe and they persisted in popular or dialectal use into the 19th century. They probably also influenced Fabre d'Eglantine when he named the months of the French Republican Calendar. The only agreement between the Old English and the Old High German (Carolingian) month names is the naming of May as ""Easter month"". Both traditions have a ""holy month"", the name of September in the Old"
"name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Other exceptions are the 8th day (Honey) and the 11th day (Wax). The original proposal of Fabre d'Églantine was Epicéa (Spruce) for the 8th and Thuya (White Cedar) for the 11th, but the National Convention shifted Honey and Wax from Nivôse to Frimaire thus foiling the original intention. Frimaire Frimaire () was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ""frimas"", which means ""frost"". Frimaire was the third month of the autumn quarter (""mois d'automne""). It started between 21 November and"
"rule as a constitutional monarch. This period became known as the July Monarchy. Supporters of the exiled senior line of the Bourbon dynasty became known as Legitimists. The July Column, located on Place de la Bastille, commemorates the events of the Three Glorious Days. This renewed French Revolution sparked an August uprising in Brussels and the Southern Provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, leading to separation and the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium. The example of the July Revolution also inspired unsuccessful revolutions in Italy and the November Uprising in Poland . Two years later, Parisian students,"
"Fructidor Fructidor () is the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""fructus"", which means ""fruit"". Fructidor is the third month of the summer quarter (""mois d'été""). By the Gregorian calendar, Fructidor starts on either August 18 or August 19 and ends exactly thirty days later, on September 16 or September 17. Fructidor follows the month of Thermidor and precedes the Sansculottides. The month is often used as a shorthand term for the Coup of 18 Fructidor. Like all French Republican months, Fructidor lasted thirty days and was divided into three weeks"
"Janus and Mars; July and August honor the dictator Julius Caesar and his successor, the emperor Augustus; and the months Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December are archaic adjectives formed from the ordinal numbers from 5 to 10, their position in the calendar when it began around the spring equinox in March. Others are uncertain. February may derive from the Februa festival or its eponymous ' (""purifications, expiatory offerings""), whose name may be either Sabine or preserve an archaic word for sulphuric. April may relate to the Etruscan goddess Apru or the verb ' (""to open""). May and June"
"France and other areas under French rule, including Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Malta, and Italy. Sylvain Maréchal, prominent anticlerical atheist, published the first edition of his ""Almanach des Honnêtes-gens"" (Almanac of Honest People) in 1788. On pages 14–15 appears a calendar, consisting of twelve months. The first month is ""Mars, ou Princeps"" (March, or First), the last month is ""Février, ou Duodécembre"" (February, or Twelfth). (The months of September [meaning ""the seventh""] through December [meaning ""the tenth""] are already numeric names, although their meanings do not match their positions in either the Julian or the"
"It has similarities to the French dish ""potage aux herbes"" (""soup with greens""), as well as to the African callaloo. The meatless dish also bears striking resemblance to a dish often eaten in Germany on Maundy Thursday. German Catholics, obeying the Lenten rules, often served a stew made of seven different greens on this date. Gumbo is often used as a metaphor for the mix of cultures that exist in southern Louisiana. The dish combines the culinary practices of French, Spanish, indigenous tribes, and Africans, as well as Italians, and Germans. In the 18th and 19th centuries, people from these"
"film ""Celine and Julie Go Boating"" refers to the calendar and its hours of the day. Alain Tanner's 1979 film ""Messidor"" presents a haphazard summer road trip of two young women in Switzerland. French Republican calendar The French Republican calendar (), also commonly called the French Revolutionary calendar (""calendrier révolutionnaire français""), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by the Paris Commune in 1871. The revolutionary system was designed in part to remove all religious and royalist influences"
"Beñesmer or Beñesmen, which was also the harvest festival held this month. ""This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance."" August August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was originally named ""Sextilis"" in Latin because it was the sixth month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, and March was the first month of the year. About 700 BC, it became the eighth month when January and February were added to"
"to Béarnaise sauce to produce Choron sauce which is served with lobster dishes buttered. Concasse Concasse, from the French ""concasser"", ""to crush or grind"", is a cooking term meaning to rough chop any ingredient, usually vegetables. This term is particularly applied to tomatoes, where tomato concasse is a tomato that has been peeled, seeded (seeds and skins removed), and chopped to specified dimensions. Specified dimensions can be rough chop, small dice, medium dice, or large dice. The most popular use for tomato concasse is in an Italian bruschetta, typically small dice concasse mixed with olive oil and fresh basil, and"
"July Revolution The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (""révolution de Juillet""), Second French Revolution or in French (""Three Glorious [Days]""), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848. It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, under the restored House of Bourbon, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the"
"month the legions, from the Janiculum, placed themselves under his auspices, and in the same month Egypt was brought under the authority of the Roman people, and in the same month an end was put to the civil wars; and whereas for these reasons the said month is, and has been, most fortunate to this empire, it is hereby decreed by the senate that the said month shall be called Augustus. The Calendar of Filocalus illustrated the month of August with a seasonal representation of summer's heat. A peacock fan overhangs a nude male who drinks from a large bowl,"
"July July is the seventh month of the year (between June and August) in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar, it being the month of his birth. Prior to that, it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the 10-month calendar. It is on average the warmest month in most of the Northern hemisphere, where it is the second month of summer, and the coldest month in much of the Southern hemisphere, where"
"August or September, when the crops are planted. The concept of dividing the month into four 7-day weeks (, from Afrikaans ""week"") is a recent European innovation. The week begins on Monday. Sotho calendar The Sesotho language has traditional names for the months of the familiar Gregorian calendar. The names reflect a deep connection that the Basotho people traditionally have with the natural world and the importance of agriculture. Although the month names are often not used by the general public (being considered part of ""deep Sesotho""), they are regularly used in news broadcasts and other media and are more"
"weeks, called ""décades"" (decades). In accordance with the suggestion of Fabre d'Églantine, each of the days of the republican year was consecrated to some useful object. Thus every day in Vendémiaire had the name of an agricultural or ornamental plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Vendémiaire Vendémiaire () was the first month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Occitan word ""vendemiaire"" (grape harvester). Vendémiaire was the first month of the autumn quarter (""mois d'automne""). It"
"Gregorian months, it counted the years from the death of the prophet Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Afghanistan and Persia. The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). The original French names are therefore listed below. As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There"
"the bird is called ""sot-l'y-laisse"" which translates, roughly, to ""the fool leaves it there"", as unskilled carvers sometimes accidentally leave it on the skeleton. In the film ""Red Dragon"", a reference to oysters is what indirectly leads FBI profiler Will Graham to capture serial-killer Hannibal Lecter. In the French film ""Amélie"" reference is also made to a character who buys a chicken once a week and eats the oysters first. In the U.S. version of the show MasterChef, in Season 5 Episode 13, chicken oysters were used to make a dish served by contestants Elizabeth and Leslie, and they appeared"
"Crab boil Crab boil usually refers to a spice mixture that is used to flavor the water in which crabs or other shellfish are boiled. But Crab boil can also refer to a social event in which boiled crabs are featured (see seafood boil). Crab boils are known in the Ville Platte areas of Louisiana as ""dome lobster boils,"" stemming from the local term ""dome lobster"" based on the shape and composition of crabs and their likeness to a domed lobster. The largest of these gatherings is the ""Crayon d'Orange"" festival (French for 'Orange Pencil') in Evangeline Parish. Boiled seafood"
"Brumaire Brumaire () was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word for fog, ""brume"", fog occurring frequently in France at that time of the year. Brumaire was the second month of the autumn quarter (""mois d'automne""). It started between 22 October and 24 October. It ended between 20 November and 22 November. It follows the Vendémiaire and precedes the Frimaire. In political/historical usage, Brumaire can refer to the coup of 18 Brumaire in the year VIII (9 November 1799), by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to"
"June by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tad-dris, tal-ħġejjeġ, tal-Imnarja, u tal-Qalb ta' Ġesù' ('the month of reaping, bonfires, Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and Sacred Heart'). July by the Maltese is known as 'tal-Karmnu' ('Our Lady of Mount Carmel'). August by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tal-frott, ta' Santa Marija u ta' San Lawrenz' ('the month of fruit, Saint Mary and Saint Lawrence'). September by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tal-Vitorja, tal-Bambina, u tal-Grazzja' ('the month of Victory, the Nativity of Our Lady, and Our Lady of Graces'). October by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar"
"Germinal (French Republican Calendar) Germinal () was the seventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ""germen"", ""germination"". Germinal was the first month of the spring quarter (""mois de printemps""). It started March 21 or March 22, and ended April 19 or April 20. It follows Ventôse and precedes Floréal. In the context of the French Revolution, ""Germinal"" sometimes refers to the downfall and execution of the Indulgents, Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins, which took place during Germinal of 1794, four months before the Thermidorian Reaction in which Robespierre himself was executed. The"
"replace it with the Consulate, as referenced by Karl Marx in his pamphlet, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, in which Marx parallels Napoleon's original coup with the later 1851 Coup of his nephew, Louis-Napoleon. Like all FRC months Brumaire lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called ""décades"" (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi). Brumaire Brumaire () was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The"
"This arrangement was an almost exact copy of the calendar used by the Ancient Egyptians, though in their case the beginning of the year was marked by summer solstice rather than autumn equinox. A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be called a ""Franciade"". The name ""Olympique"" was originally proposed but changed to Franciade to commemorate the fact that it had taken the revolution four years to establish a republican government in France. The leap year was called ""Sextile"", an allusion to the ""bissextile"" leap years of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, because it contained"
"contains menus for breakfast, luncheon, and dinner for every day of the year. The dinner menus begin with the ""side courses"", as he calls them: oysters or clams, soup, and hors d'œuvre; followed by the three ""main courses"": several relevés and entrées, and one roti (roast); and finally a few other ""side courses"": sweet entremets, ices, and coffee. Hors-d'œuvre are usually little cold items (such as olives, celery, radishes, charcuterie, caviar), but they might also include hot made dishes (such as timbales, croustades, croquettes). In the French style of ""service à la russe"", used by Filippini for many of his"
"is considered a French dish; however, using eggs and cream in pastry was practiced in English cuisine at least as early as the 14th century and Italian cuisine at least as early as the 13th century. Recipes for eggs and cream baked in pastry containing meat, fish and fruit are referred to ""Crustardes of flesh"" and ""Crustade"" in the 14th-century ""The Forme of Cury"" and in 15th-century cookbooks, such as the Italian """". Quiche has a pastry crust and a filling of eggs and milk or cream. It can be made with vegetables, meat and seafood. Quiche lorraine (named after"