"to design the Impossible Project mass market instant camera. Polaroid Corporation Polaroid is an American company that is a brand licensor and marketer of its portfolio of consumer electronics to companies that distribute consumer electronics and eyewear. It is best known for its Polaroid instant film and cameras. In 2017, its parent company was acquired by Polish investor Oskar Smołokowski. The company was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land, to exploit the use of its Polaroid polarizing polymer. Land ran the company until 1981. Its peak employment was 21,000 in 1978, and its peak revenue was $3 billion in"
"International Center of Photography in New York City on 18 December 2009, a collection of 15 film and 3 camera packages for the Paul Giambarba Edition of Polaroid cameras and film commissioned by Dr. Florian Kaps, founder and director of The Impossible Project of Vienna, Austria. Paul Giambarba Paul Giambarba (born October 15, 1928) is an American graphic designer, cartoonist, writer and illustrator. He initiated Polaroid's corporate image development and product identity in 1958. Giambarba designed and produced hundreds of Polaroid packages and collateral material including consumer literature and ""How to Make Better Polaroid Instant Pictures,"" a trade book for"
"led Polaroid to the forefront of the affirmative action movement. He had an artistic vision. In his laboratory he built giant studio cameras the size of bedroom closets that produced large format (20 x 24 inch) prints. He gave photographers free access to these cameras in return for some of the prints they produced. This practice was continued by the company; the result was the Polaroid Collection. Compiled since the 1970s, the collection grew to between 16,000 and 24,000 photos shot by some of the world's greatest artists and photographers, including Ansel Adams, Chuck Close, Robert Frank and Andy Warhol."
"the Model 20 Swinger, introduced in 1965, warned that, if not followed, ""you’re headed for plenty of picture taking trouble"". Pictures from the SX-70, by contrast, ejected automatically and developed quickly without chemical residue. Polaroid founder Edwin H. Land announced the SX-70 at a company annual meeting in April 1972. On stage, he took out a folded SX-70 from his suit coat pocket and in ten seconds took five pictures, both actions impossible with previous Land Cameras. The company first sold the SX-70 in Miami, Florida in late 1972, and began selling it nationally in fall 1973. Although the high"
"in a single compartment, was invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock. During 1977, was the height of the Instant Camera popularity but around 1979, Started the decline of Polaroid cameras. There were newer, smaller, and less expensive cameras and recording devices being introduced which was the start of the digital photography age being born In February 2008, Polaroid filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for the second time and announced it would discontinue production of its instant films and cameras, shut down three manufacturing facilities, and lay off 450 workers. Sales of the analog film by all makers dropped by"
"of all LCDs, and many more. During World War II, he worked on military tasks, which included developing dark-adaptation goggles, target finders, the first passively guided smart bombs, and a special stereoscopic viewing system called the Vectograph which revealed camouflaged enemy positions in aerial photography. A little more than three years later, on February 21, 1947, Land demonstrated an instant camera and associated film to the Optical Society of America. Called the Land Camera, it was in commercial sale less than two years later. Polaroid originally manufactured sixty units of this first camera. Fifty-seven were put up for sale at"
"During World War II, Polaroid designed and manufactured numerous products for the armed services including an infrared night viewing device. He led the company as CEO for 43 years. He headed the Polaroid Corporation, developing it from a small research and marketing firm into one of the best-known high-tech companies ever. Kodak was a customer for some of Land's polarizing products. Recognized by most as the father of instant photography, he included all the operations of a darkroom inside the film itself. Land was pictured on the cover of ""Life"" magazine in 1972 with the inscription, ""A Genius and His"
"Jamie Livingston Jamie Livingston (October 25, 1956 – October 25, 1997) was a New York-based photographer, film-maker and circus performer. Between March 31, 1979 and October 25, 1997, the day of his death, he took a single picture nearly every day with a Polaroid SX-70 camera. Livingston's 'Polaroid a Day' photographic diary started at Bard College and though some photos have gone missing from the collection, 6,697 Polaroids remain. The collection, dated in sequence, has been organized by his friends Hugh Crawford and Betsy Reid into an exhibit at the Bertelsmann Campus Center at Bard College called ""Photo of the"
"Dean M. Peterson Dean McCormack Peterson (1931–2004) was an American inventor, responsible for two of consumer photography's largest revolutions: the Kodak Instamatic camera, introduced in 1963, and the panoply of ""point-and-shoot"" cameras introduced in the late 1970s. Both of these inventions had a huge impact on consumer photography, and nearly every snapshot taken since the mid-1960s, and virtually every photo of any kind since the 1980s, have benefited from Peterson's pioneering work. Peterson was born and raised in South Dakota. He graduated from Aberdeen Central High School (South Dakota) in 1950 and attended Northern State College for two years before"
"H. Land in his solicitation to be the marketer of record for the launch of his new invention, the instant camera, now known as the Polaroid. Menadier was born to Theodore Menadier and Katherine Augusta Frances McCarthy. He was husband of a relative of Buffalo Bill Cody through Cody's parents' generation. Menadier married Mary Lucile Menadier, born on November 14, 1904, in Massachusetts, daughter of Mr. Edward Joseph Slamin and Elizabeth Josephine ""EJ"" Prendergast, four years after first making her acquaintance in 1926. He died at 82 years, in the Boston area, while two older sisters lived into their hundredth"
"Alexander S. Wolcott Alexander Simon Wolcott (also Alexander S. Wolcott and A. S. Wolcott; June 14, 1804 – March 26, 1844) was a maker of medical supplies. He was a nineteenth-century pioneer photographer and inventor. He made with John Johnson the world's first commercial photography portrait studio and patented the first US camera that made photographs. Wolcott was born on June 14, 1804, in New London, Connecticut. He was the son of Alexander Wolcott, Sr. and Joanne (Paull) Wolcott. Wolcott lived in New York City in the 1830s and made dental supplies for a living. He worked in the mechanics"
"Rowland Institute for Science The Rowland Institute for Science was founded by Edwin H. Land, founder of Polaroid Corporation, as a nonprofit, privately endowed basic research organization in 1980. It is named for the first head of the American Physical Society, Henry Augustus Rowland. The Rowland is dedicated to experimental science across a wide range of disciplines. Research subjects at the institute includes chemistry, physics and biology, and focuses on interdisciplinary work and the development of new experimental tools. The institute merged with Harvard University on July 1, 2002, and is now called ""The 'Rowland Institute at Harvard""'. It is"
"Paul Giambarba Paul Giambarba (born October 15, 1928) is an American graphic designer, cartoonist, writer and illustrator. He initiated Polaroid's corporate image development and product identity in 1958. Giambarba designed and produced hundreds of Polaroid packages and collateral material including consumer literature and ""How to Make Better Polaroid Instant Pictures,"" a trade book for Doubleday & Co. in his more than a quarter of a century for this client. Giambarba has also been a design consultant for Tonka Toys and Tonka Corporation, as well as other corporate clients. His work has been the subject of articles in ""Graphis"" (Zurich), ""Industrial"
"who died in 1973, is interred with him. George K. Hollister George K. Hollister (March 7, 1873 – March 28, 1952) was an American pioneer cinematographer. Born in New York City, New York, little is known of his background. In 1903 he married a seventeen-year-old girl named Alice from Worcester, Massachusetts, believed to be the daughter of French-Canadian immigrants. They had a daughter, Doris Ethel, born in 1906 and George Jr., born in 1908. Around 1908, Hollister was hired by the Kalem Company to train as a camera operator. Under film director Sidney Olcott, he was the camera man for"
"Marie Cosindas Marie Cosindas (September 22, 1923 – May 25, 2017) was an American photographer. She was best known for her evocative still lifes and color portraits. She was one of the first photographers to incorporate color photography into her work, which distinguished her from other photographers in the 1960s and 1970s. Most of her photographs were portraits and pictures of objects like dolls, flowers, and masks. In 1962, Ansel Adams recommended Cosindas to Polaroid for their artist trial of their new instant-developing color film. She was the fifth woman to have a show at the Museum of Modern Art"
"Eudoxia Woodward Eudoxia Muller Woodward (June 14, 1919 – January 20, 2008) was an American artist and chemistry researcher. She was known for her work with Edwin H. Land at the Polaroid Corporation, where her research helped produce the Vectograph and the earliest forms of Polaroid instant photography. Born Eudoxia M. Muller in Flushing, New York to Olga Popoff Muller, a sculptor, and John Muller an architect, she grew up in New York City. She attended St. Agatha’s School for high school and went on to receive her bachelor's degree from Smith College. She then settled in Boston, Massachusetts. While"
"Polaroid SX-70 The SX-70 is a folding single lens reflex Land camera which was produced by the Polaroid Corporation from 1972 to 1981. In 1947, Polaroid introduced its first consumer camera. The Land Camera Model 95 was the first camera to use instant film to quickly produce photographs without developing them in a laboratory. The popular Model 95 and subsequent Land Cameras required complex procedures to take and produce good photographs. Photographic paper had to be manually removed from cameras, peeled open after 60 seconds, needed several minutes to dry, and often left developing chemicals on hands. The instructions for"
"the Jordan Marsh department store in Boston before the 1948 Christmas holiday. Polaroid marketers incorrectly guessed that the camera and film would remain in stock long enough to manufacture a second run based on customer demand. All fifty-seven cameras and all of the film were sold on the first day of demonstrations. During his time at Polaroid, Land was notorious for his marathon research sessions. When Land conceived of an idea, he would experiment and brainstorm until the problem was solved with no breaks of any kind. He needed to have food brought to him and to be reminded to"
"for $150 to Philip Whalen who was then in Kyoto, Japan, and he in turn enlisted Gary Snyder, who could speak Japanese, to purchase the camera and mail it to her. In May 1968, she moved into the Flagg Street house which would become the basis of her ""Housebook"". She is now known for her use of a Polaroid 20 by 24 inch camera (one of only 6 in existence), from which she creates large prints. She has photographed famous writers, poets, and musicians including Bob Dylan and Allen Ginsberg. Due to bankruptcy, the Polaroid Corporation entirely ceased production of"
"in 1973.[4]. In 1975, Fried co-founded The Image Bank, which became one of the largest agencies of its kind with franchises all over the world. TIB created a new model of selling stock photography that is followed to this day [18]. Getty Images bought the company in 2000. The Image Bank Lawrence Fried Lawrence Fried (June 28, 1926 – 1983) was an American photo-journalist, whose work appeared in ""Newsweek"", ""The Saturday Evening Post"", ""The New York Times"", ""Vogue"", ""Collier's"", and ""Parade Magazine"".[1] with over 70 covers for ""Newsweek ""[2]. He was the recipient of the Photographer of the Year award"
"the reverend and poet Horatio Nelson Powers (1826–1890). François Fauvel Gouraud François Fauvel Gouraud (1808 – 16 June 1847) was a French expert in photography and mnemonics. He was most known as an expert on daguerreotypes, which in January 1839 had become the first publicly announced photographic process, invented in France by Louis Daguerre (1787–1851). Gouraud was an agent for the sole producer, ""Alphonse Giroux & Cie"", when he late 1839 sailed to America in order to introduce the invention and give lectures. He also brought the equipment and became the person introducing it to America. In 1840 he spent"
"serial called ""The Million Dollar Mystery"". He was later on the staff at the National Archives from 1936-1946. During his tenure there, he modified a process optical printer and was successful in restoring paper prints with simple techniques. He died on March 6, 1951 at his home in Van Nuys, California. Carl Louis Gregory Carl Louis Gregory was an American cinematographer. Carl was born in Walnut, Kansas in 1882. He ventured into photography while he was 11 years old. He received degrees in pharmacy and chemistry in 1902 and 1904, respectively. He developed an optical printer in 1920 and as"
"The collection, an asset of the Polaroid Corporation, remained intact until 2010 when, in controversial circumstances, it was broken up and put up for sale in lots. Despite the tremendous success of his instant cameras, Land's unsuccessful Polavision instant movie system was a financial disaster, and he resigned as Chairman of Polaroid on July 27, 1982. In his retirement years, Land founded the Rowland Institute for Science. Land died on March 1, 1991 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the age of 81. The family declined to disclose the cause of death. Upon his death, his personal assistant shredded his personal papers"
"Peter Gowland Peter Gowland (April 3, 1916 – March 17, 2010) was a famous American glamour photographer and actor. He was known for designing and building his own studio equipment and was active professionally for six decades. Gowland shot more than 1,000 magazine covers, mostly glamour shots of female models but also portraits of celebrities including Rock Hudson and Robert Wagner. His covers included ""Rolling Stone"", ""Playboy"", and ""Modern Photography"". He invented elite cameras and equipment that he used to shoot pinups and magazine covers. In the late 1950s, Gowland also invented the twin-lens Gowlandflex camera, which used 4-by-5 inch"
"arts""> In 1954, ""The Patriot Ledger"" in Quincy, Massachusetts became the first newspaper to adopt the method for all of their printing. Higonnet and Moyroud were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1985. Moyroud died at age 96 on June 26, 2010, in his home in Delray Beach, Florida. He was survived by three sons. His wife, Marie-Therese Meynet, had died in 2008. Louis Moyroud Louis Marius Moyroud (pronounced MOY-rood; February 16, 1914 – June 28, 2010) was a French-born American inventor who co-developed the phototypesetting process with Rene Alphonse Higonnet, which allows text and images to"
"a ""juggernaut of innovation"", in many respects Polaroid was the Apple of its time with a ""leader in Edwin Land, a scientist who guided the company as the founding CEO for four decades"". Polaroid’s initial market was in polarized sunglasses — spawned from Land’s self-guided research in light polarization. Land, having completed his freshman year at Harvard University, left to pursue this market, resulting in Polaroid's birth. Land later returned to Harvard to continue his research. Polaroid, owning patents to its polarizer technology, got its start by employing polarization in products that included 3-D movies and glare-reducing goggles for dogs."
"Blaine and Logan. Entire apparatus first-class; Dallmeyer lens, etc. For further information, address Abraham Bogardus & Co., 872 Broadway cor. 18th St., New York."" Abraham Bogardus Abraham Bogardus (November 29, 1822 – March 22, 1908) was an American Daguerreotypist and photographer who made some 200,000 daguerreotypes during his career. He was trained in the Daguerreotype process by New Yorker George W. Prosch, who in 1839 had made a camera for Samuel F.B. Morse. Bogardus opened a studio and gallery at 363 Broadway in New York in 1846, becoming very successful. In 1868, he helped in the founding of the National"
"Arnold Hardy Arnold Hardy (February 2, 1922 – December 5, 2007) was an American amateur photographer who won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Photography. His 1947 award-winning photo of a woman plunging from a window of the burning Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia, USA on December 7, 1946, became the defining image of the fire that killed 119 people. At the time, Hardy was 24 years old and a graduate student at Georgia Tech. Hardy later declined a job with the Associated Press, and instead began an x-ray equipment business. He died in 2007 at age 85 at Emory University"
"Baird-Atomic, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he contributed to the development of analytical instrumentation for emission spectroscopy, dual-beam, recording infra-red absorption spectrometry, flame photometry, and investigated the potential of circular dichroism as the basis for instrumentation, a technology that Baird-Atomic, Inc. never commercialized. Billings died in Long Beach, California, aged 77 from pancreatic cancer. Bruce H. Billings Bruce Hadley Billings (July 6, 1915 – October 21, 1992) was an American physicist. He was president of the Optical Society of America in 1971. and the Polaroid Corporation's chief physicist between 1941 and 1947. Billings was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy. He"
"Anatol Josepho Anatol Marco Josepho (March 31, 1894 – December 16, 1980), born Anatol Josephewitz, was a Jewish Siberian immigrant to the United States from Omsk, Russia, who invented and patented the first automated photo booth in 1925, which was named the ""Photomaton"". In 1927, he was paid one million dollars for the invention. Josepho's father was a wealthy jeweler and his mother died when he was three years old. He developed a close bond with his father and became interested in the Wild West cultural phenomenon of expansion in the United States in the late 1800s. He began taking"
"history Polaroid produced polarized sheets to be used for the elimination of automobile headlight glare. For the same reason sunglasses and filters were use by the American Army, especially for aviation, indeed Polaroid glasses were thought to protect aviator from sun light but also atomic bomb explosions.Cool-Ray was a division of American Optical for the sunglasses. It was the originator of the polarized sunglass as it is known today. It manufactured the lenses using a process that was licensed from Polaroid Corporation. Cool-Ray paid Polaroid a royalty in the early 1940s. In 1965 Polaroid moved its production in Vale of"
"yard; both his parents were of Eastern European Jewish descent. Land attended the Norwich Free Academy at Norwich, Connecticut, a semi-private high school, and graduated in the class of 1927. The library there was posthumously named for him, having been funded by grants from his family. He studied chemistry at Harvard University. After his freshman year, he left Harvard for New York City. In New York City, he invented the first inexpensive filters capable of polarizing light which he called Polaroid film. He was not associated with an educational institution and lacked the tools of a proper laboratory, making this"
"François Fauvel Gouraud François Fauvel Gouraud (1808 – 16 June 1847) was a French expert in photography and mnemonics. He was most known as an expert on daguerreotypes, which in January 1839 had become the first publicly announced photographic process, invented in France by Louis Daguerre (1787–1851). Gouraud was an agent for the sole producer, ""Alphonse Giroux & Cie"", when he late 1839 sailed to America in order to introduce the invention and give lectures. He also brought the equipment and became the person introducing it to America. In 1840 he spent time in Boston and sold the first camera"