"a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city ""Dunaj"", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, on which the city stands. Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube River. In 15 BC the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north. Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish ""Colmán"","
"from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction ""Vindobona"", probably meaning ""fair village, white settlement"" from Celtic roots, ""vindo-"", meaning ""bright"" or ""fair"" – as in the Irish ""fionn"" and the Welsh ""gwyn"" –, and ""-bona"" ""village, settlement"". The Celtic word ""Vindos"" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic God. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city (""Vídeň"", ""Viedeň"" and ""Wiedeń"" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden. The name of the city in Hungarian (""Bécs""), Serbo-Croatian (""Beč"") and Ottoman Turkish (""Beç"") has"
"History of Vienna The history of Vienna has been long and varied, beginning when the Roman Empire created a military camp in the area covered by Vienna's city centre. From that humble beginning, Vienna grew from the Roman settlement known as ""Vindobona"" to be an important trading site in the 11th century. It became the capital of the Babenberg dynasty and subsequently of the Austrian Habsburgs, under whom it became one of Europe's cultural hubs. During the 19th century as the capital of the Austrian Empire and later Austria-Hungary, it temporarily became one of Europe's biggest cities. Since the end"
"Roman villas, with living quarters and space for working set around a middle courtyard with columned halls. Over 3,000 stamped bricks, several stone monuments and written sources prove that several legions, cavalry units and marines were stationed in Vindobona. Around 97 AD, Legio XIII Gemina was responsible for construction of the legionary camps. Because of the wars in Dacia, they were pulled out and redeployed in 101 AD. A decade later, Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix followed. Legio X Gemina from Aquincum arrived in 114 AD and remained in Vindobona until the 5th century. About 6,000 soldiers were stationed in"
"now stands. The Danube marked the border of the Roman Empire, and Vindobona was part of a defensive network including the camps of Carnuntum, Brigetio and Aquincum. Under Emperor Trajan, four legions were stationed in Pannonia. Vindobona was provisioned by the surrounding Roman country estates (Villae rusticae). A centre of trade with a developed infrastructure as well as agriculture and forestry developed around Vindobona. Civic communities developed outside the fortifications (""canabae legionis""), as well another community that was independent of the military authorities in today's third district. It has also been proven that a Germanic settlement with a large marketplace"
"colony of ""Lugdunum"" (today's Lyon). Herod Archelaus was exiled here in 6 CE. During the early Empire, Vienna (as the Romans called it—not to be confused with today's Vienna, then known as Vindobona) regained all its former privileges as a Roman colony.In 260 Postumus was proclaimed emperor here of a short-lived Gallo-Roman empire. l capital of the Dioecesis Viennensis. In 257 Postumus was proclaimed emperor here of a short-lived Gallo-Roman empire. Vienne became the seat of the vicar of prefects after the creation of regional dioceses (usually dated to 298, but the growing consensus seems to be 313/14). On the"
"the name of Vibo Valentia. After a phase of prosperity during the late Republic and early Empire, the town was almost completely abandoned after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. In 1070 the Normans built a castle at the site of the old Acropolis and in 1235 a new city was established by Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and king of Sicily, with the name of Monteleone. The city got back the old Roman name of Vibo Valentia only in 1928. A Diocese of Vibo Valentia was established in 451AD and suppressed in 1083AD when it was incorporated into"
"absolute majority. With the Liberal Forum not gaining enough votes, only four parties have been represented in the municipal council since then. In the 2005 elections, the Social Democrats further increased their majority. History of Vienna The history of Vienna has been long and varied, beginning when the Roman Empire created a military camp in the area covered by Vienna's city centre. From that humble beginning, Vienna grew from the Roman settlement known as ""Vindobona"" to be an important trading site in the 11th century. It became the capital of the Babenberg dynasty and subsequently of the Austrian Habsburgs, under"
"Fidenza Fidenza (Parmigiano: ; locally ) is a town and ""comune ""in the province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. It has around 27,000 inhabitants. The town was renamed Fidenza in 1927, recalling its Roman name of ""Fidentia""; before, it was called Borgo San Donnino (Parmigiano: ). The town originates from a Roman camp (""Fidentia"") founded on the place where the Ananes Gauls had their settlement of Vicumvia (Latin ""Victumviae"" or ""Victumulae""). In 41 BC, it received the Roman citizenship and became a ""municipium"". In the 5th century, it was destroyed by Constantine I. From 1092 to 1100, Borgo San Donnino"
"Congress of Vienna of 1814, Vignola became part of the Duchy of Modena. <br> Vignola Vignola (Modenese: ; Bolognese: ) is a city and ""comune"" in the province of Modena (Emilia-Romagna), Italy. Its economy is based on agriculture, especially fruit farming, but there are also mechanical industries and service companies. The city is mostly known as the birthplace of the Renaissance architect Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola. Vignola, whose name derives from the Latin ""vineola"" (""small vine"") is located near an ancient Etruscan road connecting Bologna to Parma. However it is mentioned in the Middle Ages as having been founded in"
"Villanova, near Bologna (Etruscan Felsina), flourished in this area from the 10th until as late as the 6th century BC. The foundations of classical Atria are dated from 530 to 520 BC.[3] The Etruscans built the port and settlement of Adria after the channel was not the main stream anymore. During the later period of the 6th century BC the port continued to flourish. The Etruscan-controlled area of the Po Valley was generally known as Padanian Etruria (Padanian referring to the Po River), as opposed to their main concentration along the Tyrrhenian coast south of the Arno. Greeks[4] from Aegina[5]"
"Vibo Valentia Vibo Valentia (; Monteleone before 1861; Monteleone di Calabria from 1861 to 1928; or ) is a city and ""comune"" (municipality) in the Calabria region of southern Italy, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital of the province of Vibo Valentia, and is an agricultural, commercial and tourist center (the most famous places nearby are Tropea, Ricadi and Pizzo). There are also several large manufacturing industries, including the tuna district of Maierato. Very important for the local economy is Vibo Marina's harbour. Vibo Valentia was originally the Greek colony of Hipponion (). It was founded, probably around"
"Arbitration as well as the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), always featuring in moot problems as the seat of arbitration. ""Vindobona"" is surmised to be a reference to Vienna's old Latin nomenclature, when it was the last outpost of the Roman Empire. The Vis Arbitral Moot in Vienna is considered one of the most prestigious moot court competitions in the world. The above list of sponsoring organizations coupled with the fact that the foremost scholars in the field of international sales law and international arbitration come to Vienna to act as arbitrators"
"Vignola Vignola (Modenese: ; Bolognese: ) is a city and ""comune"" in the province of Modena (Emilia-Romagna), Italy. Its economy is based on agriculture, especially fruit farming, but there are also mechanical industries and service companies. The city is mostly known as the birthplace of the Renaissance architect Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola. Vignola, whose name derives from the Latin ""vineola"" (""small vine"") is located near an ancient Etruscan road connecting Bologna to Parma. However it is mentioned in the Middle Ages as having been founded in 826 as, according to the legend, a castle to protect the lands of the"
"Vogogna is twinned with: Vogogna Vogogna is a ""comune"" (municipality) at the heart of the Val d’Ossola in the Province of Verbano Cusio Ossola, Piedmont, Italy, about north-west of Verbania. The municipality (population 1,785 as of 2010) is centred on the town of Vogogna and extends over an area of , partly within the Val Grande National Park; the elevation varies between above sea-level. Outlying settlements (""frazioni"") within the municipality include Prata, Dresio and Genestredo. The surrounding municipalities are Beura-Cardezza, Pallanzeno, Piedimulera, Pieve Vergonte and Premosello-Chiovenda. The Visconti castle, in via Castello, was built in 1344 for the bishop of"
"derives from the Latin ""Bononia"", which was also the Roman name for Bologna in Italy. Both places—and Vindobona (Vienna)—are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames, with ""bona"" possibly meaning ""foundation"", ""citadel"", or ""granary"". The French epithet ""-Mer"" (""on-the-sea"") distinguishes the city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris. In turn, the ""Boulogne"" in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne, ""Our Lady of Boulogne[-sur-Mer]"". Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of the river ""Liane"". As the crow flies, Boulogne is approximately at from Calais, from"
"Venosa Venosa (Lucano: ) is a town and ""comune"" in the province of Potenza, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata, in the Vulture area. It is bounded by the comuni of Barile, Ginestra, Lavello, Maschito, Montemilone, Palazzo San Gervasio, Rapolla and Spinazzola. The city was known as Venusia (""City of Venus"") to the Romans, who credited its establishment—as Aphrodisia (""City of Aphrodite"")—to the Homeric hero Diomedes. He was said to have moved to Magna Graeca in southern Italy following the Trojan War, seeking a life of peace and building the town and its temples to appease the anger of"
"Vogogna Vogogna is a ""comune"" (municipality) at the heart of the Val d’Ossola in the Province of Verbano Cusio Ossola, Piedmont, Italy, about north-west of Verbania. The municipality (population 1,785 as of 2010) is centred on the town of Vogogna and extends over an area of , partly within the Val Grande National Park; the elevation varies between above sea-level. Outlying settlements (""frazioni"") within the municipality include Prata, Dresio and Genestredo. The surrounding municipalities are Beura-Cardezza, Pallanzeno, Piedimulera, Pieve Vergonte and Premosello-Chiovenda. The Visconti castle, in via Castello, was built in 1344 for the bishop of Novara, Giovanni Visconti, and"
"Wienerwald. Human settlements are known since the Stone Age and especially from Celtic people during the Iron Age. Originally, Roman Vienna or Vindobona was an oppidum (proto-urban settlement) on the Leopoldsberg. It belonged to the Celtic kingdom of Noricum, but the Emperor Augustus (through his general Tiberius) added the oppidum to Pannonia, which became a formal province during the second half of the reign of Claudius (41-54 BC).Through the centuries, the mountain, especially the southern slope, was bare of forest and used for vineyards and grazing. Leopoldsberg therefore had the name “Bald Hill” (it was the “bare” or ""kahl"" of"
"Romance language, in a small part of the Raeti's ancestral homeland (most of which is today German-speaking). The Vindelici occupied the northern part of Raetia (i.e. Germany south of the river Danube) and whose chief town was Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg, Ger). The Vindelici were a probably a Celtic-speaking people as their name and those of affiliated tribes have convincing Celtic derivations. They were described by the Roman geographer Strabo as a fierce people that frequently raided their neighbours and routinely put all male captives to death. Both the Raeti and Vindelici were subdued by Augustus' stepsons and senior military commanders"
"after, another village formed around this camp. In 98, Nijmegen was the first of two settlements in what is now the Kingdom of the Netherlands to receive Roman city rights. In 103, the X ""Gemina"" was re-stationed to Vindobona, modern day Vienna, which may have been a major blow to the economy of the village around the camp, losing around 5000 inhabitants. In 104 Emperor Trajan renamed the town, which now became known as ""Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum"", Noviomagus for short (the origin of the current name Nijmegen). Beginning in the second half of the 4th century, Roman power decreased and"
"by Pope Innocent III in the 12th century. Thereafter, ownership transferred to the free towns of Volterra, Pisa, and eventually Florence. Bibbona Bibbona is a ""comune"" (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region Tuscany, located about southwest of Florence and about southeast of Livorno in the Val di Cecina. The town's hilly location allowed for natural defenses, and strong fortifications are known to have existed by the early middle ages. The area is known to have been settled earlier during the Etruscan period based on tombs and archeological finds, and settlement continued into the Roman period. In"
"Córdoba, Spain Córdoba (, ), also called Cordova () in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. It was a Roman settlement, taken over by the Visigoths, and then colonised by Muslim armies in the eighth century. It became the capital of a Muslim emirate, and then of the Caliphate of Córdoba, which encompassed most of the Iberian Peninsula. During this period, it became a centre of education and learning, and by the 10th century had grown to possibly the largest city in Europe. It was recaptured by Christian forces in"
"Domodossola Domodossola (; Lombard: Dòm) is a city and ""comune"" in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in the region of Piedmont, northern Italy. It was also known as Oscela, Oscella, Oscella dei Leponzi, Ossolo, Ossola Lepontiorum, and Domo d'Ossola (due to its position in the Ossola valley). Domodossola is situated at the confluence of the Bogna and Toce Rivers, and is home to 18,300 people. The city is located at the foot of the Italian Alps, and acts as a minor passenger-rail hub. Its strategic location accommodates Swiss rail passengers, and Domodossola railway station acts as an international stopping-point between Milan"
"of Ventimiglia. Vallebona Vallebona () is a ""comune"" (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about southwest of Genoa and about west of Imperia. Vallebona borders the following municipalities: Bordighera, Ospedaletti, Perinaldo, San Biagio della Cima, Seborga, Soldano, and Vallecrosia. On 20 April 1686, the representants of eight villages, Camporosso, Vallebona, Vallecrosia, San Biagio della Cima, Sasso, Soldano, Borghetto San Nicolò and Bordighera had a meeting in order to build what they called """", which can be translated as: ""The magnificent community of the eight villages"". Their goal was to gain independence from the nearby"
"twinned with: <br> Arona, Piedmont Arona (; ; ) is a town and ""comune"" on Lake Maggiore, in the province of Novara (northern Italy). Its main economic activity is tourism, especially from Milan, France and Germany. Archaeological findings have shown that the area of what today is Arona was settled from the 18th–13th centuries BC. Later it was a possession of the Celts, the Romans and the Lombards. In the 11th century the Benedictine abbey of Saints Gratianus and Felinus, Martyrs, was founded. After the siege and destruction of Milan in 1162 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, many of the exiled"
"the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. ""Romagna"" derives from ""Romània"", the name of the Eastern Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards when the western Empire had ceased to exist and Ravenna was an outpost of the east (540–751). Before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the Etruscan world and then that of the Gauls. During the first thousand years of Christianity trade flourished, as did culture and religion, thanks to the region's monasteries. Afterwards the University of Bologna—arguably the oldest university in Europe—and its bustling towns kept trade and intellectual life alive. Its"
"Sant'Anna, San Vito, Speluca, Stere Mancini, Tondarella, Tor dei venti, Torre Caravicchia, Tretticatore, Vado Amaseno, Valle Amaseno, Vernieri, Virano. <br> Veroli Veroli () is a town and ""comune"" in province of Frosinone, Lazio, central Italy, in the Latin Valley. Veroli (""Verroli)"" became a Roman municipium in 90 BCE. It became the seat of a bishopric in 743 CE, and was occupied by Spanish milices, allied to the Colonna family, in the 16th troops. Veroli (""Verroli)"" retains elements of its ancient polygonal nucleus, especially near the summit of the hill, later occupied by a medieval castle. The Cathedral's treasury contains the"
"Vigevano Vigevano ( ; Western Lombard: ""Avgevan"") is a town and ""comune"" in the province of Pavia, Lombardy in northern Italy. A historic art town, it is also renowned for shoemaking and is one of the main centres of Lomellina, a rice-growing agricultural district. Vigevano received the honorary title of city with a decree of Duke Francis II Sforza on 2 February 1532. It is famed for its beautiful Renaissance """"Piazza Ducale"""" in the centre of the town. The earliest records of Vigevano date from the 10th century AD, when it was a favoured residence of the Lombard king Arduin,"
"Vindelici The Vindelici were a Celtic people in antiquity. Their territory was known to the Romans as Vindelicia; its boundaries were to be the Danube and Germanic ""limes"" to the north, the Inn (""Œnus"") to the east, Raetia to the south, and the Helvetii to the west. These lands today comprise northeastern Switzerland, southeastern Baden, and southern Württemberg and Bavaria. Their chief town is assumed to have been the oppidum at Manching before the Romans; after the Roman conquest, the tribe's capital was moved to Augusta Vindelicorum (""Augusta of the Vindelici"", modern Augsburg). Most modern scholars consider the Vindelici to"
"(Tarragona) and Bracara (Braga). It is unclear whether the latter three cities are ranked immediately below Emerita or are excluded from the ranking altogether. 15. Athenae (Athens). 16. Catana (Catania) and Syracusae (Syracuse). 18. Tolosa (Toulouse). 19. Narbona (Narbonne). 20. Burdigala (Bordeaux). Ordo urbium nobilium Ordo Urbium Nobilium is a Latin poem in dactylic hexameter by Decimus Magnus Ausonius. It was written after a journey Ausonius took through the Roman empire between the years 388 and 390 AD. The poem lists brief descriptions of the major cities of the Roman Empire and ranks them from the most important to the"
"Villamagna Villamagna is a ""comune"" and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of south-eastern Italy. Originally a Roman settlement, the town's name derives from the Latin words ""villa"" (""farm"") and ""magna"" (""large"" or ""important""). In the Middle Ages, its name was written as ""Villa Magna"". Several bronze artefacts from the Roman necropolis near the town dating from the 5th century BC are held in Chieti's archaeological museum, ""La Civitella"". After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the settlement came into the possession of the Order of Saint Benedict, which built the Convent of San Severino"
"Bologna Bologna (, ; ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy, at the heart of a metropolitan area of about one million people. Of Etruscan origin, the city has been a major urban centre for centuries, first under the Etruscans, then under the Romans (""Bononia""), then again in the Middle Ages, as a free municipality and signoria, when it was among the largest European cities by population. Famous for its towers, churches and lengthy porticoes, Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre, thanks"