"flycatcher (""Empidonax alnorum""), male blue grouse, European robin (""Erithacus rubecula""), and male banded wren (""Thryothorus pleurostictus""). Neighbouring male song sparrows (""Melodia melospiza"") differ individually in their aggressiveness. Increased aggression by residents towards intruders indicates that residents not only respond to intrinsic aggressiveness of their neighbours, but also to short-term changes in aggression levels. Although neighbour–stranger discrimination has been reported in many passerine birds, it has seldom been investigated in territorial non-passerine species. The nocturnal raptor, the little owl (""Athene noctua""), hoots to defend its territory. Male little owls respond less to their neighbour's hoots played back from the usual location."
"of Robert. Other older English names for the bird include ""ruddock"" and ""robinet"". In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the ""English robin"". Dutch ""roodborstje"", French ""rouge-gorge"", German ""Rotkehlchen"", Italian ""pettirosso"" and Spanish ""petirrojo"" all refer to the distinctively coloured front. The robin belongs to a group of mainly insectivorous birds that have been variously assigned to the thrushes or ""flycatchers"", depending on how these groups were perceived taxonomically. Eventually, the flycatcher-thrush assemblage was re-analysed and the genus ""Erithacus"" assigned to a group of thrush-like true flycatchers, the tribe Saxicolini, that also includes the"
"southern Espinhaço Mountains is not entirely restricted to rocky habitats, which makes the name rock tapaculo less than perfect. Rock tapaculo The rock tapaculo or Espinhaço tapaculo (""Scytalopus petrophilus"") is a species of bird in the Rhinocryptidae family. It is endemic to altitudes of in the central and southern Espinhaço Mountains, and the Mantiqueira Mountains in Minas Gerais, Brazil, though it may also occur in adjacent parts of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. It is found in shrubby and grassy habitats in rocky regions, and in elfin and cloud forests. It closely resembles the Diamantina tapaculo and Planalto tapaculo"
"Spotted redshank The spotted redshank (""Tringa erythropus"") is a wader (shorebird) in the large bird family Scolopacidae. The genus name ""Tringa"" is the New Latin name given to the green sandpiper by Aldrovandus in 1599 based on Ancient Greek ""trungas"", a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle. The specific ""erythropus"" is from Ancient Greek ""eruthros"", ""red"", and ""pous"", ""foot"". It breeds across northern Scandinavia and northern Asia and migrates south to the Mediterranean, the southern British Isles, France, tropical Africa, and tropical Asia for the winter. It is an occasional vagrant to Australia and North America. The spotted"
"American white pelican The American white pelican (""Pelecanus erythrorhynchos"") is a large aquatic soaring bird from the order Pelecaniformes. It breeds in interior North America, moving south and to the coasts, as far as Central America and South America, in winter. The German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin described the American white pelican in 1789. The scientific name means ""red-billed pelican"", from the Latin term for a pelican, ""Pelecanus"", and ""erythrorhynchos"", derived from the Ancient Greek words ""erythros"" (ἐρυθρός, ""red"") + ""rhynchos"" (ῥύγχος, ""bill""). The American white pelican rivals the trumpeter swan, with a similar overall length, as the longest bird"
"L., Crocidula suaveolens Palb. and C. leucodon Herman, Vespertilio serotinus Schreb., Mustela putorius L., Martes martes L., Mustela erminea L., Lepus europaeus Pallas, Vulpes vulpes L., Sus scrofa L., Capreolus capreolus L., Alces alces L.; birds – Columba palumbus L., Streptopelia turtur L., Accipiter gentilis L. and A. nisus L., Buteo buteo L., Strix aluco L. and Asio otus L., Cuculus canorus L., Caprimulgus europaeus L., Upupa epops L., Jynx torquilla L., Dryocopus martius L., Dendrocopus major L., Dendrocopos medius L. and D. minor L., Lullula arborea L., Anthus trivialis L., Troglodytes troglodytes L., Erithacus rubecula L., Luscinia luscinia L.,"
"species was subsequently designated as the red-breasted parakeet. The name of the genus is a diminutive of the Latin word ""psittacus"" for a ""parrot"". The genus includes 16 species, of which 3 are extinct. The Rothschild's or intermediate parakeet ""P. intermedia"", found in northern India, was formerly considered a mystery, as only very few specimens were known. It has since been demonstrated to be a hybrid between the slaty-headed parakeet ""P. himalayana"" and the plum-headed parakeet ""P. cyanocephala"". The taxonomy of the Réunion parakeet ""P. eques"" is also confusing. Extinct since 1770, little evidence even exists of the bird's existence."
"El Oro tapaculo The Ecuadorian tapaculo or El Oro tapaculo (""Scytalopus robbinsi"") is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus ""Scytalopus"", a genus of tapaculos. It is restricted to a small area in south-western Ecuador and was not described until 1997. It is a small tapaculo, 11 centimetres long. The bill is black and fairly heavy. The plumage is grey with a brown nape and rump and brown barring on the flanks. The tail is blackish. The female's underparts are browner than those of the male. The song is a series of double-notes repeated for about a minute. The"
"Rock tapaculo The rock tapaculo or Espinhaço tapaculo (""Scytalopus petrophilus"") is a species of bird in the Rhinocryptidae family. It is endemic to altitudes of in the central and southern Espinhaço Mountains, and the Mantiqueira Mountains in Minas Gerais, Brazil, though it may also occur in adjacent parts of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. It is found in shrubby and grassy habitats in rocky regions, and in elfin and cloud forests. It closely resembles the Diamantina tapaculo and Planalto tapaculo in appearance and voice (especially song; less so in call). Here we follow South American Classification Committee (SACC), but"
"Paramo tapaculo The Paramo tapaculo (""Scytalopus opacus"") is a species of bird in the Rhinocryptidae family. It is found at altitudes of in the Andes of northern Peru, Ecuador and southern Colombia (Cordillera Central). It has traditionally been treated as a subspecies of ""S. canus"", but the two have different voices, leading to them being split into separate species in 2010. The Paramo tapaculo resembles other ""Scytalopus"" tapaculos, being overall dark grey with brown to the lower flanks. Females are dull brown above. The subspecies ""androstictus"" was described in 2010 from south-eastern Ecuador and northern Peru. Unlike the nominate subspecies,"
"Royal Society. It was one of the many bird species originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his ""Systema Naturae"", and still bears its original scientific name, ""Phaethon aethereus"". The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek ""phaethon"", ""sun"" while the species name comes from Latin ""aetherius"", ""heavenly"". This bird is called the red-billed tropicbird due to its red bill and its location in the tropicbird genus. An alternative common name was ""bosun bird"", also spelt ""boatswain bird"", from the similarity of its shrill call to a boatswain's whistle. An alternative derivation of the name is"
"Redthroat The redthroat (""Pyrrholaemus brunneus"") is a small, mostly ground-dwelling species of bird in the family Acanthizidae. It is endemic to Australia, occurring mostly in arid and semi-arid areas containing acacia and chenopod shrublands. The species has a distinctive red throat patch and is able to mimic the calls of numerous other bird species. The first formal description of the redthroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould in 1841 under the present binomial name ""Pyrrholaemus brunneus"". The name of the genus ""Pyrrholaemus"" is from classical Greek ""purrhos"" meaning ""flame-coloured"" or ""red"" and ""laimos"" for ""throat"". The"
"Red-faced spinetail The red-faced spinetail (""Cranioleuca erythrops"") is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. The red-faced spinetail measures long. The bird is named for its distinctive rufous cheeks and crown. The wings are also rufous. The back and nape are dark olive-brown, while the rest of the underparts are light olive-brown. This species often associates with mixed-species flocks. The red-faced spinetail places bits of grass and other material loosely streaming both above and below the nest chamber to"
"Redwing The redwing (""Turdus iliacus"") is a bird in the thrush family, Turdidae, native to Europe and Asia, slightly smaller than the related song thrush. This species was first described by Linnaeus in his ""Systema naturae"" in 1758 under its current scientific name. The English name derives from the bird's red underwing. It is not closely related to the red-winged blackbird, a North American species sometimes nicknamed ""redwing"", which is an icterid, not a thrush. The binomial name derives from the Latin words ""turdus"", ""thrush"", and ""ile"" ""flank"". The redwing has two subspecies: It is 20–24 cm long with a"
"fulva""), greater hoopoe-lark (""Alaemon alaudipes""), greater short-toed lark (""Calandrella brachydactyla""), helmeted guineafowl (""Numida meleagris""), hottentot teal (""Anas hottentota""), lanner falcon (""Falco biarmicus""), lappet-faced vulture (""Torgos tracheliotus""), laughing dove (""Streptopelia senegalensis""), Lichtenstein's sandgrouse (""Pterocles lichtensteinii""), little owl (""Athene noctua""), northern wheatear (""Oenanthe oenanthe""), Nubian bustard (""Neotis Nuba""), pallid swift (""Apus pallidus""), pygmy sunbird (""Anthreptes platurus""), red-billed teal (""Anas erythrorhyncha""), rock dove (""Columba livia""), rock martin (""Ptyonoprogne fuligula""), rufous-tailed scrub robin (""Erythropygia galactotes""), Rüppell's warbler (""Sylvia rueppelli""), sand martin (""Riparia riparia""), southern grey shrike (""Lanius meridionalis""), spotted sandgrouse (""Pterocles senegallus""), striolated bunting (""Emberiza striolata""), subalpine warbler (""Sylvia cantillans""), Sudan golden sparrow (""Passer"
"was the red-rumped cacique. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name ""Oriolus haemorrhous"" and cited Brisson's work. The specific name ""haemorrhous"" combines the Ancient Greek words ""haima"" ""blood"" and ""orrhos"" ""rump"". The red-rumped cacique is now the type species in the genus ""Cacicus"" that introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. Red-rumped cacique The red-rumped cacique (""Cacicus haemorrhous"") is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is a species of the Amazon Basin and the Guyanas in northern South America, and is only coastal there in the Guyanas and the Amazon River"
"reticulatus"" in 1774. Jean-Jacques Paulet described it as ""Boletus aestivalis"" in 1793, the species name derived from the Latin ""aestas"" ""summer"". The two names were used in literature for many years. ""Boletus reticulatus"" is classified in ""Boletus"" section ""Boletus"", alongside close relatives such as ""B. aereus"", ""B. edulis"", and ""B. pinophilus"". A genetic study of the four European species found that ""B. reticulatus"" was sister to ""B. aereus"". More extensive testing of worldwide taxa revealed that ""B. reticulatus"" was most closely related to two lineages that had been classified as ""B. edulis"" from southern China and Korea/northern China respectively. The"
"horned owl (""Bubo virginianus""), northern cardinal (""Cardinalis cardinalis""), northern flicker (""Colaptes auratus""), red-bellied woodpecker (""Melanerpes carolinus""), red-headed woodpecker (""Melanerpes erythrocephalus""), red-shouldered hawk (""Buteo lineatus""), red-tailed hawk (""Buteo jamaicensis""), red-winged blackbird (""Agelaius phoeniceus""), ruby-throated hummingbird (""Archilochus colubris""), sharp-shinned hawk (""Accipiter striatus""), starling (""Sturnus vulgaris""), summer tanager (""Piranga rubra""), Swainson’s thrush (""Catharus ustulatus""), white-throated sparrow (""Zanotrichia albicollis""), wood thrush (""Hylocichla mustelina""), yellow-bellied sapsucker (""Sphyrapicus varius""), Mammals Beaver (genus ""Castor""), bobcat (""Felis rufa""), common raccoon (""Procyon lotor""), coyote (""Canis latrans""), deer, feral hog, grey fox (""Urocyon cinereoagenteus""), muskrat (""Ondatra zibethicus""), north American river otter (""Lutra Canadensis""), red fox (""Vulpes fulva""), skunk, squirrel. Reptiles"
"Lemon-throated barbet The lemon-throated barbet (""Eubucco richardsoni"") is a species of bird in the New World barbet family Capitonidae. The species is closely related to the flame-throated barbet (""Eubucco aurantiicollis""), and several authorities consider them the same species. These two species are the only in their genus to live in the lowlands. There are two subspecies, the nominate race, ""E. r. richardsoni"", found in central and southern Columbia, eastern Ecuador and northern Peru, and ""E. r. nigriceps"" (Chapman, 1928), found in north-east Peru and the extreme north west of Brazil. The species is found in tropical rain forest and lower"
"Rhaebo caeruleostictus Rhaebo caeruleostictus (common name: blue-spotted toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Ecuador along the lower western slope of the Cordillera Occidental at elevations of asl. The specific name ""caeruleostictus"", from Latin ""caeruleus"" (=blue) and Greek ""stiktos"" (spotted), refers to the bluish colour pattern of this species. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. The Dorsum and sides have blueish-blackish vermiculations on orangish background (this colouration is assumed to be aposematic). Tympanum is not visible. Parotoid glands are large. Its natural habitats are tropical moist forests and cloud forests. It is"
"a further thirteen days. Common redpoll The common redpoll (""Acanthis flammea"") is a species of bird in the finch family. It breeds somewhat further south than the Arctic redpoll, also in habitats with thickets or shrubs. The common redpoll was listed in 1758 by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his ""Systema Naturae"" under the binomial name ""Fringilla flammea"". The current genus name ""Acanthis"" is from the Ancient Greek ""akanthis"", a name for a small now-unidentifiable bird, and ""flammea"" is the Latin for ""flame-coloured"". The common redpoll was previously placed in the genus ""Carduelis"". Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the"
"Red-throated thrush The red-throated thrush (""Turdus ruficollis"") is a passerine bird in the thrush family. It is sometimes regarded as one subspecies of a polytypic species, ""dark-throated thrush"", black-throated thrush then being the other subspecies. More recent treatments regard the two as separate species. The scientific name comes from Latin. ""Turdus"" is ""thrush"" and the specific ""ruficollis"" is derived from ""rufus', ""red"", and ""collum"", ""neck"". The red-throated thrush is a migratory Asian species. Its range overlaps with the more westerly-breeding black-throated thrush. It is a large thrush with a plain grey back and reddish underwings. The adult male has a"
"Rufous potoo The rufous potoo (""Nyctibius bracteatus"") is a species of bird in the Nyctibiidae family. Its common name refers to its rufous, or reddish-brown color. Their species name ""bracteatus"" is Latin for ""gold-leaf"". The rufous potoo is the smallest member of its genus, and extremely well-camouflaged, being almost invisible among dead leaves, trees and other plants. Its body is, like the common name implies, rufous with white spots on the underbody. To improve their camouflage even further, they will rock back and forth while roosting to even closer resemble a dead leaf. They sing almost exclusively on full moons."
"Eleutherodactylus rubrimaculatus Eleutherodactylus rubrimaculatus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is found in southeastern Pacific Chiapas, Mexico, and in the adjacent southwestern Guatemala. The specific name ""rubrimaculatus"" is Latin and means ""spotted with red"", and refers to the coloration of this species. Common names dusky chirping frog and red-spotted chirping frog have been coined for it. Adult males measure and adult females (in a small sample) in snout–vent length. The tympanum is distinct and relatively large. The digital tips are scarcely expanded. The inner metatarsal tubercle is elongate and twice the size of the small, conical"
"Tapaculo The tapaculos (pronounced /tæpəˈku:ləʊ/) are a family, Rhinocryptidae, of small suboscine passerine birds, found mainly in South America and with the highest diversity in the Andean regions. Three species (Chocó, Tacarcuna, and the silvery-fronted) are found in southern Central America. Tapaculos are small to medium-sized birds, with a total length ranging from 10–24 cm (4–9½ in). These are terrestrial species that fly only poorly on their short wings. They have strong legs, well-suited to their habitat of grassland or forest undergrowth. The tail is cocked and pointed towards the head, and the name ""tapaculo"" possibly derives from Spanish for"
"Marsh tapaculo The marsh tapaculo (""Scytalopus iraiensis"") is a recently discovered passerine bird which belongs to the genus ""Scytalopus"", a genus of tapaculos. It is also known as the wetland tapaculo or tall-grass wetland tapaculo. It is endemic to Brazil. It is a small, dumpy bird with broad tail-feathers and a total length of approximately 12.5 cm. The upperparts are plain blackish in colour while the underparts are dark grey. The flanks are slightly barred with brown, at least in young birds. The legs are reddish-brown and the bill is dark. The song includes a long series of short 'tchek'"
"European stonechat The European stonechat (""Saxicola rubicola"") is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a subspecies of the common stonechat. Long considered a member of the thrush family, Turdidae, genetic evidence has placed it and its relatives in the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. Two weakly defined subspecies are currently accepted: The two subspecies differ in colour intensity following Gloger's rule, with ""S. r. rubicola"" paler and with larger white patches in the drier European continental and mediterranean climates, and ""S. r. hibernans"" darker brown with less white in the humid Atlantic oceanic climate. They intergrade broadly"
"the English group name for both, with the Mauritian birds using the scientific name ""Psittacula eques echo"". Its scientific name change from ""Psittacula echo"" had recently found widespread approval. A wealth of circumstantial evidence nowadays suggests that the hypothesized Réunion parakeet (described earlier as ""Psittacula eques"", based on a painting and hearsay reports) did indeed exist. The Réunion birds were the closest relatives, and presumably conspecific, with the Mauritius ones. A study skin had been discovered at the Royal Museum of Scotland, explicitly referencing a book description of the Réunion birds. This may be the only material proof of these"
"break the shape of the nest and to cause it to resemble random debris without any underlying structure. This is considered as a case of protection of its nest from predators by camouflage or ""masquerade"". Red-faced spinetail The red-faced spinetail (""Cranioleuca erythrops"") is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. The red-faced spinetail measures long. The bird is named for its distinctive rufous cheeks and crown. The wings are also rufous. The back and nape are dark olive-brown, while"
"forests. Until around the 1980s, very few people had managed to see one alive; however, they are currently regarded as a least concern by the IUCN due to their large range; however, the population has experienced an ongoing decrease. Rufous potoo The rufous potoo (""Nyctibius bracteatus"") is a species of bird in the Nyctibiidae family. Its common name refers to its rufous, or reddish-brown color. Their species name ""bracteatus"" is Latin for ""gold-leaf"". The rufous potoo is the smallest member of its genus, and extremely well-camouflaged, being almost invisible among dead leaves, trees and other plants. Its body is, like"
"Himalayan rubythroat The Himalayan rubythroat (""Calliope pectoralis"") is a species of passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is closely related to the Siberian rubythroat which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It was also previously considered conspecific with the Chinese rubythroat, together called the white-tailed rubythroat. It is found along the Himalayan ranges from Afghanistan to Burma. Three subspecies are recognized across its wide range. The first formal description of the Himalayan rubythroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould in 1837. He coined the binomial name ""Calliope pectoralis"". The species was"
"Red-necked aracari The red-necked aracari, or red-necked araçari (""Pteroglossus bitorquatus""), is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family, the toucans, toucanets, aracaris, etc. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest. Alternate names for the red-necked aracari include the double-collared aracari. Three subspecies are recognized: It is 38–45 cm (15–18 in) long and weighs 112-171 (4-6 oz.) Both sexes are basically alike but female has little to no black at the rear of the throat; crown more brown, less black or none; yellow band on"
"Linnaeus in his ""Systema naturae"" as ""Ardea ibis"", but was moved to its current genus by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855. Its genus name ""Bubulcus"" is Latin for herdsman, referring, like the English name, to this species' association with cattle. ""Ibis"" is a Latin and Greek word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the sacred ibis, but was applied to this species in error. The cattle egret has two geographical races which are sometimes classified as full species, the western cattle egret, ""B. ibis"", and eastern cattle egret, ""B. coromandus"". The two forms were split by McAllan and"