"the length of the trip, claiming it took ""thirty-three days"" (which is roughly correct if measured from the Canaries, but it was seventy-one days since he left Spain itself; Columbus's letter leaves it ambiguous). Finally, his emphatic statement that he formally ""took possession"" of the islands for the Catholic monarchs, and left men (and a ship) at La Navidad, may have been emphasized to forestall any Portuguese claim. The explicit recipient of Columbus's Spanish letter was the ""Escribano de Ración""—at that time, Luis de Santángel. An official position of the Crown of Aragon, the ""Escribano de Ración"" was the high"
"across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal ""key"", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately ""styled"". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on"
"This is true on Arabic keyboards as well. On a left-to-right keyboard, this is written as the Unicode character U+0028, ""left parenthesis"": codice_6. In a 102/105-key layout of this form, there would be an additional key to the right of the left shift key. This would be an additional backslash key (). Keyboards with 102 keys are not sold as standard, except by certain manufacturers who mistakenly group Israel into Europe, where 102 keyboards are the norm (most notable of the later group are Logitech and Apple). On computers running Windows, Alt-Shift switches between keyboard layouts. Holding down a Shift"
"normally to the right on the upper row. The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined in DIN 2112, first issued in 1928. In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the ""s"" key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system, such as Ctrl+Alt+s, on some keyboards such as US-International also AltGr+s in Microsoft Windows or Option+s on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards in macOS. In Windows, one can also use alt"
"the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a shift key. The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are"
"the particular maker had made in the past. There was nothing unique in IBM insisting on payment of royalties on the use of its patents applied to Micro Channel-based machines. Up until that time, some companies had failed to pay IBM for the use of its patents on the earlier generation of Personal Computer. The PS/2 IBM Model M keyboard used the same 101-key layout of the previous IBM PC/AT Extended keyboard, itself derived from the original IBM PC keyboard. European variants had 102 keys with the addition of an extra key to the right of the left Shift key."
"E, right of the character input keys. If at least one Alternate key (commonly called “Alt key”) is present, it is to be positioned left of the space bar (or, if a function key specific to the writing system supported by the keyboard layout is there, left of that key). If at least one Control key (commonly abbreviated “Ctrl”) is present, it has to be placed leftmost in row A (as it is more common), or row B. If a Function key (commonly abbreviated “Fn”) is present, it is to be positioned left the space bar and left of an"
"the standard keyboard layouts do not even share similar characters of different languages. The United States keyboard layout is used as default in the currently most popular operating systems: MS Windows, Apple macOS and some Linux distributions. Most operating systems allow switching between functional keyboard layouts, using a key combination involving register keys that are not used for normal operations (e.g. Microsoft reserve or register control keys for sequential layout switching; those keys were inherited from old DOS keyboard drivers). There are keyboards with two parallel sets of characters labeled on the keys, representing alternate alphabets or scripts. It is"
"former layout, a Windows key was placed between the left and the left ; another Windows key and—immediately to its right—a menu key were placed between the (or right key on keyboards that lack ) and the right key. In laptop and other compact keyboards it is common to have just one Windows key (usually on the left). Also, on Microsoft's Entertainment Desktop sets (designed for Windows Vista), the Windows key is in the middle of the keyboard, below all other keys (where the user's thumbs rest). On Windows 8 tablet computers, hardware certification requirements initially mandated that the Windows"
"which is used for switching between use of the , , etc. keys either as function keys or for other functions like media control, accessing dashboard widgets, controlling the volume, or handling exposé. key can be also found on many IBM PC laptops, where it serves a similar purpose. Many Unix workstations (and also home computers like the Amiga) keyboards placed the key to the left of the letter , and the key in the bottom left. This layout is often preferred by programmers as it makes the key easier to reach. This position of the key is also used"
"(^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. Note that while the diagram on the right depicts the Q key as if having upper-case and lower-case Greek Omega, that is not in conformance to the Canadian Multilingual Standard, which calls for a single extra character, an Omega-like Ohm symbol, not Omega. The lower-case Omega symbol does not belong in the diagram. This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards targeting French speakers. Unlike the French layout used in France"
"influential Model M (1985). In computer keyboard standards, this was formalized in the American Standards Association X4.14-1971 standard as ""typewriter pairing"" (colloquially a typewriter-paired keyboard), along with bit-paired keyboards, but became the only standard in the successor X4.23-1982 standard. The Selectric keyboard layout was so influential that two decades later ""PC Magazine"" wrote that non-IBM personal computer companies' keyboards ""slavishly"" imitated it. The new layout was not universal, however – internationally, many layouts kept the earlier standard, which is most visible in yielding "", as on the standard UK layout. Also, the bit-paired keyboard layout mostly died out, but is"
"using a designated set of ""prefix keys"" such as or . Default Emacs keybindings include to save a file or to view a list of open buffers. Emacs uses the letter C to denote the Ctrl key, the letter S to denote the Shift key, and the letter M to denote the Meta key (commonly mapped to the Alt key on modern keyboards.) Thus, in Emacs parlance, the above shortcuts would be written C-x C-s and C-x C-b. A common backronym for Emacs is ""Escape Meta Alt Ctrl Shift"", poking fun at its use of many modifiers and extended shortcut"
"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the"
"per row of keys (most commonly horizontal beam). There are a number of different arrangements of alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation symbols on keys. These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different symbols, either because they are inputting text in different languages, or because they need a specialized layout for mathematics, accounting, computer programming, or other purposes. The United States keyboard layout is used as default in the currently most popular operating systems: Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. The common QWERTY-based layout was designed early in the era of mechanical typewriters, so its ergonomics"
"which is therefore the most widely used keyboard layout in the country. QWERTY used to be widespread due to there not being a dedicated Hungarian layout commonly available for older computers, but since this is no longer an issue, virtually everyone uses QWERTZ in everyday computing. On ""ISO"" keyboards (as in the two pictures), the í is positioned on the key to the right of the left Shift key. To adapt to 101/102-key keyboards which don’t have that key, the MS Windows QWERTY layout has put the í on the usual key for the 0 (zero) while the 0 has"
"instead to the right, so that the space bar can be better centered with the rest positions (alphabetic keys F and J on Latin layouts), without sacrificing the width of the left Control and left Alt key (already reduced by the insertion of the left Win key between them), while keeping AltGr on the right large enough for more frequent use on international layouts; in that case, the Fn key just replaces the second Win key (which is optional and in fact not needed) of extended PC keyboards. Other manufacturers have placed the Fn key at end of row B,"
"below its traditional situation, on the right of the apostrophe key (') (in these cases the enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location). It may also be two lines below its default situation on the right of a narrower than traditionally right shift key. A variant of this layout is used in Arabic-speaking countries. This variant has the | \ key to the left of Z, ~ ` key where the | \ key is in the usual layout, and the > < key where the ~ ` key is in the usual layout."
"right), while the other five mentioned are left anonymous. The character set conspicuously lacks the numbers ""0"" and ""1"", which are supposed to be substituted by uppercase ""O"" and lowercase ""l"". Although this may seem like a strange absence today, this was actually common on older typewriters. Also lacking are the keys for uppercase accented vowels, some of which are present in Italian; however, these characters aren't typically found on modern keyboards, either. The keyboard for the American variant is in the QWERTY layout. Although the character set lacks the number ""1"", presumably to be replaced by the lowercase ""l"","
"display the table's contents. Note: Manufacture dates are approximate. Model M keyboard Model M is a designation for a group of computer keyboards manufactured by IBM starting in 1984, and later by Lexmark, Unicomp and MaxiSwitch. The keyboard's many variations have their own distinct characteristics, with the vast majority having a buckling-spring key design and swappable keycaps. Model M keyboards have been praised by computer enthusiasts and frequent typists due to their durability and consistency, and the tactile and auditory feedback they provide. The Model M is also regarded as a timeless and durable piece of hardware. Although the computers"
"such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr"
"Macro key A Macro key is a key that was featured on various early PC keyboards, and has been removed from most keyboards since. It is typically found on the lower rows of the keyboard, either to the left of the key or to the right of the right . While most keyboard layouts treat it as a backslash, it has a different scan code, so keyboard layouts or programs use the scan code directly, or they can choose to handle it differently. On many new, top-of-the-line, computer mice, there are built-in macro keys. These mice often come with a"
"on them, accessible via the shift keys: a letter and a symbol on the top, and a Greek letter on the front. For example, the key had an ""L"" and a two-way arrow (""↔"") on the top, and the Greek letter lambda (""λ"") on the front. By pressing this key with the right hand while playing an appropriate ""chord"" with the left hand on the shift keys, the user could get the following results: Each of these might, in addition, be typed with any combination of the , , , and keys. On this keyboard, it is possible to type"
"the Caps Lock key and the Control key. As such, Caps Lock has since been placed on left edge of the keyboard, above the Shift key and below the Tab key, next to letter A. This layout has become the ""de facto"" popular standard. The keyboards of some early computer terminals, including the Teletype Model 33 ASR and Lear-Siegler ADM-3A, the Apple II and a few Apple Keyboard models retained the Control key where PC/XT first had it; Caps Lock was either absent on these device or was placed elsewhere. This layout was preserved for later workstation systems and is"
"the left of the keyboard are essentially reserved for having macros programmed to them, though they mirror the function of the F keys along the top of the keyboard before they are programmed. The keyboard treats both sets of F keys as separate, however. Remapping or programming one of the F keys will not change the function of its counterpart. A macro is programmed to a key by pressing the “Program Macro” button once (depending on the revision of the keyboard, the Ctrl key may also need to be held down), pressing the key that will have the macro assigned"
"extended characters. Likewise, the Commodore 64 and other Commodore computers had the Commodore key at the bottom left of the keyboard. Compact keyboards, such as those used in laptops, often have a Fn key to save space by combining two functions that are normally on separate keys. On laptops, pressing plus one of the function keys, e.g., F2, often control hardware functions. Keyboards that lack a dedicated numeric keypad may mimic its functionality by combining the Fn key with other keys. The MIT space-cadet keyboard had additional Top, Front, Super and Hyper modifier keys. Combined with standard modifiers, it could"
"organ, digital piano, synthesizer). Since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the ""piano keyboard"". The twelve notes of the Western musical scale are laid out with the lowest note on the left; The longer keys (for the seven ""natural"" notes of the C major scale: C, D, E, F, G, A, B) jut forward. Because these keys were traditionally covered in ivory they are often called the ""white notes"" or ""white keys"". The keys for the remaining five notes—which are not part of the C major scale—(i.e., C/D, D/E,"
"QWERTZ The QWERTZ or QWERTZU keyboard is a typewriter and keyboard layout widely used in Central Europe. The name comes from the first six letters at the top left of the keyboard: ( ). The main difference between QWERTZ and QWERTY is that the positions of the and keys are switched (hence the nickname ""kezboard""). This change was made for two major reasons: Similar to many other non-English keyboards: Some of special key inscriptions are often changed from an abbreviation to a graphical symbol (for example caps lock becomes a hollow arrow pointing down, backspace becomes a left-pointing arrow). In"
"be accessed with the AltGr key. The layout on the picture is supported by Microsoft Windows. Note that on some keyboards, the ""ű"" key is located to the left of the Enter key, while on others it is placed to the left of the backspace key (see the two pictures on the right). An unusual feature of this Hungarian keyboard layout is the position of the 0 (zero): it’s located to the left of the 1, so that most of the accented characters can be together on the right side of the keyboard. The official layout is of type QWERTZ,"
"on the XO laptop, which does not have a . The UNIX keyboard layout also differs in the placement of the key, which is to the left of . Some early keyboards experimented with using large numbers of modifier keys. The most extreme example of such a keyboard, the so-called ""Space-cadet keyboard"" found on MIT LISP machines, had no fewer than ""seven"" modifier keys: four control keys, , , , and , along with three shift keys, , , and . This allowed the user to type over 8000 possible characters by playing suitable ""chords"" with many modifier keys pressed"
"four seconds enciphering or deciphering each letter. Inside the casing of the M-209, a much more complicated picture emerges. The six key wheels each have a small movable pin aligned with each letter on the wheel. These pins may each be positioned to the left or right; the positioning of these pins affects the operation of the machine. The left position is ""ineffective"", while the right position is ""effective"". Each key wheel contains a different number of letters, and a correspondingly different number of pins. From left to right, the wheels have: This discrepancy is chosen to give the wheel"
"are swapped, and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters. Another situation takes place with ""national"" layouts. Keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to release the space for Ñ ñ; similarly, those for Portuguese, French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç. The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout in that the A and Q are swapped, the Z and W are swapped, and the M is moved from the right of N to"
"position its components arbitrarily: there are far too many of them, and it is only with the introduction of a logical methodology that the system becomes easy to learn. Basically, the keyboard is divided into 5 zones, each representing a stroke. Those five strokes are falling left, falling right, horizontal, vertical, and hook, and the zones that represent them are QWERT, YUIOP, ASDFG, HJKLM, and XCVBN, respectively. These zones are all laid out horizontally, with the exception of M, which is not in line with the rest of the letters in its zone. In a general way, the keyboard can"