"Ammonium carbonate Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula (NH)CO. Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt. It is also known as baker's ammonia and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder. It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn. Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80000 tons/year were produced as of 1997. Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at standard temperature"
"White spirit White spirit (UK) or mineral spirits (US, Canada), also known as mineral turpentine (AU/NZ), turpentine substitute, petroleum spirits, solvent naphtha (petroleum), Varsol, Stoddard solvent, or, generically, ""paint thinner"", is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting. A mixture of aliphatic, open-chain or alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons, white spirit is insoluble in water and is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white spirit consumption"
"and health. White spirit White spirit (UK) or mineral spirits (US, Canada), also known as mineral turpentine (AU/NZ), turpentine substitute, petroleum spirits, solvent naphtha (petroleum), Varsol, Stoddard solvent, or, generically, ""paint thinner"", is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting. A mixture of aliphatic, open-chain or alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons, white spirit is insoluble in water and is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white"
"countries) may still refer to it as hartshorn or hornsalt (e.g., FI: ""hirvensarvisuola"", NO: ""hjortetakksalt"", DK: ""hjortetakssalt"", SE: ""hjorthornssalt"", ""salt of hart's horn"", DE: ""Hirschhornsalz""). Although there is a slight smell of ammonia during baking, this quickly dissipates, leaving no taste. It is used in, for example, Swedish ""drömmar"" biscuits and Danish Christmas biscuits (Hjortetakssalt), and German Lebkuchen. In many cases it may be substituted with baking soda or baking powder or a combination of both, depending on the recipe composition and leavening requirements. Compared to baking soda or potash, hartshorn has the advantage of producing more gas for the"
"vulnerary ointment cream. Aluminium acetotartrate Aluminium acetotartrate (or ALSOL) is an organic acid, astringent, and disinfectant. It is the aluminium salt of acetic acid and tartaric acid. Aluminium acetotartrate occurs as colorless or yellowish crystals, freely but exceedingly slowly soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol and ether. Aluminium acetotartrate is employed in 0.5–2% solutions as a nasal douche in affections of the respiratory tract, in 1–3% solutions as a substitute for solution of aluminium acetate, in concentrated solution as a lotion in frostbite and balanitis, and as a snuff with boric acid in atrophic rhinitis. It is also used"
"Hydrazine sulfate Hydrazine sulfate, more properly hydrazonium hydrogensulfate, is a salt of the cation hydrazinium and the anion bisulfate (hydrogensulfate), with the formula or . It is a white, water-soluble solid at room temperature. Hydrazine sulfate has a number of uses in chemical laboratories and in the chemical industry, including analytical chemistry and the synthesis of organic compounds. In those uses it is usually preferred to pure hydrazine, because it is not volatile and is less susceptible to atmospheric oxidation on storage. Hydrazine sulfate has been also advanced in the past as an alternative medical treatment, under the trade name"
"dissolving uric acid in gout and ""rheumatism"", and for various other stomach, liver, and kidney disorders. Sal Hepatica Sal Hepatica is the name of a mineral salt laxative that was produced and marketed by Bristol-Myers from its inception in 1887, becoming its first nationally recognized product in 1903, until 1958. When dissolved in water, it was said to reproduce the taste and effect of the natural mineral waters of Bohemia. The product was composed of Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate), baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), tartaric acid, common salt (sodium chloride), sodium phosphate and traces of lithium carbonate and water. It was"
"of fluids may also depend on the chemical properties of the medications being given. ""Normal saline"" (NS) is the commonly used term for a solution of 0.9% w/v of NaCl, about 300 mOsm/L. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as ""physiological saline"" or ""isotonic saline"", neither of which is technically accurate. NS is used frequently in intravenous drips (IVs) for patients who cannot take fluids orally and have developed or are in danger of developing dehydration or hypovolemia. NS is typically the first fluid used when hypovolemia is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation, and has"
"prone to vaporization if released in its liquid form. Sulfolane Sulfolane (also ""tetramethylene sulfone"", systematic name: 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide) is an organosulfur compound, formally a cyclic sulfone, with the formula (CH)SO. It is a colorless liquid commonly used in the chemical industry as a solvent for extractive distillation and chemical reactions. Sulfolane was originally developed by the Shell Oil Company in the 1960s as a solvent to purify butadiene. Sulfolane is a polar aprotic solvent, and it is readily soluble in water. Sulfolane is classified as a sulfone, a group of organosulfur compounds containing a sulfonyl functional group. The sulfone group is"
"or ""sweet spirit of nitre"" since 1980. Its use has been associated with fatal methemoglobinemia. Ethyl nitrite The chemical compound ethyl nitrite is an alkyl nitrite. It may be prepared from ethanol. It is used as a reagent with butanone to yield the dimethylglyoxime end product. Ethyl nitrite is the main ingredient in a traditional ethanol-based South African remedy for colds and flu known as Witdulsies and sold in pharmacies. It is known as a traditional Afrikaans remedy and may have Dutch roots, as the same remedy is apparently made by the Germano-Dutch Amish people in the USA. However FDA"
"Acetaminosalol Acetaminosalol is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHNO. It is an esterfication product of salicylic acid and paracetamol. It was marketed by Bayer under the brand name Salophen as an analgesic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In a warm alkaline solution acetaminosalol is broken up into salicylic acid and paracetamol. It is decomposed in the intestines, even when given as an injection. It was used as a substitute for salicylic acid in acute rheumatism, and as an intestinal antiseptic. It was similarly effective and much safer than salol, another intestinal antiseptic commonly used at"
"Bittern (salt) Bittern ( bitterns) is a bitter-tasting solution that remains after precipitation of halite (common salt) from brines and/or seawater. It is rich in magnesium chlorides, sulfates, bromides, iodides, and other chemicals present in the original waters. Bittern has been extracted for a long time, at least several centuries. The Dutch chemist Petrus Jacobus Kipp experimented with saturated solutions of bittern. The term for the solution is a modification of ""bitter"". Bittern is used to culture ""Haloquadratum"" archaea. It is also used for extraction of Epsom salt and other mineral salts. The solution can furthermore be used in the"
"Aluminium acetotartrate Aluminium acetotartrate (or ALSOL) is an organic acid, astringent, and disinfectant. It is the aluminium salt of acetic acid and tartaric acid. Aluminium acetotartrate occurs as colorless or yellowish crystals, freely but exceedingly slowly soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol and ether. Aluminium acetotartrate is employed in 0.5–2% solutions as a nasal douche in affections of the respiratory tract, in 1–3% solutions as a substitute for solution of aluminium acetate, in concentrated solution as a lotion in frostbite and balanitis, and as a snuff with boric acid in atrophic rhinitis. It is also used as an antiseptic"
"Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfate (KSO) (in British English potassium sulphate, also called sulphate of potash, arcanite, or archaically known as potash of sulfur) is a non-flammable white crystalline salt which is soluble in water. The chemical compound is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur. Potassium sulfate (KSO) has been known since early in the 14th century, and it was studied by Glauber, Boyle, and Tachenius. In the 17th century, it was named ""arcanuni"" or ""sal duplicatum"", as it was a combination of an acid salt with an alkaline salt. It was also known as ""vitriolic tartar"" and"
"the time. The fact that it is tasteless renders it easy to administer. Acetaminosalol Acetaminosalol is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHNO. It is an esterfication product of salicylic acid and paracetamol. It was marketed by Bayer under the brand name Salophen as an analgesic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In a warm alkaline solution acetaminosalol is broken up into salicylic acid and paracetamol. It is decomposed in the intestines, even when given as an injection. It was used as a substitute for salicylic acid in acute rheumatism, and as an intestinal antiseptic. It was"
"Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate , or Custodiol HTK solution, is a high-flow, low-potassium preservation solution used for organ transplantation. The solution was initially developed by Hans-Jürgen Bretschneider. HTK solution is intended for perfusion and flushing of donor liver, kidney, heart, lung and pancreas prior to removal from the donor and for preserving these organs during hypothermic storage and transport to the recipient. HTK solution is based on the principle of inactivating organ function by withdrawal of extracellular sodium and calcium, together with intensive buffering of the extracellular space by means of histidine/histidine hydrochloride, so as to prolong the period during which the"
"wood spirits) is a chemical compound with chemical formula CHOH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). At room temperature, it is a polar solvent and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. It is not popular for machinery, but may be found in automotive windshield washer fluid, de-icers, and gasoline additives. Ethylene glycol solutions became available in 1926 and were marketed as ""permanent antifreeze"" since the higher boiling points provided advantages"
"Solvent A solvent (from the Latin ""solvō"", ""loosen, untie, solve"") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. The quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature. Common uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. tetrachloroethylene), as paint thinners (e.g. toluene, turpentine), as nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), in spot removers (e.g. hexane, petrol ether), in detergents"
"Sulfolane Sulfolane (also ""tetramethylene sulfone"", systematic name: 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide) is an organosulfur compound, formally a cyclic sulfone, with the formula (CH)SO. It is a colorless liquid commonly used in the chemical industry as a solvent for extractive distillation and chemical reactions. Sulfolane was originally developed by the Shell Oil Company in the 1960s as a solvent to purify butadiene. Sulfolane is a polar aprotic solvent, and it is readily soluble in water. Sulfolane is classified as a sulfone, a group of organosulfur compounds containing a sulfonyl functional group. The sulfone group is a sulfur atom doubly bonded to two oxygen atoms"
"is soluble not only in water, but also in many oxygen-containing solvents, such as alcohols, esters, ethers, and ketones. For example, in dry dibutyl ether of diethylene glycol, the solubility exceeds 1 mol/L. Saturated solutions in the organic solvents often are the liquid solvates of specific stoichiometry. When heated in air, solid HAuCl·HO melts in the water of crystallization, quickly darkens and becomes dark brown. Upon treating chloroauric acid with a standard base, it converts to metal, tetrachloridoaurate and water. The related thallium salt is poorly soluble in all nonreacting solvents. Salts of quaternary ammonium cations are known. Other complex"
"Solution”, a mixture of sodium chlorite and citric acid also known as ""MMS"" that is promoted as a cure-all have been convicted, fined, or otherwise disciplined in multiple jurisdictions around the world. MMS products were variously referred to as snake oil and complete quackery. The free acid, chlorous acid, HClO, is only stable at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. However, the corresponding sodium salt, sodium chlorite, NaClO is stable and inexpensive enough to be commercially available. The corresponding salts of heavy metals (Ag, Hg, Tl, Pb, and also Cu and NH) decompose"
"Sal Hepatica Sal Hepatica is the name of a mineral salt laxative that was produced and marketed by Bristol-Myers from its inception in 1887, becoming its first nationally recognized product in 1903, until 1958. When dissolved in water, it was said to reproduce the taste and effect of the natural mineral waters of Bohemia. The product was composed of Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate), baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), tartaric acid, common salt (sodium chloride), sodium phosphate and traces of lithium carbonate and water. It was marketed as a saline laxative and alkalinizing agent. In the latter role it was recommended for"
"Fluorosulfuric acid Fluorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurofluoridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula HSOF. It is one of the strongest acids commercially available. The formula HSOF emphasizes its relationship to sulfuric acid, HSO; HSOF is a tetrahedral molecule. It is a colourless liquid, although commercial samples are often yellow. Fluorosulfuric acid is a free-flowing colorless liquid. It is soluble in polar organic solvents (e.g. nitrobenzene, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate), but poorly soluble in nonpolar solvents such as alkanes. Reflecting its strong acidity, it dissolves almost all organic compounds that are even weak proton acceptors. HSOF hydrolyzes"
"Barium sulfate Barium sulfate (or sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water. It occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it. The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications. About 80% of the world's barium sulfate production, mostly purified mineral, is consumed as a component of oil well drilling fluid. It increases the density of the fluid, increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the well and reducing the chance"
"Cerium(IV) sulfate Cerium(IV) sulfate, also called ceric sulfate, is an inorganic compound. It exists as the anhydrous salt Ce(SO) as well as a few hydrated forms: Ce(SO)(HO), with x equal to 4, 8, or 12. These salts are yellow to yellow/orange solids that are moderately soluble in water and dilute acids. Its neutral solutions slowly decompose, depositing the light yellow oxide CeO. Solutions of ceric sulfate have a strong yellow color. The tetrahydrate loses water when heated to 180-200 °C. It is insoluble in glacial acetic acid and pure (96%) ethanol. It was historically produced by direct reaction of fine,"
"Sodium thiosulfate Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is a chemical and medication. As a medication it is used to treat cyanide poisoning and pityriasis versicolor. It is an inorganic compound with the formula NaSOHO. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, NaSO·5HO. The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water. It is also called sodium hyposulfite or ""hypo"". It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes because the thiosulfate"
"to high. High concentrations are used rarely in medicine but frequently in molecular biology. Normal saline (""NSS,"" ""NS"" or ""N/S"") is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90% w/v of NaCl, 308 mOsm/L or 9.0 g per litre. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as ""physiological saline"" or ""isotonic saline"" (because it closely approximates isotonic, that is, physiologically normal, solution); although neither of those names is technically accurate (because normal saline is not exactly like blood serum), they convey the practical effect usually seen: good fluid balance with minimal hypotonicity or hypertonicity. NS is used frequently in"
"sulfate. The solubility of Ce(IV) in methanesulfonic acid is approximately 10 times the value obtainable in acidic sulphate solutions. Cerium(IV) sulfate Cerium(IV) sulfate, also called ceric sulfate, is an inorganic compound. It exists as the anhydrous salt Ce(SO) as well as a few hydrated forms: Ce(SO)(HO), with x equal to 4, 8, or 12. These salts are yellow to yellow/orange solids that are moderately soluble in water and dilute acids. Its neutral solutions slowly decompose, depositing the light yellow oxide CeO. Solutions of ceric sulfate have a strong yellow color. The tetrahydrate loses water when heated to 180-200 °C. It"
"Sulfiram Sulfiram (INN) or monosulfiram, trade name Tetmosol, is an ectoparasiticide used in the treatment and prevention of scabies. It is usually sold as a solution or medicated soap, sometimes in combination with benzyl benzoate. Sulfiram is now rarely used, but, , is still available in Brazil, India, and South Africa (as monotherapy). Dizziness, headache, fatigue and erythematous rash may occur. A single case of toxic epidermal necrolysis was reported in 1968. Sulfiram is structurally related to disulfiram (Antabuse), and readily converts to disulfiram when exposed to light. Like disulfiram, it can produce an unpleasant reaction when consumed with alcohol."
"Sulfiram Sulfiram (INN) or monosulfiram, trade name Tetmosol, is an ectoparasiticide used in the treatment and prevention of scabies. It is usually sold as a solution or medicated soap, sometimes in combination with benzyl benzoate. Sulfiram is now rarely used, but, , is still available in Brazil, India, and South Africa (as monotherapy). Dizziness, headache, fatigue and erythematous rash may occur. A single case of toxic epidermal necrolysis was reported in 1968. Sulfiram is structurally related to disulfiram (Antabuse), and readily converts to disulfiram when exposed to light. Like disulfiram, it can produce an unpleasant reaction when consumed with alcohol."
"Pentoxyverine Pentoxyverine (rINN) or carbetapentane is an antitussive (cough suppressant) commonly used for cough associated with illnesses like common cold. It is sold over-the-counter in the United States as Solotuss, or in combination with other medications, especially decongestants. One such product is ""Certuss"", a combination of guaifenesin and pentoxyverine. The drug is available in the form of drops, suspensions and suppositories. The drug is used for the treatment of dry cough associated with conditions such as common cold, bronchitis or sinusitis. Like codeine and other antitussives, it relieves the symptom, but does not heal the illness. No controlled clinical trials"
"salves"". Ichthammol's dermatological action was promoted by German physician Paul Gerson Unna. From elemental analysis, its composition was calculated to be CHSO(NH). However, as a product of natural origin, it is a mixture of many different compounds. Chemically, it is a sulfonated shale oil that is incompatible with acids, alkali carbonates or hydrates and alkaloidal salts. It is a thick reddish brown liquid, possessing a bituminous odor and taste. It is soluble in water and miscible with glycerin, but is nearly insoluble in strong alcohol or concentrated ether. It contains a large percentage of organically combined sulfur. Materials made in"
"sal alkali. Sal alkali, in turn, appears to have been a solution of caustic potash in alcohol, which dissolves many substances. Helmont described a process in which his alkahest (sal alkali) was applied to olive oil. The result was identified as a sweet oil, which was glycerol. Alkahest Alkahest is a hypothetical universal solvent, having the power to dissolve every other substance, including gold. It was highly sought by alchemists for what they thought would be its invaluable medicinal qualities. The famous alchemist Philippus Paracelsus described alkahest in the 1500s. The name is believed to have been invented by Paracelsus"