"Plant genetics Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in Plants. It is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. Plant genetics is similar in many ways to animal genetics but differs in a few key areas. The discoverer of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied ""trait inheritance"", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (most famously pea plants) inherit"
"History of genetics The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Epicurus. Modern biology began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel. His work on pea plants, published in 1866,what is now Mendelian inheritance. Some theories of heredity suggest in the centuries before and for several decades after Mendel's work. The year 1900 marked the ""rediscovery of Mendel"" by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak, and by 1915 the basic principles of Mendelian genetics had been applied to a wide variety of organisms—most notably the fruit fly"
"Gregor Mendel Institute The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) is a basic research institute in the field of molecular plant biology founded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2000 and located at the Vienna Biocenter. It is named after Gregor Mendel, the ""father of genetics"", who studied at the University of Vienna in the middle of the 19th century. Research at the GMI covers aspects of molecular genetics, including basic mechanisms of epigenetics, population genetics, chromosome biology, developmental biology, stress signal transduction and plant pathogens. ""Arabidopsis thaliana"" is the primary model organism used. The scientific director"
"Christian Carl André Christian Carl André (1763-1831) was a leading 19th century European natural scientist, publisher, economist and educator. He was among the pioneers in the study of heredity whose vision paved the way for the research of Gregor Mendel, the founder of modern genetics. Christian Carl André was born on 20 March 1763 in the German town of Hildburghausen. He studied at the University of Jena, and worked as a teacher in Eisenach and at the Schnepfenthal Salzmann School in Gotha. Then from 1798 to 1820 he lived in Brno, then within the Habsburg empire, where he headed the"
"Friedrich Franz Friedrich Franz, , (1 December 1783 – 4 December 1860) was a professor of physics and applied mathematics at the Faculty of Philosophy of University of Olomouc, who greatly influenced his student Gregor Johann Mendel, later known as """"The Father of Genetics"""". Friedrich Franz graduated in 1831 the University of Prague as Doctor of Philosophy and Liberal Arts. Before he came in 1842 to Olomouc, he taught physics at a philosophical institute (type of grammar school) in Brno (Brünn). Franz was the first lecturer on the daguerreotype process in Moravia. He started experimenting already in 1839, the same"
"of the GMI is Magnus Nordborg. Gregor Mendel Institute The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) is a basic research institute in the field of molecular plant biology founded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2000 and located at the Vienna Biocenter. It is named after Gregor Mendel, the ""father of genetics"", who studied at the University of Vienna in the middle of the 19th century. Research at the GMI covers aspects of molecular genetics, including basic mechanisms of epigenetics, population genetics, chromosome biology, developmental biology, stress signal transduction and plant pathogens. ""Arabidopsis thaliana"" is the primary"
"Mendel Lectures The Mendel Lectures is a series of lectures given by the world´s top scientists in genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, medicine and related areas which has been held in the refectory of the Augustian Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno, Czech Republic since May 2003. The lectures were established to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by James Watson (1928) and Francis Crick (1916-2004). The Mendel Lectures are named in honour of Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), the founder of genetics, who lived and worked in the Augustinian Abbey in Brno"
"Richard Goldschmidt Richard Benedict Goldschmidt (April 12, 1878 – April 24, 1958) was a German-born American geneticist. He is considered the first to attempt to integrate genetics, development, and evolution. He pioneered understanding of reaction norms, genetic assimilation, dynamical genetics, sex determination, and heterochrony. Controversially, Goldschmidt advanced a model of macroevolution through macromutations popularly known as the ""Hopeful Monster"" hypothesis. Goldschmidt also described the nervous system of the nematode, a piece of work that influenced Sydney Brenner to study the wiring diagram of ""Caenorhabditis elegans"", winning Brenner and his colleagues the Nobel Prize in 2002. Goldschmidt was born in Frankfurt-am-Main,"
"Experiments on Plant Hybridization ""Experiments on Plant Hybridization"" (German: ""Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden"") is a seminal paper written in 1865 and published in 1866 by Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar considered to be the founder of modern genetics. The paper was the result after years spent studying genetic traits in ""Pisum sativum"", the pea plant. Mendel read his paper to the Natural History Society of Brünn. It was published in the ""Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn"" the following year. In his paper, Mendel compared pairs of discrete traits: Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably"
"Ernst Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including ""anthropogeny"", ""ecology"", ""phylum"", ""phylogeny"", and ""Protista."" Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory (""ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny. The published"
"the days of an Augustinian priest known as Gregor Johann Mendel. The soon-to-be ""father of modern genetics"" spent his days conducting hybridization experiments on pea plants(""Pisum sativum"") in his monastery's garden. During a period of seven years (1856 to 1863), Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants which led to him deducing the two famous generalizations known as Mendel's Laws of Heredity. The first, the law of segregation, states that ""when any individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene separate, so that each gamete receives only one copy"". The second, the law of independent assortment, states that ""alleles"
"the Creator who brought everything to life...Evolution in nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation, because evolution requires the creation of beings that evolve."" The rules of genetic evolutionary inheritance were first discovered by a Catholic priest, the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel, who is known today as the founder of modern genetics. According to a 2014 Gallup survey, ""More than four in 10 Americans continue to believe that God created humans in their present form 10,000 years ago, a view that has changed little over the past three decades. Half of Americans believe humans evolved, with the majority"
"incidents of 1848. During the Hungarian Revolution, he fled to Vienna. There he was appointed head of the Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Vienna in 1850. While there, Doppler, along with Franz Unger, influenced the development of young Gregor Mendel, the founding father of genetics, who was a student at the University of Vienna from 1851 to 1853. Doppler died on 17 March 1853 at age 49 from a pulmonary disease in Venice (at that time part of the Austrian Empire). His tomb, found by Dr. Peter M. Schuster is just inside the entrance of the Venetian"
"written efforts are as follows: Ottokar Lorenz Ottokar Lorenz (17 September 1832 – 13 May 1904) was an Austrian-German historian and genealogist. He was born in Iglau (now Jihlava, Czech Republic) and died in Jena. He was the father of chemist Richard Lorenz (1863-1929). He studied philology, history and philosophy in Vienna, where his instructors included Hermann Bonitz, Joseph Aschbach and Albert Jäger. From 1861 to 1885, Lorenz was a professor of history at the University of Vienna, being appointed rector in 1880. Afterwards, he was a professor at the University of Jena. He was a founder of modern ""scientific"
"participation on 1848 revolution, Franz became briefly the rector of the University in 1852, before he left and became a director of a grammar school in Salzburg, while later he was a Premonstratensian prelate in Nová Říše (Neureisch). Friedrich Franz Friedrich Franz, , (1 December 1783 – 4 December 1860) was a professor of physics and applied mathematics at the Faculty of Philosophy of University of Olomouc, who greatly influenced his student Gregor Johann Mendel, later known as """"The Father of Genetics"""". Friedrich Franz graduated in 1831 the University of Prague as Doctor of Philosophy and Liberal Arts. Before he"
"Felix Bernstein (mathematician) Felix Bernstein (24 February 1878 in Halle, Germany – 3 December 1956 in Zürich, Switzerland), was a German Jewish mathematician known for proving in 1896 the Schröder–Bernstein theorem, a central result in set theory, and less well known for demonstrating in 1924 the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus through statistical analysis. Felix Bernstein was born in 1878 to a Jewish family of academics. His father Julius held the Chair of Physiology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, and was the Director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Halle."
"analysis began in the mid-1800s with research conducted by Gregor Mendel. Mendel, who is known as the ""father of modern genetics"", was inspired to study variation in plants. Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants (i.e., Pisum sativum). This study showed that one in four pea plants had purebred recessive alleles, two out of four were hybrid and one out of four were purebred dominant. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. Lacking the basic"
"is named in his honor. Albrecht Kossel Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells. Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic"
"Ottokar Lorenz Ottokar Lorenz (17 September 1832 – 13 May 1904) was an Austrian-German historian and genealogist. He was born in Iglau (now Jihlava, Czech Republic) and died in Jena. He was the father of chemist Richard Lorenz (1863-1929). He studied philology, history and philosophy in Vienna, where his instructors included Hermann Bonitz, Joseph Aschbach and Albert Jäger. From 1861 to 1885, Lorenz was a professor of history at the University of Vienna, being appointed rector in 1880. Afterwards, he was a professor at the University of Jena. He was a founder of modern ""scientific genealogy"". Some of his better"
"without including any of the sociological considerations and cultural and academic gender-bias facts explored in the article. Grete Kellenberger-Gujer Grete Kellenberger-Gujer (1919–2011) was a Swiss molecular biologist known for her discoveries on genetic recombination and restriction modification system of DNA. She was a pioneer in the genetic analysis of bacteriophages and contributed to the early development of molecular biology. After earning her ""matura"" in classics at the Töchterschule in Zürich, Grete Gujer studied chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. There, she met Eduard Kellenberger, a physics student. The couple married in 1945. In 1946 they moved"
"inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century. Prior to Mendel, Imre Festetics, a Hungarian noble, who lived in Kőszeg before Mendel, was the first who used the word ""genetics."" He described several rules of genetic inheritance in his work ""The genetic law of the Nature"" (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). His second law is the same as what Mendel published. In his"
"Genetic method The genetic method is a method of teaching mathematics coined by Otto Toeplitz in 1927. As an alternative to the axiomatic system, the method suggests using history of mathematics to deliver excitement and motivation and engage the class. Otto Toeplitz, a research mathematician in the area of functional analysis, introduced the method in his manuscript ""The problem of calculus courses at universities and their demarcation against calculus courses at high schools"" in 1927. A part of this manuscript was published in a book in 1949, after Toeplitz's death. Toeplitz's method was not completely new at the time. In"
"Konrad Lorenz Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (; 7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour. He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth. Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals, especially in greylag geese and jackdaws. Working with geese, he investigated the principle of imprinting, the process by which some nidifugous birds (i.e. birds that"
"to Genetics. The John Innes Centre holds a Bateson Lecture in his honour at the annual John Innes Symposium. He was an atheist. William Bateson William Bateson (8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was an English biologist who was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns. His 1894 book ""Materials for the Study of Variation"" was one of the earliest formulations of the new approach to genetics. Bateson was born"
"Albrecht Kossel Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells. Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in all living"
"was the first winner of the Schleiden Medal. Emil Heitz Emil Heitz (born 19 October 1892 in Strasbourg, then part of the German Empire - died 8 July 1965 in Lugano, Switzerland) was a German-Swiss botanist and geneticist. In 1928, Heitz detected differences along chromosomes that correlated with linear arrangement of genes, suggesting the terms euchromatin and heterochromatin for differences detectable by suitable chromosomal stains. His subsequent studies developed what he called cytological genetics, laying the ground for what is now termed cytogenetics. In November 1933 Heitz was a signatory of the ""Loyalty Oath of German Professors to Adolf Hitler"
"their critical analysis skills in the field. Genetic method The genetic method is a method of teaching mathematics coined by Otto Toeplitz in 1927. As an alternative to the axiomatic system, the method suggests using history of mathematics to deliver excitement and motivation and engage the class. Otto Toeplitz, a research mathematician in the area of functional analysis, introduced the method in his manuscript ""The problem of calculus courses at universities and their demarcation against calculus courses at high schools"" in 1927. A part of this manuscript was published in a book in 1949, after Toeplitz's death. Toeplitz's method was"
"Carl Nägeli Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (26 or 27 March 1817 – 10 May 1891) was a Swiss botanist. He studied cell division and pollination but became known as the man who discouraged Gregor Mendel from further work on genetics. He rejected natural selection as a mechanism of evolution, favouring orthogenesis driven by a supposed ""inner perfecting principle"". Nägeli was born in Kilchberg near Zurich, where he studied medicine at the University of Zurich. From 1839, he studied botany under A. P. de Candolle at Geneva, and graduated with a botanical thesis at Zurich in 1840. His attention having been"
"States, and he stayed there. In 1948, Bernstein retired from teaching in the USA, and returned to Europe. He mainly lived in Rome and Freiburg, occasionally visiting Göttingen, where he became professor emeritus. He died of cancer in Zurich on 3 December 1956. Felix Bernstein (mathematician) Felix Bernstein (24 February 1878 in Halle, Germany – 3 December 1956 in Zürich, Switzerland), was a German Jewish mathematician known for proving in 1896 the Schröder–Bernstein theorem, a central result in set theory, and less well known for demonstrating in 1924 the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus"
"Eugen Steinach Eugen Steinach (28 January 1861 – 14 May 1944) was an Austrian physiologist and pioneer in endocrinology. He was born on 28 January 1861, in Austria. Steinach was a physiologist, hormone researcher and biology professor who became the Director of Vienna’s Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences in 1912, the year in which he conducted experiments in the transplantation of a male guinea pig's testes into a female and the castration of the male. The testes secretion, now known as testosterone, resulted in the female guinea pig developing male sexual behaviour such as mounting the partner. This"
"Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch (October 6, 1907 – November 7, 2007) was a German-born U.S. geneticist and co-founder of the field of developmental genetics, which investigates the genetic mechanisms of development. Gluecksohn-Waelsch was born in Danzig, Germany to Nadia and Ilya Gluecksohn. She grew up in Germany between World War I and II, where her family faced hardships including her father's death in the 1918 influenza epidemic, severe post-war inflation, and intense anti-Semitic sentiment. She studied chemistry and zoology in Königsberg and Berlin before she joined Spemann's laboratory at the University of Freiburg in 1928. She commented on both Spemann's"
"elevated as abbot in 1868, his scientific work largely ended, as Mendel became overburdened with administrative responsibilities, especially a dispute with the civil government over its attempt to impose special taxes on religious institutions. Mendel died on 6 January 1884, at the age of 61, in Brno, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic), from chronic nephritis. Czech composer Leoš Janáček played the organ at his funeral. After his death, the succeeding abbot burned all papers in Mendel's collection, to mark an end to the disputes over taxation. Gregor Mendel, who is known as the ""father of modern genetics"", was inspired by"
"groups evolved in parallel rows, considering this process as analogous to the growth of crystals."" He was a critic of natural selection and neo-Darwinism. Hans Leo Przibram Hans Leo Przibram [] (7 July 1874 – 20 May 1944) was an Austrian biologist who founded the biological laboratory in Vienna. Hans was as elder son of Gustav and Charlotte Przibram. His mother was the daughter of Friedrich Schey von Koromla. After attending the Academic Gymnasium in Vienna, he studied Zoology under Berthold Hatschek at the University of Vienna. In 1899 he graduated as medical doctor and Doctor of Philosophy. He received"