Who did Charles Darwin replace on the reverse of Bank of England £10 notes?
"tradition of portraying historical British figures on the reverse continued with the E series, first issued in 1992, with an image of Charles Dickens appearing. Series E notes are multicoloured, although they are predominantly orange-brown. From series E onward Bank of England £10 notes feature 'windowed' metal thread; this thread appears as a dashed line, yet forms a single line when held up to the light. The revised Series E £10 note was introduced in 2000. It features a portrait of Charles Darwin on the back as well as an illustration of and images of various flora and fauna. The"
"note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread, including raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a hologram, and a number ten which only appears under ultraviolet light. In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £10 note would be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper. This followed the announcement in July 2013 that Charles Darwin would be replaced by 19th Century author Jane Austen on the next £10 note, which would enter circulation in 2017. The decision to replace Darwin with Austen followed a campaign to have a woman on the back"
"Bank of England £10 note The Bank of England £10 note, also known as a tenner, is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second-lowest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current polymer note, first issued in 2017, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of author Jane Austen on the reverse. The final cotton paper note featuring a portrait of naturalist Charles Darwin, first issued in 2000, was withdrawn from circulation on 1 March 2018, thereby replacing the cotton with a more fit material. Ten pound notes"
"7 November 2000 featuring Charles Darwin, ""HMS Beagle"", a hummingbird, and flowers under a magnifying glass, illustrating the ""Origin of Species"". The hummingbird's inclusion was criticised, since Darwin's ideas were spurred by finches and mockingbirds, not hummingbirds. When it was announced that Winston Churchill would feature on the new £5 note, concern was raised about the lack of female representation on banknotes, as there would be a period when no primary note's reverse featured a woman. A petition to include a woman on the new £10 note gained over 35,000 signatures. On 24 June 2013, Governor of the Bank of"
"Since the development of evolutionary theory by Charles Darwin in England, where his portrait appears on the back of the revised Series E £10 note issued in 2000, significant shifts in British public opinion have occurred. A 2006 survey for the BBC showed that ""more than a fifth of those polled were convinced by the creationist argument,"" a massive decrease from the almost total acceptance of creationism before Darwin published his theory. A 2010 Angus Reid poll found that ""In Britain, two-thirds of respondents (68%) side with evolution while less than one-in-five (16%) choose creationism. At least seven-in-ten respondents in"
"arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of ""On the Origin of Species"". Darwin has been commemorated in the UK, with his portrait printed on the reverse of £10 banknotes printed along with a hummingbird and HMS ""Beagle"", issued by the Bank of England. A life-size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the Natural History Museum in London. A seated statue of Darwin, unveiled 1897, stands in front of Shrewsbury Library, the building that used to house Shrewsbury School, which Darwin attended as a boy. Another statue"
"£10 note on 14 September 2017; these will be followed by the £20 note in 2020, and the £50 at a date after that. In April 2013, the Bank of England announced that its next planned new note issue, intended to be the £5 note in 2016, would feature former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The selection of Churchill to replace Elizabeth Fry raised some debate about the representation of women on British banknotes, with critics raising concerns that Bank of England notes would portray exclusively male figures, other than Elizabeth II who appears on every sterling banknote and coin."
"longer and narrower, and were the first ten-shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England. In the late 1960s it was decided that future banknotes should feature a British historical figure on the reverse. The first such note was the series D £20 note, first issued in 1970, featuring William Shakespeare. A design for a ten-shilling note featuring Walter Raleigh on the reverse was approved in 1964 but was never issued. Instead, in 1969, as part of the process of decimalisation, a new fifty"
"when Britain stopped using the gold standard. The £10 note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1964 with the advent of the series C notes that the denomination was re-introduced. These brown notes were the first £10 notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front, and unlike the previous 'White' notes they had a reverse; in this case featuring a lion. The C series was replaced by the D series beginning in 1975, with the new notes having a portrait of Florence Nightingale on the back. The"
"The campaign, which gained the support of 35,000 petitioners, and financial support for a potential legal challenge which Criado-Perez had not ruled out, led Mark Carney, the newly appointed Governor of the Bank of England, to announce a change of plan on 24 July 2013. The Bank announced that the image of Jane Austen would appear on the £10 note, instead of Churchill. The process to make such decisions is to undergo an extensive review. ""People have said this was not such a big thing to tackle, but I didn't especially pick on banknotes"", Criado-Perez commented to ""The Observer""s Vanessa"
"all Bank of England notes, Jane Austen on the reverse of the current polymer £10 note is the third historical woman depicted on a Bank of England note. The previous two historical women were Elizabeth Fry on the last paper £5 note from 2002 until May 2017 and Florence Nightingale on the £10 from 1975 until 1994. As Chief Cashier, Cleland's signature appears on all Bank of England banknotes. Victoria Cleland was present at Spink London on 3 October 2016 for the charity auction of Bank of England banknotes, all bearing her signature as Chief Cashier. The auction consisted of"
"England Mark Carney announced that a newly designed £10 banknote, featuring novelist Jane Austen, would be issued in 2017. The campaign for a woman to appear celebrated the choice as ""a brilliant day"". The date of issue was subsequently confirmed as 14 September 2017. Like the £5 note featuring Churchill, the new £10 note is made from polymer rather than cotton paper. It depicts: £20 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945. After World War II, the £20 denomination did not reappear until 1970, when the"
"quote “I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!” which is said by Austen's character Caroline Bingley, who in fact has no interest in reading and is attempting to impress Mr Darcy. Source: Bank of England Bank of England £10 note The Bank of England £10 note, also known as a tenner, is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second-lowest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current polymer note, first issued in 2017, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of author Jane Austen on"
"of a Bank of England banknote when it was announced that the only woman to feature on the back of a note — prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the £5 note — was to be replaced by Winston Churchill. Images on the reverse of the Jane Austen note include a portrait of Austen commissioned by her nephew, an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet from ""Pride and Prejudice"" by Isabel Bishop, an image of Godmersham Park (the home of Austen's brother), and a design based on Austen's 12-sided writing table as used by her at Chawton Cottage. The note also includes the"
"is an image of Glamis Castle. The current new polymer £10 note was issued in 2017, and the Committee of Scottish Bankers encouraged the public to spend or exchange older, non-polymer ten pound notes before 1 March 2018. The new design was unveiled in April 2016, and features a portrait of scientist Mary Somerville on the front. Alongside the portrait is an image of Burntisland beach, as well as a quote from Somerville's work ""The Connection of the Physical Sciences"". The rear of the note bears an image of two otters alongside an excerpt from Norman MacCaig's poem ""Moorings"". Information"
"a picture of Winston Churchill; and in 2017 a polymer £10 began replacing its paper equivalent. Plans for a polymer £20 note for 2020 have been released, but the Bank of England has said it plans to change the final note, £50, to a polymer note. The £10 polymer banknotes have a picture of author Jane Austen. Although the new Bank of England notes will be 15% smaller than the older, paper issue, they will bear a similar design. Some businesses operating in the UK cash industry have opposed the switch to polymer, citing a lack of research into the"
"the lack of serial numbers is not a problem. ""If members of the public are concerned, then they should take the notes back to the bank where they will be exchanged."" In April 2013 Sir Mervyn King announced on behalf of the bank that Elizabeth Fry would be replaced by Winston Churchill on the next £5 note which would enter circulation in 2016. It was also announced that the images featured on the reverse would include a 1941 portrait of Churchill by Yusuf Karsh, a view of the Houses of Parliament, a quote by Churchill (""I have nothing to offer"
"known for making 10 pound notes that feature Princess Diana's portrait in place of the Queen, while ""Bank of England"" is replaced by ""Banksy of England"". The artist's original intent was to throw them off a building, but after some of the notes were dropped at a festival he discovered that they could pass for legal tender and changed his mind. As of 2012, Banksy is still in possession of all one hundred million pounds' worth of the currency. In 2006, American artist Jack Daws hired metalsmiths to make a mold of a 1970 U.S. penny and cast it in"
"designs as ""iconic themes that are quintessentially British"". Ten pence (British coin) The British decimal ten pence (10p) coin – often pronounced ""ten pee"" – is a unit of currency equalling ten one-hundredths of a pound sterling. Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin's introduction in 1968, replacing the florin coin in preparation for decimalisation in 1971. Four different portraits of the Queen have been used on the coin, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The second and current reverse, featuring a segment of the Royal Shield, was introduced"
"Erasmus Darwin Erasmus Darwin (12 December 173118 April 1802) was an English physician. One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor and poet. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. Darwin was a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers. He turned down an invitation of George III's to become"
"to geneticists seeing this as impractical pseudoscience. A shift from voluntary arrangements to ""negative"" eugenics included compulsory sterilisation laws in the United States, copied by Nazi Germany as the basis for Nazi eugenics based on virulent racism and ""racial hygiene"".() Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with"
"Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective"
"edge. From 1948 to 1951, it bore the portrait of George VI on its obverse, without his title of Emperor of India, lost in 1947. In 1955, despite succeeding in 1952, the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II was first minted on the obverse. From 1937, onwards the coin featured a reeded security edge; this changed to a reeded edge in 1971. Because of its similarity in size and weight to the 50-cent piece, the ten-cent piece was redesigned with a plain edge from 1982. The portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin, introduced to the coins of the pound"
"and natural resources. In 2012 he designed a limited edition two pound coin featuring the face of Charles Dickens made up from his book titles, to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Dickens's birth. Matthew Dent (designer) Matthew Dent (born in 1981 in Bangor, Wales) is a British graphic designer. His designs were selected for the new reverse sides of seven coins of the pound sterling, after a competition open to the public by the Royal Mint on 2 April 2008. Dent studied art at Coleg Menai and graduated in graphic design from the University of Brighton. The competition was to"
"William Shakespeare on the reverse. The Series D £1 note, featuring Sir Isaac Newton, was discontinued in 1984, having been replaced by a pound coin the year before, and was officially withdrawn from circulation in 1988. Nonetheless, all banknotes, regardless of when they were withdrawn from circulation, may be presented at the Bank of England where they will be exchanged for current banknotes. Other banks may also decide to exchange old banknotes, but they are under no obligation to do so. When Series E was introduced in 1990, a new portrait of the Queen was commissioned based on photographs by"
"Charles Darwin Trust The Charles Darwin Trust is a British educational charity. The trust was part of a campaign with other organizations to back the bid to make Down House a World Heritage Site. The trust was founded in 1999 by Stephen Keynes. Trustees of the trust are Stephen Keynes OBE FLS (Chairman), Francis Carnwath CBE (Treasurer), Dr Claire Barlow (appointed 2006), Prof. Sir Patrick Bateson FRS, Sir Matthew Farrer GCVO, Timothy Hornsby CBE, Prof. J. Stephen Jones, Randal Keynes OBE FLS, Prof. Keith Stewart Thomson and Dr Patrick Zutshi. Previous trustees include Janet Browne (resigned 2006), Bernard Bulkin (resigned"
"Rain, but this was unsuccessful and closed in 1927. Following an appeal at that year's Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science by its president Sir Arthur Keith, the surgeon Sir George Buckston Browne (1850–1945) bought Down from the Darwin heirs for £4,250 in 1927 (equivalent to £ in present-day terms). He spent about £10,000 on repairs and on 7 January 1929 presented it to the British Association together with an endowment of £20,000 to ensure its preservation in perpetuity as a memorial to Darwin, to be used for the benefit of science and open to"
"slightly over £8,000 (£ today). Edward Milner Edward Milner (20 January 1819 – 26 March 1884) was an English landscape architect. Charles Darwin Edward Milner was born in Darley, Derbyshire, the eldest child of Henry Milner and Mary née Scales. Henry Milner was employed at Chatsworth by William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, as a gardener and porter. Edward was educated at Bakewell Grammar School and was then apprenticed to Chatsworth's head gardener, Joseph Paxton. In 1841 he continued his studies in Paris at the Jardin des Plantes and returned home to become Paxton's assistant. He worked with Paxton in"
"Bank of England £20 note The Bank of England £20 note is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second highest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current cotton note, first issued in 2007, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the reverse. Starting in 2020, the current note will be phased out, to be replaced by a polymer note featuring a portrait of artist J. M. W. Turner in place of Smith. Twenty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of"
"made. In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next £20 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper. This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J. M. W. Turner on the next £20 note which will enter circulation in 2020. Images on the reverse of the new note will include a 1799 self-portrait of Turner, a representation of his painting ""The Fighting Temeraire"", the quotation ""Light is therefore colour"" from an 1818 lecture by him, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his"
"Catherine Darwin, after Charlotte Wedgwood's death. Since Charles Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were cousins, Charlotte Mildred Massingberd was also a second cousin on his father's side. Leonard Darwin had no children from either marriage. President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1908 to 1911, he was then Chairman of the British Eugenics Society in 1911–28 (succeeding his half-cousin once removed Francis Galton), and became Honorary President from 1928 until his death. In 1912 the University of Cambridge conferred on him an honorary doctorate of science. Darwin played an important part in the life of the geneticist and statistician Ronald Fisher,"
"introduced in March 2017, reverted to In summary: In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £2 coin. The winner, announced in April 2008, was Matthew Dent, whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008. The designs for the 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together. The shield in its entirety was featured on the £1 coin. The coin's obverse remained unchanged. The design of the reverse of"
"new Series D £20 note, predominantly in purple and featuring a statue of William Shakespeare and the balcony scene from ""Romeo and Juliet"" on its reverse, was introduced on 9 July. On 5 June 1991 this note was replaced by the first Series E £20 note, featuring the physicist Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution lectures. By 1999 this note had been extensively copied, and therefore it became the first denomination to be replaced on 22 June 1999 by a second Series E design, featuring a bolder denomination figure at the top left of the obverse side, and a reverse"