What is cartography the study of
"competing privately held map-making houses/firms. In the book ""Capitalism and Cartography in the Dutch Golden Age"" (University of Chicago Press, 2015), Elizabeth A. Sutton explores the fascinating but previously neglected history of corporate (commercial) cartography during the Dutch Golden Age, from ca. 1600 to 1650. Maps were used as propaganda tools for both the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in order to encourage the commodification of land and an overall capitalist agenda. In the long run the competition between map-making firms Blaeu and Janssonius resulted in the publication of an 'Atlas Maior' or"
"maps are a key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS). In their study, geographers use four interrelated approaches: Cartography studies the representation of the Earth's surface with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science. Cartographers must learn cognitive psychology and ergonomics to understand which symbols convey information about the Earth most effectively, and"
"cartography is the art and science of mapmaking, cartographic design concerns the map user. It governs the design of a map and it is the cartography that ensures the intended message is delivered both efficiently and aesthetically. Ordnance Survey's CartoDesign team performs a key role in the organisation, as the authority for cartographic design and development, and engages with internal and external audiences to promote and communicate the value of cartography. They work on a broad range of projects and are responsible for styling all new products and services. Ordnance Survey's flagship digital product, launched in November 2001, is ""OS"
"Cartogram A cartogram is a map in which some thematic mapping variable – such as travel time, population, or GNP – is substituted for land area or distance. The geometry or space of the map is distorted, sometimes extremely, in order to convey the information of this alternate variable. They are primarily used to display emphasis and for analysis as nomographs. Two common types of cartograms are area and distance cartograms. Cartograms have a fairly long history, with examples from the mid-1800s. An area cartogram is sometimes referred to as a ""value-by-area map"" or an ""isodemographic map"", the latter particularly"
"Topography Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area could refer to the surface shapes and features themselves, or a description (especially their depiction in maps). Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial features, and even local history and culture. This meaning is less common in the United States, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made ""topography"" synonymous with relief. Topography in a narrow sense involves the recording of relief or"
"Orography Orography (from the Greek ""όρος"", hill, ""γραφία"", to write) is the study of the topographic relief of mountains, and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain. Orography (also known as ""oreography"", ""orology"" or ""oreology"") falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology. Mountain ranges and elevated land masses have a major impact on global climate. For instance, the elevated areas of East Africa substantially determines the strength of the Indian monsoon. In scientific models, such as general circulation models, orography defines the lower boundary of the model over land. When a river's tributaries or"
"awareness to try to understand why things exist in specific locations. Cartography is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualization purposes and to act as a locational device. Geostatistics apply statistical concepts to collected spatial data of Earth to create an estimate for unobserved phenomena. Geographical space is often considered as land, and can have a relation to ownership usage (in which space is seen as property or territory). While some cultures assert the rights of the individual in terms of ownership, other cultures will identify with a communal approach to land ownership, while still other cultures"
"changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. Cartography, the study and practice of map-making, and geography, the study of the lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena on Earth, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting Earth. Surveying, the determination of locations and distances, and to a lesser extent navigation, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information. Earth's human population reached approximately seven billion on 31 October 2011. Projections indicate"
"place"". In his text of the ""Geographia"" (2nd century CE), Ptolemy defined geography as the study of the entire world, but chorography as the study of its smaller parts—provinces, regions, cities, or ports. Its goal was ""an impression of a part, as when one makes an image of just an ear or an eye""; and it dealt with ""the qualities rather than the quantities of the things that it sets down"". Ptolemy implied that it was a ""graphic"" technique, comprising the making of views (not simply maps), since he claimed that it required the skills of a draftsman or landscape"
"engineering, atomic force microscopy is used to map nanotopography. In human anatomy, topography is superficial human anatomy. In mathematics the concept of topography is used to indicate the patterns or general organization of features on a map or as a term referring to the pattern in which variables (or their values) are distributed in a space. Topography Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area could refer to the surface shapes and features themselves, or a description (especially their depiction in maps). Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science"
"cartography and place names. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of the geographical approach depends on an attentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and its spatial patterns. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main subsidiary fields:"
"Hydrography Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defence, scientific research, and environmental protection. The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the private property, even closely held secrets, of individuals who"
"Petrography Petrography is a branch of petrology that focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. Someone who studies petrography is called a petrographer. The mineral content and the textural relationships within the rock are described in detail. The classification of rocks is based on the information acquired during the petrographic analysis. Petrographic descriptions start with the field notes at the outcrop and include macroscopic description of hand specimens. However, the most important tool for the petrographer is the petrographic microscope. The detailed analysis of minerals by optical mineralogy in thin section and the micro-texture and structure are critical to understanding the"
"Philosophy of geography Philosophy of geography is the subfield of philosophy which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and axiological issues in geography, with geographic methodology in general, and with more broadly related issues such as the perception and representation of space and place. Though methodological issues concerning geographical knowledge have been debated for centuries, Richard Hartshorne (1899–1992) is often credited with its first major systematic treatment in English, ""The Nature of Geography: A Critical Survey of Current Thought in the Light of the Past"", which appeared in 1939, and which prompted several volumes of critical essays in subsequent decades. John Kirtland"
"Astrocartography Astrocartography (called ""astrogeography"" in Europe in earlier years) is one of several methods of locational astrology, which purports to identify varying life conditions through differences in location. Developed and popularized by American astrologer Jim Lewis (1941-1995), astrocartography is a locational astrology system that focuses on elements of the natal chart, by identifying these factors on a world ""Astro*Carto*Graphy Map."" Lewis' Astro*Carto*Graphy maps show all locations on the earth where planets were ""angular"" (rising, setting, on the zenith or nadir) at the moment of an event like a person's birth. An ""angular"" planet is one that is conjunct one of"
"description of rocks while petrography is the speciality that deals with microscopic details. In the petroleum industry, lithology, or more specifically mud logging, is the graphic representation of geological formations being drilled through, and drawn on a log called a mud log. As the cuttings are circulated out of the borehole they are sampled, examined (typically under a 10× microscope) and tested chemically when needed. Petrology utilizes the fields of mineralogy, petrography, optical mineralogy, and chemical analysis to describe the composition and texture of rocks. Petrologists also include the principles of geochemistry and geophysics through the study of geochemical trends"
"Cartographic labeling Cartographic labeling is a form of typography and strongly deals with form, style, weight and size of type on a map. Essentially, labeling denotes the correct way to label features (points, arcs, or polygons). In type, form describes anything from lengths between letters to the case and color of the font. Form works well for both nominal (qualitative) and ordered (quantitative) data. Italics describe the sloping of letters setting it apart from non-italicized words (or vice versa). Using italics on a map also slightly decreases the size of the font as it shapely squeezes it around features. When"
"Cartographic generalization Cartographic generalization, or map generalization, is a method for deriving a smaller-scale map from a larger scale map or map data. Whether done manually by a cartographer or by a computer or set of algorithms, generalization seeks to abstract spatial information at a high level of detail to information that can be rendered on a map at a lower level of detail. For example, we might have the outlines of all of the thousands of buildings in a region, but we wish to make a map of the whole city no more than a few inches wide. Instead"
"of good judgment and cartographic conventions are important to gain the best placement. Cartographic labeling Cartographic labeling is a form of typography and strongly deals with form, style, weight and size of type on a map. Essentially, labeling denotes the correct way to label features (points, arcs, or polygons). In type, form describes anything from lengths between letters to the case and color of the font. Form works well for both nominal (qualitative) and ordered (quantitative) data. Italics describe the sloping of letters setting it apart from non-italicized words (or vice versa). Using italics on a map also slightly decreases"
"Map symbolization Map symbolization is the characters, letters, or similar graphic representations used on a map to indicate an object or characteristic in the real world. In cartography, the principles of cognition are important since they explain why certain map symbols work. In the past, mapmakers did not care why they worked. This behaviorist view treats the human brain like a black box. Modern cartographers are curious why certain symbols are the most effective. This should help develop a theoretical basis for how brains recognize symbols and, in turn, provide a platform for creating new symbols. Topographic maps show the"
"of individuals such as subjects or objects to places on Earth by the projection of valid horoscopes on to the Earth`s surface. The most popular method in astrological cartography was based on findings by Don Neroman, Gustav Schwickert, Cyril Fagan, Roy Charles Firebrace und Donald A. Bradley and developed from about 1930 until the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s it was further developed and made popular by Jim Lewis under the trademark of ""Astro*Carto*Graphy"". Another Astrological Cartography system is named ""local space astrology,"" developed by German astrologer Friedrich Sieggrün and later popularized in the United States by Steve Cozzi"
"Card sorting Card sorting is a technique in user experience design in which a person tests a group of subject experts or users to generate a dendrogram (category tree) or folksonomy. It is a useful approach for designing information architecture, workflows, menu structure, or web site navigation paths. Card sorting uses a relatively low-tech approach. The person conducting the test (usability analyst, user experience designer, etc.) first identifies key concepts and writes them on index cards or Post-it notes. Test subjects, individually or sometimes as a group, then arrange the cards to represent how they see the structure and relationships"
"of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many independent variables. Although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word ""map"" comes from the medieval Latin ""Mappa mundi"", wherein ""mappa"" meant napkin or cloth and ""mundi"" the world. Thus, ""map"" became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. Cartography or ""map-making"" is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface (see History of cartography), and one who makes maps"
"in later years. In the course of the development of computer technology which made it easier to calculate more elaborate astrogeographical maps the so-called Andersen system was published in 1974. It included 11 newly developed world maps valid for one planet each. A more complex astrogeographical world mapping system based on the holographic structural model and astrological field study through comparison of the features of the landscape developed in astrological geomancy was published by Georg Stockhorst in 2009 calculating 6 size levels of fields nested inside one another. The topic of astrological cartography is the astrological study of the relationship"
"(listed in alphabetical order): Geomorphometry Geomorphometry, or geomorphometrics, is the science of quantitative land surface analysis. It gathers various mathematical, statistical and image processing techniques that can be used to quantify morphological, hydrological, ecological and other aspects of a land surface. Common synonyms for geomorphometry are geomorphological analysis, terrain morphometry or terrain analysis and land surface analysis. Geomorphometrics is the discipline based on the computational measures of the geometry, topography and shape of the Earth's horizons, and their temporal change. In simple terms, geomorphometry aims at extracting (land) surface parameters (morphometric, hydrological, climatic etc.) and objects (watersheds, stream networks, landforms"
"Cognitive geography Cognitive geography is an interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography. It aims to understand how humans view space, place, and environment. It involves the formalization of factors that influence our spatial cognition to create a more effective representation of space. These improved models assist in a variety of issues, for example, the developing maps that communicate better, providing navigation instructions that are easier to follow, utilizing space more practically, accounting for the cultural differences on spatial thinking for more effective cross-cultural information exchange, and an overall increased understanding of our environment. Notable researchers in this branch of"
"Topological map In cartography and geology, a topological map is a type of diagram that has been simplified so that only vital information remains and unnecessary detail has been removed. These maps lack scale, and distance and direction are subject to change and variation, but the relationship between points is maintained. A good example is the tube map of the London Underground or the map for the New York City Subway. The name topological map is derived from topology, the branch of mathematics that studies the properties of objects that do not change as the object is deformed, much as"
"Geography Geography (from Greek: , ""geographia"", literally ""earth description"") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. The first person to use the word γεωγραφία was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. Geography is often defined in terms of two branches: human geography and physical geography. Human geography deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies,"
"Transport geography Transport geography, also ""transportation geography"", is a branch of geography that investigates the movement and connections between people, goods and information on the Earth's surface. Transportation geography detects, describes, and explains the Earth's surface's transportation spaces regarding location, substance, form, function, and genesis. It also investigates the effects of transportation on land use, on the physical material patterns at the surface of the earth known as 'cover patterns', and on other spatial processes such as environmental alterations. Moreover, it contributes to transport, urban, and regional planning. Transportation is fundamental to the economic activity of exchange. Therefore, transport geography"
"economic control of other, non-white peoples. One of the main tools used by imperialists was cartography. Cartography is ""the art, science and technology of making maps"" but this definition is problematic. It implies that maps are objective representations of the world when in reality they serve very political means. For Harley, maps serve as an example of Foucault's power and knowledge concept. To better illustrate this idea, Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the ""scramble for Africa"". He states that maps ""contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British"
"imagery, fantasy, suspense, analysis, humor/cynicism, and thinking aloud. Aesthetics in cartography relates to the visual experience of map reading and can take two forms: responses to the map itself as an aesthetic object (e.g., through detail, colour, and form) and also the subject of the map symbolised, often the landscape (e.g., a particular expression of terrain which forms an imagined visual experience of the aesthetic). Cartographers make aesthetic judgments when designing maps to ensure that the content forms a clear expression of the theme(s). Antique maps are perhaps especially revered due to their aesthetic value, which may seem to be"
"used in radiography and computed tomography (CT). Topography is exploited to a lesser extends with neutrons and other quantum beams. In the electron microscope community, such technique is called dark field imaging or diffraction contrast imaging. Topography is used for monitoring crystal quality and visualizing defects in many different crystalline materials. It has proved helpful e.g. when developing new crystal growth methods, for monitoring growth and the crystal quality achieved, and for iteratively optimizing growth conditions. In many cases, topography can be applied without preparing or otherwise damaging the sample; it is therefore one variant of non-destructive testing. After the"
"another type of map; they are distinguished from smaller-scale ""chorographic maps"" that cover large regions, ""planimetric maps"" that do not show elevations, and ""thematic maps"" that focus on specific topics. However, in the vernacular and day to day world, the representation of relief (contours) is popularly held to define the genre, such that even small-scale maps showing relief are commonly (and erroneously, in the technical sense) called ""topographic"". The study or discipline of topography is a much broader field of study, which takes into account all natural and man-made features of terrain. Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. Performed"