Which type of tradesman is a 'gaffer', often seen in the production credits at the end of a film?
"Gaffer (filmmaking) A gaffer in the motion picture industry and on a television crew is the head electrician, responsible for the execution (and sometimes the design) of the lighting plan for a production. The term gaffer originally related to the moving of overhead equipment to control lighting levels using a gaff. The gaffer's assistant is the best boy. Sometimes the gaffer is credited as Chief Lighting Technician (CLT). The term has been used for the chief electrician in films since the 1930s. The Oxford English Dictionary has a citation from 1936; a 1929 book on motion picture production also uses"
"best boy and, depending on the size of the job, crew members who are called ""set lighting technicians"" or ""electricians"", although not all of them are trained as electricians in the usual sense of the term. Although gaffer tape is used within the film/TV Industry as a strong cloth-backed adhesive tape, many other types of tape are also used, such as paper tape, pressure-sensitive tape (A.K.A. snot tape), electrical tape, J-LAR, and cloth tape. Gaffer tape is typically utilized by set lighting technicians under the supervision of, and not directly by, a gaffer. Gaffer (filmmaking) A gaffer in the motion"
"it was adhered. The precise origin of the name is unknown, one theory being that it is named for the gaffer (chief lighting technician) on a film crew. When cables are taped down on a stage or other surface, either to prevent tripping hazards or conceal them from view of the audience or camera, they are said to be ""gaffed"" or ""gaffered"". Gaffer tape is manufactured in many colors, including fluorescent and custom colors, but perhaps the most common variety is matte black. A matte finish keeps the tape from reflecting light so it blends in with a typical stage"
"Bloopers are often the subject of television programs and may be shown during the closing credits of comedic films or TV episodes. Humorous mistakes made by athletes are often referred to as bloopers as well, particularly in baseball. Prominent examples of films with bloopers include ""Cheaper by the Dozen"" and ""Rush Hour"". Jackie Chan and Burt Reynolds are both famous for including such reels with the closing credits of their movies. In recent years, many CGI-animated films have also incorporated bloopers, including a mix of faked bloopers, genuine voice-actor mistakes set to animation, and technical errors. Examples can be found"
"the film and the actual scene, the goof may have different effects: a loss in realism, an annoyance, or it could just be funny. It is often a type of continuity error. Goofs are also known as ""bloopers"" or ""mistakes"". There are several types of goofs, for example: Goofs can be found in a large number of films, even in very expensive productions. """" for example has been counted to have 200 goofs in it, ranging from disappearing props, to a storm trooper hitting his head on an opening door. In broader usage, a goof is a mistake, or a"
"the end of each episode reading only ""jamcredits.com"". Some closing credits include out-takes. Sometimes a parting scene is edited in after the credits conclude as a final joke. For example, in ""Ferris Bueller's Day Off"", Ferris appears and breaks the fourth wall to say ""You're still here? ... It's over! Go home!"" The Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker films have included spoof production members, credits unrelated to the movie (""Author of ""A Tale of Two Cities"" – Charles Dickens""), cooking recipes and song lyrics in their closing credits, while Monty Python films have included credits for ridiculous and non-existent production staff."
"boy may also cover for the key grip or gaffer when he or she is on break or otherwise away from the set. On films with very small crews, the electric (lighting) department often consists of only a gaffer, a best boy, and a few electricians. The grip department may include only a key grip, a best boy, and a few grips. Large-scale productions such as major films commonly include full-time rigging and second unit crews, and in total may hire many dozens of grips or electricians at one time. It's unclear why this term came to be used as"
"the term. The gaffer is responsible for managing lighting, including associated resources such as labour, lighting instruments and electrical equipment under the direction of the Director of Photography (the DP or DOP) or, in television, the Lighting Director (LD). The DP/LD is responsible for the overall lighting design, but delegates the implementation of the design to the gaffer and the key grip. The key grip is the head grip, in charge of the labour and non-electrical equipment used to support and modify the lighting. Grip equipment includes stands, flags and gobos. The gaffer will usually have an assistant called a"
"In the ""Taxi"" episode ""Alex the Gofer"", Alex takes a part-time job as an assistant to Broadway producers. Gofer A gofer, go-fer or gopher is an employee who specializes in the delivery of special items to their superior(s). Examples of these special items include a cup of coffee, a tailored suit, and a car. Outside business the term is used to describe a child or young adult who is learning how to do tasks and is sent to fetch items. A similar job is that of peon in Commonwealth countries. Gofer is a linguistic simplification of the two words go"
"The ""credits,"" or ""end credits,"" is a list that gives credit to the people involved in the production of a film. Films from before the 1970s usually start a film with credits, often ending with only a title card, saying ""The End"" or some equivalent, often an equivalent that depends on the language of the production. From then onward, a film's credits usually appear at the end of most films. However, films with credits that end a film often repeat some credits at or near the start of a film and therefore appear twice, such as that film's acting leads,"
"electrical work on stage lighting instruments and equipment, they are not part of the electrical trade and have a different set of skills and qualifications from the electricians that work on building wiring. In the film industry and on a television crew the head electrician is referred to as a ""Gaffer."" Electrical contractors are businesses that employ electricians to design, install, and maintain electrical systems. Contractors are responsible for generating bids for new jobs, hiring tradespeople for the job, providing material to electricians in a timely manner, and communicating with architects, electrical and building engineers, and the customer to plan"
"Gaffer tape Gaffer tape (also known as gaffer's tape or gaff tape as well as camera tape and spike tape for narrow, coloured gaffer tape) is a heavy cotton cloth pressure-sensitive tape with strong adhesive and tensile properties. It is widely used in theatre, photography, film and television production, and industrial staging work. While sometimes confused with duct tape, gaffer tape differs in the composition of both the backing, which is made from fabric as opposed to vinyl or other plastics, and the adhesive, which is more resistant to heat and more easily removed without damaging the surface to which"
"""The Smurfs"", """"The Croods"", ""Home (2015 film)"", """", ""Cars 3"", ""The Star (2017 film)"", ""Ferdinand (film)"". Closing credits Closing credits or end credits are a list of the cast and crew of a particular motion picture, television program, YouTube intro, or video game. Where opening credits appear at the beginning of a work, closing credits appear close to, or at the very end of a work. A full set of credits can include the cast and crew, but also production sponsors, distribution companies, works of music licensed or written for the work, various legal disclaimers, such as copyright and more."
"Closing credits Closing credits or end credits are a list of the cast and crew of a particular motion picture, television program, YouTube intro, or video game. Where opening credits appear at the beginning of a work, closing credits appear close to, or at the very end of a work. A full set of credits can include the cast and crew, but also production sponsors, distribution companies, works of music licensed or written for the work, various legal disclaimers, such as copyright and more. Some long-running productions list ""production babies"". Typically, the closing credits are typed and appear in white"
"are common characters in caper films, since the questionable legality of their hobby also plays well with that of their occupation. Notable examples films featuring card sharps are: Card sharp A card sharp (also cardsharp, card shark or cardshark, sometimes hyphenated) is a person who uses skill and/or deception to win at poker or other card games. ""Sharp"" and ""shark"" spellings have varied over time and by region. The label is not always intended as pejorative, and is sometimes used to refer to practitioners of card tricks for entertainment purposes. In general usage, principally in American English and more commonly"
"a job title on film sets. As OED says, ""It has been suggested that it originated as a term for a master's most able apprentice, or alternatively that it was transferred from earlier use for a member of a ship's crew, but confirmatory evidence for either of these theories appears to be lacking."" The earliest known appearance of the phrase in print is 1931 from the ""Albuquerque Journal"": ""Among the electricians .. the department head is the gaffer, his first assistant is the best boy."" As the gaffer is sometimes credited as the chief lighting technician, the best boy electric"
"Post-credits scene A post-credits scene (also called a tag, stinger, coda, after-credits sequence or credit cookie) is a short clip that appears after all or some of the closing credits have rolled and sometimes after a production logo of a film, TV series or video game have run. It is usually included for humour or to set up a possible sequel. One of the earliest appearances of a post-credits scene in a modern mainstream film was in ""The Muppet Movie"" in 1979, and use of such scenes gained popularity throughout the 1980s at the end of comedy films. In 1980,"
"a general foreman to assist. Next there are other foremen, lead carpenters called gang bosses, and then all of the carpenters and craftsmen. The construction coordinator, or construction company, provides all tools and equipment apart from small hand tools specific to a craftsman's work, such as screw guns, paint brushes and plastering trowels. This makes logistics and efficiency the responsibility of the construction manager and leaves each crew member as fluid freelancers to be hired and off hired at extremely short notice throughout the production. Studio complexes tend to have support services such as Drape Shops, general stores, timber stores"
"the consequences of the development of the entertainment industry has been the creation of new types of employment. While jobs such as writer, musician and composer exist as they always have, people doing this work are likely to be employed by a company rather than a patron as they once would have been. New jobs have appeared, such as gaffer or special effects supervisor in the film industry, and attendants in an amusement park. Prestigious awards are given by the industry for excellence in the various types of entertainment. For example, there are awards for Music, Games (including video games),"
"board operators may use a strip of white gaffer tape along the bottom of a mixing board, to label the channels or submasters used for a particular show. Gaffer tape Gaffer tape (also known as gaffer's tape or gaff tape as well as camera tape and spike tape for narrow, coloured gaffer tape) is a heavy cotton cloth pressure-sensitive tape with strong adhesive and tensile properties. It is widely used in theatre, photography, film and television production, and industrial staging work. While sometimes confused with duct tape, gaffer tape differs in the composition of both the backing, which is made"
"it has possessed since 1941. If a production company is a signatory to the Guild's Basic Agreement, it must comply with the Guild's rules. Motion picture credits Two types of credits are traditionally used in films, television programs, and video games; all of which provide attribution to the staff involved in their productions. While opening credits will usually display only the major positions in a production's cast and crew (such as creators, producers, and lead actors), closing credits will typically acknowledge all staff members that were involved in the production. Opening credits, in a television program, motion picture, or video"
"end-credits bloopers. As an homage to its inspiration, the closing-credits blooper reel for """" actually featured one outtake from ""Smokey and the Bandit II"". Pixar also has a tradition of including blooper-like material during the end credits of such films as ""Toy Story 2"" and ""A Bug's Life""; the latter was at one point reissued to theatres with a major selling feature being the addition of extra ""bloopers"". Since Pixar's films are painstakingly computer-animated, making actual blunders of this sort is impossible, these scenes are in fact staged to provide additional audience enjoyment. The makers of another computer-animated film, """","
"of trash. Aside from snacks and beverages, craft service may also supply bandages, aspirin, gum, antacids, toothpicks, hand sanitizer, sunscreen, and hand-warmers. Craft service Craft service or craft services is the department in film, television and video production which provides cast and crew with snacks, drinks and other assistance. Craft service workers are nicknamed ""crafties"" and are represented by a union, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE). Other departments such as camera, sound, electricians, grips, props, art director, set decorator, special effects, hair and make-up, are referred to as crafts. Craft service is also an IATSE craft and"
"Greensman A greensman or greensperson or greenskeeper is any production personnel on a film set who is responsible for obtaining and taking care of anything ""green"" or natural used in the film production. This may include plants, grass, trees, flowers, and other various landscaping materials like rocks, gravel, sand, etc. She or he is considered part of the art department. This includes artificial forms of these materials such as simulated rocks and items representing greens, such as camouflage netting. The greensperson functions as a participant in the filmmaking process as an extension of the art department during set construction and"
"ends with him modestly hopping off-screen and tossing the remainder of his clothing into an empty chair left on-screen. In a variation of this film, he is shown packing a suitcase when the ""un-"" prefix returns and pesters him using the behavior of a meddling fly until, exasperated, Raposo strikes the word with a hammer, knocking it unconscious into the suitcase, which he then triumphantly slams shut with a smirk. Raposo enjoyed doing animation voicework. Other forays of his into the craft included both the tenor singing role of ""master pickler"" Gil Gickler in DePatie-Freleng's Dr. Seuss cartoon program ""Pontoffel"
"to go into hiding in order to maintain his sanity, stalling the film's production. Bowfinger resorts to hiring a Ramsey lookalike named Jiff. Jiff is kind, amiable and rather clueless. He even runs through a gauntlet of ""stunt drivers"" racing along a major freeway when asked. During a chat with the other cast members, Jiff mentions that he is Kit Ramsey's brother, explaining the likeness. Using this new knowledge, Bowfinger has Jiff find out Kit Ramsey's movements and the final scene to the film is readied for shooting. The final scene is at an observatory. Though otherwise pleased with Ramsey's"
"allows her to maintain a more active sex life with a different man with whom she has been having sex. The term ""fluffer"" has also been adopted by the real estate industry to refer to a person that stages homes, and as a term for a maid who fluffs pillows, or in general cleans and prepares work equipment. These two usages of the term predate the pornographic usage, which came into use in the 1970s. Fluffer A fluffer is a person employed to keep a male porn performer's penis erect on the set. These duties, which do not necessarily involve"
"Ragpicker Ragpicker, or chiffonnier, is a term for someone who makes a living by rummaging through refuse in the streets to collect material for salvage. Scraps of cloth and paper could be turned into cardboard, broken glass could be melted down and reused, and even dead cats and dogs could be skinned to make clothes. The ragpickers in 19th and early 20th Century did not recycle the materials themselves; they would simply collect whatever they could find and turn it over to a ""master ragpicker"" (usually a former ragpicker) who would, in turn, sell it—generally by weight—to wealthy investors with"
"the credits roll. In the case of ""Rebuild of Evangelion"", additional scenes are included that serve all three purposes, including ones in the style of the whimsically narrated ""previews"" from the television series that the films were based on. The closing credits for the extended edition of """" have sketches of the characters and the actors who portrayed them. Sometimes the closing credits of comedic films include footage of bloopers that occurred during production. Most Jackie Chan movies include these. The practice was parodied in the Pixar films ""A Bug's Life"", ""Toy Story 2"", and ""Monsters, Inc."" which feature specially-animated"
"Gofer A gofer, go-fer or gopher is an employee who specializes in the delivery of special items to their superior(s). Examples of these special items include a cup of coffee, a tailored suit, and a car. Outside business the term is used to describe a child or young adult who is learning how to do tasks and is sent to fetch items. A similar job is that of peon in Commonwealth countries. Gofer is a linguistic simplification of the two words go + for = gofor. Gofor reflects the likelihood of instructions to ""go for"" coffee, dry cleaning, or stamps,"
"Rigger (entertainment) A rigger is one who works on ropes, booms, lifts, hoists and the like for a stage production, film, or television show. The term ""rigger"" originally referred to a person who attended to the rigging of a sailing ship. In the age of sail, trading followed seasonal patterns with ships leaving port at set times of the year to make the most of winds. When not at sea sailors would seek employment ashore. Their skill with ropes and booms found use in the theatre. The original canvas backdrops used in the theatre moved with ropes and pulleys, being"
"Wrap (filmmaking) Wrap was a phrase used by the director in the early days of the film industry to signal the end of filming. Since the 1920s, filmmakers have been using this phrase when principal photography is done and the film is ready to go into post-production. At that point, it is traditional to hold a wrap party for the cast and crew of the film. This marks the end of the actors' collaboration (except for possible dubbing or pick-ups) on the film. They may be called in to promote the film when it is released. The term ""wrap"" is"
"built on artistic merit, as opposed to bankability, frequently have final cut on their films. In America there are only some acclaimed, but not necessarily bankable directors, such as Woody Allen, Alexander Payne and Terrence Malick, who enjoy final cut. Sometimes nonbankable directors get final cut privilege when making a film on a low budget. Final cut privilege Final cut privilege (final cut right) is a film industry term, usually meaning the right of a director to decide how a film is ultimately released for public viewing. Before a film is released, studio executives will usually make changes for commercial"