The Analects, or Lunyu, dating back to approximately 450 BC is a collection of sayings and ideas of which philosopher?
"inherited from the Goryeo dynasty. Confucius (孔夫子 ""Kǒng Fūzǐ"", lit. ""Master Kong"") is generally thought to have been born in 551 BCE and raised by his mother following the death of his father when Confucius was three years old. The Latinized name ""Confucius"" by which most Westerners recognize him is derived from """"Kong Fuzi"""", probably first coined by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries to China. The Analects, or ""Lunyu"" (論語; lit.""Selected Sayings""), a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher and his contemporaries, is believed to have been written by Confucius' followers during the Warring States period (475 BC"
"himself in the Confucian texts and literary culture which his Christian upbringing and English language education had denied him. His humor magazine, ""Lunyu banyuekan"" (The Analects Fortnightly, 1932–40, 1945–49) featured essays by prominent writers such as Hu Shi, Lao She, Lu Xun, and Zhou Zuoren and attracted a wide readership. He was a key figure in introducing the Western concept of humor, which he felt China had lacked. Lin coined the term ""youmo"" (humor) in 1924 and used The Analects to promote his conception of humor as the expression of a tolerant, cosmopolitan, understanding and civilized philosophy of life. In"
"who organized his teachings into the Analects. Confucius's disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma. Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death, Mencius () and Xun Zi () both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. Mencius (4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in"
"Yao Yue Yao Yue () is one of the 20 books of the Analects of Confucius. Notably, it is the last book of the Analects. As the concluding book, Yaoyue is one of the hotly debated book of the Analects due to its distinct writing style and inconsistency with previous books. The name ""Yao Yue"" refers to the mythological Chinese king Yao. ""Yue"", in Classical Chinese, means ""to say"". Therefore, the frase ""Yao Yue"" can be expounded as ""Yao saith"". The book Yao Yue starts with a conversation initiated by Yao with his successor Shun. The conversation's subject was Yao's"
"Han dynasty, Chinese readers have interpreted the ""Analects"" by reading scholars' commentaries on the book. There have been many commentaries on the ""Analects"" since the Han dynasty, but the two which have been most influential have been the ""Collected Explanations of the Analects"" (""Lunyu Jijie"") by He Yan (c. 195–249) and several colleagues, and the ""Collected Commentaries of the Analects"" (""Lunyu Jizhu"") by Zhu Xi (1130–1200). In his work, He Yan collected, selected, summarized, and rationalized what he believed to be the most insightful of all preceding commentaries on the ""Analects"" which had been produced by earlier Han and Wei"
"classics such as the ""Analects"", the ""Book of Poetry"", and the ""Zuo Zhuan"". In 1926, he passed the examination to enter the Chinese department of Peking University, where he studied under prominent scholars such as Qian Xuantong, Chen Yuan, and the philologist Huang Kan. He graduated in 1932. However, the person who influenced him the most was his uncle Yang Shuda (), also a well-known philologist. In 1953, Yang became an associate professor at the Chinese department of Peking University. He began writing ""Lunyu Yizhu"" (论语译注, ""Translation and Annotation of the Analects""), which was published in 1958 by Zhonghua Book"
"two places. Over a century later, the tutor of the ""Analects"" to Emperor Cheng of Han, (d. 5 BC), synthesized the Lu and Qi versions by taking the Lu version as authoritative and selectively adding sections from the Qi version, and produced a composite text of the ""Analects"" known as the ""Zhang Hou Lun"". This text was recognized by Zhang Yu's contemporaries and by subsequent Han scholars as superior to either individual version, and is the text that is recognized as the ""Analects"" today. The Qi version was lost for about 1800 years but re-found during the excavation of the"
"Plotinus Plotinus (; , ""Plōtinos""; – 270) was a major Greek-speaking philosopher of the ancient world. In his philosophy, described in the ""Enneads"", there are three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition. Historians of the 19th century invented the term Neoplatonism and applied it to him and his philosophy which was influential in Late Antiquity. Much of the biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry's preface to his edition of Plotinus' ""Enneads"". His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Islamic, Jewish, Christian, and Gnostic metaphysicians"
"civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE 476. In China, Confucius (551–479 BCE), of the State of Lu, was the country's most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbours like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Confucius gathered disciples and searched in vain for a ruler who would adopt his ideals for good governance, but his Analects were written down by followers and have continued to influence education in East Asia into the modern era. The Aztecs also had a well-developed theory about education, which has"
"which he elaborates on in his work. See also the of the golden mean, and Aristotelian ethics in general. Gautama Buddha (fl. 6th century BC) taught of the Middle Way, a path between the extremes of religious asceticism and worldly self-indulgence. Confucius in ""The Analects"", written through the Warring States period of Ancient China (c. 479 BC – 221 BC), taught excess is similar to deficiency. A way of living in the mean is the way of Zhongyong. Zhuangzi was the Tao's most famous commentator (369–286 BC). Tiruvalluvar (2nd century BC and the 8th century AD; date disputed) in his"
"Confucius Confucius ( ; 551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius, also known as Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known in the West as"
"Plato Plato (; ""Plátōn"", in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the development of Western philosophy. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: ""the safest general characterization of"
"Socrates Socrates (; , ; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, he made no writings, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers writing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. Other sources include the contemporaneous Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Aeschines of Sphettos. Aristophanes, a playwright, is the only source to have written during his lifetime. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive"
"Refutation of All Heresies The Refutation of All Heresies (, ), also called the Elenchus or Philosophumena, is a compendious Christian polemical work of the early third century, now generally attributed to Hippolytus of Rome. It catalogues both pagan beliefs and 33 gnostic Christian systems deemed heretical, making it a major source of information on contemporary opponents of Catholic orthodoxy. The first book, a synopsis of Greek philosophy, circulated separately in several manuscripts and was known as the ""Philosophoumena"" ( ""philosophical teachings""), a title which some extend to the whole work. Books IV-X were recovered in 1842 in a manuscript"
"classic Analects of Chinese (called ""Lun Yu"", meaning ""Sacred Sayings"") resemble each other in many ways. Both Valluvar and Confucius focused on the behaviors and moral conducts of a common person. Similar to Valluvar, Confucius advocated legal justice embracing human principles, courtesy, and filial piety, besides the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, loyalty and trustworthiness as foundations of life. Incidentally, Valluvar differed from Confucius in two respects. Firstly, unlike Confucius, Valluvar was also a poet. Secondly, Confucius did not deal with the subject of conjugal love, for which Valluvar devoted an entire division in his work. Tirukkural translations into Chinese As"
"tomb of Marquis of Haihun that was found 2011. No complete copies of either the Lu version or the old text version of the ""Analects"" exist today, though fragments of the old text version were discovered at Dunhuang. Before the late twentieth century the oldest existing copy of the ""Analects"" known to scholars was found in the ""Stone Classics of the Xinping Era"", a copy of the Confucian classics written in stone in the old Eastern Han dynasty capital of Luoyang around 175 AD. Archaeologists have since discovered two handwritten copies of the ""Analects"" that were written around 50 BC,"
"Anaximenes of Miletus Anaximenes of Miletus (; ; ) was an Ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC. The details of his life are obscure and undocumented because none of his work has been preserved. Anaximenes’s ideas and philosophies are known today because of comments made by Aristotle and other writers on the history of Greek Philosophy. Apollodurus noted the dates Anaximander was alive in relation to defining historical events, and estimated Anaximenes’s lifespan to occur in same time period that Cyrus beat Croesus in the Battle of Thymbra in 546 BCE. Some"
"Zhuang Zhou Zhuang Zhou (), commonly known as Zhuangzi (; ; literally ""Master Zhuang""; also rendered as Chuang Tzu), was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BC during the Warring States period, a period corresponding to the summit of Chinese philosophy, the Hundred Schools of Thought. He is credited with writing—in part or in whole—a work known by his name, the ""Zhuangzi"", which is one of the foundational texts of Taoism. The only account of the life of Zhuangzi is a brief sketch in chapter 63 of Sima Qian's ""Records of the Grand Historian"", and most"
"is not generally accepted. Aristobulus of Alexandria Aristobulus of Alexandria () also called Aristobulus the Peripatetic (fl. 181–124 B.C.E.) and once believed to be Aristobulus of Paneas, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher of the Peripatetic school, though he also used Platonic and Pythagorean concepts. Like his successor, Philo, he attempted to fuse ideas in the Hebrew Scriptures with those in Greek thought. He lived in the third or 2nd century BC. The period of his life is doubtful : Alfred Gercke places him in the time of Ptolemy Lathyrus (latter part of 2nd century BC); reliable testimony indicates that he"
"or ants creeping out of their nest, or frogs holding a symposium round a swamp, or worms in conventicle in a corner of the mud"". It is not known how many were Christians at the time of Celsus (the Jewish population of the empire may have been about 6.6-10% in a population of 60 million to quote one reference. Celsus Celsus (; . ""Kélsos"") was a 2nd-century Greek philosopher and opponent of early Christianity. He is known for his literary work, ""On The True Doctrine"" (or ""Discourse, Account, Word""; , ""Logos Alēthēs""), which survives exclusively in quotations from it in"
"Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of the values of the Zhou dynasty golden age of several centuries before. In the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the ""proto-Taoist"" Huang-Lao, as the official ideology while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism. The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BC, during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period of ancient China. An era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China, it was fraught with"
"Zeng Dian Zeng Dian (; born 546 BC), courtesy name Zixi (), also known as Zeng Xi (), was one of the earliest disciples of Confucius. He is known for a passage in the ""Analects"" in which he expressed his ambition as no more than being content with daily life. He was the father of Zeng Shen, or Master Zeng, one of the most prominent disciples of Confucius. Zeng Dian was born in 546 BC, only five years younger than Confucius. He was a native of South Wu City in the State of Lu. The ""Analects"" (11.26) records a famous"
"list of modern editions and translations of his surviving works is available at: Monographs Collections of essays Bibliographic resources Proclus Proclus Lycaeus (; 8 February 412 – 17 April 485 AD), called the Successor (Greek , ""Próklos ho Diádokhos""), was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, one of the last major classical philosophers (see Damascius). He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism. He stands near the end of the classical development of philosophy, and was very influential on Western medieval philosophy (Greek and Latin). Proclus was born on February 8, 412 AD (his birth date"
"motion. Such ""dialectic"" reasoning later became popular. The members of this school were called ""dialecticians"" (from a Greek word meaning ""to discuss""). None of the surviving works of the great fourth-century philosopher Plato (428–347 BC) include any formal logic, but they include important contributions to the field of philosophical logic. Plato raises three questions: The first question arises in the dialogue ""Theaetetus"", where Plato identifies thought or opinion with talk or discourse (""logos""). The second question is a result of Plato's theory of Forms. Forms are not things in the ordinary sense, nor strictly ideas in the mind, but they"
"Western philosophy Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with Greek philosophy of the pre-Socratics such as Thales (c. 624 – c. 546 BC) and Pythagoras (c. 570 BC – c. 495 BC), and eventually covering a large area of the globe. The word ""philosophy"" itself originated from the Ancient Greek: ""philosophia"" (φιλοσοφία), literally, ""the love of wisdom"" (φιλεῖν ""philein"", ""to love"" and σοφία ""sophia"", ""wisdom""). The scope of philosophy in the ancient understanding, and the writings of (at least some of) the"
"middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek Polis. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (Pre-Socratic philosophy). Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Diogenes of Apollonia were among of the renowned Milesian school philosophers. Heraclitus lived in Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/;[1] Greek: Ἔφεσος Ephesos; Turkish: Efes) another ancient Greek city and Anaxagoras was from Clazomenae, a city on the coast of Ionia and a member of the Ionian League. All Ancient Greek dialects were spoken in Anatolia depending on the"
"Aristotle Aristotle (; ""Aristotélēs"", ; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece. Along with Plato, he is considered the ""Father of Western Philosophy"". Aristotle provided a complex and harmonious synthesis of the various existing philosophies prior to him, including those of Socrates and Plato, and it was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its fundamental intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in"
"Celsus Celsus (; . ""Kélsos"") was a 2nd-century Greek philosopher and opponent of early Christianity. He is known for his literary work, ""On The True Doctrine"" (or ""Discourse, Account, Word""; , ""Logos Alēthēs""), which survives exclusively in quotations from it in ""Contra Celsum"", a refutation written in 248 by Origen of Alexandria. ""On The True Doctrine"" is the earliest known comprehensive criticism of Christianity. It was written 175 to 177, shortly after the death of Justin Martyr (who was possibly the first Christian apologist), and was probably a response to his work. Celsus was the author of a work titled"
"Arnoldus Arlenius Arnoldus Arlenius Peraxylus, (c. 1510 – 1582), born Arndt or Arnout van Eyndhouts or van Eynthouts, also known as Arnoud de Lens, was a Dutch humanist philosopher and poet. He was born in Aarle, near Helmond, (although some accounts say 's-Hertogenbosch), North Brabant, in the Netherlands, at that time part of the possessions of the Habsburgs. He studied under Macropedius and later travelled to Paris, and Ferrara and studied at the University of Bologna for five years, becoming a first-rate Greek scholar and supporting himself by bookselling and acting as a scout for the printers of Basel, arranging"
"Xue Er Xue Er() is the first book of the Analects of Confucius. According to Zhu Xi, a Confucian philosopher in the 12th century, the book Xue Er is the base of moral improvement because it touches upon the basic principals of being a ""gentleman"" (""junzi"", 君子). Xué(學) Ér(而) consist of two separate Chinese characters. The first character Xué denotes ""to learn"" as a verb or ""the research of something"" as a noun. The following character Ér signifies a conjunction between two actions. The titles of the Analects of Confucius are usually related to the first phrase of a given"
"Aristobulus of Alexandria Aristobulus of Alexandria () also called Aristobulus the Peripatetic (fl. 181–124 B.C.E.) and once believed to be Aristobulus of Paneas, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher of the Peripatetic school, though he also used Platonic and Pythagorean concepts. Like his successor, Philo, he attempted to fuse ideas in the Hebrew Scriptures with those in Greek thought. He lived in the third or 2nd century BC. The period of his life is doubtful : Alfred Gercke places him in the time of Ptolemy Lathyrus (latter part of 2nd century BC); reliable testimony indicates that he was a contemporary of"
"Sallustius Sallustius or Sallust (; ""Saloustios"") was a 4th-century writer, a friend of the Roman Emperor Julian. He wrote the treatise ""On the Gods and the Cosmos"", a kind of catechism of 4th-century Hellenic paganism. Sallustius' work owes much to that of Iamblichus of Chalcis, who synthesized Platonism with Pythagoreanism and theurgy, and also to Julian's own philosophical writings. The treatise is quite concise, and generally free of the lengthy metaphysical theorizing of the more detailed Neoplatonic texts. Its aim is in part ""to parry the usual onslaughts of Christian polemic"" in the face of Christianity's growing preeminence, and ""me[e]t"
"texts of Confucianism by the end of that dynasty. During the late Song dynasty (960–1279) the importance of the ""Analects"" as a philosophy work was raised above that of the older Five Classics, and it was recognized as one of the ""Four Books"". The ""Analects"" has been one of the most widely-read and studied books in China for the last 2,000 years, and continues to have a substantial influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today. Confucius believed that the welfare of a country depended on the moral cultivation of its people, beginning from the nation's leadership. He"