During the Falklands War, because a British aircraft lacked a conventional 'chaff' dispensing mechanism (used as a radar countermeasure), engineers designed one using welding rods, split pins and string.This eccentric make do was given the name of which cartoonist?
"pins and string, which allowed six packets of chaff to be stored in the airbrake well and be deployed in flight. It was often referred to as the ""Heath Robinson chaff modification"", due to its complexity. Chaff (countermeasure) Chaff, originally called Window by the British and Düppel by the Second World War era German Luftwaffe (from the Berlin suburb where it was first developed), is a radar countermeasure in which aircraft or other targets spread a cloud of small, thin pieces of aluminium, metallized glass fibre(fiber) or plastic, which either appears as a cluster of primary targets on radar screens"
"Chaff (countermeasure) Chaff, originally called Window by the British and Düppel by the Second World War era German Luftwaffe (from the Berlin suburb where it was first developed), is a radar countermeasure in which aircraft or other targets spread a cloud of small, thin pieces of aluminium, metallized glass fibre(fiber) or plastic, which either appears as a cluster of primary targets on radar screens or swamps the screen with multiple returns. Modern armed forces use chaff (in naval applications, for instance, using short-range SRBOC rockets) to distract radar-guided missiles from their targets. Most military aircraft and warships have chaff dispensing"
"have blanked out all frequencies in the specified range over a large area, as well as giving the Germans warning of the impending arrival of a jamming system. As the Germans developed their own technologies, Cockburn expanded his team, first at Swanage and later at Malvern, with a view to hiding British bombers from German radar. One of the principal weapons for this purpose was Window, known to the Americans as Chaff, small bundles of metal strips which could cause a radar echo similar to that of a bomber aircraft. Window was such an important innovation that many opposed its"
"time, radar systems were sited on the shore and did not provide coverage over the inland areas, so IFF systems that produced unique radar images were not always useful for directing interceptions. Pip-squeak was added to provide coverage in these areas. As more radar stations were added and over-land areas became widely covered, pip-squeak was replaced by IFF systems of increasing sophistication. Pip-squeak gets its name from a contemporary comic strip, Pip, Squeak and Wilfred. It was first implemented in the TR.9D radio. The system was also used by the USAAF, where the equipment was known as RC-96A. By the"
"and the Chief of the Air Staff Sir Charles Portal. As early as 1937, Jones had suggested that a piece of metal foil falling through the air might create radar echoes. He, together with Joan Curran, were later instrumental in the deployment of ""Window"": strips of metal foil, cut to a length appropriate to the radar's wavelength, and dropped in bundles from aircraft, which then appeared on enemy radar screens as ""false bombers"". This technology is now known as chaff and contrary to the popular belief, was also known to the Germans at the time. Both parties were reluctant to"
"Sudo Hajime invented a Japanese version called ""Giman-shi"", or ""deceiving paper."" It was first used with some success in mid 1943, during night battles over the Solomon Islands. Competing demands for the scarce aluminum necessary for its manufacture limited its use. On February 21, 1945, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, ""Giman-shi"" was successfully used prior to a Kamikaze attack on the . British warships in the Falklands War (1982) made heavy use of chaff. During this war, British Sea Harrier aircraft lacked their conventional chaff-dispensing mechanism. Therefore, Royal Navy engineers designed an impromptu delivery system of welding rods, split"
"to the Air Ministry asking that window be held back until new radars could be developed that were not as susceptible to its effects. One of the interesting coincidences of the war was that the Germans had already developed their own version of chaff under the code-name ""Düppel"", and had tested it near Berlin and over the Baltic. However, Hermann Göring was worried that if they used ""Düppel"" over the UK, the RAF would quickly copy the concept and use it against them. As Bomber Command's fleet was rapidly growing, the results would likely be greatly in the RAF's favour."
"out a month later, according to the AP account, and other airmen soon picked it up. Francis Kilroy only wrote the phrase a couple of times. The figure was initially known in the United Kingdom as ""Mr Chad"" and would appear with the slogan ""Wot, no sugar"" or a similar phrase bemoaning shortages and rationing. He often appeared with a single curling hair that resembled a question mark and with crosses in his eyes. The phrase ""Wot, no —?"" pre-dates ""Chad"" and was widely used separately from the doodle. Chad was used by the RAF and civilians; he was known"
"W. Heath Robinson William Heath Robinson (31 May 1872 – 13 September 1944) was an English cartoonist and illustrator best known for drawings of whimsically elaborate machines to achieve simple objectives. In the UK, the term ""Heath Robinson"" entered the popular language during the 1914–1918 First World War as a description of any unnecessarily complex and implausible contrivance, much as ""Rube Goldberg machines"" came to be used in the United States from the 1920s onwards as a term for similar efforts. ""Heath Robinson contraption"" is perhaps more often used in relation to temporary fixes using ingenuity and whatever is to"
"W. Heath Robinson William Heath Robinson (31 May 1872 – 13 September 1944) was an English cartoonist and illustrator best known for drawings of whimsically elaborate machines to achieve simple objectives. In the UK, the term ""Heath Robinson"" entered the popular language during the 1914–1918 First World War as a description of any unnecessarily complex and implausible contrivance, much as ""Rube Goldberg machines"" came to be used in the United States from the 1920s onwards as a term for similar efforts. ""Heath Robinson contraption"" is perhaps more often used in relation to temporary fixes using ingenuity and whatever is to"
"development of ""Düppel"". The German code name came from the estate where the first German tests with chaff took place, circa 1942. Once the British had passed the idea to the US via the Tizard Mission, Fred Whipple developed a system (according to Harvard Gazette Archives) for dispensing strips for the USAAF, but it is not known if this was ever used. The systems used the same concept of small aluminium strips (or wires) cut to a half of the target radar's wavelength. When hit by the radar, such lengths of metal resonate and re-radiate the signal. Opposing defences would"
"Scarff ring The Scarff ring was a type of machine gun mounting developed during the First World War by Warrant Officer (Gunner) F. W. Scarff of the Admiralty Air Department for use on two-seater aircraft. The mount incorporated bungee cord suspension in elevation to compensate for the weight of the gun, and allowed an airgunner in an open cockpit to swivel and elevate his weapon (a Lewis machine gun) quickly, and easily fire in any direction. Later models permitted the fitting of two Lewis guns; while this doubled the firepower available, operation of the paired guns was more cumbersome, and"
"find it almost impossible to distinguish the aircraft from the echoes caused by the chaff. Other radar-confusing techniques included Mandrel, Piperack and Jostle. Ignorance about the extent of knowledge of the principle in the opposing air force led planners to judge that it was too dangerous to use, since the opponent could duplicate it. The British government's leading scientific adviser, Professor Lindemann, pointed out that if the Royal Air Force (RAF) used it against the Germans, the ""Luftwaffe"" would quickly copy it and could launch a new Blitz. This caused concern in RAF Fighter Command and Anti-Aircraft Command, who managed"
"new form of ""Window"" (or chaff), aluminium strips sized to jam the Lichtenstein B/C radar when dropped. This brought about the need to deploy new night-fighting methods that no longer relied solely on AI radar until the longer wavelength, VHF-band ""Lichtenstein"" SN-2 radar could be produced for use in German night fighters. By mid-1943 it became clear that the past approach was not working and a change in the general aerial defensive doctrine was needed. One of those was the introduction of new fighter tactics to counter the increasing Allied bomber threat. On 27 June 1943, ""Luftwaffe"" officer Major Hajo"
"radar, they cannot be distinguished from the decoy cloud. German Würzburg radar was susceptible to Window attack. The short wavelength allowed the use of short strips which fell only slowly, giving the cloud a long dispersion time. Würzburg also used conical scanning, which gives a slowly rotating polarisation, so that it was affected by all of the strips, no matter their orientation. Chaff was invented independently by Britain, Germany and Japan, but was not used early on, owing to mutual fears that it would be turned against the inventor. It was not used until 24–25 July 1943 and the Operation"
"Joan Curran Joan Elizabeth Curran (26 February 1916 – 10 February 1999) was a Welsh scientist who played important roles in the development of radar and the atomic bomb during the Second World War. She invented chaff, a radar countermeasure technique credited with reducing losses among Allied bomber crews. She also worked on the development of the proximity fuse and the electromagnetic isotope separation process for the atomic bomb. Joan Elizabeth Strothers was born on 26 February 1916 in Swansea, Wales, the daughter of an optician, Charles William Strothers, and his wife, Margaret Beatrice, née Millington. She was educated at"
"adjust the strobe, and instead had a second system to sweep the strobe through a wide range and then lock onto the first signal it saw. In the post-war era the circuitry that produced the strobe and filtered out other returns became more widely known as a range gate. While testing a late-war radar design, the AI Mk. IX, a serious problem with the auto-follow system was found. While this system was being tested, Bomber Command was pressing the Air Ministry to use ""window"", better known today as chaff, as a radar countermeasure. Fighter Command pointed out that the Germans"
"British use the Scarff ring was replaced in the 1930s by specialised power-operated turrets such as those made by Boulton Paul or Nash & Thompson, aircraft air speeds having by then risen to the point where a manually-operated gun was infeasible. Scarff ring The Scarff ring was a type of machine gun mounting developed during the First World War by Warrant Officer (Gunner) F. W. Scarff of the Admiralty Air Department for use on two-seater aircraft. The mount incorporated bungee cord suspension in elevation to compensate for the weight of the gun, and allowed an airgunner in an open cockpit"
"all three of whom had served in the Royal Navy as officers. Henry Major Tomlinson wrote of Wing Commander Brock: ""A first-rate pilot and excellent shot, Commander Brock was a typical English sportsman; and his subsequent death during the operations, for whose success he had been so largely responsible, was a loss of the gravest description to both the Navy and the empire."" Frank Arthur Brock Wing Commander Frank Arthur Brock (29 June 1884 – 23 April 1918) was a British officer of the Royal Naval Air Service who devised and executed the smoke screen used during the Zeebrugge Raid"
"Falklands War. C. E. Wynn-Williams worked on these navigational radars, but was transferred to cryptographic work at Bletchley Park. The Automatic Gun-Laying Turret (AGLT) was an airborne radar used in bombers by the gunners against attack by fighter planes. It was designed by Philip Dee and developed by Alan Hodgkin. The device allowed a turret gunner to fire at and hit a target without ever needing to see it. Known by the codename 'Village Inn', the AGLT was installed in a number of Lancasters and Halifaxes and used operationally during the war, and was also fitted on some post-war Avro"
"suggested in 2000 that ""Mr. Chad"" was based on a diagram representing an electrical circuit. One correspondent said that a man named Dickie Lyle was at RAF Yatesbury in 1941, and he drew a version of the diagram as a face when the instructor had left the room and wrote ""Wot, no leave?"" beneath it. This idea was repeated in a submission to the BBC in 2005 which included a story of a 1941 radar lecturer in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire who drew the circuit diagram with the words ""WOT! No electrons?"" The RAF Cranwell Apprentices Association says that the image came"
"all RAF stations and Anti-Aircraft Command units. Among the contributors Masefield used was artist and caricaturist E. A. ""Chris"" Wren whose series of drawings called ""Oddentification"" portray aircraft with exaggerated features to emphasise the salient recognition points. As well as the armed forces and the Observer Corps there were a large number of civilian ""Spotters Clubs"" formed who also contributed information towards the air defence of Great Britain despite not receiving any official recognition. With these wide variety of involved organisations the Inter-Service Recognition Committee was instructed by the Air Council to ""Conduct an investigation into the state of aircraft"
"a fight between Fighter Command and Bomber Command was brewing. Bomber Command was ramping up its campaign, but was suffering mounting losses at the hands of Josef Kammhuber's increasingly effective defences. They began pressing for permission to use chaff, known in the UK under the code-name ""window"", which in testing had demonstrated its ability to blind radar systems. Air Chief Charles Frederick Algenon Porter ordered Bomber Command to begin using window on 4 April 1942, but he rescinded that command on 5 May under pressure from Sholto Douglas. Douglas pointed out that the Germans would be able to copy window"
"coastguardsmen concealing long hair beneath their hats. JO1 Jim Gilman conceived and wrote the first cartoon and had Ron illustrate the story. After receiving positive feedback from the 14th Coast Guard District Commander, Admiral Prins, the Admiral's Aide, Lieutenant Gary Boyer, gave Ron creative control of the cartoon along with the request that ""Bafflestir"" fill a whole page in future publications of ""Pacific Shield"". Ron's sense of humor originated from the pages of ""MAD"" magazine, especially its featured cartoonist, Don Martin. When Ron took the responsibility of writing his own cartoon strip., he applied his style of exaggeration toward military"
"Ensign Bafflestir Ensign Bafflestir is a cartoon strip created by the artist Ron Marlett during his enlistment in the United States Coast Guard. The cartoon ran from 1971 to 1974 in the US Coast Guard publication ""Pacific Shield"", and featured a tongue-in-cheek look at daily life in the Coast Guard, as expressed through the exploits of a fictional ensign. As a teenager, Marlett's sense of humor was influenced by ""Mad"" magazine, especially the one-page cartoon strips contributed by Don Martin. In 1970, Ron joined the Coast Guard and was stationed aboard the 255-foot cutter ""Winnebago"", homeported at Honolulu, Hawaii. The"
"housing of U-boats and oil refineries in the region. Because of the fact that the Nazis knew and understood the importance of Hamburg, the city was rigged with anti-aircraft weapons and 1,700 shelters were provided for its 230,000 citizens. To counter the radar use in Hamburg, British bomber crews applied strips of tin foil, known as Chaff, to the bomber which would be dropped to confuse the radar screen and would appear as a cluster of targets on the screen. Britain's first attack came on the 24th, with the USAAF to follow the next day, but they ran into difficulties"
"basic understanding of methods, theories, and circuits at very-high and ultra-high frequencies for radio systems, particularly in signals intelligence gear and statistical communications techniques. However, unlike the Rad Lab, the RRL never released significant details on its accomplishments; ECM and ECCM have always been closely guarded secrets by all nations. The RRL conducted considerable work on chaff, light-weight aluminum strips dropped in clouds from aircraft to confuse enemy radars. Fred L. Whipple, an astronomer, made detailed analytical studies of this and devised a formula giving radar cross-section at a given wavelength per kilogram of chaff. An example of RRL hardware"
"John Batchelor (illustrator) John Henry Batchelor MBE (born 1936) is an English artist and technical illustrator, particularly known for his clear and detailed cutaway illustrations of vehicles and military equipment and stamp illustrations. His work can be seen in many 100's of late-20th-century works on armour, fighting vehicles, ships, firearms, etc. (for example the many works of Ian V. Hogg). Batchelor's work is particularly sought after by scale model makers for its accuracy. He has also provided illustrations for many magazines such as ""Radio Times"", ""TV Times"" and technical interest publications such as ""Popular Mechanics"", ""Air & Space"", and ""The"
"birds, such as snipe and dunlin. Countershading is less often used for military camouflage, despite Second World War experiments that showed its effectiveness. English zoologist Hugh Cott encouraged the use of methods including countershading, but despite his authority on the subject, failed to persuade the British authorities. Soldiers often wrongly viewed camouflage netting as a kind of invisibility cloak, and they had to be taught to look at camouflage practically, from an enemy observer's viewpoint. At the same time in Australia, zoologist William John Dakin advised soldiers to copy animals' methods, using their instincts for wartime camouflage. The term countershading"
"chief architect, Air Chief Marshal Sir H.C.T. ""Stuffy"" Dowding, the commander-in-chief of RAF Fighter Command. Dowding modernised a system created up from 1917 by Major General E B Ashmore. The core of Dowding's system was implemented by Dowding himself: the use of Radio Direction Finding (RDF or radar) was at his behest, and its use, supplemented by information by the Royal Observer Corps (ROC), was crucial to the RAF's ability to efficiently intercept incoming enemy aircraft. The technology was named RDF with misleading intent – the vague description would disguise the full nature of the system to the enemy if"
"Battery on the Isle of Wight, which remain on display there. Geoff Campion Arthur Geoffrey Campion (19 November 1916 — 8 December 1997) was a British comics artist who drew adventure strips for Amalgamated Press/IPC. He started out as a tax inspector. As a staff officer in the East India Command in WWII he began drawing cartoons for the forces' magazine, ""Jambo"". Returning to England, he responded to an ad from the Amalgamated Press looking for artists in 1948. He was hired by editor Leonard Matthews to draw humour strips like ""Professor Bloop"" in ""Knock-Out"", and filled in on a"
"Dash 10 Dash 10 is an electronic countermeasures (ECM) pod used on aircraft such as the Blackburn Buccaneer at RAF Honington. It was also used in the Falklands War by the Avro Vulcan Bomber. Carried externally on a pylon under the wing of the attacking aircraft, the Dash 10 pod is used to counter radar guided weapons. It operates by manipulating the radar signals transmitted from such weapon systems and re-broadcasting them back to the sender in a convincing but highly deceptive manner. The intention is to trick the enemy air-defence system into aiming at an imaginary target which is"
"Robert Watson-Watt Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, KCB, FRS, FRAeS (13 April 1892 – 5 December 1973) was a British pioneer of radio direction finding and radar technology. Watt began his career in radio physics with a job at the Met Office, where he began looking for ways to accurately track thunderstorms using the radio signals given off by lightning. This led to the 1920s development of a system later known as huff-duff. Although well publicized at the time, the system's enormous military potential was not developed until the late 1930s. Huff-duff allowed operators to determine the location of an enemy"