What is the name of the ritual practiced by some Bedouin tribes for the purpose of lie detection in which the accused is asked to lick a hot object?
"mentioned above. The tribal level is the level that mediated between the Bedouin and the outside governments and organizations. Distinct structure of the Bedouin society leads to long lasting rivalries between different clans. Bedouin traditionally had strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation in Bedouin society typically revolved around such codes. The ""bisha'a,"" or ordeal by fire, is a well-known Bedouin practice of lie detection. See also: Honor codes of the Bedouin, Bedouin systems of justice. Urbanized Bedouin are less likely to continue such traditions, instead opting for the codes of behavior that govern the wider settled community"
"is that stress would cause the mouth of liar to dry up, hence increasing the possibility of a burn. However, the stress of the ordeal could just as easily cause the same physical symptoms in an innocent person. Recent interest in the Bisha'a stems from two contemporary Israeli films which portray the Bisha'a - Yellow Asphalt (2001) and (2002). Joseph Ginat, Bedouin Bisha’h Justice: Ordeal by Fire (Sussex Academic Press, 2009) Bisha'a Bisha'a or Bisha (ordeal by fire, trial by fire or fire test) is a ritual practiced by Bedouin tribes of the Judean, Negev and Sinai deserts for the"
"Litham Litham (, sometimes pronounced lifam) is a mouth-veil which the Bedouin, particularly men, have traditionally used to cover the lower part of their face. The litham has served as protection from the dust and extremes of temperature characterizing the desert environment. In cases of blood feuds, it also served as protection against violence by making the wearer difficult to recognize. Wearing of the litham is not viewed as a religious requirement, although it was apparently believed to provide magical protection against evil forces. It is included among the garments which pilgrims are forbidden to wear by the Islamic doctrine"
"veil and the verbal root ""lathama"", which means ""to kiss"". In ""One Thousand and One Nights"" women use the litham to disguise themselves as men. The classical dictionary ""Lisan al-Arab"" by Ibn Manzur treats ""lifam"" as a separate word, describing it as a mouth veil worn by women. Litham Litham (, sometimes pronounced lifam) is a mouth-veil which the Bedouin, particularly men, have traditionally used to cover the lower part of their face. The litham has served as protection from the dust and extremes of temperature characterizing the desert environment. In cases of blood feuds, it also served as protection"
"In legal cultures where evidence consisted almost exclusively of oaths and testimony, finding out who told the truth was of great importance. While trial by ordeal was often used, some ancient lie detection techniques relied solely on the observation of the suspects' behavior. In ancient India around 500 BC, priests tested suspected thieves by putting them into dark tents with donkeys whose tails were coated in soot. The suspects were told that the donkeys would bray if touched by thieves, and that the suspects should now pull the animals' tails. Those who left the tent with clean hands (indicating that"
"seen on many of the horse and camel saddles. The Bedouin nicknamed O'Toole Ab al-'Isfanjah"" (), meaning ""Father of the Sponge"". The idea spread and, to this day, many Bedouins add foam rubber to their saddles . Later, during the filming of the Aqaba scene, O'Toole was nearly killed when he fell from his camel, but it fortunately stood over him, preventing the horses of the extras from trampling him. Coincidentally, a very similar mishap befell the real Lawrence at the Battle of Abu El Lissal in 1917. In another mishap, O'Toole seriously injured his left hand during filming by"
"In the Sinai Peninsula, Bisha's is widely used. The legend behind the Bisha'a goes back to a man of great powers named ""Weymer abu Ayad"" of the ""Sultani"" branch of the Ayayideh tribe of the Qahtan confederation of Bedouins in southern Saudi Arabia. Many Mubesha claim to be able to trace their heritage to the tribe of Ayayideh. Weymer was a tracker but was robbed of a personal possession. He figured out the criminal, but there were no witnesses. Apparently, Weymer challenged the suspect to lick a red-hot branding iron three times which he would also lick three times, saying"
"Whale's tooth, other items also the use of tapa cloth (""masi"") and mats are also used traditionally in ceremony. In modern day, practices such as the bulubulu ceremony (which acts as a mediation between two people, a victim and offender) will incorporate the kava and tabua into the ritual. Also various regions have tradition that has been passed down generation to generation for centuries one example are the firewalkers of beqa. The Sawau tribe of Beqa are noted for their ability to walk on white hot stones without being burned. Strict rituals have to be observed before the firewalking ceremony."
"of the ceremonial ritual performed by the newborn's mother or father: Anas b. Malik reports this account: Tahnik Taḥnīk (تَحْنِيكِ) is an Islamic ceremony of touching the lips of a newborn baby with honey, sweet juice or pressed dates. Originally the date was softened by mastication by the pious person and rubbed on the infant's palate. The Arabic word ""ḥanak"" (حنك), pl. ""aḥnāk"" (احناك), means 'palate', from which the word ""taḥnīk"" (تَحْنِيكِ) is derived. During the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad, Muslims would bring their newborns for him to perform ""taḥnīk"" upon them. In the collected Ḥadīth books, Sahih Muslim,"
"their lips in order to mimic the appearance of the vulva. Cleopatra, who wore lipstick herself, was said to have performed fellatio on over 1,000 men. The rest of the chapter investigates specific examples of fellatio in Afro-Asian cultures. Certain brothels in Northern and Eastern Africa are specialized in the art of qerdz, or sucking. Arabian, Indian, and African women have all supposedly been found to be employed at these brothels. When their husbands are away from work, Sa’udi Arabia women are mentioned as performing fellatio to random males. Men living in Mecca create concubines of women in order to"
"God to reveal the truth. Afterwards, the hand was bound and examined after three days to see whether it was healing or festering. This was still a practice of 12th-century Catholic churches. A suspect would place his hand in the boiling water. If after three days God had not healed his wounds, the suspect was guilty of the crime. Trial by ordeal mostly took place in a church because it was believed that God could watch over and decide if they were innocent. The ordeal of cold water has a precedent in the Code of Ur-Nammu and the Code of"
"to the Polygraph test. In ancient India, some suspects were made to fill their mouths with dried rice and spit it back out. Similarly, in ancient China, those accused of a crime would have rice powder placed in their mouths. In ancient middle-eastern cultures, the accused were made to lick hot metal rods briefly. It is thought that these tests had some validity since a guilty person would produce less saliva and thus have a drier mouth; the accused would be considered guilty if rice was sticking to their mouths in abundance or if their tongues were severely burned due"
"where they showed photographs of the alleged creature. Whitton boasted, ""Everyone who has talked down to us is going to eat their words."" Biscardi also tried to reassure the media of the corpse's authenticity, saying, ""Last weekend, I touched it, I measured its feet, I felt its intestines."" Whitton and Dyer have since admitted that it was a rubber costume. Whitton, a police officer in Clayton County, Georgia, put his career in jeopardy after participating in the hoax. Clayton County Police Chief Jeff Turner said, ""Once he perpetrated a fraud, that goes into his credibility and integrity. He has violated"
"think that the ordeal is itself a fusion of two earlier rituals (pre-dating the original priestly text), one using water, and the other dust. The use of dust might be connected to necromancy. In other historic semitic cultures there are many instances in which ""holy water"" was regarded as taboo, and therefore that contact with it, or its consumption, was dangerous. According to scholars such as Helena Zlotnick, after the ordeal of bitter water was no longer practiced it remained a reference point in the search for replacements for the test of adultery. Trials by ordeal are found in other"
"with those who refuse the task being found guilty. In the other version of the trial, both the accused and the accuser have to retrieve an item from boiling oil, with the person or persons whose hand remains unscathed being declared innocent. An Icelandic ordeal tradition involves the accused walking under a piece of turf. If the turf falls on the accused's head, the accused person is pronounced guilty. The ordeals of fire and water in England likely have their origin in Frankish tradition, as the earliest mention of the ordeal of the cauldron is in the first recension of"
"Taqbil Taqbil or Taqbeel (; ; ) is a tradition to require non Sayyids to kiss the hand of Sayyids, mostly in Hadhrami people of Yemen. Taqbil in Arabic literally means Kissing. In Hadhramaut, the Sayyid people receive gestures of respect from the rest of population in recognition of their descent from Muhammad. These gestures include the method of greeting, in which their hand (usually right hand) is kissed and/or sniffed. This hand-kissing is performed even when the recipient is still a child or a person without any special distinction in terms of religious knowledge or piety, in recognition of"
"not have the concept of incarceration. Petty crimes, and some major ones, are typically settled by fines, and grievous crimes by corporal or capital punishment. Bedouin tribes are typically held responsible for the action of their members; if the accused fails to pay a fine, the accused's tribe is expected to pay and becomes obligated to the tribe. Trial by ordeal is used by the Bedouin to decide on the gravest of crimes. Authorities to hold such trials and judge them are granted to few, and that too on a hereditary basis. The most well-known of the trials by ordeal"
"Blood libel Blood libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canard accusing Jews of kidnapping and murdering the children of Christians in order to use their blood as part of religious rituals. Historically, these claims—alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration—have been a major theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe. Blood libels typically say that Jews require human blood for the baking of matzos for Passover, although this element was allegedly absent in the earliest cases which claimed that then-contemporary Jews reenacted the crucifixion. The accusations often assert that the blood of the children of Christians is"
"to the assembly. The defendant then shows his tongue to the witnesses for inspection. The right to perform Bisha'a is granted only to the Mubesha, and this right is passed on from father to son, along paternal lineages. The Mubesha hears the account of the dispute before performing the ceremony, and is also responsible for pressing the metal spoon against the tongue of the person undergoing the Bisha'a. There are only a few practitioners of the Bisha'a in Bedouin society. A single Mubesha might arbitrate over several tribes and large geographical areas, like the Mubesha of Abu Sultan in Egypt."
"accused and include the use of the randomness of nature (chickens or crocodiles) or the laws of physics (brooms). The chicken test involves the candidate providing a few chickens to a diviner. The diviner ceremoniously beheads the chickens and watches how the decapitated animals fall. If the chickens land facing the sky, the suspect is innocent; but if they fall facing the ground, the accused is guilty. The crocodile test is a simple one in which the accused is thrown into a river in which crocodiles are known to live. The suspect is guilty if attacked and eaten. This test"
"Israeli website ""Arutz Sheva"" reported cases of Israeli Arabs asking ""where Jews find the Christian blood they need to bake matza"". Blood libel Blood libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canard accusing Jews of kidnapping and murdering the children of Christians in order to use their blood as part of religious rituals. Historically, these claims—alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration—have been a major theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe. Blood libels typically say that Jews require human blood for the baking of matzos for Passover, although this element was allegedly absent in the earliest cases"
"in the sense that consent on the part of the ritual undergoer is required. Typically, Bisha'a is only performed for those cases where there are no witnesses regarding the disputed issue. Societal peer and hierarchy pressures may, however, force consent. In the case of the defendant agreeing to a Bisha'a ceremony, and subsequently declining to perform the ritual or running away, the defendant is considered guilty. The ritual is usually a public affair, with both parties arriving with fanfare. Tea is often served. Women are allowed to participate in the occasion, unlike other judiciary hearings of the Bedouins. The instrument"
"Rabbah bar bar Hana told that once when he was travelling, an Arab showed him where the earth swallowed Korah's congregation. Rabbah bar bar Hana saw two cracks in the ground from which smoke issued. He took a piece of wool, soaked it in water, attached it to the point of his spear, and passed it over the cracks, and the wool was singed. The Arab told Rabbah bar bar Hana to listen, and he heard them saying, ""Moses and his Torah are true, but Korah's company are liars."" The Arab told Rabbah bar bar Hana that every 30 days"
"attack included skin-damage, swelling, psychotic behavior, and fainting. If a member of a tribe fell ill and displayed these symptoms, then sorcery was typically suspected. Clans, by default, typically presumed innocence for their own members. Thus, suspects of sorcery and theft were normally members of rival clans. Since the Fore did not have established mechanisms for jurisprudence, guilt was often determined through the use of rituals. One such ritual was placing hunted animals in bamboo vessels, each vessel representing the name of an accused person or tribe responsible. These vessels would then be put over a fire. After some time"
"between 1828 and 1861. In early modern Europe, the Mass was unofficially used as a form of poison ordeal: a suspected party was forced to take the Eucharist on the grounds that, if he was guilty, he would be eternally damned, and hence his willingness to take the test would give an indication of his guilt. Trial by boiling oil has been practiced in villages in certain parts of West Africa, such as Togo. There are two main alternatives of this trial. In one version, the accused parties are ordered to retrieve an item from a container of boiling oil,"
"issued. He took a piece of wool, soaked it in water, attached it to the point of his spear, and passed it over the cracks, and the wool was singed. The Arab told Rabbah bar bar Hana to listen, and he heard them saying, ""Moses and his Torah are true, but Korah's company are liars."" The Arab told Rabbah bar bar Hana that every 30 days Gehinnom caused them to return for judgment, as if they were being stirred like meat in a pot, and every 30 days they said those same words. Rabbi Judah taught that the same fire"
"verbal spitting occurs in modern Hebrew as ""Tfu, tfu"" (here, only twice), which some say that Hebrew-speakers borrowed from Russian. When a suspect in a criminal case is arrested, they will sometimes try to spit at their captors, which often causes a fear of infection by Hepatitis C and other diseases that may be transmitted by contact with another person's spittle. Spit hoods are a hood invented to deal with this risk. Spitting hoods are in use in Australia and England, where they were once used in handling a drunk airline passenger who had sexually assaulted flight attendants. Spitting Spitting"
"erectors, latissimus dorsi, etc.) in an act called ""moving cupping"". Dark circles may appear where the cups were placed because of rupture of the capillaries just under the skin. There are documented cases of burns caused by fire cupping. Wet cupping is also known as Hijama ( lit. ""sucking"") or medicinal bleeding, where blood is drawn by local suction from a small skin incision. The first reported usages are found in the Islamic hadith, sayings attributed to or describing the actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Hadith from Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal support its"
"Libanomancy Libanomancy (also known as livanomancy and knissomancy) is a divination primarily through observing and interpreting burning incense smoke, but which may include the way incense ash falls as well. Like most other methods of divination, during libanomancy a specific question must be asked. The incense smoke provides an answer, but the smoke must be interpreted by a diviner. Libanomancy may be considered a pseudoscience. The libanomic manuals come from the Old Babylonian period roughly dated 2,000-1,600 B.C. Obviously popular at that time, this method of divination began to decline later, but the knowledge was preserved by trained diviners. From"
"so as to avoid the mockery of Christ. Franconian law prescribed that an accused was to be given dry bread and cheese blessed by a priest. If he choked on the food, he was considered guilty. This was transformed into the ordeal of the Eucharist (trial by sacrament) mentioned by Regino of Prüm ca. 900:AD; the accused was to take the oath of innocence. It was believed that if the oath had been false, the person would die within the same year. Both versions are essentially the opposite of ordeals, as they rely on the guilty parties' self-incrimination, while providing"
"which he suspected were mechanised. The Cardells brought about a libel case to seek to obtain a retraction and apology from the newspaper, but did allow other newspaper journalists to come along and view the scene of the ritual. Only one took up his offer, the ""County Post"" reporter W. J. Locke. Locke photographed the scene, which comprised a circle in sand, a stone altar with two fake spiders on either side, a shrunken head along with the name 'Ramoh' (the craft name of Raymond Howard), a bone, a bowl of water and a crystal ball. In 1967 the libel"
"Water of lustration The water of lustration or water of purification was the water created with the ashes of the red heifer, according to the instructions given by God to Moses and Aaron in the Book of Numbers. The Hebrew Bible taught that any Israelite who touched a corpse, a ""Tumat HaMet"" (literally, ""impurity of the dead""), was ritually unclean. The water was to be sprinkled on a person who had touched a corpse, on the third and seventh days after doing so, in order to make the person ritually clean again. A tent in which someone had died was"
"in the Talmud. The veiling itself is a symbol of modesty, based upon the verse in connection with Rebecca meeting Isaac, ""[T]hen she took her veil and covered herself."" The practice of the groom uncovering the veil comes from when Jacob married Leah by accident because her face was veiled, when he really wanted to marry Rachel. Some maintain that the Badeken ceremony is the meaning of the term ""chuppah"" (Hebrew for ""covering"") mentioned in the Talmud and thus has legal ramifications. Badeken Badeken, Bedeken, Badekenish, or Bedekung ( ""badekn"", lit. covering), is the ceremony where the groom veils the"