The term 'Urbi et Orbi' ('to the City and to the World'), a standard opening of Roman proclamations is now used to denote whose address?
"entire city save for the Apostolic Palace; the inhabitants of the city then voted to join Italy. For the next 59 years, the popes refused to leave the Vatican in order to avoid any appearance of accepting the authority wielded by the Italian government over Rome as a whole. During this period, popes also refused to appear at Saint Peter's Square or at the balcony of the Vatican Basilica facing it, as the square in front of the basilica was occupied by Italian troops. During this period, popes granted the ""Urbi et Orbi"" blessings from a balcony facing a courtyard,"
"Urbi et Orbi Urbi et Orbi (""to the City [of Rome] and to the World"") denotes a papal address and apostolic blessing given to the city of Rome and to the entire world by the Roman pontiff on certain solemn occasions. The ""Urbi et Orbi"" address and blessing are given each Easter and Christmas from the central loggia of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, at noontime, and are broadcast worldwide through the European Broadcasting Union and other linkups. The address concludes with greetings in many languages in relation to the feast celebrated. The Roman Catholic Church grants a plenary indulgence"
"is the motto of Long Island University. Urbi et Orbi Urbi et Orbi (""to the City [of Rome] and to the World"") denotes a papal address and apostolic blessing given to the city of Rome and to the entire world by the Roman pontiff on certain solemn occasions. The ""Urbi et Orbi"" address and blessing are given each Easter and Christmas from the central loggia of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, at noontime, and are broadcast worldwide through the European Broadcasting Union and other linkups. The address concludes with greetings in many languages in relation to the feast celebrated. The"
"= city; ""urbi"" the corresponding dative form; compare: urban) as well as the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, as it were, includes the whole world (""orbis"" = earth; ""orbi"" the corresponding dative form; compare: Orbit). The formula is found more frequently in the language of the church, as in the inscription at the Lateran Basilica, after which the church is: ""omnium urbis et orbis Ecclesiarum mater et caput"" - ""the head and mother of all churches of the city and of the earth"" = the principal and mother of all churches of the world. In the 4th century,"
"on the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and announced the election of Ratti as Pope Pius XI. As his first act as pope, Pius XI revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, ""Urbi et Orbi"", (""to the city and to the world""), abandoned by his predecessors since the loss of Rome to the Italian state in 1870. This suggested his openness to a rapprochement with the government of Italy. He had earlier given indication of this to the cardinals at the conclave when he explained his choice of name (""a Pius to end the Roman question which had"
"leaving 10 for Rampolla and 2 for Gotti. Sarto took the name ""Pius X"". Following the practice of his two immediate predecessors since the 1870 invasion of Rome, Pius X gave his first ""Urbi et Orbi"" blessing on a balcony facing ""into"" St. Peter's Basilica rather than facing the crowds outside, a symbolic representation of his opposition to Italian rule of Rome and his demand for a return of the Papal States to his authority. On 20 January 1904, less than six months after his election, Pius X issued the apostolic constitution ""Commissum Nobis"" which prohibited the exercise of the"
"found in Gratian's ""Decretum"" was reproduced in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, while the Latin plural of the original was modified to its singular form (""Leges"" to ""Lex"", ""instituuntur"" to ""instituitur"", and ""promulgantur"" to ""promulgatur""). In previous times laws issued by the Holy See were affixed to the Basilica of St. John Lateran, the Basilica of St. Peter, the Palace of the Apostolic Chancery, and in the Campo dei Fiori. Since the laws had been posted publicly in the city (Urbi), they were deemed to have been promulgated to the world (Orbi). The current method of promulgating universal laws—publishing"
"of consular dating ended in AD 541 when the emperor Justinian I discontinued appointing consuls. The last consul nominated was Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius. Soon afterwards, imperial regnal dating was adopted in its place. Another method of dating, rarely used, was ""anno urbis conditae"" (Latin: ""in the year of the founded city"" (abbreviated AUC), where ""city"" meant Rome). (It is often incorrectly given that AUC stands for ""ab urbe condita"", which is the title of Titus Livius's history of Rome.) Several epochs were in use by Roman historians. Modern historians usually adopt the epoch of Varro, which we place in"
"generally used only of the Pope and the curia, because the Code of Canon Law, which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see (diocese) of Rome itself, necessarily uses the term in this technical sense. Finally, the title ""Servant of the servants of God"" was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great, a reminder that in Christianity, leadership is always about service/ministry (""diakonia""). The style of address for the bishop of Rome is ""His Holiness"". The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution ""Universi"
"SPQR SPQR (, ""The Roman Senate and People"", or more freely as ""The Senate and People of Rome""; ), referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic. It appears on Roman currency, at the end of documents made public by inscription in stone or metal, and in dedications of monuments and public works. The phrase commonly appears in the Roman political, legal, and historical literature, such as the speeches of Cicero and ""Ab Urbe Condita Libri"" (""Books from the Founding of the City"") of Livy. Today this initialism is used as an official emblem of the modern-day comune (municipality)"
"announces the new pope's Christian name along with his newly chosen regnal name. Until 1978 the pope's election was followed in a few days by the Papal coronation, which started with a procession with great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to St. Peter's Basilica, with the newly elected pope borne in the ""sedia gestatoria"". After a solemn Papal Mass, the new pope was crowned with the ""triregnum"" (papal tiara) and he gave for the first time as pope the famous blessing ""Urbi et Orbi"" (""to the City [Rome] and to the World""). Another renowned part of the coronation"
"is when the consul of one country takes a governing role in the host country. Differently named, but same function Modern UN System Consul Consul (abbrev. ""cos.""; Latin plural ""consules"") was the title of one of the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently a somewhat significant title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city states through antiquity and the Middle Ages, then revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The relating adjective is consular, from the ""consularis"". This usage contrasts with modern terminology, where a consul is a type of"
"example, during eight centuries the calendar belonging to the Christian era, which era was taken in use in the 8th century by Bede, was the Julian calendar, but after the year 1582 it was the Gregorian calendar. Dionysius Exiguus (about the year 500) was the founder of that era, which is nowadays the most widespread dating system on earth. An epoch is the date (year usually) when an era begins. ""Ab Urbe condita"" is Latin for ""from the founding of the City (Rome)"", traditionally set in 753 BC. It was used to identify the Roman year by a few Roman"
"Ordo urbium nobilium Ordo Urbium Nobilium is a Latin poem in dactylic hexameter by Decimus Magnus Ausonius. It was written after a journey Ausonius took through the Roman empire between the years 388 and 390 AD. The poem lists brief descriptions of the major cities of the Roman Empire and ranks them from the most important to the least important. The ranking is as follows: 1. Roma (Rome). 2. Constantinopolis (Constantinople) and Carthago (Carthage). 4. Antiochia (Antioch) and Alexandria. 6. Treveris (Trier). 7. Mediolanum (Milan). 8. Capua. 9. Aquileia. 10. Arelas (Arles). 11-14. Hispalis/Emerita (Seville and Mérida), Corduba (Córdoba), Tarraco"
"further ordination. Sacramentally, all bishops are equal. According to jurisdiction, office, and privileges, however, various ranks are distinguished, as indicated below. All bishops are ""vicars of Christ"". The pope is the bishop of Rome. He is also, by virtue of that office: ""Pope"" is a pronominal honorific, not an office or a title, meaning ""Father"" (the common honorific for all clergy). The honorific ""pope"" was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West, and is known in Greek as far back as Homer's ""Odyssey"" (6:57). In the East, ""pope"" is still a common form of address"
"Habemus Papam Habemus Papam! (""We Have a Pope!"") is the announcement given in Latin by the Cardinal Protodeacon, the senior Cardinal Deacon, upon the election of a new Roman Catholic pope. The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope is presented to the people and he gives his first ""Urbi et Orbi"" blessing. The format for the announcement when a cardinal is elected Pope is: <poem> Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: HABEMUS PAPAM! Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem (last name), Qui sibi"
"vicinity of Rome was the Dominican Thomas Fusconi de Berta, episcopus Senensis (Moroni, Eubel). This custom continued until the secret consistory of 29 November 1558, when Pope Paul IV decreed that in the future the vicars should be chosen from among the cardinals of episcopal dignity; it was then that arose the popular title of ""cardinal-vicar"", never used officially; the formal title was then ""Vicarius Urbis"", and is now, under the Annuario Heading heading ""Vicariato di Roma – Vicariatus Urbis"", ""Vicario Generale di Sua Santità"". Cardinal Vicar Cardinal Vicar () is a title commonly given to the vicar general of"
"Republic and the Roman Empire, and is regarded as the birthplace of Western civilization and by some as the first ever metropolis. It was first called ""The Eternal City"" (; ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the ""Caput Mundi"" (Capital of the World). After the fall of the Western Empire, which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy, which had settled in the city since the 1st century AD,"
"addressed in later life as ""Governor (Name)"", particularly if running for further political office. Mitt Romney, for example, was frequently referred to as ""Governor Romney"" during his 2012 presidential campaign (he was addressed as such formally in the debates), despite leaving the office of Governor of Massachusetts in 2007. All former monarchies had styles, some, as in the Bourbon monarchy of France, extremely complicated depending on the status of the office or office-holder. Otto von Habsburg, who was Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary (1916–1918), had the style 'His Imperial and Royal Highness'. He was last addressed as such by church figures"
"over the Internet (""the new communications medium""), since the blessing is preceded by an announcement by the Cardinal Protodeacon: ""His Holiness Pope N. grants a plenary indulgence in the form laid down by the Church to all the faithful present and to those who receive his blessing by radio, television and the new communications media. Let us ask Almighty God to grant the Pope many years as leader of the Church and peace and unity to the Church throughout the world."" Another occasion for the Urbi et Orbi comes at the end of a papal conclave when the new pope"
"name, his first act was bestowing the ""Urbi et Orbi"" blessing to thousands of pilgrims gathered in St. Peter's Square. Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, ""the bishop emeritus of Rome"" Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new ""bishop of Rome"". Pope Francis held his papal inauguration on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. He celebrated Mass in the presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world. In his homily Pope Francis focused on the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, the liturgical"
"an edict. Eusebius provides a Greek translation of the pronouncement. His version includes imperial titles and an address to provincials, suggesting that the proclamation is, in fact, an imperial letter. The document seems only to have been promulgated in Galerius's provinces.Among all the other arrangements that we are always making for the benefit and utility of the state, we have heretofore wished to repair all things in accordance with the laws and public discipline of the Romans, and to ensure that even the Christians, who abandoned the practice of their ancestors, should return to good sense. Indeed, for some reason"
"he might meet; the candidate was thus enabled to address them by their name, an indirect compliment which could not fail to be generally gratifying to the electors. The candidate accompanied his address with a shake of the hand (""prensatio""). The term ""benignitas"" comprehended generally any kind of treating, such as shows or feasts. Candidates sometimes left Rome and visited the ""coloniae"" and ""municipia"", in which the citizens had the suffrage; thus Cicero proposed to visit the Cisalpine towns, when he was a candidate for the consulship. That ""ambitus"", which was the object of several penal enactments, taken as a"
"blessing ""Urbi et Orbi"". The last act of the inauguration of a new pope is still the formal taking possession (""possessio"") of his cathedra as Bishop of Rome in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. This is the final ceremony mentioned in Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Constitution on the vacancy of the Apostolic See and the election of the Roman Pontiff. The pope is enthroned in the same manner as other bishops. He is solemnly conducted to the episcopal throne, and takes possession by seating himself on it. He receives the kiss of peace and listens to the reading"
"his honour his name was given to the cities of ""Alba Pompeia"" and ""Laus Pompeia"". Pompeius Strabo Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo (135–87 BC) was a Roman general and politician, who served as consul in 89 BC. He is often referred to in English as Pompey Strabo, to distinguish him from his son, the famous Pompey the Great, or from Strabo the geographer. Strabo's cognomen means ""cross eyed"". He lived in the Roman Republic and was born and raised into a noble family in Picenum (in the south and the north of the modern regions of Marche and Abruzzo respectively) in Central"
"by the state and could be granted to private citizens. The Roman municipal authorities of this era were the consuls. In effect, Rome was a gigantic city-territory continuously expanding across Europe. Octavian Augustus founded the office of praefectus urbis and other offices which divided the administration of the city of Rome from that of the Roman Empire. Thus was solved the problem of delimiting the territory of the municipium of Rome from the territory of the rest of the empire - besides the ""Regio I Latii et Campaniae"" administered by a specific governor, the confines of the municipal authority of"
"from 222 BC to 153 BC they took office 15 March, and from 153 BC onwards it was on 1 January. The practice of dating years ""ab urbe condita"" (from the supposed foundation date of Rome) was less frequently used. In Latin, the ablative absolute construction is frequently used to express the date, such as """"M. Messalla et M. Pupio Pisone consulibus"""", translated literally as ""Marcus Messalla and Marcus Pupius Piso being the consuls"", which appears in Caesar's ""De Bello Gallico"". The word ""consul"" is abbreviated as ""COS."" The disappearance of the N is explained by the fact that in"
"Novus homo Homo novus (or: ""novus homo"", Latin for ""new man""; plural homines novi) was the term in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul. When a man entered public life on an unprecedented scale for a high communal office, then the term used was novus civis (plural: novi cives) or ""new citizen"". In the Early Republic, tradition held that both Senate membership and the consulship were restricted to patricians. When plebeians gained the right to this office during the Conflict"
"addressed as ""Excellency"" as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary. For example, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, state governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as ""Excellency"" and this remains the position for the governors of what are now known as British Overseas Territories. In various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, ""Excellency"" is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads"
"Antony and Lepidus, and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony. The former in 27 BC became ""princeps civitatis"" and got the title of Augustus, founding the principate, a diarchy between the ""princeps"" and the senate. Rome was established as a de facto empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor Trajan. Rome was confirmed as caput Mundi, i.e. the capital of the world, an expression which had already been given in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire saw as rulers, emperors of the Julio-Claudian, Flavian (who also built eponymous"
"was not the only one used by early Christians. Most Roman Christians, like the pagan Romans before them, designated their years by naming the two consuls who held office that year. The Romans also used the ab urbe condita (AUC) era. Its name is Latin for ""from the founding of the City (Rome)."" However, the AUC era was hardly ever used outside historical treatises. Eras that began at Creation, called anno Mundi eras, became the dominant method of numbering years in the East until modern times, such as in the Byzantine calendar. Annianus of Alexandria, a monk who flourished at"
"While priest is the official term for a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide, the ordination rite of certain provinces (including the Church of England) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title ""The Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters)"". In the Roman Catholic Church the form of address depends on the office the person holds, and the country in which he is being addressed as they are usually identical to the titles used by their feudal or governmental equals. In most English-speaking countries the forms of address are: In France, secular priests (diocesan priests) are"
"Praefectus urbi The praefectus urbanus, also called praefectus urbi or urban prefect in English, was prefect of the city of Rome, and later also of Constantinople. The office originated under the Roman kings, continued during the Republic and Empire, and held high importance in late Antiquity. The office survived the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and the last urban prefect of Rome, named Iohannes, is attested in 599. In the East, in Constantinople, the office survived until the 13th century. According to Roman tradition, in 753 BC when Romulus founded the city of Rome and instituted the monarchy, he"