Who is the Italian statistician who published a 1912 paper on the income distribution of a nation's citizens and who has now given his name to a measurement of inequality?
"Gini coefficient In economics, the Gini coefficient ( ), sometimes called Gini index, or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measurement of inequality. It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper ""Variability and Mutability"" (). The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has"
"Vilfredo Pareto Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (; ; born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices. He was also responsible for popularising the use of the term ""elite"" in social analysis. He introduced the concept of Pareto efficiency and helped develop the field of microeconomics. He was also the first to discover that income follows a Pareto distribution, which is a power law probability distribution. The"
"Corrado Gini Corrado Gini (May 23, 1884 – March 13, 1965) was an Italian statistician, demographer and sociologist who developed the Gini coefficient, a measure of the income inequality in a society. Gini was a proponent of organicism and applied it to nations. Gini was born on May 23, 1884, in Motta di Livenza, near Treviso, into an old landed family. He entered the Faculty of Law at the University of Bologna, where in addition to law he studied mathematics, economics, and biology. Gini's scientific work ran in two directions: towards the social sciences and towards statistics. His interests ranged"
"He argued that all observed societies follow a regular logarithmic pattern: where N is the number of people with wealth higher than x, and A and m are constants. Over the years, Pareto's Law has proved remarkably close to observed data. Vilfredo Pareto Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (; ; born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices. He was also responsible for popularising the use of"
"Pareto index In economics the Pareto index, named after the Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a measure of the breadth of income or wealth distribution. It is one of the parameters specifying a Pareto distribution and embodies the Pareto principle. As applied to income, the Pareto principle is sometimes stated in popular expositions by saying 20% of the population has 80% of the income. In fact, Pareto's data on British income taxes in his ""Cours d'économie politique"" indicates that about 20% of the population had about 80% of the income. One of the simplest characterizations of the Pareto"
"and co-founder of Tagliacarne Institute, developed his researches gaining a deep understanding from data analysis. http://www.tagliacarne.it/ https://sites.google.com/site/dizionariosis/poster-statistici/tagliacarne-gugliemo Guglielmo Tagliacarne Tagliacarne Guglielmo (31 May 1893 in Orta San Giulio, Novara, Italy – 10 April 1979 in Rome, Italy) was an Italian statistician Guglielmo Tagliacarne was born in Orta San Giulio, Novara, on May 31, 1893. He studied at the Bocconi University, Milan, obtaining a master's degree in Economics. He carried on his statistical studies analyzing supply chains, buying and consumption behaviors, demographic and occupational trends and the provincial and regional calculation of National Income. He was awarded an honour for his"
"At this income the probability density suddenly jumps up from zero and then starts decreasing, which is clearly unrealistic. Economists therefore sometimes state that the Pareto law as stated here applies only to the upper tail of the distribution. Pareto index In economics the Pareto index, named after the Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a measure of the breadth of income or wealth distribution. It is one of the parameters specifying a Pareto distribution and embodies the Pareto principle. As applied to income, the Pareto principle is sometimes stated in popular expositions by saying 20% of the population"
"Pareto distribution </math> The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena. Originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend that a large portion of wealth is held by a small fraction of the population, the Pareto distribution has colloquially become known and referred to as the Pareto principle, or ""80-20 rule"", and is sometimes called the ""Matthew principle"". This rule states that, for example, 80% of"
"for ""x"" > ""x"" and is mirror symmetric about the vertical axis. The univariate Pareto distribution has been extended to a multivariate Pareto distribution. Pareto distribution </math> The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena. Originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend that a large portion of wealth is held by a small fraction of the population, the Pareto distribution has colloquially become known and"
"Giorgio Mortara Giorgio Mortara (April 4, 1885 in Mantua, Italy – 1967, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was an Italian economist, demographer, and statistician. He held the academic rank of professor at the University of Messina from 1909 up 1914, Rome (1915–24) and Milan (1924–38) and director of the Giornale degli economisti (1910–38). He lived for a period (1907–1908) in Berlin where he worked with L. von Bortkiewicz on probability theory and particularly on the law of rare events. He is famous also for the construction of statistical indices for measuring the conjuntural effects (economic barometers). Forced to leave Italy"
"was in connection with population and wealth. Pareto noticed that approximately 80% of Italy's land was owned by 20% of the population. He then carried out surveys on a variety of other countries and found to his surprise that a similar distribution applied. A chart that gave the inequality a very visible and comprehensible form, the so-called ""champagne glass"" effect, was contained in the 1992 United Nations Development Program Report, which showed that distribution of global income is very uneven, with the richest 20% of the world's population controlling 82.7% of the world's income. The Pareto principle also could be"
"is continuous opposition to Adam Smith. Gioja's latest work ""Filosofia della statistica"" (2 vols, 1826; 4 vols, 1829-1830) contains in brief compass the essence of his ideas on human life, and affords the clearest insight into his aim and method in philosophy both theoretical and practical. He was one of the founders of the ""Annali universali di statistica"". Melchiorre Gioia Melchiorre Gioja (September 10, 1767 – January 2, 1829) was an Italian writer on philosophy and political economy. His name is spelled Gioia in modern Italian. Gioja was born at Piacenza, in what is now northern Italy. Originally intended for"
"Guglielmo Tagliacarne Tagliacarne Guglielmo (31 May 1893 in Orta San Giulio, Novara, Italy – 10 April 1979 in Rome, Italy) was an Italian statistician Guglielmo Tagliacarne was born in Orta San Giulio, Novara, on May 31, 1893. He studied at the Bocconi University, Milan, obtaining a master's degree in Economics. He carried on his statistical studies analyzing supply chains, buying and consumption behaviors, demographic and occupational trends and the provincial and regional calculation of National Income. He was awarded an honour for his fights during the 1st World War. In 1922 he started his lessons about Statistics and Social Science"
"Alberto Beneduce Alberto Beneduce (29 May 1877 – 26 April 1944) was an Italian politician, scholar and financier, who was among the founders of many significant state-run finance institutions in Italy. Beneduce was born in Caserta on 29 May 1877. He earned a mathematics degree in Naples. Beneduce was a socialist. Nevertheless, he managed to connect with high finance figures and to collaborate with the Italy's fascist regime. He served at different posts, including statistician, teacher, demographer, agricultural and insurance specialist. He served as a university professor of statistics and demography until 1919. He contributed to the establishment of the"
"ratio is a more useful measure as it correlates well with measures of human development and social stability including the index of child well-being, index of health and social problems, population in prison, physical health, mental health and many others. The Palma ratio is defined as the ratio of the richest 10% of the population's share of gross national income divided by the poorest 40%'s share. It is based on the work of Chilean economist Gabriel Palma who found that middle class incomes almost always represent about half of gross national income while the other half is split between the"
"Atkinson index The Atkinson index (also known as the Atkinson measure or Atkinson inequality measure) is a measure of income inequality developed by British economist Anthony Barnes Atkinson. The measure is useful in determining which end of the distribution contributed most to the observed inequality. The index can be turned into a normative measure by imposing a coefficient formula_1 to weight incomes. Greater weight can be placed on changes in a given portion of the income distribution by choosing formula_1, the level of ""inequality aversion"", appropriately. The Atkinson index becomes more sensitive to changes at the lower end of the"
"such regimes, whatever the distribution rule for output and income adopted by the Ministry of Production, the same economic categories would reappear for prices, salaries, interest, rent, profits, saving, etc., though perhaps with different names. His analysis, and the Austrian Economists' responses, fueled discussion of the economic calculation problem and market socialism in the 1930s. His method also anticipated Abram Bergson's seminal formulation of a social welfare function three decades later. Enrico Barone Enrico Barone (; December 22, 1859, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – May 14, 1924, Rome, Italy) was a soldier, military historian, and an economist. Barone"
"contributed to a changed understanding of global poverty. His work argues that absolute poverty is a distributional outcome of specific patterns of economic development and welfare regimes. Together with Alex Cobham he proposed a new measure of inequality linked more closely to poverty, the Palma ratio based on the work of Gabriel Palma. This new measure of inequality is now reported annually as a standard measure in the statistical databases of the OECD, the UNDP and the UK Office of National Statistics. His work has been discussed in media outlets such as The Economist, The Guardian, the Voice of America,"
"Luca Pacioli Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes ""Paccioli"" or ""Paciolo""; 1447 – 19 June 1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and an early contributor to the field now known as accounting. He is referred to as ""The Father of Accounting and Bookkeeping"" in Europe and he was the first person to publish a work on the double-entry system of book-keeping on the continent. He was also called Luca di Borgo after his birthplace, Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany. Luca Pacioli was born between 1446 and 1448 in the Tuscan town of Sansepolcro where he received"
"in twins. Benini was an Italian Academician (1932), an honorary member of ISTAT, a member of Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, and a member of the Italian Geographical Society. A bibliography of Benini's publications lists 137 scientific works. Rodolfo Benini Rodolfo Benini (11 June 1862, Cremona, Italy – 12 February 1956, Rome, Italy) was an Italian statistician and demographer. At the beginning of his university career, Rodolfo Benini taught a history of commerce course at the University of Bari (1889–1895). Then he became a professor of economics at the University of Perugia (1896), a professor of statistics at"
"of the population). Many of these methods of comparison have been harshly criticised; for example, economist Thomas Piketty, in his book ""Capital in the Twenty-First Century"", describes one of the most commonly used comparative measures of wealth across the globe – the Gini coefficient – as being an example of ""synthetic indices ... which mix very different things, such as inequality with respect to labor and capital, so that it is impossible to distinguish clearly among the multiple dimensions of inequality and the various mechanisms at work."" In February 2009, ""The Economist"" asserted that over half the world's population now"
"Alfredo Niceforo Alfredo Niceforo (23 January 1876 – 10 March 1960, Rome, Italy) was an Italian statistician and scientific racist. Niceforo was born in Castiglione di Sicilia, Catania, Italy, and died March 2, 1960, in Rome. He was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, and statistician who posited the theory that every person has a “deep ego” of antisocial, subconscious impulses that represent a throwback to precivilized existence. Accompanying this ego, and attempting to keep its latent delinquency in check, according to his concept, is a “superior ego” formed by man’s social interaction. This theory, which he published in 1902, bears some"
"Marcello Boldrini Marcello Boldrini (9 February 1890, Matelica – 5 March 1969, Milan) was an Italian statistician. Beginning in 1922, he taught courses in statistics, biometry, and demography at Bocconi University of Milan, and then at the University of Rome as Emeritus Professor. He was also a member of several academies and institutes in Italy and abroad, serving for several years as president of the International Statistical Institute. His scientific research was on both methodological and applied statistics, particularly on demography, anthropometry, and economics. As a statistician, he has been particularly interested to the foundations of the method, and he"
"Evangelista Torricelli Evangelista Torricelli (, ; 15 October 160825 October 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician, best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles. Evangelista Torricelli was born on 15 October 1608 in Rome; he invented the barometer in Florence, Italy. The firstborn child of Gaspare Torricelli and Caterina Angetti. His family was from Faenza in the Province of Ravenna, then part of the Papal States. His father was a textile worker and the family was very poor. Seeing his talents, his parents"
"Emeritus Professror at the University of Padua. He provided important and original contributions to the relationships between variability and concentration, and concordance between ciclical series. https://sites.google.com/site/dizionariosis/dizionario-statistico/statistici-n-o-p/pietra-gaetano http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gaetano-pietra/ Gaetano Pietra Pietra Gaetano (10 August 1879, in Castiglione delle Stiviere, Italy – 1961, in Villanova dello Iudrio, Udine, Italy) was an Italian statistician Gaetano Pietra was Professor at the University of Ferrara. In 1927, he founded and directed the School of Statistics of the University of Padua, and he was formerly Director of the Institute of Statistics in the Superior School of Commerce in Venice as well as Member of the Superior"
"society enables its citizens to achieve success in life where the success is based on a person's choices, efforts and talents, not his background defined by a set of predetermined circumstances at birth, such as, gender, race, place of birth, parent's income and circumstances beyond the control of that individual. In 2003, Roemer reported Italy and Spain exhibited the largest opportunity inequality Gini index amongst advanced economies. In 1978, Anthony Shorrocks introduced a measure based on income Gini coefficients to estimate income mobility. This measure, generalized by Maasoumi and Zandvakili, is now generally referred to as Shorrocks index, sometimes as"
"where he remained until his retirement in 1951. He was the founder of the ""Istituto Italiano degli Attuari"" for the applications of mathematics and probability to economics. Cantelli was the editor of the ""Giornale dell'Istituto Italiano degli Attuari"" (GIIA) from 1930 to 1958. A fair evaluation of the importance of Cantelli's role is clouded by the cultural differences that separated him from Kolmogorov, who represented a younger generation, and even from his contemporaries. Francesco Paolo Cantelli Francesco Paolo Cantelli (20 December 1875, Palermo21 July 1966, Rome) was an Italian mathematician. He received his doctorate in mathematics in 1899 from the"
"contributions to the Calculus of Variations, has been established in 2003. Guido Stampacchia Guido Stampacchia (26 March 1922 – 27 April 1978) was a 20th-century Italian mathematician, known for his work on the theory of variational inequalities, the calculus of variation and the theory of elliptic partial differential equations. Stampacchia was born in Naples, Italy from Emanuele Stampacchia and Giulia Campagnano. He obtained his high school certification from the Liceo-Ginnasio Giambattista Vico in Naples in classical subjects, although he showed stronger aptitude for mathematics and physics. In 1940 he was admitted to the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa for undergraduate"
"Carlo Emilio Bonferroni Carlo Emilio Bonferroni (28 January 1892 – 18 August 1960) was an Italian mathematician who worked on probability theory. Carlo Emilio Bonferroni was born in Bergamo on 28 January 1892 and died on 18 August 1960 in Florence. He studied in Turin, held a post as assistant professor at the Turin Polytechnic politecnico di torino, and in 1923 took up the chair of financial mathematics at the Economics Institute in Bari. In 1933 he transferred to Florence where he held his chair until his death. Bonferroni is best known for the Bonferroni inequalities (a generalization of the"
"the Gini coefficient, the measure is not overly sensitive to the specifics of the income distribution, but rather only on how incomes vary relative to the other members of a population. The exception to this is in the redistribution of income resulting in a minimum income for all people. When the population is sorted, if their income distribution were to approximate a well-known function, then some representative values could be calculated. The Gini coefficient was proposed by Gini as a measure of inequality of income or wealth. For OECD countries, in the late 20th century, considering the effect of taxes"
"Fisher terms ""the Method of Maximum Likelihood"" a further approximation to obtain, what he holds, he will thus get, ""more efficient values"" of the curve constants."" David and Edwards's treatise on the history of statistics cites the first modern treatment of the beta distribution, in 1911, using the beta designation that has become standard, due to Corrado Gini, an Italian statistician, demographer, and sociologist, who developed the Gini coefficient. N.L.Johnson and S.Kotz, in their comprehensive and very informative monograph on leading historical personalities in statistical sciences credit Corrado Gini as ""an early Bayesian...who dealt with the problem of eliciting the"
"richest 10% and poorest 40%, but the share of those two groups varies considerably across countries. The Palma ratio addresses the Gini index's over-sensitivity to changes in the middle of the distribution and insensitivity to changes at the top and bottom, and therefore more accurately reflects income inequality's economic impacts on society as a whole. Palma has suggested that distributional politics pertains mainly to the struggle between the rich and poor, and who the middle classes side with. The Hoover index is the simplest of all inequality measures to calculate: It is the proportion of all income which would have"
"Finanze'. His book ""Teoria della Traslazione dei Tributi"" (theory of tax shifting) is a pioneering study of tax incidence. According to Nobel prize winner James M. Buchanan, Pantaleoni and his followers (such as Antonio De Viti De Marco and Vilfredo Pareto) can be considered the intellectual forefathers of the modern public choice theory. He was occasionally referred to as ""the Marshall of Italy"", because of his unrelenting defense of ""laissez-faire"" economic policies. Maffeo Pantaleoni Maffeo Pantaleoni (; Frascati, 2 July 1857Milan, 29 October 1924) was an Italian economist. At first he was a notable proponent of neoclassical economics. Later in"