The ruins of a large complex of shops near the Colosseum that have been called the world's oldest shopping mall is named for what Roman emperor?
"Trajan's Market Trajan's Market (, ) is a large complex of ruins in the city of Rome, Italy, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end to the Colosseum. The surviving buildings and structures, built as an integral part of Trajan's Forum and nestled against the excavated flank of the Quirinal Hill, present a living model of life in the Roman capital and a glimpse at the restoration in the city, which reveals new treasures and insights about Ancient Roman architecture. Thought to be the world's oldest shopping mall, the arcades in Trajan's Market are now believed"
"Colosseum The Colosseum or Coliseum ( ), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: ""Amphitheatrum Flavium""; Italian: ""Anfiteatro Flavio"" or ""Colosseo"" ), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine, tuff, and brick-faced concrete, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72, and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and"
"Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II () is Italy's oldest active shopping mall and a major landmark of Milan, Italy. Housed within a four-story double arcade in the center of town, the ""Galleria"" is named after Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of the Kingdom of Italy. It was designed in 1861 and built by architect Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1867. The structure consists of two glass-vaulted arcades intersecting in an octagon covering the street connecting Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Scala. The street is covered by an arching glass and cast iron roof, a"
"around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center – a forerunner of today's shopping mall. The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, might also be considered as precursors to the present-day shopping mall. Isfahan's Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar"
"gallery's second Prada store. McDonald's renounced its suit against the City of Milan after receiving the opportunity to open a new restaurant in a nearby area. Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II () is Italy's oldest active shopping mall and a major landmark of Milan, Italy. Housed within a four-story double arcade in the center of town, the ""Galleria"" is named after Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of the Kingdom of Italy. It was designed in 1861 and built by architect Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1867. The structure consists of two glass-vaulted arcades intersecting in"
"Colossus of Constantine The Colossus of Constantine () was a huge acrolithic statue of the late Roman emperor Constantine the Great (""c."" 280–337) that once occupied the west apse of the Basilica of Maxentius near the Forum Romanum in Rome. Portions of the ""Colossus"" now reside in the Courtyard of the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Musei Capitolini, on the Capitoline Hill, above the west end of the Forum. The great head, arms and legs of the ""Colossus"" were carved from white marble, while the rest of the body consisted of a brick core and wooden framework, possibly covered with"
"coin. The Colosseum's original Latin name was ""Amphitheatrum Flavium"", often anglicized as ""Flavian Amphitheatre"". The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, following the reign of Nero. This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name ""Amphitheatrum Caesareum"" (with ""Caesareum"" an adjective pertaining to the title ""Caesar""), but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the"
"Flavian Amphitheatre in Rome, more generally known as the Colosseum, is the archetypal and the largest amphitheatre. Built from 72 to 80 AD, it remains as an icon of ancient Rome. Its building and arena dimensions are 188 × 156 and 86 × 54 meters respectively. It was commissioned by the Emperor Vespasian for the capital city of the ancient Roman Empire from 70-80 AD but was not completed and opened until 80 AD by his son Titus, as a gift for the people of Rome. The Amphitheatre of Pompeii is the oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre. It is located in"
"Colossus of Nero The Colossus of Nero (Colossus Neronis) was a bronze statue that the Emperor Nero (37–68 AD) created in the vestibule of his Domus Aurea, the imperial villa complex which spanned a large area from the north side of the Palatine Hill, across the Velian ridge to the Esquiline Hill. It was modified by Nero's successors into a statue of the sun god Sol. The statue was eventually moved to a spot outside the Flavian Amphitheatre, which (according to one of the more popular theories) became known, by its proximity to the Colossus, as the Colosseum. The last"
"VIVO! Cluj VIVO! Cluj is a shopping mall located in Cluj-Napoca, Romania which opened on October 12, 2007, having the name of Polus Center Cluj. At the time of its completion it was the first shopping mall in Cluj-Napoca. It took 15 months to build Polus Center, and for nine months the construction site was also the biggest archaeological site in Romania. Among the finds was the tomb of a Gepid princess and a 3300-year-old tomb of a pair of lovers. The centre has a total leasable surface of . Current stores include Zara, Bershka, Pull&Bear, Aldo, InMedio, Intersport, Piazza"
"is remembered for being an antiquarian who assembled the greatest collection of Roman sculpture assembled in private hands since antiquity, the famous Farnese Collection. In 1550, when Farnese acquired a northern portion of Palatine hill (historically the oldest of Rome's seven hills) he had ruins from a Roman palace of Tiberius at the northwest end of the hill top filled in, and converted to a summer home. The site overlooks the Roman Forum and is near the Arch of Titus. The garden was divided into the classic style of quadrants with a well or a fountain at its centre, deriving"
"Commodus as Hercules Commodus as Hercules, also known as ""The Bust of Commodus as Hercules"", is a marble portrait sculpture created sometime in early 192 AD . It is housed in the Capitoline Museums in Rome, Italy. Originally discovered in 1874 in the underground chambers of Horti Lamiani, it has become one of the most famous examples of Roman portraiture to date. Commodus (31 August 161 AD – 31 December 192 AD) was Roman Emperor from 180 to 192 and the son of the previous emperor, Marcus Aurelius. During his sole reign, he came to associate himself with the Greek"
"same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli). The name ""Colosseum"" is believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (""Sol"") or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome. In the 8th century, an epigram attributed to"
"Galleria Alberto Sordi Galleria Alberto Sordi, until 2003 Galleria Colonna, is a shopping arcade in Rome named after the actor Alberto Sordi. It was designed in the early 1900s by the architect Dario Carbone and constructed on the Via del Corso as Galleria Colonna (named after the homonymous square which stands across the Via del Corso). It was built on the site of Palazzo Piombino and inaugurated in 1922. The building is in the Art Nouveau style. In 2003, following an accurate restoration, the then major Walter Veltroni decided to rename the Galleria after the popular Roman actor Alberto Sordi,"
"deceased that year, as Sordi had started his career in a theatre, Teatro Galleria, which was part of the building. The restored gallery was re-inaugurated with its new name on 30 October 2003. Galleria Alberto Sordi Galleria Alberto Sordi, until 2003 Galleria Colonna, is a shopping arcade in Rome named after the actor Alberto Sordi. It was designed in the early 1900s by the architect Dario Carbone and constructed on the Via del Corso as Galleria Colonna (named after the homonymous square which stands across the Via del Corso). It was built on the site of Palazzo Piombino and inaugurated"
"works and the restoration and beautification of Rome: the Temple of Peace, and the great show piece, the Colosseum. Vespasian debased the denarius during his reign, reducing the silver purity from 93.5% to 90% – the silver weight dropping from 2.97 grams to 2.87 grams. In modern Romance languages, urinals are still named after him (for example, ""vespasiano"" in Italian, and ""vespasienne"" in French), probably in reference to a tax he placed on urine collection (useful due to its ammoniac content; see Pay toilet). Vespasian Vespasian (; ; 17 November 9 AD – 24 June 79 AD) was Roman emperor"
"is best known for financial reforms following the demise of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, such as the institution of the tax on urinals, and the numerous military campaigns fought during the 70s. The most significant of these was the First Jewish-Roman War, which ended in the destruction of the city of Jerusalem by Titus. In addition, Vespasian faced several uprisings in Egypt, Gaul and Germania, and reportedly survived several conspiracies against him. Vespasian helped rebuild Rome after the civil war, adding a temple to peace and beginning construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the Colosseum. Vespasian died of natural"
"Ludus Magnus The Ludus Magnus (also known as the Great Gladiatorial Training School) was the largest of the gladiatorial schools in Rome. It was built by the emperor Domitian (r. 81-96 C.E.) in the late first century C.E., alongside other building projects undertaken by him such as three other gladiatorial schools across the Roman Empire. As far as location goes, the training school is situated directly east of the Colosseum in the valley between the Esquiline and the Caelian hills, an area already occupied by Republican and Augustan structures. While there are remains that are visible today, they belong to"
"a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians. As emperor, he is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a fire in Rome in 80. After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on 13 September 81. He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian. Titus was born in Rome, probably on 30 December 39 AD, as the eldest son of Titus Flavius Vespasianus—commonly known as Vespasian—and Domitilla the Elder."
"from medieval times and are believed to include the oldest shop front in England. The city has many chain stores, and also features an indoor market, a department store (Browns of Chester, now absorbed by the Debenhams chain), and two main indoor shopping centres: The Grosvenor Shopping Centre and the Forum (a reference to the City's Roman past). The Forum, which houses stores and the indoor market, will be demolished in the Northgate Development scheme to make way for new shopping streets, a new indoor market, an enlarged library, a car park and bus station, and a performing arts centre."
"Schildergasse The Schildergasse (, ) is a shopping street in central Cologne, Germany. With 13,000 people passing through it every hour, it is the busiest shopping street in Europe, according to a 2008 survey by GfK. The Schildergasse is a designated pedestrian zone and stretches for about 500 meters from the Hohe Straße at its eastern end to the Neumarkt at the western end. The street dates back to Roman times, when it was the city's ""Decumanus Maximus"". During the Middle Ages it was home to many artists who painted heraldic coats of arms, whence the street's name (""Schilder"" means"
"Macellum Liviae Macellum Liviae (""market of Livia"") was a shopping complex built by Augustus in the name of his wife Livia built on the Esquiline Hill in Rome. Probably to be identified with τὸ τεμένισμα τὸ Λίουιον ὠνομασμένον, which Tiberius dedicated at the beginning of 7 BC. A restoration between 364 and 378 by Valentinian I, Valens and Gratian is recorded in an inscription, and either this macellum or the Macellum Magnum is marked on fragment 4 of the Severan Marble Plan of Rome. In the Chronicle of Benedict of Soracte under the year 921, the ""aecclesia Sancti Eusebii iuxta"
"known as the forum. Rome had two forums; the Forum Romanum and Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market at Trajan's forum, built around 100-110CE, was a vast expanse, comprising multiple buildings with tabernae that served as retail shops, situated on four levels. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shopfront. In the Roman world, the central market primarily served the local peasantry. Those who lived on the great estates were sufficiently attractive for merchants to call directly at their farm-gates, obviating their need to attend local markets. Shopping lists are known to have been used by Romans."
"Roman Forum The Roman Forum, also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum (), is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the ', or simply the '. For centuries the Forum was the center of day-to-day life in Rome: the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's great men."
"and the vault. The Romanesque style in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance, Baroque and neoclassic architecture. One of the symbols of Rome is the Colosseum (70–80 AD), the largest amphitheatre ever built in the Roman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for gladiatorial combat. A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the Roman Forum, the Domus Aurea, the Pantheon, Trajan's Column, Trajan's Market, the Catacombs, the Circus Maximus, the Baths of Caracalla,"
"which a Roman marble copy in the Capitoline Museums is said to be ""after Timotheus"". The theme must have been popular, judging by the more than two dozen Roman marble copies that survive. The most famous version has been that in the Capitoline Museums in Rome, purchased by Pope Clement XIV from the heirs of Cardinal Alessandro Albani. A highly restored version is in the Museo del Prado, and an incomplete one is in the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut. Timotheus (sculptor) Timotheus (; born in Epidaurus; died in Epidaurus, c. 340 BC) was a Greek sculptor of"
"a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top. All citations to the ""Historia Augusta"" are to individual biographies, and are marked with a """"HA"""". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines' Loeb edition. Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD), called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor from . He ruled the Roman Empire with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Lucius' death in 169. He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. Marcus"
"Library of Celsus The Library of Celsus is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. It was built in honour of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, completed between circa 114–117 A.D. by Celsus' son, Gaius Julius Aquila (consul, 110 AD). The library was ""one of the most impressive buildings in the Roman Empire"" and built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a mausoleum for Celsus, who is buried in a crypt beneath the library in a decorated marble sarcophagus. The Library of Celsus was the ""third-largest library in the ancient world"""
"the ancient Assyrian merchant colonies called ""Kârum"" that were established in central Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC) which is located towards the end of the Avenue; and in Çankaya, the quarter with the highest elevation in the city. Atakule Tower next to Atrium Mall in Çankaya has views over Ankara and also has a revolving restaurant at the top. The symbol of the Armada Shopping Mall is an anchor, and there's a large anchor monument at its entrance, as a reference to the ancient Greek name of the city, Ἄγκυρα (Ánkyra), which means anchor. Likewise, the"
"it is also possible that the statue was still standing during the Middle Ages, because a poem by Bede (c. 672–735) says: ""As long as the Colossus stands, Rome will stand, when the Colossus falls, Rome will also fall, when Rome falls, so falls the world."" The remains of the brick-faced masonry pedestal, once covered with marble, were removed in 1936 on the orders of Benito Mussolini. The foundations were excavated in 1986, and can be viewed by the public. Many experts agree that the name for the Colosseum is derived from this monument. Bede (c. 672–735) wrote a famous"
"were used on the second level of the Colosseum. The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius, the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus, probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket. In fact, the oldest known Corinthian capital was found in Bassae, dated at 427 BC. It is sometimes called the feminine order because it is on the top level of the Colosseum and holding up the least weight, and also has the slenderest ratio of"
"Column of Constantine The Column of Constantine (, from ' 'hooped' and ' 'stone'), also known as the Burnt Stone or the Burnt Pillar, is a Roman monumental column constructed on the orders of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great in 330 AD. It commemorates the declaration of Byzantium (renamed by Constantine as Nova Roma) as the new capital city of the Roman Empire. The column is located on the Street of the Janissaries (""Yeniçeriler Caddesi"") in the neighborhood (named after the column) of Çemberlitaş, central Istanbul, along the old Road to the Imperial Council (""Divan Yolu"") between the Hippodrome"
"the centres of politics, religion and economy in the ancient Roman Empire. During the early 20th century, Mussolini restored the Imperial Fora as part of his campaign to evoke and emulate the past glories of Ancient Rome. But he also built the Via dei Fori Imperiali across the middle of the site, supposedly in order that he could see the Colosseum from his office window. The modern street and its heavy traffic has proved a source of damage to the buildings because of vibration and pollution. There have been a number of proposals to remove the road, but none have"