Which naturalist conceived a theory of natural selection at about the same time that Charles Darwin did so and co-published a paper on the subject with Darwin in 1858?
"process of writing his ""big book"" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell. Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker decided to present his essay together with unpublished writings that Darwin had sent to fellow naturalists, and ""On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"" was read to the Linnean Society of London announcing co-discovery of the principle in July 1858. Darwin published a detailed account"
"to, will be smashed"". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled ""On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"", by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as"
"that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory. In his famous 1858 paper, Wallace proposed natural selection as a kind of feedback mechanism which keeps species and varieties adapted to their environment. ""The action of this principle is exactly like that of the centrifugal governor of the steam engine, which checks and corrects any irregularities almost before they become evident; and in like manner no unbalanced deficiency in the animal kingdom can ever reach any conspicuous magnitude, because it would make itself felt at the very first step, by rendering existence difficult and extinction almost sure soon to follow."""
"(most notably Thomas Huxley and Charles Darwin) or atheists (most notably Richard Dawkins), from the outset many have had a belief in some form of theism. These have included Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), who in a joint paper with Charles Darwin in 1858, proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Wallace, in his later years, was effectively a deist who believed that ""the unseen universe of Spirit"" had interceded to create life as well as consciousness in animals and (separately) in humans. Darwin had a longstanding close friendship with the American botanist Asa Gray who was a leading supporter"
"1858. Their separate papers were presented together at an 1858 meeting of the Linnean Society of London. At the end of 1859, Darwin's publication of his ""abstract"" as ""On the Origin of Species"" explained natural selection in detail and in a way that led to an increasingly wide acceptance of Darwin's concepts of evolution at the expense of alternative theories. Thomas Henry Huxley applied Darwin's ideas to humans, using paleontology and comparative anatomy to provide strong evidence that humans and apes shared a common ancestry. Some were disturbed by this since it implied that humans did not have a special"
"the simultaneous publication in 1858 of papers by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection, despite his personal religious qualms about the theory. He later published evidence from geology of the time man had existed on Earth. Lyell was born into a wealthy family, on 14 November 1797, at the family's estate house, Kinnordy House, near Kirriemuir in Forfarshire. He was the eldest of ten children. Lyell's father, also named Charles Lyell, was noted as a translator and scholar of Dante. Also an accomplished botanist, it was he who first exposed his son to the study of nature. Lyell's"
"Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled ""On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"", which he published in 1859. Darwin regarded ""Natural Selection"" as his main work, while ""On the Origin of Species"" was written for a wider audience. He always intended to finish ""Natural Selection"", but because of frail health,"
"Darwinism (book) Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Applications is an 1889 book on biological evolution by Alfred Russel Wallace, the co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection together with Charles Darwin. This was a book Wallace wrote as a defensive response to the scientific critics of natural selection. Of all Wallace's books, it is cited by scholarly publications the most. In the preface to ""Darwinism"", Wallace had used the term ""pure-Darwinism"" which proposed a ""greater efficacy"" for natural selection. The book is notable for defending August Weismann's theory of heredity and rejecting the"
"evolution of humans, and recognising the principle of natural selection. Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were unaware of this work when they jointly published the theory in 1858, but Darwin later acknowledged that Wells had recognised the principle before them, writing that the paper ""An Account of a White Female, part of whose Skin resembles that of a Negro"" was published in 1818, and ""he distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated; but he applies it only to the races of man, and to certain characters alone."" Patrick Matthew wrote"
"those reached by Darwin about the role of natural selection. In February 1858, Wallace, unaware of Darwin's unpublished ideas, composed his thoughts into an essay and mailed them to Darwin, asking for his opinion. The result was the joint publication in July of an extract from Darwin's 1844 essay along with Wallace's letter. Darwin also began work on a short abstract summarising his theory, which he would publish in 1859 as ""On the Origin of Species"". By the 1850s, whether or not species evolved was a subject of intense debate, with prominent scientists arguing both sides of the issue. The"
"calculus independently of each other. In another classic case of multiple discovery, the two discoverers showed more civility. By June 1858 Charles Darwin had completed over two-thirds of his ""On the Origin of Species"" when he received a startling letter from a naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, 13 years his junior, with whom he had corresponded. The letter summarized Wallace's theory of natural selection, with conclusions identical to Darwin's own. Darwin turned for advice to his friend Charles Lyell, the foremost geologist of the day. Lyell proposed that Darwin and Wallace prepare a joint communication to the scientific community. Darwin being"
"in nature led him on a five-year voyage on which established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel"
"in the ""Gardener's Chronicle"". Darwin wrote that. Matthew, Darwin and Wallace are the only three people considered to have independently discovered the principle of natural selection as a mechanism for speciation (macroevolution). Others prior to Matthew had proposed natural selection as a mechanism for the generation of varieties or races within a species: James Hutton suggested the mechanism in 1794 as leading to improvement of varieties, and an 1813 paper by William Charles Wells proposed that it would form new varieties. In 1835, after Matthew's book, Edward Blyth published a description of the process as a mechanism preserving the unchanging"
"his first publications was in 1858, the year in which Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published their paper on natural selection. Swinhoe took to the ideas of Darwin and in 1872 he named a species (now a subspecies) after Darwin (""Pucrasia macrolopha darwini""). He was a regular published in ""The Ibis"" after 1860 and later to the ""Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"". During his travels he studied the birds and mammals apart from studying the local culture. He collected both live animals and specimens on his travels and regularly sent them to the London Zoo. The first"
"of his evidence and conclusions in ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859. In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others—like William Charles Wells in 1813, and Patrick Matthew in 1831—had proposed similar ideas, but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications. Darwin thought of natural selection by analogy to how farmers select crops or livestock for breeding, which he called ""artificial selection""; in his early manuscripts he referred to a ""Nature"" which would do the selection. At the time, other mechanisms of evolution such as evolution by genetic drift were not yet explicitly"
"raise, posited the different and fuller theory of natural selection. Charles' theory was that natural selection is the inheritance of changed genetic characteristics that are better adaptations to the environment; these are not necessarily based in ""strength"" and ""activity"", which themselves ironically can lead to the overpopulation that results in natural selection yielding nonsurvivors of genetic traits. Erasmus Darwin was familiar with the earlier proto-evolutionary thinking of James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, and cited him in his 1803 work ""Temple of Nature."" Erasmus Darwin offered the first glimpse of his theory of evolution, obliquely, in a question at the end of"
"as well as his journal of the voyage, but he discussed his evolutionary ideas with several naturalists and carried out extensive research on his ""hobby"" of evolutionary work. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when he received an essay from Alfred Russel Wallace who was in Borneo, describing Wallace's own theory of natural selection, prompting immediate joint publication of extracts from Darwin's 1844 essay together with Wallace's paper as ""On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"" in a presentation to the Linnaean Society on"
"inheritance of acquired characteristics and the concept of sexual selection which Darwin gave credence to. George Romanes dubbed this view as ""Wallaceism"", noting that in contrast to Darwin, this position was advocating a ""pure theory of natural selection to the exclusion of any supplementary theory."" The book is seen as laying the foundation for the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution. Darwinism (book) Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Applications is an 1889 book on biological evolution by Alfred Russel Wallace, the co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection together with Charles Darwin. This was a"
"new urgency. While Darwin continued to amass knowledge and carry out experiments, he now became committed to publication. ""See the publication of Darwin's theory for the resulting developments, in the context of his life, work and outside influences at the time."" Development of Darwin's theory Following the inception of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in 1838, the development of Darwin's theory to explain the ""mystery of mysteries"" of how new species originated was his ""prime hobby"" in the background to his main occupation of publishing the scientific results of the ""Beagle"" voyage. He was settling into married life, but"
"heat, light, electricity and moisture"""", he wrote in 1809 in ""Philosophie Zoologique"" (""The Philosophy of Zoology""), """"forms direct or spontaneous generation at that extremity of each kingdom of living bodies, where the simplest of these bodies are found""."" When English naturalist Charles Darwin introduced the theory of natural selection in his book ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859, his supporters, such as a German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, criticised him for not using his theory to explain the origin of life. Haeckel wrote in 1862: """"The chief defect of the Darwinian theory is that it throws no light on the"
"to form varieties better adapted to particular conditions and provided evidence of benevolent design in nature. Studies of Charles Darwin's notebooks have shown that Darwin arrived separately at the idea of natural selection which he set out in his 1859 book ""On the Origin of Species"", but it has been speculated that he had some half-forgotten memory from his time as a student in Edinburgh of ideas of selection in nature as set out by Hutton, and by William Charles Wells and Patrick Matthew who had both been associated with the city before publishing their ideas on the topic early"
"so loose or bad, that they gallop over the course when their field is Botany or Geology as if we were in the pews and they in the pulpit. Witness the self-confident style of Whewell and Baden Powell, Sedgwick and Buckland."" William Whewell, Adam Sedgwick and William Buckland opposed evolutionary ideas. When the idea of natural selection was mooted by Darwin and Wallace in their 1858 papers to the Linnaean Society, both Powell and his brother-in-law William Henry Flower thought that natural selection made creation rational. He was one of seven liberal theologians who produced a manifesto titled ""Essays and"
"found that nature was not so beneficent, and the distribution of species did not support ideas of divine creation. In 1838, shortly after his return, Darwin conceived his theory that natural selection, rather than divine design, was the best explanation for gradual change in populations over many generations. He published the theory in ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859, and in later editions, he noted responses that he had received: Darwin reviewed the implications of this finding in his autobiography: The idea that nature was governed by laws was already common, and in 1833, William Whewell as a proponent"
"published ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859, he and Alfred Russel Wallace were regarded by their scientific peers as having originated (independently of each other) the theory of evolution by natural selection; it has been suggested that Darwin and/or Wallace had encountered Matthew's earlier work, but there is no hard evidence of this. After the publication of ""On the Origin of Species"", Matthew contacted Darwin, who in subsequent editions of the book acknowledged that the principle of natural selection had been anticipated by Matthew's brief statement, mostly contained in the appendices and ""addendum"" of his 1831 book, ""On Naval"
"with his closest scientific friends, but he must have had some particular intuition about Huxley, who was from all accounts a most impressive person even as a young man. Huxley was therefore one of the small group who knew about Darwin's ideas before they were published (the group included Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell). The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his famous paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the Linnean Society in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to Asa Gray. Huxley's"
"between all members of a species, that like begat like. This concept was critical to Darwin's theories. Gray was also strongly opposed to the ideas of hybridization within one generation and special creation in the sense of its not allowing for evolution. When Darwin received Alfred Russel Wallace's paper that described natural selection, Hooker and Charles Lyell arranged for a joint reading of papers by Darwin and Wallace to the Linnean Society on July 1, 1858. Since Darwin had nothing prepared, the reading included excerpts from his 1844 ""Essay"" and from a letter he had sent to Asa Gray in"
"of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans. The British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Thomas Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions. The 1859 publication of Darwin's theory in ""On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,"
"the connection between natural selection and systems theory. On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection is the title of a joint presentation of two scientific papers to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858: ""On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type"" by Alfred Russel Wallace and an ""Extract from an unpublished Work on Species"" from Charles Darwin's ""Essay"""
"clear-cut: Richard Dawkins also grants that Matthew had grasped the general concept of natural selection, but failed to appreciate the significance, nor develop it further, In response to Sutton's e-book, Darwin biographer James Moore said many people came towards a similar perception during the 19th century, but Darwin was the only one who fully developed the idea: In response to Sutton (2015) Darwin and Wallace scholar, John van Wyhe commented, To coincide with Sutton's presentation to the Carse of Gowrie Sustainability Group, Darwin author, Julian F. Derry sent an open letter, saying, The History of Science website ""Natural Histories"" has"
"to geneticists seeing this as impractical pseudoscience. A shift from voluntary arrangements to ""negative"" eugenics included compulsory sterilisation laws in the United States, copied by Nazi Germany as the basis for Nazi eugenics based on virulent racism and ""racial hygiene"".() Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with"
"Publication of Darwin's theory The publication of Darwin's theory brought into the open Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, the culmination of more than twenty years of work. Thoughts on the possibility of transmutation of species which he recorded in 1836 towards the end of his five-year voyage on the ""Beagle"" were followed on his return by findings and work which led him to conceive of his theory in September 1838. He gave priority to his career as a geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and to publication of the findings from the voyage"
"Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea. The Church of England's response was mixed. Darwin's old Cambridge tutors Sedgwick and Henslow dismissed the ideas, but liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as ""just as noble a conception of Deity"". In 1860, the publication of ""Essays and Reviews"" by seven liberal Anglican theologians diverted clerical attention from Darwin, with its ideas including higher criticism attacked by"
"experimentation, analysis, worldwide internet observational data reporting, open peer-review, collaboration, and internet publication. History of zoology since 1859 This article considers the history of zoology since the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859. Charles Darwin gave new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution. The result was a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a genealogical basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of"