What is the name of the South American tree whose bark contains Quinine?
"Remijia Remijia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Within the family, it is a member of the subfamily Cinchonoideae and the tribe Cinchoneae. There are about 36 species in ""Remijia"". They are native to Peru and Brazil. Some of the species have hollow stems that harbor ants. The bark of ""Remijia"" contains 0.5%–2% of quinine, a chemical substance often used as a medicinal drug and flavour additive in alcoholic beverages. It is cheaper than the bark of ""Cinchona"", another source of quinine. Because of its intense flavor, the bark of ""Remijia"" is used in making tonic"
"of Ecuador and Peru for treating fevers. Its role in treating malaria was recognised and recorded first by an Augustine monk from Lima, Peru in 1633. Seven years later the drug had reached Europe and was being used widely with the name 'the Jesuit's bark'. From this point onwards the use of Quinine and the public interest in malaria increased, although the compound was not isolated and identified as the active ingredient until 1820. By the mid-1880s the Dutch had grown vast plantations of cinchona trees and monopolised the world market. Quinine remained the only available treatment for malaria until"
"Quinine, which is found naturally in bark of cinchona tree, is known to be used by Quechuas people for malaria-like symptoms. When chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue; it is also used to alleviate altitude sickness. Coca leaves are the raw material from which cocaine, one of Peru's most historically important exports, is chemically extracted. Many indigenous women wear the colorful traditional costume, complete with bowler style hat. The hat has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was brought to the country by British railway workers."
"Bernabé Cobo Padre Bernabé Cobo (born at Lopera in Spain, 1582; died at Lima, Peru, 9 October 1657) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer. He played a part in the early history of quinine by his description of cinchona bark; he brought some to Europe on a visit in 1632. He was a thorough student of nature and man in Spanish America. His long residence (61 years), his position as a priest and, several times, as a missionary, gave him unusual opportunities for obtaining reliable information. The Spanish botanist Cavanilles gave the name of ""Cobaea"" to a genus of"
"pre-Columbian past and vestiges, Cobo is, for the South American west coast, a source of primary importance, for close observations of customs and manners, and generally accurate descriptions of the principal ruins of South America. Bernabé Cobo Padre Bernabé Cobo (born at Lopera in Spain, 1582; died at Lima, Peru, 9 October 1657) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer. He played a part in the early history of quinine by his description of cinchona bark; he brought some to Europe on a visit in 1632. He was a thorough student of nature and man in Spanish America. His long"
"Cinchona pubescens Cinchona pubescens, also known as red cinchona and quina (Quechua) ( ""Cascarilla, cinchona""; ""quina-do-amazonas, quineira""), is native to Central and South America. It is known as a medicinal plant for its bark's high quinine content- and has similar uses to ""Cinchona officinalis"" in the production of quinine, most famously used for treatment of malaria. ""C. pubescens"" varies from small to large in size, growing to 10 meters in height (33 ft). When cut, the bark tends to turn red. Leaves are elliptical to oblate and thin. The leaves have pubescent teeth that turn red when they are older,"
"and neo-quassin. Quassia Quassia ( or ) is a plant genus in the family Simaroubaceae. Its size is disputed; some botanists treat it as consisting of only one species, ""Quassia amara"" from tropical South America, while others treat it in a wide circumscription as a pantropical genus containing up to 40 species of trees and shrubs. The genus was named after a former slave from Suriname, Graman Quassi in the eighteenth century. He discovered the medicinal properties of the bark of ""Quassia amara"". Broader treatments of the genus include the following and other species: It is the source of the"
"people. Italian sources spelt Quina as Cina which was a source of confusion with ""Smilax"" from China. Haggis argued that Qina and Jesuit's bark actually referred to ""Myroxylon peruiferum"" or Peruvian balsam and that this was an item of importance in Spanish trade in the 1500s. Over time, the bark of the ""Myroxylon"" was adulterated with the similar looking bark of what we now know as ""Cinchona"". Gradually the adulterant became the main product that was the key therapeutic ingredient used in malarial therapy. The bark was included as ""Cortex Peruanus"" in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1677. The ""fever tree"""
"treating malaria; the native Indians of Peru and Ecuador had been using it even earlier for treating fevers. Thompson (1650) introduced this ""Jesuits' bark"" to England. Its first recorded use there was by John Metford of Northampton in 1656. Morton (1696) presented the first detailed description of the clinical picture of malaria and of its treatment with cinchona. Gize (1816) studied the extraction of crystalline quinine from the cinchona bark and Pelletier and Caventou (1820) in France extracted pure quinine alkaloids, which they named quinine and cinchonine. The total synthesis of quinine was achieved by American chemists R.B. Woodward and"
"In the second trial, a picloram and metsulfuron solution was 100% successful in concentrations greater than 4% solution. In the third trial, picloram- metsulfuron solution of 10% concentrations or higher was successful in eradicating the tree. Cinchona pubescens Cinchona pubescens, also known as red cinchona and quina (Quechua) ( ""Cascarilla, cinchona""; ""quina-do-amazonas, quineira""), is native to Central and South America. It is known as a medicinal plant for its bark's high quinine content- and has similar uses to ""Cinchona officinalis"" in the production of quinine, most famously used for treatment of malaria. ""C. pubescens"" varies from small to large in"
"saponin QS21, is being investigated for possible beneficial adjuvant effects on the human immune system. Quillaia Quillaia is the milled inner bark or small stems and branches of the soapbark (""Quillaja saponaria"", Molina). Other names include Murillo bark extract, Panama bark extract, Vanilla extract, Quillaia extract, Quillay bark extract, and Soapbark extract. It contains a high concentration of saponins which is increased by processing; highly purified quillaia is used to enhance vaccines. Other compounds in the extract include tannins and other polyphenols, and calcium oxalate. It is listed as an ingredient in root beer and cream soda. The extract of"
"suspected of malaria before treatment is started. Treatment solely on the basis of clinical suspicion should only be considered when a parasitological diagnosis is not accessible. It is practical to consider antimalarials by chemical structure since this is associated with important properties of each drug, such as mechanism of action. Quinine has a long history stretching from Peru, and the discovery of the cinchona tree, and the potential uses of its bark, to the current day and a collection of derivatives that are still frequently used in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Quinine is an alkaloid that acts as"
"Quinidine Quinidine is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent (Ia) in the heart. It is a stereoisomer of quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The drug causes increased action potential duration, as well as a prolonged QT interval. Eli Lilly has discontinued manufacture of parenteral quinidine gluconate in the US, and its future availability in many countries is uncertain. Quinidine is occasionally used as a class I antiarrhythmic agent to prevent ventricular arrhythmias, particularly in Brugada Syndrome, although its safety in this indication is uncertain. Quinidine increases the likelihood of maintaining"
"contain among its ingredients quina (hence the bitter taste) and sarrapia, vegetables whose medicinal principles have been perfectly proven for more than three centuries. In addition to the vegetation of the equatorial forest, in the Llanos, which share Venezuela and Colombia, savannas predominate, grasses of seasonal pastures, with gallery forests, woods (small clusters isolated from trees) and estuaries with palms (palma llanera, especialmente), etc. Orinoco Basin The Orinoco Basin is the part of South America drained by the Orinoco river and its tributaries. The Orinoco watershed covers an area of about 990000 km, making it the third largest in South"
"Pachira quinata Pachira quinata, commonly known as pochote, is a species of flowering tree in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It inhabits dry forests in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras Panama, Venezuela, and Colombia. Pochotes bear large, stubby thorns on their trunk and branches and are often planted as living fenceposts with barbed wire strung between them. Those thorns are also often used to make small house-like sculptures that are believed to bring protection to someone's house since the pochote is believed to be sacred. The tree is largely plantation grown in Costa Rica for its lumber, which is an ideal, remarkably"
"""of this fruit they make a wine or liquor which they call Quince-Drink, and which I approve of beyond any that their country affords, though a great deal of cider and perry is there made, The Quince-Drink most commonly purges."" Quince is one of the most popular species for deciduous bonsai specimens, along with related Chinese quince and Japanese quince, native to Eastern Asia. Quince The quince (; ""Cydonia oblonga"") is the sole member of the genus Cydonia in the family Rosaceae (which also contains apples and pears, among other fruits). It is a deciduous tree that bears a pome"
"of malaria. Other alkaloids that are extracted from this tree include cinchonine, cinchonidine and quinidine. Cinchona officinalis Cinchona officinalis is a South American tree in the Rubiaceae family. It is native to wet montane forests in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, between 1600–2700 meters above sea level. Cinchona officinalis is a shrub or tree with rugose bark and branchlets covered in minute hairs. Stipules lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, usually about 10 cm. long and 3.5–4 cm. wide; acute, acuminate, or obtuse tip; base rounded to attenuate; coriaceous, glabrous above and often"
"many-flowered; hypanthium with short coarse hairs; reddish calyx, glabrous or nearly so, with triangular lobes; pink or red corolla, sericeous, the lobes ovate, acute, the corolla tube being about 1 cm. long. Fruit and oblong capsule, 1.5–2 cm. long, almost glabrous. English: quinine, red cinchona, cinchona bark, Jesuit’s bark, loxa bark, Jesuit’s powder, countess powder, Peruvian bark. Spanish: quina, cascarilla, cargua cargua, corteza coja. French: quinquina, écorce du Pérou. ""Cinchona officinalis"" is a medicinal plant, one of several ""Cinchona"" species used for the production of quinine, which is an anti-fever agent. It is especially useful in the prevention and treatment"
"and tourists every year. A portion of the tree came down on July 29, 2011, when the tree was split by lightning during a storm. The remaining half of the tree fell during heavy winds almost exactly five years later, on July 22, 2016. Grandinin/roburin E, castalagin/vescalagin, gallic acid, monogalloyl glucose (glucogallin) and valoneic acid dilactone, monogalloyl glucose, digalloyl glucose, trigalloyl glucose, ellagic acid rhamnose, quercitrin and ellagic acid are phenolic compounds found in ""Q. alba"". Quercus alba Quercus alba, the white oak, is one of the preeminent hardwoods of eastern and central North America. It is a long-lived oak,"
"30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes, with roughly half being endemic to the region, surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot. The small tree ""Cinchona pubescens"", a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria, is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes. The high-altitude ""Polylepis"" forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. These trees, by locals referred to as Queñua, Yagual and other names, can be found at altitudes of above"
"Quillaia Quillaia is the milled inner bark or small stems and branches of the soapbark (""Quillaja saponaria"", Molina). Other names include Murillo bark extract, Panama bark extract, Vanilla extract, Quillaia extract, Quillay bark extract, and Soapbark extract. It contains a high concentration of saponins which is increased by processing; highly purified quillaia is used to enhance vaccines. Other compounds in the extract include tannins and other polyphenols, and calcium oxalate. It is listed as an ingredient in root beer and cream soda. The extract of quillaia is used in the manufacture of food additives (E number 999). It is used"
"QS21 QS-21 is a purified plant extract that enhances the ability of the immune system to respond to vaccine antigens. It is derived from the soap bark tree (""Quillaja saponaria""), which is native to the country of Chile. Isolation of QS-21 destroys the soap bark tree, which has resulted in regulation of the tree by the governments where it is grown. The extract contains water soluble triterpene glucoside compounds, which are members of a family of plant-based compounds called saponins. It is currently being tested as an immunologic adjuvant in various vaccines in attempts to improve their efficacy. It is"
"contain tannins and the plant was used for medicinal and veterinary purposes by Native Americans. The Catawba people used it as a poultice to treat burns. The ashes were applied to horses with ""sore backs"". The roots were made into a tea to treat dysentery. Parthenium integrifolium Parthenium integrifolium is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names wild quinine, American feverfew, and eastern feverfew. It is native to the eastern and midwestern United States. This plant is a perennial herb growing about three to five feet high. The glandular leaves are oval to"
"nearly 200 years before the active principles, quinine and other alkaloids, of cinchona bark were isolated. Quinine, a toxic plant alkaloid, is, in addition to its anti-malarial properties, an effective muscle relaxant, as the modern use for nocturnal leg cramps suggests (corroborating its use for shivering by the Peruvian Indians). In 1717, the dark pigmentation of a postmortem spleen and brain was published by the epidemiologist Giovanni Maria Lancisi in his malaria text book ""De noxiis paludum effluviis eorumque remediis"". This was one of the earliest reports of the characteristic enlargement of the spleen and dark color of the spleen"
"and the Philippines. ""Ceiba pentandra"" is the central theme in the book titled, The Great Kapok Tree by Lynne Cherry. ""Ceiba insignis"" and ""Ceiba speciosa"" are added to some versions of the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca. Pablo Antonio Cuadra, a Nicaraguan poet, wrote a chapter about the Ceiba tree. He used it as a symbol of the Nicaraguan ancestral roots, a cradle for the nation, and source during the people's exile. Ceiba Ceiba is a genus of trees in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical areas of the Americas (from Mexico and the Caribbean to N Argentina) and tropical"
"alkaloids, the most familiar of which is quinine, one of the first agents effective in treating malaria. Woodruff (""Galium odoratum"") is a small herbaceous perennial that contains coumarin, a natural precursor of warfarin, and the South American plant ""Carapichea ipecacuanha"" is the source of the emetic ipecac. ""Psychotria viridis"" is frequently used as a source of dimethyltryptamine in the preparation of ayahuasca, a psychoactive decoction. The bark of the species ""Breonadia salicina"" have been used in traditional African medicine for many years. The leaves of the Kratom plant (""Mitragyna speciosa"") contain a variety of alkaloids, including several psychoactive alkaloids and"
"is an ingredient in both tonic water and bitter lemon. In the US, quinine is listed as an ingredient in some Diet Snapple flavors, including Cranberry-Raspberry. In France, quinine is an ingredient of an known as , or ""Cap Corse,"" and the wine-based Dubonnet. In Spain, quinine (""Peruvian bark"") is sometimes blended into sweet Malaga wine, which is then called ""Malaga Quina"". In Italy, the traditional flavoured wine Barolo Chinato is infused with quinine and local herbs and is served as a . In Canada and Italy, quinine is an ingredient in the carbonated chinotto beverages Brio and San Pellegrino."
"In Scotland, the company A.G. Barr uses quinine as an ingredient in the carbonated and caffeinated beverage Irn-Bru. In Uruguay and Argentina, quinine is an ingredient of a PepsiCo tonic water named Paso de los Toros. In Denmark, it is used as an ingredient in the carbonated sports drink Faxe Kondi made by Royal Unibrew. As a flavoring agent in beverages, quinine is limited to less than 83 parts per million in the United States, and 100 in the European Union. Quinine (and quinidine) are used as the chiral moiety for the ligands used in Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as well"
"diterpene but rather a triterpene lactone, which derives from euphol by loss of 10 carbon atoms including C4. Quassin Quassin is a white bitter, crystalline substance that is the prototypical example of the family of quassinoids. It can be extracted from the quassia tree, from which it gets its name. It was first isolated in 1937 and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1961. It is one of the most bitter substances found in nature, with a bitter threshold of 0.08 ppm and it is 50 times more bitter than quinine. Extracts of the bitterwood tree (""Quassia amara"") containing quassin"
"the slaves that immigrated there. Ceiba pentandra Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously separated in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety ""C. pentandra"" var. ""guineensis"") to tropical west Africa. A somewhat smaller variety is found throughout southern Asia and the East Indies. Kapok is the most used common name for the tree and may also refer to the cotton-like fluff obtained from its seed pods. The tree is cultivated for the seed fibre, particularly in south-east Asia, and is"
"study the cinchona tree with its medicinally active bark (containing the anti-malarial drug quinine), the tree being hardly known in Europe. After returning to Quito on 20 June 1737, he found that Godin refused to disclose his results, whereupon La Condamine joined forces with Bouguer. The two men continued with their length measurements in the mountainous and inaccessible region close to Quito. When in December 1741 Bouguer detected an error in a calculation of La Condamine's, the two explorers got into a quarrel and stopped speaking to each other. However, working separately, the two completed their project in May 1743."
"and pinnate with 3-5 leaflets, the leaf rachis being winged. The flowers are produced in a panicle 15–25 cm long, each flower 2.5-3.5 cm long, bright red on the outside, and white inside. The fruit is a small drupe 1-1.5 cm long. ""Quassia amara"" is native to Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Suriname, Colombia, Argentina, French Guiana and Guyana. ""Q. amara"" is widely planted outside its native range. In the wood a share of 0.09 to 0.17% of quassin and 0.05 to 0.11% of neoquassin was detected in Costa Rician plants. Quassin is one of the most bitter"
"Andean people who used it especially as a treatment for various chest problems. It is the source of quillaia, the extract of which is used as a food additive and as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and fire-fighting foam. It is used as additive for photographic films and foaming for drinks. The saponin content of the bark helps to stimulate the production of a more fluid mucus in the airways, thus facilitating the removal of phlegm through coughing. The saponins of this tree are also considered to have adjuvant properties for vaccine solutions., QS21 adjuvant is a saponin"