Which chemist discovered oxygen in 1774, calling it 'dephlogisticated air'?
"inflammable air (that is, hydrogen) in ""dephlogisticated air"" (now known to be oxygen), the latter a constituent of atmospheric air (phlogiston theory). Cavendish concluded that dephlogisticated air was dephlogisticated water and that hydrogen was either pure phlogiston or phlogisticated water. He reported these findings to Joseph Priestley, an English clergyman and scientist, no later than March 1783, but did not publish them until the following year. The Scottish inventor James Watt published a paper on the composition of water in 1783; Cavendish had performed the experiments first but published second. Controversy about priority ensued. In 1785 Cavendish investigated the composition"
"however, called oxygen ""dephlogisticated air"", and did not recognize it as a chemical element. The name ""oxygen"" was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion. Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. The name ""oxygen"" was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion."
"Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier in their experiments to obtain oxides contained in closed vessels under high temperatures. These included carbon dioxide by burning diamond, and mercuric oxide by heating mercury. This type of experiment contributed to the discovery of ""dephlogisticated air"" by Priestley, which became better known as oxygen, following Lavoisier's investigations. In 1796, during the French Revolution and three years after the declaration of war between France and Great Britain, Étienne-Gaspard Robert met with the French government and proposed the use of mirrors to burn the invading ships of the British Royal Navy. They decided not to take"
"and then on himself, writing that it was ""five or six times better than common air for the purpose of respiration, inflammation, and, I believe, every other use of common atmospherical air"". He had discovered oxygen gas (O). Priestley assembled his oxygen paper and several others into a second volume of ""Experiments and Observations on Air"", published in 1776. He did not emphasise his discovery of ""dephlogisticated air"" (leaving it to Part III of the volume) but instead argued in the preface how important such discoveries were to rational religion. His paper narrated the discovery chronologically, relating the long delays"
"most famous being what Priestley dubbed ""dephlogisticated air"" (oxygen). However, Priestley's determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community. In 1781, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid, tungstic acid, could be made from Cronstedt's scheelite (at the time named tungsten). Scheele and Torbern Bergman suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid. In 1783, José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid. Later that year, in Spain, the brothers"
"after which could it burn, therefore the gas must be ‘without phlogiston’ – this led Priestley to name it dephlogisticated air. In October 1775 Priestley accompanied Lord Shelburne on a trip to Paris where they were invited to dine with the preeminent scientists of the time. It is here that Priestley met the French scientist Antoine Lavoisier. Priestley told Lavoisier all the details of his experiments upon the production of dephlogisticated air. Unlike Priestley, Lavoisier had one of the best equipped laboratories in Europe and now turned his attention to the highly accurate measurement of the masses of substances before"
"part of air which is required for life, lends sufficient weight to the discovery of oxygen by Sendivogius. This discovery of Sendivogius was however frequently denied by the generations of scientists and chemists which succeeded him. It is also commonly claimed that oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. He had produced oxygen gas by heating mercuric oxide and various nitrates in 1771–2. Scheele called the gas ""fire air"" because it was then the only known agent to support combustion. He wrote an account of this discovery in a manuscript titled ""Treatise on Air and Fire"", which"
"by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid air,"" having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid, because acids were thought at the time to necessarily contain oxygen, a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, and Scheele named the supposed new element within this oxide as ""muriaticum."" The suggestion that this newly discovered gas was a simple element was made in 1809 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques. This was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy"
"the time. Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1774 when he focused sunlight on a sample of mercuric oxide and collected the resulting gas. Carl Wilhelm Scheele had also created oxygen in 1771 by the same method, but Scheele did not publish his results until 1777. Tellurium was first discovered in 1783 by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein. He discovered tellurium in a sample of what is now known as calaverite. Müller assumed at first that the sample was pure antimony, but tests he ran on the sample did not agree with this. Muller then guessed that the sample"
"to nitrite, in modern terms) and gave off a new phlogisticated gas as an active principle when combined with an acid (even a weak acid). Bergman next suggested that Scheele analyze the properties of manganese (IV) oxide. It was through his studies of manganese(IV)oxide that Scheele developed his concept of ""fire air"" (his name for oxygen). He ultimately obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide, silver carbonate, magnesium nitrate, and other nitrate salts. Scheele wrote about his findings to Lavoisier who was able to see the significance of the results. His discovery of oxygen (ca. 1771) was chronologically earlier than the"
"published in 1668 in his work ""Tractatus duo"" in the tract ""De respiratione"". Robert Hooke, Ole Borch, Mikhail Lomonosov, and Pierre Bayen all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a chemical element. This may have been in part due to the prevalence of the philosophy of combustion and corrosion called the ""phlogiston theory"", which was then the favored explanation of those processes. Established in 1667 by the German alchemist J. J. Becher, and modified by the chemist Georg Ernst Stahl by 1731, phlogiston theory stated that all combustible"
"first synthesized in 1772 by the natural philosopher and chemist Joseph Priestley, who called it ""phlogisticated nitrous air"" (see phlogiston). Priestley described his discovery in the book ""Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1775)"", in which he described how to produce the preparation of ""nitrous air diminished"", by heating iron filings dampened with nitric acid. James Watt built a portable gas chamber to facilitate Davy's experiments with the inhalation of nitrous oxide. At one point the gas was combined with wine to judge its efficacy as a cure for hangover (his laboratory notebook indicated success). The gas was"
"published their experimental data and conclusions concerning oxygen and the phlogiston theory.Carl was credited for finding oxygen with two other people, Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier. The first English edition, ""Chemical Observation and Experiments on Air and Fire"" was published in 1780, with an introduction ""Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire"". Scheele achieved astonishingly prolific and important results without the expensive laboratory equipment to which his Parisian contemporary Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was accustomed. Through the studies of Lavoisier, Joseph Priestley, Scheele, and others, chemistry was made a standardized field with consistent procedures. Although Scheele was unable to grasp the significance of"
"wished to avoid creating an equivocal term. The observations gathered from these experiments also led to Davy isolating boron in 1809. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it """"dephlogisticated marine acid"""" (see phlogiston theory) and mistakenly thought it contained oxygen. Davy showed that the acid of Scheele's substance, called at the time oxymuriatic acid, contained no oxygen. This discovery overturned Lavoisier's definition of acids as compounds of oxygen. In 1810, chlorine was given its current name by Humphry Davy, who insisted that chlorine was in fact an element. The name chlorine, chosen by"
"are to rational religion. His paper narrates the discovery chronologically, relating the long delays between experiments and his initial puzzlements. Thus, it is difficult to determine when exactly Priestley ""discovered"" oxygen. Such dating is significant as Lavoisier and Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele both have strong claims to the discovery of oxygen as well, Scheele having been first to isolate the gas (although he published after Priestley) and Lavoisier having been first to describe it as purified ""air itself entire without alteration"" (not ""dephlogisticated air""). In this section, a list of all Priestley's scientific books on Airs has been compiled."
"Medical Association forced him to stop hyperbaric treatment, since he did not provide acceptable evidence that the treatments were effective. The English scientist Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen in 1775. Shortly after its discovery, there were reports of toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the central nervous system and lungs, which delayed therapeutic applications until 1937, when Behnke and Shaw first used it in the treatment of decompression sickness. In 1955 and 1956 Churchill-Davidson, in the UK, used hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumours, while , at the University of Amsterdam, successfully used it in cardiac surgery. In 1961"
"(1774–1778). In 1783, Lavoisier found that water was a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. Lavoisier’s years of experimentation formed a body of work that contested phlogiston theory. After reading his “Reflections on Phlogiston” to the Academy in 1785, chemists began dividing into camps based on the old phlogiston theory and the new oxygen theory. A new form of chemical nomenclature, developed by Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, with assistance from Lavoisier, classified elements binomially into a genus and a species. For example, burned lead was of the genus oxide and species lead. Transition to and acceptance of Lavoisier’s new chemistry"
"by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Priestley also prepared this new ""air"" by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777. Nitrogen: Rutherford discovered nitrogen while he was studying at the University of Edinburgh. He showed that the air in which animals breathed, after removal of exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Priestley also studied this element at about the same time; Lavoisier named it in 1775 or 1776. Tellurium: In 1783, Franz-Joseph Müller"
"peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards."" Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled ""An Account of Further Discoveries in Air,"" which was included in the second volume of his book titled ""Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air"". Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery. The French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier later claimed to have discovered the new substance independently. Priestley visited Lavoisier in October 1774 and told him about his experiment and how he liberated the new gas. Scheele also dispatched a letter to Lavoisier on"
"of Air"" outlined several discoveries: ""nitrous air"" (nitric oxide, NO); ""vapor of spirit of salt"", later called ""acid air"" or ""marine acid air"" (anhydrous hydrochloric acid, HCl); ""alkaline air"" (ammonia, NH); ""diminished"" or ""dephlogisticated nitrous air"" (nitrous oxide, NO); and, most famously, ""dephlogisticated air"" (oxygen, O) as well as experimental findings that showed plants revitalised enclosed volumes of air, a discovery that would eventually lead to the discovery of photosynthesis. Priestley also developed a ""nitrous air test"" to determine the ""goodness of air"". Using a pneumatic trough, he would mix nitrous air with a test sample, over water or mercury,"
"was also the source of acidity. The next year, he named this portion oxygen (Greek for acid-former), and the other azote (Greek for no life). Lavoisier thus has a claim to the discovery of oxygen along with Priestley and Scheele. He also discovered that the ""inflammable air"" discovered by Cavendish - which he termed hydrogen (Greek for water-former) - combined with oxygen to produce a dew, as Priestley had reported, which appeared to be water. In ""Reflexions sur le Phlogistique"" (1783), Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory of combustion to be inconsistent. Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in"
"between experiments and his initial puzzlements; thus, it is difficult to determine when exactly Priestley ""discovered"" oxygen. Such dating is significant as both Lavoisier and Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele have strong claims to the discovery of oxygen as well, Scheele having been the first to isolate the gas (although he published after Priestley) and Lavoisier having been the first to describe it as purified ""air itself entire without alteration"" (that is, the first to explain oxygen without phlogiston theory). In his paper ""Observations on Respiration and the Use of the Blood"", Priestley was the first to suggest a connection"
"Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, and John Dalton. The pneumatic trough was integral thereon in work with gases (or, as contemporary chemists called them, airs). Work done by Joseph Black, Joseph Priestley, Herman Boerhaave, and Henry Cavendish revolved largely around the use of the instrument, allowing them to collect airs given off by different chemical reactions and combustion analyses. Their work led to the discovery of many types of airs, such as dephlogisticated air (discovered by Joseph Priestley). Moreover, the chemistry of airs was not limited to combustion analyses. During the eighteenth century, many chymists used the discovery of airs as a"
"atmosphere. In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli published ""Hydrodynamics"", initiating the Kinetic theory of gases and established the basic laws for the theory of gases. In 1761, Joseph Black discovered that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting. In 1772, Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen, which he called ""phlogisticated air"", and together they developed the phlogiston theory. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discovered oxygen and developed an explanation for combustion. In 1783, in Lavoisier's essay ""Reflexions sur le phlogistique"", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory. In 1804, Sir John Leslie observed that a matte black surface"
"scientific discovery in 1774, arguably more revolutionary than his isolation of oxygen. He identified lime, silica, and iron in a specimen of pyrolusite (impure manganese dioxide) given to him by his friend, Johann Gottlieb Gahn, but could not identify an additional component (this was the manganese, which Scheele recognized was present as a new element, but could not isolate). When he treated the pyrolusite with hydrochloric acid over a warm sand bath, a yellow-green gas with a strong odor was produced. He found that the gas sank to the bottom of an open bottle and was denser than ordinary air."
"He then heated the mercuric calc and measured the amount of air released and discovered the quantities were the same. Lavoisier realised that something was absorbed from the air when mercury was heated to make mercuric calc, and that same gas was released when the mercuric calc was heated. Lavoisier concluded that this gas was unrelated to phlogiston, but was in fact a brand new element, which he named oxygen. Lavoisier had successfully dispensed with the need for the theory of phlogiston and recognised Priestley's ‘dephlogisticated air’ as the element oxygen. Despite the fact it was Priestley's original work that"
"and inhibit pain signalling. Exactly how causes the release of endogenous opioid peptides remains uncertain. Nitrous oxide is a colourless, non-toxic gas with a faint, sweet odour. Nitrous oxide supports combustion by releasing the dipolar bonded oxygen radical, thus it can relight a glowing splint. The above reaction is the route adopted by the commercial chemical industry to produce azide salts, which are used as detonators. The gas was first synthesised in 1772 by English natural philosopher and chemist Joseph Priestley, who called it ""phlogisticated nitrous air"" (see phlogiston) or ""inflammable nitrous air"". Priestley published his discovery in the book"
"discovered ""vitriolic acid air"" (sulphur dioxide, SO). In March he wrote to several people regarding the new ""air"" that he had discovered in August. One of these letters was read aloud to the Royal Society, and a paper outlining the discovery, titled ""An Account of further Discoveries in Air"", was published in the Society's journal ""Philosophical Transactions"". Priestley called the new substance ""dephlogisticated air"", which he made in the famous experiment by focusing the sun’s rays on a sample of mercuric oxide. He first tested it on mice, who surprised him by surviving quite a while entrapped with the air,"
"and horns of oxen and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with hydrochloric acid, the name ""spirit of hartshorn"" was applied to ammonia. Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by Joseph Black in 1756 by reacting ""sal ammoniac"" (Ammonium Chloride) with ""calcined magnesia"" (Magnesium Oxide). It was isolated again by Peter Woulfe in 1767, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1770 and by Joseph Priestley in 1773 and was termed by him ""alkaline air"". Eleven years later in 1785, Claude Louis Berthollet ascertained its composition. The Haber–Bosch process to produce ammonia from the nitrogen in the air was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl"
"than the healthiest and purest part of the air"" or the ""eminently respirable part of the air"". The same year he coined the name oxygen for this constituent of the air, from the Greek words meaning ""acid former"". He was struck by the fact that the combustion products of such nonmetals as sulfur, phosphorus, charcoal, and nitrogen were acidic. He held that all acids contained oxygen and that oxygen was therefore the acidifying principle. Lavoisier's chemical research between 1772 and 1778 was largely concerned with developing his own new theory of combustion. In 1783 he read to the academy his"
"He also noted that the gas was not soluble in water. It turned corks a yellow color and removed all color from wet, blue litmus paper and some flowers. He called this gas with bleaching abilities, ""dephlogisticated muriatic acid"" (dephlogisticated hydrochloric acid, or oxidized hydrochloric acid). Eventually, Sir Humphry Davy named the gas chlorine. Chlorine's bleaching properties were eventually turned into an industry by Berzelius, and became the foundation of a second industry of disinfection and deodorization of putrefied tissue and wounds (including wounds in living humans) in the hands of Labarraque, by 1824. In the fall of 1785, Scheele"
"also awards their highest honour, the Priestley Medal, in his name. The most exhaustive biography of Priestley is Robert Schofield's recent two-volume work; several one-volume treatments exist, all somewhat older: Gibbs, Holt and Thorpe. Graham and Smith focus on Priestley's life in America and Uglow and Jackson both discuss Priestley's life in the context of other developments in science. Joseph Priestley Joseph Priestley (; – 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English Separatist theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, innovative grammarian, multi-subject educator, and liberal political theorist who published over 150 works. He has historically been credited with the discovery of oxygen,"
"discovered vitriolic acid air (sulphur dioxide, SO). In March he wrote to several people regarding the new ""air"" that he had discovered several months earlier. One of these letters was read aloud to the Royal Society, and he published a paper in ""Philosophical Transactions"" titled ""An Account of further Discoveries in Air."" Priestley called the new substance ""dephlogisticated air"" and described it as ""five or six times better than common air for the purpose of respiration, inflammation, and, I believe, every other use of common atmospherical air."" He had discovered oxygen gas (O). As revised for ""Experiments and Observations"", his"