Name the year: the U.S. Draft Board refuses Muhammed Ali's exemption, the Boston Strangler is sentenced to life imprisonment and three astronauts perish in the Apollo I fire.
"U. S. R. Murty Uppaluri Siva Ramachandra Murty, or U. S. R. Murty (as he prefers to write his name), is a Professor Emeritus of the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization, University of Waterloo. U. S. R. Murty received his Ph.D. in 1967 from the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, with a thesis on extremal graph theory; his advisor was C. R. Rao. Murty is well known for his work in matroid theory and graph theory, and mainly for being a co-author with J. A. Bondy of a textbook on graph theory. Murty has served as a managing editor and co-editor-in-chief"
"beginning. The point of divergence for this alternate timeline happens on November 22, 1963, where John F. Kennedy survived the assassination (Jacqueline Kennedy was killed, hence the renaming of the Kennedy Space Center as the Jacqueline B. Kennedy Space Center), but was crippled and thus incapacitated, as Lyndon B. Johnson is still sworn in. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Joe Muldoon walk on the moon, and Nixon's ""most historic phone call"" is joined by a call from former President Kennedy, committing the United States to send a manned mission to Mars, which Nixon backs as"
"1987, the courts ruled that faculty in the local AAUP chapter were ""managerial"" employees, and therefore could not engage in collective bargaining. During his tenure as President, $85 million, nearly one fifth of the Boston University endowment, was invested in a biotechnology company named Seragen. Investments continued, even after a rebuke from state regulators because of the risk involved. The bulk of the investment was lost when the Seragen stock collapsed. In 2002, Silber ordered that the Boston University Academy, a prep school operated by BU, disband its gay-straight alliance, a student club that staged demonstrations to publicize the deleterious"
"Houston. He served additionally as a judge of the Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals from 1976 to 1988. Joe McDonald Ingraham Joe McDonald Ingraham (July 5, 1903 – May 27, 1990) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. He is best known as being the judge who sentenced the then World Heavyweight Champion Muhammad Ali to the maximum 5-year sentence available for refusing to fight in the unpopular Vietnam War."
"fight to inflict maximum punishment, critics described the bout as ""one of the ugliest boxing fights."" Tex Maule later wrote: ""It was a wonderful demonstration of boxing skill and a barbarous display of cruelty."" Ali denied the accusations of cruelty but, for Ali's critics, the fight provided more evidence of his arrogance. After Ali's title defense against Zora Folley on March 22, he was stripped of his title due to his refusal to be drafted to army service. His boxing license was also suspended by the state of New York. He was convicted of draft evasion on June 20 and"
"several others, including Bob Arum. Ali and then-WBA heavyweight champion boxer Ernie Terrell had agreed to meet for a bout in Chicago on March 29, 1966 (the WBA, one of two boxing associations, had stripped Ali of his title following his joining the Nation of Islam). But in February Ali was reclassified by the Louisville draft board as 1-A from 1-Y, and he indicated that he would refuse to serve, commenting to the press, ""I ain't got nothing against no Viet Cong; no Viet Cong never called me nigger."" Amidst the media and public outcry over Ali's stance, the Illinois"
"draft boards certified 57,000, of whom 30,000 passed the physical and 21,000 were inducted into the U.S. Army. About 80% of the 21,000 decided to abandon their objection and take up arms, but 3,989 drafted objectors refused to serve. Most belonged to historically pacifist denominations, especially Quakers, Mennonites, and Moravian Brethren, as well as a few Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses. About 15% were religious objectors from non-pacifist churches. Ben Salmon was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures. He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that"
"the Selective Service Act. This included everyone from draft dodgers to protestors such as O'Brien. The pardon covered all such acts committed between August 4, 1964, the date of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, and March 28, 1973, the end of American withdrawal. In 1980, however, Congress reinstated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System, but without reinstating an active draft. In 1984, the Supreme Court upheld the registration requirement against a claim that it violated the privilege against self-incrimination. The following year, it upheld the conviction of a man who refused to register despite his"
"denied, thereby requiring the conviction to be overturned. A unanimous decision (8–0), ""the court said the record shows that [Ali's] beliefs are founded on tenets of the Muslim religion as he understands them."" In 1964, Ali failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-standard. With the escalation of the Vietnam War, the test standards were lowered in November 1965 and Ali was reclassified as 1-A in February 1966, which meant he was now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army. When notified of this status, he declared that he would"
"The appeal for clemency was rejected on August 3, under the basis that mitigating factors such as mental illness did not outweigh aggravating factors such as the number of casualties in the massacre. On August 7, Holmes was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole after jurors failed to unanimously agree on a death sentence. One juror was opposed to sentencing Holmes to death due to his mental health issues, while two other jurors were uncertain. Formal sentencing began on August 24 and ended on August 26. On August 26, Samour formally sentenced Holmes to 12 life"
"aborts the mission. Armstrong initially faces criticism, but NASA determines the crew is not at fault. Later, White reveals that he has been selected for the Apollo 1 mission along with Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee. During a launch rehearsal test on January 27, 1967, a fire kills the Apollo 1 crew, and Armstrong hears the news while representing NASA at the White House. The next year, after nearly being killed ejecting from the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, Armstrong is selected to command Apollo 11, and Slayton informs him that it will likely be the first lunar landing. As the"
"""Patriots Day"", was released in December 2016. Another film, ""Stronger"", which chronicles survivor Jeff Bauman, was released in September 2017. Congressional hearings Boston Marathon bombing During the annual Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two homemade pressure cooker bombs detonated 12 seconds and apart at 2:49 p.m., near the finish line of the race, killing three people and injuring several hundred others, including 16 who lost limbs. Three days later, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released images of two suspects, who were later identified as Kyrgyz-American brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. They killed an MIT policeman, kidnapped a"
"refuse to serve in the U.S. Army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector. Ali stated that ""War is against the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or wars of any unbelievers."" Ali also famously said in 1966: ""I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never called me nigger."" Ali appealed his local (Louisville, Kentucky) draft board's rejection of his application for conscientious objector classification. The"
"died, or voluntarily relinquished the crown to fight in a different weight class.) This policy was severely tested in 1967 with Muhammad Ali. Ali had won the world heavyweight championship by dethroning Sonny Liston in 1964. As part of the antiwar movement in the United States during the Vietnam era, Muhammad Ali lost his world heavyweight crown in the eyes of most American boxing commissions when he refused to be inducted in the U.S. Army. Despite Ali possessing no boxing licence in the United States and no passport to travel outside America to fight, The Ring continued to list Ali"
"this did not come to court. On 5 June 2014 it was announced that Anwar had lodged an appeal on behalf of the family of Abdelbaset Al-Megrahi, who was convicted of the worst single act of mass murder on British soil in 2001 for the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 over Lockerbie. The Libyan Al-Megrahi died from cancer following his compassionate release from Prison while an application was being lodged with the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission seeking to review his case and return it to the appeal court as a 'miscarriage of justice'. Aamer Anwar was"
"case, five Georgian death penalty convictions were set aside because the case declared discriminatory juries as a result of racially segregated tax digests unconstitutional. After Julian Bond was prevented from taking his seat in the Georgia House of Representatives after having made statements opposing United States involvement in the Vietnam War, Morgan appealed to the United States Supreme Court successfully to have Bond seated. He also served on Muhammad Ali's legal team that appealed his conviction on draft evasion after Ali refused to serve during the Vietnam War citing religious objections, and successfully appealed the case before the U.S. Supreme"
"happened. Ali registered for conscription in the United States military on his 18th birthday and was listed as 1-A in 1962. In 1964, he was reclassified as Class 1-Y (fit for service only in times of national emergency) after he failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-standard, due to his dyslexia. (He was quoted as saying, ""I said I was the greatest, not the smartest!"") By early 1966, the army lowered its standards to permit soldiers above the 15th percentile and Ali was again classified as 1-A. This classification meant he was"
"Clay v. United States Clay v. United States, , was Muhammad Ali's appeal of his conviction in 1967 for refusing to report for induction into the United States military forces during the Vietnam War. His local draft board had rejected his application for conscientious objector classification. In a unanimous 8-0 ruling (Thurgood Marshall recused himself due to his previous involvement in the case as a Justice department official), the United States Supreme Court reversed the conviction that had been upheld by the Fifth Circuit. The Supreme Court found the government had failed to properly specify why Ali's application had been"
"in his refusal to be drafted for the Vietnam War amid the Civil Rights Movement during the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. After earning the championship, Clay converted his religion to Islam, which instigated conflict with his boxing career. He also abandoned his name that was given to his slave ancestors and adopted Muhammad Ali. On April 28, 1967, he refused to serve in the Army during the Vietnam War, stating religious reasons that it goes against the Qur'an's teaching. He then became an icon of not only the civil rights struggle, but also the anti-Vietnam War movement. However he"
"June 20, 1967, the jury found Ali guilty after only 21minutes of deliberation of the criminal offence of violating the Selective Service laws by refusing to be drafted. After a Court of Appeals upheld the conviction, the case was reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971. Ali remained free in the years between the Appellate Court decision and the Supreme Court ruling. As public opinion began turning people against the war and the Civil Rights Movement continued to gather momentum, Ali became a popular speaker at colleges and universities across the country; this itinerary was rare if not unprecedented"
"the point to shoot each other, but at the end President Raegan has no choice but accept the Italian jurisdiction over the terrorists. Molqi and his three companions are then taken in custody by the Italians, while Abu Abbas is left free to leave the Country, despite the American request to arrest him too, since there are not enough proofs of his involvement in the hijacking. The terrorists will be sentenced by seventeen from thirty years of prison, while Abu Abbas will be arrested in 2003 in Iraq and will die in prison in US one year later in strange"
"Ernst Van Dyk of South Africa by 39 seconds. American Tatyana McFadden won the women's wheelchair race. At 2:50 pm EDT, race clock time 4:09.43, almost two hours after the winners had completed the race, two explosions occurred near the finish line. Three spectators were killed and 264 others were injured. Among the injured, 17 were reported in critical condition. At least 14 people required amputations. The race was halted 8 minutes after the explosions; runners east of Massachusetts Avenue were diverted into Boston Common, while those west of it were diverted to Kenmore Square. Over 5,000 participants who were"
"to six consecutive life terms on May 4, as Judge Brinkema expressed her belief that the sentence was an appropriate one, inasmuch as it would deprive Moussaoui of ""martyrdom in a great big bang of glory"" and of the ""chance to speak again"", after Moussaoui entered the courtroom proclaiming his victory and asserting that the United States would ""never get Osama bin Laden"". As he was leaving the courtroom he said, ""America, you lost and I won."" And he clapped his hands twice. A single juror saved Moussaoui from death. The foreman of the 12-person federal jury told ""The Washington"
"in Saigon, and no other passengers were killed or seriously injured. On December 17, 1973 five Palestinian terrorists, who had taken six hostages at Rome Fiumicino Airport, bombed Pan Am Flight 110 while passengers boarded. The Boeing 707-321B (""Clipper Celestial"", N407PA) caught fire, killing 30 people. On July 9, 1982 ""Clipper Defiance"", a Boeing 727–235 (N4737), operating as Pan Am Flight 759, crashed minutes after takeoff from New Orleans Airport involving microburst-induced wind shear. All 145 passengers and crew members perished, as well as eight people on the ground when the plane careened through a residential area adjacent to the"
"He is stationed with his best friend Hasan when they are hit by the American and British bombing of Iraq in December, 1998. Hasan sustains fatal injuries, and Ali attempts to carry him to a hospital. Ali crosses a border while carrying his friend and is picked up by a van and sent to the army jail. In the army jail, he is charged as a deserter and sentenced to have his ear cut off and to incarceration in a mental asylum. For Ahlaam, the turning point is her wedding day. She is getting ready to marry her betrothed, Ahmed,"
"government to hand over Osama bin Laden, who was killed in Pakistan in 2011 as a part of the US war effort in Afghanistan. The sanctions also failed to prevent the Taliban for conducting terrorist acts. In the years following the implementation of the sanctions, al-Qaida claimed responsibility for the bombing of USS Cole in 2000 claiming the lives of seventeen American sailors and injured another 39. In addition to USS Cole, the Taliban claimed ""direct responsibility"" for the September 11 attacks, claiming the lives of 2 977 individuals in New York City, Washington, DC and outside of Shanksville, Pennsylvania."
"robberies in the states of Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and Washington, which resulted in seven deaths and seven wounded people; in ten months, the snipers killed 17 people and wounded 10 others. In September 2003, Muhammad was sentenced to death, and in October, the adolescent, Malvo, was sentenced to six consecutive life sentences without parole. In November 2009, Muhammad was put to death by lethal injection. In 2017, Malvo's conviction to a life sentence without parole was overturned on appeal in Virginia, with re-sentencing ordered pursuant to the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of ""Miller v. Alabama"""
"August 7 after jurors failed to reach a unanimous decision over sentencing him to death. Formal sentencing began on August 24 and was expected to last for three days. At the end of the hearing on August 26, Samour formally sentenced Holmes to twelve life imprisonment sentences without parole and a maximum 3,318 additional years on attempted murder and explosives possession convictions. The evening after the shooting, a candlelight vigil was held at the site in Aurora. President Barack Obama ordered flags at government buildings flown at half-staff, in tribute to the victims, until July 25. Both Obama's and Mitt"
"20, 2015, after a request by Holmes' lawyers for yet another continuance was denied. The juror selection process lasted three months and summoned 9,000 candidates, making it the largest jury summons in U.S. history. On April 15, selection ended, with a total of nineteen women and five men serving. There were concerns about the selection of the jurors since at least two from the pool of twelve primary jurors, along with twelve alternatives, had ties to the 1999 Columbine High School massacre: ""Juror No. 535"", the aunt of a Columbine survivor; and ""Juror No. 737"", a man who was a"
"and mission specialists. (With shuttle classes, NASA stopped sending non-pilots for one year of UPT.) Of the 35 selected, six were women, three were male African Americans, and one was a male Asian American. Within this group a sizable number of American spaceflight firsts were achieved: (The previous seven groups had only Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps officers and civilians, with the West Point graduates having accepted commissions in the Air Force.) Of this group, Scobee, Resnik, Onizuka, and McNair would perish in the ""Challenger"" accident. These four astronauts, plus Lucid, would all receive the Congressional Space Medal of Honor,"
"draft board to destroy documents, in order to impede the war draft and make an anti-war statement. The burglars did extensive surveillance of the FBI office, to ensure they knew when the office was empty. The break-in was perpetrated on the day of Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali's Fight of the Century, in the hope that any security guards would be glued to their radios; Ali was himself a COINTELPRO target due to his involvement with the Nation of Islam and the anti-war movement. The picture of the office shown in ""The New York Times""' video corresponds to 1 Veterans"
"concurrent terms of life without parole, plus 30 years for the 1982 slaying of John B. Callahan, a Boston accountant and former World Jai Alai president. Also, as part of a negotiated plea with prosecutors, John Martorano pleaded guilty before Judge Silverman to second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder for the 1982 slaying of Callahan. In November 2008, Judge Scott J. Silverman ruled that the members of the American Legion could continue in their Alhambra Circuit clubhouse. The City of Coral Gables wanted the structure back so it could possibly develop the property into offices. In 2009, Judge"
"the trip. United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson II gives a contentious speech on what is designated United Nations Day at the Dallas Memorial Auditorium where he is booed and heckled. After the speech, as he is walking to his limo he stops to talk to a loud group of protestors when he is suddenly hit across the face with a picket sign and then spit upon. October 28, 1963: Jerry Bruno flies to Austin, Texas to begin his evaluation of the stops being considered for the Kennedy visit on November 21–22. October 29, 1963: Bruno meets"