Who came to power as Prime Minister of Italy in 1922?
"a bellicose authoritarian Prime Minister, ally and admirer of Bismarck. His career ended amid controversy and failure due to becoming involved in a major banking scandal and subsequently fell from power in 1896 after a devastating colonial defeat in Ethiopia. He is often seen as a precursor of the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. In 1892, Giovanni Giolitti, a young leftist politician, was appointed Prime Minister by King Umberto I, but after less than a year he was forced to resign and Crispi returned to power. In 1903, he was appointed again head of the government after a period of instability."
"March on Rome The March on Rome () was an organized mass demonstration in October 1922, which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party (""Partito Nazionale Fascista"", or PNF) acceding to power in the Kingdom of Italy (""Regno d'Italia""). In late October 1922, Fascist Party leaders planned an insurrection, to take place on 28 October. When fascist troops entered Rome, Prime Minister Luigi Facta wished to declare a state of siege, but this was overruled by King Victor Emmanuel III. On the following day, 29 October 1922, the King appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister, thereby transferring political power to the"
"the side of the Triple Entente. Bonomi served as Minister of Public Works from 1916 until 1917, and as Minister of War from 1920 until 1921 - helping to negotiate a treaty with Yugoslavia (the Treaty of Rapallo). Later in 1921 he became Treasury Minister. A few months later, he became Prime Minister of Italy for the first time, in a coalition government—the first socialist to hold the post. Early in 1922, his government collapsed, and he was replaced as Prime Minister by Luigi Facta, amidst the Fascist insurgency led by Benito Mussolini. In October 1922, Mussolini gained power through"
"decide which of the two rival movements in Italy would form the new government: Mussolini's Fascists or the anti-royalist Italian Socialist Party, ultimately deciding to endorse the Fascists. On 28 October 1922, the King invited Mussolini to become Prime Minister, allowing Mussolini and the Fascist Party to pursue their political ambitions as long as they supported the monarchy and its interests. At 39, Mussolini was young compared to other Italian and European leaders. His supporters named him """"Il Duce"""" (""The Leader""). A personality cult was developed that portrayed him as the nation's saviour which was aided by the personal popularity"
"Mussolini (with military, business and liberal right-wing support) launched the PNF March on Rome (27–29 October 1922) coup d'état to oust Prime Minister Luigi Facta and assume the government of Italy to restore nationalist pride, restart the economy, increase productivity with labor controls, remove economic business controls and impose law and order. On 28 October, whilst the ""March"" occurred, King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew his support of Prime Minister Facta and appointed PNF Leader Benito Mussolini as the sixth Prime Minister of Italy. The March on Rome became a victory parade: the Fascists believed their success was revolutionary and traditionalist."
"Giovanni Giolitti Giovanni Giolitti (; 27 October 1842 – 17 July 1928) was an Italian statesman. He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. He is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history, after Benito Mussolini. He was a prominent leader of the Historical Left and the Liberal Union. Giolitti is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history and, due to his dominant position in Italian politics, he was accused by critics of being a parliamentary dictator. Giolitti was a master in the political art of ""Trasformismo"", the"
"he becomes indwelt by the ghost of Nero. Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; ; 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the National Fascist Party (""Partito Nazionale Fascista"", PNF). He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943; he constitutionally led the country until 1925, when he dropped the pretense of democracy and established a dictatorship. Known as ""Il Duce"" (""The Leader""), Mussolini was the founder of Italian Fascism. In 1912, Mussolini had been a leading member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party"
"to keep Italy out of the conflict, while the nationalists demonstrated in the squares in favour of entrance into the war (the nationalist poet Gabriele D'Annunzio defined them ""le radiose giornate di Maggio"" - ""the sunny days of May""). On 13 May Salandra presented his resignation to King Victor Emmanuel III. Giolitti, fearful of a further blow to governing institutions, declined to succeed as prime minister and also resigned. Italy thenceforth entered the war under the impetus of a relative minority of its population and politicians. In 1922, Benito Mussolini brought the fascist party to power in Italy with his"
"Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943) Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government of the Kingdom of Italy. The fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church. According to Payne (1996), ""[the] Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases"". The first phase (1923–1925) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, albeit with a ""legally-organized executive dictatorship"". Then came the second phase, ""the construction of the Fascist"
"Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; ; 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the National Fascist Party (""Partito Nazionale Fascista"", PNF). He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943; he constitutionally led the country until 1925, when he dropped the pretense of democracy and established a dictatorship. Known as ""Il Duce"" (""The Leader""), Mussolini was the founder of Italian Fascism. In 1912, Mussolini had been a leading member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), but was expelled from the PSI for"
"1922 Turin massacre The 1922 Turin massacre refers to the attack by Italian Fascists against members of a local labour movement in Turin, Italy, during a three-day terror campaign from 18–20 December 1922, to break the resistance of the labour movement and working class to Fascism. After the March on Rome and the appointment of Benito Mussolini as prime Minister on 29 October 1922 the Turin labour movement kept on offering resistance to Fascism. The residual working class opposition was shown by the ongoing clandestine production and distribution of the Turin-based Communist newspaper ""L'Ordine Nuovo"", headed by Antonio Gramsci, as"
"National List (Italy) The National List () also known as ""Listone"" (literally ""Big List"") was a Fascist and nationalist coalition of political parties in Italy put together for the 1924 general election, and led by Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister of Italy and leader of the National Fascist Party. The List was composed mainly by Fascist members but also by some Liberals like former Prime Ministers Vittorio Emanuele Orlando and Antonio Salandra, by politicians form the Italian Nationalist Association like its leader Enrico Corradini, some populars which were expelled from the PPI and other right-wing forces. In the 1924 general election"
"Mussolini's appointment as prime minister on 31 October 1922 and his 1925 dictatorship as ""Liberal-Fascism, a hybrid, unstable, and transitory regime type under which the formal juridical-institutional framework of the liberal regime was conserved"", which still allowed pluralism, competitive elections, freedom of the press and the right of trade unions to strike. Liberal Party leaders and industrialists thought that they could neutralize Mussolini by making him the head of a coalition government, where as Luigi Albertini remarked ""he will be much more subject to influence"". One of Prime Minister Mussolini's first acts was the 400-million-lira financing of Gio. Ansaldo &"
"at the time, using the prefects just as his contenders. However, he did refine the practice in the elections of 1904 and 1909 that gave the liberals secure majorities. Giovanni Giolitti Giovanni Giolitti (; 27 October 1842 – 17 July 1928) was an Italian statesman. He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. He is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history, after Benito Mussolini. He was a prominent leader of the Historical Left and the Liberal Union. Giolitti is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history and,"
"National Blocs The National Blocs () was a right-wing coalition of political parties in Italy formed for the 1921 general election. The National Blocs incorporated the electoral list of the Liberal former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, the Italian Fasci of Combat led by Benito Mussolini, the Italian Nationalist Association led by Enrico Corradini, and other right-wing forces. The list obtained 19.1% of votes and a total of 105 MPs, including 35 fascists (including Mussolini) and 20 MPs for the Italian Nationalist Association. Almost all of the MPs supported the Mussolini government, which took office 31 October 1922, after the March"
"1922 Italian general strike The Italian general strike of October 1922 was a general strike against Benito Mussolini's power-grab with the March on Rome. It was led by socialists and ended in defeat for the workers. Mussolini famously referred to this as the ""Caporetto of Italian Socialism"". Rudolph Rocker, an active Anarcho-Syndicalist of this period, described the event in his book: ""When in 1922 the general strike against Fascism broke out, the democratic government armed the Fascist hordes and throttled this last attempt at the defence of freedom and right. But Italian democracy had dug its own grave. It thought"
"it could use Mussolini as a tool against the workers, but thus it became its own grave-digger."" 1922 Italian general strike The Italian general strike of October 1922 was a general strike against Benito Mussolini's power-grab with the March on Rome. It was led by socialists and ended in defeat for the workers. Mussolini famously referred to this as the ""Caporetto of Italian Socialism"". Rudolph Rocker, an active Anarcho-Syndicalist of this period, described the event in his book: ""When in 1922 the general strike against Fascism broke out, the democratic government armed the Fascist hordes and throttled this last attempt"
"had been promised, and none overseas. In April 1920, it was agreed between the British and Italian foreign ministers that Jubaland would be Italy's compensation, but Britain held back on the deal for several years, aiming to use it as leverage to force Italy to cede the Dodecanese to Greece. In 1922, the leader of the Italian fascist movement, Benito Mussolini, became Prime Minister of Italy after the March on Rome. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the Dodecanese at the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which formalized Italian administration of both Libya and the Dodecanese Islands, in return for"
"the Piazza 18 dicembre 1922. 1922 Turin massacre The 1922 Turin massacre refers to the attack by Italian Fascists against members of a local labour movement in Turin, Italy, during a three-day terror campaign from 18–20 December 1922, to break the resistance of the labour movement and working class to Fascism. After the March on Rome and the appointment of Benito Mussolini as prime Minister on 29 October 1922 the Turin labour movement kept on offering resistance to Fascism. The residual working class opposition was shown by the ongoing clandestine production and distribution of the Turin-based Communist newspaper ""L'Ordine Nuovo"","
"October 1922, Mussolini declared before 60,000 people at the Fascist Congress in Naples: ""Our program is simple: we want to rule Italy"". Meanwhile, the Blackshirts, who had occupied the Po plain, took all strategic points of the country. On 26 October, former prime minister Antonio Salandra warned current Prime Minister Luigi Facta that Mussolini was demanding his resignation and that he was preparing to march on Rome. However, Facta did not believe Salandra and thought that Mussolini would govern quietly at his side. To meet the threat posed by the bands of fascist troops now gathering outside Rome, Facta (who"
"task to form a new cabinet. Facta was a Liberal and close friend of Giolitti. When the Fascist leader Benito Mussolini marched on Rome in October 1922, Giolitti was in Cavour. On 26 October, former prime minister Antonio Salandra warned the current prime minister, Facta, that Mussolini was demanding his resignation and that he was preparing to march on Rome. However, Facta did not believe Salandra and thought that Mussolini would govern quietly at his side. To meet the threat posed by the bands of fascist troops now gathering outside Rome, Luigi Facta (who had resigned but continued to hold"
"low-risk state bonds. Italy had emerged from World War I in a poor and weakened condition. The National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922, at the end of a period of social unrest. During the first four years of the new regime, from 1922 to 1925, the Fascist had a generally laissez-faire economic policy: they initially reduced taxes, regulations and trade restrictions on the whole. However, ""once Mussolini acquired a firmer hold of power... laissez-faire was progressively abandoned in favour of government intervention, free trade was replaced by protectionism and economic objectives were increasingly"
"direct economic production and allocation of resources. The National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922 at the end of a period of social unrest. Working class activism was at a high point, militant trade unions were organizing increasingly frequent strikes to demand workers' rights and the Italian Socialist Party was making significant electoral gains. This caused widespread fear among Italian business circles and part of the middle class, who believed that a communist revolution was imminent. With the traditional right-wing parties appearing incapable of dealing with the situation, King Victor Emmanuel III turned to"
"Battle for the Lira The Battle for the Lira was an economic policy undertaken by the Fascists in Italy during the 1920s as an attempt to raise the claims of Italy becoming a great power. When Benito Mussolini took over as Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 the economy was in a bad state following World War I. Between 1922 and 1925, the financial and economic situation generally improved dramatically and this helped to increase the power of Italy, who strived to be one of the world's leading countries. Italy wanted to restore some of its purchasing power. But in"
"action was met with international condemnation of d'Annunzio's actions but was supported by a majority of Italians. Though d'Annunzio's government in Fiume was forced from power, Italy annexed Fiume a few years later. The seizure of power by the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and his development of a fascist totalitarian state in Italy involved appeal to Italian nationalism, advocating a Roman-like Italian Empire in the Mediterranean Sea. Mussolini sought to build closer relations with Germany and the United Kingdom while showing hostility towards France and Yugoslavia. After the fall of Fascism and"
"War ended, the Treaty of Versailles fell short of what had been promised in the London Pact to Italy. As the economic conditions in Italy worsened after the war, popular resentment and along with it the seeds of Italian fascism began to grow and resulted in the March on Rome by Benito Mussolini. General Pietro Badoglio advised King Victor Emmanuel III that he could easily sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag Blackshirt army to one side, but Victor Emmanuel decided to tolerate Mussolini and appointed him as prime minister on 28 October 1922. The king remained silent as Mussolini engaged in"
"genuine affection of the majority of his people. Still, during the war he received about 400 threatening letters from people of every social background, mostly working class. The economic depression which followed World War I gave rise to much extremism among Italy's sorely tried working classes. This caused the country as a whole to become politically unstable. Benito Mussolini, soon to be Italy's Fascist dictator, took advantage of this instability for his rise to power. In 1922, Mussolini led a force of his Fascist supporters on a March on Rome. Prime Minister Luigi Facta and his cabinet drafted a decree"
"above national identity. In 1921, Mussolini joined a political alliance with Giovanni Giolitti, Italy's Prime Minister and leader of the Italian Liberal Party who was considered a left-wing liberal, due to his progressive social reforms and his nationalization of the private telephone and railroad operators. This alliance with the liberals and others helped Mussolini acquire authority, respectability and ""freedom from arrest"". In July 1921, Mussolini suggested a different coalition that would include fascists, socialists and ""populari"". Called the ""Pact of Pacification"", Mussolini signed the agreement with the Italian Socialist Party on 2 or 3 August 1921, but it was both"
"new value of the lira to the point where wages fell more than food prices and living standards for working-class Italians rapidly declined. Battle for the Lira The Battle for the Lira was an economic policy undertaken by the Fascists in Italy during the 1920s as an attempt to raise the claims of Italy becoming a great power. When Benito Mussolini took over as Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 the economy was in a bad state following World War I. Between 1922 and 1925, the financial and economic situation generally improved dramatically and this helped to increase the power"
"the Italian Socialist Party's newspaper ""Avanti!"". Violence grew in 1921 with Italian army officers beginning to assist the Fascists with their violence against communists and socialists. With the Fascist movement growing, anti-fascists of various political allegiances (but generally of the international left) combined into the Arditi del Popolo (People's Militia) in 1921. With the threat of a general strike being initiated by anarchists, communists, and socialists, the Fascists launched a coup against the Italian government with the March on Rome in 1922 which pressured Prime Minister Luigi Facta to resign and allowed Mussolini to be appointed Prime Minister by the"
"on Rome. In 1924, the National Blocs were succeeded by Mussolini’s National List. National Blocs The National Blocs () was a right-wing coalition of political parties in Italy formed for the 1921 general election. The National Blocs incorporated the electoral list of the Liberal former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, the Italian Fasci of Combat led by Benito Mussolini, the Italian Nationalist Association led by Enrico Corradini, and other right-wing forces. The list obtained 19.1% of votes and a total of 105 MPs, including 35 fascists (including Mussolini) and 20 MPs for the Italian Nationalist Association. Almost all of the MPs"
"King Victor Emmanuel III. Two months after Mussolini took over as Prime Minister, Fascists attacked and killed members of the local labour movement in Turin in what became known as the 1922 Turin massacre. The next act of violence was the assassination of Socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti by Fascist militant Amerigo Dumini in 1924. A right-wing fascist deputy, Armando Casalini, was killed on a tramway in retaliation for Matteotti's murder by the anti-fascist Giovanni Corvi. This was followed by a Fascist takeover of the Italian government and multiple assassination attempts were made against Mussolini in 1926, with the last attempt"
"a total of 105 MPs. The disappointing results forced him to step down. Still the head of the liberals, Giolitti did not resist the country's drift towards Fascism. In 1919 he supported the cabinet of Ivanoe Bonomi, a social-liberal who led the Reformist Socialist Party; when Bonomi resigned, the Liberals proposed again Giolitti as Prime Minister, considering him the only one who could save the country from the civil war. The People's Party of Don Luigi Sturzo, which was the senior party in the coalition, strongly opposed him. On 26 February 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III give Luigi Facta the"