Antonio Salazar was the virtual dictator of which country from 1932 to 1968?
"which provides support to university students, who study in the University of Coimbra. The directorate of the association is composed almost entirely of tenured professors and Doctors at the University. Notable members have included include António de Oliveira Salazar, Prime Minister (1932–1968) and dictator of Portugal. Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbra The Diocese of Coimbra () is a Roman Catholic diocese in Coimbra, Portugal. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Braga. The first known bishop was Lucentius, who participated in the first council of Braga (563), the metropolitan See of Coimbra, until the latter was attached to the"
"of the country, which he perceived as being threatened. One of the pillars of the regime was the PIDE, the secret police. Many political dissidents were imprisoned at the Tarrafal prison in the African archipelago of Cape Verde, on the capital island of Santiago, or in local jails. Strict state censorship was in place. Executive authority was nominally vested in a president, elected by popular vote for a five-year term. On paper, the president was vested with sweeping executive and legislative powers, making him a virtual dictator. In practice, however, the real power was held by the prime minister, Salazar."
"of July 17, 1980 which installed a reactionary (and cocaine-tainted) dictatorship led by General Luis García Meza. With the military's reputation badly damaged by the excesses of the 1980-82 dictatorship, it was decided to accept the 1980 election results and reconvene the Congress elected that year. That body duly elected Siles as president. Banzer opposed bitterly the UDP government of Siles which lasted from 1982 to 1985, but turned more conciliatory when Víctor Paz Estenssoro was elected president (by congress, due to the virtual inattainability of the 50% necessary for direct election) in 1985. Indeed, Banzer's party claimed authorship of"
"more maneuverable, allowing them to inflict losses on the Portuguese army. The international community isolated Portugal due to the long-lasting Colonial War. The situation was aggravated by the illness of Salazar, the strong man of the regime, in 1968. His replacement was one of his closest advisors, Marcelo Caetano, who tried to slowly democratize the country, but could not hide the obvious dictatorship that oppressed Portugal. Salazar died in 1970. After spending the early years of his priesthood in Africa, the British priest Adrian Hastings created a storm in 1973 with an article in ""The Times"" about the ""Wiriyamu massacre"""
"Tarrafal camp Tarrafal (also known as ""Campo da Morte Lenta"" in Portuguese [""Camp of the Slow Death""]) was a prison camp in the Portuguese colony of Cape Verde. The penal colony was established by the Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. It housed opponents to Portugal's right-wing authoritarian regime. Due to the harsh conditions, at least 32 political prisoners died in the camp. By 1932 Salazar had become Portugal's Prime Minister (""primeiro-ministro""). After consolidating his power, he declared the Estado Novo (""New State"") in 1933. It was a government modeled"
"José Gregorio Salazar José Gregorio Salazar (1773, San Salvador – February 1, 1838, Guatemala City) was a general and a Liberal politician in Central America. He was acting president of the Federal Republic of Central America from September 16, 1834 to February 14, 1835, in between two administrations of Francisco Morazán. In 1838 he was assassinated by a mob supporting rebel General Rafael Carrera. Salazar's parents were Gregorio Salazar and Francisca Lara Mogrovejo. He married Francisca Castro y Lara. Their son, General Carlos Salazar, served briefly as provisional president of the state of El Salvador, from June 23 to July"
"1932 having been Minister of Finance since 1928. The regime evolved into a classic fascist dictatorship heavily influenced by the corporatist ideas of Benito Mussolini in Italy. This was evidenced in the formation of the Estado Novo – the new state – and the permanent rule of the governing party. Trade unions were to be vertically integrated into the state machine. By 1974, this lack of democracy in a western European country came under increasing criticism from within and abroad. Amnesty International was formed after the experience of its founder who encountered examples of torture in Portugal. Salazar's personal ideology"
"to defend his family. José Gregorio Salazar José Gregorio Salazar (1773, San Salvador – February 1, 1838, Guatemala City) was a general and a Liberal politician in Central America. He was acting president of the Federal Republic of Central America from September 16, 1834 to February 14, 1835, in between two administrations of Francisco Morazán. In 1838 he was assassinated by a mob supporting rebel General Rafael Carrera. Salazar's parents were Gregorio Salazar and Francisca Lara Mogrovejo. He married Francisca Castro y Lara. Their son, General Carlos Salazar, served briefly as provisional president of the state of El Salvador, from"
"speech was declared, political prisoners were released and the Portuguese overseas territories in Sub-Saharan Africa were immediately granted independence. East Timor was also offered independence, shortly before being invaded by Indonesia. At the beginning of the 1970s, a near-half century of authoritarian rule continued to weigh heavily on Portugal. After the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, Portugal implemented an authoritarian regime of social-Catholic and Integralist inspiration. In 1933, the regime was recast and renamed ""Estado Novo"" (""New State""), and António de Oliveira Salazar was named Prime Minister until 1968, when he suffered a stroke following a domestic accident. He was"
"dictatorships were Portugal (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Non-Christian dictatorships include those in the Muslim world, the most famous being Iran since the revolution of 1979. There are several other examples of theocratic (and therefore right-wing) regimes in the region, like Somalia or Afghanistan under the Taliban. While it is unclear whether a monarchy could be called a dictatorship, theocratic absolute monarchies of Saudi Arabia or Vatican City share many similarities with the regimes mentioned above. Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders and examples include the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso or Iran"
"Carlos Salazar Castro Carlos Salazar Castro (1800 in San Salvador, El Salvador – July 23, 1867 in San José, Costa Rica) was a Central American military officer and Liberal politician. Briefly in 1834 he was provisional president of El Salvador, and in 1839 he was provisional president of Guatemala. He was born in 1800 in El Salvador to Gregorio Salazar and Francisca Castro y Lara. His father was interim president of the Federal Republic of Central America from September 16, 1834 to February 14, 1835. Salazar was sent at age 12 to Guatemala to study humanities at the Colegio Tridentino."
"in 1968, the Council of State, a high-level advisory body created by the Constitution of 1933, chose Marcello Caetano (1968–74) to succeed him. Caetano, though a Salazar , tried to modernize and liberalize the old Salazar system. He was opposed, however, by a group widely referred to as ""the bunker,"" the old Salazarists. These included the country's president, Admiral Américo Tomás, the senior officers of the armed forces, and the heads of some of the country's largest financial groups. The bunker was powerful enough that any fundamental change would certainly have led to Caetano's immediate overthrow. As Caetano promised reform"
"1950s and 1960s, Portuguese dictator António Salazar had refused to even countenance the option of independence. (He had earlier resisted decolonization for the province of Goa, first occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century, but was powerless to intervene when the Indian army marched in and incorporated the province into India in 1961. Salazar took the unusual step of appealing to the United Nations against the Indian action but was shunned (see Invasion of Goa).) In 1968 Salazar's successor Marcelo Caetano continued the costly war in the colonies. By 1973, Portuguese control of Portuguese Guinea was collapsing rapidly. In"
"(""The Worker""), was closed in 1948. In his personal diary he wrote: ""o estado-salazar é quem manda na igreja"" (""In Portugal the Salazar-State rules the church""). Joaquim Alves Correia was forced into exile in the United States, where he died in 1951. The opposition candidate in the 1958 presidential election, Humberto Delgado, a Roman Catholic and a dissident of the regime, quoted Pope Pius XII to show how the social policies of the regime were against the social teachings of the Church. That same year, in July 1958, Salazar suffered a severe blow from the bishop of Porto, Dom António"
"was hit by a severe economic crisis. A wave of protests known as the ""Caracazo"" engulfed the country and dozens were killed in rioting. Hugo Chávez, then a Lieutenant Colonel in the army, had formed a secret revolutionary group (MBR-200) in the early 1980s and was planning a ""rebellious intervention"". He later felt the ""Caracazo"" was a missed opportunity for his movement. Three years later, Chávez saw another chance; in February 1992, he led an unsuccessful military coup d'état and was imprisoned. A second coup attempt, without his involvement, also failed. Chávez enjoyed some popular support for his actions. Released"
"for USAF activities at the base, and for a while the 1605th Military Airlift Support Wing acted as USAF host unit. Lajes Field also played a crucial role in Cold War politics. From 1932 to 1968, Portugal was under the dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar, yet the U.S. Government maintained friendly relations with the Estado Novo regime, especially after 1943. With rising postwar tensions between the East and the West, the United States understood the strategic importance of Lajes Field and continued its close friendship with the Salazar Government in Portugal. In 1961, the Portuguese Air Force EICAP (heavy"
"students' struggle lay in an uncompromising defence of the Portuguese Empire in the days of the authoritarian regime. In August 1968, at 79, Salazar suddenly suffered a stroke after a fall in his home. After 36 years as prime minister of the Estado Novo, he was removed from power by President Américo Tomás. After weighing a number of choices, Tomás appointed Caetano to replace Salazar on 27 September 1968. However, no one informed Salazar that he had been removed as leader of the regime he had largely created. By some accounts, when Salazar died in July 1970, he still believed"
"response to protests from human rights organisations and victims. García Meza died in La Paz on April 29, 2018, of a heart attack at the age of 88. Luis García Meza Luis García Meza Tejada (8 August 1929 – 29 April 2018) was a Bolivian dictator. A native of La Paz, he was a career military officer who rose to the rank of general during the reign of Hugo Banzer (1971–78). Between 1980 and 1981 García Meza was the dictator of Bolivia. García Meza graduated from the military academy in 1952, and served as its commander from 1963 to 1964."
"Gabriel Salazar Gabriel Salazar Vergara, (Santiago 31 January 1936) is a Chilean historian. He is known in Chile for his study of social history and interpretations of social movements, particularly the recent student protests of 2006 and 2011–12. Salazar was born into a lower class religious Catholic family. His family lived in the Santiago shanty-town (población) Manuel Montt. He studied history, sociology and philosophy at Universidad de Chile, and for time he was assistant of historian Mario Góngora. Salazar used to be a member of the Revolutionary Left Movement until 1973. In that year he was tortured in Villa Grimaldi"
"ambassador of El Salvador in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Belgium, and served as a professor in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Chile, and Argentina. Having served in the government of President Arturo Araujo, he was sent into exile in Honduras by the dictatorship of Maximiliano Hernández Martínez following the uprising of 1932 known as the 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre, dying that same year on 8 September in the city of Tegucigalpa. (There are some uncertainties regarding his death, with some sources claiming that he died in El Salvador, though these claims are in the minority. He was well"
"country's civil war in the 1970s–1980s, an extreme right-wing death squad named after him operated in the country, and claimed responsibility for the assassination of many Christian Democrat and Marxist politicians as well as innocent civilians in El Salvador in 1980. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (October 20, 1882 – May 15, 1966) was the Acting President of El Salvador from 1931 to 1934 and the 30th President of El Salvador from 1935 to 1944. He was the leader of El Salvador during World War II. While he served as President Arturo Araujo's vice-president and defense minister, a directorate"
"support from the United States Central Intelligence Agency both in Honduras and at U.S. military bases and in Chile during the presidency of the dictator Augusto Pinochet., carried out political assassinations and torture of suspected political opponents of the government. Amnesty International estimated that at least 184 people were ""disappeared"" from 1980 to 1992 in Honduras, most likely by the Honduran military. According to COFADEH, people from 69 families in Honduras were disappeared in 1982. At the end of the year, 12 families, including Bertha Oliva de Nativí, whose husband Professor Tomás Nativí was disappeared in 1981, created COFADEH. COFADEH"
"he was already quite distant from his former Communist friends (having quit the Communist Party in 1951); his views were now clearly inclined towards economic liberalism. In March 1968, Soares was arrested again by PIDE, and a military tribunal sentenced him to banishment in the colony of São Tomé and Principe in the Gulf of Guinea. His wife and two children, Isabel and João, accompanied him. However, they returned to Lisbon eight months later for in the meantime dictator Salazar had been replaced by Marcello Caetano. The new dictator wanted to present a more democratic face to the world, so"
"Estado Novo (Portugal) The Estado Novo (, ""New State""), or the Second Republic, was the corporatist authoritarian regime installed in Portugal in 1933, which was considered fascist. It evolved from the ""Ditadura Nacional"" (""National Dictatorship"") formed after the ""coup d'état"" of 28 May 1926 against the democratic but unstable First Republic. Together, the ""Ditadura Nacional"" and ""Estado Novo"" are recognised as the Second Portuguese Republic. The ""Estado Novo"", greatly inspired by conservative and authoritarian ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, when he fell ill and was"
"in 1933 instituted the authoritarian right-wing Estado Novo regime. A new Constitution was approved in a referendum, defining Portugal as a Corporative, Single Party and Multi-continental country (in Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania). The single party was the União Nacional (National Union), and a new labour code, the ""Estatuto do Trabalho Nacional"" (Code of National Labour), prohibited all free trade unions. Salazar's new regime brought in a system of censorship, and also created a political police force, the PVDE (""Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado""; State Defense and Vigilance Police). Ditadura Nacional The Ditadura Nacional (, National Dictatorship)"
"islands and over the wolfram (tungsten) trade. At the outbreak of World War II, Portugal was ruled by António de Oliveira Salazar, the man who in 1933 had founded the ""Estado Novo"" (""New State""), the corporatist authoritarian government that ruled Portugal until 1974. Salazar's dislike of the Nazi regime in Germany and its imperial ambitions was tempered only by his view of the German Reich as a bastion against the spread of communism. He had favoured the Spanish nationalist cause, fearing a communist invasion of Portugal, yet he was uneasy at the prospect of a Spanish government bolstered by strong"
"free and open debate [in Salazar's dictatorial state] on the costs of upholding an empire against the anti-colonial consensus that had prevailed in the United Nations since the early 1960s"". Civil wars in Angola and Mozambique promptly broke out, with incoming communist governments formed by the former rebels (and backed by the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other communist countries) fighting against insurgent groups supported by nations like Zaire, South Africa, and the United States. East Timor also declared independence in 1975 by making an exodus of many Portuguese refugees to Portugal, which was also known as ""retornados"". However, East Timor"
"Santa Cruz. Hugo Banzer Hugo Banzer Suárez (; May 10, 1926 – May 5, 2002) was a Bolivian politician, military general and President of Bolivia. He held the Bolivian presidency twice: from 1971 to 1978, as a dictator; and then again from 1997 to 2001, as constitutional President. Banzer was native to the rural lowlands of the Santa Cruz Department. He attended military schools in Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil and the United States, including the Armored Cavalry School at Fort Hood, Texas. He took a Motor Officer Course at the School of the Americas. He was a descendant of the German"
"criticised the philosophical ideals behind the Nuremberg laws, and ""Como se Reergue um Estado"" (""How to Re-erect a State""). In 1968, Salazar suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. Most sources maintain that it occurred when he fell from a chair in his summer house. In February 2009 though, there were anonymous witnesses who admitted, after some investigation into Salazar's best-kept secrets, that he had fallen in a bath instead of from a chair. As he was expected to die shortly after his fall, President Américo Tomás replaced him with Marcelo Caetano. Despite the injury, Salazar lived for a further two years. When"
"repatriated his remains, which are now buried in a cemetery in San Salvador. Carlos Salazar Castro Carlos Salazar Castro (1800 in San Salvador, El Salvador – July 23, 1867 in San José, Costa Rica) was a Central American military officer and Liberal politician. Briefly in 1834 he was provisional president of El Salvador, and in 1839 he was provisional president of Guatemala. He was born in 1800 in El Salvador to Gregorio Salazar and Francisca Castro y Lara. His father was interim president of the Federal Republic of Central America from September 16, 1834 to February 14, 1835. Salazar was"
"""Aginter Press"" founded in António de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal in 1965. As cited in ""The Fourth Reich: Klaus Barbie and the neo-Fascist connection"", by Magnus Linklater, Isabel Hilton, and Neal Ascherson, Delle Chiaie was one of the orchestrators of the ""Cocaine Coup"" in Bolivia, along with the German war criminal Klaus Barbie, that brought General Luis García Meza to power in the early 1980s. His international activities started early. He first took part in Yves Guérin-Sérac's ""Aginter Press"", founded in Salazar's Portugal in 1965. After assisting Borghese during his 1970 attempted coup in Italy, he escaped to Franquist Spain —"
"Hugo Banzer Hugo Banzer Suárez (; May 10, 1926 – May 5, 2002) was a Bolivian politician, military general and President of Bolivia. He held the Bolivian presidency twice: from 1971 to 1978, as a dictator; and then again from 1997 to 2001, as constitutional President. Banzer was native to the rural lowlands of the Santa Cruz Department. He attended military schools in Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil and the United States, including the Armored Cavalry School at Fort Hood, Texas. He took a Motor Officer Course at the School of the Americas. He was a descendant of the German immigrant Georg"
"to a succession of weak governments. Alarmed by the rising Popular Assembly and the increase in the popularity of President Juan José Torres, the military, the MNR, and others installed Colonel (later General) Hugo Banzer Suárez as president in 1971. He returned to the presidency in 1997 through 2001. The United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had been active in providing finances and training to the Bolivian military dictatorship in the 1960s. The revolutionary leader Che Guevara was killed by a team of CIA officers and members of the Bolivian Army on 9 October 1967, in Bolivia. Félix Rodríguez was"