Who is the English logician who devised an algebraic system that has since been adopted for the analysis of digital electronic circuitry?
"British mathematician George Boole published a landmark paper detailing an algebraic system of logic that would become known as Boolean algebra. His logical calculus was to become instrumental in the design of digital electronic circuitry. In 1937, Claude Shannon produced his master's thesis at MIT that implemented Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic using electronic relays and switches for the first time in history. Entitled ""A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"", Shannon's thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design. In November 1937, George Stibitz, then working at Bell Labs, completed a relay-based computer he dubbed the ""Model K"" (for"
"by Ernst Schröder and A. N. Whitehead. In 1879 Gottlob Frege develops the formal approach to logic and proposes the first logic language for logical equations. In the 1930s and working independently, American electronic engineer Claude Shannon and Soviet logician Victor Shestakov both showed a one-to-one correspondence between the concepts of Boolean logic and certain electrical circuits, now called logic gates, which are now ubiquitous in digital computers. They showed that electronic relays and switches can realize the expressions of Boolean algebra. This thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design. Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical"
"Charles Babbage Charles Babbage (; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. Considered by some to be a ""father of the computer"", Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex electronic designs, though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's analytical engine. His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as ""pre-eminent"" among the many polymaths of his century. Parts of Babbage's incomplete"
"the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology. From 1934 to 1936, NEC engineer Akira Nakashima published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra, which he discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits. His work was later cited and elaborated on in Claude Shannon's seminal 1938 paper ""A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"". The principles of Boolean algebra are applied to switches, providing mathematical tools for analysis and synthesis of any switching system. Ideal switches are considered as having only two exclusive states, for example,"
"Digital electronics Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that operate on digital signals. In contrast, analog circuits manipulate analog signals whose performance is more subject to manufacturing tolerance, signal attenuation and noise. Digital techniques are helpful because it is a lot easier to get an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a continuous range of values. Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates (often printed on integrated circuits), simple electronic representations of Boolean logic functions. The binary number system was refined by Gottfried"
"Douglas Hartree Douglas Rayner Hartree, FRS (27 March 1897 – 12 February 1958) was an English mathematician and physicist most famous for the development of numerical analysis and its application to the Hartree–Fock equations of atomic physics and the construction of a differential analyser using Meccano. Douglas Hartree was born in Cambridge, England. His father, William, was a lecturer in engineering at Cambridge University and his mother, Eva Rayner, was president of the National Council of Women and mayor of the city of Cambridge. One of his great-grandfathers was Samuel Smiles; another was the marine engineer William Hartree, partner of"
"Boolean algebra problems. The utilization of the binary properties of electrical switches to perform logic functions is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computer designs. Shannon's thesis became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II. At the time, the methods employed to design logic circuits were ""ad hoc"" in nature and lacked the theoretical discipline that Shannon's paper supplied to later projects. Psychologist Howard Gardner described Shannon's thesis as ""possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master's thesis of the"
"""Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus"" (1921). Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924. Konrad Zuse designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer Z1 (from 1935–38). From 1934 to 1936, NEC engineer Akira Nakashima introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that two-valued Boolean algebra, which he discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits. His work was later cited by Claude E. Shannon, who elaborated on the use of Boolean algebra in the analysis and design of switching circuits"
"became perhaps the most important circuits in computer technology, allowing binary data to be stored. F. W. Jordan Frank Wilfred Jordan (6 October, 1881 - 12 January, 1941) was a British physicist who together with William Henry Eccles invented the so-called ""flip-flop"" circuit in 1918. This circuit became the basis of electronic memory in computers. Frank Wilfred Jordan was born on 06 Oct 1881 in Canterbury, Kent, England, the son of Edward James Jordan and Eliza Edith King. He married Fanny Bentley Wood, a florist, in Canterbury, when based in Newhaven as a soldier on 07 Dec 1916. He died"
"(1907–1987) proposed a theory of electric switches based on Boolean logic even earlier than Claude Shannon in 1935 on the testimony of Soviet logicians and mathematicians Sofya Yanovskaya, Gaaze-Rapoport, Roland Dobrushin, Lupanov, Medvedev and Uspensky, though they presented their academic theses in the same year, 1938. But the first publication of Shestakov's result took place only in 1941 (in Russian). Hence, Boolean algebra became the foundation of practical digital circuit design; and Boole, via Shannon and Shestakov, provided the theoretical grounding for the Information Age. 2015 saw the 200th anniversary of George Boole's birth. To mark the bicentenary year, University"
"logic, is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computers. Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology. Nakashima's work was later cited and elaborated on in Claude Elwood Shannon's seminal 1937 master's thesis ""A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"". While taking an undergraduate philosophy class, Shannon had been exposed to Boole's work, and recognized that it could be used to arrange electromechanical relays (then used in telephone routing switches) to solve logic problems. His thesis became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when"
"in the ""Great Vector Debate"" over the non-associativity of his Algebra of Physics, he restored associativity by reverting to biquaternions, an algebra used by students of Hamilton since 1853. Alexander Macfarlane Prof Alexander Macfarlane FRSE LLD (21 April 1851 – 28 August 1913) was a Scottish logician, physicist, and mathematician. Macfarlane was born in Blairgowrie, Scotland and studied at the University of Edinburgh. His doctoral thesis ""The disruptive discharge of electricity"" reported on experimental results from the laboratory of Peter Guthrie Tait. In 1878 Macfarlane was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Peter Guthrie"
"algebraic logic model of electrical two-pole switches (later three- and four-pole switches) with series and parallel connections of schematic elements (resistors, capacitors, magnets, inductive coils, etc.). Resistance of these elements could take arbitrary values on the real-number line, and upon the two-element set {0, ∞} this degenerates into the bivalent Boolean algebra of logic. Shestakov may be considered as a forerunner of combinatorial logic and its application (and, hence, Boolean algebra of logic as well) in electric engineering, the 'language' of which is broad enough to simulate non-electrical objects of any conceivable physical nature. He was a pioneer of study"
"Geoffrey's interest in family history, and he passed his papers to Michael Dummer. Geoffrey Dummer Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer, , , , , , (25 February 1909 – 9 September 2002) was an English electronics engineer and consultant who is credited as being the first person to conceptualise and build a prototype of the integrated circuit, commonly called the microchip, in the late-1940s and early 1950s. Dummer passed the first radar trainers and became a pioneer of reliability engineering at the Telecommunications Research Establishment in Malvern in the 1940s. Born in Hull, Dummer studied electrical engineering at Manchester College of"
"representing 1), but sometimes three-valued logic is used, especially in high-density memory. Modern computers generally use binary logic, but many early machines were decimal computers. In these machines, the basic unit of data was the decimal digit, encoded in one of several schemes, including binary-coded decimal or BCD, bi-quinary, excess-3, and two-out-of-five code. The mathematical basis of digital computing is Boolean algebra, developed by the British mathematician George Boole in his work ""The Laws of Thought"", published in 1854. His Boolean algebra was further refined in the 1860s by William Jevons and Charles Sanders Peirce, and was first presented systematically"
"algebra in his 1937 master's thesis, ""A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"". Today, all modern general purpose computers perform their functions using two-value Boolean logic; that is, their electrical circuits are a physical manifestation of two-value Boolean logic. They achieve this in various ways: as voltages on wires in high-speed circuits and capacitive storage devices, as orientations of a magnetic domain in ferromagnetic storage devices, as holes in punched cards or paper tape, and so on. (Some early computers used decimal circuits or mechanisms instead of two-valued logic circuits.) Of course, it is possible to code more than"
"William Gilbert (astronomer) William Gilbert (; 24 May 1544 – 30 November 1603), also known as Gilberd, was an English physician, physicist and natural philosopher. He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching. He is remembered today largely for his book ""De Magnete"" (1600), and is credited as one of the originators of the term ""electricity"". He is regarded by some as the father of electrical engineering or electricity and magnetism. A unit of magnetomotive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named the ""Gilbert"" in his honour. Gilbert was born in Colchester"
"that his switching circuits could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays that were used then in telephone call routing switches. Next, he expanded this concept, proving that these circuits could solve all problems that Boolean algebra could solve. In the last chapter, he presented diagrams of several circuits, including a 4-bit full adder. Using this property of electrical switches to implement logic is the fundamental concept that underlies all electronic digital computers. Shannon's work became the foundation of digital circuit design, as it became widely known in the electrical engineering community during and after World War"
"Balázs Győrffy Balázs László Győrffy (4 May 1938 – 25 October 2012) was a Hungarian-American-British theoretical physicist. In his obituary, the ""Times Higher Education"" described him as ""one of the dominant international figures in the development of the theory of condensed matter"". Győrffy is thought to be the first person to use the term ""electron glue"" to describe the sea of electrons binding together the nuclei in materials. One of Győrffy's main contributions was as one of the pioneers of the application of the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA) for first-principle calculations of the electronic structure of alloys. He is"
"published a paper in 1847 called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic, now known as Boolean algebra. Boole's system was based on binary, a yes-no, on-off approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: AND, OR, and NOT. This system was not put into use until a graduate student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Claude Shannon, noticed that the Boolean algebra he learned was similar to an electric circuit. Shannon wrote his thesis in 1937, which implemented his findings. Shannon's thesis became a starting point for the use of the binary code in"
"of merged continual algebraic logic (parametrical) and topological (structural) models. Victor Shestakov Victor Ivanovich Shestakov (1907–1987) was a Russian/Soviet logician and theoretician of electrical engineering. In 1935 he discovered the possible interpretation of Boolean algebra of logic in electro-mechanical relay circuits. He graduated from Moscow State University (1934) and worked there in the General Physics Department almost until his death. Shestakov proposed a theory of electric switches based on Boolean logic earlier than Claude Shannon (according to certification of Soviet logicians and mathematicians Sofya Yanovskaya, M.G. Gaaze-Rapoport, Roland Dobrushin, Oleg Lupanov, Yu. A. Gastev, Yu. T. Medvedev, and Vladimir Andreevich"
"design with his switching circuit theory, using a form of Boolean algebra as a way to analyze and design circuits by algebraic means in terms of logic gates. His switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology, and was the basis for digital electronics and computer theory. Nakashima's work on switching circuit theory was further advanced by Claude Shannon in the United States during the late 1930s to 1940s, and by Goto Mochinori in Japan during the 1940s. The parametron was a logic circuit element invented by Eiichi"
"F. W. Jordan Frank Wilfred Jordan (6 October, 1881 - 12 January, 1941) was a British physicist who together with William Henry Eccles invented the so-called ""flip-flop"" circuit in 1918. This circuit became the basis of electronic memory in computers. Frank Wilfred Jordan was born on 06 Oct 1881 in Canterbury, Kent, England, the son of Edward James Jordan and Eliza Edith King. He married Fanny Bentley Wood, a florist, in Canterbury, when based in Newhaven as a soldier on 07 Dec 1916. He died on 12 Jan 1941 in Coltham, Gretton Road, Winchcomb, Gloucestershire, England, aged 59. Information including"
"Wilhelm Leibniz (published in 1705) and he also established that by using the binary system, the principles of arithmetic and logic could be joined. Digital logic as we know it was the brain-child of George Boole in the mid 19th century. In an 1886 letter, Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits. Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as an AND gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of ""Tractatus"
"(S.Res.592) was considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by unanimous consent. The bicentenary of Ada Lovelace's birth was celebrated with a number of events, including: Special exhibitions were displayed by the Science Museum in London, England and the Weston Library (part of the Bodleian Library) in Oxford, England. Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (""née"" Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had"
"1990 and he received the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Award (1992) ""For contributions to non-linear analog signal processing circuits"". He has five times received the ISSCC Outstanding Paper Award. He holds an Honorary Doctorate from Oregon State University. In 2009, Gilbert was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering. Barrie Gilbert Barrie Gilbert (born 1937 in Bournemouth, England) is an English-American inventor. He is well known for his invention of numerous analog circuit concepts, holding over 100 patents worldwide, and for the discovery of the Translinear Principle. His name is attributed to a class of related topologies loosely referred to"
"George Green (mathematician) George Green (14 July 1793 – 31 May 1841) was a British mathematical physicist who wrote ""An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism"" (Green, 1828). The essay introduced several important concepts, among them a theorem similar to the modern Green's theorem, the idea of potential functions as currently used in physics, and the concept of what are now called Green's functions. Green was the first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory formed the foundation for the work of other scientists such as"
"Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (""née"" Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and published the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is sometimes regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a ""computing machine"" and the first computer programmer. Lovelace was the only legitimate child of the poet Lord"
"algebras, devised by Alfred Tarski and his student Adolf Lindenbaum in the 1930s. Later, Tarski and his American students (whose ranks include Don Pigozzi) went on to discover cylindric algebra, which algebraizes all of classical first-order logic, and revived relation algebra, whose models include all well-known axiomatic set theories. Classical algebraic logic, which comprises all work in algebraic logic until about 1960, studied the properties of specific classes of algebras used to ""algebraize"" specific logical systems of particular interest to specific logical investigations. Generally, the algebra associated with a logical system was found to be a type of lattice, possibly"
"Analytical Engine The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer. The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete. In other words, the logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated computer design in"
"Geoffrey Dummer Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer, , , , , , (25 February 1909 – 9 September 2002) was an English electronics engineer and consultant who is credited as being the first person to conceptualise and build a prototype of the integrated circuit, commonly called the microchip, in the late-1940s and early 1950s. Dummer passed the first radar trainers and became a pioneer of reliability engineering at the Telecommunications Research Establishment in Malvern in the 1940s. Born in Hull, Dummer studied electrical engineering at Manchester College of Technology starting in the early 1930s. By the early 1940s he was working"
"Oliver Heaviside Oliver Heaviside FRS (; 18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was an English self-taught electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist who adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, invented mathematical techniques for the solution of differential equations (equivalent to Laplace transforms), reformulated Maxwell's field equations in terms of electric and magnetic forces and energy flux, and independently co-formulated vector analysis. Although at odds with the scientific establishment for most of his life, Heaviside changed the face of telecommunications, mathematics, and science for years to come. Heaviside was born in Camden Town, London, at 55 Kings Street"
"of Turing's 1936 paper, in a letter: Up to and during the 1930s, electrical engineers were able to build electronic circuits to solve mathematical and logic problems, but most did so in an ""ad hoc"" manner, lacking any theoretical rigor. This changed with NEC engineer Akira Nakashima's switching circuit theory in the 1930s. From 1934 to 1936, Nakashima published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra, which he discovered independently (he was unaware of George Boole's work until 1938), can describe the operation of switching circuits. This concept, of utilizing the properties of electrical switches to do"