Which Roman philosopher and statesman was tutor to the Emperor Nero?
"De Clementia De Clementia (frequently translated as ""On Mercy"" in English) is a two volume (incomplete) hortatory essay written in 55–56 CE by Seneca the Younger, a Roman Stoic philosopher, to the emperor Nero in the first five years of his reign. The work was written after Nero had become emperor and clearly dates from an early part of Nero's reign. From Seneca's remarks, it would appear that it was written after Nero had turned eighteen, which would place it after the murder of his rival Britannicus in 55 AD. It may therefore been written partly as an ""apology"", perhaps"
"moral example. The emperor Marcus Aurelius trained in Stoic philosophy from an early age. He had several Stoic tutors but the most prominent among them was Junius Rusticus, a direct descendant of Arulenus Rusticus. In ""The Meditations"", Marcus refers to Nero as a tyrant. He thanks his Aristotelian tutor, Claudius Severus, for introducing him to the political ideals of Stoic republicans, including Thrasea and Helvidius Priscus. [...] that through him I came to know Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dio, Brutus, and to conceive the idea of a balanced constitution, and of government founded on equity and freedom of speech, and of"
"Roman philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy was heavily influenced by the ancient Greeks, in particular, the Stoics and the Epicureans. Some important figures include Lucretius, Cicero, and his school of ""eclecticism"", and Seneca the younger. Later with the spread of Christianity inside the Roman empire the Christian philosophy of Saint Augustine of Hippo was fundamental. The ""Meditations"" of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius are still revered as a literary monument to a philosophy of service and duty, describing how to find and preserve equanimity in the midst of conflict by following nature as a source of guidance and inspiration. Some of the"
"Lucius Annaeus Cornutus Lucius Annaeus Cornutus (), a Stoic philosopher, flourished in the reign of Nero (""c"". 60 AD), when his house in Rome was a school of philosophy. Cornutus was a native of Leptis Magna in Libya, but resided for the most part in Rome. He is best known as the teacher and friend of Persius, whose fifth satire is addressed to him, as well as other distinguished students, such as Claudius Agathemerus. ""Through Cornutus Persius was introduced to Annaeus, as well as to Lucan, who was of his own age, and also a disciple of Cornutus"". At Persius's"
"Rufus, which allowed him to rise in respectability as he grew more educated. Somehow, he became crippled. Origen stated that his leg was deliberately broken by his master. Simplicius stated that he had been lame from childhood. Epictetus obtained his freedom sometime after the death of Nero in 68 A.D., and he began to teach philosophy in Rome. About 93 A.D. Emperor Domitian banished all philosophers from the city, and Epictetus went to Nicopolis in Epirus, Greece, where he founded a philosophical school. His most famous pupil, Arrian, studied under him when a young man (c. 108 A.D.) and claimed"
"(55–135 AD), Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD), Clement of Alexandria (150–215 AD), Alcinous (2nd century AD), Sextus Empiricus (3rd century AD), Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd century AD), Ammonius Saccas (3rd century AD), Plotinus (205–270 AD), Porphyry (232–304 AD), Iamblichus (242–327 AD), Themistius (317–388 AD), Augustine of Hippo (354–430 AD), Proclus (411–485 AD), Philoponus of Alexandria (490–570 AD), Damascius (462–540 AD), Boethius (472–524 AD), and Simplicius of Cilicia (490–560 AD). Roman philosophy was heavily influenced by that of Greece. Italian Medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included several important philosophers and theologians such as St Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas was the student of"
"Pompeia Plotina Pompeia Plotina Claudia Phoebe Piso or Pompeia Plotina (d. 121/122) was a Roman Empress and wife of Roman Emperor Trajan. She was renowned for her interest in philosophy, and her virtue, dignity and simplicity. She was particularly devoted to the Epicurean philosophical school in Athens, Greece. She is often viewed as having provided Romans with fairer taxation, improved education, assisted the poor, and created tolerance in Roman society. Plotina was born and was raised in Tejada la Vieja (Escacena del Campo) in the province of Hispania, possibly during the reign of Roman Emperor Nero (r. 54–68). However, she"
"sat in judgement with him. Two works are mentioned: ""Ethics"" (), and ""Inquiries"" (), but whether they were by Sextus of Chaeronea or Sextus Empiricus is unknown. Sextus of Chaeronea Sextus of Chaeronea (, fl. c. 160 AD) was a philosopher, a nephew or grandson of Plutarch, and one of the teachers of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Philostratus describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he received instruction from Sextus, who was teaching in Rome: The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the Boeotian philosopher, being often in his"
"another Stoic philosopher, under Vespasian, and fell out from favor. Publius Egnatius Celer Publius Egnatius Celer, (lived c. AD 60), was a Stoic philosopher, who as a result of being a ""delator"", or informer, in the reign of Nero, was sentenced to death in the reign of Vespasian. When treason charges were brought against Barea Soranus in 66, because he had incurred the hatred of Nero, Egnatius Celer, who had formerly been a client and the teacher of Barea Soranus, stood as chief witness against him. Barea Soranus was condemned to death together with his daughter Servilia. Egnatius received great"
"most significant Roman ""Stoics"" were Seneca, Cornutus, Musonius Rufus, Euphrates, Cleomedes, Epictetus, Hierocles, Sextus, Junius Rusticus, Marcus Aurelius. Roman ""Epicureanism"" was the philosophy of Amafinius, Rabirius, Titus Albucius, Phaedrus, Philodemus, Lucretius, Patro, Catius, Siro, Diogenes of Oenoanda. Roman philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy was heavily influenced by the ancient Greeks, in particular, the Stoics and the Epicureans. Some important figures include Lucretius, Cicero, and his school of ""eclecticism"", and Seneca the younger. Later with the spread of Christianity inside the Roman empire the Christian philosophy of Saint Augustine of Hippo was fundamental. The ""Meditations"" of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius are still"
"period, at which point Ancient Greece was incorporated into the Roman Empire. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics. Plato was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician and writer of philosophical dialogues. He was the founder of the Academy in Athens which was the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Inspired by the admonition of his mentor, Socrates, prior to his unjust execution that ""the unexamined life is not worth living"", Plato and his student, the political scientist Aristotle, helped lay the foundations of Western philosophy"
"Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus (; c. 154 – 74 BC), of Lanuvium, is the earliest philologist of the Roman Republic. He came from a distinguished family and belonged to the equestrian order. He was called Stilo (Latin ""stylus"", ""pen""), because he wrote speeches for others, and Praeconinus from his father's profession (""praeco"", ""announcer, public crier, herald""). His aristocratic sympathies were so strong that he voluntarily accompanied Caecilius Metellus Numidicus into exile. At Rome he divided his time between teaching (although not as a professional schoolmaster) and literary work. His most famous pupils were Varro and Cicero,"
"Plato Plato (; ""Plátōn"", in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the development of Western philosophy. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: ""the safest general characterization of"
"the Republic gave way to Empire, Varro gained the favour of Augustus, under whose protection he found the security and quiet to devote himself to study and writing. Varro studied under the Roman philologist Lucius Aelius Stilo, and later at Athens under the Academic philosopher Antiochus of Ascalon. Varro proved to be a highly productive writer and turned out more than 74 Latin works on a variety of topics. Among his many works, two stand out for historians; ""Nine Books of Disciplines"" and his compilation of the ""Varronian chronology"". His ""Nine Books of Disciplines"" became a model for later encyclopedists,"
"Stoic Opposition The Stoic Opposition is the name given to a group of Stoic philosophers who actively opposed the autocratic rule of certain emperors in the 1st-century, particularly Nero and Domitian. Most prominent among them was Thrasea Paetus, an influential Roman senator executed by Nero. They were held in high regard by the later Stoics Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. Thrasea, Rubellius Plautus and Barea Soranus were reputedly students of the famous Stoic teacher Musonius Rufus and as all three were executed by Nero they became known collectively as the 'Stoic Martyrs'. The concept of a ""Stoic opposition"" dates back to"
"Claudius Maximus Claudius Maximus (fl. 2nd century AD) was a Roman politician, a Stoic philosopher and a teacher of Marcus Aurelius. No works by him are known to exist; however, he is mentioned in a few prestigious works from classical literature. Anthony Birley believes that Maximus was born no later than AD 99. An inscription from Aquincum (now at the Gorsium Szabadtéri Museum) provides us details of his ""cursus honorum"". The earliest office Maximus is attested as holding was in the ""quattuorviri viarum curandarum"", one of the four boards that formed the ""vigintiviri""; membership in one of these four boards"
"Seguerianus"") written in the 3rd century was written by a Cornutus. This attribution has not been generally accepted and, in any case, would refer to a later Cornutus. Lucius Annaeus Cornutus Lucius Annaeus Cornutus (), a Stoic philosopher, flourished in the reign of Nero (""c"". 60 AD), when his house in Rome was a school of philosophy. Cornutus was a native of Leptis Magna in Libya, but resided for the most part in Rome. He is best known as the teacher and friend of Persius, whose fifth satire is addressed to him, as well as other distinguished students, such as"
"important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's ""Republic"", which was followed by Aristotle's ""Nicomachean Ethics"" and ""Politics"". Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics and the Roman statesman Cicero. The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a"
"Gaius Musonius Rufus Gaius Musonius Rufus (, ) was a Roman Stoic philosopher of the 1st century AD. He taught philosophy in Rome during the reign of Nero, as consequence of which he was sent into exile in 65 AD, only returning to Rome under Galba. He was allowed to stay in Rome when Vespasian banished all the other philosophers from the city in 71 AD, although he was eventually banished anyway, only returning after Vespasian's death. A collection of extracts from his lectures still survives. He is also remembered for being the teacher of Epictetus. The son of a"
"Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero (; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as consul in the year 63 BC. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. His influence on the Latin language was so immense that the subsequent history of prose, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century, was said to be either a reaction against or a return to his style. Cicero introduced the"
"a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top. All citations to the ""Historia Augusta"" are to individual biographies, and are marked with a """"HA"""". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines' Loeb edition. Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD), called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor from . He ruled the Roman Empire with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Lucius' death in 169. He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. Marcus"
"of Senator and landowner Gaius Caecilius, revered his uncle, Pliny the Elder (who at this time was extremely famous around the Roman Empire), and provided sketches of how his uncle worked on the ""Naturalis Historia"". Cilo died at an early age, when Pliny was still young. As a result, the boy probably lived with his mother. His guardian and preceptor in charge of his education was Lucius Verginius Rufus, famed for quelling a revolt against Nero in 68 AD. After being first tutored at home, Pliny went to Rome for further education. There he was taught rhetoric by Quintilian, a"
"times. Important poets of the Roman republic and empire were Lucretius, Catullus, Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. Also prominent in Latin literature were the orator-rhetorician Cicero; the satirist Juvenal; the prose writers Pliny the Elder, his nephew Pliny the Younger; and the historians Sallust, Livy, and Suetonius. Julius Caesar, renowned as a historian and prose stylist, is even more famous as a military and political leader. The first of the Roman emperors was Octavian, better known by the honorific Augustus. Noteworthy among later emperors are the tyrants Caligula and Nero, the philosopher-statesman Marcus Aurelius, and Constantine I, who was the first"
"to restore order. This revolt was eventually put down in 70, after Nero's death. This revolt is famous for Romans breaching the walls of Jerusalem and destroying the Second Temple of Jerusalem. Nero studied poetry, music, painting and sculpture. He both sang and played the ""cithara"" (a type of lyre). Many of these disciplines were standard education for the Roman elite, but Nero's devotion to music exceeded what was socially acceptable for a Roman of his class. Ancient sources were critical of Nero's emphasis on the arts, chariot-racing and athletics. Pliny described Nero as an ""actor-emperor"" (""scaenici imperatoris"") and Suetonius"
"Pythagoreanism. Socrates the Younger Socrates the Younger (Greek: Σωκράτης ὁ νεώτερος, ""Sōkrátēs ho neōteros"", c. 415 – 4th century BCE) was an ancient Athenian philosopher. Ancient texts suggest that he was a young student of the elder Socrates and later a cohort of Plato. He is best remembered for his depiction in Plato's ""Statesman"", and scholars have suggested that he had ties to Academic and Pythagorean philosophy. Little is known of Socrates the Younger's life, although several clues from the writing of Plato have led scholars to posit his significance in the later circle of the elder Socrates and the"
"Areius Areius or Areius Didymus or Arius () was an Alexandrian philosopher of the Pythagorean or Stoic schools who lived in the 1st century BCE. He was the ""personal philosopher"" of the Roman emperor Augustus for a time. Augustus esteemed him so highly that after the conquest of Alexandria, he declared that he spared the city chiefly for the sake of Areius. Modern scholars disagree over whether this was the actual reason Augustus spared the city, as at the same time Augustus claimed he was also doing it to honor the memory of Alexander the Great, and some scholars also"
"Areius Areius or Areius Didymus or Arius () was an Alexandrian philosopher of the Pythagorean or Stoic schools who lived in the 1st century BCE. He was the ""personal philosopher"" of the Roman emperor Augustus for a time. Augustus esteemed him so highly that after the conquest of Alexandria, he declared that he spared the city chiefly for the sake of Areius. Modern scholars disagree over whether this was the actual reason Augustus spared the city, as at the same time Augustus claimed he was also doing it to honor the memory of Alexander the Great, and some scholars also"
"Sextus of Chaeronea Sextus of Chaeronea (, fl. c. 160 AD) was a philosopher, a nephew or grandson of Plutarch, and one of the teachers of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Philostratus describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he received instruction from Sextus, who was teaching in Rome: The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the Boeotian philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. Lucius, who had just come to Rome, asked the Emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and"
"Publius Egnatius Celer Publius Egnatius Celer, (lived c. AD 60), was a Stoic philosopher, who as a result of being a ""delator"", or informer, in the reign of Nero, was sentenced to death in the reign of Vespasian. When treason charges were brought against Barea Soranus in 66, because he had incurred the hatred of Nero, Egnatius Celer, who had formerly been a client and the teacher of Barea Soranus, stood as chief witness against him. Barea Soranus was condemned to death together with his daughter Servilia. Egnatius received great rewards from Nero, but was afterwards accused by Musonius Rufus,"
"Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD), called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor from . He ruled the Roman Empire with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Lucius' death in 169. He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. Marcus was born to Marcus Annius Verus III, the grandson of a Roman senator, and Domitia Lucilla, a wealthy heiress; both of his parents were patricians. After the death of Marcus' father while praetor in 124, the latter's father Marcus Annius Verus II raised Marcus with the help"
"Mnesarchus of Athens Mnesarchus or Mnesarch (, ""Mnēsarkhos""), of Athens, was a Stoic philosopher, who lived c. 160-c. 85 BC. Mnesarchus was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus. Cicero says that he was one of the leaders of the Stoic school () at Athens together with Dardanus at a time when Antiochus of Ascalon was turning away from scepticism (c. 95 BC). He was the teacher of Antiochus for a time, and he may also have taught Philo of Larissa. After the death of Panaetius (109 BC), the Stoic school at Athens seems to have fragmented,"
"eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BC) in favour of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III, who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes; and Antigonus II, who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, where Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of"
"Siro the Epicurean Siro (also Syro, Siron, or Syron; fl. c. 50 BC) was an Epicurean philosopher who lived in Naples. He was a teacher of Virgil, and taught at his school in Naples. There are two poems attributed to Virgil in the Appendix Vergiliana, which mention Siro, and where the author speaks of seeking peace in the company of Siro: I am setting sail for the havens of the blest to seek the wise sayings of great Siro, and will redeem my life from all care. Cicero also mentions Siro several times and speaks of Siro along with Philodemus"