Which row on a typewriter contains the most vowels
"and proposed a unique and more efficient keyboard based on his research. He determined that the ten most frequently used letter were A,D,E,H,I,N,O,R,S and T and were used in about 70% of written text and in about 85% of all words. The middle row contained letters that occurred 24% of the time and the top row about 6%. Blickensderfer offered the scientific keyboard in the hopes that his more efficient system would replace the clumsy but widely used QWERTY or universal keyboard developed by Sholes and Glidden in 1874. Unfortunately for Blickensderfer, no other typewriter manufacturer adopted the scientific keyboard"
"is another origin story in the Smithsonian that the QWERTY keyboard was made for telegraph operators and has this layout to make it easy for the telegraph operator to work. (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent bigraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in the English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter ""A"" is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for"
"1893, a keyboard layout for the Blickensderfer typewriter model 5 was developed by George Blickensderfer after careful analysis of the English language with very similar results for the home row keys. Blickensderfer determined that 70% of the most commonly used letters (ETAOIN SHRDLU) and 85% of words contained the letters DHIATENSOR. That's why he used these letters for the last row of the typewriter. In contrast, the Dvorak's home row AOEUIDHTNS has the vowels on the left and replaces R with U. August Dvorak was an educational psychologist and professor of education at the University of Washington Seattle. Touch typing"
"the diacritical sign is usually missing on typewriter and people may not know how to input it on computer keyboards, the circumflex accent ( ˆ ) is often used in its place. The combinations of vowels are written as follows in traditional/modified Hepburn: In traditional and modified: In traditional Hepburn: In modified Hepburn: In traditional and modified: In traditional and modified: In traditional and modified: In traditional Hepburn: In modified Hepburn: In traditional and modified: In traditional and modified: In traditional and modified: All other combinations of two different vowels are written separately: The long vowels indicated by chōonpu (ー)"
"Additionally, the Dvorak layout requires the fewest strokes on the bottom row (the most difficult row to type). By contrast, QWERTY requires typists to move their fingers to the top row for a majority of strokes and has only 32% of the strokes done in the home row. Because the Dvorak layout concentrates the vast majority of key strokes to the home row, the Dvorak layout uses about 63% of the finger motion required by QWERTY, which is claimed to make the keyboard more ergonomic. In fact, it has been estimated that during a typical 8-hour day a typist's fingers"
"the typebars were stacked such that they grew progressively larger as more were added. The size and usability implications of adding additional keys and thus, more typebars, precluded the addition of a fourth keyboard row dedicated to numbers. Although a four-row prototype was designed in 1922, it was shelved due to the company’s financial troubles at that time. The No. 20, No. 21 and portable models produced by the British Oliver Typewriter Company had four-row keyboards. Oliver typewriters were finished with olive green paint or nickel-plating and white or black keyboards, depending on customer preference. Beginning with model No. 3,"
"typewheel. Blickensderfers were also notable for their unique keyboard layout developed by George Blickensderfer after careful analysis of the English language. The home, or lowest row of keys, contained the most commonly used letters. Blickensderfer determined that 70% of the most commonly used letters and 85% of words contained the letters DHIATENSOR. This positioning allowed the typist to keep his hands on the home row as much as possible, minimizing extraneous hand movement and increasing efficiency. The QWERTY keyboard introduced on the Sholes & Glidden typewriter in 1874 was designed for purely mechanical reasons and the chances of the keys"
"of the Sauk alphabet has also been published. Fox speakers refer to the script in both Fox and English as the ""pa·pe·pi·po·"", referring to the first row of consonant-plus-vowel syllables in traditional presentations of the script. The core component of the Fox presentation is 48 syllables arranged in twelve rows and four columns. One row is the four vowel letters by themselves. The others each consist of one of the eleven consonant letters by itself (with the inherent vowel /a/ understood) and followed by each of the three combining vowel letters. The script accommodates all the consonant sounds of the"
"while the number of presses determines the row. For example, the '2' button corresponds to the ""ka""-column (""ka"", ""ki"", ""ku"", ""ke"", ""ko""), and the button is pressed repeatedly to get the intended kana. This table uses the vertical system of Japanese writing, and should be read from the top down, starting from the rightmost column, then to the left. In each entry, the top entry is the hiragana, the second entry is the corresponding katakana, the third entry is the Hepburn romanization of the kana, and the fourth entry is the pronunciation written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please"
"typed regardless of the shift. A reworked machine named the New Model appeared in 1885. It was produced in Groton from 1887, and sold in Europe from 1886 onwards by an agent in Amsterdam. The most significant changes from the previous machine were the slightly curved, two-row keyboard with 28 keys, and the vertical type cylinder which had 6 rows of 14 characters. Later examples of this model were ornately decorated with inlaid mother of pearl, painted roses and gold scrollwork, one of the most extravagantly decorated typewriters ever manufactured. Collectors often call the New Model Crandall the most beautiful"
"remembered by the sentence, ""That pen is not much good"" . A vowel is represented by a dot or a dash, which can be written either lightly or heavily depending on the vowel needed. As this gives only four symbols, they can be written in three different positions – either at the beginning, middle or end of a consonant stroke – to represent the 12 vowels. The dots and dashes representing long vowels are darker than the ones representing short vowels. For example, ""say"" is written as "")•"", but ""seh"" (if it did exist) would be written as "")·""; ""see"""
"be avoided. The QWERTY layout has more than 3,000 words that are typed on the left hand alone and about 300 words that are typed on the right hand alone (the aforementioned word ""minimum"" is a right-hand-only word). In contrast, with the Dvorak layout, only a few words are typed using only the left hand and even fewer use the right hand alone. This is because most syllables require at least one vowel, and, in a Dvorak layout, all the vowels (and ""y"") fall on the left side of the keyboard. QWERTY enjoys advantages with respect to the Dvorak pattern"
"at the rate of one row per chord, with the pressed letters printed out in 22 columns corresponding to the 22 keys, in the following order: This is a basic chart of the letters of this machine. There are, however, different writing theories that represent some letters or sounds differently (e.g., the *F for final ""v"" in the chart below), and each court reporter develops personalized ""briefs"" and alternate ways of writing things. The following example shows how steno paper coming out of the machine represents an English sentence. Notice that key combinations can have different meanings depending on context."
"a sample of all the typewriter's characters. It was also forbidden to borrow, lend, or repair typewriters other than at the places that had been authorized by the police. The ribbon can be read, although only if it has not been typed over more than once. This is not as easy as reading text from a page as the ribbon does not include spaces, but can be done, giving every typewriter a ""memory"". |valign=""top""| Typewriter A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for writing characters similar to those produced by printer's movable type. Typically, a typewriter has an array"
"are no weak keys. Typing speed is typically determined by how slow these weak keys are typed rather than how fast the remaining keys are typed. If a stage is reached where irrespective of the amount of practice, typing speed is not increasing, it is advisable to let some time pass and continue serious practice thereafter as typing speeds typically tend to increase with time even when no serious practice is done. The ""home row"" is the center row of keys on a typewriter or computer keyboard. On the most common type of English language keyboard, the QWERTY layout, """
"Zhuang. For most of these scripts, regardless of whether letters or diacritics are used, the most common tone is not marked, just as the most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas; in Zhuyin not only is one of the tones unmarked, but there is a diacritic to indicate lack of tone, like the virama of Indic. The number of letters in an alphabet can be quite small. The Book Pahlavi script, an abjad, had only twelve letters at one point, and may have had even fewer later on. Today the Rotokas alphabet has only twelve letters. (The Hawaiian"
"the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a shift key. The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are"
"(to overcome the historic limits of mechanical typewriters), like the Canadian Québec layout or the recently (2012) standardized German T2 layout. According to ISO/IEC 9995-1, the level is indicated by the row where the character is depicted on the keytop: The group is indicated by the column on the keytop: When letters on a case pair are associated with a key, only the capital character need to be shown on the keytop for the primary group, while the lowercase character only is shown for the secondary group. Thus, on the depicted key of the German T2 layout, in the primary"
"While the line is being cast, the operator can continue entering text for the next line. The keyboard has 90 keys. There is no shift key; uppercase letters have keys separate from the lowercase letters. The arrangement of letters corresponds roughly to letter frequency, with the most frequently used letters on the left. The first two columns of keys are: e, t, a, o, i, n; and s, h, r, d, l, u. A Linotype operator would often deal with a typing error by running the fingers down these two rows, thus filling out the line with the nonsense words"
"written from right to left. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word. In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants Aleph (), He (), Vav (), or Yodh () serving as vowel letters, or ""matres lectionis"": the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some"
"""ɗ"" letter does not exist in a word as well as in final voiced stops using the letters ""b, d, g"" and ""j"". Also, in Noon, a long vowel is represented by a digraph that is considered a letter, while a geminate consonant is interpreted as a series of two identical letters. The Noon language contains 20 vowels. Dropped vowels (""- ATR"") are symbolized by the letters: ""a, e, i, o, u""; and tense matches (""+ ATR"") are marked with letters possessing diacritics: ""ë, é, í, ó, ú"". Long vowels are represented by two-lettered symbols: aa, ee, ii, oo uu."
"but do not use home row either are referred to as hybrid typists.) Both two-handed touch typing and one-handed touch typing are possible. Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah who taught typing classes, reportedly invented home row touch typing in 1888. On a standard QWERTY keyboard for English speakers the home row keys are: ""ASDF"" for the left hand and ""JKL;"" for the right hand. Most modern computer keyboards have a raised dot or bar on the home keys for the index fingers to help touch typists maintain and rediscover the correct position on the"
"supports external Dvorak keyboards. Google's Android OS touchscreen keyboard can use Dvorak and other nonstandard layouts natively as of version 4.1. Touch typing requires typists to rest their fingers in the home row (QWERTY row starting with ""ASDF""). The more strokes there are in the home row, the less movement the fingers must do, thus allowing a typist to type faster, more accurately, and with less strain to the hand and fingers. The majority of the Dvorak layout's key strokes (70%) are done in the home row, claimed to be the easiest row to type because the fingers rest there."
"1969. Consonants occupy the left side of the layout, while vowels are on the right. Sebeolsik 390 (세벌식 390; 3-set 390) was released in 1990. It is based on Dr. Kong Byung Woo's earlier work. This layout is notable for its compatibility with the QWERTY layout; almost all QWERTY symbols that are not alphanumeric are available in Hangul mode. Numbers are placed in three rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right (shown green in the picture), and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left (shown red). Some consonant clusters are not printed on the keyboard; the user has"
"daily. In June 1918, an additional letter, V, was added to the cipher. That expanded the grid to 6 × 6, allowing 36 characters to be used. That allowed the full alphabet (instead of combining I and J) and the digits from 0 to 9. That mainly had the effect of considerably shortening messages containing many numbers. The cipher is based on the 6 letters ADFGVX. In the following example the alphabet is coded with the Dutch codeword 'nachtbommenwerper'. This results in the alphabet: NACHTBOMEWRPDFGIJKLQSUVXYZ. This creates the table below with the letters ADFGVX as column headings and row identifiers:"
"that permitted an unobstructed character view while typing. Although most Royal Futura advertising focused on the high-end model – the Futura 800 – there were two other models available. The Futura 400 and 600 were variations that differed in both appearance and functionality: The Royal Futura 800 was the most popular, most feature-full, and most expensive model. It had a 44-key (48 character) keyboard. At the time, this was considered to be a full-keyboard and was more likely to be found on large office typewriters than on portable ones. The 800 also came equipped with a plastic, custom-fitted dust cover"
"sequence) is specified in ISO/IEC 9995-2. ISO/IEC 9995-2 specifies requirements for the keys contained in the alphanumeric section (see the description of ISO/IEC 9995-1 above). The alphanumeric zone (being a part of the alphanumeric section) has to contain 47 or more keys used to input characters, including the Space bar which has to be placed in the lowest row (row A according to the reference grid specified in ISO/IEC 9995-1). Also, there must be: The space bar has to expand at least over the positions A03 to A07. This implies that Japanese keyboards containing muhenkan, henkan, and the Katakana/Hiragana switch"
"patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on"
"of such alphabets increases dramatically. For a rotor with 26 letters in its alphabet, five such rotors ""stacked"" in this fashion allows for 26 = 11,881,376 different possible substitutions. William F. Friedman attacked the Hebern machine soon after it came on the market in the 1920s. He quickly ""solved"" any machine that was built similar to the Hebern, in which the rotors were stacked with the rotor at one end or the other turning with each keypress, the so-called ""fast rotor"". In these cases the resulting ciphertext consisted of a series of single-substitution cyphers, each one 26 letters long. He"
"of letters, but the contribution was later called into question. Others suggest instead that the letter groupings evolved from telegraph operators' feedback. In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, O to Z, right-to-left. In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows: In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to E. Remington and Sons. The keyboard layout was finalized"
"In the earliest tablets the script is almost entirely syllabic, with almost all common Old Akkadian syllabic glyphs with CV and VC values being adopted. Over time the number of syllabic glyphs is reduced while the number of logograms increases. About 40 CVC glyphs are also occasionally used, but they appear to have been used for the consonants and ignored the vocalic value. Several determinatives are also used. Glyphs in parentheses in the table are not common. The script distinguished the four vowels of Akkadian and 15 consonants, /p/, /b/,/k/,/g/,/t/,/d/,/š/,/s/,/z/,/y/,/l/,/m/,/n/,/r/, and /h/. The Akkadian voiced pairs /p, b/, /k, g/,"
"For example, cells 1 to 41 on row 16 are 41 characters sorted as starting with a reading of ""a"". Within these, 22 characters, including 16-10 (: ""on"" reading “""ki""”; ""kun"" reading “""aoi""”) and 16-32 (: ""on"" readings “""zoku""” and “""shoku""”; ""kun"" reading “""awa""”) are there on the basis of their ""kun"" readings. 16-09 (: ""on"" reading “""hō""”, ""kun"" reading “""a(i)""”) and 16-23 (: ""on"" readings “""sō""” and “""kyū""”, ""kun"" reading “""atsuka(i)""”) are just two examples of ""ren'yōkei""-form verbs used for the representative reading. Where the representative reading is the same between different kanji, a kanji that uses an ""on"""
"a combining mark ""Ring Above"" (U+030A) Elfdalian alphabet The Dalecarlian alphabet consists of 32 letters, 25 derived from the Swedish alphabet, and seven additional letters: vowels with an ogonek diacritic, denoting nasality: (""Ąą"", ""Ęę"", ""Įį"", ""Ųų"", ""Y̨y̨"", and ""Ą̊ą̊"") as well as the consonant ""Ðð"" (eð), denoting voiced dental fricative, as 'th' in 'father'. The letters ""Cc"", ""Qq"", ""Xx"" and ""Zz"" are only used in names and foreign words. The alphabet is used for the Elfdalian language and for other Dalecarlian dialects. All except Ą̊ and ą̊ are available as characters in the Unicode standard. Ą̊ and ą̊ can be"