An ankle length overcoat and a bird-like beak mask filled with lavender were prominently worn by what group of professionals in the days past?
"Plague doctor costume The clothing worn by plague doctors was intended to protect them from airborne diseases. The costume, used in France and Italy in the 17th century, consisted of an ankle length overcoat and a bird-like beak mask, often filled with sweet or strong smelling substances (commonly lavender), along with gloves, boots, a wide-brimmed hat, and an outer over-clothing garment. The mask had glass openings in the eyes and a curved beak shaped like that of a bird with straps that held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had two small nose holes and was"
"also known as a ""Beak Doctor."" The beak doctor costume consisted of a heavy overcoat, made from leather or oiled or waxed fabric; a mask of glassed eye openings; and a cone, shaped like a beak, to hold scented substances. A wooden cane pointer was used to help examine the patient without touching. However, the beak doctor costume was not invented until around 1619 (during the Second Pandemic). He would most likely have dressed like a professional clerk. Historian Carlo M. Cipollia speculates that Ventura did not have a family himself. While there are no records to show one way"
"18th, and 19th centuries, some doctors wore a beak-like mask which was filled with aromatic items. The masks were designed to protect them from putrid air, which (according to the miasmatic theory of disease) was seen as the cause of infection. The design of these costumes has been attributed to Charles de Lorme, the chief physician to Louis XIII. The first European epidemic of the bubonic plague dates back to the mid 6th century and is called the Plague of Justinian. The largest number of people affected by the epidemic were the people who had the Black Death in Europe"
"to point out areas needing attention and to examine patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away, to remove clothing from plague victims without having to touch them, and to take a patient's pulse. Medical historians have attributed the invention of the ""beak doctor"" costume to Charles de Lorme, who adopted in 1619 the idea of a full head-to-toe protective garment, modeled after a soldier's armor. This consisted of a bird-like mask with spectacles, and a long leather (Moroccan or Levantine) or waxed-canvas gown which went from the neck to the ankle. The over-clothing garment,"
"as ""checkered apron men.” Cobblers wore black to protect garments from the black wax used on shoes. Butchers wore blue stripes. Butlers wore green aprons. Blue was commonly worn by weavers, spinners, and gardeners. Stonemasons wore white aprons as protection against the dust of their trade, and even in the twenty-first century, aprons survive as part of Masonic ceremonial attire. These aprons were long, coming down to below the knees, with a flap or bib to protect the chest. The Union of the Grand Lodge of England between the Ancient and Modern branches of English Freemasonry in 1813 brought into"
"for hunting and other outdoor pursuits. Knee-length topcoats, often with contrasting velvet or fur collars, and calf-length overcoats were worn in winter. By the 1880s the majority of the working class, even shepherds adopted jackets and waistcoats in fustian and corduroy with corduroy trousers, giving up their smock frocks. Shirt collars were turned over or pressed into ""wings"". Dress shirts had stiff fronts, sometimes decorated with shirt studs, and buttoned up the back. The usual necktie was the four-in-hand and or the newly fashionable Ascot tie, made up as a neckband with wide wings attached and worn with a stickpin."
"of a light, waxed fabric overcoat, a mask with glass eye openings and a beak shaped nose, typically stuffed with herbs, straw, and spices. Plague doctors would also commonly carry a cane to examine and direct patients without the need to make direct contact with the patient. The scented materials included juniper berry, ambergris, roses (Rosa), mint (""Mentha spicata"" L.) leaves, camphor, cloves, laudanum, myrrh, rose petals, and storax. Due to the primitive understanding of disease at the time, it was believed this suit would sufficiently protect the doctor from miasma while tending to patients. Plague doctors served as public"
"Top hat A top hat, beaver hat, high hat, silk hat, cylinder hat, chimney pot hat or stove pipe hat, sometimes also known by the nickname ""topper"", is a tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat, worn by men from the latter part of the 18th to the middle of the 20th century. By the end of World War II, it had become a rarity in ordinary dress, though it continued to be worn in specific instances, such as state funerals, also by those occupying prominent positions in the Bank of England, by certain City stock exchange officials and occasionally when passing between"
"contaminants in hair. Full-face hats were even designed for men with beards. These hats have been and continue to be distributed by group purchasing organizations (GPOs) who supply hospitals with most equipment. In the medical fashion 'revolution' of the seventies, more and more medical professionals began personalizing their scrubs by either sewing their own hats or buying premade hats made of eclectic fabric. Several styles were popular, including the 'bouffant' surgical cap, a utilitarian hairnet-like hat which typically comes in light blue, and the 'milkmaid', a bonnet-like wrap around hat. Bouffant surgical caps are perhaps the most widely used scrub"
"of a hollow beak and round eyeholes covered with crystal discs, creating a bespectacled effect. Its use as a carnival mask is entirely a modern convention, and today these masks are often much more decorative. Although the mask and costume is worn almost exclusively by males, the enhancement in decoration also suggests that women are now more likely to wear the mask and costume than in previous years at the Carnival. The plague doctors who followed De Lorme's example wore the usual black hat and long black cloak as well as the mask, white gloves and a staff (so as"
"as well as leggings, gloves, boots, and a hat, were made of waxed leather. The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the beak mask. Lorme wrote that the mask had a ""nose half a foot long, shaped like a beak, filled with perfume with only two holes, one on each side near the nostrils, but that can suffice to breathe and to carry along with the air one breathes the impression of the drugs enclosed further along in the beak"". The Genevese physician Jean-Jacques Manget, in his 1721 work ""Treatise on the Plague"" written just after the Great"
"Royalists called their enemies Roundheads while the Parliamentarians called the Royalists Cavaliers. Lovelock (hair) A Lovelock was popular amongst European ""men of fashion"" from the end of the 16th century until well into the 17th century. The lovelock was a long lock of hair, often plaited (braided) and made to rest over the left shoulder (the heart side) to show devotion to a loved one. Robin Bryer, author of ""The History of Hair: Fashion and Fantasy Down the Ages"" (2003), speculates that the lovelock may have originated as an alternative to the love token worn by knights during the medieval"
"and have enjoyed such great popularity in fiction and fantasy, that they are widely and incorrectly believed to have been common in Medieval times. Some more well-known examples of this include the back scabbard depicted in the film ""Braveheart"" and the back scabbard seen in the video game series ""The Legend of Zelda"". There is some limited data from woodcuts and textual fragments that Mongol light horse archers, Chinese soldiers, Japanese Samurai and European Knights wore a slung baldric over the shoulder, allowing longer blades such as greatswords/zweihanders and nodachi/ōdachi to be strapped across the back, though these would have"
"ornaments. Ostrich plumes were a luxury commodity in Europe for centuries, leading to serious harm to wild ostrich populations, and subsequent establishment of ostrich farms. Classical 1930s Hollywood films used feathers in abundance, arguably as a metaphor for female sexuality. For example, in the 1935 musical ""Top Hat"", Ginger Rogers danced ""Cheek to Cheek"" covered in white plumes that emphasised her movements. Late twentieth century designers such as Yves Saint Laurent and Alexander McQueen used feathers to make fashion statements. Raptors from eagles to small falcons have for centuries been used in falconry, often to catch other birds, whether for"
"then. Soon there were various and hugely differing masks appearing around Europe all purporting to be the genuine article. While the main focus of the debate ranged around whether the original had been taken by Dr Burton or Dr Antommarchi, both of whom had been physicians attending to Napoleon at the time of his death, another mask appeared in the possession of Dr J. O. Sankey, a grandson of Boys. This mask (commonly known as the Sankey mask), purported to have been taken by Joseph William Buridge, an English artist that had made a famous sketch of Napoleon on his"
"a type of respirator which contained aromatic items. The beak could hold dried flowers (including roses and carnations), herbs (including mint), spices, camphor, or a vinegar sponge. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, known as miasma, which were thought to be the principal cause of the disease, before it was disproved by germ theory. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the ""evil"" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. The beak doctor costume worn by plague doctors had a wide-brimmed leather hat to indicate their profession. They used wooden canes in order"
"in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The costume included a beak filled with perfumes and hat and vestments made of Levantine leather, all intended to prevent a doctor from becoming ill with bubonic plague when visiting sick patients in quarantine. Jean de Lorme, Charles' father, was one of two doctors from Moulins that introduced Bourbon-Lancy as a spa town to Europe. Charles was the heir to his father's interest in the spa town, however for some unknown reason promoted the rival spa town of Bourbon-l'Archambault. Charles profited hugely from promoting the spa in this town. He was accused"
"Bicorne The bicorne or bicorn (two-cornered/horned or twihorn) is a historical form of hat widely adopted in the 1790s as an item of uniform by European and American military and naval officers. It is now most readily associated with Napoléon Bonaparte but in practice most generals and staff officers of the Napoleonic period wore bicornes, and it survived as a widely worn full-dress headdress until at least 1914. Descended from the tricorne, the black-coloured bicorne originally had a rather broad brim, with the front and the rear halves turned up and pinned together (in English, the shorter front brim was"
"Bouffant A bouffant is a type of hairstyle characterized by hair raised high on the head and usually covering the ears or hanging down on the sides. The English word ""bouffant"" comes from the French ""bouffante"", from the present participle of ""bouffer"": ""to puff, puff out"". The modern bouffant, considered by one source to have been invented by British celebrity hairdresser Raymond Bessone was noted by ""Life"" in the summer of 1956 as being ""already a common sight in fashion magazines."" The style became popular at the beginning of the 1960s when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was often photographed with"
"Bouffant A bouffant is a type of hairstyle characterized by hair raised high on the head and usually covering the ears or hanging down on the sides. The English word ""bouffant"" comes from the French ""bouffante"", from the present participle of ""bouffer"": ""to puff, puff out"". The modern bouffant, considered by one source to have been invented by British celebrity hairdresser Raymond Bessone was noted by ""Life"" in the summer of 1956 as being ""already a common sight in fashion magazines."" The style became popular at the beginning of the 1960s when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was often photographed with"
"the previous period, a loose, T-shaped silk, cotton or linen gown called a banyan was worn at home as a sort of dressing gown over the shirt, waistcoat, and breeches. Men of an intellectual or philosophical bent were painted wearing banyans, with their own hair or a soft cap rather than a wig. A coat with a wide collar called a frock coat, derived from a traditional working-class coat, was worn for hunting and other country pursuits in both Britain and America. Shirt sleeves were full, gathered at the wrist and dropped shoulder. Full-dress shirts had ruffles of fine fabric"
"friends to do likewise. The new style became known as the Bedford Level, a pun on a geographical feature of The Fens also known as the ""Bedford Level"" and also making reference to Bedford's radical (""leveller"") political views. It was also known as the Bedford Crop. Although natural, the Bedford crop was usually styled with wax to form a side parting. During the mid 19th century, facial hair became fashionable among soldiers and civilians. Examples included the large muttonchop sideburns popularised by Ambrose Burnside, and variants of the full beard named after Verdi and Garibaldi. The Beard imperial or Napoleon,"
"paintings depicting its use on the stage or in social life. While both men and women now wear this mask, it began as a woman's analog to the bauta. The ""Medico della peste"", with its long beak, is one of the most bizarre and recognizable of the Venetian masks, though it did not start out as carnival mask at all but as a method of preventing the spread of disease. The striking design originates from 17th-century French physician Charles de Lorme who adopted the mask together with other sanitary precautions while treating plague victims. The mask is often white, consisting"
"to the modern day in some armies. The term may also be used of other things such as items of jewellery worn around the throat region in a number of other cultures, for example wide thin gold collars found in prehistoric Ireland dating to the Bronze Age. In the High Middle Ages, when mail was the primary form of metal body armor used in Western Europe, the mail coif protected the neck and lower face. During the 14th century as more plate armor appeared to supplement mail, the Bascinet helmet incorporated a mail curtain called the Aventail which protected the"
"Surcoat A surcoat or surcote initially was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by both men and women in Western Europe. It can either refer to a coat worn over other clothes or the outermost garment itself. The name derives from French meaning ""over the coat"", a long, loose, often sleeveless coat reaching down to the feet. From about the 12th century, knights wore long, flowing surcoats, frequently emblazoned with their personal arms, over their armor. These usually extended to about midcalf, had slits in the bottom front and back, thus allowing the wearer to ride comfortably"
"protection from their hammer. While working bal maidens wore a waist-length hessian apron ('towser') over their clothes, and those who could afford it would have a white herden (flax and hemp) apron for wearing to and from work. These working clothes were accessorised with flowers, bows, ribbons, jewellery and other decoration. Until the end of the 19th century the working clothing of a bal maiden changed very little. Although less dangerous than work below ground, some bal maidens suffered poor health. Tuberculosis and bronchitis were endemic in the mining communities, and would be exacerbated by constant exposure to high levels"
"wadding. This respirator was used by the Brooklyn Fire Department. Invented in 1903 by Dräger & Gerling of Lübeck, Germany, the smoke helmet was a fully enclosed metal helmet with glass face mask, featuring two ""breathing bags"" covered by a leather flap worn over the chest. This respirator became so critical to mine rescue operations that rescue workers became known as ""draegermen"". Napoleon Bonaparte reordered the various fire fighting organisations in Paris (and later other cities) into a unit of the French Army called the ""Sapeurs-pompiers"". They wore a brass helmet with a high central crest, similar to that worn"
"society throughout history. In the Middle Ages, they were essentially ubiquitous. At the death of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1270, it was recorded that ""The vermin boiled over like water in a simmering cauldron, and the onlookers burst into alternate weeping and laughing"". A mediaeval treatment for lice was an ointment made from pork grease, incense, lead, and aloe. Robert Hooke's 1667 book, ""Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and Inquiries thereupon"", illustrated a human louse, drawn as seen down an early microscope. Margaret Cavendish's satirical ""The Description of a"
"relating to the group in his creation of ""Fire in the Mountain"", and plans to help establish a stronger museum representation of the history in conjunction with the White River Valley Historical Society. Bald Knobbers The Bald Knobbers were a group of vigilantes in the Ozark region of southwest Missouri from 1883 to 1889. They are commonly depicted wearing black horned hoods with white outlines of faces painted on them, a distinction that evolved during the rapid proliferation of the group into neighboring counties from its Taney County origins. The group got its name from the grassy bald knob summits"
"the Victorian period. Until then, most coats were double-breasted, but Chesterfields and accompanying styles like the guard's coat were worn in single- and double-breasted varieties. More recently, there is a decline in the wearing of full-length overcoats, and double breasted ones are much less common. Overcoats in various forms have been used by militaries since at least the late 18th century, and were especially associated with winter campaigns, such as Napoleon's Russian campaign. The full-length overcoat was once again popularised by the use during World War I of the trench coat. Stereotypically, overcoats used by the army tended to be"
"all the shades of the rainbow. Several additions have been made to the mask decorations over the years with the most prevalent and visually striking being foam horns and fake hair attached to the mask. Artificial ears are also commonly used, especially if the mask has an animal motif such as a tiger. Wrestling mask A wrestling mask is a fabric based mask that some professional wrestlers wear as part of their in-ring persona or gimmick. Professional wrestlers have been using masks as far back as 1915 and they are still widely used today, especially in Lucha Libre in Mexico."
"the art of taxidermy was first brought into popular regard by the Victorians, who were enthralled by all tokens of exotic travel, especially to any domesticated representations of wilderness. Whether it was having a glassed-in miniature rain forest on the tea table or a mounted antelope by the front door, members of the elite class relished the art as a manifestation of one’s knowledge, wealth, and artistry. As Victorian English society reached its pinnacle near the end of the 19th-century, technique and methodology of the art progressed; however, compared to modern standards, poses were still fairly stiff and expressionless. One"
"Smock-frock A smock-frock or smock is an outer garment traditionally worn by rural workers, especially shepherds and waggoners, in parts of England and Wales from throughout the 18th century. Today, the word smock refers to a loose overgarment worn to protect one's clothing, for instance by a painter. The traditional smock-frock is made of heavy linen or wool and varies from thigh-length to mid-calf length. Characteristic features of the smock-frock are fullness across the back, breast, and sleeves folded into ""tubes"" (narrow unpressed pleats) held in place and decorated by smocking, a type of surface embroidery in a honeycomb pattern"