Which acid is known as Aqua Fortis?
"making the unnatural sounds that had scared him so, rushing forward he seized the culprit only to find that it was his own son. It transpired that the son had some knowledge of chemistry and had made what we would call coloured fireworks and that the ropes had been severed with Nitric Acid, then known as Aqua Fortis (strong water). John Goudie had logically deducted that the son, hoping to scare his father into retirement so that he could run the farm, was the 'Devil on Earth'. The 'philosophers' reputation was greatly enhanced whilst the son was mortified and humiliated"
"Agaric acid Agaric acid, also known as agaricin or 2-hydroxynonadecane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, is an organic tricarboxylic acid (fatty acid) found in fungi, e.g. ""Laricifomes officinalis"". Its molecular formula is CHO. Agaric acid, as any other fatty acid, has an amphipathic character. It means that it has both polar (hydroxyl groups) and apolar (hydrocarbon chain) sections, and therefore, it is not completely water-soluble. It is a tribasic acid, and therefore, it can donate up to 3 hydrogen ions to other bases in an acid-base reaction. Another example of tribasic acids is phosphoric acid or citric acid. It is an odorless and tasteless"
"the role of hydration in aqueous-phase Brønsted acidity. Hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid in aqueous solution (p""K"" = 3.15) but a ""very weak"" acid in the gas phase (""E"" (F) = 1554 kJ/mol): the fluoride ion is as strong a base as SiH in the gas phase, but its basicity is reduced in aqueous solution because it is strongly hydrated, and therefore stabilized. The contrast is even more marked for the hydroxide ion (""E"" = 1635 kJ/mol), one of the strongest known proton acceptors in the gas phase. Suspensions of potassium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide (which does not solvate"
"acetic acid, with ""Penicilium notatum"" for the production of araboascorbic acid, with ""Rhizopus delemar"" for the production of fumaric acid, with ""Aspergillus niger"" for the production of gluconic acid, with ""Candida brumptii"" to produce isocitric acid, with ""Aspergillus terreus"" for the production of itaconic acid, with ""Pseudomonas fluorescens"" for the production of 2-ketogluconic acid, with ""Gluconobacter suboxydans"" for the production of 5-ketogluconic acid, with ""Aspergillus oryzae"" for the production of kojic acid, with ""Lactobacillus delbrueckii"" for the production of lactic acid, with ""Lactobacillus brevis"" for the production of malic acid, with ""Propionibacter shermanii"" for the production of propionic acid, with"
"increase the hydrogen ion concentration of water. For instance, carbon dioxide increases the hydrogen ion concentration of rain water (pH = 5.6) by a factor of 25 compared to pure water (pH = 7). They are also Lewis acids, because they accept electron pairs from some Lewis bases, most notably base anhydrides. The oxides of period three elements demonstrate periodicity with respect to acidity. As you move across the period, the oxides become more acidic. Sodium and magnesium oxides are alkaline. Aluminium oxides are amphoteric (reacting both as a base or acid). Silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine oxides are acidic."
"between lead formate and hydrogen sulfide, driven by the formation of lead sulfide. Formic acid is named after ants which have high concentrations of the compound in their venom. In ants formic acid is derived from serine through a 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate intermediate. The conjugate base of formic acid, formate, also occurs widely in nature. An assay for formic acid in body fluids, designed for determination of formate after methanol poisoning, is based on the reaction of formate with bacterial formate dehydrogenase. A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. In Europe, it is"
"Acid An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid). The first category of acids is the proton donors or Brønsted acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion HO and are known as Arrhenius acids. Brønsted and Lowry generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous solvents. A Brønsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H."
"acid molecule is also present in quercitron, a yellow dye obtained from the bark of the Eastern black oak (""Quercus velutina""), a forest tree indigenous in North America. It is described as a yellowish-brown amorphous powder. In 1838, Jöns Jacob Berzelius wrote that quercitannate is used to dissolve morphine. In 1865 in the fifth volume of ""A dictionary of chemistry"", Henry Watts wrote : It exhibits with ferric salts the same reactions as gallotannic acid. It differs however from the latter in not being convertible into gallic acid, and not yielding pyrogallic acid by dry distillation. It is precipitated by"
"or oxalic acid, are not Lewis acids. They dissociate in water to produce a Lewis acid, H, but at the same time also yield an equal amount of a Lewis base (acetate, citrate, or oxalate, respectively, for the acids mentioned). Few, if any, of the acids discussed in the following are Lewis acids. Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form HA H + A, where HA represents the acid and A is the conjugate base. This reaction is referred to as protolysis. The protonated form (HA) of an acid is also sometimes referred to as the free acid."
"with strong bases to form silicate salts, but not with water: Silicon dioxide is the anhydride of silicic acid: Si(OH) –> 2HO + SiO Phosphorus(III) oxide reacts to form phosphorous acid in water: Phosphorus(V) oxide reacts with water to give phosphoric (v) acid: Phosphorus pentoxide is the anhydride of phosphoric acid: 2HPO –> 3HO + PO. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form the weak acid, sulfurous acid: Sulfur trioxide forms the strong sulfuric acid with water (so, sulfur trioxide is the anhydride of sulfuric acid): This reaction is important in the manufacture of the acid. Chlorine(I) oxide reacts with"
"reactions. Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites. Strong acids catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of esters, e.g. for processing fats into biodiesel. In terms of mechanism, the carbonyl oxygen is susceptible to protonation, which enhances the electrophilicity at the carbonyl carbon. In industrial scale chemistry, many processes are catalysed by ""solid acids"". As heterogeneous catalysts, solid acids do not dissolve in the reaction medium. Well known examples include these oxides, which function as Lewis acids: silico-aluminates"
"Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties which provide a practical description of an acid. Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. The word ""acid"" is derived from the Latin ""acidus/acēre"" meaning ""sour"". An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as 'acid' (as in 'dissolved in acid'), while the strict definition refers only to the solute. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions"
"sulfuric acid in red flocks. (Stenhouse, Ann. Ch. Pharm. xlv. 16.) <br>According to Rochleder (ibid lxiii. 202), the tannic acid of black tea is the same as that of oak-bark. In 1880, Etti gave for it the molecular formula CHO. He described it as an unstable substance, having a tendency to give off water to form anhydrides (called phlobaphenes), one of which is called ""oak-red"" (CHO). For him, it was not a glycoside. In Allen’s ""Commercial Organic Analysis"", published in 1912, the formula given was CHO. Other authors gave other molecular formulas like CHO, while another formula found is CHO."
"of double bonds to oxygen. Thus perchloric acid is a very strong acid while hypochlorous acid is very weak. A simple rule usually works to within about 1 pH unit. Most oxyanions are weak bases and can be protonated to give acids or acid salts. For example, the phosphate ion can be successively protonated to form phosphoric acid. The extent of protonation in aqueous solution will depend on the acid dissociation constants and pH. For example, AMP (adenosine monophosphate) has a p""K"" value of 6.21, so at pH 7 it will be about 10% protonated. Charge neutralization is an important"
"known that can be crystallised. It is a strong acid and concentrated solutions are strong oxidising agents, though gold, platinum, rhodium, and iridium are immune to attack. A 3:1 mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, called ""aqua regia"", is still stronger and successfully dissolves gold and platinum, because free chlorine and nitrosyl chloride are formed and chloride anions can form strong complexes. In concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid is protonated to form nitronium, which can act as an electrophile for aromatic nitration: The thermal stabilities of nitrates (involving the trigonal planar anion) depends on the basicity of the"
"from the water by liquid-liquid extraction with an organic base. A significant amount of formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chemicals. At one time, acetic acid was produced on a large scale by oxidation of alkanes, by a process that cogenerates significant formic acid. This oxidative route to acetic acid is declining in importance, so that the aforementioned dedicated routes to formic acid have become more important. The catalytic hydrogenation of CO to formic acid has long been studied. This reaction can be conducted homogeneously. Formic acid can also be obtained by aqueous catalytic"
"HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the conjugate base are in solution. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO), nitric acid (HNO) and sulfuric acid (HSO). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths"
"five minutes at 30 °C. Brookhart's acid is the salt of the BARF anion with the diethyl ether oxonium cation, [(EtO)H]BAr. It can be formed from the sodium salt in diethyl ether in the presence of hydrogen chloride as sodium chloride is insoluble in diethyl ether, facilitating cation exchange. Synthesis of BARF salts with hexa(acetonitrile)metal(II) cations, [M(CHCN)], are known for vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate Tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate is an anion with chemical formula [{3,5-(CF)CH}B], which is commonly abbreviated as [BAr] as the boron atom (B) is surrounded by four fluorinated aryl (Ar) groups. It is sometimes referred to"
"atm. The most widely used base is sodium methoxide. Hydrolysis of the methyl formate produces formic acid: Efficient hydrolysis of methyl formate requires a large excess of water. Some routes proceed indirectly by first treating the methyl formate with ammonia to give formamide, which is then hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid: A disadvantage of this approach is the need to dispose of the ammonium sulfate byproduct. This problem has led some manufacturers to develop energy-efficient methods of separating formic acid from the excess water used in direct hydrolysis. In one of these processes (used by BASF) the formic acid is removed"
"one of the most powerful, yet environmentally friendly, water treatment chemicals known. The byproduct of ferrate oxidation is the relatively benign iron(III), or ferric oxide. Fe(III) occurs naturally in the human body and plant and animal forms. Ferrate is a tetrahedral ion isostructural with the chromate and permanganate ions. Ferrate(VI) Ferrate(VI) is the inorganic anion with the chemical formula [FeO]. It is photosensitive, contributes a pale violet colour to compounds and solutions containing it and is one of the strongest water-stable oxidising species known. Although it is classified as a weak base, concentrated solutions containing ferrate(VI) are corrosive and attack"
"catalyzes the dioxygenolytic cleavage of quercetin to 2-protocatechuoylphloroglucinolcarboxylic acid and carbon monoxide. The most characterized enzyme, from Aspergillus japonicus, requires the presence of copper, and bacterial quercetinases have been discovered that are quite promiscuous (cambialistic) in their requirements of a metal center, with varying degrees of activity reported with substitution of divalent manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel and copper. (Quercetin, role in metabolism). Acireductone (1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one) dioxygenase (ARD) is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. ARD enzymes from most species bind ferrous iron and catalyze the oxidation of acireductone to 4-(methylthio)-2-oxobutanoate, the α-keto acid of methionine, and formic acid. However, ARD from"
"highly concentrated and behavior deviates from ideality, ""hydrochloric acid"" (aqueous HCl) is only as acidic as the strongest proton donor available in water, the aquated proton (popularly known as ""hydronium ion""). When chloride salts such as NaCl are added to aqueous HCl, they have only a minor effect on pH, indicating that Cl is a very weak conjugate base and that HCl is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. Dilute solutions of HCl have a pH close to that predicted by assuming full dissociation into hydrated H and Cl. Of the six common strong mineral acids in chemistry, hydrochloric acid is"
"Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid, also called mycophenolate, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation. It was initially marketed as the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to improve oral bioavailability. More recently, the salt mycophenolate sodium has also been introduced. Mycophenolate mofetil is marketed under the trade name CellCept and mycophenolate sodium as Myfortic. Discovered by an Italian medical scientist Bartolomeo Gosio in 1893, mycophenolic acid was the first antibiotic to be synthesised in pure and crystalline form. But its medical application was forgotten until two American scientists C.L. Alsberg and O.M. Black resynthesised it in 1912, and"
"they were producing the same substance. In 1847, the French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas established all the acids to be the same compound, which he called propionic acid, from the Greek words πρῶτος (prōtos), meaning ""first"", and πίων (piōn), meaning ""fat"", because it is the smallest H(CH)COOH acid that exhibits the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt. Propionic acid has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acids, and the larger fatty acids. It is miscible with water,"
"Hydrazoic acid Hydrazoic acid, also known as hydrogen azide or azoimide, is a compound with the chemical formula HN. It is a colorless, volatile, and explosive liquid at room temperature and pressure. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, and is therefore a pnictogen hydride. It was first isolated in 1890 by Theodor Curtius. The acid has few applications, but its conjugate base, the azide ion, is useful in specialized processes. Hydrazoic acid is soluble in water. Undiluted hydrazoic acid is dangerously explosive with a standard enthalpy of formation ΔH (l, 298K = +264 kJmol). When dilute, the gas"
"Camphoric acid Camphoric acid, CHO or in Latin form Acidum camphoricum, is a white crystallisable substance obtained from the oxidation of camphor. It exists in three optically different forms; the dextrorotatory one is obtained by the oxidation of dextrorotatory camphor and is used in pharmaceuticals. Acidum camphoricum was studied and isolated for the first time by French pharmacist Nicolas Vauquelin in the early 19th century but it wasn't until September 1874 that Dutch chemist Jacobus H. van 't Hoff proposed the first suggestion for its molecular structure and optical properties. Haller and Blanc synthesized camphor from camphoric acid. In 1904,"
"prepared by dissolving sal ammoniac in nitric acid, was described in the works of Pseudo-Geber, a 13th-century European alchemist. Other references suggest that the first mention of aqua regia is in Byzantine manuscripts dating to the end of the 13th century. Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius, who prepared it by heating salt in clay crucibles. Other authors claim that pure hydrochloric acid was first discovered by the German Benedictine monk Basil Valentine in the 15th century, when he heated common salt and green vitriol, whereas others argue that there is no clear"
"water to form hypochlorous acid, a very weak acid: Chlorine(VII) oxide reacts with water to form perchloric acid, a strong acid: Iron(II) oxide is the anhydride of the aqueous ferrous ion: [Fe(HO)] --> FeO + 2H + 5HO Chromium trioxide is the anhydride of chromic acid: HCrO –> HO + CrO Vanadium pentoxide is the anhydride of vanadic acid: 2HVO –> 3HO + VO. Acidic oxide Acidic oxides, or acid anhydrides, are oxides that react with water to form an acid, or with a base to form a salt. They are oxides of either nonmetals or of metals in high"
"called homoconjugation is revealed. HF begins to accept fluoride ions, forming the polyatomic ions (such as bifluoride, ) and protons, thus greatly increasing the acidity of the compound. Hydrofluoric acid is also the strongest of the hydrohalic acids in acetic acid and similar solvents. Its hidden acidity potential is also revealed by the fact it protonates acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric. Despite its weakness, hydrofluoric acid is very corrosive, even attacking glass (hydrated only). Dry hydrogen fluoride dissolves low-valent metal fluorides readily. Several molecular fluorides also dissolve in HF. Many proteins and carbohydrates can be dissolved in dry HF"
"as cattle, have been attacked around the eyes, nostrils, and hooves. Grasslands have dried out because of the increase in plant-sucking insect pests (hemipterans), which the ants cultivate to feed on the sugary ""honeydew"" that they excrete. When attacked, these ant, like other formicine ants, can bite but not sting, and excrete formic acid through a hairy circle or acidopore on the end of the abdomen, using it as a venom, which causes a minute pain that quickly fades. Formic acid was named after the Latin word ""formica"" (ant), because it was first distilled from ants in the 17th century."
"acid anhydrides. Glacial acetic acid can be used to obtain a mixture high in 6-monoacetylmorphine, niacin (vitamin B) in some form would be precursor to 6-nicotinylmorphine, salicylic acid may yield the salicyoyl analogue of 6-MAM, and so on. The clandestine conversion of morphine to ketones of the hydromorphone class or other derivatives like dihydromorphine (Paramorfan), desomorphine (Permonid), metopon, etc. and codeine to hydrocodone (Dicodid), dihydrocodeine (Paracodin), etc. is more involved, time-consuming, requires lab equipment of various types, and usually requires expensive catalysts and large amounts of morphine at the outset and is less common but still has been discovered by"
"as an oral mucolytic and prophylactic agent against gingivitis. Ascoxal solution has also been tested with positive results as a treatment for recurrent mucocutaneous herpes, and as a mucolytic agent in acute and chronic pulmonary disease such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma by aerosol inhalation. Dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is actively imported into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells via glucose transporters. It is trapped therein by reduction back to ascorbate by glutathione and other thiols. The (free) chemical radical semidehydroascorbic acid (SDA) also belongs to the group of oxidized"
"forms a salt bridge to aspartate 755 (D755) on the FGFR1 domain. The acid base pairs located in the middle of the interface are nearly parallel to each other, indicating a highly favorable interaction. The N-SH2 domain makes an additional polar contact through water-mediated interaction that takes place between the N-SH2 domain and the FGFR1 kinase region. The arginine residue 609 (R609) on the FGFR1 kinase also forms a salt bridge to the aspartate residue (D594) on the N-SH2 domain. The acid-base pair interacts with each other carry out a reduction–oxidation reaction that stabilizes the complex (Figure 7). Previous studies"