Which Italian patriot put down the Two Sicilies rebellion in the south of the country prior to the unification of Italy in 1861?
"of Sicily together as one state - the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. For the period prior to 1816, instead, historians refer to them separately with their own name, as they were separate kingdoms. Between 1816 and 1848, the island of Sicily experienced three popular revolts against Bourbon rule, including the revolution of independence of 1848, when the island was fully independent of Bourbon control for 16 months. In 1860, Sicily was invaded by a corps of volunteers, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi from the Kingdom of Sardinia. They successfully conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and incorporated the territory"
"of Agriculture and later Minister of Industry and Commerce and a Senator. Luigi Miceli Luigi Miceli (7 June 1824 in Longobardi, Italy – 30 December 1906, in Rome), was an Italian patriot, politician and a military figure, a capitan in the conflicts of the Risorgimento and a leading military figure to the Italian Liberation and Unification in 1861. Luigi Miceli was a young 22-year-old lawyer when he became a member of Giovane Italia (1844), he was the leading figure in the preparation to the Calabrian insurrection in 1847 and 1848. The same year (in 1848) The Calabrian insurrection failed, and"
"Sicilies were staunch supporters of a feudal system and that they had feared the traffic of ideas and had tried to keep their subjects insulated from the agricultural and industrial revolutions of northern Europe. The above-mentioned study by Denis Mack Smith is confirmed by the Italian historian and left wing politician Antonio Gramsci in his book ""The Southern Question"", by which the author emphasizes the ""absolutely antithetical conditions"" of Northern and Southern Italy at the time of the Italian Unification in 1861, when South and North united themselves again after more than one thousand years. Gramsci remarks that, in the"
"Siege of Gaeta (1860) The Siege of Gaeta was the concluding event of the war between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, part of the unification of Italy. It started on November 5, 1860 and ended February 13, 1861, and took place in Gaeta, in today's Southern Lazio (Italy). In September 1860, as the Garibaldine troops were moving towards the capital Naples (see Expedition of the Thousand), the king of Two Sicilies, Francis II, decided to leave the city on the advice of his Prime Minister Liborio Romano. At first, he planned to organise a"
"Luigi Miceli Luigi Miceli (7 June 1824 in Longobardi, Italy – 30 December 1906, in Rome), was an Italian patriot, politician and a military figure, a capitan in the conflicts of the Risorgimento and a leading military figure to the Italian Liberation and Unification in 1861. Luigi Miceli was a young 22-year-old lawyer when he became a member of Giovane Italia (1844), he was the leading figure in the preparation to the Calabrian insurrection in 1847 and 1848. The same year (in 1848) The Calabrian insurrection failed, and he escaped at first to Rome and later to Genoa under the"
"driving force for Italian unification or the ""Risorgimento"" (meaning the Resurgence or revival). It was the political and intellectual movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to Italian nationalism but it was based in the liberal middle classes and proved weak. Two major groups remained opposed, the South (called the Mezzogiorno) and the devout Catholics. The new government treated the South as a conquered province with ridicule for its ""backward"" and poverty stricken society, its poor grasp of the Italian"
"Gaeta by the King of Italy as a victory title in recognition of his role during the siege. Siege of Gaeta (1860) The Siege of Gaeta was the concluding event of the war between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, part of the unification of Italy. It started on November 5, 1860 and ended February 13, 1861, and took place in Gaeta, in today's Southern Lazio (Italy). In September 1860, as the Garibaldine troops were moving towards the capital Naples (see Expedition of the Thousand), the king of Two Sicilies, Francis II, decided to leave"
"Francesco Crispi Francesco Crispi (4 October 1818 – 12 August 1901) was an Italian patriot and statesman. He was among the main protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento and a close friend and supporter of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, and one of the architects of the unification of Italy in 1860. Crispi served as Italy's Prime Minister for six years, from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896; he was the first Prime Minister from Southern Italy. Crispi was internationally famous and often mentioned along with world statesmen such as Bismarck, Gladstone and Salisbury. Originally an enlightened Italian"
"the opponents at 18.15 p.m. that day. The first Piedmontese infantry entered Gaeta one day later, exactly when Francis II and his wife consigned themselves to the victors, hailed by the Neapolitans soldiers who had remained faithful until the very end. The Kingdom of Two Sicilies ended some days later when the last organized centre of resistance, Civitella del Tronto, surrendered on March 20, 1861. Casualties amounted to 829 dead and 2,000 wounded for the Neapolitans. Two hundred civilians fell during the siege, while the Piedmontese had 46 dead and 321 wounded. General Enrico Cialdini was later created Duke of"
"pressure. Under the same pressure, the First Italian War of Independence was declared on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and the Kingdom of Sardinia lost. Garibaldi, a native of Nice (then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia), participated in an uprising in Piedmont in 1834, was sentenced to death, and escaped to South America. He spent fourteen years there, taking part in several wars, and returned to Italy in 1848. After the Revolutions of 1848, the apparent leader of the Italian unification movement was Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was popular amongst southern"
"is dotted with the fruits of their success – various family ""palazzi"" remain standing today as a testament to their sometimes meteoric rise to power. Modern Italy became a nation-state during the Risorgimento on 17 March 1861, when most of the states of the peninsula and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies were united under King Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, hitherto monarch of the Kingdom of Sardinia, a realm that included Piedmont. The architect of Italian unification was Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel. Rome itself remained for a further decade under the"
"Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi (; 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general and nationalist. A republican, he contributed to the Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's ""fathers of the fatherland"" along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi is also known as the """"Hero of the Two Worlds"""" because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe. He commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually"
"1861 to 1865 he endeavoured to promote agreement between the leaders of the Left. From 1878 onwards worked to secure the return of Crispi to power. He died in March 1885, two years before the realization of this objective. Nicola Fabrizi Nicola Fabrizi (4 April 1804 – 31 March 1885) was an Italian patriot, born at Sassi, Garfagnana under the jurisdiction of Modena. Fabrizi was one of the most militant and dedicated leaders of the Risorgimento, the movement aimed at the unification of Italy. He took part in the Modena insurrection of 1831, and attempted to succour Ancona, but was"
"valor. She was laid to rest in the Chilean mausoleum of the Italian Society. Giuseppina Vadalà Giuseppina Vadalà () (Messina, 1824–Santiago de Chile, October 7, 1914) was an Italian patriot. Giuseppina Vadalà fought together with her sister Paolina during the Siege of Messina, the revolt for Italian unification that took place in Messina on September 5, 1848. Messinese by birth, she was the daughter of the patriot Pietro Vadalà and wife of Orazio Nicosia, another fighter who joined the revolt against the Bourbons of Naples. Giuseppina had three children: Totò, Orazio, and Bianca. When her elder son Totò grew up,"
"with you! Seek only the liberation of our land. All together, the work will be easy and short. To arms then!"" On that occasion, the Hero of Two Worlds hoisted, by himself, on top of the cylindrical tower of the Norman - Swabian castle of Salemi, the flag proclaiming Salemi the first capital of Italy;, a title it held for one day. Precisely in Salemi was promulgated one of the first laws of the unified nation, thus giving the city the honor of being the first capital of liberated Italy. Salemi, therefore, stands to Turin (where on 17 March 1861"
"Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel II (; full name: ""Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia""; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861. At that point, he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet of ""Father of the Fatherland"" (). The monument Altare della Patria (or ""Vittoriano"") in Rome was built in his honor. Victor Emmanuel was born"
"Giuseppe Cesare Abba Giuseppe Cesare Abba (6 October 1838 – 6 November 1910) was an Italian patriot and writer. As a participant on the expedition of i Mille he fought next to Giuseppe Garibaldi in his conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860. He was born in Cairo Montenotte (Liguria, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont). Abba studied in the Academy of Fine Arts in Genoa, which he left in 1859 when entered a cavalry regiment in Pinerolo. In 1860 he moved to Parma, and then joined Garibaldi's volunteers. He took part in most of the"
"Carlo Troya Carlo Troya (also spelled Troja; 7 June 1784 – 28 July 1858) was a historian and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Two Sicilies from 3 April 1848 until 15 May 1848. Politically, he was a liberal Neo-Guelph who supported Italian unification. His primary historical interest was the study of the Early Middle Ages, to which he made lasting contributions. Born in Naples, Troya was the son of Michele Troja and the brother of Ferdinando Troya (). Master of Law, he was involved in 1820-1821 Neapolitan insurrections: holding the position of Basilicata Intendant, he worked for"
"August 1854, while the Sicilian capital was being ravaged by a cholera outbreak. He had reached the rank of colonel. Luigi Gabrielli Luigi Cante Gabrielli-Quercita (1790–1854) was an Italian soldier and military writer. Born in Naples to a family originally from Gubbio, Luigi was the son of Antonio Gabrielli, a nobleman of progressive ideas who in 1799 had supported the Parthenopean Republic against the Bourbon kings. In 1809, at the age of 19, Luigi enlisted in the army and served under Joachim Murat, the newly appointed king of the Two Sicilies, until 1815, when Ferdinand I was restored. As king"
"Italy on 17 March 1861. The sea venture was the only desired action that was jointly decided by the ""four fathers of the nation"" Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II, and Camillo Cavour, pursuing divergent goals. Crispi utilized his political influence to bolster the Italian unification project. The various groups participated in the expedition for a variety of reasons: for Garibaldi, it was to achieve a united Italy; to the Sicilian bourgeoisie, an independent Sicily as part of the kingdom of Italy, and for the mass farmers, land distribution and the end of oppression After the fall of Palermo,"
"Italian tricolour as the national flag, and promised special institutions for the Kingdom. On October 21, 1860 a plebiscite regarding the unification with Italy was conducted. The outcome of the referendum was 432,053 (99%) in favour and only 667 in opposition to the unification. With three separate armies still fighting within the Kingdom, this outcome was far from an accurate depiction of public opinion. Substantial inconsistencies as well as the absence of secret ballot further complicate the interpretation of the referendum, which Dennis Mack Smith describes as being ""obviously rigged"". Most Sicilians viewed the unification as acceptance of the House"
"when the French fleet, whose presence had hitherto prevented an attack by sea, was withdrawn, they still resisted. It was not until 13 February 1861 that the fortress capitulated. Thus the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ceased to exist and its territory was incorporated into that of the Kingdom of Sardinia (soon renamed the Kingdom of Italy), and Francis II was deposed. Francis and Maria Sophia first lived in Rome as guests of the Pope, where they maintained a government in exile recognized by some Catholic powers including France, Spain, Austria and Bavaria. After the Prussian victory against Austria in"
"Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi The Monumento a Giuseppe Garibaldi is an equestrian sculpture featuring Giuseppe Garibaldi, located on Plaza Italia, a landmark in the Palermo neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then led the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. He has been dubbed the ""Hero of the Two Worlds"" in tribute to his military expeditions"
"support the unification of Italy. Francesco de Sanctis was one of the most important scholars of Italian language and literature in the 19th century; he supported the Revolution of 1848 in Naples and for this reason he was imprisoned for three years; his reputation as a lecturer on Dante in Turin brought him the appointment of professor at ETH Zürich in 1856; he returned to Naples as Minister of Public Education after the unification of Italy. The writer and patriot Luigi Settembrini published anonymously the ""Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies"", a scathing indictment of the Bourbon government"
"Italia, in the Palermo neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then contributed to the independence of Uruguay, leading the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. He has been dubbed the ""Hero of the Two Worlds"" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe. Donated to the city by Italian residents, the monument"
"down by King Ferdinand II's army, Settimo escaped to Malta, where he lived the next twelve years in exile. Following the success of the ""Risorgimento"" movement during 1860 and 1861, Settimo was elected as President of the Senate of the newly created Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy, serving until his death. <br> Ruggero Settimo Ruggero Settimo (19 May 1778 – 2 May 1863) was an Italian politician, diplomat, and patriotic activist from Sicily. He was a counter-admiral of the Sicilian Fleet. He fought alongside the British fleet in the Mediterranean Sea against the French under Napoleon Bonaparte. He reconquered"
"Giovanni Nicotera Giovanni Nicotera (9 September 1828 – 13 June 1894) was an Italian patriot and politician. His surname is pronounced , with the stress on the second syllable. Nicotera was born at Sambiase, in Calabria, in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Joining the Giuseppe Mazzini's movement of ""Giovine Italia"" (""Young Italy"") he was among the combatants at Naples in May 1848, and battle with Garibaldi during the Republic of Rome (1849). After the fall of Rome he fled to Piedmont. In 1857, he took part to the expedition to Sapri, led by Pisacane, but shortly after their landing"
"Settembrini and Filippo Agresti, a secret society named the Grande Società dell'Unità Italiana, the aim of which was the overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty. Spaventa was elected to parliament, where he joined the effort to give Neapolitan patriotism a national dimension. This included lending strong support to the sending of troops of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to fight in the First Italian War of Independence. Shortly after granting the constitution, the Bourbon king of Naples, Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies, promptly abolished it on 15 May 1848 and proceeded to bombard the anti-royalist strongholds of Naples. Spaventa,"
"on 20 September 1870, he participated in the capture of Rome, which completed the unification of Italy. On 16 December 1873, he died of cholera at Aceh Bay in Sumatra en route for Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), where he was slated to take command of a commercial expedition. Nino Bixio Nino Bixio (; ; 2 October 1821 – 16 December 1873) was an Italian general, patriot and politician, one of the most prominent figures in the Italian unification. He was born Gerolamo Bixio in Genoa. While still a boy, Bixio was compelled by his parents to embrace a career in the"
"Amilcare Cipriani Amilcare Cipriani (October 18, 1844 in Anzio – April 30, 1918 in Paris) was an Italian socialist, anarchist and patriot. Cipriani was born in Anzio in a family originally from Rimini. In June 1859, at the age of 15 he fought with Giuseppe Garibaldi alongside Piedmontese troops in the Battle of Solferino in the Second Italian War of Independence. In 1860, he deserted from the followed Garibaldi in the Expedition of the Thousand (""Spedizione dei Mille"") in Sicily in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the Bourbons. Reinserted in the ranks of the"
"In 1860, uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided Garibaldi with an opportunity to begin the conquest of Southern Italy. He gathered about a thousand volunteers – called ""i Mille"" (the Thousand), or, as popularly known, the Redshirts – in two ships named ""Il Piemonte"" and ""Il Lombardo"", and left from Genoa on 5 May. On 11 May, Garibaldi and his forces landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily. Garibaldi rapidly gained control of the island, declaring himself dictator of Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy on 14"
"for Nice and Savoy being ceded to France. The Franco-Sardinian forces quickly defeated the Austrians during the spring of 1859 and after the Battle of Solferino, Austria ceded most of Lombardy and the city of Milan to France under the Treaty of Zürich, who transferred it to Sardinia in exchange for Savoy and Nice. During the war, Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi would emerge as a leader for the unification of Italy. Garibaldi, initially supported a republican revolution to bring the peninsula together. However, he eventually concluded that only the Kingdom of Sardinia could unify the Italian states into one nation."
"Inno al Re Inno al Re (), composed by Giovanni Paisiello in 1787, was the national anthem of the southern European kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until the Italian unification in 1860. These are the lyrics which were used during the time of the kingdom. In the example, below the name of Ferdinand could be replaced by whichever Bourbon king was ruling the Two Sicilies at the time. The ""double throne of his fathers"" is a reference to the fact that Naples and the Sicily were two kingdoms, hence the name of the country ""Two"" Sicilies. A new"