Which 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen is known for the industrial production of steel and armaments and has been known as the 'Arsenal of the Reich'?
"Bombing of Essen in World War II During World War II, the industrial town of Essen, was a target of Allied strategic bombing. The Krupp factory was an important industrial target, Essen was a ""primary target"" designated for area bombing by the February 1942 British Area bombing directive. As part of the campaign in 1943 known as the Battle of the Ruhr, Essen was a regular target. In the period 1939 to 1945 the Royal Air Force (RAF) dropped a total of 36,429 long tons of bombs on Essen. March 1942, July 1942, August 1942, September 1942, October 1942, November"
"guns, utilities, and hundreds of other commodities. The dynasty began in 1587 when a trader named Arndt Krupp moved to Essen and joined the merchants guild. He then began buying vacated real estate from families who fled the city due to the Black Death and became one of the richest men in the city. Over the next three centuries his descendants began producing small guns during the Thirty Years' War and over time gradually acquired fulling mills, coal mines, and an iron forge. During the Napoleonic Wars, Friedrich Krupp founded the Gusstahlfabrik (Cast Steel Works) and began producing smelted steel"
"has campuses in Essen and Duisburg, and a university hospital in Essen. Duisburg is a result of numerous incorporations of surrounding towns and smaller cities. The city is renowned for its steel industry. All blast furnaces in the Ruhr are now located in Duisburg. In 2000, 49% of all hot metal and 34.4% of all pig iron in Germany were produced here. It also has a large brewery, König. In the early Middle Ages it was a royal court of the Franks, first mentioned in writing in 883. Duisburg is in the Lowland Rhine area at the confluence of the"
"Essen became so important that a sign facing the main railway station welcomed visitor Benito Mussolini to the ""Armory of the Reich"" in 1937. The Krupp Works also were the main reason for the beginning in the mid-19th century. Essen reached a population of 100,000 in 1896. Other industrialists, such as Friedrich Grillo, who in 1892 donated the Grillo-Theater to the city, also played a major role in the shaping of the city and the Ruhr area in the late 19th and early 20th century. Riots broke out in February 1917 following a breakdown in the supply of flour. There"
"in Essen any more, old industrial enterprises such as ThyssenKrupp and RWE remain large employers in the city. Foundations such as the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach-Stiftung still promote the well-being of the city, for example by supporting a hospital and donating €55,000,000 for a new building for the Museum Folkwang, one of the Ruhr area's major art museums. The administration of Essen had for a long time been in the hands of the princess-abbesses as heads of the Imperial Abbey of Essen. However, from the 14th century onwards, the city council increasingly grew in importance. In 1335, it"
"industry. In 1871, it had a largely rural population of 41 million, while by 1913 this had increased to a predominantly urban population of 68 million. For 30 years, Germany struggled against Britain to be Europe's leading industrial power. Representative of Germany's industry was the steel giant Krupp, whose first factory was built in Essen. By 1902, the factory alone became ""A great city with its own streets, its own police force, fire department and traffic laws. There are 150 kilometres of rail, 60 different factory buildings, 8,500 machine tools, seven electrical stations, 140 kilometres of underground cable and 46"
"Venetian Arsenal The Venetian Arsenal () is a complex of former shipyards and armories clustered together in the city of Venice in northern Italy. Owned by the state, the Arsenal was responsible for the bulk of the Venetian republic's naval power during the middle part of the second millennium AD. It was ""one of the earliest large-scale industrial enterprises in history"". Construction of the Arsenal began around 1104, during Venice's republican era. It became the largest industrial complex in Europe before the Industrial Revolution, spanning an area of about , or about fifteen percent of Venice. Surrounded by a rampart,"
"in the year 938 by the emperor Otto I. Steele, Essen Steele is a suburb of Essen, Germany. It is bordered on the south by the Ruhr river, and by the suburbs of Kray in the north, Leithe in the northeast, Freisenbruch in the east, Horst in the southeast, Überruhr in the south, Bergerhausen in the southwest, and Huttrop in the west. It has two railway stations, Essen-Steele station and Essen-Steele Ost station. Steele became a city in the Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr area) in 1578, and in 1905 its population was 12,988. In 1929 it became a suburb of Essen. A"
"Dresden Castle Dresden Castle or Royal Palace ( or ) is one of the oldest buildings in Dresden, Germany. For almost 400 years, it was the residence of the electors (1547–1806) and kings (1806–1918) of Saxony of the Albertine line of the House of Wettin. It is known for the different architectural styles employed, from Baroque to Neo-renaissance. Today, the residential castle is a museum complex that contains the Historic and New Green Vault, the Numismatic Cabinet, the Collection of Prints, Drawings and Photographs and the Dresden Armory with the Turkish Chamber. It also houses an art library and the"
"city. It existed until the 17th century when it became obsolete. Besides this, two further armouries were established shortly after. One was the Ducal Armoury (""Herzogliche Harnischkammer""), founded after Duke Albert was granted an independent dukedom in 1485. Housed in Dresden Castle, it contained the personal weapons of the ruling House of Wettin. Furthermore, Prince Elector Augustus founded the Arsenal of the Saxon State (""Kurfürstliches Landeszeughaus"") containing Saxony's weapons of war, such as cannons. The Ducal Armoury (""Herzogliche Harnischkammer"") is the direct predecessor of today’s ""Rüstkammer"". It was founded after Albert III, Duke of Saxony, (""Albert the Bold"") established Meissen"
"Spandau Arsenal Spandau Arsenal was the center for development of military small arms for Imperial Germany from the Industrial Revolution until 1919. Spandau engineered and tested improved infantry weapons. The Royal Prussian Rifle Factory was established on the river Havel at Potsdam in 1722 by Frederick William I of Prussia. The facility was leased to private manufacturers until machinery was moved upstream to the confluence with river Spree in the westernmost Berlin borough of Spandau about 1850. Early arsenal operations were east of the Spandau Citadel, but the arsenal later expanded into the Renaissance fortress. Spandau became the focus of"
"Steele, Essen Steele is a suburb of Essen, Germany. It is bordered on the south by the Ruhr river, and by the suburbs of Kray in the north, Leithe in the northeast, Freisenbruch in the east, Horst in the southeast, Überruhr in the south, Bergerhausen in the southwest, and Huttrop in the west. It has two railway stations, Essen-Steele station and Essen-Steele Ost station. Steele became a city in the Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr area) in 1578, and in 1905 its population was 12,988. In 1929 it became a suburb of Essen. A Diet of the Holy Roman Empire was held here"
"Dresden Armoury The Dresden Armoury or Dresden Armory (German: Rüstkammer), also known as the Dresden Historical Museum (German: ""Historisches Museum Dresden""), is one of the world's largest collections of ceremonial weapons, armour and historical textiles. It is part of the Dresden State Art Collections and is located in Dresden Castle in Dresden. The Turkish Chamber (German: ""Türckische Cammer"") is a separate collection within the Dresden Armoury that is focused on art from the Ottoman Empire. The oldest weapons collection in Dresden, the City Armoury (""Städtische Harnischkammer"") was founded in 1409, containing the weapons used by the citizens to defend the"
"in 1886, it is a so-called ""Allianzwappen"" (""arms of alliance"") and consists of two separate shields under a single crown. Most other coats of arms of cities show a wall instead of a crown. The crown, however, does not refer to the city of Essen itself, but instead to the secularized ecclesiastical principality of Essen under the reign of the princess-abbesses. The dexter (heraldically right) escutcheon shows the double-headed Imperial Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, granted to the city in 1623. The sinister (heraldically left) escutcheon is one of the oldest emblems of Essen and shows a sword that"
"Ansbach Ansbach (; ) is a city in the German state of Bavaria. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the Fränkische Rezat (Rezat River), a tributary of the Main river. In 2004, its population was 40,723. Developed in the 8th century as a Benedictine monastery, it became the seat of the Hohenzollern family in 1331. In 1460, the Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach lived here. The city has a castle known as Margrafen–Schloss, built between 1704–1738. It was not badly damaged during the World Wars and hence"
"Glen Dimplex. ""AGO"" specialises in biomasse and cogeneration power stations. See Kulmbach Kulmbach is the capital of the district of Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany. The town is famous for Plassenburg Castle, which houses the largest tin soldier museum in the world, and for its famous sausages, or ""Bratwürste"". Kulmbach is located in the middle of the Bavarian province of Upper Franconia, about northwest of the city of Bayreuth. To the south of Kulmbach, the River Main begins at the confluence of its headstreams, the White Main and Red Main. Kulmbach is divided into the following districts (with population in"
"are weapons, suits of chain mail, helmets, flags and costumes. Dresden Armoury The Dresden Armoury or Dresden Armory (German: Rüstkammer), also known as the Dresden Historical Museum (German: ""Historisches Museum Dresden""), is one of the world's largest collections of ceremonial weapons, armour and historical textiles. It is part of the Dresden State Art Collections and is located in Dresden Castle in Dresden. The Turkish Chamber (German: ""Türckische Cammer"") is a separate collection within the Dresden Armoury that is focused on art from the Ottoman Empire. The oldest weapons collection in Dresden, the City Armoury (""Städtische Harnischkammer"") was founded in 1409,"
"Ottoman Empire. It displays more than 600 objects of art from the Ottoman Empire, making it one of the oldest and most significant collections outside Turkey. Between the 16th and the 19th centuries, the electors of Saxony, motivated by their passion for collecting and their desire for princely prestige, amassed a wealth of ""turquerie"". Dresden Castle Dresden Castle or Royal Palace ( or ) is one of the oldest buildings in Dresden, Germany. For almost 400 years, it was the residence of the electors (1547–1806) and kings (1806–1918) of Saxony of the Albertine line of the House of Wettin. It"
"of the Rhenish Republic in 1923, the terms ""Rhein- und Ruhrfrage"" or ""Rhein-Ruhr-Frage"" are used in German. As early as the beginning of the 1920s, the ""Ruhrfrage"" was an important subject of dispute between France and Germany. From the French perspective, the region and a big portion of the industries of the Rhein and Ruhr, such as the arms industry of Krupp in Essen and Rheinmetall in Düsseldorf, was known as the ""Armory of Germany"". After France had suffered at the hands of this ""armory"" in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 and the First World War of 1914-1918, the negotiations"
"designed to alter the public's perception of war. The original armory building was completed in 1876 as an armory for Kaiser Wilhelm I. The Arsenal main building in the center of Dresden's Albert City served as an armory for roughly twenty years, until it was transformed into a museum in 1897. Since then, the main building of the arsenal has housed the Royal Arsenal Collection, the Royal Saxon Army Museum, and in 1923 became the Saxon Army Museum. After 1938, the museum became the Army Museum of the Wehrmacht, and in 1972 the Army Museum of the GDR. Seven months"
"government small arms production through the Second Industrial Revolution until the arsenal was demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Following demilitarization, arsenal machinery was used for manufacture of civilian goods by the state owned conglomerate ""Deutsche Werke AG."" By the 1930s, the arsenal became a laboratory for development of organophosphate insecticides. The citadel became a museum following World War II. Weapons manufactured at Spandau included: Spandau Arsenal Spandau Arsenal was the center for development of military small arms for Imperial Germany from the Industrial Revolution until 1919. Spandau engineered and tested improved infantry weapons. The Royal Prussian Rifle"
"from a Communist point of view. Today, the ""Zeughaus"" is the site of the ""Deutsches Historisches Museum"" (German Historical Museum). Zeughaus The Zeughaus (old Arsenal) in Berlin, Germany is the oldest structure at Unter den Linden. It was built by the Brandenburg Elector Frederick III between 1695 and 1730 in the baroque style, to be used as an artillery arsenal for the display of cannons from Brandenburg and Prussia. The first building master was Johann Arnold Nering. After his death in 1695, he was followed by Martin Grünberg, then Andreas Schlüter and finally Jean de Bodt. Andreas Schlüter designed the"
"arcade commemorating the siege. Today, the foundation stone is in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn. Gebhard's eventual defeat changed the balance of power in the Electoral College of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1589, Ernst of Bavaria became uncontested Prince-elector of Cologne, the first Wittelsbach to hold the position. Wittelsbach authority in northwestern German territories endured until the mid-18th century, with the election of a succession of Bavarian princes to the archbishop's throne and to the Prince-Elector's seat. This gave the family two voices in the choice of imperial candidates, which had ramifications in the 18th century. In 1740, Charles"
"Essen Crown The Essen Crown (German: ""Essener Krone"") is an Ottonian golden crown in the Essen Cathedral Treasury. It was formerly claimed that it might have been the crown with which the three-year-old Otto III was crowned King of the Romans in 983, which is the source of its common name, the Childhood Crown of Otto III (""Kinderkrone Ottos III""). However, this idea most probably derives from the wishful thinking of early twentieth century historians of Essen and it is now widely rejected. However it is certainly the oldest surviving lily crown in the world. In its shape the crown"
"arms, see: Coat of arms of Saxony or in French: House of Wettin The House of Wettin () is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its origins can be traced back to the town of Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt. The Wettins gradually rose to power within the Holy Roman Empire. Members of the family became the rulers of several medieval states, starting with the Saxon Eastern March in 1030. Other states they gained were Meissen"
"exhibit, located within the cathedral, is the Golden Madonna of Essen (around 980), the oldest known sculpture of the Madonna and the oldest free-standing sculpture north of the Alps. Other exhibits include the alleged ""child crown"" of Emperor Otto III, the eldest preserved seven-branched Christian candelabrum and several other art works from Ottonian times. Opened in 1913, the then-New Synagogue served as the central meeting place of Essen's pre-war Jewish community. The building ranks as one of the largest and most impressive testimonies of Jewish culture in pre-war Germany. In post-war Germany, the former house of worship was bought by"
"as the centre of Albertine Saxony and named himself Margrave of Meissen in 1485. A continuous growth in the collection of parade weapons occurred during the reign of his son, George, Duke of Saxony (""George the Bearded""), who named Dresden the capital of his realm. After George's grandson, Duke Maurice, gained the title of Saxon prince elector in 1547, the Ducal Armory was renamed Electoral Armory (""Kurfürstliche Rüstkammer"") and thus gained electoral status. It was located on the ground floor of the ""Hausmannsturm"", the tower of Dresden Castle. Prince Elector Augustus initiated the museum era of the armoury by taking"
"of steel increased only by 20% in 1943. Hitler and Speer were forced to cut planned increases in production and the disruption caused the ""Zulieferungskrise"" (sub-components crisis). The increase of aircraft production for the ""Luftwaffe"" also came to an abrupt halt. Monthly production failed to increase between July 1943 and March 1944. A raid on Essen on 8 March 1943 destroyed 160 acres of the city centre and caused 75% destruction in a further 450 acres. Further attacks on the industrial city Kassel dehoused 123,800 people (62% of the population) and killed 6,000 civilians. Tiger tank production at the main"
"sent to the 1815 Congress of Vienna, is the protagonist of the 1899 operetta ""Wiener Blut"" and the 1942 film based on it. Imperial County of Reuss Reuss () was the name of several historical states located in present-day Thuringia, Germany. Its rulers, the House of Reuss, named all of their male children ""Heinrich"" () after the end of the 12th century in honour of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1190–97), to whom they owed the estates of Weida and Gera. The head of each branch of the family bore the German title Fürst (Prince) as did their male children."
"of Defense Franz Josef Jung to institute a new award for bravery. The ' (Badge of Honor of the German Armed Forces) series was instituted on 10 October 2008. However, it does not have the traditional form of the Iron Cross (instead more closely resembling the Prussian Military Merit Cross), but is seen as a supplement of existing awards of the '. Iron Cross The Iron Cross (, abbreviated EK) is a former military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (1871–1918) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). It was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of"
"(both established in 1972) were merged into the University of Duisburg-Essen with campuses in both cities and a university hospital in Essen. In 1958, Essen was chosen to serve as the seat to a Roman Catholic diocese (often referred to as ""Ruhrbistum"" or ""diocese of the Ruhr""). Founded around 845, Essen remained a small town within the sphere of influence of an important ecclesiastical principality (Essen Abbey) until the onset of industrialization. The city then — especially through the Krupp family iron works — became one of Germany's most important coal and steel centers. Essen, until the 1970s, attracted workers"
"century, Dresden was particularly well known for its camera works and its cigarette factories. Between 1918 and 1934, Dresden was capital of the first Free State of Saxony. Dresden was a centre of European modern art until 1933. During the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, a large military facility called Albertstadt was built. It had a capacity of up to 20,000 military personnel at the beginning of the First World War. The garrison saw only limited use between 1918 and 1934, but was then reactivated in preparation for the Second World War. Its usefulness was limited by attacks"
"Rothe Erde Rothe Erde is a district of Aachen, Germany with large-scale development in heavy industry. It is sub-district 34 of the Aachen-Mitte Stadtbezirk (which is roughly equivalent to a city borough). It lies between the districts of Forst and Eilendorf. Rothe Erde is a historically important center for the steel industry. In 1845 the Wallonian Jacques Piedboeuf, together with Hugo Jakob Talbot and the mechanical engineers Johann Leonhard Neuman and Theodor Esser, founded the steelworks OHG ""Piedboeuf & Co, Aachener Walz- und Hammerwerk"" on the site of a former estate. It remained until being taken over in 1851 by"