In computing, what is meant by the initials SQL?
"what a database system is doing - managing data. Mimer SQL Mimer SQL is an SQL-based relational database management system produced by the Swedish company ""Mimer Information Technology AB"" (Mimer AB), formerly known as ""Upright Database Technology AB"". It was originally developed as a research project at the Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden in the 1970s before being developed into a commercial product. The database has been deployed in a wide range of application situations, including the NHS ""Pulse"" blood transfusion service in the UK, Volvo Cars production line in Sweden and automotive dealers in Australia. It has sometimes been one"
"SQL SQL ( ""S-Q-L"", ""sequel""; Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS). It is particularly useful in handling structured data where there are relations between different entities/variables of the data. SQL offers two main advantages over older read/write APIs like ISAM or VSAM: first, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command; and second, it eliminates the need to specify ""how"" to reach a record, e.g. with or"
"the initial word in a statement, which is almost always a verb. In the case of SQL, these verbs are: For example, the command to insert a row into table employees: INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name, fname) VALUES ('John', 'Capita', 'xcapit00'); Most SQL database implementations extend their SQL capabilities by providing imperative, i.e. procedural languages. Examples of these are Oracle's PL/SQL and DB2's SQL_PL. Data manipulation languages tend to have many different flavors and capabilities between database vendors. There have been a number of standards established for SQL by ANSI, but vendors still provide their own extensions to the standard"
"SQL is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standardized query language developed specifically to write database queries. Each DBMS may have its own language, but most relational . Reports and queries are the two primary forms of the retrieved data from a database. There are some overlaps between them, but queries generally select a relatively small portion of the database, while reports show larger amounts of data. Queries also present the data in a standard format and usually display it on the monitor; whereas reports allow formatting of the output however you like and is normally printed. Reports are designed"
"adjustments. SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Ted Codd in the early 1970s. This version, initially called ""SEQUEL"" (""Structured English Query Language""), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasi-relational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s. Chamberlin and Boyce's first attempt of a relational database language was Square, but it was difficult to use due to subscript notation. After moving to the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1973,"
"Select (SQL) The SQL SELECT statement returns a result set of records from one or more tables. A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or database views. In most applications, codice_1 is the most commonly used data query language (DQL) command. As SQL is a declarative programming language, codice_1 queries specify a result set, but do not specify how to calculate it. The database translates the query into a ""query plan"" which may vary between executions, database versions and database software. This functionality is called the ""query optimizer"" as it is responsible for"
"Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet). Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users. The history of Microsoft SQL Server begins with the first Microsoft SQL"
"lifecycle, after analysis and design have been performed, it is possible to automatically generate data type declarations"", and procedure or subroutine templates. The structured query language (SQL) is a standardized language for querying information from a database. SQL was first introduced as a commercial database system in 1979 and has since been the favorite query language for database management systems running on minicomputers and mainframes. Increasingly, however, SQL is being supported by PC database systems because it supports distributed databases (see definition of distributed database). This enables several users on a computer network to access the same database simultaneously. Although"
"a PhD degree in electrical engineering from Stanford University. After graduating, Chamberlin went to work for IBM Research at the Yorktown Heights research facility in New York, where he had previously had a summer internship. Chamberlin is probably best known as co-inventor of SQL (Structured Query Language), the world's most widely used database language. Developed in the mid-1970s by Chamberlin and Raymond Boyce, SQL was the first commercially successful language for relational databases. Chamberlin also was one of the managers of IBM's System R project, which produced the first SQL implementation and developed much of IBM's relational database technology. System"
"SQL, T-SQL, Java, or C/C++), triggers, referential integrity, row-level locking, replication, high availability, proxy tables, and events (scheduled and system events). Strong encryption is supported for both database files and client-server communication. SQL Anywhere is used in several contexts, including as an embedded database, particularly as an application data store. For example, it is used in Intuit QuickBooks, in network management products, and in backup products. Its ability to be used with minimal administration is a distinguishing feature in this role. It can be used as a database server for work groups or for small or medium-sized businesses. It can"
"SQLite SQLite (, ) is a relational database management system contained in a C programming library. In contrast to many other database management systems, SQLite is not a client–server database engine. Rather, it is embedded into the end program. SQLite is ACID-compliant and implements most of the SQL standard, generally following PostgreSQL syntax. However, SQLite uses a dynamically and weakly typed SQL syntax that does not guarantee the domain integrity. This means that one can, for example, insert a string into an column defined as an integer. SQLite will attempt to convert data between formats where appropriate, the string ""123"""
"of the database server by adding a function, that can be evaluated in standard query language (usually SQL) statements. The standard distinguishes between scalar and table functions. A scalar function returns only a single value (or NULL), whereas a table function returns a (relational) table comprising zero or more rows, each row with one or more columns. User-defined functions in SQL are declared using the codice_1 statement. For example, a function that converts Celsius to Fahrenheit might be declared like this: Once created, a user-defined function may be used in expressions in SQL statements. For example, it can be invoked"
"The database structural query language SQL implements ternary logic as a means of handling comparisons with NULL field content. The original intent of NULL in SQL was to represent missing data in a database, i.e. the assumption that an actual value exists, but that the value is not currently recorded in the database. SQL uses a common fragment of the Kleene K3 logic, restricted to AND, OR, and NOT tables. In SQL, the intermediate value is intended to be interpreted as UNKNOWN. Explicit comparisons with NULL, including that of another NULL yields UNKNOWN. However this choice of semantics is abandoned"
"they began work on SEQUEL. The acronym SEQUEL was later changed to SQL because ""SEQUEL"" was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Engineering Limited company. In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now Oracle Corporation) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based RDBMS with aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central Intelligence Agency, and other U.S. government agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software, Inc. introduced the first commercially available implementation of SQL, Oracle V2 (Version2) for VAX computers. By 1986, ANSI and ISO standard groups officially"
"SQLJ SQLJ is a deprecated working title for efforts to combine Java and SQL. It was a common effort started around 1997 by engineers from IBM, Oracle, Compaq, Informix, Sybase, Cloudscape and Sun Microsystems. It consists of the three parts: 0, 1 and 2. Part 0 describes the embedding of SQL statements into Java programs. SQLJ part 0 is the basis for part 10 of the standard, aka SQL Object Language Bindings (SQL/OLB). SQLJ parts 1 and 2 describes the converse possibility to use Java classes (routines and types) from SQL statements. Parts 1 and 2 are the basis for"
"structures (using Analysis Services). For SQL Server 2012 and later, this IDE has been renamed SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT). Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet). Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications"
"allows data to be transmitted in a comprehensible format for people and machines. SQL (structured query language), on the other hand, is an industry-standard, nearly universal format for compiling information in a database. SQL databases are essential for a business such as Amazon.com, with its vast catalog of products, attributes, and consumer reviews. Semantic interoperability goes a step further than syntactic interoperability. Systems with semantic interoperability can not only exchange data effortlessly, but also interpret and communicate that data to human users in a meaningful, actionable way. Distributed functions and processing interoperability focus on the ability to create new products,"
"SQL as indexed views (Microsoft SQL Server) or materialised views (Oracle, PostgreSQL). A view may, among other factors, represent information in a format convenient for querying, and the index ensures that queries against the view are optimised physically. The more common approach is to denormalize the logical data design. With care this can achieve a similar improvement in query response, but at a cost—it is now the database designer's responsibility to ensure that the denormalized database does not become inconsistent. This is done by creating rules in the database called ""constraints"", that specify how the redundant copies of information must"
"Join (SQL) An SQL join clause - corresponding to a join operation in relational algebra - combines columns from one or more tables in a relational database. It creates a set that can be saved as a table or used as it is. A codice_1 is a means for combining columns from one (self-join) or more tables by using values common to each. ANSI-standard SQL specifies five types of codice_1: codice_3, codice_4, codice_5, codice_6 and codice_7. As a special case, a table (base table, view, or joined table) can codice_1 to itself in a ""self-join"". A programmer declares a codice_1"
"placing the source into its own library. Generally speaking all libraries created by IBM for use by the operating system begin with the letter 'Q'. IBM Standard Libraries: Most Database management systems (DBMS) use SQL-based terminology to describe objects. The AS/400's terminology is unique and may have generated some confusion. High-level programming languages have often been preferred over SQL with AS/400 programming, due to actual or perceived performance reasons. As SQL programming has become more common on the AS/400, both traditional and SQL-based methods have become available to create and use objects, depending on preference or need. For the most"
"SQL (Structured Query Language) query language is more or less the same on all relational database applications. For clarification, a database server is simply a server that maintains services related to clients via database applications. DB-Engines lists over 300 DBMSs in its ranking. The foundations for modeling large sets of data were first introduced by Charles Bachman in 1969. Bachman introduced Data Structure Diagrams (DSDs) as a means to graphically represent data. DSDs provided a means to represent the relationships between different data entities. In 1970, Codd introduced the concept that users of a database should be ignorant of the"
"a programming interface that left the SQL as plain text until it was called. Dynamic SQL systems became a major focus for SQL vendors during the 1980s. Older mainframe databases, and the newer microcomputer based systems that were based on them, generally did not have a SQL-like command processor between the user and the database engine. Instead, the data was accessed directly by the program – a programming library in the case of large mainframe systems, or a command line interface or interactive forms system in the case of dBASE and similar applications. Data from dBASE could not generally be"
"NoSQL A NoSQL (originally referring to ""non SQL"" or ""non relational"") database provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases. Such databases have existed since the late 1960s, but did not obtain the ""NoSQL"" moniker until a surge of popularity in the early twenty-first century, triggered by the needs of Web 2.0 companies. NoSQL databases are increasingly used in big data and real-time web applications. NoSQL systems are also sometimes called ""Not only SQL"" to emphasize that they may support SQL-like query languages, or sit"
"allow attackers to spoof identity, tamper with existing data, cause repudiation issues such as voiding transactions or changing balances, allow the complete disclosure of all data on the system, destroy the data or make it otherwise unavailable, and become administrators of the database server. In a 2012 study, it was observed that the average web application received 4 attack campaigns per month, and retailers received twice as many attacks as other industries. The first public discussions of SQL injection started appearing around 1998; for example, a 1998 article in Phrack Magazine. SQL injection (SQLI) was considered one of the top"
"in relational databases. By 1974, Chamberlin and Boyce published “SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language” which detailed their refinements to SQUARE and introduced us to the data retrieval aspects of SEQUEL. It was one of the first languages to use Edgar F. Codd's relational model. SEQUEL was later renamed to SQL by dropping the vowels, because SEQUEL was a trade mark registered by the Hawker Siddeley aircraft company. Today, SQL has become the most widely used relational database language. Boyce–Codd normal form (or BCNF) was developed in 1974 by Boyce and Edgar F. Codd. It is a type of normal"
"SQL/OLB SQL/OLB, or ""Object Language Bindings"", is a standard for embedding SQL in Java, commonly known by its prior name as SQLJ (part 0). Besides describing the syntax and semantics of SQLJ, which are typically given relative to JDBC, the standard also describes mechanisms to ensure binary portability of SQLJ applications, and specifies various Java packages and their contained classes. SQL/OLB was informally known as ""SQLJ part 0"" before standardization, which first occurred under the aegis of ANSI in 1998 and then ISO in 2000. Although the latter was published after the bulk of , officially it was ""part 10"""
"Alias (SQL) An alias is a feature of SQL that is supported by most, if not all, relational database management systems (RDBMSs). Aliases provide database administrators, as well as other database users, with the ability to reduce the amount of code required for a query, and to make queries simpler to understand. In addition, aliasing can be used as an obfuscation technique to protect the real names of database fields. In SQL, you can alias tables and columns. A table alias is also called a correlation name. A programmer can use an alias to temporarily assign another name to a"
"which was not quite two years long, he co-developed Boyce–Codd normal form. Together with Donald D. Chamberlin, he co-developed Structured Query Language (SQL) while managing the Relation Database development group for IBM in San Jose, California. He died in 1974 as a result of an aneurysm, leaving behind his wife Sandy and his infant daughter Kristin. SQL was initially co-developed at IBM by Boyce alongside Donald D. Chamberlin in the early 1970s. Initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) and based on their original language called SQUARE (Specifying Queries As Relational Expressions). SEQUEL was designed to manipulate and retrieve data"
"Cardinality (SQL statements) In SQL (Structured Query Language), the term cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a particular column (attribute) of a database table. The lower the cardinality, the more duplicated elements in a column. Thus, a column with the lowest possible cardinality would have the same value for every row. SQL databases use cardinality to help determine the optimal query plan for a given query. When dealing with columnar value sets, there are three types of cardinality: high-cardinality, normal-cardinality, and low-cardinality. High-cardinality refers to columns with values that are very uncommon or unique. High-cardinality column"
"""inline view "" or a ""subselect"". In the following example, the SQL statement involves a join from the initial ""Book"" table to the derived table ""sales"". This derived table captures associated book sales information using the ISBN to join to the ""Book"" table. As a result, the derived table provides the result set with additional columns (the number of items sold and the company that sold the books): The concept of Null allows SQL to deal with missing information in the relational model. The word codice_38 is a reserved keyword in SQL, used to identify the Null special marker. Comparisons"
"the system to read the tables in a join in a particular order. This is used when the join optimizer chooses to read the tables in an inefficient order. For example, in MySQL the command codice_43 reads the tables in exactly the order listed in the query. Join (SQL) An SQL join clause - corresponding to a join operation in relational algebra - combines columns from one or more tables in a relational database. It creates a set that can be saved as a table or used as it is. A codice_1 is a means for combining columns from one"
"Sqsh Sqsh (pronounced skwish), short for SQSHell (pronounced s-q-shell), is an open-source substitute for isql, the interactive SQL client supplied with Sybase's Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE) relational database management system. Besides supporting or emulating most of the features that isql provides, sqsh provides a reasonably rich set of features that users have been asking of isql for the last couple of years. isql and sqsh are, essentially, rudimentary command-line tools for issuing Transact-SQL commands to an ASE Server and receiving and displaying results. Sqsh supports, among others, command history, aliases and piping output to or from external programs and sources."
"command processor that allowed users to type in English-like commands, and receive output. The best-known examples are SQL from IBM and QUEL from the Ingres project. These systems may or may not allow other applications to access the data directly, and those that did use a wide variety of methodologies. The introduction of SQL aimed to solve the problem of ""language"" standardization, although substantial differences in implementation remained. Also, since the SQL language had only rudimentary programming features, users often wanted to use SQL within a program written in another language, say Fortran or C. This led to the concept"