The title of which 2003 movie comes from the work of Dr. Duncan MacDougall who sought to measure the weight purportedly lost by a human body when the soul departed it upon death?
"to the small sample size, the methods used, as well as the fact only one of the six subjects met the hypothesis. The case has been cited as an example of selective reporting. Despite its rejection within the scientific community, MacDougall's experiment popularized the concept that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams. In 1901, Duncan MacDougall, a physician from Haverhill, Massachusetts, who wished to scientifically determine if a soul had weight, identified six patients in nursing homes whose death was imminent. Four were suffering from tuberculosis, one from diabetes, and one from unspecified causes. MacDougall"
"name was released in 2017 by the Thundamentals, and Travis Scott references the concept in the song ""No Bystanders"", released in 2018. MacDougall and his experiments are explicitly mentioned in the 1978 documentary film ""Beyond and Back"", and episode five of the first season of """". A fictional American scientist named ""Mr. MacDougall"" appears in Gail Carriger's 2009 novel ""Soulless"", as an expert in the weight and measurement of souls. 21 grams experiment The 21 grams experiment refers to a scientific study published in 1907 by Duncan MacDougall, a physician from Haverhill, Massachusetts. MacDougall hypothesized that souls have physical weight,"
"an experiment in which he made weight measurements of patients as they died. He claimed that there was weight loss of varying amounts at the time of death; he concluded the soul weighed 21 grams. The physicist Robert L. Park has written that MacDougall's experiments ""are not regarded today as having any scientific merit"" and the psychologist Bruce Hood wrote that ""because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific."" Soul The soul, in many religious, philosophical, and mythological traditions, is the incorporeal essence of a living being. Soul or psyche (Ancient Greek: ψυχή ""psūkhḗ"", of"
"this organization. Its earliest members included noted scientists like William Crookes, and philosophers such as Henry Sidgwick and William James. Parapsychological investigation of the afterlife includes the study of haunting, apparitions of the deceased, instrumental trans-communication, electronic voice phenomena, and mediumship. But also the study of the near death experience. Scientists who have worked in this area include Raymond Moody, Susan Blackmore, Charles Tart, William James, Ian Stevenson, Michael Persinger, Pim van Lommel and Penny Sartori among others. A study conducted in 1901 by physician Duncan MacDougall sought to measure the weight lost by a human when the soul ""departed"
"whose faith is sorely tested in the aftermath of the accident. The three main characters each have ""past"", ""present"" and ""future"" story threads, which are shown as non-linear fragments that punctuate elements of the overall story, all imminently coming toward each other and coalescing as the story progresses. The title refers to an experiment in 1907 which attempted to show scientific proof of the existence of the soul by recording a loss of body weight (said to represent the departure of the soul) immediately following death. Referred to as the 21 grams experiment as one subject lost ""three-fourths of an"
"should not be given to the idea his experiments proved something, let alone that they measured the weight of the soul as 21 grams."" The fact that MacDougall likely poisoned and killed fifteen healthy dogs in an attempt to support his research has also been a source of criticism. In 1911 ""The New York Times"" reported that MacDougall was hoping to run experiments to take photos of souls, but he appears to not have continued any further research into the area and died in 1920. His experiment has not been repeated. Despite its rejection within the scientific community, MacDougall's experiment"
"specifically chose people who were suffering from conditions that caused physical exhaustion, as he needed the patients to remain still when they died to measure them accurately. When the patients looked like they were close to death, their entire bed was placed on an industrial sized scale that was sensitive within two tenths of an ounce (5.6 grams). On the belief that humans have souls and that animals do not, MacDougall later measured the changes in weight from fifteen dogs after death. MacDougall said he wished to use dogs that were sick or dying for his experiment, though was unable"
"popularized the idea that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams. Most notably, '21 Grams' was taken as the title of a film in 2003, which references the experiment. The concept of a soul weighing 21 grams is mentioned in numerous media, including a 2013 issue of the manga ""Gantz"", a 2013 podcast of ""Welcome to Night Vale"" and the 2015 film ""The Empire of Corpses"". The 2015 song ""21 Grams"" by Niykee Heaton features the line ""I just want your soul in my hands, feel your weight of 21 grams""; a song of the same"
"Bodysong Bodysong is a 2003 BAFTA winning documentary about human life and the human condition directed by Simon Pummell and produced by Janine Marmot. The film tells the story of an archetypal human life using images taken from all around the world and the last 100 years of cinema. The images span the microcosm (inside the body), through the individual (the first cry of a new-born baby), to the macrocosm (accumulated archive footage of ritual celebration and the carnage of war). The editing, music, and the mythic narrative arc of the material is designed to take the viewer on a"
"that none of the dogs lost any weight after death. While MacDougall believed that the results from his experiment showed the human soul might have weight, his report, which was not published until 1907, stated the experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained. Before MacDougall was able to publish the results of his experiments, ""The New York Times"" broke the story in an article titled ""Soul has Weight, Physician Thinks"". MacDougall's results were published in April of the same year in the ""Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research"", and the medical"
"hope to use Dracula's desiccated - but still alive - body to discover the secret of immortality. Elizabeth Blaine, working at the New Orleans morgue, receives Dracula's ""corpse"" from her friend and co-worker Luke following the events of the first film. Elizabeth examines the body and pricks her finger on a fang in what is supposed to be a human mouth. This leads her to alert her boyfriend Lowell, who is suffering from an ultimately fatal degenerative sickness. Lowell claims a wealthy investor wants to fund their research into the mysterious corpse. On their heels is Father Uffizi, seemingly the"
"Dead Bodies Dead Bodies is a 2003 Irish drama film by Robert Quinn starring Andrew Scott, Katy Davis, Eamonn Owens, Darren Healy and Kelly Reilly. The screenplay was written by Derek Landy. Tommy McGann (Scott) gets back together with his ex-girlfriend, after breaking up with her recently. But later on, the two fight, in which Tommy leaves the apartment as he pushes her out of his way. He returns later to find her dead, realising he pushed her onto the table where she fell and cracked her head. Tommy drives the body out into the woods and buries it there."
"a ""thetan"" manifests a small but measurable amount of mass: Although Hubbard did not name the doctor concerned, there was indeed such an attempt, by Duncan MacDougall, to measure the weight of dying patients to determine the weight of the soul, although MacDougall's experiments took place about fifty years before Hubbard's lectures, not fifteen or twenty, and are generally not regarded as having any scientific validity. According to Hubbard's son Ronald DeWolf (born L. Ron Hubbard Jr.), his father stated that thetans are immortal and perpetual, having willed themselves into existence at some point several trillion years ago. After they"
"The Reckoning (2003 film) The Reckoning, also known as Morality Play (and as El misterio de Wells in Spain), is a 2003 British-Spanish murder mystery drama film directed by Paul McGuigan and starring Paul Bettany, Willem Dafoe, Tom Hardy, Gina McKee, Brian Cox and Vincent Cassel. It was written by Mark Mills and based on the 1995 novel ""Morality Play"" by Barry Unsworth. Filming was done on location in Spain, Wales, and England. The story, which is set during the medieval period in England, alludes to the evolution of the theatre arts from what was strictly Biblical morality plays in"
"its gifted international cast."" Roger Ebert rated it 3/4 stars and wrote that though there is too much emphasis on the mystery, the film works because of the characters. A. O. Scott of ""The New York Times"" called it ""a talky, sententious affair"". The Reckoning (2003 film) The Reckoning, also known as Morality Play (and as El misterio de Wells in Spain), is a 2003 British-Spanish murder mystery drama film directed by Paul McGuigan and starring Paul Bettany, Willem Dafoe, Tom Hardy, Gina McKee, Brian Cox and Vincent Cassel. It was written by Mark Mills and based on the 1995"
"journal ""American Medicine"". Following the publication of the experiment in ""American Medicine"", physician Augustus P. Clarke criticized the experiment's validity. Clarke noted that at the time of death there is a sudden rise in body temperature as the lungs are no longer cooling blood, causing a subsequent rise in sweating which could easily account for MacDougall’s missing 21 grams. Clarke also pointed out that, as dogs do not have sweat glands, they would not lose weight in this manner after death. Clarke's criticism was published in the May issue of ""American Medicine"". Arguments between MacDougall and Clarke debating the validity"
"""MST3K"" version of ""The Corpse Vanishes"" was released on July 20, 2010, by Shout! Factory as part of the ""Mystery Science Theater Collection, Vol. XVI"" DVD set along with ""Warrior of the Lost World"" (episode #501), ""Santa Claus"" (episode #521), and ""Night of the Blood Beast"" (episode #701). The Corpse Vanishes The Corpse Vanishes is a 1942 American mystery and horror film starring Bela Lugosi, directed by Wallace Fox, and written by Harvey Gates. Lugosi portrays a mad scientist who injects his aging wife (played by Elizabeth Russell) with fluids from virginal young brides in order to preserve her beauty."
"Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead is a 2010 American documentary film which follows the 60-day journey of Australian Joe Cross across the United States as he follows a juice fast to regain his health under the care of Dr. Joel Fuhrman, Nutrition Research Foundation's Director of Research. Cross and Robert Mac, co-creators of the film, both serve on the Nutrition Research Foundation's Advisory Board. Following his fast and the adoption of a plant-based diet, Cross states in a press release that he lost 100 pounds and discontinued all medications. During his road-trip Cross meets Phil"
"mixed reaction; some critics felt that the gore helped, while others felt that ""Sanguinarium"" relied too heavily on it to cover up weaknesses in its storyline. During a routine liposuction operation in Winnetka, Illinois, Dr. Harrison Lloyd (John Juliani) suddenly begins to remove so much fat from a patient that the patient dies. Following the unusual experience, Lloyd tells Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) that he killed the patient because he was possessed. Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) is skeptical about Lloyd's claims, believing he's only making it up to escape legal consequences. Mulder inspects the operation room and discovers a pentagram"
"to find any. It is therefore presumed he poisoned healthy dogs. One of the patients lost weight but then put the weight back on, and two of the other patients registered a loss of weight at death but a few minutes later lost even more weight. One of the patients lost ""three-fourths of an ounce"" (21.3 grams) in weight, coinciding with the time of death. MacDougall disregarded the results of another patient on the grounds the scales were ""not finely adjusted"", and discounted the results of another as the patient died while the equipment was still being calibrated. MacDougall reported"
"at the time. Physicist Robert L. Park has written that MacDougall's experiments ""are not regarded today as having any scientific merit"", and psychologist Bruce Hood wrote that ""because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific"". Professor Richard Wiseman said that within the scientific community, the experiment is confined to a ""large pile of scientific curiosities labelled 'almost certainly not true'"". An article by Snopes in 2013 said the experiment was flawed because the methods used were suspect, the sample size was much too small, and the capability to measure weight changes too imprecise, concluding: ""credence"
"Soon after, Tommy gets a new girlfriend, who secretly knows about what happened to his old girlfriend. Dead Bodies was nominated for four IFTA awards and won three for Best Actor in a Film (Andrew Scott), Best Editing (Dermot Diskin) and Best Sound/Sound Editing (Daniel Birch). Dead Bodies Dead Bodies is a 2003 Irish drama film by Robert Quinn starring Andrew Scott, Katy Davis, Eamonn Owens, Darren Healy and Kelly Reilly. The screenplay was written by Derek Landy. Tommy McGann (Scott) gets back together with his ex-girlfriend, after breaking up with her recently. But later on, the two fight, in"
"be a giant tear in the side of the destroyed spacecraft and a mud-like substance covering some of the wreckage. Randall and Bixby are joined by lead scientist Dr. Alex Wyman (Tyler McVey), technician Steve Dunlap (John Baer) and physician Julie Benson (Angela Greene), who was also Corcoran's fiancee. Wyman observes that Corcoran's body exhibits no signs of rigor mortis, and that the blood pooling beside him is not livid as it should be. The team brings the corpse back to their lab to run tests and find further irregularities. Although the body lacks a heartbeat or pulse, it maintains"
"Return of the Living Dead 3 Return of the Living Dead 3 is a 1993 American romantic horror film. The film is the second sequel in the ""Return of the Living Dead"" film series but bears little resemblance to its predecessors, as it drops the comedy of those films and replaces it with a larger focus on horror, science fiction, and romantic themes. The Trioxin substance from previous films also carry over, but with different effects from previous films in the series. Like the zombies in previous films of the series, these tend to run rather than walk or limp"
"United States. A shortened version of the film screened at over 40 tour stops during Marino’s follow-up campaign, 2008’s Million Step March. In November 2008, the documentary won an International Freddie Award from the National Health and Medical Media Awards Association in the area of Diet & Nutrition. Formerly 400 lbs, Marino had lost over 110 pounds between 2001 and 2003 largely by dieting, exercise and researching the obesity epidemic. Through his research as well as his own struggles with weight loss and food addiction, Marino became passionate about the obesity issue and wanted to make a contribution to the"
"Exhumed (film) Exhumed is a 2003 Canadian horror anthology film directed and written by Brian Clement. Set in three different time periods and locales, the film tells the story of an artifact that can return the dead to life. In the first story, a samurai and a monk work together to defeat zombies in a Japanese forest. In the second story, a female private detective discovers that the Japanese artifact is responsible for string of zombie attacks in the 1940s. The third story is set in a post-apocalyptic wasteland where vampires and werewolves fight each other. Humans capture them and"
"of Jesus Christ but instead a victim of Roman crucifixion. The Shroud of Turin is believed to be an artist's representation of Jesus by means of using an impression technique on the linen. The Body (2001 film) The Body is a 2001 English-language political thriller drama film based on a novel by Richard Sapir, and starring Antonio Banderas and Olivia Williams. The film, a joint American, Israeli and German production, follows Father Matt Gutierrez (Banderas), a Jesuit priest sent by the Vatican to investigate an archaeologic finding by Dr. Sharon Golban (Williams) which is suspected to be the remains of"
"weigh-ins that depict the highly structured routine of inpatients' daily lives. The film explores their turbulent interpersonal relationships, and highlights the efforts of the Renfrew medical team and the complex tasks they face. Shelly Guillory is a 25-year-old psychiatric nurse who enters the Center at the beginning of the film with a PEG feeding tube surgically implanted in her stomach. She admits herself into Renfrew after ten hospitalizations. On her arrival she weighs 84.3 pounds, having been anorexic for six years and tube fed for five of those years. She has an identical twin, Kelly, who does not have an"
"deal. On February 16, 2006, Mike Durham (Johnny Grunge) died in his home after suffering from complications from sleep apnea. Durham's death was caused by heart disease and obesity, with the medical examiner also citing ""acute toxicity of carisoprodol and hydrocodone"" in the autopsy report. Durham evidently died in his sleep at the home of a friend with whom he'd been staying. Durham's widow has since become an advocate against drug abuse in the wrestling industry since the Chris Benoit double murder and suicide in 2007, when she realized her husband's prescriptions came from the same doctor as Chris Benoit's."
"""Kiss of the Dragon"" (2001), ""Mean Machine"" (2001), ""Pledge of Allegiance"" (2007), ""Torture Room"" (2007) and ""Dead Man Running"" (2009). In 2004 he appeared in the second series of the ITV weight loss show, ""Celebrity Fit Club."" He replaced Freddie Starr as team captain, but was demoted five weeks later, the role being taken by James Whitaker. Forgeham died suddenly from internal bleeding after breaking a collarbone after falling out of bed at his home in Worthing, West Sussex on 10 March 2017, aged 75. John Forgeham John Henry George Forgeham (14 May 1941 – 10 March 2017) was an"
"force them to fight against zombies. In a mixed review, David Johnson of DVD Verdict called the film ambitious but flawed. Michael Ferraro of Film Threat rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote that it is worth viewing despite its flaws. Peter Dendle wrote in ""The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, Volume 2"" that the film is creative but becomes increasingly lost amid the diverse characters and discourses. Exhumed (film) Exhumed is a 2003 Canadian horror anthology film directed and written by Brian Clement. Set in three different time periods and locales, the film tells the story of an artifact that can return"
"Dragonfly (2002 film) Dragonfly is a 2002 supernatural fantasy film directed by Tom Shadyac and starring Kevin Costner. The story is about a grieving doctor being contacted by his late wife through his patients' near-death experience. Joe and Emily Darrow are doctors in a Chicago hospital. Seven months pregnant Emily travels to Venezuela to help natives in the Amazon area. She dies when a bus is hit by a landslide and plunges into the river below. Her body is never found by the local authorities. Without taking time to grieve Joe returns to work. One night he is awakened by"
"She gave the print to an organization planning a museum. The museum plans fell through and Dorothy's last remaining print of her favorite movie of Wally's was lost. Human Wreckage Davenport's body of work was largely reflective of her tumultuous marriage to Wallace Reid. Davenport's 1923 lost silent film ""Human Wreckage"" was the first film after the death of her husband earlier that year. Davenport and Thomas Ince directed the film in which Davenport stars as the wife of a drug addict. ""Ethel McFarland (Davenport) presents her attorney husband, Alan (Kirkwood), with the case of a dope addict named Jimmy"