Which disease, caused by an increased level of Bilirubin in the blood, derives its name from the French for yellow?
"ring, called a porphyrin ring. Bilirubin can be ""conjugated"" with a molecule of glucuronic acid which makes it soluble in water (see below). This is an example of glucuronidation. Bilirubin is very similar to the pigment phycobilin used by certain algae to capture light energy, and to the pigment phytochrome used by plants to sense light. All of these contain an open chain of four pyrrolic rings. Like these other pigments, some of the double-bonds in bilirubin isomerize when exposed to light. This is used in the phototherapy of jaundiced newborns: the E,Z-isomers of bilirubin formed upon light exposure are"
"management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing. Among newborns, depending on age and prematurity, a bilirubin greater than 4–21 mg/dL (68-360 µmol/L) may be treated with phototherapy or exchanged transfusion. The itchiness may be helped by draining the gallbladder or ursodeoxycholic acid. The word ""jaundice"" is from the French ""jaunisse"", meaning ""yellow disease"". The main sign of jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the white area of the eye and the skin. Urine is dark in colour. Slight increases in serum bilirubin are best detected by examining the sclerae, which have a particular affinity"
"died from bilious fever. Modern diagnoses for the same symptoms would include a wide range of conditions and infections. Bilious fever (Latin bilis, ""bile""): Refers to fever associated with excessive bile or bilirubin in the blood stream and tissues, causing jaundice (a yellow color in the skin or sclera of the eye). The most common cause was malaria. Viral hepatitis and bacterial infections of the blood stream (septicemia) may have caused a few of the deaths reported as bilious fever. Bilious fever Bilious fever was a medical diagnosis often used for any fever that exhibited the symptom of nausea or"
"The medical term for it is ""icterus"", from the Greek word ""ίκτερος""; adjectival form, icteric. Jaundice Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. It is commonly associated with itchiness. The feces may be pale and the urine dark. Jaundice in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and in most is not a problem. If bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long, a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus, may occur. Causes of jaundice vary"
"(17 µmol/L) and levels over 2–3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) typically results in jaundice. High bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct). Conjugated bilirubin can be confirmed by finding bilirubin in the urine. Other conditions that can cause yellowish skin but are not jaundice include carotenemia from eating large amounts of certain foods and medications like rifampin. High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, not eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or thyroid problems. High conjugated bilirubin may be due to"
"Biliverdin Biliverdin is a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, and is a product of heme catabolism. It is the pigment responsible for a greenish color sometimes seen in bruises. Biliverdin results from the breakdown of the heme moiety of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Macrophages break down senescent erythrocytes and break the heme down into biliverdin, which normally rapidly reduces to free bilirubin. Biliverdin is seen briefly in some bruises as a green color. In bruises, its breakdown into bilirubin leads to a yellowish color. Biliverdin has been found in excess in the blood of humans suffering from hepatic diseases. Jaundice is caused"
"Jaundice Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. It is commonly associated with itchiness. The feces may be pale and the urine dark. Jaundice in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and in most is not a problem. If bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long, a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus, may occur. Causes of jaundice vary from non-serious to potentially fatal. Levels of bilirubin in blood are normally below 1.0 mg/dL"
"coupled with his inherent interest in chemistry, compelled him to pursue pathology, where he ultimately met Dr. Dubin and described this syndrome for the first time. Dubin–Johnson syndrome Dubin–Johnson syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, benign disorder that causes an isolated increase of conjugated bilirubin in the serum. Classically, the condition causes a black liver due to the deposition of a pigment similar to melanin. This condition is associated with a defect in the ability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into the bile, and is similar to Rotor syndrome. It is usually asymptomatic, but may be diagnosed in early"
"Dubin–Johnson syndrome Dubin–Johnson syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, benign disorder that causes an isolated increase of conjugated bilirubin in the serum. Classically, the condition causes a black liver due to the deposition of a pigment similar to melanin. This condition is associated with a defect in the ability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into the bile, and is similar to Rotor syndrome. It is usually asymptomatic, but may be diagnosed in early infancy based on laboratory tests. No treatment is usually needed. The conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a result of defective endogenous and exogenous transfer of anionic conjugates from"
"the sclera of the eyes; its more common and more correct meaning is entirely synonymous with jaundice, however. Hyperbilirubinemia, more precisely hyperbilirubinemia due to the unconjugated fraction, may cause bilirubin to accumulate in the gray matter of the central nervous system, potentially causing irreversible neurological damage leading to a condition known as kernicterus. Depending on the level of exposure, the effects range from clinically unnoticeable to severe brain damage and even death. Newborns are especially vulnerable to hyperbilirubinemia-induced neurological damage and therefore must be carefully monitored for alterations in their serum bilirubin levels. When a pathological process interferes with the"
"Vitamin D production. Bilirubin count is lowered through bowel movements and urination, so frequent and effective feedings are especially important. Yellow discoloration of the skin, especially on the palms and the soles, but not of the sclera or inside the mouth is due to carotenemia—a harmless condition. Jaundice itself is not a disease, but rather a sign of one of many possible underlying pathological processes that occur at some point along the normal physiological pathway of the metabolism of bilirubin in blood. When red blood cells have completed their life span of approximately 120 days, or when they are damaged,"
"produce a yellow tint to the vision. Xanthopsia Xanthopsia is a color vision deficiency in which there is a predominance of yellow in vision due to a yellowing of the optical media of the eye. The most common cause is digoxin's inhibitory action on the sodium pump, and the development of cataracts which can cause a yellow filtering effect. It has been suggested that Digitalis-derived digoxin, used to treat heart failure, induced xanthopsia is responsible for the yellow tinting exhibited by many of Van Gogh's works. Xanthopsia is also a rare side-effect of jaundice, in which bilirubin may be deposited"
"Bilirubinuria In medicine, bilirubinuria is an abnormality in which conjugated bilirubin is detected in the urine. The term ""biliuria"" is very similar, but more general. It refers to the presence of any bile pigment in the urine. Conjugated bilirubin is detected in urine at bilirubinemia of approximately 30-34 mmol/l or 20 mg/dL. In this concentration of conjugated bilirubin in the blood appears yellowness of the mucous membranes and sclera. The most common cause of bilirubinuria is hepatocellular disease. More rare causes include inherited disorders, such as Dubin-Johnson syndrome and Rotor syndrome. Although Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar syndrome are characterized by"
"of hemizygous males and carrier females is estimated at 1:16,800. The reported incidence in France is estimated at 1:22,000. Adrenoleukodystrophy Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a disease linked to the X chromosome. It is a result of fatty acid buildup caused by the relevant enzymes not functioning properly, which then causes damage to the myelin sheath of the nerves, resulting in seizures and hyperactivity. Other symptoms include problems with speaking, listening, and understanding verbal instructions. In more detail, it is a disorder of peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation which results in the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in tissues throughout"
"which discarded his mosquito theory. A hospital in Basse-Terre, called the Centre hospitalier Louis-Daniel Beauperthuy, was established in 1959 in his honour. Louis-Daniel Beauperthuy Louis-Daniel Beauperthuy (25 August 1808 – 3 September 1871) was a French physician who made important contributions to the study of the causes of infectious diseases such as yellow fever, malaria, and leprosy. He was the first to systematically argue that malaria and yellow fever were transmitted by mosquitos. Beauperthuy was born in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, France. He studied medicine at the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and obtained his M.D. in 1837. He was immediately appointed by"
"for bilirubin due to their high elastin content. The presence of scleral icterus indicates a serum bilirubin of at least 3 mg/dL. The conjunctiva of the eye are one of the first tissues to change color as bilirubin levels rise in jaundice. This is sometimes referred to as ""scleral icterus"". The sclera themselves are not ""icteric"" (stained with bile pigment), however, but rather the conjunctival membranes that overlie them. The yellowing of the ""white of the eye"" is thus more properly termed ""conjunctival icterus"". The term ""icterus"" itself is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to jaundice that is noted in"
"Kernicterus Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. The term was coined in 1904 by Schmorl. Bilirubin is a naturally occurring substance in the body of humans and many other animals, but it is neurotoxic when its concentration in the blood is too high, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia. Hyperbilirubinemia may cause bilirubin to accumulate in the grey matter of the central nervous system, potentially causing irreversible neurological damage. Depending on the level of exposure, the effects range from clinically unnoticeable to severe brain damage and even death. When hyperbilirubinemia increases past a mild level, it leads to jaundice, raising the"
"tissues can lead to a jaundiced appearance. In tropical countries, severe malaria can cause jaundice in this manner. Certain genetic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia, spherocytosis, thalassemia, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency can lead to increased red cell lysis and therefore hemolytic jaundice. Commonly, diseases of the kidney, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, can also lead to coloration. In jaundice secondary to hemolysis, the increased production of bilirubin leads to the increased production of urine-urobilinogen. Bilirubin is not usually found in the urine because unconjugated bilirubin is not water-soluble, so, the combination of increased urine-urobilinogen with"
"derived from coral. smURFP spectral properties are similar to the organic dye Cy5. Biliverdin Biliverdin is a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, and is a product of heme catabolism. It is the pigment responsible for a greenish color sometimes seen in bruises. Biliverdin results from the breakdown of the heme moiety of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Macrophages break down senescent erythrocytes and break the heme down into biliverdin, which normally rapidly reduces to free bilirubin. Biliverdin is seen briefly in some bruises as a green color. In bruises, its breakdown into bilirubin leads to a yellowish color. Biliverdin has been found in"
"is used to describe hypertrophic fatty cirrhosis of the liver of alcoholic or tuberculous origin. It is named along with physician Victor Henri Hutinel (1849–1933). Today, the ""Hôpital-sanatorium Sabourin"", north of Clermont-Ferrand, is named in his honour. • ""La glande biliare et l'hyperplasia nodulaire du foie"". Revue de médecine, Paris, 1884, 4: 322-333. Charles Sabourin Charles Sabourin (19 June 1849 – 6 November 1920) was a French pathologist and pulmonologist. On 19 June 1849, Sabourin was born in Châtellerault, Vienne, France. Sabourin studied medicine in Paris, France. Sabourin served in hospitals of Paris. He specialized in medical research and therapy,"
"and 1 in 60,000 adults a year. It has been reported in almost all ethnic populations. The disease is named after Joannes Cassianus Pompe, who characterized it in 1932. Pompe described accumulation of glycogen in muscle tissue in some cases of a previously unknown disorder. This accumulation was difficult to explain as the enzymes involved in the usual metabolism of glucose and glycogen were all present and functioning. The basis for the disease remained a puzzle until Christian de Duve's discovery of lysosomes in 1955 for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1974. His co-worker Henri G. Hers realised"
"blood, hence the Spanish name for yellow fever, ""vómito negro"" (""black vomit""). There may also be kidney failure, hiccups, and delirium. The toxic phase is fatal in about 20% to 50% of cases, making the overall fatality rate for the disease about 3.0 to 7.5%. However, the fatality rate of those with the toxic phase of the disease may exceed 50%. Surviving the infection provides lifelong immunity, and normally no permanent organ damage results. Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, a 40– to 50--wide enveloped RNA virus, the type species and namesake of the family ""Flaviviridae"". It"
"Collection strain number ATCC 49442), which develops a yellow color due to production of riboflavin while growing on pyridine, but not when grown on other substrates, such as succinic acid. Vitamin B was originally considered to have two components, a heat-labile vitamin B and a heat-stable vitamin B. In the 1920s, vitamin B was thought to be the factor necessary for preventing pellagra. In 1923, Paul Gyorgy in Heidelberg was investigating egg-white injury in rats; the curative factor for this condition was called vitamin H (which is now called biotin or vitamin B7). Since both pellagra and vitamin H deficiency"
"Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called ""Leptospira"". Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it also causes bleeding into the lungs then it is known as severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome. Up to 13 different genetic types of ""Leptospira"" may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals"
"phase (infection of the blood), and doxycycline is used to eliminate the carrier state. Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called ""Leptospira"". Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it also causes bleeding into the lungs then it is known as severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome. Up to 13 different genetic types of ""Leptospira"" may cause disease in"
"characterized by unconjugated (""indirect"") bilirubin which is bound to albumin and thus not eliminated in urine. Choluria Choluria is the presence of bile in urine. Choluria is a common symptom of liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. It can be described as dark or brown urine, often referred to as the color of Coca-Cola. Choluria is usually manifested when serum bilirubin is higher than 1.5 mg/dL. The presence of choluria is a useful symptom to distinguish if somebody presenting with jaundice has liver disease (direct hyperbilirubinemia) or hemolysis (indirect hyperbilirubinemia). In the first case, patients have choluria due to"
"hydrogen peroxide. Citrus greening disease Citrus greening disease (; or HLB) is a disease of citrus caused by a vector-transmitted pathogen. The causative agents are motile bacteria, ""Candidatus"" Liberibacter spp. The disease is vectored and transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, ""Diaphorina citri"", and the African citrus psyllid, ""Trioza erytreae"", also known as the two-spotted citrus psyllid. It has also been shown to be graft-transmissible. Three different types of HLB are currently known: The heat-tolerant Asian form, and the heat-sensitive African and American forms. The disease was first described in 1929 and first reported in China in 1943. The African"
"allows appropriate therapeutic measures to be instituted in good time, avoiding consequential damage and further infections. Specific liver diseases and haemolytic disorders able to be identified include liver disease, (accompanied by jaundice), cirrhosis, urobilinogenuria and bilirubinuria. Bilirubin is a highly pigmented compound that is a by-product of haemoglobin degradation. The haemoglobin that is released after the mononuclear phagocyte system (located in the liver and spleen) withdraws old red blood cells from circulation is degraded into its components; iron, protoporphyrin and protein. The system’s cells convert the protoporphyrin into unconjugated bilirubin that passes through the circulatory system bound to protein, particularly"
"by stress such as exercise, menstruation, or not eating. Diagnosis is based on higher levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood without either signs of other liver problems or red blood cell breakdown. Typically no treatment is needed. If jaundice is significant phenobarbital may be used. Gilbert's syndrome affects about 5% of people in the United States. Males are more often diagnosed than females. It is often not noticed until late childhood to early adulthood. The condition was first described in 1901 by Augustin Nicolas Gilbert. Gilbert's syndrome produces an elevated level of unconjugated bilirubin in the bloodstream, but normally"
"Covering sickness Covering sickness, or dourine (French, from the Arabic ""darina"", meaning mangy (said of a female camel), feminine of ""darin"", meaning dirty), is a disease of horses and other members of the family Equidae. The disease is caused by ""Trypanosoma equiperdum"", which belongs to an important genus of parasitic protozoa, and is the only member of the genus that is spread through sexual intercourse. The occurrence of dourine is notifiable in the European Union under legislation from the OIE. There currently is no vaccine and although clinical signs can be treated, there is no cure. ""Trypanosoma equiperdum"" is one"
"increased bilirubin in the serum, the bilirubin in these inherited disorders is not conjugated and thus not excreted in the urine. The increase of stercobilin (urobilin) in the feces and urine is caused by the enhanced intracellular hemolysis of erythrocytes. Formed an unconjugated bilirubin entering the intestine, gives a large number of stercobilinogen (urobilinogen). Last absorbed into the blood and passes into the urine. Bilirubinuria In medicine, bilirubinuria is an abnormality in which conjugated bilirubin is detected in the urine. The term ""biliuria"" is very similar, but more general. It refers to the presence of any bile pigment in the"
"was discovered by Rudolf Virchow in 1847.) It is not always distinguished from hematoidin, which one modern dictionary defines as synonymous with it but another defines as ""apparently chemically identical with bilirubin but with a different site of origin, formed locally in the tissues from hemoglobin, particularly under conditions of reduced oxygen tension."" Bilirubin Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged red blood cells. First the hemoglobin gets stripped"
"Choluria Choluria is the presence of bile in urine. Choluria is a common symptom of liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. It can be described as dark or brown urine, often referred to as the color of Coca-Cola. Choluria is usually manifested when serum bilirubin is higher than 1.5 mg/dL. The presence of choluria is a useful symptom to distinguish if somebody presenting with jaundice has liver disease (direct hyperbilirubinemia) or hemolysis (indirect hyperbilirubinemia). In the first case, patients have choluria due to excess conjugated (""direct"") bilirubin in blood, which is eliminated by kidneys. Hemolysis, on the contrary, is"