What is the more common name for the explosive nitro cellulose
"Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate is the acetate ester of cellulose. It was first prepared in 1865. Cellulose acetate is used as a film base in photography, as a component in some coatings, and as a frame material for eyeglasses; it is also used as a synthetic fiber in the manufacture of cigarette filters and playing cards. In photographic film, cellulose acetate replaced nitrate film in the 1950s, being far less flammable and cheaper to produce. In 1865, Paul Schützenberger discovered that cellulose reacts with acetic anhydride to form cellulose acetate. The German chemists Arthur Eichengrün and Theodore Becker invented the"
"Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin (NG), also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester. Chemically, the substance is an organic nitrate compound rather than a nitro compound, yet the traditional name is often retained. Invented in 1847, nitroglycerin has been used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, mostly dynamite, and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. Since the 1880s, it has"
"Nitrocellulose Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, and flash string) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it was originally known as guncotton. Partially nitrated cellulose has found uses as a plastic film and in inks and wood coatings. In 1862, the first man-made plastic, nitrocellulose (branded Parkesine), was created by Alexander Parkes from cellulose treated with nitric acid and a solvent. In 1868, American inventor John Wesley Hyatt developed a plastic material he named"
"the heat vaporized the solvents. The ball was then cooled and turned to make a uniform sphere. In light of the explosive results, this process was called the ""Hyatt gun method"". Collodion, a solution of nitrocellulose in ether and ethanol, is a flammable liquid. When dry, nitrocellulose is explosive and can be ignited with heat, spark, or friction. An overheated container of dry nitrocellulose is believed to be the initial cause of the 2015 Tianjin explosions. Nitrocellulose Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, and flash string) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose"
"it is slightly more sensitive than nitroglycerine.Nitromannite is a class B explosive. The production of pure MHN is not a trivial task, since most preparations will yield a mixture of MHN and lower esters (pentanitrate and lower). Mannitol hexanitrate Mannitol hexanitrate is a powerful explosive. Physically, it is a powdery solid at normal temperature ranges, with density of 1.73 g/cm. The chemical name is hexanitromannitol and it is also known as nitromannite, MHN, and nitromannitol, and by the trademarks Nitranitol and Mannitrin. It is more stable than nitroglycerin, and it is used in detonators. Mannitol hexanitrate is a secondary explosive"
"Mannitol hexanitrate Mannitol hexanitrate is a powerful explosive. Physically, it is a powdery solid at normal temperature ranges, with density of 1.73 g/cm. The chemical name is hexanitromannitol and it is also known as nitromannite, MHN, and nitromannitol, and by the trademarks Nitranitol and Mannitrin. It is more stable than nitroglycerin, and it is used in detonators. Mannitol hexanitrate is a secondary explosive formed by the nitration of mannitol, a sugar alcohol. The product is used in medicine as a vasodilator and as an explosive in blasting caps. Its sensitivity is high, particularly at high temperatures (> 75 °C) where"
"HMX HMX, also called octogen, is a powerful and relatively insensitive nitroamine high explosive, chemically related to RDX. Like RDX, the compound's name is the subject of much speculation, having been variously listed as High Melting Explosive, Her Majesty's Explosive, High-velocity Military Explosive, or High-Molecular-weight RDX. The molecular structure of HMX consists of an eight-membered ring of alternating carbon and nitrogen atoms, with a nitro group attached to each nitrogen atom. Because of its high molecular weight, it is one of the most potent chemical explosives manufactured, although a number of newer ones, including HNIW and ONC, are more powerful."
"Explosives Limited cordite factory at Nobel, Ontario, was designed to produce of cordite per month, requiring about 286 tonnes of nitroglycerin per month. In its pure form, nitroglycerin is a contact explosive, with physical shock causing it to explode, and it degrades over time to even more unstable forms. This makes nitroglycerin highly dangerous to transport or use. In its undiluted form, it is one of the world's most powerful explosives, comparable to the more recently developed RDX and PETN. Early in its history, liquid nitroglycerin was found to be ""desensitized"" by cooling it to about . At this temperature,"
"the reorganized Hercules Powder Company. These newer and more powerful propellants were more stable and thus safer to handle than Poudre B. Currently, propellants using nitrocellulose (detonation velocity ) (typically an ether-alcohol colloid of nitrocellulose) as the sole explosive propellant ingredient are described as single-base powder. Propellants mixtures containing nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin (detonation velocity ) as explosive propellant ingredients are known as double-base powder. During the 1930s triple-base propellant containing nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and a substantial quantity of nitroguanidine (detonation velocity ) as explosive propellant ingredients was developed. These propellant mixtures have reduced flash and flame temperature without sacrificing chamber pressure"
"suitable for use as a low explosive. It has a very slow decomposition rate, and therefore a very low brisance. It is not, in the strictest sense of the term, an explosive, but a ""deflagrant"", as it does not detonate but decomposes by deflagration due to its subsonic mechanism of flame-front propagation. Nitrocellulose or ""guncotton"" is formed by the action of nitric acid on cellulose fibers. It is a highly combustible fibrous material that deflagrates rapidly when heat is applied. It also burns very cleanly, burning almost entirely to gaseous components at high temperatures with little smoke or solid residue."
"Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, PENTA, TEN, corpent, or penthrite (or—rarely and primarily in German—as nitropenta), is an explosive material. It is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, and is structurally very similar to nitroglycerin. Penta refers to the five carbon atoms of the neopentane skeleton. PETN is a powerful explosive material with a relative effectiveness factor of 1.66. When mixed with a plasticizer, PETN forms a plastic explosive. Along with RDX it is the main ingredient of Semtex. PETN is also used as a vasodilator drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as for management of"
"exceeds 12%. Soluble nitrocellulose, or a solution thereof, is sometimes called collodion. Guncotton containing more than 13% nitrogen (sometimes called insoluble nitrocellulose) was prepared by prolonged exposure to hot, concentrated acids for limited use as a blasting explosive or for warheads of underwater weapons such as naval mines and torpedoes. Safe and sustained production of guncotton began at the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills in the 1860s, and the material rapidly became the dominant explosive, becoming the standard for military warheads, although it remained too potent to be used as a propellant. More-stable and slower-burning collodion mixtures were eventually prepared"
"Tetryl 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine commonly referred to as tetryl (CHNO) is an explosive compound used to make detonators and explosive booster charges. Tetryl is a nitramine booster explosive, though its use has been largely superseded by RDX. Tetryl is a sensitive secondary high explosive used as a booster, a small charge placed next to the detonator in order to propagate detonation into the main explosive charge. Tetryl is a yellow crystalline solid powder material, practically insoluble in water but soluble in acetone, benzene and other solvents. When tetryl is heated, it first melts, then decomposes and explodes. It burns readily and is"
"nitrocellulose (sometimes called pyrocellulose) may spontaneously ignite and explode at room temperature, as the evaporation of water results in the concentration of unreacted acid. The British chemist Frederick Augustus Abel developed the first safe process for guncotton manufacture, which he patented in 1865. The washing and drying times of the nitrocellulose were both extended to 48 hours and repeated eight times over. The acid mixture was changed to two parts sulfuric acid to one part nitric. Nitration can be controlled by adjusting acid concentrations and reaction temperature. Nitrocellulose is soluble in a mixture of alcohol and ether until nitrogen concentration"
"Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m skin exposure over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 75 mg/m, nitroglycerin is immediately dangerous to life and health. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin (NG), also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester. Chemically, the substance is an organic nitrate compound rather than a nitro compound, yet the traditional name is often retained. Invented in 1847, nitroglycerin has"
"providing oxygen they react to form molecular nitrogen, which is a very stable molecule, and thus the overall reaction is strongly exothermic. The gas formed also expands, causing the shock wave which is observed. Pletz grouped the explosophores into eight distinct categories. It has been suggested that the current list is insufficient and that several other new categories should be added. These represent By far the most commercially used explosives are nitrate and nitrite based. The azo and azide groups respectively, connected to organic/inorganic compounds (e.g. AgN, Pb(N), NHN) The halogenated nitrogen group X:halogen (for example NI and NCl) The"
"Also called nitramines, organic nitramides are important explosives. They are prepared by nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine. Nitramide Nitramide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula HNNO. Organyl derivatives of nitramide, RNHNO are termed nitroamines, and are widely used as explosives: examples include RDX and HMX. The nitramide molecule is essentially an amine group (-NH) bonded to a nitro group (-NO). It is reported to be non-planar in the gas phase, but planar in the crystal phase. Thiele and Lachman's original synthesis of nitramide involved the hydrolysis of potassium nitrocarbamate: Other routes to nitramide include hydrolysis of nitrocarbamic acid, reaction of"
"energy to gas moles released compared to other explosives, making it one of the hottest detonating high explosives. Nitroglycerin can be produced by acid-catalyzed nitration of glycerol (glycerin). The industrial manufacturing process often reacts glycerol with a nearly 1:1 mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid. This can be produced by mixing white fuming nitric acid—a quite expensive pure nitric acid in which the oxides of nitrogen have been removed, as opposed to red fuming nitric acid, which contains nitrogen oxides—and concentrated sulfuric acid. More often, this mixture is attained by the cheaper method of mixing fuming sulfuric"
"emergency trap door at its base, which hangs over a large pool of very cold water and into which the whole reaction mixture (called the charge) can be dumped to prevent an explosion, a process referred to as drowning. If the temperature of the charge exceeds about (actual value varying by country) or brown fumes are seen in the nitrator's vent, then it is immediately drowned. The main use of nitroglycerin, by tonnage, is in explosives such as dynamite and in propellants. Nitroglycerin is an oily liquid that may explode when subjected to heat, shock, or flame. Alfred Nobel developed"
"potent venodilator, the enzyme for this conversion was not discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) until 2002. Nitroglycerin is available in sublingual tablets, sprays, and patches. Nitroglycerin was the first practical explosive produced that was stronger than black powder. It was first synthesized by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, working under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Turin. Sobrero initially called his discovery ""pyroglycerine"" and warned vigorously against its use as an explosive. Nitroglycerin was later adopted as a commercially useful explosive by Alfred Nobel, who experimented with safer ways to handle the dangerous compound after his"
"explosives, are nitroguanidine, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene aka FOX-7, 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,9.03,11]-dodecane known as TEX. IHEs often combine amino groups and nitro groups in the same molecule. Following the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash and the 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, concerns were raised by accident investigators about the high explosive used in the nuclear devices, which had detonated on impact. Efforts were started to find an explosive that was stable enough to withstand the forces involved in an aircraft accident. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory developed the ""Susan Test"" — a standard test designed to simulate an aircraft accident by squeezing and nipping explosive"
"controlled the patents, and unlicensed duplicating companies were quickly shut down. However, a few American businessmen got around the patent by using a slightly different formula. Nobel originally sold dynamite as ""Nobel's Blasting Powder"" but decided to change the name to dynamite, from the Ancient Greek word ""dýnamis"" (), meaning ""power"". Nitroglycerin by itself is a very strong explosive, but is extremely shock-sensitive (that is, physical shock can cause it to explode), and degrades over time to even more unstable forms, which makes it highly dangerous to transport or use. Dynamite combines nitroglycerin with absorbents and stabilizers, rendering it safe"
"Nitramide Nitramide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula HNNO. Organyl derivatives of nitramide, RNHNO are termed nitroamines, and are widely used as explosives: examples include RDX and HMX. The nitramide molecule is essentially an amine group (-NH) bonded to a nitro group (-NO). It is reported to be non-planar in the gas phase, but planar in the crystal phase. Thiele and Lachman's original synthesis of nitramide involved the hydrolysis of potassium nitrocarbamate: Other routes to nitramide include hydrolysis of nitrocarbamic acid, reaction of sodium sulfamate with nitric acid, and reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide with two equivalents of ammonia."
"nitroglycerin is normally an oily liquid. Phlegmatization of nitroglycerin allows it to be formed as a solid, commonly known as dynamite. It also allows the liquid, which is very sensitive to shock, to be handled more vigorously. Phlegmatized explosive A phlegmatized explosive is an explosive that has had an agent added to stabilize or desensitize it. Sometimes this is desirable either to improve the handling properties of an explosive (e.g. when munitions are filled in factories) or to reduce its sensitivity, brisance or detonation velocity. TNT explosive can itself be used to phlegmatize more sensitive explosives such as RDX (to"
"Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, also called HNIW and CL-20, is a nitroamine explosive with the formula CHNO. The structure of CL-20 was first proposed in 1979 by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics. In 1980s, CL-20 was developed by the China Lake facility, primarily to be used in propellants. It has a better oxidizer-to-fuel ratio than conventional HMX or RDX. It releases 20% more energy than traditional HMX-based propellants, and is widely superior to conventional high-energy propellants and explosives. Industrial production of CL-20 was achieved in China in 2011, and it was soon fielded in propellant of solid rockets. While most development of"
"manufacturing process. Nitrocellulose is a material used in manufacturing explosives and is made by combining shredded wood pulp and adding a nitric sulfuric acid mix. A by-product of the manufacturing process produces a gel-like substance later refined as Sterno. In 2007, NASCAR owner/driver Michael Waltrip and his team had severe penalties handed down by officials. Team Vice-President Bobby Kennedy and Crew Chief David Hyder of Waltrip's No. 55 were ejected from the Daytona International Speedway. Hyder was fined $100,000 for his involvement with lining fuel tanks and intake valves with Sterno. NASCAR also docked Waltrip 100 owner points and disqualified"
"Urea nitrate Urea nitrate is a fertilizer-based high explosive that has been used in improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and various other terrorist acts elsewhere in the world, like the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. It has a destructive power similar to better-known ammonium nitrate explosives, with a velocity of detonation between and . Urea nitrate is produced in one step by reaction of urea with nitric acid. This is an exothermic reaction, so steps must be taken to control the temperature. Urea nitrate explosions may be initiated using a blasting cap. Urea contains a carbonyl group. The"
"Cyanogen azide Cyanogen azide, NCN or CN, is an azide compound of carbon and nitrogen which is an oily, colourless liquid at room temperature. It is a highly explosive chemical that is soluble in most organic solvents, and normally handled in dilute solution in this form. It was first synthesised by F.D. Marsh at DuPont in the early 1960s. Extremely dangerous outside dilute solution, cyanogen azide has nonetheless been prepared in situ for use in the synthesis of chemicals such as diaminotetrazoles. It can be synthesised at below room temperature from the reaction of sodium azide with either cyanogen chloride"
"TEX-explosive 4,10-Dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.0.0]-dodecane - which is most commonly and conveniently abbreviated TEX - is a dense (ρ = 1.985 g cm)nitramine high explosive, that derives from the very powerful and sensitive high explosive CL-20. Though related to CL-20 in that is shares the same cage structure TEX is more easily synthesized in good yield from cheap starting materials. Much unlike CL-20 TEX is friction insensitive, bears a low impact sensitivity and possesses a very low shock sensitivity and large critical diameter making it an interesting explosive filler for insensitive munitions. Its systematic name, 4,10-Dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.0.0]-dodecane derives from its tetracyclic structure which is"
"ANFO ANFO (or AN/FO, for ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) is a widely used bulk industrial explosive. Its name is commonly pronounced as ""an-fo"". It consists of 94% porous prilled ammonium nitrate (NHNO) (AN), which acts as the oxidizing agent and absorbent for the fuel, and 6% number 2 fuel oil (FO). ANFO has found wide use in coal mining, quarrying, metal mining, and civil construction in applications where its low cost and ease of use may outweigh the benefits of other explosives, such as water resistance, oxygen balance, higher detonation velocity, or performance in small-diameter columns. ANFO is also widely used"
"active companies include CelluForce (Canada), Kruger (Canada), Performance BioFilaments (Canada), Nippon (Japan), Nano Novin Polymer Co. (Iran), Maine University (USA), VTT (Finland), Sappi (Netherlands), InoFib (France), and Melodea (Israel). Nanocellulose Nanocellulose is a term referring to nano-structured cellulose. This may be either cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF) also called microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), or bacterial nanocellulose, which refers to nano-structured cellulose produced by bacteria. CNF is a material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width ratio). Typical fibril widths are 5–20 nanometers with a wide range of lengths, typically several micrometers. It"
"mixtures, shipped separately and combined at the use site. Many of these mixtures are based on Ammonium nitrate as an oxidizer plus a volatile fuel, but unlike ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive) these binaries can be detonated by blasting caps. ANFO requires high explosive boosters to detonate it. Most binary explosives are a slurry after mixing, but some form a fluid with solid components dissolved into liquid ones. Some common binary explosives include: The historical but now uncommon Astrolite explosive is also a binary explosive. This category is somewhat unusual in that a single explosives researcher, Gerald Hurst, was"
"Binary explosive A binary explosive or two-component explosive is an explosive consisting of two components, neither of which is explosive by itself, which have to be mixed in order to become explosive. Examples of common binary explosives include Oxyliquit (liquid oxygen/combustible powder), ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil), Kinestik (ammonium nitrate/nitromethane), Tannerite and ammonal (ammonium nitrate/aluminum), and FIXOR (nitroethane/physical sensitizer). Binary explosives are often used in commercial applications because of their greater handling safety. In the United States, ATF regulations allow the components of some binary explosives to be legally purchased, when neither one is an explosive by itself. ATF advises: ""Persons"