Which type of grass is extensively used in the binding together of sand dunes?
"has been the loss of sand vegetation and this means that sand dune management consists primarily of stabilizing dune systems through the “soft” technique of replanting and protecting native dune vegetation. It is advised that dunes should not be restored with the planting of exotic species and managers should aim to only use species indigenous to an area, originally New Zealand used exotic, fast growing dune vegetation called marram grass to stabilize eroding sand dunes. It was later discovered that this exotic species created very high, steep sand dunes that were increasingly susceptible to New Zealand’s high storm energy climate."
"adjacent to the beach support a plant community dominated by beachgrass. The beachgrass grows runners under the surface of the sand that interlock into a ropelike network, and actually builds the dune by trapping sand. Some tall wormwood plants grow amidst the beachgrass, as do cottonwood trees and sand dune willows. Cottonwood is the only dune-forming tree in the area. Sand dune willows are fairly rare in New York State, but are a common woody plant in these dunes. This ""beachgrass plant community"" stabilizes the dunes against erosion by wind and storm, and enables the growth of a more complex,"
"the edible common cockle, although it is not harvested here. Grasses such as sea couch grass and sea poa grass have an important function in the driest areas of the marshes, and on the coastal dunes, where marram grass, sand couch-grass, lyme-grass and grey hair-grass help to bind the sand. Sea holly, sand sedge, bird's-foot trefoil and pyramidal orchid are other specialists of this arid habitat. Some specialised mosses and lichens are found on the dunes, and help to consolidate the sand; a survey in September 2009 found 41 lichen species. The plant distribution is influenced by the dunes' age"
"substrates, occasional inundation during storms, low nutrient levels, and abrasion by wind, water, and ice storms. Seedlings may become buried. This type of environment causes stress in a plant. The grass grows from a large rhizome that anchors it into shifting and unstable sands. When there are many plants on a dune, their rhizomes form a network that helps to stabilize it, preventing erosion. The network becomes ""the skeleton of the foredune."" This makes the grass a valuable species for landscape rehabilitation in native beach habitat. Other plants that occur with the grass include ""Lathyrus japonicus"", ""Achillea millefolium"", ""Festuca rubra"","
"apparent just how abundant the ""Ammophila arenaria"" (European beach grass) species is. According to Pickart and Sawyer (1998), ""Ammophila arenaria"" is described as being foredune engineers. As ""Ammophila arenaria"" attaches and begins to grow on a relatively flat dune system, wind currents that push sand inland it allows the plant to accumulate and mound massive amounts of sand creating large foredune ridges. This shift is supporting the invasion of but not limited to, ""Ammophila arenaria, Tanacetum vulgare"" (tansy) and ""Bromus diandrus"" (ripgut brome). Since introduction of these invasive plants, scientists have recorded a severe displacement in native grasses and dune"
"of all but the highest tides, dune grasses trap sand and cause a 'pioneer zone' of mobile fore-dunes to develop. At this stage the dunes are known as 'yellow dunes' due to the lack of vegetation. Other plants colonise the areas between the grasses and as soil, water and nutrients increase and the supply of fresh sand decreases, a more diverse flora becomes established in this area, referred to as 'grey dunes'. Behind these dunes an area of dune slack exists, protected from the winds, periodically drying out. a biodiverse dune grassland with an area of wetland and scrub extends"
"SD7), where the quantity of blown sand is declining ""Ammophila"" becomes less competitive, and other species, notably ""Festuca rubra"" (red fescue) become prominent. The ability of marram grass to grow on and bind sand makes it a useful plant in the stabilization of coastal dunes and artificial defences on sandy coasts. The usefulness was recognized in the late 18th century. On the North Sea coast of Jutland, Denmark, marram grass was traditionally much used for fuel, thatch, cattle fodder (after frost) etc. The use led to sand drift and loss of arable land. Hence, legislation promoting dune stabilization came into"
"decoupled gradient, can create weak points in the dune that limit its effectiveness against floods and even its continued existence. Publicly owned beaches, found in U.S. states such as California and Hawaii and in other jurisdictions, present the opportunity to systematically manage—or mismanage—beaches and their accompanying dunes. Coastal sand dunes fringe thousands of Kilometres of coastline around the world. They are made up of continuous, hummocky hills of sand that are held together by specially adapted sand dune vegetation. See Figure 1. These plants have adaptations that allow them to survive in sand dune habitats, these include adaptations to a"
"allow pioneer species to colonize the dune. These pioneer species are marram grass, sea wort grass and other sea grasses in the United Kingdom. These plants are well adapted to the harsh conditions of the foredune typically having deep roots which reach the water table, root nodules that produce nitrogen compounds, and protected stoma, reducing transpiration. Also, the deep roots bind the sand together, and the dune grows into a foredune as more sand is blown over the grasses. The grasses add nitrogen to the soil, meaning other, less hardy plants can then colonize the dunes. Typically these are heather,"
"the toe of the dune. The sprawling runners spread out from the woody rootstock, but the large two-lobed leaves are sparse and a dense cover on the sand is rarely achieved except in protected situations. This plant grows in association with sand spinifex grass and is a useful sand binder, thriving under conditions of sand blast and salt spray. Community species: ""Ipomoea pes-caprae"" has been observed in community situations, studied for their endurance of difficult growing conditions (on dunes) with some other tough species. Together with ""Melanthera biflora"", ""Portulaca oleracea"" and ""Digitaria ciliaris"", ""Ipomoea pes-caprae"" is usually one of the"
"grass is quite commonly used for golf courses and sports fields across the southern portions of the United States. It tolerates a range of climates in the U.S., from hot and humid lagoons, inlets, and bays of the Gulf Coast, to the arid expanses of terrain like plains and deserts in the South and lower Midwest. ""Established bermuda grass is a network of shoots, rhizomes, stolons, and crown tissue together that usually form a dense plant canopy. This dense plant canopy can be used to propagate clonal varieties by sod, sprigs, or plugs. The aggressive and resilient nature of Bermuda"
"monensis"") have been recorded, together with typical sand dune wild flowers, including European marram grass (""Ammophila arenaria""), lyme grass (""Leymus arenarius""), kidney vetch, tufted vetch, common restharrow (""Ononis repens""), European searocket (""Cakile maritima""), sea campion (""Silene maritima""), prickly saltwort (""Kali turgida""), Scottish bluebell (""Campanula rotundifolia""), bird's-foot trefoil, ragwort (""Senecio jacobaea""), sea mayweed (""Tripleurospermum maritimum"") and sea sandwort (""Honckenya peploides""). Plants such as lyme grass were so important in stabilising sand dunes that during the 17th-century reign of William III, the Scottish Parliament passed a law protecting it. The sand dunes and shoreline plants support large numbers and a wide variety"
"as well as their moisture content, the deposits becoming less alkaline as calcium carbonate from animal shells is leached out of the sand to be replaced by more acidic humus from plant decomposition products. Marram grass is particularly discouraged by the change in acidity. A similar pattern is seen with mosses and lichens, with the various areas of the dunes containing different species according to the acidity of the sand. At least four moss species have been identified as important in dune stabilization, since they help to consolidate the sand, add nutrients as they decompose, and pave the way for"
"sand builds up around the plants which mat together and form mounds. If planted in dunes this grass can bind the sand and help stabilize the dunes. Odyssea paucinervis Odyssea paucinervis is a species of African plants in the grass family. The genus is named after the ancient Greek tale the ""Odyssey"", in allusion to the long journey the type species has taken through nine genera before settling in this one. The specific name means ""few veined"". This grass is a perennial plant with long, stout, rhizomes that penetrate deeply into the ground. The stems branch only at the base,"
"this coast (from California north to British Columbia), but along nearly every coast worldwide where it has been introduced. ""Ammophila arenaria"" built foredunes (the dunes closest to the beach) that are typically about high, which is much higher than the dunes associated with the native dune grass species ""Leymus mollis"". In the 1930s, ""A. breviligulata"" was introduced to about on the Clatsop Peninsula in Oregon. Since then, ""A. breviligulata"" has gradually supplanted ""A. arenaria"" in Oregon and Washington; the precise reason for the relative success of ""A. breviligulata"" isn't known. The most recognizable aspect of the changeover between the beachgrass"
"Spinifex sericeus Spinifex sericeus, commonly known as hairy spinifex, rolling spinifex, beach spinifex or coastal spinifex, is a dioecious perennial grass. It is native to Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Tonga. It is an important pioneer species which colonises coastal dunes, binding loose sand with its horizontal runners. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia’ records that common names included ""Spring Rolling Grass"" and that it ""has no claim whatever as a food plant for stock, and can only be recommended as a sand-binder in fixing drift sands when encroaching on valuable land. For this purposeit deserves"
"(""villous""), while ssp. ""mollis"" has fine, thin hairs (""pilose""), and generally fewer of them. There is no awn. This grass usually grows in coastal habitat, especially on dunes. It can be an important part of dune ecology. The grass usually grows on the foredune and on embryo dunes, less often on the backdune. It is one of the very first plants to establish in the process of ecological succession in the early stages of the development of a sand dune. In these loose dunes facing the ocean the plants tolerate salt spray, salty sand, little to no fresh water, unstable"
"diameter which becomes a tumbleweed. Spinifex sericeus Spinifex sericeus, commonly known as hairy spinifex, rolling spinifex, beach spinifex or coastal spinifex, is a dioecious perennial grass. It is native to Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Tonga. It is an important pioneer species which colonises coastal dunes, binding loose sand with its horizontal runners. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia’ records that common names included ""Spring Rolling Grass"" and that it ""has no claim whatever as a food plant for stock, and can only be recommended as a sand-binder in fixing drift sands when encroaching on valuable"
"blowing/accumulating sand. Typical vegetation includes Ammophila arenaria, Honckenya peploides, Cakile maritima, and Spartina coarctata. Plants which thrive on the broad dune plain and backdune grow together into dense patches termed ""dune mat""s that hold the dune together. Vegetation typical of the plain and backdune include Hudsonia tomentosa, Spartina patens, Iva imbricata, and Eregeron glaucus. Introduced species can out compete native plants and disrupt animal life, making them formally ""invasive species"". The above species are herbaceous plants. After they have rooted and developed fully, a second stage, the ""shrub stage"", can begin. During this phase, larger plants with deeper root systems"
"on the dunes include sea oats, Sabal palmetto, sea grape, railroad vine, dollar weed, coral bean, Spanish bayonet, wax myrtle, yaupon holly, and several grass species. More salt-tolerant and wind-tolerant species, such as sea oats and railroad vine, are found predominantly on the ocean side of the dune, while other dune vegetation species do not generally show such zonation. These plants assist in building the dune by trapping windblown sand and in stabilizing the dune with extensive lateral root systems. There are approximately of coquina rock outcrops frequently exposed along the low-tide line of Indian Harbour's ocean beach. The National"
"grassland, as it outcompetes the more rare plants and grasses, especially in fertile soils. Agri-environment schemes such as the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme, and Environmental Stewardship give funding to species-rich grasslands that do not have an abundance of ryegrass. Selected seed mixes are used extensively for sports pitches, especially winter sports in temperate climates, because of its wear resistance and ability to regenerate. It is commonly used in the southwest United States to overseed winter lawns. Bermudagrass is a typical summertime grass in states such as Arizona, since it is able to withstand the high temperatures. However,"
"formed in its native South Africa when wind deposits sand around it and other newly established beach plants. One small form of dune hummock is a nabkha. This plant and its associate ""Gazania rigens"" form nabkhas that are inhabited by a variety of small animals such as nematodes and the sand flea ""Talorchestia capensis"". The ability of the plant to colonize bare sand has helped it take hold on the Australian coastline. It was planted for beach stabilization in Western Australia until it became apparent that it was invasive. Native ""Spinifex"" grasses are now used for this purpose. The beach"
"and 8.5. It usually blooms in spring and summer. St. Augustine grass is commonly used in pastures and on ranches. It is a popular lawn grass, rivalling bermudagrass, though St. Augustine is somewhat less drought-tolerant. A number of cultivars have been developed: St. Augustine grass St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) (also known as buffalo turf in Australia) is a warm-season lawn grass that is popular for cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a medium- to high-maintenance grass that forms a thick, carpetlike sod, crowding out most weeds and other grasses. St. Augustine is a dark green grass with"
"is peat moss. Mixing peat moss into the root zone mixture greatly increases nutrient holding capacity. This will greatly increase the chances of establishing a healthy stand of turfgrass because the soil will be able to retain both nutrients and water. Because the nutrient holding capacity is low, soil tests are crucial for sand-based athletic fields. Soil tests should be taken frequently to measure what nutrients are lacking. Fertility programs should then be based on the soil tests. Unlike a native soil field, where most nutrients that are applied stay in the soil, sand-based fields nutrient status fluctuates. That is"
"including many invertebrates such as nematodes and the sand flea ""Talochestria capensis"". The dune tends to have more organic material than the surrounding sand, as windblown plant matter accumulates in it and the roots of the plant penetrate it. In degraded and oil-polluted desert areas in Kuwait, plants with nabkhas act as ecosystem engineers, hosting a sheltered site with layers of relatively rich soil in which other plants can grow. Nabkhas on nitrogen-fixing plants like legumes can have elevated nitrogen levels and other nutrients that other plants can use. The dunes can become islands of plant diversity in otherwise poor"
"is grown as an ornamental grass, and is used for turf on golf courses in Asia, Europe and the Americas, as a lawn grass in the United States especially in the South, and is planted for grazing stock among the trees on tropical coconut plantations. In addition to its ability to grow on sandy soils, it tolerates high salinity, making it ideal for erosion control and lawns in coastal areas. The variety of common names attests to its widespread occurrence in these regions along with its usefulness as a cultivated grass in diverse areas. It is naturalised in many places,"
"used for innumerable implements. """"Phragmites australis"""" (common reed) is important for thatching and grass roots stabilize the sod of sod houses. Reeds are used in water treatment systems, in wetland conservation and land reclamation in Afro-Eurasia. Marram grass (""Ammophila arenaria"") Grasses are the primary plant used in lawns, which themselves derive from grazed grasslands in Europe. They also provide an important means of erosion control (e.g., along roadsides), especially on sloping land. Grass lawns are an important covering of playing surfaces in many sports, including football (soccer), American football, tennis, golf, cricket, softball and baseball. Ornamental grasses, such as perennial"
"Fencing also acts as another way of trapping and accumulating sand among the dunes and can also act as protection against strong winds. Figure two shows an area of newly planted vegetation at Spencer Park Beach, New Zealand. It shows that fencing protects plants from trampling and figure three shows how small fencing using chicken wire can encourage plants to grow. In addition to erecting fences to protect sand dune vegetation, the establishment of walkways will protect developed sand dunes from degrading again over time. These walkways provide access to beaches for the public that does not require pedestrians to"
"repens"") and lyme-grass (""Leymus arenarius""), which permit the gradual expansion of the dune until long-rooted marram grass (""Ammophila"" (Poaceae)) can establish itself once the sand reaches approximately a metre in height. Moving away from the shoreline, beyond the embryo dunes are found a ridge of ""mobile dunes"" which may have been in situ for over 50 years; ""semi-fixed"" dunes bound with grasses, mosses and wild flowers; and ""fixed dunes"" capable of supporting bracken and saplings. Nutrient-poor acidic bogs occur within the vicinity of the Agglestone in particular, a result of a lack of carbonate in the rock strata and pockets"
"Sand dune stabilization Sand dunes are common features of shoreline and desert environments. Dunes provide habitat for highly specialized plants and animals, including rare and endangered species. They can protect beaches from erosion and recruit sand to eroded beaches. Dunes are threatened by human activity, both intentional and unintentional. Countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands, operate significant dune protection programs. Stabilizing dunes involves multiple actions. Planting vegetation reduces the impact of wind and water. Wooden sand fences can help retain sand and other material needed for a healthy sand dune ecosystem."
"observed on the sandbanks of the Wadden Sea and the adjacent salt marshes, sandy beaches and sand dunes. The salt marshes are a breeding area for the pied avocet and terns as well as a habitat for the sea holly and sea lavender that bloom in summer. The typical plant of the dunes is the beachgrass, which anchors the dunes with its extensive root system. Since the Ramsar Convention of 1971, the present-day national park regions and the Dollart Bay have been protected as ""wetlands of international importance"". In 1979 Hans-Joachim Augst and Holger Wesemüller submitted a report, which developed"
"encroachment have been related to large-scale sand dune stabilization, high nitrogen deposition from the vegetation, and a decline in rabbit populations within the dunes. Grass and shrub encroachment has resulted in the fragmentation of grey dune landscapes (and overall reduction in habitat), a loss of biodiversity, and a decline of endangered and rare species that are endemic to grey dunes. Grey dune Grey dunes are fixed, stable sand dunes that are covered by a continuous layer of herbaceous vegetation. These dunes are typically located 50–100 meters from the ocean shore and are found on the landward side of foredunes (also"
"the hinterland from storm floods. The dunes are stabilised by the painstaking planting of beach grass (""Ammophila arenaria""), which counteracts erosion by wind and waves and promotes height growth. Behind the main dunes is an area of low, hummocky dunes (one to five metres above NN), which were planted in 1866, 1881, 1901, 1952 and most recently in 1957 with pine (European Black Pine), Birch, Sessile oak and English oak. This coastal protection forest has an area of 168 hectares and extends southwest to the shore of the lagoon. Before it was afforested, the Schaabe had been known for centuries"