Who was Allied commander in Palestine at the end of World War I?
"while the Anzac Mounted Division, having borne the brunt of the entire campaign, suffered heavily from malaria and influenza in the Jordan Valley. Australia's role in the Sinai and Palestine campaign was later acknowledged by Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, who had been commander-in-chief of the Allied forces in the Middle East, as having been considerable. Total Australian battle casualties in the campaign were 4,851, including 1,374 dead. In March 1916, the infantry units of the AIF were transferred from Egypt to Europe for service on the Western Front. Initially they were organised into I Anzac Corps and II Anzac Corps"
"Fawzi al-Qawuqji Fawzi al-Qawuqji (; 19 January 1890 – 5 June 1977) was a leading Arab nationalist military figure in the interwar period, based in Germany, and allied to Nazi Germany during World War II, who served as the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) field commander during the 1948 Palestine War. Fawzi al-Qawuqji was born in 1890 into a Turkmen family in the city of Tripoli, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, he graduated from the military academy in Istanbul. Gilbert Achcar calls him ""Arab nationalism's leading military figure in the interwar period... served as a commander"
"1948 the United Kingdom's mandate ended and British troops withdrew the following month. Commanders were as follows: Palestine Command Palestine Command was a British military command in Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan. The command was formed in February 1922 with the objective of controlling all British forces in Mandatory Palestine. In 1930, following an outbreak in hostilities between the Jewish and Arab populations, 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment were deployed to Palestine. In September 1936, following an escalation in violence, Lieutenant-General Sir John Dill was despatched there. After the Second World War,"
"war came to an end. On 4 December 1946, Gale was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general. In January 1946, shortly after I Airborne Corps was disbanded, Gale became GOC of the 1st Infantry Division, succeeding Major General Charles Loewen, then stationed in Egypt before, in March, being sent to Palestine, where there were tensions between the Jews and the Arabs, and commanded the division throughout the Palestine Emergency. Gales' division, serving under British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan, commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Evelyn Barker (later Lieutenant General Sir Gordon MacMillan), was responsible for northern Palestine, with"
"Palestine Command Palestine Command was a British military command in Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan. The command was formed in February 1922 with the objective of controlling all British forces in Mandatory Palestine. In 1930, following an outbreak in hostilities between the Jewish and Arab populations, 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment were deployed to Palestine. In September 1936, following an escalation in violence, Lieutenant-General Sir John Dill was despatched there. After the Second World War, with the immigration of Jews, tensions increased further and 1st Infantry Division arrived in Palestine. In May"
"September and the man chiefly responsible of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Olympics. Hasan Salama Hasan Salama or Hassan Salameh (, ; 1913 – 2 June 1948) was a commander of the Palestinian Holy War Army (""Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas"", Arabic: ) in the 1948 Palestine War along with Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni. Salama was born in the village Qula in 1913 during the Ottoman rule over Palestine. He was one of the leaders of armed Arab groups who fought against British authorities and the Yishuv. He participated in the violent 1933 Jaffa demonstrations during the 1933 Palestine riots, and became"
"period"" and early World War II. In 1920, the French were given a mandate over Syria and Lebanon by the League of Nations. During this period of time, Syria was known as the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon was known as the French Mandate of Lebanon. Syria–Lebanon Campaign order of battle This is the order of battle for the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, a World War II campaign between the Western Allies and Vichy France during June and July, 1941. Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command: General Sir Archibald Wavell<br>General Officer Commanding Palestine and Trans-Jordan: General Sir H. Maitland Wilson General Officer Commanding"
"Syria–Lebanon Campaign order of battle This is the order of battle for the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, a World War II campaign between the Western Allies and Vichy France during June and July, 1941. Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command: General Sir Archibald Wavell<br>General Officer Commanding Palestine and Trans-Jordan: General Sir H. Maitland Wilson General Officer Commanding I Corps: Lieutenant-General John Lavarack Elements of Iraqforce: Under command of HQ British Troops Iraq: Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Quinan The Army of the Levant (""Armée du Levant"") identifies the armed forces of France and then Vichy France which occupied a portion of the ""Levant"" during the ""interwar"
"prepared to meet; those with whom we have a quarrel, we are ready, for the sake of Palestine, to sit with. On Palestine, Ahmad al-Shuqayri (1908–1988), a Palestinian diplomat and a former assistant secretary-general of the Arab League (1950–1956), was given a mandate to initiate contacts aimed at establishing a Palestinian entity, in which role he would eventually become first chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization. On the military front, Cairo Radio announced that the leaders of the Arab League member states agreed to set up a unified military command, the United Arab Command, to be headed by an Egyptian"
"it English, American or Jewish"" After the UN Partition vote, the Arab League appointed him to be field commander of the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) in the 1948 Palestine War. This appointment was opposed by Haj Amin Husseini, who had appointed his own kinsman Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni as the commander of the Army of the Holy War. The execution of the 1948 Palestine War was marked by the personal, family, and political rivalry between al-Qawuqji (who fought mainly in northern Palestine) and al-Husayni, who fought mostly in the Jerusalem area. In early March 1948, al-Qawuqji moved some of his forces"
"Otto Liman von Sanders Otto Viktor Karl Liman von Sanders (17 February 1855 – 22 August 1929) was a German general who served as an adviser and military commander to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. In 1918 he commanded an Ottoman army during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Otto Liman was born in Stolp (now Słupsk) in the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the son of Carl Leonhard Liman and his wife Emma (née Michaelis). Carl Liman was a prosperous businessman, who purchased the lordship of the manor (Rittergut) of Schwessin. Although"
"colonies coming under their control. Their Army of the Levant included North African Troops or tiralleurs with contingents from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. On 3 July 1940 the allies struck with an Attack on Mers-el-Kebir and once again the panoply of warfare enveloped Jerusalem and Palestine. British Mandate finished on 14 May 1948. 1967 Moshe Dayan as Defence Minister commands absolute victory securing Jerusalem and Israel in the Six Days War. George Stanfield Blake George Stanfield Blake (1876–1940) was a British mineral and mining geologist, fluent in French, Italian, German and latterly his family understood Palestinian Arabic/Levantine Arabic, which aided"
"for fully normalized relations. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Palestinian Arabs were leaderless. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, had been in exile since 1937, and spent the war years in occupied Europe, actively collaborating with Nazi leadership. His relative Jamal al-Husayni was interned in Southern Rhodesia during the war. As the war ended, Amin al-Husayni escaped to Egypt, and moved to Lebanon in 1959; he died in Beirut on 4 July 1974. In November 1945 the Arab League re-established the Arab Higher Committee as the supreme executive body of Palestinian Arabs in"
"September 1918, the opposing armies in Palestine, Trans Jordan and Syria were deployed as follows: Yildirim Army Group (Otto Liman von Sanders) Egyptian Expeditionary Force (General Edmund Allenby) Arab Northern Army (Emir Feisal) Order of battle for the Battle of Megiddo (1918) This is the order of battle for the Battle of Megiddo (1918), the concluding engagement of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. The Entente's Egyptian Expeditionary Force, commanded by General Edmund Allenby and composed mainly of British, Indian, Australian and New Zealand troops, with a small French and Armenian contingent, cooperated with the Arab"
"Woodburn Kirby and Lieutenant-General William Slim (who led the British troops in Burma) believed that the division could have had a greater impact against the Japanese had it been retained as a single formation. In 1936, the Arab Revolt broke out in the British Mandate of Palestine. British troops were dispatched, ending the first phase of the war by the close of the year. Fighting soon resumed and reached its zenith during the summer of 1938. With rising tensions in Europe, the British began to withdraw troops from Palestine for use elsewhere. The conclusion of the Munich Agreement—on 30 September"
"written in captivity in Malta about his experiences before and during the war (there is an English translation). He died in Munich on 22 August 1929 at the age of seventy-four. Otto Liman von Sanders Otto Viktor Karl Liman von Sanders (17 February 1855 – 22 August 1929) was a German general who served as an adviser and military commander to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. In 1918 he commanded an Ottoman army during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Otto Liman was born in Stolp (now Słupsk) in the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia."
"Haj Amin al-Husayni gave the command of the Army of the Holy War to Ghuri. Emil Ghuri Emil Ghuri (, alternatively spelled Emil Ghoury) (1907–1984), a Palestinian Christian, was Secretary of the Arab Higher Committee (AHC), the official leadership of the Arabs in the British Mandate of Palestine. He was also the general secretary of the Palestine Arab Party. In May 1947 Ghuri was nominated by the AHC as a member of its delegation to represent it before the United Nations in its special session for Palestine. Other people nominated for this delegation were Jamal al-Husayni, Henry Cattan, Wasef Kamal,"
"the Allies and the Ottoman Empire, ending the Sinai and Palestine campaign. After the Ottoman Army's defeat at the Battle of Beersheba, the loss to the Central Powers of southern Palestine, the retreat to the Judean Hills and the loss of Jerusalem at the end of 1917, several Ottoman army commanders in Palestine were replaced. The Yildirim Army Group's German commander, General Erich von Falkenhayn, was replaced by the German General Otto Liman von Sanders. The commander of the Eighth Army, Kress von Kressenstein, was replaced by Djevad Pasha and Cemal commander of the Ottoman Army, appointed Cemal Kucjuk Pasha"
"northern Palestine during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. During this period he participated in several operations of the Special Night Squads (SNS), under the command of Orde Charles Wingate and H. E. N. Bredin. In 1941 he became one of the founding members of the Palmach. In 1941 and 1942, he was a scout with the British forces who fought in Syria and Lebanon. In 1945, he became Commander in Chief of the Palmach. On 22 June 1948, at the climax of David Ben-Gurion's confrontation with the Irgun over the distribution of weapons from the ""Altalena"", Allon commanded the"
"Ariel Sharon Ariel Sharon (; , ', also known by his diminutive Arik, , born Ariel Scheinermann, ‎; February 26, 1928 – January 11, 2014) was an Israeli general and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Israel from March 2001 until April 2006. Sharon was a commander in the Israeli Army from its creation in 1948. As a soldier and then an officer, he participated prominently in the 1948 Palestine war, becoming a platoon commander in the Alexandroni Brigade and taking part in many battles, including Operation Bin Nun Alef. He was an instrumental figure in the"
"Palestine, which was separate from forces under the control of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin Husseini. Al-Qawuqji resigned his commission in the Iraqi army and his position at the Royal Military College to lead approximately fifty armed guerrillas into Mandatory Palestine. In June he contacted Fritz Grobba, who was acting as German ambassador to Iraq. This was probably al-Qawuqji's first encounter with a representative of Nazi Germany. In August, he commanded about 200 volunteers from Iraq, Syria, Transjordan, and the Samaria region of Palestine. His title was 'Supreme Commander of the Arab Revolution in South-Syrian Palestine.' He operated four"
"Hasan Salama Hasan Salama or Hassan Salameh (, ; 1913 – 2 June 1948) was a commander of the Palestinian Holy War Army (""Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas"", Arabic: ) in the 1948 Palestine War along with Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni. Salama was born in the village Qula in 1913 during the Ottoman rule over Palestine. He was one of the leaders of armed Arab groups who fought against British authorities and the Yishuv. He participated in the violent 1933 Jaffa demonstrations during the 1933 Palestine riots, and became a leader of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine. At the beginning of the"
"a swarm of locusts stripped areas in and around Palestine of almost all vegetation. This infestation seriously compromised the already depleted food supply of the region and sharpened the misery of all Jerusalemites. Djemal Pasha, Supreme Commander of Syria and Arabia, who mounted a campaign to limit the devastation, asked the American Colony photographers to document the progress of the locust hordes. When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I as an ally of Germany in November 1914, Jerusalem and Palestine became a battleground between the Allied and the Central powers. The Allied forces from Egypt, under the leadership of"
"the Arab Higher Committee. Non-Palestinian Arabs also fled in large numbers. Most of them did not abandon the hope of returning to Palestine once the hostilities had ended. Many decisions were made abroad that had an important influence over the outcome of the conflict. Britain did not want a Palestinian state led by the Mufti, and opted unofficially instead, on 7 February 1948, to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by Abdullah I of Jordan. At a meeting in London between the commander of Transjordan's Arab Legion, Glubb Pasha, and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth"
"period. In 1917, towards the end of World War I, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, Palestine was occupied by British forces. The United Kingdom was granted control of the area west of the River Jordan now comprising the State of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (Mandatory Palestine), and on the east bank of what later became Jordan (as a separate mandate) by the Versailles Peace Conference which established the League of Nations in 1919. Herbert Samuel, a former Postmaster General in the British cabinet, who was instrumental in drafting the Balfour Declaration was appointed the"
"the newly opened Mesopotamian Front). Liman was rid of the old Baron when Enver Pasha sent him to fight the British in Mesopotamia in October 1915. (Goltz died there six months later, just before the British army at Kut surrendered.) In 1918, the last year of the war, Liman von Sanders took over command of the Ottoman army during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, replacing the German General Erich von Falkenhayn who had been defeated by British General Allenby at the end of 1917. Liman was hampered by the significant decline in power of the Ottoman army. His forces were"
"engineer Al Schwimmer. Schwimmer's operation also included recruiting and training fighter pilots such as Lou Lenart, commander of the first Israeli air assault against the Arabs. On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution ""recommending to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union"", UN General Assembly Resolution 181(II). This was an attempt to resolve the Arab-Jewish conflict by partitioning Palestine into ""Independent Arab and Jewish"
"Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine ( '; ', where ""EY"" indicates ""Eretz Yisrael"", Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1923 in the region of Palestine as part of the Partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the British Mandate for Palestine. During the First World War (1914–18), an Arab uprising and the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby drove the Turks out of the Levant during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The United Kingdom had agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would honour Arab independence if they revolted against the"
"Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF; ) was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the commander in SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. Eisenhower transferred from command of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations to command SHAEF, which was formed in Camp Griffiss, Bushy Park, Teddington, London, from December 1943; an adjacent street named Shaef Way remains"
"for 13 Turks alone. General Allenby took overall command of the Palestine Campaign in August 1917 and his final successful assault against the Gaza-Beersheba Line saw the Rifles attacking the trenches to the south of Gaza. Carrying out this task cost the Battalion 2 officers and 51 other ranks killed. The Rifles then fought their way into Palestine, fighting in the Judaean Hills as Allenby entered Jerusalem. They remained in Palestine until the final defeat of the Turks in September 1918 when they sailed from Beirut to Alexandria and were demobbed in Cairo. When rioting broke out a cadre joined"
"Philip Palin Sir Philip Charles Palin (1864–1937) was an officer of the British Indian Army who served in frontier campaigns and then commanded British, Indian and South African troops in Egypt, Gallipoli and Palestine during World War I. Postwar he investigated Arab–Jewish conflict in Jerusalem. Philip Palin was born in Edinburgh on 8 August 1864, the son of Lieutenant-General C.T. Palin of the Bombay Army. Philip and two of his brothers followed their father into the Indian Army. He was educated at Clifton College and then entered the army by the militia 'back door' (rather than through the Royal Military"
"that he bears a share of responsibility for what has happened to the Palestinian people. Amin al-Husseini Mohammed Amin al-Husseini (; 1897 – 4 July 1974) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine. Al-Husseini was the scion of a family of Jerusalemite notables, who trace their origins to the eponymous grandson of Muhammad. After receiving an education in Islamic, Ottoman, and Catholic schools, he went on to serve in the Ottoman army in World War I. At war's end he stationed himself in Damascus as a supporter of the Arab Kingdom of Syria. Following the Franco-Syrian"
"Abu Daoud Mohammad Daoud Oudeh (), commonly known by his nom de guerre Abu Daoud or Abu Dawud () 1937, – 3 July 2010) was a Palestinian known as the planner, architect and mastermind of the Munich massacre. He served in a number of commanding functions in Fatah's armed units in Lebanon and Jordan. Oudeh was born in Silwan, East Jerusalem, in 1937. He was a teacher by training. He taught physics and maths in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Then he worked at the justice ministry of Kuwait and studied law. He lived in Jerusalem until the 1967 Six-Day War,"