"colobus was included in the list of The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates, published by the IUCN and other organizations. Niger Delta red colobus The Niger Delta red colobus (""Piliocolobus epieni"") is a critically endangered species of colobus monkey endemic to the western part of the Niger Delta. It is threatened by hunting and habitat loss. From the time it first became known to science (in 1993) until 2007 or 2008, it was considered a subspecies of the western red colobus (""Procolobus badius"") and more recently Pennant's colobus (""Procolobus pennantii""), and its trinomial name was ""Procolobus badius epieni"" or ""Procolobus"
"subspecies: In 2011, Jessica Lynch Alfaro et al. proposed that the robust capuchins such (formerly the ""C. apella"" group) be placed in a separate genus, ""Sapajus"", from the gracile capuchins (formerly the ""C. capucinus"" group), which retain the genus ""Cebus"". Black-striped capuchin The black-striped capuchin (""Sapajus libidinosus""), also known as the bearded capuchin, is a capuchin monkey from South America. It was the first non-ape primate in which tool usage was documented in the wild, as individuals have been seen cracking nuts by placing them on a stone ""anvil"" while hitting them with another large stone. Adaptations to carrying large"
"Colobinae The Colobinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera ""Colobus"", ""Piliocolobus"", and ""Procolobus"" in one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός ""kolobós"" = ""docked""). The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA confirms the Asian species form two distinct groups, one"
"very high clypeus and the shape of the male palpal bulb: the tegulum is horseshoe-shaped and the embolus is mostly hidden in a hollow in the tegulum. , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species: Colima (spider) Colima is a genus of spiders in the family Zodariidae (ant spiders), found in the state of Colima, Mexico. ""Colima"" species are medium-sized spiders, with a body length of 3.5–6.0 mm. The fourth leg is longest. The cephalothorax (prosoma) is pale orange to pale brown in colour; the abdomen is mostly darker with a paler pattern of chevrons and spots. The genus"
"William Charles Osman Hill published taxonomies of the capuchin monkeys in 1949 and 1960, respectively. These taxonomies established four species of capuchin monkey in the genus ""Cebus"". One of those species, ""Cebus apella"", is a robust capuchin and is now included in the genus ""Sapajus"". The other three ""Cebus"" species included in that taxonomy were the gracile capuchin species ""Cebus albifrons"", ""Cebus nigrivittatus"" and the type species ""Cebus capucinus"". ""Cebus nigrivittatus"" was subsequently renamed ""Cebus olivaceus"". ""Cebus kaapori"" had been considered a subspecies of ""C. olivaceus"" but Groves (2001 and 2005) and Silva (2001) regarded it as a separate species."
"White-headed capuchin The white-headed capuchin (""Cebus capucinus""), also known as the white-faced capuchin or white-throated capuchin, is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. Native to the forests of Central America and the extreme north-western portion of South America, the white-headed capuchin is important to rainforest ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and pollen. Among the best known monkeys, the white-headed capuchin is recognized as the typical companion to the organ grinder. In recent years the species has become popular in North American media, particularly in the ""Pirates of the Caribbean"" film series. It is"
"White-fronted capuchin The white-fronted capuchin (""Cebus albifrons"") is a species of capuchin monkey, a type of New World primate, found in seven different countries in South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. The species is divided into several different subspecies, though the specific divisions are uncertain and controversial. This primate is a medium-sized monkey with a light brown back and a creamy white underside. Like other capuchin monkeys, it is omnivorous, feeding primarily on fruits, invertebrates, other plant parts and sometimes small vertebrates. It is predated upon primarily by raptors and probably small cats, especially"
"Tufted capuchin The tufted capuchin (""Sapajus apella""), also known as brown capuchin, black-capped capuchin, or pin monkey is a New World primate from South America. As traditionally defined, it is one of the most widespread primates in the Neotropics, but it has recently been recommended considering the black-striped, black and golden-bellied capuchins as separate species in a new genus, thereby effectively limiting the tufted capuchin to the Amazon basin and nearby regions. The tufted capuchin is an omnivorous animal, mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates, although it sometimes feeds on small vertebrates (e.g. lizards and bird chicks) and other plant"
"between ""Cebus"" and ""Sapajus"" in the wild. Capuchin monkeys at the Edinburgh Zoo rub onions and limes on their skin and into their fur as an antiseptic and insect repellent. White-faced capuchin monkeys sometimes anoint their bodies with mud and plant matter, a natural insect repellent. With their heads and faces slathered in this mixture, these highly social primates lose their ability to recognise each other and previously friendly monkeys can become fighting foes. Mexican spider monkeys (""Ateles geoffroyi"") self-anoint with the leaves of three species of plants; the Alamos pea tree (""Brongniartia alamosana""), the trumpet tree (""Cecropia obtusifolia"") and"
"Their life expectancy is approximately 20 years. Intergeneric hybrids are known to occur within the Colobinae subfamily. In India, gray langurs (""Semnopithecus"" spp.) are known to hybridize with Nilgiri langurs (""Trachypithecus johnii""). Colobinae The Colobinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera ""Colobus"", ""Piliocolobus"", and ""Procolobus"" in one group; these genera are distinct in that they"
"certain trees, such as ""Gustavia superba"" and ""Bursera simaruba"", causing them generate more branches and possibly additional fruit, and by accelerating germination of certain seeds when they pass through the capuchin's digestive tract. In addition, the white-headed capuchin sometimes kills ""Acacia collinsii"" plants when it rips through the plant's branches to get to resident ant colonies. White-headed capuchin The white-headed capuchin (""Cebus capucinus""), also known as the white-faced capuchin or white-throated capuchin, is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. Native to the forests of Central America and the extreme north-western portion of South America, the"
"Though they are not venomous, the powerful chelicerae of a large specimen may inflict a painful nip, but nothing medically significant. Camel Spider Feeding by Stefan F. Wirth Solifugae Solifugae is an order of animals in the class Arachnida known variously as camel spiders, wind scorpions, sun spiders, or solifuges. The order includes more than 1,000 described species in about 153 genera. Despite the common names, they are neither true scorpions (order Scorpiones) nor true spiders (order Araneae). Much like a spider, the body of a solifugid has two tagmata: an opisthosoma (abdomen) behind the prosoma (that is, in effect,"
"a study in which he found greater genetic diversity among robust capuchins than among gracile capuchins. Silva's study also concluded that due to the differences between robust and gracile capuchins, the two groups should at least be placed in separate subgenera within the genus ""Cebus"", offering ""Sapajus"" as the subgenus name for robust capuchins. After further studies of the morphology and genetics of the capuchin monkeys, Lynch Alfaro, Silva and Rylands proposed elevating ""Sapajus"" to a separate genus in 2012. The genetic studies led by Lynch Alfaro concluded that robust and gracile capuchin monkey genera diverged about 6.2 million years"
"capuchin (""C. apella"") and white-faced capuchin (""C. capucinus"") monkeys. Wild ""Cebus"" anoint more with plant parts, including fruits, whereas wild ""Sapajus"" anoint more with ants and other arthropods. White-faced capuchins in particular use more plant species at each site for anointing compared with other capuchins and may specialize in anointing as an activity independent from foraging, whereas most other capuchin species tend to eat the substances they use for anointing. Wild ""Cebus"" anoint at a higher frequency than ""Sapajus"" as occurs in captive groups. However, contrary data from captive animals there no difference in the range of sociality for anointing"
"Association does not support the use of nonhuman primates as assistance animals because of animal welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans. Capuchin monkey The capuchin monkeys ( or ) are New World monkeys of the subfamily Cebinae. They are readily identified as the ""organ grinder"" monkey, and have been used in many movies and television shows. The range of capuchin monkeys includes Central America and South America as far south as northern Argentina. In Central America, they usually occupy the wet lowland forests on the Caribbean coast"
"Similar to other capuchin monkeys, the diet of wedge-capped capuchin primarily consists of fruits, invertebrates, other plant parts, and on rare occasions small vertebrates. They have also been known to rub millipedes against their fur, especially in the rainy seasons, as a potential means of mosquito repellent. Although this species is classified as an animal of least concern by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, it falls prey to many predators in South America ranging from vultures to jaguars. ""Cebus olivaceus"" is a polygamous species that lives in groups anywhere from 5-30 individuals, with a female biased sex ratios. The"
"1969. Ramon Mascord published ""Australian Spiders in Colour"" in 1970, ""Australian Spiders"" in 1978 and ""Spiders of Australia"" in 1980. Australian spider families include: Ambush-hunters (Arkyidae), Ant-eating Spiders (Zodariidae), Armoured Spiders (Tetrablemmidae), Assassin Spiders (Archaeidae), Australian Funnelweb Spiders (Hexathelidae), Australian Tarantulas (Theraphosidae), Brush-footed Trapdoor Spiders (Barychelidae), Cave Cobweb Spinners (Nesticidae), Comb-footed Spiders (Theridiidae), Comb‐tailed Spiders (Hahniidae), Cosmopolitan Spider Hunters (Cithaeronidae), Crab Spiders (Thomisidae), Crevice Weavers (Filistatidae), Curtain-web Spiders (Dipluridae), Daddy Long-legs Spiders (Pholcidae), Diamond-headed Spiders (Stenochilidae), Dwarf Orb-weaving Spiders (Symphytognathidae), False Wolf Spiders (Zoropsidae), Fishing Spiders (Pisauridae), Flatties (Selenopidae), Funnel Weavers (Agelenidae), Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae), Ground Sac Spiders (Trachelidae), Ground"
"of the genus, ""Cebus"" comes from the Greek word"" kêbos"", meaning a long-tailed monkey. The species-level taxonomy of this genus remains highly controversial, and alternative treatments than the one listed below have been suggested. In 2011, Jessica Lynch Alfaro ""et al."" proposed that the robust capuchins (formerly the ""C. apella"" group) be placed in a separate genus, ""Sapajus"", from the gracile capuchins (formerly the ""C. capucinus"" group) which retain the genus ""Cebus"". Other primatologists, such as Paul Garber, have begun using this classification. According to genetic studies led by Lynch Alfaro in 2011, the gracile and robust capuchins diverged approximately"
"a height of 2700 m), but also in more open forests. The distribution overlaps with that of other species of capuchins, such as the white-fronted capuchin (""Cebus albifrons""). Tufted capuchin The tufted capuchin (""Sapajus apella""), also known as brown capuchin, black-capped capuchin, or pin monkey is a New World primate from South America. As traditionally defined, it is one of the most widespread primates in the Neotropics, but it has recently been recommended considering the black-striped, black and golden-bellied capuchins as separate species in a new genus, thereby effectively limiting the tufted capuchin to the Amazon basin and nearby regions."
"so on). This genus is probably related to ""Aillutticus"", with which they share a high, broad carapace, rounded laterally behind the posterior lateral eyes, and the cephalic region slightly convex. , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species: Nosferattus Nosferattus is a spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders). All described species are found in Brazil. Species of ""Nosferattus"" range from 3 to 5.5 mm in length. Males have a smooth, oval-shaped plate (scutum) on the upper surface of the opisthosoma (abdomen). ""Nosferattus"" can be distinguished from other genera in the subfamily Sitticinae by the presence of highly"
"parts. It can be found in many different kinds of environment, including moist tropical and subtropical forest, dry forest, and disturbed or secondary forest. Like other capuchins, it is a social animal, forming groups of 8 to 15 individuals that are led by an alpha or dominant male. At one point all tufted capuchins were classified as ""Cebus apella"". Under such taxonomy, the range of ""C. apella"" would extend throughout much of South America from Colombia to northern Argentina. More recent taxonomic studies have been carried out by Torres de Assumpção (1983; Torres 1988). Groves (2005) recognized the following subspecies"
"when night falls, the male occupies the sac. But sometimes, it was found that the female also inhabited it on several nights. The spider is known to eat small insects like grasshoppers, flies, bees as well as other small spiders. Hyllus semicupreus The heavy-bodied jumper, (Hyllus semicupreus), also known as the semi-coppered heavy jumper, is a species of spider of the genus ""Hyllus"". It is native to India and Sri Lanka. As usual in spider morphology, the female is much larger than male, where the female is about 8-9mm in total length and the male is 7-9mm in length. Heavy"
"Eresus cinnaberinus Eresus cinnaberinus and Eresus niger are names formerly used for a group of spiders in the genus ""Eresus"" now divided into three species, ""E. kollari"", ""E. sandaliatus"" and ""E. moravicus"". The three species differ in size, colour pattern, shape of prosoma and copulatory organs, and habitat, with no morphologically intermediate forms. As eastern and western ""E. kollari"" are genetically different, with the eastern form likely a hybrid between ""pure"" ""E. kollari"" and ""E. moravicus"", it is possible that later revisions will partition it into additional species. Both ""Eresus cinnaberinus"" and ""Eresus niger"" are now regarded as ""nomina dubia""."
"Eresus cinnaberinus Eresus cinnaberinus and Eresus niger are names formerly used for a group of spiders in the genus ""Eresus"" now divided into three species, ""E. kollari"", ""E. sandaliatus"" and ""E. moravicus"". The three species differ in size, colour pattern, shape of prosoma and copulatory organs, and habitat, with no morphologically intermediate forms. As eastern and western ""E. kollari"" are genetically different, with the eastern form likely a hybrid between ""pure"" ""E. kollari"" and ""E. moravicus"", it is possible that later revisions will partition it into additional species. Both ""Eresus cinnaberinus"" and ""Eresus niger"" are now regarded as ""nomina dubia""."
"found in households and other man-made structures with thin funnel webs, so long as the niche has not yet been filled by another organism. The species poses no threat to humans or pets, though like other ""Callobius"" species, the bite is painful. Callobius severus Callobius severus is a species of spider found in parts of the United States and Canada. Individuals reach roughly 19 mm (3/4"") in size, with males typically appearing smaller than females. Cephalothorax and legs are reddish to dark brown and the abdomen is dark to light grey with fine hairs, often appearing with large, bilaterally mirrored"
"such as the coral snakes, ""Micrurus fulvius"" and ""Micrurus tener"", in areas in which they are sympatric. Carphophis Carphophis (common name worm snakes) is a genus of small colubrid snakes endemic to the United States. The genus consists of two species. Worm snakes are small snakes, 35 cm (14 in) or less in total length. They are usually a dark brown in color on the upperside, with a lighter-colored, pink or orange underside. They are easily mistaken for other similar species, such as the earth snakes (genus ""Virginia"") and the brown snakes (genus ""Storeria""). They have narrow heads, small eyes,"
"55 cm deep, with two trapdoors. While the females are black with a red tinge, the males have a bright red head and jaws, and a gunmetal blue-black abdomen. ""Missulena occatoria"" was first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805. There has been some confusion between this species and ""Missulena insignis"". For example, H. Womersley in 1943 regarded ""Actinopus formosus"" as a synonym of ""M. occatoria"", whereas Barbara York Main in 1985 treated it as a synonym of ""M. insignis"", the position adopted by the World Spider Catalog. She considered that Womersley had partly confused ""M. occatoria"" and ""M. insignis"","
"first collected. ""Tartarus murdochensis"" and ""Tartarus thampannensis"" are both commonly called Murdoch sink cave spider, ""Tartarus nurinensis"" is also known as the Nurina cave spider. Tartarus (spider) Tartarus is a genus of spiders. All four described species are found in caves systems of Western Australia. These are located in the karst area of the Nullarbor Plain. They are likely relict species from a time when the region was much more humid, given the fact that the other members of the family Stiphidiidae in Southern Australia live in forests. The genus name is derived from Tartarus, a place in the underworld"
"Callobius severus Callobius severus is a species of spider found in parts of the United States and Canada. Individuals reach roughly 19 mm (3/4"") in size, with males typically appearing smaller than females. Cephalothorax and legs are reddish to dark brown and the abdomen is dark to light grey with fine hairs, often appearing with large, bilaterally mirrored paler spots. Males feature large, extended palps with prominent projections. It is a nesting woodland species commonly seen in the Pacific Northwest, and one of the most commonly found and widespread spiders in populated areas of Washington state. It can often be"
"""Maratus pavonis"". The ""spicatus"" group includes three very small species. Males rear their colourful fan and wave it from side to side but do not extend legs III as they display to females. The ""tasmanicus"" group includes two closely related species, one southeastern and one southwestern. Males have a large triangular fan with lobate flaps, each flap bearing a large black spot. The ""velutinus"" group have a velvety-black fan with elongated, black dorsal scales. The ""volans"" group contains three of the most colourful peacock spiders. Males of all three species have a large, fringed fan with distinctive figures consisting of"
"and moves away if it touches one accidentally. It can bite through the threads and pull strongly with its legs, but cannot escape from very sticky webs. The closest relatives of ""Phaeacius"" are in the genus ""Holcolaetis"", and the next closest genera are ""Portia"" and ""Spartaeus"". Spiders are chelicerates, which differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into only two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen. Jumping spiders have a distinctive rectangular carapace. All spiders' abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of silk glands within"
"the genus belong to a single clade. Sociality, however, has independently arisen several times. ""Anelosimus"" spiders have a notched red or brown band on their abdomen, which is dark when preserved in alcohol. Laterally, the abdomen has a white band and/or white blotches. Specimens range in size from . Individuals in this genus lack a colulus. , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species: Anelosimus Anelosimus is a cosmopolitan genus of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae), currently containing 74 species. ""Anelosimus"" is a key group in the study of sociality and its evolution in spiders (Aviles 1997). It contains species spanning"
"the warmer regions of the Old World, with fewer species in the region from New Guinea to Australia and the New World. Only ""T. guadahyrensis"" is known from South America, and only in Peru. , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species: Thomisus Thomisus is a genus of crab spiders (family ""Thomisidae"") with almost 150 species described. The genus includes species that vary widely in their ecology, but the best known crab spiders are those species that people call the ""flower crab spiders"", because they are ambush predators that feed on insects visiting flowers. The flower crab spiders are"