"a significant part in the evolution of golf equipment. They invented the bramble patterning for Coburn Haskell's new rubber-cored ball. In response to the demands of the new ball they developed the ""mashie-niblick"", the modern 7-iron, which fell between the traditional mashie (5-iron) and niblick (9-iron), and patented the design. Jim Foulis also worked as a golf course designer from 1896 until his death, designing the first golf courses in many communities across the American midwest. Foulis had four brothers, all of whom also moved to the United States. Robert and David were also golf professionals, Simpson was a fine"
"flechette (pointed steel projectiles with a vaned tail for stable flight), and illumination. While largely replaced by the M203, the M79 has remained in service in many units worldwide in niche roles. The M79 was a result of the US Army's Project Niblick, an attempt to increase firepower for the infantryman by having an explosive projectile more accurate with further range than rifle grenades, but more portable than a mortar. Project Niblick created the 40 x 46 mm grenade, but was unable to create a satisfactory launcher for it that could fire more than a single shot. One of the"
"15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 The 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 (15 cm NbW 41) was a German multiple rocket launcher used in the Second World War. It served with units of the ""Nebeltruppen"", German Chemical Corps units that had the responsibility for poison gas and smoke weapons that were also used to deliver high-explosives during the war. The name ""Nebelwerfer"" is best translated as ""smoke mortar"". Allied troops nicknamed it ""Screaming Mimi"" and ""Moaning Minnie"" due to its distinctive sound. Rocket development had begun during the 1920s and reached fruition in the late-1930s. These offered the opportunity for the Nebeltruppen to"
"template for modern multiple rocket launchers. The Americans mounted tubular launchers atop M4 Sherman tanks to create the T34 Calliope rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the Katyusha. The Germans began using a towed six-tube multiple rocket launcher during World War II, the Nebelwerfer, also called the ""Screaming Mimi"" by the Allies. The system was developed prior to the war to skirt the limitations of the treaty of Versailles; later in the war the 15cm Nebelwerfer 41 was mounted to modified Opel Maultier ""Mule"" halftracks becoming the Panzerwerfer 42 4/1. Another version produced"
"Miquelet lock Miquelet lock is a modern term used by collectors and curators, largely in the English-speaking world, for a type of firing mechanism used in muskets and pistols. It is a distinctive form of snaplock, originally as a flint-against-steel ignition form, once prevalent in Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Balkans, North Africa, the Ottoman Empire and throughout Spain's colonies from the late 16th to the mid 19th centuries. The term ""miquelet lock"" was not recorded until the 19th century, long after the appearance of the mechanism in the 16th century, and is of uncertain origin. One commonly held view is"
"Nessler ball The Nessler ball, or balle Nessler, is a type of muzzle-loading musket bullet. It was developed to increase the accuracy and range of smoothbore muskets and was used in the Crimean War. The Nessler ball was a short conical-cylindrical soft lead bullet, with a conical hollow in its base. The bullet was designed with a lead skirting. Its intended purpose was to expand under the pressure and obturate the barrel and increase muzzle velocity. A similar ball design called the Chace ball (after its inventor W.B. Chace) was developed in 1861 in the United States but was not"
"breech inside. It was surrounded by a similar square frame, which fit tightly into the embrasure. The only time the occupants of the bunker were exposed to enemy fire, was in the brief moments when switching the machine gun mounting for an artillery mount. Reibel machine gun The MAC mle 1931 machine gun (official French designation ""Mitrailleuse"" ""modèle"" ""1931"" - machine gun, model of 1931), was a machine gun used in French tanks of the World War II era, as well as in fortifications such as the Maginot line. It is also sometimes known as the JM Reibel, which actually"
"Minenwerfer Minenwerfer (""mine launcher"") is the German name for a class of short range mortars used extensively during the First World War by the Imperial German Army. The weapons were intended to be used by engineers to clear obstacles including bunkers and barbed wire, that longer range artillery would not be able to target accurately. The Germans studied the Siege of Port Arthur, where heavy artillery had been unable to destroy defensive structures like barbed wire and bunkers. The German Military ""Ingenieurkomitee"" (""Engineer committee"") began working with Rheinmetall to study the problem in 1907. The solution they developed was a"
"Reibel machine gun The MAC mle 1931 machine gun (official French designation ""Mitrailleuse"" ""modèle"" ""1931"" - machine gun, model of 1931), was a machine gun used in French tanks of the World War II era, as well as in fortifications such as the Maginot line. It is also sometimes known as the JM Reibel, which actually stands for Jumelage de mitrailleuses Reibel, or Reibel twin-mounted guns and really refers to the specialized twin-mounting frame used in Maginot Line fortifications, while ""MAC mle 1931"" refers to each gun. The JM twin-mounts were the standard emplacement for the mle 1931 in fixed"
"dogs, mythical beasts, or fish) was a common practice on these percussion miquelet locks. Miquelets fashioned in this way were particularly well represented by the gunmakers of Eibar. Miquelet lock Miquelet lock is a modern term used by collectors and curators, largely in the English-speaking world, for a type of firing mechanism used in muskets and pistols. It is a distinctive form of snaplock, originally as a flint-against-steel ignition form, once prevalent in Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Balkans, North Africa, the Ottoman Empire and throughout Spain's colonies from the late 16th to the mid 19th centuries. The term ""miquelet lock"""
"century the famous German gun and ammunition designer Wilhelm Brenneke (1865–1951) was experimenting with the engineering concept of lengthening and other dimensional changes regarding standard cartridge cases like the M/88 cartridge case, then used by the German military in their Mauser Gewehr 98 rifles, to obtain extra muzzle velocity. In 1912, Brenneke designed the commercially rather unsuccessful 8×64mm S cartridge (again in production since 2001). It was intended as a ballistic upgrade option for the Mauser Gewehr 98 rifles that were standard issue in the German military. The German military chose, however, to stay with their 8×57mm IS rifle cartridge"
"be great if Solo uses a machine gun from time to time"". The U.N.C.L.E. Special was originally based on a 1934 7.65mm German Mauser pistol. While early episodes were being shot, the Mauser jammed frequently, and visually all the accessories added to convert the pistol to a carbine seemed to overwhelm the small pistol. It was soon replaced by the Walther P38 9mm Parabellum that the producers borrowed from the ""Combat!"" television series that was also shot on the MGM backlot. The standard barrel of the P-38 was shortened and modified to accept a bird-cage flash suppressor. The Special was"
"MP 40 The MP 40 (""Maschinenpistole 40"") was a submachine gun chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge. It was developed in Nazi Germany and used extensively by the Axis powers during the Second World War. Designed in 1938 by Heinrich Vollmer with inspiration from its predecessor the MP 38, it was heavily used by infantrymen (particularly platoon and squad leaders), and by paratroopers, on the Eastern and Western Fronts. Its advanced and modern features made it a favorite among soldiers and popular in countries from various parts of the world after the war. It was often erroneously called ""Schmeisser"" by"
"utilize one of these three systems, with other designs seeing only limited use. The Mauser bolt action system was introduced in the Gewehr 98 designed by Paul Mauser, and is the most common bolt-action system in the world, being in use in nearly all modern hunting rifles and the majority of military bolt-action rifles until the middle of the 20th century. The Mauser system is stronger than that of the Lee–Enfield due to two locking lugs just behind the bolt head which make it better able to handle higher pressure cartridges (i.e. magnum cartridges). The 8×68mm S and 9.3×64mm Brenneke"
"of the first examples of a dedicated breech-loading launcher for unitary explosive grenade rounds was the M79 grenade launcher, a result of the American Special Purpose Individual Weapon program (specifically the 40×46mm grenade round developed during Project NIBLICK, applying the German-developed high–low system to produce manageable recoil). The goal for the M79 was the production of a device with greater range than a rifle grenade but more portable than a mortar. Such single-shot devices were largely replaced in military service with underbarrel grenade launchers, removing the need for a dedicated grenadier with a special weapon. Many modern underbarrel grenade launchers"
"Minié ball The Minié ball, or Minni ball, is a type of muzzle-loading spin-stabilized bullet for rifled muskets named after its co-developer, Claude-Étienne Minié, inventor of the French Minié rifle. It came to prominence in the Crimean and American Civil War. Rifling – the addition of spiral grooves inside a gun barrel, which imparts a spin to a bullet – greatly increases the range and accuracy of a gun. Prior to the Minié ball, balls had to be jammed down the rifle barrel, sometimes with a mallet, and after a relatively small number of shots, gunpowder residue built up in"
"also saw the introduction of the minie ball, which allowed rifled barrels to be used with muzzle-loading black-powder weapons. Model 1840 and 1842 muskets were produced as smoothbore weapons, but many had their barrels rifled after production, causing them to be referred to as rifled muskets. Subsequent models in the series continued to be referred to as rifled muskets, even though they had not been produced as smoothbore weapons originally. The minie ball, being an elongated, conical bullet, has much more mass than a round ball of the same diameter. Springfield muskets until this time had all used .69 caliber"
"catch for half cock) and the Italian ""romanlock"". The term miquelet is used today to describe a particular type of snaplock. The miquelet lock, in all varieties, was common for several centuries in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean, particularly in Spain, Italy, the Balkans, and Ottoman domains including the coastal states of North Africa. The type of musket would be described as a Kabyle snaphance or a Kabyle miquelet. (Blair: 1982 pages 281,289) The caliber of musket ball fired was large, usually in the .67 range. These guns were very long, around 6 feet. The plain barrel alone is 44"
"within the rifle, and the clip is usually ejected or falls from the rifle upon firing or chambering of the last round. The ""en bloc"" clip was invented by Ferdinand Mannlicher for use in his Model 1885 and Model 1888 rifle Other rifles utilizing en-bloc clips include the German Gewehr 88 (since 1905 replaced by stripper clips), the Mexican Mondragón, the French Berthier Mle 1890 and RSC Mle 1917, the Italian M1870/87 Vetterli-Vitali and M1891 Carcano, the various (Romanian, Dutch, Portuguese) turnbolt Mannlichers, the Austro-Hungarian straight-pull Steyr-Mannlicher M1895, the Hungarian FÉG 35M, and the US M1895 Lee Navy, M1 Garand"
"during the war. Nebelwerfer The Nebelwerfer (smoke mortar) was a World War II German series of weapons. They were initially developed by and assigned to the Wehrmacht's ""smoke troops"" (""Nebeltruppen""). This weapon was given its name as a disinformation strategy designed to fool observers from the League of Nations, who were observing any possible infraction of the Treaty of Versailles, into thinking that it was merely a device for creating a smoke screen. They were primarily intended to deliver poison gas and smoke shells, although a high-explosive shell was developed for the ""Nebelwerfer"" from the beginning. Initially, two different mortars"
"was nitrocellulose-based and had been invented in 1884 by French chemist Paul Vieille. Lieutenant Colonel Nicolas Lebel contributed a flat nosed 8 mm full metal jacket bullet (""""Balle M"","" or """"Balle Lebel""""). Twelve years later, in 1898, a solid brass pointed (spitzer) and boat-tail bullet called """"Balle D"""" was retained for all 8mm Lebel ammunition. Each case was protected against accidental percussion inside the tube magazine by a primer cover and by a circular groove around the primer cup which caught the tip of the following pointed bullet. Featuring an oversized bolt with front locking lugs and a massive receiver,"
"Kabyle musket The Kabyle musket or ""moukalla"" (moukhala) was a type of musket widely used in North Africa, produced by many native tribes and nations. Two systems of gunlock prevailed in Kabyle guns, one, which derived from Dutch and English types of snaphance lock, usually with a thicker lockplate. Half cock was provided by a dog catch behind the cock. At full cock, the sear passing through the lockplate engaged the heel of the cock. The other mechanism was the so-called Arab toe-lock, a form of miquelet lock, closely allied to the ""agujeta"" lock (which required a back or dog"
"10 cm Nebelwerfer 40 The 10 cm Nebelwerfer 40 (10 cm NbW 40) was a heavy mortar used by Germany during the Second World War. Much like the American M2 4.2 inch mortar it was intended to deliver chemical munitions, such as gas and smoke shells, as well as ordinary high-explosive shells. It was derived from Rheinmetall's Nebelwerfer 51 and 52 prototypes of the late Thirties which were attempts to develop a more accurate and longer-ranged mortar than the 10 cm Nebelwerfer 35. The NbW 40 is one of the better examples of German overengineering since it fired a slightly"
"at the third before he passed over - he also crashed."" Prominent users of the .450 Nitro Express include Agnes Herbert, Arthur H. Neumann, Major Chauncey H. Stigand and Denys Finch Hatton, the latter had a gunsmith rebarrel his .475 No 2 Nitro Express Lancaster double rifle into .450 Nitro Express as it was easier to find ammunition. .450 Nitro Express .450 Nitro Express also known as the .450 Nitro Express 3¼-inch was designed for the purpose of hunting dangerous game such as elephant, rhino, cape buffalo, lion, and leopard. This cartridge is used almost exclusively in double rifles for"
"Mark I trench knife The Mark I trench knife is an American trench knife designed by officers of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) for use in World War I. It has a double-edged dagger blade useful for both thrusting and slashing strokes, unlike previous U.S. trench knives such as the M1917 and M1918. The handle is made of cast bronze and uses a conical steel nut to hold the blade in place. The Mark I's blade was blued with a black oxide finish, the bronze handle was chemically blackened, with cast spikes on the bow of each knuckle. The spikes"
"robust weapon uses a tilting-block, with a self-cocking, lever operated, single-shot action designed by a Swiss, Friedrich von Martini, as modified from the Peabody design. The rifling system was designed by Scotsman, Alexander Henry. The Mark I was adopted for service in 1871. There were three further main variations of the Martini–Henry rifle, the Marks II, III and IV, with sub variations of these called patterns. In 1877, a carbine version entered service with five main variations including cavalry and artillery versions. Initially, Martinis used the short chamber Boxer-Henry .45 calibre black powder cartridge made of a thin sheet of"
"Schiessbecher The Schiessbecher (German spelling: Schießbecher - literally ""shooting cup"") grenade launcher or ""Gewehrgranatengerät"" (literally ""rifle grenade device"") was used by German forces in World War II. It was introduced as of 1942 and based on rifle grenade launcher models designed during World War I. The ""Schiessbecher"" was intended to replace all previous rifle grenade launcher models. The ""Schiessbecher"" rifle grenade launcher could be used against infantry, fortifications and light armored vehicles up to a range of . For these differing tasks several specialized grenades with accompanying special propelling cartridges were developed for the ""Schiessbecher"" rifle grenade launchers. The rifle"
"Sir Sam Hughes' greed and arrogance who often put his own well-being ahead that of his troops. MacAdam Shield Shovel The MacAdam Shield-Shovel, also known as the Hughes Shovel, was an item of Canadian infantry equipment during the First World War. It was designed and patented by Sam Hughes, the Canadian minister for the Department of Militia and Defence in 1913, combining function as a spade/shovel and as a shield. Ena MacAdam, Hughes' personal secretary, had first suggested the idea of a shield shovel to Hughes after she witnessed Swiss soldiers making field entrenchments during field exercises. The MacAdam shield-shovel"
"make this work. Early systems generally used a device known as a ""Nipkow disk"", which was a spinning disk with a series of holes punched in it that caused a spot to scan across and down the image. A single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot, which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast. A similar disk was used at the receiver side, with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector. A number of such systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s. The best-known was John Logie Baird's, which"
"Nebelwerfer The Nebelwerfer (smoke mortar) was a World War II German series of weapons. They were initially developed by and assigned to the Wehrmacht's ""smoke troops"" (""Nebeltruppen""). This weapon was given its name as a disinformation strategy designed to fool observers from the League of Nations, who were observing any possible infraction of the Treaty of Versailles, into thinking that it was merely a device for creating a smoke screen. They were primarily intended to deliver poison gas and smoke shells, although a high-explosive shell was developed for the ""Nebelwerfer"" from the beginning. Initially, two different mortars were fielded before"
"muzzle-loading rifles restricted their use until the invention of the Minié ball in 1849, ending the smoothbore musket era. Rifled muskets of the mid-19th century, like the Springfield Model 1861, were significantly more accurate, with the ability to hit a man sized target at a distance of or more. The smoothbore musket allowed to enter a person from a distance of no more than 250-300 yards. The advantage of this extended range was demonstrated at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets inflicted heavy casualties among the Indian warriors before they could get their smooth bore"
"30 cm Raketenwerfer 56 The 30 cm Raketenwerfer 56 was a German multiple rocket launcher used in the Second World War. It served with units of the ""Nebeltruppen"", the German equivalent of the U.S. Army's ""Chemical Corps"". Just as the ""Chemical Corps"" had responsibility for poison gas and smoke weapons that were used instead to deliver high-explosives during the war so did the ""Nebeltruppen"". The name ""Nebelwerfer"" is best translated as ""Smoke Mortar"". 694 saw service from 1944–45 in all theaters except Norway. The ""30 cm Raketenwerfer 56"" was a six-barreled rocket launcher mounted on the carriage of the 5"
"Panzerschreck Panzerschreck (lit. ""tank fright"", ""tank's fright"" or ""tank's bane"") was the popular name for the ""Raketenpanzerbüchse "" 54 (abbreviated to RPzB 54), an 88 mm calibre reusable anti-tank rocket launcher developed by Nazi Germany in World War II. Another earlier, official common name was ""Ofenrohr"" (""stove pipe""). The Panzerschreck was designed as a lightweight infantry anti-tank weapon and was an enlarged copy of the American bazooka. The weapon was shoulder-launched and fired a fin-stabilized rocket with a shaped-charge warhead. It was made in smaller numbers than the ""Panzerfaust"", which was a disposable recoilless gun firing an anti-tank warhead. The"