"small castings and in ten-pin bowling balls. When heated, the terpenes are driven off and the remaining product is called ""rosin"" and is used by stringed instrumentalists on their bows. Some resins contain essential oils and are used in incense and aromatherapy. Fossilised resin is known as amber and was mostly formed in the Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago) or more recently. The resin that oozed out of trees sometimes trapped insects or spiders and these are still visible in the interior of the amber. The camphor tree (""Cinnamomum camphora"") produces an essential oil and the eucalyptus tree"
"as the marine plankters foraminifera and coccolithophores) or component parts (such as small teeth or spores) of larger animals or plants. Microfossils are of critical importance as a reservoir of paleoclimate information, and are also commonly used by biostratigraphers to assist in the correlation of rock units. Fossil resin (colloquially called amber) is a natural polymer found in many types of strata throughout the world, even the Arctic. The oldest fossil resin dates to the Triassic, though most dates to the Cenozoic. The excretion of the resin by certain plants is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation for protection from"
"ducts and receptacles of the injured trees. It is thought that, in addition to exuding onto the surface of the tree, amber resin also originally flowed into hollow cavities or cracks within trees, thereby leading to the development of large lumps of amber of irregular form. Amber can be classified into several forms. Most fundamentally, there are two types of plant resin with the potential for fossilization. Terpenoids, produced by conifers and angiosperms, consist of ring structures formed of isoprene (CH) units. Phenolic resins are today only produced by angiosperms, and tend to serve functional uses. The extinct medullosans produced"
"blocks of resin from the Syrian fir tree (""Abies cilicica""), one weighing about 190 g and the other about 339 g, recovered from 1st-century AD contexts in one of the harbor trenches. Produced in areas of greater Syria and Asia Minor, this resin and its oil derivative were used in mummification, as an antiseptic, a diuretic, to treat wrinkles, extract worms and promote hair growth."" Abies cilicica Abies cilicica, commonly known as Cilician fir or Taurus fir, is a species of conifer in the Pinaceae family. It is found in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. ""Abies cilicica"" and ""Cedrus libani"", together"
"kind of human disorder and disease. First medical publication of the use of coniferous resin in medical practice in Finland is from 1578. Swedish physician Benedictus Olai wrote about natural resin in treatment of old leg wounds in the first medical textbook of the Swedish kingdom. Elias Lönnrot presented the first recipe for resin salve in the Flora Fennica book 1866. Natural resin is a complex composition of components such as resin acids, lignans and coumaric acid. The levels of these components are dependent on what type of coniferous tree resin it is and when it is collected i.e. fresh"
"herbaceous conifers with no woody stems. Major fossil orders of conifers or conifer-like plants include the Cordaitales, Vojnovskyales, Voltziales and perhaps also the Czekanowskiales (possibly more closely related to the Ginkgophyta). All living conifers are woody plants, and most are trees, the majority having monopodial growth form (a single, straight trunk with side branches) with strong apical dominance. Many conifers have distinctly scented resin, secreted to protect the tree against insect infestation and fungal infection of wounds. Fossilized resin hardens into amber. The size of mature conifers varies from less than one meter, to over 100 meters. The world's tallest,"
"Abietic acid Abietic acid (also known as ""abietinic acid"" or ""sylvic acid"") is an organic compound that occurs widely in trees. It is the primary component of resin acid, is the primary irritant in pine wood and resin, isolated from rosin (via isomerization) and is the most abundant of several closely related organic acids that constitute most of rosin, the solid portion of the oleoresin of coniferous trees. Its ester or salt is called an ""abietate"". Abietic acid is extracted from tree rosin. The pure material is a colorless solid, but commercial samples are usually a glassy or partly crystalline"
"that can be seen in rarer specimens. Areas with a large number of petrified trees include: Petrified wood Petrified wood (from the Latin root ""petro"" meaning ""rock"" or ""stone""; literally ""wood turned into stone"") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having completely transitioned to stone by the process of permineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (mostly a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the stem tissue. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically"
"a Peruvian mummy at the Bolton Museum, found that it had been embalmed using a tree resin. Before this it was thought that Peruvian mummies were naturally preserved. The resin, found to be that of an ""Araucaria"" conifer related to the 'monkey puzzle tree', was from a variety found only in Oceania and probably New Guinea. ""Radiocarbon dating of both the resin and body by the University of Oxford's radiocarbon laboratory confirmed they were essentially contemporary, and date to around CE 1200."" Researchers including Kathryn Klar and Terry Jones have proposed a theory of contact between Hawaiians and the Chumash"
"Amber is fossilized tree resin, that means it consists of fossilized organic compounds, not minerals. Different amber is distinguished by location, age and species of the resin producing plant. For the research on the Oligocene beetle fauna, Baltic and Dominican amber is most important. Even with the insect fossils record in general lacking, the most diverse deposit being from the Fur Formation, Denmark; including giant ants and primitive moths (Noctuidae). The first butterflies are from the Upper Paleogene, while most, like beetles, already had recent genera and species already existed during the Miocene, however, their distribution differed considerably from today's."
"as inexpensive picture frames. The wood is also used to make chopsticks for the East Asian market, as it has a naturally light color with appeal to certain segments of the Asian market. The tree's gum resin, for which the tree is named, exudes from the bark of the tree when wounded. It has many names, including liquid amber or copalm balsam. It is a kind of native balsam, or resin, resembling turpentine. It may be clear, reddish, or yellow, with a pleasant smell like ambergris. As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported"
"genuine fossil amber because it becomes tacky when a drop of a solvent such as acetone or chloroform is placed on it. African copal and the kauri gum of New Zealand are also procured in a semi-fossil condition. Solidified resin from which the volatile terpenes have been removed by distillation is known as rosin. Typical rosin is a transparent or translucent mass, with a vitreous fracture and a faintly yellow or brown colour, non-odorous or having only a slight turpentine odor and taste. Rosin is insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol, essential oils, ether, and hot fatty oils. Rosin"
"Petrified wood Petrified wood (from the Latin root ""petro"" meaning ""rock"" or ""stone""; literally ""wood turned into stone"") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having completely transitioned to stone by the process of permineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (mostly a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the stem tissue. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three-dimensional representation of the original organic material. The petrifaction"
"Sandarac Sandarac (or sandarach) is a resin obtained from the small cypress-like tree ""Tetraclinis articulata"". The tree is native to the northwest of Africa with a notable presence in the Southern Morocco part of the Atlas mountains. The resin exudes naturally on the stems of the tree. It is also obtained by making cuts on the bark. It solidifies when exposed to the air. It comes to commerce in the form of small solid chips, translucent, and having a delicate yellow tinge. Morocco has been the main place of origin of sandarac. A similar resin is obtained in southern Australia"
"Copal Copal is a name given to tree resin, particularly the aromatic resins from the copal tree ""Protium copal"" (Burseraceae) used by the cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica as ceremonially burned incense and for other purposes. More generally, the term ""copal"" describes resinous substances in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between ""gummier"" resins and amber. The word ""copal"" is derived from the Nahuatl language word "","" meaning ""incense"". although the word itself has been demonstrated to be a loanword to Mayan from Mixe–Zoquean languages. Copal is still used by a number of indigenous peoples of Mexico and Central America"
"Coniferous resin salve Spruce resin salve is a traditional wound treatment method that has gained new popularity again after clinical studies in the 21st century. The pure coniferous resin from Norway spruce is antimicrobial against a wide range of bacteria and fungi and positively associates with progressive healing of the wound. The improvement is not limited to the healing of the infected wounds only, suggesting that the resin has positive influences on mechanisms that play a role in wound repair. The first reports of using resins or rosins in medicine are from antiquity. Resins have been used for nearly every"
"insects and to seal wounds. Fossil resin often contains other fossils called inclusions that were captured by the sticky resin. These include bacteria, fungi, other plants, and animals. Animal inclusions are usually small invertebrates, predominantly arthropods such as insects and spiders, and only extremely rarely a vertebrate such as a small lizard. Preservation of inclusions can be exquisite, including small fragments of DNA. A ""derived"", ""reworked"" or ""remanié fossil"" is a fossil found in rock that accumulated significantly later than when the fossilized animal or plant died. Reworked fossils are created by erosion exhuming (freeing) fossils from the rock formation"
"of which retain water better than their amphibian counterparts. Carboniferous The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, Mya. The name ""Carboniferous"" means ""coal-bearing"" and derives from the Latin words ""carbō"" (""coal"") and ""ferō"" (""I bear, I carry""), and was coined by geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822. Based on a study of the British rock succession, it was the first of the modern 'system' names to be employed, and reflects the fact that many"
"value, providing about 45% of the world’s annual lumber production. Other uses of the timber include the production of paper and plastic from chemically treated wood pulp. Some conifers also provide foods such as pine nuts and Juniper berries, the latter used to flavor gin. Pinophyta The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida. They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants. All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs. Examples include cedars,"
"Spinifex resin Spinifex resin is a gum coating of some species of spinifex grasses. The resin was traditionally used in tool making by Australian Aborigines. Many species of spinifex are extremely resinous, to the extent that resin may drip down the stems and leaves on hot days, and large residual lumps of resin often may be seen at the bases of hummocks which have burned. The spinifex is threshed until the resin particles fall free. These particles are heated until they fuse together to form a moldable black tar which is worked while warm. When set, this gum is quite"
"image. They are currently housed at Lapworth Museum of Geology. Pinus yorkshirensis Pinus yorkshirensis is an extinct species of pine tree. The fossil pine cone came from Hauterivian and Barremian-aged sedimentary rocks loated in the Speeton Clay in Yorkshire (hence the species epithet). The type specimen of ""P. yorkshirensis"" was discovered during a field trip at the University of Birmingham. It is one of four known fossil pine cones from Europe. It was 5 million years older than the previous record holder, ""Pinus belgica"". The fossil was destroyed for science so scientists could study the fossil in more detail. All"
"in the ancient coastal city of Sumhuram, now Khor Rori. The trees start producing resin when they are about 8 to 10 years old. The resin is extracted by making a small, shallow incision on the trunk or branches of the tree or by removing a portion of the crust of it. The resin is drained as a milky substance that coagulates in contact with air and is collected by hand. Growing conditions vary significantly, affecting both tree development and resin produced. Trees in the narrow fog-laden zone where the desert meets Dhofar mountain range, a region known as the"
"Romans used the word ""sandarac"" to refer to arsenic sulfide particularly red arsenic sulfide. In medieval Latin the term ""sandaraca"" meant red lead as well as red arsenic sulfide. The word's resin/varnish meaning came to Europe from Arabic in the early 16th century. To distinguish this meaning from the Greek and medieval Latin meaning, it was occasionally called ""Arabian sandarac"" or ""sandaracha Arabum"" in New Latin writings. The name in Arabic was and is سندروس ""sandarūs"". Sandarac Sandarac (or sandarach) is a resin obtained from the small cypress-like tree ""Tetraclinis articulata"". The tree is native to the northwest of Africa"
"ancient type of myrrh conjectured was noted for possessing a far more delightful odor than the modern. Myrrh Myrrh (; from Aramaic, but see ""§ Etymology"") is a natural gum or resin extracted from a number of small, thorny tree species of the genus ""Commiphora"". Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense, and medicine. Myrrh mixed with wine can also be ingested. When a tree's wound penetrates through the bark and into the sapwood, the tree bleeds a resin. Myrrh gum, like frankincense, is such a resin. When people harvest myrrh, they wound the trees repeatedly"
"as the zero point on the octane rating scale of petrol. As it mainly consists of n-heptane, ""Pinus jeffreyi"" resin is a poor source of turpentine. Before ""Pinus jeffreyi"" was distinguished from ponderosa pine as a distinct species in 1853, resin distillers operating in its range suffered a number of 'inexplicable' explosions during distillation, now known to have been caused by the unwitting use of Jeffrey pine resin. Pinus jeffreyi Pinus jeffreyi also known as Jeffrey pine, Jeffrey's pine, yellow pine and black pine, is a North American pine tree. It is mainly found in California, but also in the"
"of trees of the legume family native to Tropical Africa and North and South America. Copaiba is particularly interesting as a source of biodiesel, because of the high yield of 12,000 liters or 3170 gallons per ha. The resin is tapped from standing trees, with an individual tree yielding 40 liters or 10.6 gallons per year. Copaiba has been used in traditional medicine. It has a long history of use as a folk medicine. In Panama, the Yaviza people mix the resin with honey and give it to newborns to impart knowledge and ward off hexes. Within the Peruvian Amazon"
"Pinophyta The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida. They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants. All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs. Examples include cedars, Douglas firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews. As of 1998, the division Pinophyta was estimated to contain eight families, 68 genera, and 629 living species. Although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are ecologically important. They"
"Benzoin (resin) Benzoin or benjamin (corrupted pronunciation) is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus ""Styrax"". It is used in perfumes, some kinds of incense, as a flavoring, and medicine (see tincture of benzoin). It is distinct from the chemical compound benzoin, which is ultimately derived from benzoin resin; the resin, however, does not contain this compound. Benzoin is sometimes called gum benzoin or gum benjamin, and in India as loban, though loban is, via Arabic ""lubān"", a generic term for frankincense-type incense, e.g., fragrant tree resin. Benzoin is also called storax,"
"also termed succinite. It was thought since the 1850s that the resin that became amber was produced by the tree ""Pinites succinifer"", but research in the 1980s came to the conclusion that the resin originates from several species. More recently, it has been proposed, on the evidence of Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of amber and resin from living trees, that conifers of the family Sciadopityaceae were responsible. The only extant representative of this family is the Japanese umbrella pine, ""Sciadopitys verticillata"". The structure of Baltic amber (succinite) is complex. It is not a polymer, because it is not composed"
"have lived thousands of years earlier. This subfossil copal produces a harder varnish. Subfossil copal is also well-known from New Zealand (kauri gum from ""Agathis australis"" (Araucariaceae)), Japan, the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Madagascar. It often has inclusions and is sometimes sold as ""young amber"". Copal can be easily distinguished from genuine amber by its lighter citrine colour and its surface getting tacky with a drop of acetone or chloroform. Copal that is partly mineralized is known as copaline. Copal Copal is a name given to tree resin, particularly the aromatic resins from the copal tree ""Protium copal"" (Burseraceae) used"
"wood but that produce spores rather than seeds. John William Dawson described the genus in 1871. The name derives from the ancient Greek (""archaīos"", ""ancient""), and (""ptéris"", ""fern""). ""Archaeopteris"" was originally classified as a fern, and it remained classified so for over 100 years. In 1911, Russian paleontologist Mikhail Dimitrievich Zalessky described a new type of petrified wood from the Donetz Basin in Russia. He called the wood ""Callixylon"", though he did not find any structures other than the trunk. The similarity to conifer wood was recognized. It was also noted that ferns of the genus ""Archaeopteris"" were often found"
"increased by as much as 40% by applying paraquat herbicides to the exposed wood. The V-shaped cuts are called ""catfaces"" for their resemblance to a cat's whiskers. These marks on a pine tree signify it was used to collect resin for turpentine production. Crude oleoresin collected from wounded trees may be evaporated by steam distillation in a copper still. Molten rosin remains in the still bottoms after turpentine has been evaporated and recovered from a condenser. Turpentine may alternatively be condensed from destructive distillation of pine wood. Oleoresin may also be extracted from shredded pine stumps, roots, and slash using"
"in Carboniferous forests. The stem anatomy is protostelic (root-like), containing a solid primary xylem core with secondary xylem tissue present in some species. The leaves, which can be several centimeters long, are borne on each node in whorls (called verticels) and are wedge-shaped, fan-shaped, linear, or forked. Reproductive parts are either long terminal cones (consisting of two lobes, a sterile lower lobe and the fertile upper lobe bearing the sporangia) or loose strobili. All sphenophylls are homosporous, with monolete or trilete spores Sphenophyllales was first described by the British botanist and geologist Albert Charles Seward in 1898. The name comes"