"Erythrocyte rosetting Erythrocyte rosetting or E-rosetting is a phenomenon seen through a microscope where red blood cells ""(erythrocytes)"" are arranged around a central cell to form a cluster that looks like a flower. The red blood cells surrounding the cell form the ""petal,"" while the central cell forms the ""stigma"" of the flower shape. This formation occurs due to an immunological reaction between an epitope on the central cell's surface and a receptor or antibody on a red cell. The presence of E-rosetting can be used as a test for T cells although more modern tests such as immunohistochemistry are"
"Red blood cell Red blood cells, also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ""erythros"" for ""red"" and ""kytos"" for ""hollow vessel"", with ""-cyte"" translated as ""cell"" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system. RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs, or gills of fish, and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries. The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomolecule that can"
"180 (10): 58–61. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.11.003. . Erythrocrine Erythrocrine describes red blood cell or erythrocyte for production and release of signaling molecules. The term “erythrocrine“ was coined by Song et al. in reference to erythrocyte, particularly the mature erythrocyte as a secretory cell, not just engaging in gaseous conveyance and exchange. The erythrocyte is differentiated for such function to predominantly express hemoglobin and remove all the organelle including protein synthesis machinery. Our traditional review of erythrocyte function is solely for gaseous exchange. Nevertheless, several previously undetected physiologic functions of erythrocyte are largely neglected. 1. Song CZ, Wang QW, Song CC (January"
"3255 BCE. These cells were discovered in May 2012. Red blood cell Red blood cells, also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ""erythros"" for ""red"" and ""kytos"" for ""hollow vessel"", with ""-cyte"" translated as ""cell"" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system. RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs, or gills of fish, and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries. The cytoplasm of erythrocytes"
"Erythrocrine Erythrocrine describes red blood cell or erythrocyte for production and release of signaling molecules. The term “erythrocrine“ was coined by Song et al. in reference to erythrocyte, particularly the mature erythrocyte as a secretory cell, not just engaging in gaseous conveyance and exchange. The erythrocyte is differentiated for such function to predominantly express hemoglobin and remove all the organelle including protein synthesis machinery. Our traditional review of erythrocyte function is solely for gaseous exchange. Nevertheless, several previously undetected physiologic functions of erythrocyte are largely neglected. 1. Song CZ, Wang QW, Song CC (January 2013). ""Erythrocyte-based analgesic peptides"". ""Regulatory Peptides"""
"mechanism, that is, the immune system and facilitating an effective heat and mass transfer across the body are some of the major functions which blood performs in the human body. Blood consists of the red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood cells or leukocytes, and platelets or thrombocytes. The cells which are involved primarily in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide are known as Erythrocytes. The cells which are involved primarily in phagocytosis (the process of destruction of unknown particulate matter) and immune responses are known as Leukocytes; thrombocytes are the components of blood which are involved in blood"
"Echinocyte Echinocyte (from the Greek word ""echinos"", meaning 'hedgehog' or 'sea urchin'), in human biology and medicine, refers to a form of red blood cell that has an abnormal cell membrane characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections. A more common term for these cells is burr cells. Echinocytes are frequently confused with acanthocytes, but the mechanism of cell membrane alteration is different. Echinocytosis is a reversible condition of red blood cells that is often merely an artifact produced by EDTA, which is used as an anticoagulant in sampled blood. Echinocytes can be distinguished from acanthocytes by the shape"
"erythrocytic stage (in the blood): Merozoites are unleashed into the blood stream to infect erythrocytes constituting one asexual cycle of infection of the erythrocytes. Within the red blood cells some merozoites develop into trophozoites, which in turn mature into schizonts that rupture to release merozoites, while others develop into microgametocytes or macrogametocytes. These gametocytes remain in the blood to be ingested by mosquitoes. Summary: Merozoite → trophozoite → schizont → merozoites. ""P. knowlesi"" infection is normally considered a parasite of long-tailed (""Macaca fascicularis"") and pig-tailed (""Macaca nemestrina"") macaques but humans who work at the forest fringe or enter the rainforest"
"Erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning ""red"" and 'poiesis' meaning ""to make"") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is stimulated by decreased O in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes). In postnatal birds and mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow. In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth"
"in the human body in that they lack a nucleus (although erythroblasts do have a nucleus). The condition of having too few red blood cells is known as anemia, while having too many is polycythemia. White blood cells or ""leukocytes"", are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. They are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. There are a variety of types of white bloods cells that serve"
"number of other hemodynamic and blood level factors. Visualizing the physical appearance of hemolysis in cultured blood samples may be used as a tool to determine the species of various Gram-positive bacteria infections (""e.g."", ""Streptococcus""). Hemolysis is sometimes called hematolysis, erythrolysis, or erythrocytolysis. The words ""hemolysis"" () and ""hematolysis"" () both use combining forms conveying the idea of ""lysis of blood"" (""hemo-"" or ""hemato-"" + ""-lysis""). The words ""erythrolysis"" () and ""erythrocytolysis"" () both use combining forms conveying the idea of ""lysis of erythrocytes"" (""erythro-"" ± ""cyto-"" + ""-lysis""). Erythrocytes have a short lifespan (weeks or months), and the body"
"Histiocyte A histiocyte is an animal cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system). The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage or a dendritic cell (histio, diminutive of histo, meaning ""tissue"", and cyte, meaning ""cell""). Histiocytes are derived from the bone marrow by multiplication from a stem cell. The derived cells migrate from the bone marrow to the blood as monocytes. They circulate through the body and enter various organs, where they undergo differentiation into histiocytes, which are part of"
"of the cell membrane, although as with many measurable properties the ambient conditions may also be relevant factors in any given measurement. No other cells of mammalian organisms have deformability comparable with erythrocytes; furthermore, non-mammalian erythrocytes are not deformable to an extent comparable with mammalian erythrocytes. In human RBC there are structural support that aids resilience in RBC which include the cytoskeleton- actin and spectrin that are held together by ankyrin. Shape change of erythrocytes under applied forces (i.e., shear forces in blood flow) is reversible and the biconcave-discoid shape, which is normal for most mammals, is maintained after the"
"Erythropsidinium Erythropsidinium (formerly Erythropsis) is a genus of dinoflagellates (a type of unicellular eukaryote) of the family Warnowiaceae. ""Erythropsidinium"" cells are a relatively large by dinoflagellate standards (50-120μm in longest dimension) and possess two flagella and two unusual organelles, the ocelloid and the piston. The ocelloid is light-responsive structure organized similarly to a multicellular organism's eye, considered a synapomorphic character for the Warnowiaceae; cells typically contain one ocelloid but occasional examples have been reported of cells containing two, without other indications of ongoing cell division. The piston is a long contractile structure protruding from the cell body, which is highly"
"to visualise by light microscopy. The hepatocyte is a cell in the body that manufactures serum albumin, fibrinogen, and the prothrombin group of clotting factors (except for Factors 3 and 4). It is the main site for the synthesis of lipoproteins, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, complement, and glycoproteins. Hepatocytes manufacture their own structural proteins and intracellular enzymes. Synthesis of proteins is by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and both the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) are involved in secretion of the proteins formed. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in conjugation of proteins to lipid and carbohydrate moieties synthesized by, or"
"Erythropoietin Erythropoietin (; EPO), also known as hematopoietin or hemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow. Low levels of EPO (around 10 mU/mL) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover. Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO (up to 10 000 mU/mL) include any anemia, and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease. Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It"
"have a common end result; they destabilise the cytoskeletal scaffold of cells. This stability is especially important in erythrocytes as they are constantly under the influence of deforming shear forces. As disc-shaped erythrocytes pass through capillaries, which can be 2-3 micrometres wide, they are forced to assume an elliptical shape in order to fit through. Normally, this deformation lasts only as long as a cell is present in a capillary, but in hereditary elliptocytosis the instability of the cytoskeleton means that erythrocytes deformed by passing through a capillary are forever rendered elliptical. These elliptical cells are taken up by the"
"Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell) A hemocyte is a cell that plays a role in the immune system of invertebrates. It is found within the hemolymph. Hemocytes are phagocytes of invertebrates. Hemocytes in ""Drosophila melanogaster"" can be divided into two categories: embryonic and larval. Embryonic hemocytes are derived from head mesoderm and enter the hemolymph as circulating cells. Larval hemocytes, on the other hand, are responsible for tissue remodeling during development. Specifically, they are released during the pupa stage in order to prepare the fly for the transition into an adult and the massive associated tissue reorganization that must occur."
"histiocyte. The most common histiocyte disorders are Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Histiocyte A histiocyte is an animal cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system). The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage or a dendritic cell (histio, diminutive of histo, meaning ""tissue"", and cyte, meaning ""cell""). Histiocytes are derived from the bone marrow by multiplication from a stem cell. The derived cells migrate from the bone marrow to the blood as monocytes. They circulate through the body and"
"erythrocytes. A vacuole is present. The nucleus is irregular. Later stages occur in two forms. The smaller of these may be up to 5 micrometers in size, circular in outline, with pale blue cytoplasm that is free of granules. The nucleus lies to the size of the vacuole. The larger form may be up to nine micrometers in size. The cytoplasm is reddish purple in colour and may contain granules. It is oval or pear shaped. The host erythrocyte may be enlarged. The nucleus lies to one side. Trophozoites: these multiply by binary fission in the erythrocytes and form pairs."
"Erythrocytapheresis Erythrocytapheresis is an apheresis procedure by which erythrocytes (red blood cells) are separated from whole blood. It is an extracorporeal blood separation method whereby whole blood is extracted from a donor or patient, the red blood cells are separated, and the remaining blood is returned to circulation. For the separation of erythrocytes, whole blood is passed through an apparatus that isolates the red blood cells from the remaining components. In erythrocytapheresis, centrifugation is the most commonly used red blood cell fractionation method. This is because the hematocrit, or the percentage of blood volume taken up by red blood cells,"
"required for infection. Ploegh has also been involved in developing therapeutic roles for sortagging. Erythrocytes are the most abundant cell type found in the body known for lacking nuclei as a mature cell. This makes them ideal for the delivery of drugs through the body as they cannot mutate as a mature cell. Ploegh and his colleagues have been able to use sortase to cut erythrocyte surface proteins, allowing the binding of biotin and its circulation throughout the body. As sortagging allows the binding of a number of different proteins, it may be used for the binding of antibodies and"
"the merocytes in huge numbers. The central core of the cyst consists of a non-cellular granular material. Released merozoites either invade other hepatocytes or erythrocytes. Within the erythrocytes the merozoites first become ring forms, then trophozoites and finally gametocytes. The gametocytes are huge and fill the entire erythrocyte. Like those of ""Plasmodium"" and unlike those of ""Hepatozoon"" their nuclei are Feulgen negative. Haemozoin may be found within the erythrocytes. Infected erythrocytes are then taken up when the insect vector feeds on the host. Within the vector the sporogonic cycle lasts between 5–6 days. The oocysts develop in the haemocoele chiefly"
"is always reclaiming the ones that are getting older (that is, the senescent ones) and replacing them with new ones via erythropoiesis. The breakdown and replacement together (and the rate of change) are called erythrocyte turnover. Given that the lysis of erythrocytes is therefore a normal and ongoing physiologic process, one might be prompted to say that erythrolysis or hemolysis is a normal process that happens continually in everyone. However, when these words are used, they usually mean the pathologic type of RBC lysis; that is, mentions of hemolysis without further specification indicate pathologic hemolysis. Hemolysis Hemolysis or haemolysis (),"
"Spherocytosis Spherocytosis is the presence in the blood of spherocytes, i.e erythrocytes (red blood cells) that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disk shaped as normal. Spherocytes are found in all hemolytic anemias to some degree. Hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia are characterized by having ""only"" spherocytes. Spherocytes are found in immunologically-mediated hemolytic anemias and in hereditary spherocytosis, but the former would have a positive direct Coombs test and the latter would not. The misshapen but otherwise healthy red blood cells are mistaken by the spleen for old or damaged red blood cells and it thus constantly breaks them down,"
"are called merozoites. After emerging from the liver, they enter red blood cells, as explained above. They then go through continuous cycles of erythrocyte infection, while a small percentage of parasites differentiate into a sexual stage called a gametocyte which is picked up by an insect host taking a blood meal. In some hosts, invasion of erythrocytes by ""Plasmodium"" species can result in disease, called malaria. This can sometimes be severe, rapidly followed by death of the host (e.g. ""P. falciparum"" in humans). In other hosts, ""Plasmodium"" infection can apparently be asymptomatic. Within the red blood cells, the merozoites grow"
"Hemoglobin Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British) (); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of almost all vertebrates (the exception being the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates. Haemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues). There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism. A healthy individual has 12 to 16 grams of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of"
"Macrocytic anemia The term macrocytic is from Greek words meaning ""large cell"". A macrocytic class of anemia is an ""anemia"" (defined as blood with an insufficient concentration of hemoglobin) in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are larger than their normal volume. The normal erythrocyte volume in humans is about 80 to 100 femtoliters (fL= 10 L). In metric terms the size is given in equivalent cubic micrometers (1 μm = 1 fL). The condition of having erythrocytes which (on average) are too large, is called macrocytosis. In contrast, in microcytic anemia, the erythrocytes are smaller than normal. In a"
"Blood cell A blood cell, also called a hematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Major types of blood cells include; Together, these three kinds of blood cells add up to a total 45% of the blood tissue by volume, with the remaining 55% of the volume composed of plasma, the liquid component of blood. Red blood cells or ""erythrocytes"", primarily carry oxygen and collect carbon dioxide through the use of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that gives red blood cells their color and facilitates transportation of oxygen from"
"been successful in rats, mice, and rabbits, and human trials are planned. ErythroMer is a reddish blood powder composed from hemoglobin from humans. By coating it with a synthetic polymer, it is able to sense pH changes, allowing for oxygen pick up in areas where the pH levels are high, and disposal where the levels are low. Erythromer ErythroMer is a blood substitute in development funded by the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Defense. It is novel in that unlike other blood substitutes—perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers (PFBOCs) and cell-free haemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOCs)—it is stored lyophilized and"
"Reticulocyte Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red blood cells in the human body. In the process of erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation), reticulocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells, in mammals, reticulocytes do not have a cell nucleus. They are called reticulocytes because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of ribosomal RNA that becomes visible under a microscope with certain stains such as new methylene blue and Romanowsky stain. To"
"Erythroferrone Erythroferrone is a protein hormone, abbreviated as ERFE, encoded in humans by the ""FAM132B"" gene. Erythroferrone is produced by erythroblasts, inhibits the action of hepcidin, and so increases the amount of iron available for hemoglobin synthesis. It was identified in 2014 in mice where the transcript was found in bone marrow, encoded by the mouse ""Fam132b"" gene. The homologous gene in humans is ""FAM132B"" and the sequence is conserved in other species. The protein is synthesized by erythroblasts and secreted. This sequence had previously been found expressed in mouse skeletal muscle, called myonectin (CTRP15), and linked to lipid homeostasis."
"are three kinds of erythrocyte inclusions: Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHA are produced by bacteria as inclusion bodies, the size of PHA granules are limited in ""E. coli"", due to its small bacterial size. Bacterial cell's inclusion bodies are not as abundant intracellularly, in comparison to eukaryotic cells. 70-80% of recombinant proteins expressed ""E. coli"" are contained in inclusion bodies (i.e., protein aggregates). The purification of the expressed proteins from inclusion bodies usually require two main steps: extraction of inclusion bodies from the bacteria followed by the solubilisation of the purified inclusion bodies. The use of recombinant proteins can be used to"