"aiding the ""maquis"". The ""résistants"" answered by waging a ferocious guerrilla war against the Germans. Until the end of May 1944, SHEAF had a ""Block Planning"" policy for the Resistance under which the Resistance would lie low until Operation Overlord was launched and then afterwards, the Resistance was to launch a full blown guerilla war in all of the French provinces one by one. At the end of May 1944, Eisenhower changed his plans and instead wanted a nationwide guerilla war launched in all of the regions of France with the start of Overlord. The SOE had informed the Resistance"
"Maquis des Glières The Maquis des Glières was a Free French Resistance group, which fought against the 1940–1944 German occupation of France in World War II. The name is also given to the military conflict that opposed Resistance fighters to German, Vichy and Milice forces. At the end of 1943, the French Resistance in the French Alps of Haute-Savoie needed arms. To find good drop zones to supply the Maquis with arms and sabotage equipment, a mission composed of Major Heslop from the Special Operations Executive and Captain Rosenthal from the Free French Forces was sent from London. The Glières"
"was turned into a propaganda victory and gave a boost to the French Resistance in the spring of 1944. Maquis des Glières The Maquis des Glières was a Free French Resistance group, which fought against the 1940–1944 German occupation of France in World War II. The name is also given to the military conflict that opposed Resistance fighters to German, Vichy and Milice forces. At the end of 1943, the French Resistance in the French Alps of Haute-Savoie needed arms. To find good drop zones to supply the Maquis with arms and sabotage equipment, a mission composed of Major Heslop"
"Résistance-Fer Résistance-Fer (French; ""Resistance-Rail"" or ""Resistance-Iron"") was a French Resistance group against the German occupation of France during the Second World War. This specific movement was essentially composed of French railway workers from the SNCF and played an active role in the French Resistance. The Résistance-Fer concentrated its activities on: Jean-Guy Bernard, Louis Armand and Jean Marthelot established the group in 1943 with the help of the director of the SNCF Albert Guerville and of the Cohors-Asturies and Emilie Plouviez groups. Résistance-Fer is considered part of the network of Forces Françaises Combattantes which was part of the Délégation Générale. After"
"Maquis (World War II) The Maquis () were rural guerrilla bands of French Resistance fighters, called ""maquisards"", during the Nazi Occupation of France in World War II. Initially, they were composed of men and women who had escaped into the mountains to avoid conscription into Vichy France's ""Service du travail obligatoire"" (""Compulsory Work Service"" or ""STO"") to provide forced labor for Germany. To avert capture and deportation to Germany, they became increasingly organized into active resistance groups. Originally the word came from the kind of terrain in which the armed resistance groups hid, high ground in southeastern France covered with"
"Ceux de la Résistance Ceux de la Résistance"" (CDLR) was a French resistance movement during the German occupation of France in World War II. At first, the members of CDLR distributed copies of the underground newspaper Combat in the north zone of France which was directly occupied by the Germans. After several leaders of the group were arrested in 1942, Jacques Lecompte-Boinet relaunched the network and became its leader in early 1943 with the help of Pierre Arrighi, a law student, and Jean de Voguë, who was occupied with intelligence-gathering. On 19 August 1944, the CDLR movement received orders to"
"with permission of the Centre Nationale de la Resistance, (CNR). Résistance-Fer Résistance-Fer (French; ""Resistance-Rail"" or ""Resistance-Iron"") was a French Resistance group against the German occupation of France during the Second World War. This specific movement was essentially composed of French railway workers from the SNCF and played an active role in the French Resistance. The Résistance-Fer concentrated its activities on: Jean-Guy Bernard, Louis Armand and Jean Marthelot established the group in 1943 with the help of the director of the SNCF Albert Guerville and of the Cohors-Asturies and Emilie Plouviez groups. Résistance-Fer is considered part of the network of Forces"
"resistance activities in September 1941 by delivering several suitcases of hand guns to Jean Guyot, aka Gallois, the leader of several resistance networks. Eventually members of the Sosies network led by Dominique Ponchardier, the two brothers were arrested in May 1944 by the Gestapo and imprisoned at the Fort du Hâ in Bordeaux before being deported to the Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg.[2] His brother Jacques, died at age 20, on 31 December 1944 in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin. Jean-Pierre Nicolas Renouard was freed by British troops from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 April 1945.[2][3] After a"
"post-war reconstruction."" Sous le Manteau Sous le Manteau (literally ""Under the Cloak""; usually translated as ""Clandestinely"") is a French documentary consisting of footage shot clandestinely by French officers held during World War II in Oflag XVII-A, a POW camp in northeastern Austria. Oflag XVII-A was a prisoner-of-war camp operated by Nazi Germany in Austria, on the border of Czechoslovakia. Its 40 barracks housed some five thousand French prisoners of war captured during the Battle of France. According to Robert Christophe, in his making-of booklet on the film, Oflag XVII-A had a Gaullist resistance group called ""La Maffia"", which had ties"
"Sous le Manteau Sous le Manteau (literally ""Under the Cloak""; usually translated as ""Clandestinely"") is a French documentary consisting of footage shot clandestinely by French officers held during World War II in Oflag XVII-A, a POW camp in northeastern Austria. Oflag XVII-A was a prisoner-of-war camp operated by Nazi Germany in Austria, on the border of Czechoslovakia. Its 40 barracks housed some five thousand French prisoners of war captured during the Battle of France. According to Robert Christophe, in his making-of booklet on the film, Oflag XVII-A had a Gaullist resistance group called ""La Maffia"", which had ties to a"
"French sued for peace. Under the agreed settlement, the northern half of the country (including Paris) was placed under direct German military occupation while the southern half was ruled by a French puppet government, known as Vichy, under Marshal Philippe Pétain. Unrest and frustration with both the German occupation and Vichy government gave birth to the French Resistance which emerged fully by 1942. The first French underground newspapers emerged in opposition to German and Vichy control over of French radio and newspapers. The first underground newspapers to emerge in the German zone were ""Pantagruel"" and ""Libre France"", both of which"
"Resistance during World War II Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda, to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. In many countries, resistance movements were sometimes also referred to as The Underground. Among the most notable resistance movements were the Polish Resistance, including the Polish Home Army, Leśni, and the whole Polish Underground State; Yugoslav Partisans, the Soviet partisans, the Italian ""Resistenza"" led mainly by the Italian CLN; the French Resistance, the Belgian Resistance, the Norwegian Resistance, the"
"of her service with the French Resistance during World War II. These honors included: Denise Vernay Denise Vernay-Jacob (June 21, 1924March 4, 2013) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II, who operated under the aliases of ""Miarka"" and ""Annie"" from 1941. She narrowly avoided the March 1944 roundup of Jews in Nice, France which resulted in the deportation of her parents to Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland. Captured less than three months later, she survived torture by the Gestapo and imprisonment at two Nazi concentration camps – Ravensbrück and Mauthausen. She was rescued by the"
"Maquis du Mont Mouchet The Maquis du Mont Mouchet were a group of French resistance fighters during the Second World War. Based at Mont Mouchet, its goal was to delay the convergence of German forces in the south of France with those in Normandy, in order to aid the allies in the reconquest of France. The Germans, having discovered the maquis, made several attacks up until May 1944 with about 3,000 men and using aviation and armoured units. The maquisards fought back fiercely. Little information is available on the German forces. Historians have identified some units: These were reinforced from:"
"experience, a particularly visible one was André Malraux. Among prominent foreign figures who participated in the French Resistance was the political scientist and later Iranian Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar. After serving as the prime minister and strong man of the authoritarian Shah regime in Iran, he was forced back into Paris in the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution. He was assassinated on order of the Iranian Islamic Republic in 1991. French Resistance The French Resistance () was the collection of French movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second"
"of France in World War II, the Germans released a lot of convicts from French prisons, including Robie. He and many other released convicts joined the French Resistance (the ""Maquis""), and fought against the Germans. After the war, there was an unofficial amnesty for those released convicts who had been ""maquisards"". Their previous sentences were not remitted, but as long as they refrained from new crimes they would be left alone. Some returned to underworld occupations, but Robie retired. He had saved some of the proceeds of his thefts, and did not need to steal. He bought his villa, tended"
"Réseau Morhange Réseau Morhange (""Morhange network"") was a French resistance group created in 1943 by Marcel Taillandier in Toulouse. The group organised direct action and counterintelligence against the German occupied and collaborators of Vichy France. The group was constituted of 82 agents officially engaged in the conflict against Nazi Germany. Morhange was a Counterintelligence organisation against the counterintelligence of the Gestapo and the Abwehr. In 1940, Commandeur Paillole was responsible for the counterintelligence services of the Vichy army. However he continued to work with the British services against the German intelligence Abwehr whose objective was to track down French resistance"
"few months. Samuel Tyszelman Samuel Tyszelman (born Szmul Cecel Tyszelman; 21 January 1921 – 19 August 1941) was a Polish-born Jew, a Communist and a member of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45). He and a companion were arrested and executed for taking part in an anti-German demonstration. This triggered a series of assassinations and reprisals in which over 500 people died. Szmul Cecel Tyszelman was born in Puławy, Poland on 21 January 1921. His family was Jewish. During World War II (1939–45) he was a member of the Communist resistance organization known as ""Les Bataillons de la"
"Women in the French Resistance Women in the French Resistance played an important role in the context of the resistance to occupying German forces during World War II. Women represented 15 to 20% of the total number of French Resistance fighters within the country. Women also represented 15% of political deportations to Nazi-run concentration camps. Women were generally confined to underground roles in the French Resistance network. Lucie Aubrac, who has become a symbol of the French Resistance within France, never had a clearly defined role in the hierarchy of the movement, which in her case involved the regional Southern"
"underground to avoid imprisonment and subsequent deportation to Germany. For the most part, those ""work dodgers"" (""réfractaires"") became ""maquisards"". There were German reprisals against civilians in occupied countries; in France, the Nazis built an execution chamber in the cellars of the former Ministry of Aviation building in Paris. Many Jews were victims of the Holocaust in France. Approximately 49 concentration camps were in use in France during the occupation, the largest of them at Drancy. In the occupied zone, as of 1942, Jews were required to wear the yellow badge and were only allowed to ride in the last carriage"
"of French Jews during the Second World War. Résistancialisme ""Résistancialisme"" (literally, ""Resistance-ism"") is a neologism, created in 1987 by the French historian Henry Rousso, to describe the national myth which exaggerated the magnitude and importance of the armed resistance in German-occupied France during the Second World War. He argued that resistancialism arose among Gaullists and Communists soon after the war and became mainstream during the Algerian War. In particular, it was used to describe the belief that resistance was both unanimous and natural during the period, and justify the lack of historiographical interest in the role of French collaboration and"
"Raymond Anne Raymond Anne (17 December 1922 – 21 July 1944) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45). For ceremonial purposes he was chosen to represent all the members of the French Resistance who died in action against the Germans. Raymond Anne was born on 17 December 1922 in Villers-Bocage, Calvados. During World War II (1939–45) he became ""Sergeant Filochard"" in the ""Forces françaises de l'intérieur"" (FFI) in the French Resistance. Vassieux-en-Vercors, on the Vercors Massif of the Alps, was a center of the resistance of the Maquis du Vercors. Hundreds of ""Montagnards"" converged there"
"National Front (French Resistance) The National Front ( or ""Front national de l'indépendance de la France"") was a World War II far-left French Resistance movement, created in 1941 by Jacques Duclos and Pierre Villon, both members of the French Communist Party (PCF). Its name was inspired by the Popular Front, a left-wing coalition which governed France from 1936 to 1938. The National Front (FN) was destined to be the ""political representative"" of the armed force called the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP). It engaged mainly in propaganda, editing reviews, fabricating false identity documents, supporting clandestine organizations logistically, and sabotaging German and"
"Libération-sud Libération-sud (French for ""Liberation-South"") was a resistance group active between 1940-1944 and created in the Free Zone of France during the Second World War in order to fight against the Nazi occupation through coordinated sabotage and propaganda operations. Libération-Sud was established in the Free Zone of Clermont-Ferrand by an assortment of French intellectuals and activists including Emmanuel d'Astier, Pierre Kaan, Jean Cavaillès, Lucie Aubrac and Raymond Aubrac. The first important Resistant group to emerge after the German occupation, it began publishing ""Libération"" in July 1941. With the support of Daniel Mayer and the clandestine French Section of the Workers'"
"up by the French police, on orders of the Germans, and were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. The first demonstration against the Occupation, by Paris students, took place on 11 November 1940. As the war continued, anti-German clandestine groups and networks were created, some loyal to the French Communist Party, others to General Charles de Gaulle in London. They wrote slogans on walls, organized an underground press, and sometimes attacked German officers. Reprisals by the Germans were swift and harsh. Following the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, the French Resistance in Paris launched an uprising on"
"Géo Gras Group The Géo Gras Group was a French resistance movement that played a decisive role during Operation Torch, the British-American invasion of French North Africa during WWII. Formed October 1940 in Algiers, the group recruited Jews and French Army officers opposed to the Vichy regime. They provided a third of the resistance fighters during the capture of Algiers. Its role was to neutralize the strategic civilian and military points of the city, and prevent the Vichy forces from defeating the Allied forces. The abolishment of the Marchandeau Decree on August 16, 1940 allowed the ultra right French Popular"
"MP 40 submachine gun being very common. It was standard practice among the Maquis to identify members by wearing a Basque beret because it was common enough not to arouse suspicion but distinctive enough to be effective. Maquis (World War II) The Maquis () were rural guerrilla bands of French Resistance fighters, called ""maquisards"", during the Nazi Occupation of France in World War II. Initially, they were composed of men and women who had escaped into the mountains to avoid conscription into Vichy France's ""Service du travail obligatoire"" (""Compulsory Work Service"" or ""STO"") to provide forced labor for Germany. To"
"Jacques Legrand (resistance leader) Jacques Legrand (born 24 October 1906 in Douai, France - died 30 June 1944 in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, Mauthausen, Nazi Germany was a French chemical engineer and French Resistance leader and the founder and chief executive of the ""Réseau Gloria"". The ""Réseau Gloria"" was in touch with the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War II. It operated during the German occupation of France during World War II, but was infiltrated by Robert Alesch in 1942. Legrand was arrested by the Germans and deported to the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration"
"Paris Underground (book) Paris Underground is a memoir written by Etta Shiber in 1943. The book was later made into a film with the same name in 1945. The book discusses Ms. Shiber's experiences helping British pilots trapped behind enemy lines escape from Nazi Germany during World War II. In the book, Ms. Shiber refers to her French colleague who helped shelter British pilots as ""Kitty Beaurepos"" to hide her identity, since the war was ongoing at the time of publication. The real name of ""Kitty Beaurepos"" was ""Catherine (Kate) Bonnefous (nee Robins)."" Both Shiber and Beaurepos (Bonnefous in real"
"stated that when he saw the German soldiers in Paris in the summer of 1940, he knew he had do to something to uphold French honor because of the look of contempt he saw on the faces of the Germans when viewing the French. In the beginning, resistance was limited to activities such as severing phone lines, vandalizing posters and slashing tyres on German vehicles. Another form of resistance was underground newspapers like ""Musée de l'Homme"" (Museum of Mankind) which circulated clandestinely. The ""Musée de l'Homme"" was founded by two professors, Paul Rivet and the Russian émigré Boris Vildé in"
"Dutch-Paris Dutch-Paris was an underground network of the Dutch, Belgian and French Resistance with the objective to save people and smuggle documents during World War II. Dutch-Paris was one of the most important and most successful underground networks for people persecuted for faith or race, Allied pilots and persons of great Dutch importance to help them escape via Switzerland and Spain during the Second World War. In its heyday, 300 people were part of the underground network, of which about 150 people were arrested. 40 people were slain or died from the effects of captivity. The escape route has greatly"
"and Albert Camus in the years after World War II. Sartre and Camus were members of Combat, a French resistance group formed in 1942 by Henri Frenay. Frenay, Sarte and Camus were all involved in publishing Underground newspapers for the resistance. The French underground culture which inspired Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg in America in the 1940s was steeped in socialist thinking before the cold war began. This, however, was not the monolithic socialism of the totalitarian Soviet state, but rather the free-thinking and expressive socialism of artists and dreamers attempting to re-think society. Jack Kerouac (In ""Esquire magazine"" in"
"Combat (French Resistance) Combat was a large movement in the French Resistance created in the non-occupied zone of France during the Second World War (1939–1945). Combat was one of the eight great resistance movements which constituted the Conseil national de la Résistance. Combat, also known under its former name ""Mouvement de libération nationale"" (MLN), was active both in the unoccupied zone in southern France and in the occupied north. Combat was created in August 1940 in Lyon by Henri Frenay, supported by Berty Albrecht. Through a system of regional heads, he spread the movement through six regions within the free"