"to turn all of Berlin into an independent, demilitarized ""free city"". He gave the United States, Great Britain, and France a six-month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin, or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans. Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that ""Berlin is the testicles of the West. Every time I want to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin."" NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question. More broadly, one"
"Ich bin ein Berliner """"Ich bin ein Berliner"""" (, ""I am a Berliner"") is a quotation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in a speech given on June 26, 1963, in West Berlin. It is widely regarded as the best-known speech of the Cold War and the most famous anti-communist speech. Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet-occupied East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West. The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement"
"context it is clear. Ich bin ein Berliner """"Ich bin ein Berliner"""" (, ""I am a Berliner"") is a quotation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in a speech given on June 26, 1963, in West Berlin. It is widely regarded as the best-known speech of the Cold War and the most famous anti-communist speech. Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet-occupied East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West. The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and"
"22 months after the erection of the Berlin Wall, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin. Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 he declared in his ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" speech the support of the United States for West Germany and the people of West Berlin in particular: The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall. The speech is considered one of Kennedy's best, both"
"West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedy gave his """"Ich bin ein Berliner"""" speech in 1963, underlining the US support for the Western part of the city. Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel to West Berlin or West Germany was prohibited by the government of East Germany. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany. In 1989,"
"the four allied powers, each with primary responsibility for a certain zone. Kennedy's speech marked the first instance where the U.S. acknowledged that East Berlin was part of the Soviet bloc along with the rest of East Germany. On July 25, 1961, Kennedy insisted in a presidential address that the U.S. would defend West Berlin, asserting its Four-Power rights, while making it clear that challenging the Soviet presence in Germany was not possible. The ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" speech is in part derived from a speech Kennedy gave at a Civic Reception on May 4, 1962, in New Orleans; there"
"also he used the phrase ""civis Romanus sum"" by saying ""Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was to say, ""I am a citizen of Rome."" Today, I believe, in 1962 the proudest boast is to say, ""I am a citizen of the United States."" And it is not enough to merely say it; we must live it. Anyone can say it. But Americans who serve today in West Berlin—your sons and brothers --[...] are the Americans who are bearing the great burden."" The phrases ""I am a Berliner"" and ""I am proud to be in Berlin"" were typed already"
"the last one Sorensen could have worked on. Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of ""I am a Berliner"", and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt's office. Daum credited the origin of the phrase ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" to Kennedy and his 1962 speech in New Orleans quoted above. According to Daum, Kennedy was affected by seeing the Berlin Wall, so that he ""falls back on the most memorable passage of his New Orleans speech given the year before, changing pride in being an American in being a Berliner."" Behind the"
"land a knockout blow on the Soviet regime, nor was he engaging in mere political theater. He was instead doing something else on that damp day in Berlin 20 years [before Mann's article] – he was helping to set the terms for the end of the cold war."" Tear down this wall! ""Tear down this wall!"" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961."
"as war would end. Following World War II, another war started. Two nations became the frontrunners for world power: the US and the USSR. This created a power struggle between who would have the most influence for capitalism or socialism. Berlin was in the cross-fire between capitalist and socialist influence and it ended up splitting the city between East and West. Winston Churchill said that there was a metal curtain between the Eastern and Western hemisphere, and Berlin actually had a curtain, the Berlin Wall. Until its destruction in 1989, the city of Berlin was physically divided with little to"
"Traum.” (“His life story stands for the American Dream.”) The title of the book, which implies a close similarity between Obama and John F. Kennedy, seemed gimmicky to some people when it was published in December 2007. However, in the following months many other Germans compared the two men and expressed hope that an Obama presidency would bring better relations between the United States and Europe. Kennedy is very popular in Germany, with many recalling his famous statement, “Ich bin ein Berliner"" (“I am a Berliner”) – given in West Berlin in 1963 at the height of the Cold War."
"and West Berlin, aligned with capitalist Europe (which later developed into the European Community). The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic with its capital in East Berlin, part of the communist Soviet Bloc. The FRG was a member of the western military alliance, NATO and the GDR was a member of the Warsaw Pact. Germans lived under such imposed divisions throughout the ensuing Cold War. Into the 1980s, the Soviet Union experienced a period of economic and political stagnation, and correspondingly decreased intervention in Eastern Bloc politics. In 1987, US President Ronald Reagan gave a speech at the Brandenburg"
"LIVE OAK, working together with NATO, was entrusted with potential military responses to any crisis. On 26 June 1963, President Kennedy visited West Berlin and gave a public speech known for its famous phrase ""Ich bin ein Berliner"". The Four Power Agreement on Berlin (September 1971) and the Transit Agreement (May 1972) helped to significantly ease tensions over the status of West Berlin. While many restrictions remained in place, it also made it easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and it simplified the regulations for Germans travelling along the autobahn transit routes. At the Brandenburg Gate in"
"about the Berlin Wall in which he said, """"Ich bin ein Berliner"""" – ""I am a Berliner"" – which meant much to a city that was a Western island in Soviet satellite territory. Much Cold War espionage and counter-espionage took place in Berlin, against a backdrop of potential superpower confrontation in which both sides had nuclear weapons set for a range that could hit Germany. In 1971, the Four-Power Agreement on Berlin was signed. While the Soviet Union applied the oversight of the four powers only to West Berlin, the Western Allies emphasized in a 1975 note to the United"
"Many Germans had begun to hope that in exchange for legal acceptance of the sovereignty of East Germany, the West could obtain the inclusion of West Berlin into West Germany and a gradual opening of the Wall. Any such deal with Gorbachev would have undermined hopes for a speedy German reunification and the liberation of Eastern Europe. Reagan's dramatic challenge to Gorbachev to ""tear down this wall"" was anything but an ad hoc remark. It was conceived by Kornblum and his team as a memorable slogan for a broader American initiative to remind both East and West that the United"
"'Berlin novels', inspiring the play ""I Am a Camera"", which was later adapted into a musical, ""Cabaret"", and an Academy Award winning film of the same name. Spender's semi-autobiographical novel ""The Temple"" evokes the attitude and atmosphere of the place at the time. According to Vladimir Lenin, capitalism had reached its highest stage and could no longer provide for the general development of society. He expected reduced vigor in economic activity and a growth in unhealthy economic phenomena, reflecting capitalism's gradually decreasing capacity to provide for social needs and preparing the ground for socialist revolution in the West. Politically, World"
"refer to each other. A former East Berliner (or East German) is known as an """"Ossi"""" (from the German word for east, ""Ost""), and a former West Berliner (or West German) is known as a """"Wessi"""" (from the German word for west, ""West""). Both sides also engage in stereotyping the other. A stereotypical ""Ossi"" has little ambition or poor work ethic and is chronically bitter, while a stereotypical ""Wessi"" is arrogant, selfish, impatient, and pushy. At the time of German reunification, East Berlin comprised the boroughs of East Berlin East Berlin existed from 1949 to 1990 and consisted of the"
"and the occupation of East Berlin by Soviet forces. However, this time he did so by issuing a deadline of 31 December 1961. The three powers responded that any unilateral treaty could not affect their responsibilities and rights in West Berlin. In the growing confrontation over the status of Berlin, Kennedy undercut his own bargaining position during his Vienna summit negotiations with Khrushchev in June 1961. Kennedy essentially conveyed US acquiescence to the permanent division of Berlin. This made his later, more assertive public statements less credible to the Soviets. As the confrontation over Berlin escalated, Kennedy delivered a speech"
"of Berlin-Köpenick on Niebergall Street which reads in German: Berlin Declaration (1945) By the Berlin Declaration () of 5 June 1945, the four governments of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and France, acting on behalf of the Allies of World War II, jointly assumed ""supreme authority"" over German territory and asserted the legitimacy of their joint determination of issues regarding its administration and boundaries, prior to the forthcoming Potsdam Conference. The German Instrument of Surrender of 8 May 1945 had provided only for the military capitulation of German armed forces, the German signatories being representatives of the German"
"Berlin Wall went up. Kurt Wismach Kurt Wismach was an East German laborer at the Oberspree Cable Works. He is famous for heckling East German leader Walter Ulbricht during a speech Ulbricht gave to the firm on August 10, 1961. Speaking three days before the Berlin border closure, Ulbricht extolled the purported virtues of East German socialism and denounced the growing numbers of refugees fleeing to West Germany. Seated above Ulbricht on a roll of cables, Wismach applauded sarcastically after each of Ulbricht’s main points and yelled: ""Even if I am the only one to say it: Free elections!"" He"
"Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's refusal to remove the Berlin Wall, the speech, delivered by Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin on 12 June 1987, contained the sentence: ""Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"" On arrival in the city before writing the speech, Robinson was warned by US diplomats to avoid Cold War rhetoric and that Berliners had adjusted to the presence of the Berlin Wall. However, after consultation with local Berliners, he found them deeply wounded and concerned about the wall; in many instances it had separated families and represented an intrusion of a police state into daily life."
"Wall of Shame ""Wall of Shame"" () is a phrase that is most commonly associated with the Berlin Wall. In this sense the phrase was coined by Willy Brandt and it was used by the government of West Berlin, and later popularized in the English-speaking world and elsewhere from the early 1960s. Inspired by its usage in reference to the Berlin Wall the term has later been applied to a wide range of uses. The term ""Wall of Shame"" can be applied to many things, including physical barriers (walls, fences, etc.) serving non-honourable or disputed separation purposes (like the Berlin"
"of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Another phrase in the speech was also spoken in German, """"Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen"""" (""Let them come to Berlin""), addressed at those who claimed ""we can work with the Communists"", a remark at which Nikita Khrushchev scoffed only days later. The speech is considered one of Kennedy's best, both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible"
"such as these. Peter Robinson, the White House wordsmith who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had remarked in a conversation with him, ""If this man Gorbachev is serious with his talk of ""Glasnost"" and ""perestroika"" he can prove it by getting rid of this wall."" Despite Reagan urging Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall, there are some such as Romesh Ratnesar of ""Time"" who commented that there is little evidence that the speech had any impact on the decision to tear down the wall,"
"Tear down this wall! ""Tear down this wall!"" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The ""tear down this wall"" speech was not the first time Reagan had"
"became the city hall for West Berlin. In 1950 the Freedom Bell (""Freiheitsglocke""), a gift by the United States, was installed in the rebuilt tower. During the Berlin Blockade, the Uprising of 1953 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Rudolph-Wilde-Platz in front of the building became a gathering place for protest rallies. After the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg were the location where U.S. President John F. Kennedy spoke on 26 June 1963, proclaiming ""Ich bin ein Berliner"". On the night of his assassination, several thousand Berliners spontaneously gathered at the square, which"
"""I'm a doughnut"". It has even been embellished into an urban legend including equally incorrect claims about the audience laughing at this phrase. Germany's capital, Berlin, was deep within the area controlled after World War II by the Soviet Union. Initially governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union), tensions of the Cold War escalated until the Soviet forces implemented the Berlin Blockade, which the Western allies relieved with the dramatic airlift. Afterward, the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave of West Germany, completely surrounded"
"the West will persist"". The Senator expressed his appreciation for Germany and Chancellor Merkel for the ""essential role"", which they play in defending the ideas of the West. According to McCain, not every American may understand the meaning of his praise, but he thanked Germany and Merkel ""in the name of all those who do grasp that"". During the subsequent discussion, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said that supporting Ukraine is the easiest way to strengthen the West. According to Poroshenko, Russia not only wants to redraw Ukraine ""in Russian colors"" but rather all of Europe. He also warned of a"
"who led the moderate wing of the party, said that Germany should reclaim the German word ""völkisch"" from its Nazi connotations, while Höcke, who is an example of the more right-wing views, regularly speaks of the ""Fatherland"" and ""Volk."" In January 2017, Höcke drew heavy criticism for a speech in which he stated, in reference to the Berlin Holocaust Memorial, ""Germans are the only people in the world who plant a monument of shame in the heart of the capital,"" and criticized the ""laughable policy of coming to terms with the past."" Höcke continued that Germany should make a ""180"
"the words of the American historian Richard Levy, Stoecker's speeches ""put antisemitism on the map in Germany."" Many of the tropes Stoecker used would later be recycled by the Nazis. Stoecker's September 1879 speech, ""Our Demands on Modern Jewry,"" blamed Germany's problems on ""Jewish capital"" and the ""Jewish press."" Stoecker complained that 45,000 Jews living in Berlin were ""too large a figure,"" and argued that poor Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire and Romania should be ""sunk on the high seas"" rather being allowed to settle in Germany. In another speech, Stoecker called all Jews ""parasites"" and ""leeches."" In a"
"evident in Berlin—which was then split into East and West. To stop citizens in East Berlin from having too much exposure to the capitalist West, the Soviet Union put up the Berlin Wall within the actual city. The relationship between the First World and the Third World is characterized by the very definition of the Third World. Because countries of the Third World were noncommittal and non-aligned with both the First World and the Second World, they were targets for recruitment. In the quest for expanding their sphere of influence, the United States (core of the First World) tried to"
"the GDR's social programmes and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, rapidly built on 13 August 1961 prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, eventually becoming a symbol of the Cold War. Ronald Reagan's ""Mr. Gorbachov, Tear down this wall!"" speech at the Wall on 12 June 1987 influenced public opinion, echoing John F. Kennedy's famous ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" speech of 26 June 1963. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism,"
"Kennedy's counsel and habitual speechwriter; and by an interpreter, Robert Lochner, who had grown up in Berlin. It became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he was to cite in German for any length. But there are differing accounts on the origin of the phrase ""Ich bin ein Berliner"". Plischke wrote a 1997 account of visiting Kennedy at the White House weeks before the trip to help compose the speech and teach him the proper pronunciation; she also claims that the phrase had been translated stateside"