"Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, northwest Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. A mediterranean sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the"
"of Bothnia into a southern gulf and northern lake across the Norra Kvarken area in about 2,000 years. Some historians suggest that the adventurer Ottar was referring to the Gulf of Bothnia when he spoke of the ""Kven Sea"" in the 9th century. It is also possible that Claudius Clavus's usage of the term ""Mare Gotticus"" in the 15th century refers to the Gulf of Bothnia. The land surrounding the Gulf of Bothnia is heavily forested. Trees are logged, then transported to the coast for milling. The gulf is also important for oil transport to the coastal cities and ore"
"Bothnian Bay The Bothnian Bay or Bay of Bothnia ("", "") is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which is in turn the northern part of the Baltic Sea. The land holding the bay is still rising after the weight of ice-age glaciers has been removed, and within 2,000 years the bay will be a large freshwater lake. The bay today is fed by several large rivers, and is relatively unaffected by tides, so has low salinity. It freezes each year for up to six months. Compared to other parts of the Baltic it has little plant or"
"of Bothnia, might have been an equivalent of Kven Sea. But that theory does not explain its total absence in Scandinavian sources. Kven Sea Kven Sea (""Cwen sea"") is mentioned as the northern border for the ancient Germania in ""The Old English Orosius"", the history of the world published in England in 890 CE with a commission from King Alfred the Great himself. It was probably the same as the Gulf of Finland, although the Gulf of Bothnia have also been suggested. Included in ""Orosius"", there is a short mention of the Kven Sea by a Norwegian viking Ottar, but"
"typically in force for all the gulf from late January to late April and for the northernmost ports from the middle of December to the middle of May. Geologically the Gulf of Bothnia is an ancient depression of tectonic origin. The depression in partly filled with sedimentary rock deposited in the Precambrian and Paleozoic. Nearby plains adjoining the gulf are part of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain. While being repeatedly covered by glaciers during the last 2.5 million years glacial erosion has had a limited effect in changing the topography. Ongoing post-glacial rebound is thought to result in splitting of the Gulf"
"the affinity in the Finnish language of the words 'eteinen', meaning ""entrance room/hall"" and 'etelä', ""South"". According to Lönnrot, north was viewed as the bottom direction because the lowest point of the sun's path is there. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southern limit of the Gulf of Bothnia as follows: From Simpnäsklubb (59°54'N) in Sweden, to Flötjan, Lagskær [sic], Fæstörne [sic], Kökarsörn, and Vænö-Kalkskær [sic] to the SW point of Hangöudde (Hangö Head, 59°49'N) in Finland, thus including the Aland islands and adjacent shoals and channels in the Gulf of Bothnia. The gulf is 725 km (450 mi) long,"
"80–240 km (50-150 mi) wide and has an average depth of 60 m (200 ft, 33 fathoms). The maximum depth is 295 m (965 ft, 161 fathoms). The surface area is 117,000 km² (45,200 sq mi). The northernmost point is situated in Töre in the Bothnian Bay. its coordinates are 65° 54'07"" N 22° 39'00 E. The depth and surface area of the Gulf of Bothnia are constantly decreasing, as the land is rising after it had been pressed down by the continental ice during last ice age. The rise is 80 cm every hundred years. Into the gulf flow"
"Samogitia (Lithuanian), and Sambia (Russia). A second possibility is that ""botten"" follows an alternative Scandinavian connotation of 'furthermost'. Thus, the Gulf of Bothnia would be the farthest extent of the Ocean. Julius Pokorny gives the extended Proto-Indo-European root as ""*bhudh-m(e)n"" with a ""*bhudh-no-"" variant, from which the Latin ""fundus"", as in fundament, is derived. The original meaning of English ""north"", from Proto-Indo-European ""*ner-"" ""under"", indicates an original sense of ""lowlands"" for ""bottomlands"". On the other hand, by ""north"" the classical authors usually meant ""outermost"", as the northern lands were outermost to them. The origin of the word is indeed very"
"Based on the saga's internal chronologies, this would have happened around the 6th or 7th century CE, but the dating is very insecure. Locations of Kvenland, Finland and Gotland are given rather exactly: ""to the east of the gulf that lies across from the White Sea (Gandvík); we call that the Gulf of Bothnia (Helsingjabotn)."" The saga is correct in placing the Gulf of Bothnia ""across"" (i.e., ""on the other side of"" the isthmus between the two seas) from the White Sea. The saga does not say that Kvenland was on the coast, but just east of the Gulf. This"
"the name ""Kven Sea"" from all Norwegian and Swedish sources is noteworthy, though, and sagas that describe the era during which Ottar lived use the name ""Helsingjabotn"" for the Gulf of Bothnia, for example in the Orkneyinga saga. If Kven Sea was a name used for the Gulf of Bothnia, it along with all of its possible variations seem to be completely missing from the Scandinavian namespace in later times. Finnish historian Kyösti Julku has, however, suggested that ""Kajano More"", which appears in Russian documents from the 14th to 16th centuries in different spellings as the name for the Gulf"
"Gandvik In Norse mythology, Gandvik is a dangerous sea, known as ""Bay of Serpents"" because of its tortuous shape. Saxo Grammaticus stated that Gandvik was an old name for the Baltic Sea (a name misspelt Grandvik in some translations). The legend presumably refers to Gulf of Bothnia. However, there are two opposite theories about where Gandvik was situated, based on the 1323 Treaty of Nöteborg: in the Arctic Ocean or the Gulf of Bothnia. Starting from the 1850s, the former received more support in that Sweden had extended far out to the Arctic Ocean, but since the 1920s the latter"
"Kvarken Kvarken (Swedish ""Kvarken"" or ""Norra Kvarken"" (as opposed to South Kvarken), Finnish ""Merenkurkku"" lit. """"throat of the sea"""") is the narrow region in the Gulf of Bothnia separating the Bothnian Bay (the inner part of the gulf) from the Bothnian Sea. The distance from Swedish mainland to Finnish mainland is around while the distance between the outmost islands is only . The water depth in the Kvarken region is only around . The region also has an unusual rate of land rising at about a year. On the Finnish side of Kvarken, there is a large archipelago, the Kvarken"
"according to traditional interpretations, ending in the Gulf of Bothnia near the Pyhäjoki River. However the wording """"the sea in the north"""" can as well mean the Arctic Ocean. Only the southern part of the border, close to Viborg, was actually considered important and clearly defined in the treaty. Borders in the wilderness were defined very roughly, and presumably considered less important than the line across the Karelian Isthmus. It has also been suggested that the treaty would have originally given both Sweden and Novgorod joint rights to northern Ostrobothnia and Lappland. Finnic tribes living on both sides of the"
"""heel"" and the ""boot"" is the Gulf of Taranto, named after the city of Taranto, which is at an angle between the heel and the boot itself. It is an arm of the Ionian Sea. The island of Sardinia, right below the French island of Corsica, might also be included. On the eastern coast is the Adriatic Sea, leading into the rest of the Mediterranean through the Strait of Otranto (named after the largest city on the tip of the heel). On the Adriatic, south of the ""spur"" of the boot, the peninsula of Monte Gargano; on the Tyrrhenian Sea,"
"animal life. The bay is divided from the Bothnian Sea, the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, by the Northern Quark (Kvarken) strait. The Northern Quark has a greatest depth of , with two ridges that are just deep. It lies between a group of islands off Vaasa in Finland and another group at Holmöarna in Sweden. The bay is bounded by Finland to the east and Sweden to the west. The bay is asymmetric, with a smoother and shallower bottom slope on the Finnish side, and a deeper bottom with a steeper and more rugged coast on the"
"into the Bay of Bothnia. On the other side of the river lies the Finnish town Tornio (Swedish: ""Torneå""). Haparanda and Tornio jointly call themselves ""EuroCity"". Although Haparanda has a boat harbor, it is not accessible for larger vessels and is not, as often thought, the Baltic Sea's northernmost port, that honor most probably belonging to Töre further west on the Swedish coast. The municipality includes the Haparanda archipelago, with 652 islands in the bay of Bothnia, part of the larger Norrbotten archipelago. The Haparanda Archipelago National Park lies within the Haparanda group of islands. It includes the larger islands"
"have gained more support. However, ""Hversu Noregr byggðist"", dating from the former part of the 13th century, is by most opinions referring to the White Sea when it uses the term Gandvik. Gandvik In Norse mythology, Gandvik is a dangerous sea, known as ""Bay of Serpents"" because of its tortuous shape. Saxo Grammaticus stated that Gandvik was an old name for the Baltic Sea (a name misspelt Grandvik in some translations). The legend presumably refers to Gulf of Bothnia. However, there are two opposite theories about where Gandvik was situated, based on the 1323 Treaty of Nöteborg: in the Arctic"
"have emerged in the last 1,500 years as the bed of the bay has risen. The Bay of Bothnia National Park in the Finnish section (, ), established in 1991, is located in the archipelago offshore from Tornio and Kemi. It covers of which about is land. The Quark ridge at the south of the bay defines the dividing line beyond which many salt water species are unable to survive. Instead of the red and brown algae found further south, the bay has predominantly green algae and phanerogams. Annual plant species are almost completely dominant. The only perennials are a"
"Gdańsk Bay Gdansk Bay or the Bay of Gdansk ; ; , and ) is a southeastern bay of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the adjacent port city of Gdańsk in Poland and is sometimes referred to as the Gulf of Gdańsk. The western part of Gdańsk Bay is formed by the shallow waters of the Bay of Puck. The southeastern part is the Vistula Lagoon, separated by the Vistula Spit and connected to the open sea by the Strait of Baltiysk. The bay is enclosed by a large curve of the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania in Poland"
"Bothnia, the Åland Islands are situated alongside all the sea traffic lanes that come in and out of the Gulf, and are within range of Sweden, Finland and the Baltic states to the east. Prior to 1809, the Åland Islands were part of Sweden, who was forced to give them up, along with the mainland area of Finland, in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, to Russia. Out of the ceded areas, including the Åland islands, Russia formed the Grand Duchy of Finland. With the Treaty of Paris of April 18, 1856, at the conclusion of the Crimean"
"shipped from the port of Luleå down the Gulf of Bothnia to the German north Baltic ports at Lübeck, Swinemünde, and Stettin. Outside these months, the Gulf of Bothnia froze over, severely restricting supplies, and although an alternate port was available at Oxelösund, south of Stockholm, for the transport of iron ore from the mines in Bergslagen, this facility was unable to supply the full amount required by Germany, and in any case froze over from January to March each year. Luleå remained outside the reach of Royal Navy's patrols but it was estimated that when Luleå and the Baltic"
"Torne river at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. Timber and furs from across northern Scandinavia and Russia arrived by water for shipping on to the rest of the world via the Baltic. Arctic and Antarctic expeditions of the 19th and 20th centuries, including that of Admiral Peary of the US, wore furs supplied by Hermansons, whose shop still stands in Haparanda, albeit closed now. Haparanda was the only open railway border crossing at the border to Russia during World War I. Haparanda/Tornio play in the second tier bandy division in Sweden, allsvenskan. Haparanda hosted matches in the Bandy"
"within Ptolemy's reckoning of the Great Gulf. Those following Alexander's route from Zaba on its northern shore to Cattigara to its southeast consider it to be no more than the Gulf of Thailand, with Cattigara located in the Funanese Óc Eo ruins at Thoại Sơn. Its Cottiaris River would then be a former course of the Mekong which once passed the site to enter the Gulf of Thailand. Others ignoring the route as garbled but taking Cattigara to be the major Han entrepôt of Longbian consider the Great Gulf to have been the Gulf of Tonkin, hypothesizing that the Gulf"
"Pyhäjoki (river) The Pyhäjoki (literally: ""sacred river"") is a river in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is long and the town of Pyhäjoki is located where it empties into the Gulf of Bothnia on the Baltic Sea. The river originates in Lake Pyhäjärvi and flows generally north-northwest through the Pyhäjokilaakso basin, a lightly settled region in southwest Northern Ostrobothnia. Towns along its course are Kärsämäki, Haapavesi and Oulainen. It empties into the Gulf of Bothnia at the town of Pyhäjoki, dividing into two branches shortly beforehand. The drainage basin of the Pyhajöki is variously described as and ; its mean discharge"
"Kven Sea Kven Sea (""Cwen sea"") is mentioned as the northern border for the ancient Germania in ""The Old English Orosius"", the history of the world published in England in 890 CE with a commission from King Alfred the Great himself. It was probably the same as the Gulf of Finland, although the Gulf of Bothnia have also been suggested. Included in ""Orosius"", there is a short mention of the Kven Sea by a Norwegian viking Ottar, but the Kven Sea is unknown outside ""Orosius"". Borders of the ancient Germania were described in ""Orosius"" as follows: The total absence of"
"of Bothnia and further south near the coast at Satakunta. Jotnian rocks are also found offshore between Finland and Sweden in the Gulf of Bothnia and the Åland Sea including South Kvarken. Known Jotnian rocks at the Åland Sea are sandstones belonging to the informally defined Söderarm Formation. Above these there are Upper Riphean and Vendian sandstones and shales. There is evidence suggesting that Jotnian rocks, or even a Jotnian platform, once covered much of Fennoscandia and were not restricted to a few localities like today. The limited geographical extent of Jotnian sediments at present is indebted to their erosion"
"Boeotia in the northeast, Attica in the east, Corinthia in the southeast and south and Achaea in the southwest. The gulf is in tectonic movement comparable to movement in parts of Iceland and Turkey, growing by per year. In medieval times, the gulf was known as the Gulf of Lepanto (the Italian form of Naupactus). Shipping routes between the Greek commercial port Piraeus (further away from ultimate destinations but larger and better connected to the south than the north-western Greek port of Igoumenitsa) to western Mediterranean and hemisphere ports pass along this gulf. A further crossing in the form of"
"Gulf of Corinth The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf (, ""Korinthiakόs Kόlpos"", ) is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. It is bounded in the east by the Isthmus of Corinth which includes the shipping-designed Corinth Canal and in the west by the Strait of Rion which widens into the shorter Gulf of Patras (part of the Ionian Sea) and of which the narrowest point is crossed since 2004 by the Rio–Antirrio bridge. The gulf is bordered by the large administrative divisions (regional units): Aetolia-Acarnania and Phocis in the north,"
"the centre of Tornio is located west of the river, but belongs to Finland. The border runs in straight lines for 4.03 kilometres between the cities of Tornio and Haparanda, and from there in straight lines 25.31 km as a maritime border mostly through sea, but also through islands including one called Kataja. In 1809 the border went between the islands Kataja and Inakari, but the post-glacial rebound has caused them to join into a single island. The border continues as a maritime border to a point in the Bothnian Bay, where the Finnish and Swedish territorial waters depart from"
"in Finland. The arms is crowned by a count's coronet, though by Finnish tradition this more resembles a Swedish baron's coronet. Blazon: ""Azure, six ermines courant argent, tail-tips sable."" Ostrobothnia (historical province) Ostrobothnia, (literally ""Eastern Bottom"", ""botten"" deriving from Old Norse ""botn"" in the meaning of 'bay', and Latinized ""bothnia""), (literally ""Bottom (low) lands"") is a historical province comprising a large western and northern part of modern Finland (which was then the ""eastern half"" of Sweden). It is bounded by Karelia, Savonia, Tavastia and Satakunda in the south, the Bothnian Sea, Bothnian Bay and Swedish Västerbotten in the west, Laponia"
"as follows: ""… the marine environment of the Baltic and North Seas and contiguous area of the North East Atlantic, as delimited by the shores of the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland; to the south-east by latitude 36°N, where this line of latitude meets the line joining the lighthouses of Cape St. Vincent (Portugal) and Casablanca (Morocco); to the south-west by latitude 36°N and longitude 15°W; to the north-west by longitude 15°W and a line drawn through the following points: latitude 59°N/longitude 15°W, latitude 60°N/longitude 5°W, latitude 61°N/longitude 4°W; latitude 62°N/ longitude 3°W; to the north by latitude 62°N; and"
"idea, but the idea is still decades from being brought to fruition. There is a debate in the coastal cities on both sides, like Umeå and Vaasa. The official view from the Swedish and Finnish governments is that it is much too expensive. The natural values in the area also makes a bridge dubious. Kvarken Kvarken (Swedish ""Kvarken"" or ""Norra Kvarken"" (as opposed to South Kvarken), Finnish ""Merenkurkku"" lit. """"throat of the sea"""") is the narrow region in the Gulf of Bothnia separating the Bothnian Bay (the inner part of the gulf) from the Bothnian Sea. The distance from Swedish"
"Tornquist Sea The Tornquist Sea or Tornquist Ocean was a sea located between the palaeocontinents Avalonia and Baltica about . The remains of the sea today form a suture stretching across northern Europe (Tornquist Zone). It probably formed at the same time (c. 600 Ma) as the Iapetus Ocean. Gondwana, including Avalonia until Early Ordovician, was separate from Baltica throughout the Cambrian. It probably closed during the Late Ordovician at the time of the Shelveian Orogeny of western England. There are faunal, palaeomagnetic, palaeogeographic, and apparent polar wander path evidence for the timing of closure for Eastern Avalonia (England and"