"is also a principal second violin, a principal viola, a principal cello and a principal bass. The principal trombone is considered the leader of the low brass section, while the principal trumpet is generally considered the leader of the entire brass section. While the oboe often provides the tuning note for the orchestra (due to 300-year-old convention), no principal is the leader of the woodwind section though in woodwind ensembles, often the flute is leader. Instead, each principal confers with the others as equals in the case of musical differences of opinion. Most sections also have an assistant principal (or"
"make the intonation process more precise. In classical music, there is a longstanding tradition to tune ""by ear"", by adjusting the pitch of instruments to a reference pitch. In an orchestra, the oboe player gives a 440 Hz ""A"", and the different instrument sections tune to this note. In chamber music, either one of the woodwind players gives an ""A"", or if none is present, one of the string players, usually the first violinist, bows his or her open ""A"" string. If an orchestra is accompanying a piano concerto, the first oboist takes the ""A"" from the piano and then"
"Concert pitch Concert pitch is the pitch reference to which a group of musical instruments are tuned for a performance. Concert pitch may vary from ensemble to ensemble, and has varied widely over musical history. In the literature this is also called international standard pitch. The most common modern tuning standard uses 440 Hz for A above middle C as a reference note, with other notes being set relative to it. The term ""concert pitch"" is also used to distinguish between the ""written"" (or ""nominal""), and ""sounding"" (or ""real"") notes of a transposing instrument – ""concert pitch"" here refers to"
"playing with other instruments. The chanter length determines the overall tuning; accompanying pieces of the instrument, such as drones and regulators, are tuned to the same key as the chanter. Chanters of around in length produce a bottom note on or near D (D above middle C) where A = 440 Hz, i.e. modern ""concert pitch"". The modern concert pitch pipes are a relatively recent invention, pioneered by the Taylor brothers, originally of Drogheda, Ireland and later of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late nineteenth century. Concert pitch pipes typically have wider bores and larger tone holes than the earlier ""flat"""
"other strings are not so equipped. The A string is tuned first to a reference pitch source such as a tuning fork or, in most orchestras, the oboe, typically to 440 Hz, although some orchestras tune to another standard A such as 442, or even as high as 445 or 446 Hz to produce a brighter sound. Early music groups interested in authentic performance may use a lower standard A. When playing with a fixed-pitch instrument such as a piano or accordion, the violinist must tune to accommodate that instrument. The other strings are then tuned to the A in"
"Currently, the most common tuning fork sounds the note of A = 440 Hz, the standard concert pitch that many orchestras use. That A is the pitch of the violin's second string, the first string of the viola, and an octave above the first string of the cello. Orchestras between 1750 and 1820 mostly used A = 423.5 Hz, though there were many forks and many slightly different pitches. Standard tuning forks are available that vibrate at all the pitches within the central octave of the piano, and also other pitches. Well-known tuning fork manufacturers include Ragg and John Walker,"
"in scientific pitch notation because it occurs in the octave that starts with the fourth C key on a standard 88-key piano keyboard. On MIDI, it is note 69. A440 is widely used as concert pitch in the United Kingdom and the United States. In continental Europe the frequency of A commonly varies between 440 Hz and 444 Hz. In the period instrument movement, a consensus has arisen around a modern ""baroque pitch"" of 415 Hz (with 440 Hz corresponding to A), baroque for some special church music (""Chorton pitch"") at 466 Hz (with 440 Hz corresponding to A), and"
"notes from natural sources are usually a complex mix of many frequencies. Accordingly, theorists often describe pitch as a subjective sensation. Specific frequencies are often assigned letter names. Today most orchestras assign Concert A (the A above middle C on the piano) to the frequency of 440 Hz. This assignment is somewhat arbitrary; for example, in 1859 France, the same A was tuned to 435 Hz. Such differences can have a noticeable effect on the timbre of instruments and other phenomena. Thus, in historically informed performance of older music, tuning is often set to match the tuning used in the"
"that my father would have liked [...] A very smart nice man who had no education in music whatsoever, but the kind of person who fills up concert halls. [...] It's popular, it's supposed to be — it's for my Dad."" The concerto is scored for solo violin; two flutes (one doubling piccolo), two oboes, two B♭ clarinets, E♭ clarinet, bass clarinet, two bassoons; four horns, three trumpets, two tenor trombones, bass trombone, tuba; timpani, snare drum, bass drum, wood block, triangle, cymbals, harp and strings. Metronome indication in quarter notes per minute: The first movement is characterized by a"
"be adjusted for each performance). Symphony orchestras and concert bands usually tune to an A440 or a B♭, respectively, provided by the principal oboist or clarinetist, who tune to the keyboard if part of the performance. When only strings are used, then the principal string (violinist) typically has sounded the tuning pitch, but some orchestras have used an electronic tone machine for tuning. Interference beats are used to objectively measure the accuracy of tuning. As the two pitches approach a harmonic relationship, the frequency of beating decreases. When tuning a unison or octave it is desired to reduce the beating"
"tune to an A provided by the oboist, wind ensembles usually tune to a B-flat provided by a tuba, horn, or clarinet. In Germany, Russia, Poland and Scandinavia, this pitch is designated B, with 'H' used to designate the B-natural. Since the 1990s, B-flat is often denoted Bb or ""Bess"" instead of B in Swedish music textbooks. Natural B is called B by Swedish jazz and pop musicians, but still denoted H in classical music. See B (musical note) for an explanation. B♭ (musical note) B (B-flat; also called si bémol) is the eleventh step of the Western chromatic scale"
"would last longer. In 2015 American pianist Simone Dinnerstein brought attention to this issue and later traveled to Cuba with strings donated by friends. Concert pitch Concert pitch is the pitch reference to which a group of musical instruments are tuned for a performance. Concert pitch may vary from ensemble to ensemble, and has varied widely over musical history. In the literature this is also called international standard pitch. The most common modern tuning standard uses 440 Hz for A above middle C as a reference note, with other notes being set relative to it. The term ""concert pitch"" is"
"from voices and other instruments (and even from each other). As a result, musicians need a way to refer to a particular pitch in an unambiguous manner when talking to each other. For example, the most common type of clarinet or trumpet, when playing a note written in their part as C, sounds a pitch that is called B on a non-transposing instrument like a violin (which indicates that at one time these wind instruments played at a standard pitch a tone lower than violin pitch). To refer to that pitch unambiguously, a musician calls it ""concert B"", meaning, ""...the"
"nor the standard concert A of 440 Hz; this is particularly the case in connection with earlier music. The standard proposed to the Acoustical Society of America explicitly states a logarithmic scale for frequency, which excludes meantone temperament, and the base frequency it uses gives A a frequency of exactly 440 Hz. However, when dealing with earlier music that did not use equal temperament, it is understandably easier to simply refer to notes by their closest modern equivalent, as opposed to specifying the difference using cents every time. The table below gives notation for pitches based on standard piano key"
"even A-444. Baroque pitch is usually cited as A-415, which is a semitone lower than modern pitch. A0 is the lowest note on the standard piano. The octaves follow A1, A2, etc. A7 is a few pitches lower than C8, the highest note on the standard piano. The note ""A"" is not considered to be a certain milestone or mark to hit with voice as, for example, Tenor C is, but it can be extremely demanding in certain octaves. A (musical note) La or A is the sixth note of the fixed-do solfège. Its enharmonic equivalents are B (""Heses"") which"
"The wood is usually African Blackwood. The standard concert flute is pitched in C and has a range of three octaves starting from middle C or one half step lower when a B foot is attached. This means the concert flute is one of the highest common orchestra and concert band instruments. The piccolo plays an octave higher than the regular treble flute. Lower members of the flute family include the G alto and C bass flutes that are used occasionally, and are pitched a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute, respectively. The contrabass, double contrabass, and"
"of the airstream also affects the pitch, timbre, and dynamics. The piccolo is also commonly used in Western orchestras and bands. Alto flutes, pitched a fourth below the standard flute, and bass flutes, an octave below, are also used occasionally. The standard concert flute, also called ""C flute"", ""Boehm flute"", ""silver flute"", or simply ""flute"", is pitched in C and has a range of about three and a half octaves starting from the note C (middle C). In most cases the flute's highest pitch is C, however more experienced flutists are able to reach up to F (and in some"
"notes are played at the same time. A lead instrument is usually monophonic (only able to sound one note at a time), such as a horn or voice. A rhythm or backing instrument(s) may be monophonic, working together to create harmony, or polyphonic, generating harmony on its own. The name given to someone who is the most advanced player of their instrument in their ensemble is the first chair or principal. Because the first chair is the leader of their section of instruments, much practice and skill is required to fill this position. In an Orchestra, musicians are divided into"
"A major A major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c"" { </score> In the treble, alto, and bass clefs, the G in the key signature is placed higher"
"with either pitch standard. The harpsichord has a single string for each note, plucked by a plectrum and the difference in pitch between the Baroque A at 415 Hz and the ""modern"" A at 440 Hz is one half step. Moving the keyboard mechanism right or left causes the A key to play the next string, namely the A at 440 Hz or the A at 392 Hz respectively. Movement of the keyboard allows one to play higher or lower, though the topmost or bottommost key will not produce sound unless the builder has provided extra strings to accommodate the"
"the E and D clarinets as well (piccolo merely meaning ""small"" in Italian). This designation is less common today, with the E and D instruments more usually designated soprano clarinets. The term ""piccolo clarinet"" is used by some recent music software (e.g., Finale) for the A clarinet. The A clarinet is pitched a minor seventh higher than the B clarinet. Its lowest note, E, sounds as concert middle C, the same as many concert flutes. Clarinets pitched in A appeared frequently in European wind bands, particularly in Spain and Italy, at least through the middle of the 20th century, and"
"The term ""concert orchestra"" may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra and the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. The so-called ""standard complement"" of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composer's instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral ""palette"" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6,"
"conical bore (as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets). As a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. The highest note is a semitone lower than the nominally highest note of the B clarinet. Since the clarinet has a wider range, the lowest note of the B clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe. Music for the standard oboe is written in concert pitch (i.e., it is not a transposing instrument), and the instrument has a soprano range, usually from B to G. Orchestras tune"
"A major is a key suitable for ""declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God."" For orchestral works in A major, the timpani are typically set to A and E a fifth apart, rather than a fourth apart as for most other keys. Hector Berlioz complained about the custom of his day in which timpani tuned to A and E a fifth apart were notated C and G a fourth apart, a custom which survived as late as the music of Franz Berwald. A major A major (or the"
"uniformly, since the fundamental is chromatically discontinuous with the lowest 2nd harmonic reachable on a three-valve instrument or via the seven-position slide on a trombone. Trombone and tuba in particular are often called upon to play pedal notes (fundamental notes) and so-called ""false harmonics"" and ""false tones"" below their normal range. The modern standard orchestral horn is a double B/F horn. The player can switch between the two modes using a thumb-operated fourth valve. The fundamental pitch of the F horn is near that of the tuba. Horn notation is a complex subject beyond the scope of this article, but"
"Harpsichord concerto A harpsichord concerto is a piece of music for an orchestra with the harpsichord in a solo role (though for another sense, see below). Sometimes these works are played on the modern piano (see ""piano concerto""). For a period in the late 18th century, Joseph Haydn and Thomas Arne wrote concertos that could be played interchangeably on harpsichord, fortepiano, and (in some cases) pipe organ. The harpsichord was a common instrument, but never as popular as string or wind instruments in the concerto role, probably due to its relative lack of volume in an orchestral setting. In this"
"part, a B-clarinet player may mentally substitute tenor clef for the written treble clef. Concert-pitch music in bass clef can be read on an E instrument as if it were in treble clef. (Notes will not always sound in the correct octave.) The written key signature must always be adjusted to the proper key for the instrument being played. Clef A clef (from French: ""clé"" ""key"") is a musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes. Placed on a stave, it indicates the name and pitch of the notes on one of the lines. This line serves as"
"(B in scientific pitch notation), with the fingerings thus matching those of the trumpet but sounding an octave lower. It is often used to play parts written for the similarly pitched tenor trombone or euphonium. The baritone is part of the tenor section of a band. Its second partial with no valves pressed is concert B on the second line from the bottom of the bass clef (B in scientific pitch notation). The eighth partial with no valves pressed is concert B in the center of the treble clef (B). Virtuosi can reach certain pedal tones below the E second"
"the player) depend on the key of the music. For example, in a section in C major an E alto saxophone part will appear in A major (three sharps). But in a section in concert B major it would be impractical to notate the sax part in G major part (a key with eight sharps, i.e. six sharps and one double-sharp). Instead, their part would appear in A major (four flats), just as if they were playing a D instrument. Transposing instrument A transposing instrument is a musical instrument whose music is recorded in staff notation at a pitch different"
"A♭ (musical note) A (A-flat; also called la bémol) is the ninth semitone of the solfège. It lies a diatonic semitone above G and a chromatic semitone below A, thus being enharmonic to G, although in some musical tunings, A will have a different sounding pitch than G. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the A above middle C (or A) is approximately 415.305 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical variations in frequency. A/G is the only note to have only one other enharmonic."
"A♭ (musical note) A (A-flat; also called la bémol) is the ninth semitone of the solfège. It lies a diatonic semitone above G and a chromatic semitone below A, thus being enharmonic to G, although in some musical tunings, A will have a different sounding pitch than G. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the A above middle C (or A) is approximately 415.305 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical variations in frequency. A/G is the only note to have only one other enharmonic."
"D, E, F, G, A, B, C and then in reverse order, with no key signature or accidentals. In all technicality, ""music"" can be composed of notes at any arbitrary physical frequency. Since the physical causes of music are vibrations of mechanical systems, they are often measured in hertz (Hz), with 1 Hz meaning one vibration per second. For historical and other reasons, especially in Western music, only twelve notes of fixed frequencies are used. These fixed frequencies are mathematically related to each other, and are defined around the central note, A. The current ""standard pitch"" or modern ""concert pitch"""
"E-flat major E-flat major (or the key of E-flat) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has three flats: B, E, and A. Its relative minor is C minor, while its parallel minor is E minor (or enharmonically D minor). The E-flat major scale is: \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { </score> The key of E-flat major is often associated with bold, heroic music, in part because of Beethoven's usage. His ""Eroica Symphony"", ""Emperor Concerto"" and ""Grand Sonata"" are all in this key. Also"