"Hamburg killed 8,600 people. Smallpox is caused by either of the two viruses, Variola major and Variola minor. Smallpox vaccine was available in Europe, the United States, and the Spanish Colonies during the last part of the century. The Latin names of this disease are Variola Vera. The words come from varius (spotted) or varus (pimple). In England this disease was first known as the ""pox"" or the ""red plague"". Smallpox settles itself in small blood vessels of the skin and in the mouth and throat. The symptoms of smallpox are rash on the skin and blisters filled with raised"
"Varicella zoster virus Varicella zoster virus or varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of eight herpesviruses known to infect humans. It causes chickenpox (varicella), a disease most commonly affecting children, teens, and young adults, and shingles (herpes zoster) in adults; shingles is rare in children. VZV is a worldwide pathogen known by many names: chickenpox virus, varicella virus, zoster virus, and human herpesvirus type 3 (HHV-3). VZV infections are species-specific to humans, but can survive in external environments for a few hours, maybe a day or two. VZV multiplies in the lungs, and causes a wide variety of symptoms. After the"
"Varroa Varroa is a genus of parasitic mites associated with honey bees, placed in its own family, Varroidae. The genus was named for Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and beekeeper. The condition of a honeybee colony being infested with ""Varroa"" mites is called varroosis (also, incorrectly, varroatosis). ""Varroa"" mites are recognised as the biggest pest to honeybees worldwide due to their ability to transmit diseases such as deformed wing virus (or dwv) to larval or pupating bees, resulting in death or severe deformity of the pupae. ""Varroa"" mites feed off the bodily fluids of adult, pupal, and larval honey"
"Alastrim Alastrim, also known as variola minor, was the milder strain of the variola virus that caused smallpox. The last known case of variola minor was in Somalia, Africa in 1977. Smallpox was formally declared eradicated in May 1980. Variola minor is of the genus orthopoxvirus, which are DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of the affected cell, rather than in its nucleus. Like variola major, alastrim was spread through inhalation of the virus in the air, which could occur through face-to-face contact or through fomites. Infection with variola minor conferred immunity against the more dangerous variola major. Variola"
"Puumala virus Puumala virus (PUUV) is a species of orthohantavirus. Humans infected with the virus may develop a haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) known as nephropathia epidemica. Puumala virus HFRS is lethal in less than 0.5% of the cases. Puumala virus is named after a municipality in Finland. The virus is found predominantly in Scandinavia and Finland, although it has also been reported elsewhere in Northern Europe, Poland and Russia. Because the bank vole (""Myodes glareolus"") acts as a reservoir for the virus, nephropathia epidemica cases track with the vole population in a three- to four-year cycle. Humans are"
"Laurel wilt Laurel wilt, also called laurel wilt disease, is a vascular disease caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola, which is transmitted by the invasive redbay ambrosia beetle, ""Xyleborus glabratus"". The disease affects and kills members of the laurel family. The avocado is perhaps the most commercially valuable plant affected by laurel wilt. Symptoms of laurel wilt include wilted stems and leaves and dark streaking in the wood. Laurel wilt can spread in at least two ways: one is via the beetle's natural reproduction and migration. A second way is through the sale and transport of beetle-infested wood, a result"
"ill and has a high fever or an underlying medical condition, oral antibiotic therapy with doxycycline or a quinolone can be initiated. Patients with noncholera ""Vibrio"" wound infection or septicemia are much more ill and frequently have other medical conditions. Medical therapy consists of: ""V. harveyi"" is a pathogen of several aquatic animals, and is notable as a cause of luminous vibriosis in shrimp (prawns) The ""typical"", early-discovered ""Vibrio"" species, such as ""V. cholerae"", have a single polar flagellum (monotrichous) with sheath. Some species, such as ""V. parahaemolyticus"" and ""V. alginolyticus"", have both a single polar flagellum with sheath and"
"translate to improved clinical practice in the future. The earliest recorded artificial induction of immunity in humans was by variolation or inoculation, which is the controlled infection of a subject with a less lethal natural form of smallpox (known as Variola Minor) to make him or her immune to re-infection with the more lethal natural form, Variola Major. This was practiced in ancient times in China and India, and imported into Europe, via Turkey, around 1720 by Lady Montagu and perhaps others. From England, the technique spread rapidly to the Colonies, and was also spread by African slaves arriving into"
"Boston. Variolation had the disadvantage that the inoculating agent used was still an active form of smallpox and, although less potent, could still kill the inoculee or spread in its full form to others nearby. However, as the risk of death from inoculation with Variola Minor was just 1% to 2%, as compared to the 20% risk of death from the natural form of smallpox, the risks of inoculation were generally considered acceptable. In 1796, Edward Jenner, a doctor and scientist who had practiced variolation, performed an experiment based on the folk-knowledge that infection with cowpox, a disease with minor"
"Theileria parva Theileria parva is a species of parasites, named in honour of Arnold Theiler, that causes East Coast fever (theileriosis) in cattle, a costly disease in Africa. The main vector for ""T. parva"" is the tick ""Rhipicephalus appendiculatus"". Theiler found that East Coast fever was not the same as redwater, but caused by a different protozoan. Sporozoites from the tick secrete into the feeding site of the animal. Sporozoites enter lymphoblasts to form a schizont. There is a clonal expansion of schizonts and then multiply by merging to form merozoites. The merozoites go into erythrocytes and invade the cells"
"Variolation Variolation or inoculation was the method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (""Variola"") with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual in the hope that a mild, but protective infection would result. The procedure was most commonly carried out by inserting/rubbing powdered smallpox scabs or fluid from pustules into superficial scratches made in the skin. The patient would develop pustules identical to those caused by naturally occurring smallpox, usually producing a less severe disease than naturally acquired smallpox. Eventually, after about two to four weeks, these symptoms would subside, indicating successful recovery and immunity."
"Visceral leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (), black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus ""Leishmania"". The parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen (hence ""visceral""), and bone marrow, and, if left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Of particular concern, according to the World"
"Pogosta disease Pogosta disease is a viral disease, established to be identical with other diseases, Karelian fever and Ockelbo disease. The names are derived from the words Pogosta, Karelia and Ockelbo, respectively. The symptoms of the disease include usually rash, as well as mild fever and other flu-like symptoms; in most cases the symptoms last less than 5 days. However, in some cases, the patients develop a painful arthritis. There are no known chemical agents available to treat the disease. It has long been suspected that the disease is caused by a Sindbis-like virus, a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to"
"Dublin. ""Vibrio cholerae"", the species of bacteria that causes cholera, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent enterotoxin that results in cholera: O1 and O139. Serotypes were discovered by the American microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield in 1933. The immune system is capable of discerning a cell as being 'self' or 'non-self' according to that cell's serotype. In humans, that serotype is largely determined by human leukocyte antigen (HLA), the human version of the major histocompatibility complex. Cells determined to be non-self are usually recognized by the immune system as"
"their stocks and although virus particles were detected in some samples very few contained live virus. Passage of time and information about the survival of smallpox virus make it extremely unlikely that any infectious samples have survived, Although variolation has ceased, it has influenced the concept of other traditional practices, such as ""Pox Parties"" in which children are intentionally exposed to diseases like chickenpox and measles and rubella in an attempt to gain solid natural immunity. Although strongly discouraged by public health officials, the practice persists. Variolation Variolation or inoculation was the method first used to immunize an individual against"
"Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (bacillus), pathogenic bacteria of the genus ""Vibrio"". Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, ""V. vulnificus"" is related to """"V. cholerae"""", the causative agent of cholera. Infection with ""V. vulnificus"" leads to rapidly expanding cellulitis or sepsis. It was first isolated as a source of disease in 1976. The capsule, made of polysaccharides, is thought to protect against phagocytosis. The observed association of the infection with liver disease (associated with increased serum iron) might be due to the capability of more virulent strains"
"at the Vector Institute from 1976 to 1986, then at Obolensk until 1992, when he defected to the West. He later divulged much of the Soviet biological weapons program and settled in the United States. Legionella The genus Legionella is a pathogenic group of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the species ""L. pneumophila"", causing legionellosis (all illnesses caused by ""Legionella"") including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. ""Legionella"" may be visualized with a silver stain or cultured in cysteine-containing media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It is common in many environments,"
"Avian vacuolar myelinopathy Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a fatal neurological disease that affects various waterbirds and raptors. It is most common in the bald eagle and American coot, and it is known in the killdeer, bufflehead, northern shoveler, American wigeon, Canada goose, great horned owl, mallard, and ring-necked duck. Avian vacuolar myelinopathy is a newly discovered disease that was first identified in the field in 1994 when dead bald eagles were found near DeGray Lake in Arkansas in the United States. Since then, it has spread to four more states and infested multiple aquatic systems including 10 reservoirs. The"
"Borrelia Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. It causes borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted primarily by ticks and by lice, depending on the species. The genus is named after the French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936). There are 52 known species of ""Borrelia"". 21 are members of the Lyme disease group, 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a third group. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on"
"(variola), to bring about a manageable and recoverable infection that would provide later immunity. By the beginning of the 18th century, the Royal Society in England was discussing the practice of inoculation, and the smallpox epidemic in 1713 spurred further interest. It was not until 1721, however, that England recorded its first case of inoculation. Smallpox was a serious threat in colonial America, most devastating to Native Americans, but also to Anglo-American settlers. New England suffered smallpox epidemics in 1677, 1689–90, and 1702. It was highly contagious, and mortality could reach as high as 30 percent. Boston had been plagued"
"before disease transmission occurs. Dermacentor variabilis Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia (""Francisella tularensis""). It is one of the most well-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms. Though ""D. variabilis"" may be exposed to ""Borrelia burgdorferi"", the causative agent of Lyme disease, these ticks are not competent vectors for the transmission of"
"the pus collected from mature smallpox sores. Several punctures with this needle were made either below the deltoid muscle or in the forehead, and then were covered with a paste made from boiled rice. Variolation spread farther from India to other countries in south west Asia, and then to the Balkans. In 1713, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's brother died of smallpox; she too contracted the virus two years later at the age of twenty-six, leaving her badly scarred. When her husband was made ambassador to Ottoman Empire, she accompanied him to Constantinople. It was here that Lady Mary first came"
"which have been identified as impeding the identification of pathogens include the following: Vibrio cholera bacteria are transmitted through contaminated water. Once ingested, the bacteria colonizes the intestinal tract of the host and produces a toxin which causes body fluids to flow across the lining of the intestine. Death can result in 2–3 hours from dehydration if no treatment is provided. Before the discovery of an infectious cause, the symptoms of cholera were thought to be caused by an excess of bile in the patient; the disease cholera gets its name from the Greek word ""choler"" meaning bile. This theory"
"of cattle provided with the immunization were protected in a laboratory study. Research is being done to create a vaccine with a mixture of many antigens from sporozoite and schizont stage to increase immunity. Theileria parva Theileria parva is a species of parasites, named in honour of Arnold Theiler, that causes East Coast fever (theileriosis) in cattle, a costly disease in Africa. The main vector for ""T. parva"" is the tick ""Rhipicephalus appendiculatus"". Theiler found that East Coast fever was not the same as redwater, but caused by a different protozoan. Sporozoites from the tick secrete into the feeding site"
"in poultry typically belong to the serovars 1, 3, and 4. In the wild, fowl cholera has been shown to follow bird migration routes, especially of snow geese. The ""P. multocida"" serotype-1 is most associated with avian cholera in North America, but the bacterium does not linger in wetlands for extended periods of time. ""P. multocida"" causes atrophic rhinitis in pigs; it also can cause pneumonia or bovine respiratory disease in cattle. It may be responsible for mass mortality in saiga antelopes. In humans, ""P. multocida"" is the most common cause of infection from wound infections after dog or cat"
"Xylella fastidiosa Xylella fastidiosa is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium of the monophyletic genus ""Xylella"". It is a plant pathogen, and is transmitted exclusively by xylem fluid feeding sap insects. Many plant diseases are due to symptomatic infections of ""X. fastidiosa"", including bacterial leaf scorch, oleander leaf scorch, coffee leaf scorch (CLS), alfalfa dwarf, phony peach disease, and the economically important Pierce’s disease of grapes (PD) and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). In Europe it has attacked olive trees in the Salento area of Southern Italy causing the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). While distributions of ""X. fastidiosa""–related diseases are mostly limited"
"respiratory distress, red blood cell transfusions for anemia, pericardiectomies for pericardial tamponades, and other standard treatments. Carrion's disease Oroya fever or Carrion's disease is an infectious disease produced by ""Bartonella bacilliformis"" infection. It is named after Daniel Alcides Carrión. The clinical symptoms of bartonellosis are pleomorphic and some patients from endemic areas may be asymptomatic. The two classical clinical presentations are the acute phase and the chronic phase, corresponding to the two different host cell types invaded by the bacterium (red blood cells and endothelial cells). An individual can be affected by either or both phases. It is also called"
"Brucellosis Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. It is also known as undulant fever, Malta fever and Mediterranean fever. ""Brucella"" species are small, gram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped (coccobacilli) bacteria. They function as facultative intracellular parasites, causing chronic disease, which usually persists for life. Four species infect humans: ""B. abortus"", ""B. canis"", ""B. melitensis"", and ""B. suis"". ""B. abortus"" is less virulent than ""B. melitensis"" and is primarily a disease of cattle. ""B. canis"" affects dogs. ""B. melitensis"" is the most virulent and"
"over 30 research labs in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and funded by this State's Science Foundation (FAPESP). Xylella fastidiosa Xylella fastidiosa is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium of the monophyletic genus ""Xylella"". It is a plant pathogen, and is transmitted exclusively by xylem fluid feeding sap insects. Many plant diseases are due to symptomatic infections of ""X. fastidiosa"", including bacterial leaf scorch, oleander leaf scorch, coffee leaf scorch (CLS), alfalfa dwarf, phony peach disease, and the economically important Pierce’s disease of grapes (PD) and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). In Europe it has attacked olive trees in the Salento area"
"Bartonellosis Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus ""Bartonella"". ""Bartonella"" species cause diseases such as Carrión´s disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders. Patients can develop two clinical phases: an acute septic phase and a chronic eruptive phase associated with skin lesions. In the acute phase (also known as Oroya fever or ""fiebre de la Oroya""), ""B. bacilliformis"" infection is a sudden, potentially life-threatening infection associated with high fever and decreased levels of circulating red blood cells (i.e., hemolytic anemia)and transient immunosuppression. ""B. bacilliformis"" is considered"
"studies by German physician David Bardens, Lanka did not accept the findings, forcing Bardens to appeal in court. The legal case ended with the ruling that Lanka was to pay the prize. The case received wide international coverage that prompted many to comment on it, including neurologist, well-known skeptic and science-based medicine advocate Steven Novella, who called Lanka ""a crank"". Other names include morbilli, rubeola, red measles, and English measles. In May 2015, the journal ""Science"", published a report in which researchers found that the measles infection can leave a population at increased risk for mortality from other diseases for"
"Dermacentor variabilis Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia (""Francisella tularensis""). It is one of the most well-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms. Though ""D. variabilis"" may be exposed to ""Borrelia burgdorferi"", the causative agent of Lyme disease, these ticks are not competent vectors for the transmission of this disease. The primary"
"humans with material from cowpox lesions. Smallpox (variola) occurred in two clinical varieties: ""variola major"", with a mortality rate of up to 40 percent, and ""variola minor"", also known as alastrim, with a mortality rate less than one percent. The last naturally occurring case of ""Variola major"" was diagnosed in October 1975 in Bangladesh. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox (""Variola minor"") was diagnosed on 26 October 1977, on Ali Maow Maalin, in the Merca District, of Somalia. The source of this case was a known outbreak in the nearby district of Kurtuware. All 211 contacts were traced, revaccinated,"