"Canary Girls The Canary Girls were the United Kingdom's female trinitrotoluene (TNT) shell makers of the First World War (1914–1918). The nickname arose because exposure to TNT is toxic, and repeated exposure can turn the skin an orange-yellow colour reminiscent of the plumage of a canary (a bird which itself was used by miners to detect toxic carbon monoxide in coal mines). These women were also referred to by the nickname ""munitionettes"". Since most working age men were joining the military to fight in the war, women were required to take on the factory jobs that were traditionally held by"
"increased exposure to the contaminant. Canaries were iconically used in coal mines to detect the presence of carbon monoxide. The bird's rapid breathing rate, small size, and high metabolism, compared to the miners, led birds in dangerous mines to succumb before the miners, thereby giving them time to take action. A number of animals have been used to measure varying kinds of air pollution. These include honey bees for air pollution, bivalve molluscs for online water-quality survey and pigeons for atmospheric lead. Bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may"
"Harz Roller and the Spanish Timbrado. The breeding and sale of this popular breed of canary was an important secondary occupation for mining people, as was the making of cages for the birds. In the second half of the 19th century the breeding and sale of these canaries boomed. In contrast to widespread legend, the birds were ""not"" used in the mines to indicate the presence of carbon monoxide, they were too valuable. The Harz miners used captured wild birds for that purpose. The birds were used as a warning system against used air (German: ""Matte Wetter""), i.e. to indicate"
"death from dehydration in zero gravity conditions such as space. A domesticated form, known as the domestic canary, is often kept as a pet. Selective breeding has produced many varieties, differing in colour and shape. Yellow birds are particularly common, while red birds have been produced by interbreeding with the red siskins. Canaries were formerly used by miners to warn of dangerous gases (""canary in a coal mine""). The bird is also widely used in scientific research. Canaries are often depicted in the media with Tweety Bird being a well-known example. Atlantic canary The Atlantic canary (""Serinus canaria""), known worldwide"
"sighted a small group of the birds. Unconfirmed sightings of the bird had been made previously in a nearby area in 2004. Cloudbreak mine The Cloudbreak mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 89 kilometres west-south-west of Nullagine, in the Chichester Range. The mine is fully owned and operated by the Fortescue Metals Group, FMG, and is one of four iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara, the others being Christmas Creek mine (located 50 kilometres east of Cloudbreak) and the Kings Mine and Firetail Mine at the Solomon Project. Fortescue"
"Italians obtained hens and were able to breed the birds. This made them very popular, resulted in many breeds arising, and the birds being bred all over Europe. The same occurred in England. First the birds were only owned by the rich, but eventually the local citizens started to breed them and, again, they became very popular. Many breeds arose through selective breeding, and they are still very popular today for their voices. From the eighteenth up to twentieth centuries, canaries and finches were used in the UK, Canada and USA in the coal mining industry, to detect carbon monoxide."
"The villagers worried that the bird may have carried a micro-chip from Israeli intelligence to spy on the area. Turkish authorities examined the corpse of the bee-eater and assured villagers that it is common to equip migratory birds with rings in order to track their movements. Dogs have been used for detecting mines; they were trained to spot trip wires, as well as mines and other booby traps. They were also employed for sentry duty, and to spot snipers or hidden enemy forces. On land, giant pouched rats such as the Gambian giant pouched rat have been tested with considerable"
"Noisy miner The noisy miner (""Manorina melanocephala"") is a bird in the honeyeater family, Meliphagidae, and is endemic to eastern and south-eastern Australia. This miner is a grey bird, with a black head, orange-yellow beak and feet, a distinctive yellow patch behind the eye and white tips on the tail feathers. The Tasmanian race has a more intense yellow panel in the wing, and a broader white tip to the tail. Males, females and juveniles are similar in appearance, though young birds are a brownish-grey. As the common name suggests, the noisy miner is a vocal species with a large"
"long, dug into an earth bank or sand dune. Common miner The common miner (""Geositta cunicularia"") is a passerine bird of South America, belonging to the ovenbird family. It is a ground-dwelling bird which feeds on insects and seeds. It has about 9 different subspecies, some of which may be better treated as separate species. It is 14 to 16 cm long with a fairly long, slightly downcurved bill. The plumage varies geographically but is basically brown above and pale below with a streaked breast, pale stripe over the eye, dark edge to the ear-coverts and pale rufous bar across"
"Coal tit The coal tit (""Periparus ater"") is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate to subtropical Eurasia and northern Africa. The black-crested tit is now usually included in this species. There are afew different subspecies of the coal tit, those being the British, North African and continental ones. They are most commonly found throughout Europe and Russia in coniferous forests and trees. This species was first described by Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of ""Systema Naturae"". Linnaeus' primary reference was his earlier ""Fauna Svecica"", whose cumbersome pre-binomial"
"in the case of an accident. The hens were less suitable for sale, as only the cocks, as part of their courtship behaviour, were able to sing the popular song. Since only a few hens were needed for the breeding, the remaining birds, as well as wild birds caught for this purpose, could be used as warning devices in the mines. Harz Roller Harz Roller ( ) is the name of a breed of domestic canary bred in the Upper Harz mountains of Germany. The birds were bred in the Upper Harz between Lautenthal and Sankt Andreasberg in the middle"
"dried droppings of emu (""Dromaius novaehollandiae"") and eastern grey kangaroo (""Macropus giganteus"") searching for insects. In a study of birds foraging in suburban gardens, the noisy miner was seen to spend more time in banksia, grevillea and eucalypt species, and when in flower, callistemon, than in other plants including exotics. Most time was spent gleaning the foliage of eucalypts, and noisy miners were significantly more abundant in sites where eucalypts were present. The noisy miner can meet most of its nutritional needs from manna, honeydew and lerp gathered from the foliage of eucalypts. Lower numbers of noisy miner were recorded"
"Geositta Geositta is a genus of passerine birds in the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. They are known as miners (not to be confused with the unrelated miners, ""Manorina"", of Australia) due to the tunnels they dig for nesting. There are 11 species including the campo miner (""Geositta poeciloptera"") which was formerly classified in a genus of its own, ""Geobates"". They inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andean and Patagonian regions. They are ground-dwelling birds, somewhat resembling the larks and wheatears of other continents. They are mostly drab brown in coloration and often have a fairly long and slender bill."
"Geositta Geositta is a genus of passerine birds in the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. They are known as miners (not to be confused with the unrelated miners, ""Manorina"", of Australia) due to the tunnels they dig for nesting. There are 11 species including the campo miner (""Geositta poeciloptera"") which was formerly classified in a genus of its own, ""Geobates"". They inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andean and Patagonian regions. They are ground-dwelling birds, somewhat resembling the larks and wheatears of other continents. They are mostly drab brown in coloration and often have a fairly long and slender bill."
"moss, hair and grass, are closely felted together, and rabbit fur or feathers added for lining. Seven to eleven red-spotted white eggs are laid, usually in May; this species breeds usually once per year. Coal tit The coal tit (""Periparus ater"") is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate to subtropical Eurasia and northern Africa. The black-crested tit is now usually included in this species. There are afew different subspecies of the coal tit, those being the British, North African and continental ones. They are most commonly found"
"Common miner The common miner (""Geositta cunicularia"") is a passerine bird of South America, belonging to the ovenbird family. It is a ground-dwelling bird which feeds on insects and seeds. It has about 9 different subspecies, some of which may be better treated as separate species. It is 14 to 16 cm long with a fairly long, slightly downcurved bill. The plumage varies geographically but is basically brown above and pale below with a streaked breast, pale stripe over the eye, dark edge to the ear-coverts and pale rufous bar across the wing. The tail is dark with a buff"
"approached by humans or other potential threats, males at bowers and females at nests often mimic the calls of predatory birds such as the wedge-tailed eagle (""Aquila audax""), blue-winged kookaburra (Dacelo leachii), grey-crowned babbler (""Pomatostomus temporalis""), grey butcherbird (""Cracticus torquatus""), pied butcherbird (""Cracticus nigrogulari""s), australian magpie (""Gymnorhina tibicen""), australian raven (""Corvus coronoides""), apostlebird (""Struthidea cinerea"") and honeyeaters (Meliphagidae spp.) among others. Other sounds mimicked include large herbivores moving through scrub or over fallen branches, the twang of fence wire, wood chopping, the crack of stock whip and the whistling flight of crested pigeons. First described by John Gould as ""Ptilonorynchus"
"miner as they share postures, calls, and interactions though yellow-throated miners are not as well studied. In 1840 John Gould named the yellow-throated miner ""Manorina flavigula"" meaning ""yellow-throated, large nostrilled bird."" It belongs to the family of honeyeaters and Australian chats (Meliphagidae), which is part of the super family Meliphagoidea. The super family also comprises the Australian warblers, scrubwrens, and thornbills (Acanthizidae); bristlebirds (Dasyornithidae); fairy-wrens (Maluridae); and pardalotes (Pardalotidae). Yellow-throated miners share the genus ""Manorina"" with three other endemic Australian miners: the bell miner (""M. melanophrys""), the noisy miner (""M. melanocephala""), and the endangered black-eared miner (""M. melanotis""). The yellow-throated"
"in the world. Such disasters continue to afflict working mines, especially in mainland China. Animal sentinels, such as mice or canaries, are more sensitive to the gas than humans, so will give a warning to miners. Canaries were introduced into British collieries in the 1890s by John Scott Haldane, the noted physiologist. Gas detectors are available now which detect toxic gases such as carbon monoxide at very low levels. They are widely available to protect domestic premises. The levels of gas detection depend on the methods used. Afterdamp Afterdamp is the toxic mixture of gases left in a mine following"
"is to stay in the area and scan for threats, rather than withdraw. A study conducted in Melbourne and a nearby rural area found that noisy miners in urban areas were less likely to take flight, and when they did they flew shorter distances. It is unclear whether this is an adaptation or bolder miners had been the ones to settle in the city. A field study in Canberra found that superb fairywrens (""Malurus cyaneus"") that lived in areas frequented by noisy miners recognised miner alarm calls and took flight, and had learnt to ignore their non-alarm calls, while those"
"(""Myrmecophaga tridactyla""), bush dog (""Speothos venaticus""), giant otter (""Pteronura brasiliensis""), giant armadillo (""Priodontes giganteus""), black howler monkey (""Alouatta caraya""), forest rabbit (""Sylvilagus brasiliensis""), ""Juscelinomys candangus"", cavy (""Galea spixii""), ""Calhartes burrovianus urubutinga"", Mussurana (""Portuguese muçurana"") and tegu ""(Tupinambis teguixin)"". Also reported are black-tufted marmoset (""Callithrix penicillata""), capybara, jaguar, wild pig and puma. Birds include greater rhea (""Rhea americana""), red-legged seriema ""(Cariama cristata)"", osprey ""(Pandion haliaetus)"", king vulture (""Sarcoramphus papa""), solitary eagle (""Buteogallus coronatus""), seed finches, ""Oryzoborus"" ""crassirostris"", ""O. angloensis"", spotted tinamou (""Nothura maculosa""), lesser yellow-headed vulture (""Cathartes burrovianus""), curl-crested jay (""Cyanocorax cristatellus""), fer-de-lance (""Bothrops jararaca""), burrowing owl (""Athene cunicularia""), and toco"
"Australia, and a permit is required to cull them, culling has been proposed as the most humane and practical method of reducing their impact, particularly where combined with rehabilitation of the habitat to suit a wider variety of bird life. An unsanctioned cull took place on private rural property over 1991 and 1992, which reportedly resulted in an increase in species diversity. Noisy miner The noisy miner (""Manorina melanocephala"") is a bird in the honeyeater family, Meliphagidae, and is endemic to eastern and south-eastern Australia. This miner is a grey bird, with a black head, orange-yellow beak and feet, a"
"white-necked stork, black ibis, Indian peafowl, Sarus crane, Demoiselle crane, Eurasian spoonbill, purple heron, pond heron, black-crowned night heron, cattle egret, large egret, median egret, little egret, little grebe, bar-headed goose, lesser whistling duck, comb duck, cotton teal, gadwall, mallard, spot-billed duck, Northern shoveller, ruddy shelduck, Northern pintail, garganey, common pochard, grey francolin, purple moorhen, common moorhen, white-breasted waterhen, common coot, black-winged stilt curlew sandpiper, pied avocet, pheasant-tailed jacana, bronze-winged jacana, rose-ringed parakeet, Indian roller, pied kingfisher, white-breasted kingfisher, green bee-eater, blue-tailed bee-eater, coppersmith barbet, hoopoe, rufous-backed shrike, red-vented bulbul, small pratincole. The nearest airport is Delhi, which is around"
"Bell miner The bell miner (""Manorina melanophrys""), commonly known as the bellbird, is a colonial honeyeater endemic to southeastern Australia. The common name refers to their bell-like call. ""Miner"" is an old alternative spelling of the word ""myna"" and is shared with other members of the genus ""Manorina"". The birds feed almost exclusively on the dome-like coverings, referred to as ""bell lerps"", of certain psyllid bugs that feed on eucalyptus sap from the leaves. The psyllids make these bell-lerps from their own honeydew secretions in order to protect themselves from predators and the environment. Bell miners live in large, complex"
"includes the spotted coralroot orchid (""Corallorhiza maculata"") and calypso orchid (""Calypso bulbosa""). Turtle Mountain is home to moose (""Alces alces""), white-tailed deer (""Odocoileus virginianus""), beaver (""Castor canadensis""), raccoon (""Procyon lotor"") and mink (""Neovison vison""), as well as birds like loons (""Gavia"" species), great blue heron (""Ardea herodias herodias""), black-crowned night heron (""Nycticorax nycticorax""), the double-crested cormorant (""Phalacrocorax auritus"") and red-necked grebes (""Podiceps grisegena""). The abundant small lakes support painted turtles (""Chrysemys picta""), wood frogs (""Lithobates sylvaticus""), the Northern Leopard Frog (""Lithobates pipiens""), and the barred tiger salamander (""Ambystoma mavortium""). Following the discovery of coal in 1879 there was coal mining"
"urban environments. This phenomenon has been also observed in rural areas. A field study across the South West Slopes of New South Wales, showed that the noisy miner's presence corresponded with reduced numbers of insectivorous birds such as fantails, whistlers, the restless flycatcher (""Myiagra inquieta""), and other honeyeater species, and that this decrease was most marked in sites with better access to water and nutrients. While it has been hypothesised that the proliferation of large-flowering grevillea cultivars has contributed to the abundance of noisy miners, recent research has identified the proliferation of lightly treed open areas, and the presence of"
"have been recorded incubating in strong wind. Eggs hatch after an incubation period 15–16 day. Both parents and any available helpers will feed young in the nest. Up to seven birds have been observed at nests. Helpers are unstudied in yellow-throated miners, but are generally young or unmated males in both bell miners and noisy miners. Nests can be parasitized by either the pallid cuckoo or common koel. Parasitism by pallid cuckoos has been observed to be as high as 12%. Yellow-throated miners can hybridize with both noisy miners and endangered black-eared miners, but hybrids with noisy miners seems rare"
"moneduloides"") is known for its intelligence. The laurel forest pigeon (""Columba vitiensis hyponochroa""), giant wood pigeon notou (""Ducula goliath""). Two genera are endemic: ""Drepanoptila"" (the green pigeon), and ""Eunymphicus"", Ouvea parakeet. The New Caledonian parakeet known to be the basal species in the genus ""Cyanoramphus"", which had its origins in New Caledonia from where it spread to many ocean Pacific islands. The best-known animal species is the ""Rhynochetos jubatus"" or cagou, which is at risk from dogs, rats and other predators. It is a chicken-sized bird, almost unable to fly, with a long crest and a funny cackling song, found"
"sightings of the bird: The approval of the A$2 billion Cloud Break mine project through the then-Minister for the Environment, Ian Campbell, was criticised because of a number of endangered species in the area of the future mine, among them the night parrot. In order to gain EPA approval, the mine had to implement a management plan to ensure that mining activities would not have a negative effect on the species survival in the area. The occurrence of the night parrot in the future mining area, at Minga Well on 12 April 2005, was discovered during a 2005 survey commissioned"
"out the cold. Natural gases and gases given off as a result of explosions could ignite, poison or asphyxiate. The major problem gas for tunnellers was carbon monoxide, given off by all projectiles from shells to rifle bullets. With the use of experienced miners, came the use of ""miners friends"" in the form of mice and later small birds, such as canaries. With a high metabolic rate, they were readily susceptible to gas, and issued to the Tunnelling Companies as an official item. When gas was present, their unconsciousness would alert miners to the need to evacuate. Although many animals"
"which monitors the birds in the valley. Breeding birds include common chiffchaff (""Phylloscopus collybita""), common whitethroat (""Sylvia communis""), dunnock (""Prunella modularis""), Eurasian blackcap (""Sylvia atricapilla""), Eurasian wren (""Troglodytes troglodytes"") and sedge warbler (""Acrocephalus schoenobaenus""). Other birds found include brambling (""Fringilla montifringilla""), cirl bunting (""Emberiza cirlus""), common grasshopper warbler (""Locustella naevia""), Eurasian siskin (""Spinus spinus""), lesser redpoll (""Acanthis cabaret"") and subalpine warbler (""Sylvia cantillans""). Rareties ringed in the autumn of 2014 were aquatic warbler (""Acrocephalus paludicola""), barred warbler (""Sylvia nisoria"") and paddyfield warbler (""Acrocephalus agricola""). A first for Britain occurred on 8 October 2008 with the trapping, and the measuring of"
"since its creation. Birds most often seen or heard there: rock pigeon, spotted dove, zebra dove, plaintive cuckoo, common koel, coppersmith barbet, Asian palm-swift, streak-eared bulbul, black-naped oriole, large-billed crow, oriental magpie-robin, pied fantail, black-collared starling, Asian pied starling, common myna, white-vented myna, olive-backed sunbird, scarlet-backed flowerpecker, Eurasian tree sparrow. Common winter (October-March) visitors: barn swallow, red-breasted flycatcher, inornate warbler. Species which are seen there less often (but all year round): Chinese pond-heron, little egret, striated heron, painted stork, house swift, common iora, common tailorbird, yellow-vented bulbul, red-whiskered bulbul, house sparrow. Less common winter visitors: ashy drongo, brown shrike. In"
"Campbell, was criticised because of a number of endangered species in the area of the future mine, among them the incredibly rare night parrot. Continuation of the mining project was endangered and, in order to gain EPA approval, the mine had to implement a management plan to ensure that mining activities would not have a negative effect on the species survival in the area. The occurrence of the night parrot in the future mining area was discovered during a 2005 survey, at Minga Well on 12 April 2005, commissioned by FMG, which was carried out by two contract biologists who"