"to the Dorians' place of origin. One theory, widely believed in ancient times, is that they originated in the northern mountainous regions of Greece, ancient Macedonia and Epirus, and obscure circumstances brought them south into the Peloponnese, to certain Aegean islands, Magna Graecia, Lapithos and Crete. Mythology gave them a Greek origin and eponymous founder, Dorus son of Hellen, the mythological patriarch of the Hellenes. The origin of the Dorians is a multifaceted concept. In modern scholarship, the term has often meant the location of the population disseminating the Doric Greek dialect within a hypothetical Proto-Greek speaking population. The dialect"
"accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus in northwestern Greece, the original seat of the Dorians. It was expanded to all other regions during the Dorian invasion (c. 1150 BC) and the colonisations that followed. The presence of a Doric state (Doris) in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth, led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the Balkans. The dialect's distribution towards the north extends to the Megarian colony of Byzantium and the Corinthian colonies of Potidaea, Epidamnos, Apollonia and Ambracia; there, it further added words to what"
"Doris (Greece) Doris (Greek: : ""Eth."" , ""pl."" , ; , Dorienses) is a small mountainous district in ancient Greece, bounded by Aetolia, southern Thessaly, the Ozolian Locrians, and Phocis; the original homeland of the Dorian Greeks. It lies between Mounts Oeta and Parnassus, and consists of the valley of the river Pindus (), a tributary of the Cephissus, into which it flows not far from the sources of the latter. The Pindus is now called the ""Apostoliá"". This valley is open towards Phocis; but it lies higher than the valley of the Cephissus, rising above the towns of Drymaea,"
"Dorian invasion The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by the ones that prevailed in Classical Greece. The latter were named ""Dorian"" by the ancient Greek writers, after the Dorians, the historical population that spoke them. Greek legend asserts that the Dorians took possession of the Peloponnesus in an event called the Return of the Heracleidae (). Nineteenth-century Classical scholars saw in the legend a possibly real event they termed the ""Dorian invasion"". The meaning of the concept has changed several times, as"
"Doric Greek Doric, or Dorian, was an Ancient Greek dialect. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese as well as in Sicily, Epirus, Southern Italy, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea and some cities on the south east coast of Anatolia. Together with Northwest Greek, it forms the ""Western group"" of classical Greek dialects. By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, an Achaean-Doric koiné language appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC. It is widely"
"Douro The Douro ( ; ; ) is one of the major rivers of the Iberian Peninsula, flowing from its source near Duruelo de la Sierra in Soria Province across northern-central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Porto. The Latinized name ""Durius"" may go back to the name used by the Celtic tribes who inhabited the area before Roman times: the Celtic root is ""*dubro-."" In modern Welsh, ""dŵr"" is ""water,"" as well as ""dour"" in modern Breton with cognate ""dobhar"" in Irish. In Roman times, the river was personified as a god, Durius. Another long-established derivation suggests that"
"The Dorians invaded it in the 11th century BC, establishing a Dorian colony with a large contingent of settlers from Epidaurus, whose Asclepius cult made their new home famous for its ""sanatoria"". The other chief sources of the island's wealth lay in its wines and, in later days, in its silk manufacture. Its early history–as part of the religious-political amphictyony that included Lindos, Kamiros, Ialysos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus, the Dorian Hexapolis (""hexapolis"" means six cities in Greek),–is obscure. At the end of the 6th century, Kos fell under Achaemenid domination but rebelled after the Greek victory at the Battle of"
"by the Dorians, which Thucydides (ii. 9) indicates, not by the name of the country, but of the people: Dorians, neighbours of the Carians. Ptolemy (v. 2) makes Doris a division of his Asia, and places in it Halicarnassus, Ceramus, and Cnidus. The term Doris, applied to a part of Asia, does not appear to occur in other writers. Doric Hexapolis The Doric or Dorian Hexapolis () was a federation of six cities of Dorian foundation in southwest Asia Minor and adjacent islands, largely coextensive with the region known as Doris or Doris in Asia (), and included: The members"
"or, some would say, inventor."" The question remains open to further investigation. Dorian invasion The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by the ones that prevailed in Classical Greece. The latter were named ""Dorian"" by the ancient Greek writers, after the Dorians, the historical population that spoke them. Greek legend asserts that the Dorians took possession of the Peloponnesus in an event called the Return of the Heracleidae (). Nineteenth-century Classical scholars saw in the legend a possibly real event they termed the"
"where they came into Mycenaean ownership. Carl Darling Buck sees the ""-eus"" suffix as very productive. One of its uses was to convert a toponym to an anthroponym; for example, Megareus, ""Megarian"", from Megara. A ""Dōrieus"" would be from Dōris, the only classical Greek state to serve as the basis for the name of the Dorians. The state was a small one in the mountains of west central Greece. However, classical Doris may not have been the same as Mycenaean Doris. A number of credible etymologies by noted scholars have been proposed. Julius Pokorny derives Δωριεύς, ""Dōrieus"" from δωρίς, ""dōris"","
"along the coast and by hunters and shepherds in the interior who brought with them the Greek language. These people buried their leaders in large tumuli containing shaft graves, similar to the Mycenaean tombs, indicating an ancestral link between Epirus and the Mycenaean civilization. A number of Mycenaean remains have been found in Epirus, especially at the most important ancient religious sites in the region, the Necromanteion (Oracle of the Dead) on the Acheron river, and the Oracle of Zeus at Dodona. The Dorians invaded Greece from Epirus and Macedonia at the end of the 2nd millennium BC (circa 1100–1000"
"Herodotus does not explain the contradictions of the myth; for example, how Doris, located outside the Peloponnesus, acquired its name. However, his goal, as he relates in the beginning of the first book, is only to report what he had heard from his sources without judgement. In the myth, the Achaeans displaced from the Peloponnesus gathered at Athens under a leader Ion and became identified as ""Ionians"". Herodotus' list of Dorian states is as follows. From northeastern Greece were Phthia, Histiaea and Macedon. In central Greece were Doris (the former Dryopia) and in the south Peloponnesus, specifically the states of"
"referred to as ""Makednon"" (""Mακεδνόν"") and then as Dorians. A different, southern homeland theory also exists in traditional historiography. Arnold J. Toynbee asserted that the Makedones migrated north to Macedonia from central Greece, placing the Dorian homeland in Phthiotis and citing the traditions of fraternity between Makedon and Magnes. The Macedonian expansion is said to have been led by the ruling Temenid dynasty, known as ""Argeads"" or ""Argives"". Herodotus said that Perdiccas, the dynasty's founder, was descended from the Heraclid Temenus. He left Argos with his two older brothers Aeropus and Gayanes, and travelled via Illyria to Lebaea, a city"
"the traditional enemy of Sparta, was also a Dorian state; so were Corinth, Rhodes, and Syracuse, three of the most commercial states in Greece. In 1824, however, Müller wrote ""Die Dorier"", a history of the Dorian ""race"". It has been described as a ""thousand-page fantasia"", which portrays the Dorians as a heroic and noble race who expanded into Greece from the north. He used the new disciplines of comparative linguistics and source-criticism to argue that the Dorians represented a distinct ethno-linguistic group whose original culture could be isolated from later influences. He linked the origin of the Dorians to the"
"describe several collapses and upheavals in the Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia and the Levant around the time of the Urnfield origins: Some scholars, among them Wolfgang Kimmig and P. Bosch-Gimpera have postulated a Europe-wide wave of migrations. The so-called Dorian invasion of Greece was placed in this context as well (although more recent evidence suggests that the Dorians moved in 1100 BC into a post Mycenaean vacuum, rather than precipitating the collapse). Better methods of dating have shown that these events are not as closely connected as once thought. More recently Robert Drews, after having reviewed and dismissed the migration hypothesis,"
"caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (Sea Peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible. The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. ""Iliad"" and ""Odyssey"") were especially and generally accepted as"
"and Knidos (Cnidus) in Asia Minor, Kos, and Lindos, Kameiros, and Ialyssos on the island of Rhodes. The six cities would later become rivals with the Ionian cities of Asia Minor. The Dorians also invaded Crete. The origin traditions remained strong into classical times: Thucydides saw the Peloponnesian War in part as ""Ionians fighting against Dorians"" and reported the tradition that the Syracusans in Sicily were of Dorian descent. Other such ""Dorian"" colonies, originally from Corinth, Megara, and the Dorian islands, dotted the southern coasts of Sicily from Syracuse to Selinus. A man's name, ""Dōrieus"", occurs in the Linear B"
"differed from the Greek colonisation of the Archaic period in that they were more ""ad hoc"" affairs instead of the result of a planned process of colonisation on the part of the mother city, and they are less well-documented historically, often with a mythologized or semi-legendary leader such as Hercules or Orestes being recorded as the leader of the colonists. Within the span of the 13th century BCE the Dorians, in all probability transplanted from the regions of Epirus and southern Macedonia, were moving farther south and exerting strong rule in the area of Central Greece with its centre of"
"Phrygians The Phrygians (Greek: Φρύγες, ""Phruges"" or ""Phryges"") were an ancient Indo-European people, initially dwelling in the southern Balkans – according to Herodotus – under the name of Bryges (Briges), changing it to Phryges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the Hellespont. From tribal and village beginnings, the state of Phrygia arose in the eighth century BC with its capital at Gordium. During this period, the Phrygians extended eastward and encroached upon the kingdom of Urartu, the descendants of the Hurrians, a former rival of the Hittites. Meanwhile, the Phrygian Kingdom was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders around 690 BC,"
"Dorians, and Xuthus the Achaeans and Ionians through his sons Achaeus and Ion. According to Thucydides, they conquered the Greek area of Phthia and subsequently spread their rule to other Greek cities. The people of those areas came to be called ""Hellenes"", after the name of their ancestor. The ethnonym Hellenes dates back to the time of Homer. In the ""Iliad"", ""Hellas"" () and ""Hellenes"" were names of the tribe (also called ""Myrmidones"") settled in Phthia, led by Achilles. Hellen In Greek mythology, Hellen (; ""Hellēn"" means ""bright"") was the progenitor of the Hellenes (). His name is also another"
"first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BCE. The invasion would not be ""Dorian"" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to the historical Dorians. The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people—Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from the"
"Dorians. They crushed a civilization already hard hit; and it took two or three centuries for the artistic spirit, instinct in the Aegean area, and probably preserved in suspended animation by the survival of Aegean racial elements, to blossom anew. On this conquest seems to have ensued a long period of unrest and popular movements, known to Greek tradition as the Ionian Migration and the Aeolic and Dorian ""colonizations"", and when once more we see the Aegean area clearly, it is dominated by Hellenes, though it has not lost all memory of its earlier culture. Aegean civilizations Aegean civilization is"
"Darî The Darî, also known as Dirî, are a Kurdish tribe based in the border region between Turkey and Iran, with a large exclave based in Iraqi Kurdistan, most notably in the Badînan province. The tribe's name, ""Darî"", which is considered to be of Greek origin, means ""Tree"" in both Greek and Kurdish. The tribal history of the Darî teaches Greek origins dating 14th generation with Cihangîr Axa. The ancient Greek colony of the Dorians in Asia Minor is thus a likely lineage. Julius Pokorny [1] derives Dorian from dōris, ""woodland"" (which can also mean upland). The dōri- segment is"
"earlier inhabitants the Dryopes, who were expelled from the country by Heracles and the Malians. It derived its name from the Dorians, who migrated from this district to the conquest of Peloponnesus. Hence the country is called the Metropolis of the Peloponnesian Dorians; and the Lacedaemonians, as the chief state of Doric origin, on more than one occasion sent assistance to the metropolis when attacked by the Phocians and their other neighbours. The name ""Dorians"" is supposed to have derived from Dorus, the son of Hellen. According to one tradition, Dorus settled once in the country subsequently known as Doris;"
"Dorian land granted to Heracles: ""and from this moment the Herakleids and Dorians became intimately united together into one social communion."" Three generations later the Heracleidae with Dorian collusion occupied the Peloponnesus, an event Grote terms a ""victorious invasion."" The first widespread use of the term ""Dorian invasion"" appears to date to the 1830s. A popular alternative was the ""Dorian migration"". For example, in 1831 Thomas Keightly was using ""Dorian migration"" in ""Outline of History""; by 1838 in ""The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy"" he was using ""Dorian invasion"". Neither of those two words exactly fits the events, as"
"Dorian (name) Dorian is a unisex given name of Greek origin. In Greek the meaning of the name Dorian is: Of Doris, a district of Greece; or of Doros, a legendary Greek hero. Doros was the son of Hellen of Sparta (who was the daughter of Zeus and Leda). Doros was the founder of the Dorian tribe, and the most likely origin of Doros' name was the Greek word ""doron"", meaning ""gift"". The Dorians were an obscure, ancient Hellenic tribe that were supposed to have existed in the north-eastern regions of Greece, ancient Macedonia and Epirus. Another possible origin of"
"Caria Caria (; from Greek: Καρία, ""Karia"", ) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Ionian and Dorian Greeks colonized the west of it and joined the Carian population in forming Greek-dominated states there. The inhabitants of Caria, known as Carians, had arrived there before the Ionian and Dorian Greeks. They were described by Herodotos as being of Minoan Greek descent, while the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians"
"the downfall of the Minoans, the islands were ruled by the Mycenaean Greeks from circa 1400 BC, until the arrival of the Dorians circa 1100 BC. It is in the Dorian period that they began to prosper as an independent entity, developing a thriving economy and culture through the following centuries. By the early Archaic period Rhodes and Kos emerged as the major islands in the group, and in the 6th century BC the Dorians founded three major cities on Rhodes (Lindos, Kameiros and Ialyssos). Together with the island of Kos and the cities of Knidos and Halicarnassos on the"
"a Doric colony, being founded by the Corcyraeans. In Sicily we find several powerful Doric cities: Syracuse, founded by Corinth; the Hyblaean Megara, by Megara; Gela, by Rhodians and Cretans; Zancle, subsequently peopled by Messenians, and hence called Messene; Agrigentum, founded by Gela; and Selinus, by the Hyblaean Megara. In southern Italy there was the great Doric city of Tarentum, founded by the Lacedaemonians. In the eastern seas there were also several Doric cities: Potidaea, in the peninsula of Chalcidice, founded by Corinth; and Selymbria, Chalcedon, and Byzantium, all three founded by Megara. During the invasion of Xerxes, Doris submitted"
"When the warlike mixed group conventionally referred to as Dorians arrived on Crete from the Peloponnese after ca 1100 BCE, archaeological reconstructions suggest that they would have found the Minoan people living along with the Mycenaeans, surviving as an underclass. No doubt the Minoan language continued to be spoken by the peasants, though inscriptions, now in Linear B, were all in a form of Greek associated with a Mycenaean upper class (BBC). The Dorians seem to have driven the local people up into the hills; the latest towns with Minoan material culture are in more and more inaccessible places, one"
"Dorians attacked the Peloponnese, crossing Strait of Rion with their fleet. According to the tradition they crossed into the Peloponnese at the narrows of Rion-Antirion, and from that arrival (by ""naus"", ""ship""), the city of Naupactus (modern pronunciation ""Nafpaktos"") took its name. After their crossing into the Peloponnese, the Dorians split into four divisions and each of these moved to capture one of the principal Achaean kingdoms. One group under the leadership of Cresphontes moved on Messenia and captured the kingodm of Pylos. A second group under the leadership of Aristodemus moved on Laconia and established itself in Sparta, while"
"whose name is the eponym of the tribe, even tribal eponyms in ""Genesis"". The oldest are essentially eponyms of extended families, who were worshipped in archaic cults into Roman times. A man's name, Dōrieus, occurs in the Linear B tablets at Pylos, one of the regions invaded and subjected by the Dorians. Whether it had the ethnic meaning of ""the Dorian"" is unknown. Modern derivations of ""Dorians"" do not depend on a figure of ""Dorus"": see Name of the Dorians. Dorus (Deucalionid) In Greek mythology, Dorus ( probably derived from ""doron"" ""gift"") was the eponymous founder of the Dorians and"
"The districts just mentioned are represented in the Homeric poems as the seats of the great Achaean monarchies, and there is no allusion in these poems to any Doric population in Peloponnesus. In fact the name of the Dorians occurs only once in Homer, and then as one of the many tribes of Crete. The silence of Homer indicates that the Dorian conquest of Peloponnesus must have taken place subsequent to the time of the poet, and consequently must be assigned to a much later date than the one usually attributed to it. From the Peloponnesus the Dorians spread over"