"cues to aid visual selective attention in tasks were shown to improve performance, due to reduction in demand, and it is therefore apparently that MCI patients rely on exogenous information to aid in attention allocation. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, which approximately two thirds of individuals with dementia are diagnosed with. It is the major cause of dementia in older adults. AD has an insidious onset with worsening prognosis, and results in deterioration in memory, spatial abilities, language, and many other cognitive functions, including visual selective attention. Alzheimer's disease damages and kills brain cells. Compared to"
"language, and visuospatial skills and can result from central nervous system dysfunction. Two forms of dementia exist: degenerative and nondegenerative. The progression of nondegenerative dementias, like head trauma and brain infections, can be slowed or halted but degenerative forms of dementia, like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s are irreversible and incurable. Alzheimer's disease (AD) was discovered in 1907 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German neuropathologist and psychiatrist. Physiological abnormalities associated with AD include neurofibrillary plaques and tangles. Neuritic plaques, that target the outer regions of the cortex, consist of withering neuronal material from a protein, amyloid-beta. Neurofibrillary tangles, paired"
"Dementia praecox Dementia praecox (a ""premature dementia"" or ""precocious madness"") is a disused psychiatric diagnosis that originally designated a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. Over the years, the term ""dementia praecox"" was gradually replaced by ""schizophrenia"", which remains in current diagnostic use. The term ""dementia praecox"" was first used in 1891 by Arnold Pick (1851–1924), a professor of psychiatry at Charles University in Prague. His brief clinical report described the case of a person with a psychotic disorder resembling hebephrenia. German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) popularised it"
"Auguste Deter Auguste Deter (; 16 May 1850 – 8 April 1906) was a German woman notable for being the first person to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Her maiden name is unknown. She married Karl Deter in the 1880s and together they had one daughter. During the late 1890s, she started showing symptoms of dementia, such as loss of memory, delusions, and even temporary vegetative states. She would have trouble sleeping, drag sheets across the house, and scream for hours in the middle of the night. As a railway worker, Karl was unable to provide adequate care for his"
"deal to receive her records and brain upon her death. On 8 April 1906, Frau Deter died, and Alzheimer had her medical records and brain brought to Munich where he was working in Kraepelin's laboratory. With two Italian physicians, he used the staining techniques of Bielschowsky to identify amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These brain anomalies would become identifiers of what later became known as Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer discussed his findings on the brain pathology and symptoms of presenile dementia publicly on 3November 1906, at the Tübingen meeting of the Southwest German Psychiatrists. The attendees at this lecture seemed uninterested"
"which generally afflicted those aged 18–24 years, particularly males, and in 30% of cases proceeded to ‘a secondary dementia’. The word ""schizophrenia""—which translates roughly as ""splitting of the mind"" and comes from the Greek roots ""schizein"" (σχίζειν, ""to split"") and ""phrēn"", ""phren-"" (φρήν, φρεν-, ""mind"")—was coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1908 and was intended to describe the separation of function between personality, thinking, memory, and perception. Bleuler described the main symptoms as four ""A""'s: flattened ""Affect"", ""Autism"", impaired ""Association"" of ideas and ""Ambivalence"". Bleuler realized that the illness was not a dementia as some of his patients improved rather than"
"over 100 publications, most notably on epilepsy, neurasthenia and hysteria. His 1899 textbook on epilepsy (""Die Epilepsie"") became a standard in the profession. In his histopathological research he sought to explain similarities and differences between progressive paralysis and other types of organic brain disease. With neurologist Ernst Siemerling (1857-1931), he was co-author of an influential textbook on psychiatry titled ""Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie"" (1904). In 1894 he described a condition he called ""encephalitis subcorticalis chronica progressiva"", which would later go by the name of ""Binswanger's disease."" This disease is defined as subcortical dementia characterized by loss of memory and intellectual faculties."
"the century, German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin advanced a new system. He grouped together a number of existing diagnoses that appeared to all have a deteriorating course over time—such as catatonia, hebephrenia and dementia paranoides—under another existing term ""dementia praecox"" (meaning ""early senility"", later renamed schizophrenia). Another set of diagnoses that appeared to have a periodic course and better outcome were grouped together under the category of manic-depressive insanity (mood disorder). He also proposed a third category of psychosis, called paranoia, involving delusions but not the more general deficits and poor course attributed to dementia praecox. In all he proposed 15"
"the term ""dementia précoce"" and Langdon Down provided in 1887 the most complete description to that date of the clinical manifestation that Charpentier described in 1890 as ""dementia précoce simple des enfant normaux"". The description of ""simple schizophrenia"" is inter-changeable with describing symptoms as a form of dementia praecox known as ""simple dementing"", at least in the time when the Swiss psychiatrists Otto Diem and Eugen Bleuler were studying it. In 1893, Emil Kraepelin considered there were four types of schizophrenia, and was amongst the first to identify three of them (""dementia hebephrenica"", ""dementia paranoides"", dementia catatonica). The ""simplex"" type"
"term observation of patients, would produce reliable diagnoses including prognosis: In this edition dementia praecox is still essentially hebephrenia, and it, dementia paranoides and catatonia are described as distinct psychotic disorders among the ""metabolic disorders leading to dementia"". In the 1899 (6th) edition of ""Psychiatrie"", Kraepelin established a paradigm for psychiatry that would dominate the following century, sorting most of the recognized forms of insanity into two major categories: dementia praecox and manic-depressive illness. Dementia praecox was characterized by disordered intellectual functioning, whereas manic-depressive illness was principally a disorder of affect or mood; and the former featured constant deterioration, virtually"
"weakness occurring at a youthful age"". When he first introduced this concept as a diagnostic entity in the fourth German edition of his ""Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie"" in 1893, it was placed among the degenerative disorders alongside, but separate from, catatonia and dementia paranoides. At that time, the concept corresponded by and large with Ewald Hecker's hebephrenia. In the sixth edition of the ""Lehrbuch"" in 1899 all three of these clinical types are treated as different expressions of one disease, dementia praecox. One of the cardinal principles of his method was the recognition that any given symptom may appear in virtually"
"(than, say, Britain) where émigré German, Swiss and Austrian physicians essentially created American psychiatry. Swiss-émigré Adolf Meyer (1866–1950), arguably the most influential psychiatrist in America for the first half of the 20th century, published the first critique of dementia praecox in an 1896 book review of the 5th edition of Kraepelin's textbook. But it was not until 1900 and 1901 that the first three American publications regarding dementia praecox appeared, one of which was a translation of a few sections of Kraepelin's 6th edition of 1899 on dementia praecox. Adolf Meyer was the first to apply the new diagnostic term"
"reframing of dementia praecox/schizophrenia as a functional disorder or ""reaction"" to psychobiological stressors—a theory first put forth by Adolf Meyer in 1906—many trauma-induced conditions associated with dissociation, including ""shell shock"" or ""war neuroses"" during World War I, were subsumed under these diagnoses. It was argued in the 1980s that DID patients were often misdiagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. The public, however, was exposed to psychological ideas which took their interest. Mary Shelley's ""Frankenstein,"" Robert Louis Stevenson's ""Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,"" and many short stories by Edgar Allan Poe had a formidable impact. In 1957, with the"
"was referred to as dementia praecox (early insanity) and perceived as a single disorder. Schizophrenia is sometimes also referred to as hebephrenia, stemming in etymology from the Greek god Hebe who was associated with adolescence and as it was thought the onset of schizophrenia came at adolescence. It is generally acknowledged that schizophrenia can have early onset and late onset. ""He first advanced the term schizophrenia in 1908 in a paper based on a study of 647 Burghölzli patients. He then expanded on his paper of 1908 in Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenie…Bleuler is credited with the introduction of"
"the clinical method for the classification of psychosis by symptom, course and outcome. Kahlbaum also differentiated between two major groups of mental illnesses which he termed ""vecordia"" and ""vesania"". Emil Kraepelin first introduced his proposed dichotomy between the endogenous psychoses of manic-depressive illness and dementia praecox during a public lecture in Heidelberg, Germany on 27 November 1898. Kraepelinian dichotomy The Kraepelinian dichotomy is the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler by 1908, and manic-depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. This division"
"that he considers Schreber a worthwhile thinker. Daniel Paul Schreber Daniel Paul Schreber (; 25 July 1842 – 14 April 1911) was a German judge who suffered from what was then diagnosed as dementia praecox (later known as paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia, paranoid type). He described his second mental illness (1893–1902), making also a brief reference to the first disorder (1884–1885) in his book ""Memoirs of My Nervous Illness"" (original German title ""Denkwürdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken""). The ""Memoirs"" became an influential book in the history of psychiatry and psychoanalysis thanks to its interpretation by Sigmund Freud. There is no personal account"
"Frontotemporal dementia The frontotemporal dementias (FTD) encompass six types of dementia involving the frontal or temporal lobes. They are: behavioral variant of FTD, semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, nonfluent agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia, corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, and FTD associated with motor neuron disease. One variant is the clinical presentation of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which is characterized by progressive neuronal loss predominantly involving the frontal or temporal lobes, and typical loss of over 70% of spindle neurons, while other neuron types remain intact. It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1892 and was originally called ""Pick's disease"","
"Alois Alzheimer Aloysius Alzheimer (also known as Alois Alzheimer; ; ; June 14, 1864 – December 19, 1915) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of ""presenile dementia"", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease. Aloysius Alzheimer was born in Marktbreit, Bavaria on June 14, 1864. His father served in the office of notary public in the family's hometown. The Alzheimers moved when Alois was still young in order to give their children an opportunity to attend the Royal Humanistic Gymnasium. Later, Alois studied medicine"
"leading specialist in histopathology in Europe. His colleagues knew him to be a dedicated professor and cigar smoker. Alois Alzheimer Aloysius Alzheimer (also known as Alois Alzheimer; ; ; June 14, 1864 – December 19, 1915) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of ""presenile dementia"", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease. Aloysius Alzheimer was born in Marktbreit, Bavaria on June 14, 1864. His father served in the office of notary public in the family's hometown. The Alzheimers moved when Alois was still young"
"was added by Eugen Bleuler to the earlier ones identified by Kraepelin in 1899 and subsequently given a basic outline in 1903 by Otto Diem publishing a monograph on ""dementia praecox"" in the ""simple dementing"" form. This was based on a survey of two males having had a relatively normal childhood but who then fell into patterns of living tending towards vagrancy. A description of a cerebral disorder in relation to organic factors and in the context of general paralysis of the insane only; with no reference to schizophrenia, shows a disorder with features of generalized dementia (Lishman 1998). In"
"believed that ""dementia praecocissima"" encompassed a number of pathological conditions. Theodor Heller discovered a new syndrome ""dementia infantilis"" (Latin, ""infantile madness"") in 1909. In the modern ICD-10 ""Heller syndrome"" is classified under the rubric ""other childhood disintegrative disorder"". Also in 1909, Julius Raecke reported on ten cases of catatonia in children at the Psychiatric and Neurological Hospital of Kiel University, where he worked. He described symptoms similar to those previously recorded by Dr. Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum, including ""stereotypies and bizarre urges, impulsive motor eruptions and blind apathy."" He also reported refusal to eat, stupor with mutism, uncleanliness, indications of waxy"
"which was attributed to ""hardening of the arteries"". Dementia has been referred to in medical texts since antiquity. One of the earliest known allusions to dementia is attributed to the 7th-century BC Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who divided the human lifespan into six distinct phases, which were 0–6 (infancy), 7–21 (adolescence), 22–49 (young adulthood), 50–62 (middle age), 63–79 (old age), and 80–death (advanced age). The last two he described as the ""senium"", a period of mental and physical decay, and of the final phase being where ""the scene of mortal existence closes after a great length of time that very fortunately,"
"of the psychiatrists who worked to bring about this revision referred to themselves as the ""neo-Kraepelinians"". Dementia praecox Dementia praecox (a ""premature dementia"" or ""precocious madness"") is a disused psychiatric diagnosis that originally designated a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. Over the years, the term ""dementia praecox"" was gradually replaced by ""schizophrenia"", which remains in current diagnostic use. The term ""dementia praecox"" was first used in 1891 by Arnold Pick (1851–1924), a professor of psychiatry at Charles University in Prague. His brief clinical report described the case"
"as amentia, delirious syndrome, stunned consciousness syndrome, oneiroid syndrome), hysteric syndrome, neurotic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, hypochondriacal syndrome, paranoiac syndrome, senestopathic syndrome, encephalopathic syndrome. There are some examples of the psychopathological syndromes used in modern Germany: psychoorganic syndrome, depressive syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, obsessive-compulsive syndrome, autonomic syndrome, hostility syndrome, manic syndrome, apathy syndrome. Münchausen syndrome, Ganser syndrome, neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome, olfactory reference syndrome are also well known. The most important psychopathological syndromes were divided by severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856—1926) into three groups. The first group, which included the mild disorders, includes five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, impulsive. The"
"Hans Asperger Johann ""Hans"" Friedrich Karl Asperger (, ; 18 February 1906 – 21 October 1980) was an Austrian pediatrician, eugenicist, medical theorist, and medical professor. He is best known for his early studies on mental disorders, especially in children. His work was largely unnoticed during his lifetime except for a few accolades in Vienna, and his studies on psychological disorders acquired world renown only posthumously. He wrote over 300 publications, mostly concerning a condition he termed ""autistic psychopathy"" (AP). There was a resurgence of interest in his work beginning in the 1980s, and due to his earlier work on"
"no recoveries and a poor outcome, while the latter featured periods of exacerbation followed by periods of remission, and many complete recoveries. The class, dementia praecox, comprised the paranoid, catatonic and hebephrenic psychotic disorders, and these forms were found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders until the fifth edition was released, in May 2013. These terms, however, are still found in general psychiatric nomenclature. The ICD-10 still uses ""hebephrenic"" to designate the third type. In the seventh, 1904, edition of ""Psychiatrie"", Kraepelin accepted the possibility that a small number of patients may recover from dementia praecox. Eugen"
"of a schizophrenia-like syndrome are thought to be rare in historical records before the 19th century, although reports of irrational, unintelligible, or uncontrolled behavior were common. A detailed case report in 1797 concerning James Tilly Matthews, and accounts by Philippe Pinel published in 1809, are often regarded as the earliest cases of the illness in the medical and psychiatric literature. The Latinized term ""dementia praecox"" was first used by German alienist Heinrich Schule in 1886 and then in 1891 by Arnold Pick in a case report of a psychotic disorder (hebephrenia). In 1893 Emil Kraepelin borrowed the term from Schule"
"as Ludwig Snell who wrote on monomania as a distinct disease entity in the 1870s. Kraepelin's approach to classification of mental illness was based on longitudinal studies of symptoms, course and outcome. He concluded from his studies that there were only two major forms of serious mental illness: dementia praecox and manic depression. This division of the psychoses, currently enshrined in modern classification systems as that between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and referred to as the Kraepelinian dichotomy, has remained in place for more than a hundred years. Variations of the unitary psychosis thesis have been revived occasionally during the"
"Daniel Paul Schreber Daniel Paul Schreber (; 25 July 1842 – 14 April 1911) was a German judge who suffered from what was then diagnosed as dementia praecox (later known as paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia, paranoid type). He described his second mental illness (1893–1902), making also a brief reference to the first disorder (1884–1885) in his book ""Memoirs of My Nervous Illness"" (original German title ""Denkwürdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken""). The ""Memoirs"" became an influential book in the history of psychiatry and psychoanalysis thanks to its interpretation by Sigmund Freud. There is no personal account of his third disorder (1907–1911), but some"
"of scientific racism. French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel published ""Traite des Maladies Mentales"" (2 vols.); the 2nd ed. (1860) coined the term ""dementia praecox"" (demence precoce) for patients suffering from ""stupor"" (melancholia). In 1857 he published ""Traité des Dégénérescences"", promoting an understanding of mental illness based upon the theory of Degeneration, which became one of the most influential concepts in psychiatry for the rest of the century. Josef Breuer published ""Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie"". German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin clinically defined ""dementia praecox"", later reformulated as schizophrenia. Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published ""Studies on Hysteria"", based"
"Kraepelinian dichotomy The Kraepelinian dichotomy is the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler by 1908, and manic-depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. This division was formally introduced in the sixth edition of Emil Kraepelin's psychiatric textbook ""Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte"", published in 1899. It has been highly influential on modern psychiatric classification systems, the DSM-IV-TR and , and is reflected in the taxonomic separation of schizophrenia from affective psychosis. However, there is also a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder"
"the condition for the next 60 years. This shouldn't be confused with the ""Vogt's triad"" seen in glaucoma, which is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Alfred Vogt. His two-volume ""Handbuch der Therapie der Nervenkrankheiten"" (""Handbook on the Treatment of Nervous Diseases"") was published in 1916. Heinrich Vogt Heinrich Vogt (23 April 1875, in Regensburg – 24 September 1957, in Bad Pyrmont) was a German neurologist. He published papers on tuberous sclerosis and Batten disease, and was the author of a handbook on the treatment of nervous diseases. In 1901 he obtained his habilitation for neurology, and six years later became"
"was identified as ""dementia simplex."" ICD-10 specifies the continuation of symptoms for a period of two years in the diagnosis of simple schizophrenia. This is because of disagreement on the classification validity of the sub-type, that having been retained by the ICD classification, has been omitted from DSM classifications. Symptoms identified earlier to ""dementia simplex"" are now DSM-attributed by way of improvements in diagnostic technique to other classifications such as neurodegenerative disorders. Early observations that concur with symptoms of the ""dementia praecox"" of the form classified later as ""simplex"" began in 1838 with Jean Esquirol. In 1860, Bénédict Morel introduced"