"""kaen"", ""pilih"" as ""pileh"", etc., [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran. Many vowels were pronounced and formerly spelt differently that way also in East Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia. In addition, there are digraphs that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet: Malay alphabet The modern Malay alphabet or Indonesian alphabet (Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore: ""Tulisan Rumi"", literally ""Roman script"" or ""Roman writing"", Indonesia: ""Tulisan Latin"") consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet without any diacritics. It is the more common of the"
"is written using the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with Umlaut, namely ä, ö, and ü, as well as the Eszett or ""scharfes S"" (""sharp s"") which is written ""ß"". German orthography was changed in 1996. German dialects are distinguished from varieties of standard German. German dialects are traditional local varieties and are traced back to the different German tribes. Many of them are not easily understandable to a speaker of standard German, since they often differ in lexicon, phonology, and syntax. Around the world, German has approximately 100 million native speakers"
"the German language. The German spelling reform of 1996 abolished the rule that compound words with triple consonants coalesce them into double consonants. The reform affects noun adjunct ', itself a compound of ""Schiff"" (""ship"") and ""Fahrt"" (""transportation""), which is now spelled ' (with three """"s). A modern spelling would use 80 letters, """". However, as the compound is (allegedly) a historical name, the original spelling with 79 letters is kept. Long compound words are used sparsely in German conversation, but considerably more often than in English. A pre-World War I Danube steamship captain could be referred to as '"
"version did not exist officially in standard German orthography prior to 2017. Instead, the character is substituted by SS. However, the umlauts Ä, Ö and Ü must not be replaced by AE, OE or UE when playing (as would usually be done in German crosswords where ß is also replaced by SS). Other diacritics, which may occur in some foreign words, are ignored (é = E, œ = OE etc.). Greek-language editions of Scrabble contain 104 tiles. Gwich'in-language editions of Scrabble contain 200 letter tiles, in the following distribution: Note that ""GHW"", ""ND"", ""NH"", ""NJ"", and ""RH"" are not included,"
"also officially used in the Italian province of South Tyrol. This is a selection of cognates in both English and German. Instead of the usual infinitive ending ""-en"" German verbs are indicated by a hyphen ""-"" after their stems. Words that are written with capital letters in German are nouns. German is written in the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with Umlaut, namely ""ä"", ""ö"" and ""ü"", as well as the eszett or (sharp s): ""ß"". In Switzerland and Liechtenstein, ""ss"" is used instead of ""ß"". Since ""ß"" can never occur at"
"only 24 characters for consonants and combinations of consonants (e.g. sch, sp, st). Contrary to the practice in many English shorthand systems (e.g. Pitman Shorthand), vowels are never omitted. There are no brief forms for the most frequent syllables and words of the German language in this first level. ""Aufbauschrift I"" can be produced up to 160 syllables per minute. There are 54 brief forms for the most frequent words and syllables in the German language and rules for forming free abbreviations. These brief forms are distinguishable by size and position (three of them: above, below, or on the base"
"was based on English, with influences from French and German. Its radicals had natural appearance, without much deformation, but the derivation was not natural, as it was possible to radically change the appearance of word; however, word families were formed regularly. In spite of its name, the language is not a pasigraphy because it is not an a priori language, but a posteriori/natural one, almost a euroclone. The alphabet has 31 letters: There are also two digraphs: ch and sch. The words are pronounced like in German. There are no strong syllables, much like in Japanese. The definite article is"
"characters did not appear combined, just more tightly spaced than if printed conventionally. The German (also called the , meaning ""sharp s"") ß is an official letter of the alphabet in Germany and Austria. There is no general consensus about its history. Its name (meaning S-Z) suggests a connection of ""long s and z"" (ſʒ) but the Latin script also knows a ligature of ""long s over round s"" (ſs). The latter is used as the design principle for the character in most of today's typefaces. Since German was mostly set in blackletter typefaces until the 1940s, and those typefaces"
"words. Compound words, including nouns, are written together, e.g. ""Haustür"" (Haus+Tür; house door), ""Tischlampe"" (Tisch+Lampe; table lamp), ""Kaltwasserhahn"" (Kalt+Wasser+Hahn; cold water tap/faucet). This can lead to long words: the longest word in regular use, ""Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften"" (""legal protection insurance companies""), consists of 39 letters; while the longest German word ever published (""Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft"", ""Association for subordinate officials of the head office management of the Danube steamboat electrical services"") has 79 letters. Even though vowel length is phonemic in German, it is not consistently represented. However, there are different ways of identifying long vowels: Even though German does not have phonemic consonant length,"
"letters), a man living in Alton, Illinois, and proposed the name ""Emily Jung Schwartzkopf"" (21 letters). In an elaborate story, Eckler talked about a group of scientists who name the unavoidable urge to speak in pangrams the ""Hjelmqvist-Gryb-Zock-Pfund-Wax syndrome"". The longest German isogram is ""Heizölrückstoßabdämpfung"" (heating oil recoil dampening) with 24 letters, closely followed by ""Boxkampfjuryschützlinge"" (box fight jury fosterlings) and ""Zwölftonmusikbücherjagd"" (twelve-tone music book chase) with 23 letters. The longest Dutch isogram is ""Exvakbondsjuryzwijgplicht"" (former union jury oath of secrecy) with 24 letters. The Dutch alphabet consists of 27 letters (a–z and ĳ). Isograms can be useful as keys"
"are included here as they are sometimes used in borrowed words. Blanks do not exist in this game. German-language editions of Scrabble contain 102 letter tiles, in the following distribution: Before the current 102-tile set, German language sets had 119 tiles. With the larger sized tile pool, players had eight tiles at a time on their racks, as opposed to the standard seven. The letter distribution for this larger set is: German sets marketed as Foreign Language Editions produced by Selchow and Righter had 100 tiles with the following distribution: Before the Foreign Language Editions produced by Selchow and Righter"
"the beginning of a word, it has no traditional uppercase form. Written texts in German are easily recognisable as such by distinguishing features such as umlauts and certain orthographical features – German is the only major language that capitalizes all nouns, a relic of a widespread practice in Northern Europe in the early modern era (including English for a while, in the 1700s) – and the frequent occurrence of long compounds. The longest German word that has been published is made of 79 characters. Because legibility and convenience set certain boundaries, compounds consisting of more than three or four nouns"
"connotations from their Germanic counterparts and are usually perceived as more scholarly. The size of the vocabulary of German is difficult to estimate. The (""The German Dictionary"") initiated by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm already contained over 330,000 headwords in its first edition. The modern German scientific vocabulary is estimated at nine million words and word groups (based on the analysis of 35 million sentences of a corpus in Leipzig, which as of July 2003 included 500 million words in total). The Duden is the ""de facto"" official dictionary of the German language, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880. The"
"total of 27 letters. Although the letters ""k"" and ""w"" are part of the alphabet, they appear only in loanwords such as ', ', ' and ' (tungsten). Each letter has a single official name according to the Real Academia Española's new 2010 Common Orthography, but in some regions alternative traditional names coexist as explained below. The digraphs ""ch"" and ""ll"" were considered letters of the alphabet from 1754 to 2010 (and sorted separately from ""c"" and ""l"" from 1803 to 1994). For details on Spanish pronunciation, see Spanish phonology and . When acute accent and diaeresis marks are used"
"languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet. German dialects, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties of standard German by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax. It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three working languages"
"it by far the world's single most widely used writing system. The number of letters in the Latin alphabet has varied. When it was first derived from the Etruscan alphabet, it contained only 21 letters. Later, ""G"" was added to represent , which had previously been spelled ""C"", and ""Z"" ceased to be included in the alphabet, as the language then had no voiced alveolar fricative. The letters ""Y"" and ""Z"" were later added to represent Greek letters, upsilon and zeta respectively, in Greek loanwords. ""W"" was created in the 11th century from ""VV"". It represented in Germanic languages, not"
"of text. This may include umlauts placed vertically or inside the body of the letter. When typing German, if umlaut letters are not available, it is usual to replace them with the underlying vowel followed by an . So, for example, ""Schröder"" becomes ""Schroeder"". As the pronunciation differs greatly between the normal letter and the umlaut, simply omitting the dots is incorrect. The result might often be a different word, as in ""schon"" 'already', ""schön"" 'beautiful'; or a different grammatic form, e.g. ""Mutter"" 'mother', ""Mütter"" 'mothers'. Despite this, the umlauted letters are not considered as separate letters of the alphabet"
"English alphabet The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an uppercase and a lowercase form, and the same letters constitute the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface (and font), and the shape of handwritten letters can differ significantly from the standard printed form (and between individuals), especially when written in cursive style. English is the only major modern European language requiring no diacritics for native words (although a diaeresis is used by some publishers in words such as ""coöperation"" or ""naïve""). Written English does,"
"current practice for Luxembourgish can be found in Schanen & Lulling (2003). The Luxembourgish alphabet consists of the 26 Latin letters plus three letters with diacritics: ""é"", ""ä"", and ""ë"". In loanwords from French and Standard German, other diacritics are usually preserved: Like many other varieties of Western High German, Luxembourgish has a rule of final ""n""-deletion in certain contexts. The effects of this rule (known as the ""Eifel Rule"") are indicated in writing, and therefore must be taken into account when spelling words and morphemes ending in or . For example: The consonant inventory of Luxembourgish is quite similar"
"that used all codes starting from '1' to '9' just for East Germany. Today, German postal codes are numeric, consisting of five digits since 1993. Between 1990 and 1993 the old four-digit codes in the former West were prefixed with the letter ""W"", and in the former East with the letter ""O"" (for ""Ost"", which means ""east"" in German). Even though the western system had kept some number ranges free specifically for later integration of the East should reunification come, it was decided that the time was right to create an entirely new system in the 1990s, in which larger"
"would be 105,456 different combinations of the alphabet. In December 1938 the Germans added additional rotors (up to six) and the number of combinations increased dramatically. The Germans believed that messages sent on their most sophisticated Enigma machines were so well coded that they could not be decoded. But Twinn and his colleagues proved them wrong. About 10,000 people worked at Bletchley. The core group was the small number of cryptanalysts trying to crack the Enigma machine; at the beginning, this group consisted of no more than ten people, with Knox and Twinn in charge. The British codebreakers had been"
"as S+C+H and S+T. Written German also typically uses an alternative opening inverted comma (quotation mark) as in . Until the early 20th century, German was mostly printed in blackletter typefaces (mostly in Fraktur, but also in Schwabacher) and written in corresponding handwriting (for example Kurrent and Sütterlin). These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or sans-serif Antiqua typefaces used today, and the handwritten forms in particular are difficult for the untrained to read. The printed forms, however, were claimed by some to be more readable when used for Germanic languages. (Often, foreign names in"
"Ö, Ü. The letters F, Š, Z, Ž are so-called ""foreign letters"" (""võõrtähed""), and occur only in loanwords and foreign proper names. Occasionally, the alphabet is recited without them, and thus has only 23 letters: A, B, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Õ, Ä, Ö, Ü. Additionally ""C"", ""Q"", ""W"", ""X"" and ""Y"" are used in writing foreign proper names. They do not occur in Estonian words, and are not officially part of the alphabet. Including all the foreign letters, the alphabet consists of the following 32 letters:"
"and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful, respectively). German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns, pronouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), two numbers (singular, plural), and strong and weak verbs. German derives the majority of its vocabulary from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. A portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and Modern English. With slightly different standardized variants (German, Austrian and Swiss Standard German), German is a pluricentric language. It is also"
"of such alphabets increases dramatically. For a rotor with 26 letters in its alphabet, five such rotors ""stacked"" in this fashion allows for 26 = 11,881,376 different possible substitutions. William F. Friedman attacked the Hebern machine soon after it came on the market in the 1920s. He quickly ""solved"" any machine that was built similar to the Hebern, in which the rotors were stacked with the rotor at one end or the other turning with each keypress, the so-called ""fast rotor"". In these cases the resulting ciphertext consisted of a series of single-substitution cyphers, each one 26 letters long. He"
"the same. After all this, there were only 17 letters that were different in shape. One letter-shape represented 5 phonemes (""b t th n"" and sometimes ""y""), one represented 3 phonemes (""j ħ kh""), and 5 each represented 2 phonemes. Compare the Hebrew alphabet, as in the table at . A similar ambiguity occurs in the German Fraktur font, in which the Roman alphabet uppercase letters I and J look the same but are officially different letters. The Arabic alphabet is first attested in its classical form in the 7th century. See PERF 558 for the first surviving Islamic Arabic"
"be used: In Germany, the normal route number for the German autobahns consists of the letter A and a number: Bundesstraßen are national highways, their numbers consist of the letter B and a number: West Berlin once had its own Bundesstraßen with letters. State roads are roads operated by the German federal states. They are called Landesstrasse or Staatsstrasse (in Saxony and Bavaria). They are labled by an initial L or S and a one- to four-digit individual number (e.g. S2 or L240). The federal states sustain their own numbering systems with individual styles of number shields used. France still"
"in ""aljamiado"". The Romance languages are written with the classical Latin alphabet of 23 letters – ""A"", ""B"", ""C"", ""D"", ""E"", ""F"", ""G"", ""H"", ""I"", ""K"", ""L"", ""M"", ""N"", ""O"", ""P"", ""Q"", ""R"", ""S"", ""T"", ""V"", ""X"", ""Y"", ""Z"" – subsequently modified and augmented in various ways. In particular, the single Latin letter ""V"" split into ""V"" (consonant) and ""U"" (vowel), and the letter ""I"" split into ""I"" and ""J"". The Latin letter ""K"" and the new letter ""W"", which came to be widely used in Germanic languages, are seldom used in most Romance languages – mostly for unassimilated foreign"
"Deutsches Wörterbuch The Deutsches Wörterbuch (, ""The German Dictionary""), abbreviated DWB, is the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of the German language in existence. Encompassing modern High German vocabulary in use since 1450, it also includes loanwords adopted from other languages into German. Entries cover the etymology, meanings, attested forms, synonyms, usage peculiarities, and regional differences of words found throughout the German speaking world. The dictionary's historical linguistics approach, illuminated by examples from primary source documents, makes it to German what the ""Oxford English Dictionary"" is to English. The first completed DWB lists over 330,000 headwords in 67,000 print columns"
"Swedish alphabet The Swedish alphabet is the writing system used for the Swedish language. The 29 letters of this alphabet are the modern 26-letter basic Latin alphabet ('A' through 'Z') plus 'Å', 'Ä', and 'Ö', in that order. It contains 20 consonants and 9 vowels (a e i o u y å ä ö). The pronunciation of ""the letters"" (that does not necessarily coincide with the sound it represents) is as follows: The letter 'Q' is rare. 'Q' was common in ordinary words before 1889, when its replacement by 'K' was allowed. Since 1900, only the forms with 'K' are"
"German keyboard layout The German keyboard layout is a QWERTZ keyboard layout commonly used in Austria and Germany. It is based on one defined in a former edition (October 1988) of the German standard DIN 2137-2. The current edition DIN 2137-1:2012-06 standardizes it as the first (basic) one of three layouts, calling it ""T1"" ("""", ""keyboard layout 1""). The German layout differs from the English (US and UK) layouts in four major ways: The characters ², ³, {, [, ], }, \, @, |, µ, ~ (and, since the late 1990s, €) are accessed by holding the key and tapping"
"the proton (atomic) number of an element, such as ""Z""=3 (Lithium). On German typewriter- and computer keyboards (in comparison to those used in the UK/US), the positions of the letters Z and Y are swapped. (In German, Y is only used in loanwords and names.) Z Z (named ""zed"" or ""zee"" ) is the 26th and final letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In most English-speaking countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Zambia and Australia, the letter's name is ""zed"" , reflecting its derivation from the Greek ""zeta"" (this dates"
"languages that often borrow from each other, so the characters needed by each language are usually accommodated by a single part. However, there are some characters and language combinations that are not accommodated without transcriptions. Efforts were made to make conversions as smooth as possible. For example, German has all of its seven special characters at the same positions in all Latin variants (1–4, 9, 10, 13–16), and in many positions the characters only differ in the diacritics between the sets. In particular, variants 1–4 were designed jointly, and have the property that every encoded character appears either at a"