"air traffic control clearance, the pilot will perform either a ""full stop"" landing (taxi to the runway beginning for subsequent take-off), a ""touch-and-go"" (stabilize in the landing roll, reconfigure the aircraft for take-off, and take-off without ever stopping the aircraft), or a ""stop-and-go"" (decelerate to a stop, then take-off from the remaining runway). In the U.S., when operating in a controlled airport a pilot can be cleared for the option, allowing any of the landing options above, or a rejected landing, at pilot's discretion. In cases where two or more parallel runways are in operation concurrently, the aircraft operating on"
"the runway in a staggered fashion. All the Arrows thus end up at different positions downwind in the pattern to land and can land in sequence. Run and break In aviation, a run and break is a procedure used by high-performance aircraft to join an airfield traffic pattern without requiring the aircraft to spend a long time flying at low speed. As such, it is a procedure normally used by military aircraft at military airfields, however because it is also used by ex-military types it may sometimes be performed at civilian airfields. This maneuver is also known as initial and"
"Run and break In aviation, a run and break is a procedure used by high-performance aircraft to join an airfield traffic pattern without requiring the aircraft to spend a long time flying at low speed. As such, it is a procedure normally used by military aircraft at military airfields, however because it is also used by ex-military types it may sometimes be performed at civilian airfields. This maneuver is also known as initial and pitch; or in the US as an overhead maneuver or overhead break. The pilot circles some distance away from airfield at high speed until the air"
"Go-around A go around is an aborted landing of an aircraft that is on final approach. The cause of a go around could be many things, such as a plane on the runway or a gust of wind which blows the plane off course. The term arises from the traditional use of traffic patterns at airfields. A landing aircraft will first join the traffic pattern/circuit pattern and prepare for landing. If for some reason, the pilot decides not to land, the pilot can simply fly back up to traffic pattern altitude/circuit height, and complete another circuit. The term ""go-around"" is"
"enough space to come to a complete stop, but has enough space to accelerate and take off again to carry out a go-around. In British parlance, the maneuver is often called ""circuits and bumps"". The standard circuit begins with a roll on the runway until the aircraft rotates (nose pitches up), a climb to 500 feet above runway/field elevation (AGL), a right or left climbing turn (depending on making either right hand or left hand circuits) to a course perpendicular to the runway, continuing to gain altitude to TPA (traffic pattern altitude) (typically 1000 feet AGL), followed by another right"
"procedure known as an ""orbit"", where an aircraft flies a 360° loop either clockwise or anticlockwise. This is usually to allow greater separation with other traffic ahead in the pattern. This can be the result of a controller's instruction. If at the pilot's initiative, the pilot will report e.g. ""(tail number or flight number) making one left-hand orbit, will advise complete"". To practice take off and landing, a pilot would often fly many patterns, one after another, from the same runway. Upon each landing, depending on the runway distance remaining, aircraft and pilot capabilities, noise abatement procedures in effect, and"
"an ability to keep the glider in line behind the microlight on tow, and land safely, then the student progresses on to a solo, wheeled hang glider. Once a student has completed a number of solo flights and demonstrated safe tows and landings solo then they are awarded their Club Pilot Certificate (aerotow) and can progress to flying in a club rather than a school environment. Airways have developed a wheeled solo glider for the initial solo flights. Airways train pilots using a static winch for paragliding training. Compared to training on the hill this is a faster and less"
"to be safe flying solo in other than perfect (no wind) weather. In some cases, when the student is given permission to fly alone the instructor directs the student to fly three circuits of the traffic pattern each accompanied by a full stop landing. During the first circuit, the solo, the student's Flight instructor may supervise the student's performance from the ground, paying close attention to the approach and landing. Some instructors keep a radio handy, if there is one in the aircraft, in case the student pilot should need assistance or advice. Several traditions have developed in the United"
"a runway. For balloons, helicopters and some specialized fixed-wing aircraft (VTOL aircraft such as the Harrier), no runway is needed. Takeoff is the opposite of landing. Landing is the last part of a flight, where a flying aircraft or spacecraft (or animals) returns to the ground. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called alighting, although it is commonly called ""landing"" and ""touchdown"" as well. A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing. STOL is an acronym for ""short take-off and landing"", aircraft with very short runway"
"Run-up (aviation) In aviation, run-up, or runup, is the series of last-minute checks performed by pilots on an aircraft prior to take-off. Run-ups are also sometimes performed by aircraft mechanics, either at a gate in between flights, to test engines and diagnose engine problems. The checks performed during a run-up vary with the type of aircraft and (to a lesser extent) with the operating rules under which the flight is being conducted, ""e.g.,"" instrument flight rules, visual flight rules, operation as a commercial carrier or private pilot, and so on. The term ""run-up"" alludes to engine checks that involve temporarily"
"go-around outcome, including exceeded aircraft performance limits or fuel endurance. Go-around is a relatively rare manoeuvre for most commercial pilots. On average, a short-haul pilot may make a go-around once or twice a year, and a long-haul pilot may make one every 2 to 3 years. Going around carries risks which include: Go-around A go around is an aborted landing of an aircraft that is on final approach. The cause of a go around could be many things, such as a plane on the runway or a gust of wind which blows the plane off course. The term arises from"
"wrong runway at Chicago O'Hare Runway incursion at Dallas Fort Worth Takeoff in the wrong aircraft in Denver Runway incursion at Kalamazoo Continuous duty overnight Continuous duty overnights (CDOs) are also referred to as ""stand-ups"", ""naps"", or ""high-speeds"" is a scheduling practice used in regional airline operations to circumvent, or ""outsmart"" government flight crew minimum rest requirements. A few major airlines (such as US Airways) also use them. A crew working a CDO will generally operate the last flight out at night, have on duty time on the ground (anywhere from 0–8 hours) at the destination and then operate the"
"FAA as ""Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft."" Runway excursion is an incident involving only a single aircraft, where it makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. This can happen because of pilot error, poor weather, or a fault with the aircraft. ""Overrun"" is a type of excursion where the aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the runway. An example is Air India Express Flight 812 in Mangalore, India in 2010. Further"
"Airflare The airflare (or air-flare) refers to an acrobatic movement in which the performer rotates the torso around the vertical axis of their body (extending from the head down vertically) whilst simultaneously traveling in a circular path along a plane parallel with the floor. The feet are not allowed to touch the ground during the execution of this move and both hands are used to execute standard airflares. The move emerged from a similar move called the ""airtrack"", in which one rotates in a vertical axis but does not travel in a circular path. The airtrack can be traced back"
"traffic controller confirms that it is safe for the procedure to begin. Once safely cleared, the pilot aligns the aircraft with the active runway and calls ""initial"" at a set time from the airfield (usually 30 seconds or one minute). The aircraft is then flown at high speed along the deadside of the runway in the landing direction at a low altitude, typically less than AGL. By contrast, approach patterns at civilian airfields in many countries are typically flown at feet AGL. At some point during ""the run"", usually midway down the runway, the pilot will fly the aircraft up"
"like runways, to put fires along the sides of the runways, to make a wooden hut for a man to sit in, with two wooden pieces on his head like headphones and bars of bamboo sticking out like antennas—he's the controller—and they wait for the airplanes to land. They're doing everything right. The form is perfect. It looks exactly the way it looked before. But it doesn't work. No airplanes land. So I call these things cargo cult science, because they follow all the apparent precepts and forms of scientific investigation, but they're missing something essential, because the planes don't"
"10,000 jumps. Ground-launching and speed-flying are other forms of canopy piloting. These disciplines differ from swooping in that the canopy pilot flies his canopy in close proximity to the ground, descending a mountainside or other gradient or, in certain conditions, hovering several meters above the ground, much like a paragliding pilot. These types of flights are appealing to pilots who want long canopy flights at relatively low cost and to those who want to try something new. Canopy piloting Canopy piloting (also known as swooping) encompasses several disciplines, all involving the flight of a skydiving parachute. ""Swooping"", a form of"
"of the runway), and may be practiced as part of emergency landing procedures. These methods are also commonly employed when flying into farmstead or rough country airstrips where the landing strip is short. Pilots need to touch down with ample runway remaining to slow down and stop. There are common situations where a pilot may deliberately enter a slip by using opposite rudder and aileron inputs, most commonly in a landing approach at low power. Without flaps or spoilers it is difficult to increase the steepness of the glide without adding significant speed. This excess speed can cause the aircraft"
"Backtaxi Backtaxi (also known as backtrack) is an airport ground procedure which involves the use of any portion of a runway as a taxiway for an aircraft to taxi in the opposite direction from which it will take off or has landed. The procedure is commonly used at smaller airports and private strips which may not have separate paved taxiways parallel to the runway. At controlled airports, take-off or landing clearances do not authorize the pilot to reverse course and backtrack along the runway, unless specified by air traffic control. At uncontrolled airports, pilots are recommended to broadcast their intentions"
"Land and hold short operations Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO, pronounced ""La-So"") is an air traffic control procedure for aircraft landing and holding short of an intersecting runway or point on a runway, to balance airport capacity and system efficiency with safety. Its use is voluntary: if a pilot denies LAHSO clearance the Air Traffic Controller must revector the aircraft to ensure adequate separation from other aircraft landing or departing an intersecting runway or crossing down field. A heightened level of situational awareness is necessary, and student pilots or pilots not familiar with LAHSO should not participate in the"
"fires, etc., or any ground signals in the signals square (if present). This involves positioning the aircraft so that it is flying across the direction of the runway and typically at 1000 feet above the circuit pattern for the airfield. The pilot crosses the runway from the normal circuit for that runway, looking out for other traffic in the circuit, and descends to circuit height (often 1000 feet AGL for heavier GA aircraft or 500–600 feet for light aircraft and microlights) on the ""dead side"" (opposite that of the normal circuit). With no traffic in circuit, the circuit is joined"
"runways are unusable. Powered aircraft fly RIGHT hand circuits and gliders fly LEFT hand circuits to all runways. Rockton is a busy aerodrome with around 14,000 aircraft movements per year. The majority of these taking place on weekends from May through September. During daylight hours on summer weekends, it is not unusual to have 10-20 gliders within 5 miles of the airport so a good lookout is required while flying near the Rockton Aerodrome. SOSA Gliding Club is a non-profit corporation run strictly by volunteer members. SOSA offers basic flight training to those who wish to become licensed glider pilots,"
"degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very different though. Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five ""legs"" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are ""left-handed"", meaning all"
"examples can be found in the . Runway excursion is the most frequent type of landing accident, slightly ahead of runway incursion. For runway accidents recorded between 1995 and 2007, 96% were of the 'excursion' type. Runway confusion is when a single aircraft makes ""the unintentional use of the wrong runway, or a taxiway, for landing or take-off"". Notable examples of a runway confusion incidents include Singapore Airlines Flight 006, Comair Flight 5191 and Air Canada Flight 759. The U.S. FAA publishes an annual report on runway safety issues, available from the FAA website. New systems designed to improve runway"
"Controlled flight into terrain A controlled flight into terrain (CFIT, usually pronounced ""cee-fit"") is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is unaware of the impending disaster until it is too late. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s. Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of impact, because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as ""uncontrolled flight into"
"Stowaway A stowaway is a person who secretly boards a vehicle, such as a ship, an aircraft, a train, cargo truck or bus, in order to travel without paying and without being detected. Poor perimeter security at a number of airports around the world can make it easier for people to stow away on planes. Stowaways in aircraft wheel wells face numerous health risks, many of which are fatal: being mangled when the undercarriage retracts, tinnitus, deafness, hypothermia, hypoxia, frostbite, acidosis and finally falling when the doors of the compartment reopen. The landing gear compartment is not equipped with heating,"
"of protected airspace. This is accomplished in one of three ways: a procedure turn, a holding pattern, or a teardrop course reversal. Circle-to-land is a maneuver initiated by the pilot to align the aircraft with a runway for landing when a straight-in landing from an instrument approach is not possible or is not desirable, and only after ATC authorization has been obtained and the pilot has established and maintains required visual reference to the airport. A circle-to-land maneuver is an alternative to a straight-in landing. It is a maneuver used when a runway is not aligned within 30 degrees of"
"route included a touch-and-go landing at Albury Airport, on the border of New South Wales and Victoria. In the United States Navy, touch-and-go landings are part of training for carrier pilots. If they have been away from a carrier for 29 days they must do practice on a land runway and then do so at sea within 10 days. Before a carrier goes on patrol pilots will conduct training. For example, before the USS Ronald Reagan left on its summer 2016 patrol it planned to conduct 4200 touch and go landings. Touch-and-go landing In aviation, a touch-and-go landing (TGL) or"
"still used even for modern airliners, though they may not use traditional traffic patterns/circuit patterns for landing. Initiation of a go-around procedure may be either ordered by air traffic control (normally the local or tower controller in a controlled field) or initiated by the pilot in command of the aircraft. In naval aviation, the term wave-off is used instead of go-around. When touching down on an aircraft carrier, a pilot always initiates a wave-off by applying full thrust as a fail-safe measure. If the plane's tail hook fails to catch any of the arrestor cables (known as a (deck) ""bolter"")"
"in the rising air while flying straight ahead on course, instead of circling, then speeding up again when the air is no longer rising. This technique is known as 'dolphining'. If the conditions are favorable, the glider can gain enough energy from each source of lift and maintain its overall height for long distances without circling. Days with steady, moderate winds can be good for this, as the thermals often will line up into cloud streets, enabling the pilot to race without having to turn. Choosing a flight path directly on course line may not be the best tactic if"
"again based on them. If the checkride has to be stopped due to any reason besides student pilot failure, e.g. weather setting in, the examiner will issue a letter of discontinuance, which will state which maneuvers have been completed, so that the re-take checkride can be limited only to the maneuvers that haven't been completed yet. FAA Practical Test A practical test, more commonly known as a checkride, is the Federal Aviation Administration examination which one must undergo in the United States to receive an aircraft pilot's certification, or an endorsement for additional flight privileges. The name refers to the"
"ascribed to CFIT. Controlled flight into terrain A controlled flight into terrain (CFIT, usually pronounced ""cee-fit"") is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is unaware of the impending disaster until it is too late. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s. Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of impact, because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as"
"with three months of intensive formation aerobatic training, starting with relatively simple manoeuvres (such as loops and rolls in echelon or line astern) performed at altitude, and progressing through more complex and demanding ones (such as corkscrews, ripple rolls and rollbacks), close formation line abreast aerobatics (which requires constant fine attention to power and trim settings), and eventually working up to the full six-aircraft display routines. Only when a routine is well-practised at altitude is it brought down in gradual steps to the minimum safe level of . First season pilots fly as Roulettes 2, 3 or 4, while the"