"the border with present day Turkmenistan - is also impossible to ascertain, because Darius had already been assassinated when Alexander reached these regions. Polo describes the Dry Tree as large tree with green leaves on one side and white leaves on the other. For that reason, the Dry tree should be a platanus. A solitary dry tree is also visible on the famous Issus-mosaic from Pompeii, showing the exact location where Alexander and Darius came face to face. The Dry tree has been reported later by the Bavarian adventurer Johannes Schiltberger, who compared it to the Oak of Mamre. He"
"Quercus fusiformis Quercus fusiformis (also often referred to as ""Q. virginiana"" var. ""fusiformis""), commonly known as escarpment live oak, plateau live oak, or plateau oak, is an evergreen or nearly evergreen tree. Its native range includes the Quartz Mountains and Wichita Mountains in southwestern Oklahoma, through Texas, to the Mexican states of Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo León. ""Quercus fusiformis"" is an evergreen tree in the white oak section of the genus ""Quercus"". It is distinguished from ""Quercus virginiana"" (southern live oak) most easily by the acorns, which are slightly larger and with a more pointed apex. It is also a"
"Browsing (herbivory) Browsing is a type of herbivory in which a herbivore (or, more narrowly defined, a folivore) feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high-growing, generally woody plants such as shrubs. This is contrasted with grazing, usually associated with animals feeding on grass or other low vegetation. Alternatively, grazers are animals eating mainly grass, and browsers are animals eating mainly non-grasses, which include both woody and herbaceous dicots. In either case, an example of this dichotomy are goats (which are browsers) and sheep (which are grazers); these two closely related ruminants utilize dissimilar food sources. The plant material"
"mature fibrous leaves. Herbivory has evolved several times among different groups of animals. The first vertebrates were piscivores, then insectivores, carnivores and finally herbivores. Since a complex set of adaptations was necessary for feeding on highly fibrous plant materials (structural modifications to the teeth, jaws, and digestive tract) and only a small proportion of extant tetrapods are obligate herbivores, it could be that early tetrapods made the transition to fully fledged herbivory by way of omnivory. It has been observed that folivory is extremely rare among flying vertebrates. Morton (1978) attributed this to the fact that leaves are heavy, slow"
"the sweetest of any oak, with an excellent taste even when eaten raw, providing an excellent source of food for both wildlife and people. The acorns are eaten by squirrels, mice, voles, chipmunks, deer, turkey, and other birds. Quercus muehlenbergii Quercus muehlenbergii, the chinkapin oak (or chinquapin oak), is an oak in the white oak group (""Quercus"" sect. ""Quercus""). The species was often called ""Quercus acuminata"" in older literature. ""Quercus muehlenbergii"", (its specific epithet often misspelt ""muhlenbergii"") is native to eastern and central North America, ranging from Vermont west to Wisconsin and south to South Carolina, western Florida, New Mexico,"
"Folivore In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Mature leaves contain a high proportion of hard-to-digest cellulose, less energy than other types of foods, and often toxic compounds. For this reason, folivorous animals tend to have long digestive tracts and slow metabolisms. Many enlist the help of symbiotic bacteria to release the nutrients in their diet. Additionally, as has been observed in folivorous primates, they exhibit a strong preference towards immature leaves, which tend to be easier to masticate, tend to be higher in energy and protein, and lower in fibre and poisons than more"
"Piscivore A piscivore is a carnivorous animal that eats primarily fish. Piscivorous is equivalent to the Greek-derived word ichthyophagous. Fish were the diet of early tetrapods (amphibians); insectivory came next, then in time, reptiles added herbivory. Some animals, such as the sea lion and alligator, are not completely piscivorous, often preying on aquatic invertebrates or land animals in addition to fish, while others, such as the bulldog bat and gharial, are strictly dependent on fish for food. Humans can live on fish-based diets as can their carnivorous domesticated pets, such as dogs and cats. The name ""piscivore"" is derived from"
"mammals eating the acorns. Animals also use the shrub as cover, and mountain lions hide their kills in the thickets. Quercus turbinella Quercus turbinella is a North American species of oak known by the common names shrub oak, turbinella oak, shrub live oak, and gray oak. It is native to Arizona, California, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and Nevada in the western United States. It also occurs in northern Mexico. ""Quercus turbinella"" has been found in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, southern California, and western Texas, Baja California, . In California it occurs in the New York mountains and a"
"is Prinos or Pournari (). Quercus coccifera Quercus coccifera, the kermes oak, is an oak tree in the ""Quercus"" section ""Cerris"". It is native to the Mediterranean region and Northern African Maghreb, south to north from Morocco to France and west to east from Portugal to Cyprus and Turkey, crossing Spain, Italy, Libya, Balkans, and Greece, including Crete. The Kermes Oak was historically important as the food plant of the Kermes scale insect, from which a red dye called crimson was obtained. The etymology of the specific name ""coccifera"" is related to the production of red cochineal (crimson) dye and"
"pulp is still slightly bitter, the Bushman seem to relish eating them, sucking out the contents and either spitting out or chewing up the plentiful seeds. Acanthosicyos Acanthosicyos is a genus of thorny shrubs of the botanical family Cucurbitaceae, subfamily Cucurbitoideae. The genus name derives from the Greek words """"akantha"""" for thorn and """"sykios"""" for cucumber or gourd. Endemic to the Namib Desert in Africa, this genus is represented by two known species including ""Acanthosicyos horridus"", the nara melon, an important food plant in its native range. The Gemsbok cucumber (""Acanthosicyos naudinianus"") is found as a trailing herb throughout much"
"Quercitron Quercitron is a yellow natural dye obtained from the bark of the Eastern Black Oak (""Quercus velutina""), a forest tree indigenous in North America. The name is a shortened form of quercicitron, from Latin ""quercus"", oak, and ""citron"", lemon, and was invented by Edward Bancroft (1744–1821), who by act of parliament in 1785 was granted special privileges in regard to the importation and use of the substance. The dyestuff is prepared by grinding the bark in mills after it has been freed from its black epidermal layer, and sifting the product to separate the fibrous matter, the fine yellow"
"invertebrates. It is assumed that bird's-nest ferns alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of rainforest canopy. Many ferns depend on associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (""Lygodium palmatum"") of eastern North America will grow only in moist, intensely acid soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (""Cystopteris bulbifera""), with an overlapping range, is found only on limestone. The spores are rich in lipids, protein and calories, so some vertebrates eat these. The European woodmouse (""Apodemus sylvaticus"") has been found to eat the spores of ""Culcita"
"from Greek , the kermes insect. The Latin means 'bearer'. ""Quercus coccifera"" is usually a shrub less than high, rarely a small tree, reaching tall (a specimen recorded in Kouf, Libya) and 50 cm trunk diameter. It is evergreen, with spiny-serrated coriaceous leaves 1.5–4 cm long and 1–3 cm broad. The acorns are 2–3 cm long and 1.5–2 cm diameter when mature about 18 months after pollination. They are held in a cup covered in dense, elongated, reflexed scales. The kermes oak is a scrub oak closely related to the Palestine oak (""Quercus calliprinos"") of the eastern Mediterranean, with some"
"fibers. Such insects often carry the spores of the fungi in special structures on their bodies (called ""mycangia""), and infect the host tree themselves when they are laying their eggs. Xylophagy Xylophagy is a term used in ecology to describe the habits of an herbivorous animal whose diet consists primarily (often solely) of wood. The word derives from Greek ""ξυλοφάγος"" (""xulophagos"") ""eating wood"", from ""ξύλον"" (""xulon"") ""wood"" and ""φαγεῖν"" (""phagein"") ""to eat"", an ancient Greek name for a kind of a worm-eating bird. Animals feeding only on dead wood are called sapro-xylophagous or saproxylic. Most such animals are arthropods, primarily"
"accompanied by an illustration of the tree consuming the woman, said to be a member from the ""little known but cruel tribe"" called the Mkodos. The story was attributed to a Dr. Carl Liche who supposedly witnessed the event. The account has been debunked as pure myth as it appears Dr. Liche, the Mkodos, and the tree were all fabrications. Carnivorous plant Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods. Carnivorous plants have adapted to grow in places where the soil"
"Quercus coccifera Quercus coccifera, the kermes oak, is an oak tree in the ""Quercus"" section ""Cerris"". It is native to the Mediterranean region and Northern African Maghreb, south to north from Morocco to France and west to east from Portugal to Cyprus and Turkey, crossing Spain, Italy, Libya, Balkans, and Greece, including Crete. The Kermes Oak was historically important as the food plant of the Kermes scale insect, from which a red dye called crimson was obtained. The etymology of the specific name ""coccifera"" is related to the production of red cochineal (crimson) dye and derived from Latin which was"
"portrayal of hadrosaurs in ""Jurassic Park"", the 1990 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton. Hadrosaur diet Hadrosaurids, also commonly referred to as duck-billed dinosaurs or hadrosaurs, were large terrestrial herbivores. The diet of hadrosaurid dinosaurs remains a subject of debate among paleontologists, especially regarding whether hadrosaurids were grazers who fed on vegetation close to the ground, or browsers who ate higher-growing leaves and twigs. Preserved stomach content findings have indicated they may have been browsers, whereas other studies into jaw movements indicate they may have been grazers. The mouth of a hadrosaur had hundreds of tiny teeth packed into dental"
"both carnivorous and herbivorous marsupials. Herbivorous marsupials are classified in the order Diprotodontia, and further into the suborders Vombatiformes and Phalangerida. The Vombatiformes include the koala and the three species of wombat. One of Australia's best-known marsupials, the koala is an arboreal species that feeds on the leaves of various species of eucalyptus. Wombats, on the other hand, live on the ground and feed on grasses, sedges and roots. Wombats use their rodent-like front teeth and powerful claws to dig extensive burrow systems; they are mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. The Phalangerida includes six families and 26 species of possum and"
"digest the carbohydrates photosynthetically produced by a plant. Carnivores in turn consume herbivores for the same reason, while omnivores can obtain their nutrients from either plants or animals. Due to a herbivore's ability to survive solely on tough and fibrous plant matter, they are termed the primary consumers in the food cycle (chain). Herbivory, carnivory, and omnivory can be regarded as special cases of Consumer-Resource Systems. Two herbivore feeding strategies are grazing (e.g. cows) and browsing (herbivory) (e.g. moose). Although the exact definition of the feeding strategy may depend on the writer, most authors agree that to define a grazer"
"Gummivore Gummivores are a hybrid class of omnivores that defines a group of animals whose diet consists primarily of the gums and saps of trees (about 90%) and bugs for protein. (Merrit, J.) The term is primarily applied to arboreal, terrestrial primates, including certain marmosets and lemurs. These animals that live off of the injuries of trees live from about 8m off of the ground up to the canopies. (Plavcan, J. M., and Kay, R.) An Old World example of a gummivore is fork-marked lemurs, whose diet is about 90% gum exudates from a tree’s branches or trunk. (Merrit, J.)"
"on ""Acer negundo"", ""Acer saccharinum"", ""Alnus"" species (including ""Alnus incana"" and ""Alnus rubra""), ""Betula"" species (including ""Betula papyrifera""), ""Corylus"" species (including ""Corylus americana""), ""Viburnum species"", ""Euonymus atropurpureus"", ""Cornus racemosa"", ""Vaccinium"" species, ""Amorpha fruticosa"", ""Trifolium"" species, ""Castanea"" species, ""Quercus"" species (including ""Quercus alba"" and ""Quercus macrocarpa""), ""Myrica gale"", ""Osmunda"" species, ""Malus"" species (including ""Malus domestica"" and ""Malus sylvestris""), ""Prunus"" species (including ""Prunus avium"" and ""Prunus virginiana""), ""Sorbus"" species, ""Populus"" species (including ""Populus alba"", ""Populus balsamifera"" and ""Populus tremuloides""), ""Salix"" species, ""Tilia americana"" and ""Ulmus"" species (including ""Ulmus americana"" and ""Ulmus rubra""), They feed on the terminal leaf growth and sometimes on"
"fruit-and-mast-eating or frugivorous species (the other four subfamilies). The granivorous species typically feed on seed found on the ground, whereas the frugivorous species tend to feed in trees. There are morphological adaptations that can be used to distinguish between the two groups: granivores tend to have thick walls in their gizzards, intestines, and esophagi whereas the frugivores tend to have thin walls. In addition, fruit-eating species have short intestines whereas those that eat seeds have longer ones. Frugivores are capable of clinging to branches and even hang upside down to reach fruit. In addition to fruit and seeds, a number"
"Carnivorous plant Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods. Carnivorous plants have adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients, especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs. Charles Darwin wrote ""Insectivorous Plants"", the first well-known treatise on carnivorous plants, in 1875. True carnivory is thought to have evolved independently nine times in five different orders of flowering plants, and is represented by more than a dozen genera. This classification includes at least 583 species that"
"simultaneous fruiting and leafing at most sites, apparently disproving this hypothesis. Examples of folivorous animals include: Folivore In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Mature leaves contain a high proportion of hard-to-digest cellulose, less energy than other types of foods, and often toxic compounds. For this reason, folivorous animals tend to have long digestive tracts and slow metabolisms. Many enlist the help of symbiotic bacteria to release the nutrients in their diet. Additionally, as has been observed in folivorous primates, they exhibit a strong preference towards immature leaves, which tend to be easier to masticate,"
"larvae are polyphagous, feeding on various shrubs and deciduous trees, mainly oak (""Quercus""), elm (""Ulmus""), Linden (""Tilia""), hazel (""Corylus""), maples (""Acer""), ash (""Fraxinus"", firs (""Abies""), brambles (""Rubus""), Honeysuckle (""Lonicera"") and St John's worts (""Hypericum"")). They can also be found on various fruit trees (apple, pear, etc.) and on some herbaceous plants. Archips xylosteana Archips xylosteana, the variegated golden tortrix or brown oak tortrix, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. This Palearctic moth is widespread in most of Europe, in Asia (China, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Siberia, Turkey), and in northern Africa (Algeria). This moth species inhabit woodland and scrub"
"Quercetin Quercetin, a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols, is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, and grains; red onions and kale are common foods containing appreciable content of quercetin. It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods. Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in nature. The name has been used since 1857, and is derived from ""quercetum"" (oak forest), after ""Quercus"". It is a naturally occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor. Quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids, with an average daily consumption of 25–50 milligrams. In"
"proportion of the plant community that would exist without browsing pressure, and may differ significantly from the flora found in nearby browsed areas. If management efforts were to reduce cervid populations in the landscape, these refugia could serve as a model for understory recovery in the surrounding plant community. Browsing (herbivory) Browsing is a type of herbivory in which a herbivore (or, more narrowly defined, a folivore) feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high-growing, generally woody plants such as shrubs. This is contrasted with grazing, usually associated with animals feeding on grass or other low vegetation. Alternatively, grazers"
"long leaves "". ""Helleborine"" may refer to deer using the orchid for food (many conservationists have noted that helleborine orchids are grazed by deer ). Alternatively it may denote that the plants are similar to hellebores (a group of species in the family Ranunculaceae). ""Hellebore"" comes from the Greek ""álkē"" and ""bora"", translating as ""fawn"" and ""food of beasts"". In German, ""Cephalanthera"" are referred to as Waldvöglein, meaning little birds of the wood, a reference to the winged appearance of the flowers. Cephalanthera longifolia Cephalanthera longifolia, known by the common names Narrow-leaved Helleborine or Sword-leaved Helleborine, is an herbaceous perennial"
"to digest, and contain little energy relative to other foods. The hoatzin is an example of a flighted, folivorous bird. Some bats are partially folivorous; their method of deriving nourishment from leaves, according to Lowry (1989), is to chew up the leaves, swallowing the sap and spitting out the remainder. Arboreal mammalian folivores, such as sloths, koalas, and some species of monkeys and lemurs, tend to be large and climb cautiously. Similarities in body shape and head- and tooth-structure between early hominoids and various families of arboreal folivores have been advanced as evidence that early hominoids were also folivorous. Standard"
"Quercus myrsinifolia Quercus myrsinifolia is an Asian species of tree in the ring-cupped oaks subgenus of the family Fagaceae. It has several common names, including bamboo-leaf oak, Chinese evergreen oak, and Chinese ring-cupped oak. Its Chinese name is ; pinyin: , which means little leaf ring-cupped oak (literally translated as little leaf green ridge tree), in Japan it is called and in Korea it is known as (). It is native to east central and southeast China, Japan, Korea, Laos, northern Thailand, and Vietnam. ""Quercus myrsinifolia"" is an evergreen oak tree that grows up to tall. Leaves are 60–110 ×"
"of ""Syagrus romanzoffiana"". In a secondary ""Araucaria angustifolia"" forest in the Parque Recreativo Primavera in the vicinity of the city of Curitiba, Paraná, 1400 hours in a single year's time was spent observing the feeding behaviour of this squirrel. Although it fed on ten plant species, it obtained most of its diet from the nuts of ""Syagrus romanzoffiana"" (queen palm) throughout the year, but it punctuated this with peaks of feeding on the seeds of ""Araucaria angustifolia"" in the fall and winter, and acorns of the non-native ""Quercus robur"" (English oak, as ""Q. pedunculata"" in the study) in the summer."
"Datura quercifolia Datura quercifolia, commonly known as the oak-leaf thorn-apple or the Chinese thorn-apple, is a small shrub in the genus ""Datura"". It can grow within dry or moist soils and requires large amount of sunlight to grow. The species was first described in 1818 by Alexander von Humboldt. Its leaves resemble oak leaves, hence the name ""quercifolia"". It grows in Mexico and the Southwestern United States, where it is a ground cover or an upright bush up to 3 ft. tall. It produces green colored fruit with long sharp spikes or spines. The light blue funnel-shaped flowers are less"
"""Amblyrhynchus cristatus"", feeds primarily on algae. The spiny-tail lizard (""Uromastyx aegyptia""), which is found throughout the deserts of the Middle East, feeds mainly on desert grasses. This lizard likely also eats flowering plants, but due to no rain falling during the study period, the animals were not observed consuming these plants. Other herbivores, such as ""Ctenosaura pectinata"" (the spiny-tail iguana), have a mixed diet, with 52% of its diet composed of leaves, 35% flowers, and 2% of fruits. This diet stands in stark contrast with an iguana from the same genus, ""Ctenosaura similis"". This animal’s diet is composed of primarily"