"and its ability to explain a wide range of observations. The ""Examiner"" review of 3 December 1859 commented, ""Much of Mr. Darwin's volume is what ordinary readers would call 'tough reading;' that is, writing which to comprehend requires concentrated attention and some preparation for the task. All, however, is by no means of this description, and many parts of the book abound in information, easy to comprehend and both instructive and entertaining."" While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism"
"foreword by Richard Dawkins, and newly written introduction by the author, was published in 1996. The Theory of Evolution The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of ""The Origin of Species"" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of"
"Genetics and the Origin of Species Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by the Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky. It is regarded as one of the most important works of the modern synthesis, and was one of the earliest. The book popularized the work of population genetics to other biologists, and influenced their appreciation for the genetic basis of evolution. In his book, Dobzhansky applied the theoretical work of Sewall Wright (1889-1988) to the study of natural populations, allowing him to address evolutionary problems in a novel way during his time. Dobzhansky implements theories of mutation,"
"published ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859, he and Alfred Russel Wallace were regarded by their scientific peers as having originated (independently of each other) the theory of evolution by natural selection; it has been suggested that Darwin and/or Wallace had encountered Matthew's earlier work, but there is no hard evidence of this. After the publication of ""On the Origin of Species"", Matthew contacted Darwin, who in subsequent editions of the book acknowledged that the principle of natural selection had been anticipated by Matthew's brief statement, mostly contained in the appendices and ""addendum"" of his 1831 book, ""On Naval"
"The Theory of Evolution The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of ""The Origin of Species"" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of its type. The original version was updated several times, and a ""Canto"" edition, with a"
"in his 1859 book ""On the Origin of Species"". It was not until 1906 that the modern term ""speciation"" was coined by the biologist Orator F. Cook. Darwin, in his 1859 publication, focused primarily on the changes that can occur within a species, and less on how species may divide into two. It is almost universally accepted that Darwin's book did not directly address its title. Darwin instead saw speciation as occurring by species entering new ecological niches. Controversy exists as to whether Charles Darwin recognized a true geographical-based model of speciation in his publication ""On the Origin of Species""."
"Objections to evolution Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book ""On the Origin of Species"", his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification from a single common ancestor in a process driven by natural selection) initially met opposition from scientists with different theories, but eventually came to receive overwhelming acceptance in the scientific community. The observation of evolutionary processes occurring (as well as the modern evolutionary synthesis explaining that evidence) has been uncontroversial among mainstream biologists since the 1940s."
"was the theory of evolution (Charles Darwin published ""Origin of Species"" in 1859), resulting in the aim to group plants by their phylogenetic relationships. To this was added the interest in plant anatomy, aided by the use of the light microscope and the rise of chemistry, allowing the analysis of secondary metabolites. Currently, the strict use of epithets in botany, although regulated by international codes, is considered unpractical and outdated. The very notion of species, the fundamental classification unit, is often up to subjective intuition and thus can not be well defined. As a result, estimate of the total number"
"""On the Origin of Species"" would be a ground-breaking book. Darwin published ""On the Origin of Species"" on November 24, 1859. The first printing was 1,250 copies, with some having been sent to America via ship; one of those was for Gray. Gray's copy arrived just before Christmas, and he read it between Christmas and New Year's. Since there was no international copyright law at the time, Gray worked to protect the book from publishing piracy. According to American law at the time, a copyright could only be secured by an American edition being published by an American citizen, and"
"When Darwin's book ""The Origin of Species"" was published in 1859, his brother Erasmus sent a copy to his old flame Harriet Martineau. At age 58, she was still reviewing from her home in the Lake District. From her ""snow landscape"", Martineau sent her thanks, adding that she had previously praised the quality & conduct of your brother's mind, but it is an unspeakable satisfaction to see here the full manifestation of its earnestness & simplicity, its sagacity, its industry, & the patient power by which it has collected such a mass of facts, to transmute them by such sagacious"
"founded. Many Westerners became less religious in this period, although a majority of people still held traditional Christian beliefs. The 1859 publication of ""On the Origin of Species"", by the English naturalist Charles Darwin, provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of human life to the traditional poetic scriptural explanation known as Creationism. According to Darwin, only the organisms most able to adapt to their environment survived while others became extinct. Adaptations resulted in changes in certain populations of organisms which could eventually cause the creation of new species. Modern genetics started with Gregor Johann Mendel, a"
"However, because it was based only on very few characters, the system developed by Linnaeus was an artificial one. The book also included descriptions of the organisms named inside of it. In 1859, Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published. In this book, he described his theory of evolution by natural selection. Both the work of Darwin and his contemporary, Alfred Russel Wallace —who was also working on the theory of evolution—were informed by the careful study of insects. In addition, Darwin collected many species of invertebrate during his time aboard the HMS ""Beagle""; many of the specimens"
"Leah Leneman writes that Lind af Hageby saw Darwin's theory of natural selection – the ""Origin of Species"" had been published in 1859 – as essential to the cause of animals, because it ""brought about the decay of the old anthropocentric idea of man ... It taught that if there is this kinship physically between all living creatures, surely a responsibility rests upon us to see that these creatures, who have nerves as we have, who are made of the same flesh and blood as we are, who have minds differing from ours not in kind but in degree, should"
"coincident disruptive coloration in frogs convinced other biologists that these deceptive markings were products of natural selection. Kettlewell experimented on peppered moth evolution, showing that the species had adapted as pollution changed the environment; this provided compelling evidence of Darwinian evolution. Charles Darwin published ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859, arguing that evolution in nature must be driven by natural selection, just as breeds of domestic animals and cultivars of crop plants were driven by artificial selection. Darwin's theory radically altered popular and scientific opinion about the development of life. However, he lacked evidence and explanations for some critical"
"Clémence Royer Clémence Royer (21 April 1830 – 6 February 1902) was a self-taught French scholar who lectured and wrote on economics, philosophy, science and feminism. She is best known for her controversial 1862 French translation of Charles Darwin's ""On the Origin of Species"". Augustine-Clémence Audouard was born on 21 April 1830 in Nantes, Brittany, the only daughter of Augustin-René Royer and Joséphine-Gabrielle Audouard. When her parents married seven years later her name was changed to Clémence-Auguste Royer. Her mother was a seamstress from Nantes while her father came from Le Mans and was an army captain and a royalist"
"edition of ""Origin of Species"" in 1859. The concept of descent of languages was by no means new. Thomas Jefferson, a devout linguist himself, had proposed that the continual necessity for neologisms implies that languages must ""progress"" or ""advance."". These ideas foreshadow evolution of either biological species or languages, but after the contact of Schleicher with Darwin's ideas, and perhaps Darwin's contact with the historical linguists, Evolution and language change were inextricably linked, and would become the basis for classification. Now, as then, the main problems would be to prove specific lines of descent, and to identify the branch points."
"the Origin of Species with compelling evidence contradicting Lamarck. Darwin said that evolution is not predetermined but that there are inherent variations in all organisms, and that those variations that confer increased fitness are selected by the environment and passed on to the offspring. In the feud between Lamarck and Darwin, Darwin talked of pre-existing changes, but the nature of these changes was not known and had to await the science of genetics by Gregor Mendel's experiments on pea plants published in 1866. Support for Darwin's theory was provided when Thomas Morgan Hunt discovered that a mutated white-eyed fruit fly"
"Jay Gould Prize for his work. The title quotes from the last sentence of Charles Darwin's 1859 ""The Origin of Species"", in which he described the evolution of all living organisms from a common ancestor: ""endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved."" Darwin, however, was unable to explain how those body forms actually came into being. The early 20th century modern synthesis of evolution and genetics, too, largely ignored embryonic development to explain the form of organisms, since population genetics appeared to be an adequate explanation of how forms evolved. That task was finally"
"On appeal, her conviction was reversed on the grounds that contraceptive devices could legally be promoted for the cure and prevention of disease. The publication of Charles Darwin's ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859 ""unleashed a controversy that resonates even today. In presenting a revolutionary theory of evolution, the British naturalist challenged the biblical creation story and provoked the ire of detractors who accused him of 'dethroning God'. Despite the surrounding controversy, ""On the Origin of Species"" remained uncensored in the United States all the way into the 1920s, when high school curricula started to incorporate the theory of"
"races, for instance, of the cabbage"" and ""the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants"", there are three instances in the book where the phrase ""races of man"" is used, referring to races of humans. ""On the Origin of Species"" was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and"
"Aristotle until Darwin, the natural world was predominantly considered static and unchanging. Prior to ""The Origin of Species"", there was little appreciation or understanding of the dynamic and reciprocal relations between organisms, their adaptations, and the environment. An exception is the 1789 publication ""Natural History of Selborne"" by Gilbert White (1720–1793), considered by some to be one of the earliest texts on ecology. While Charles Darwin is mainly noted for his treatise on evolution, he was one of the founders of soil ecology, and he made note of the first ecological experiment in ""The Origin of Species"". Evolutionary theory changed"
"copies. He disarmingly anticipated their reactions: to Asa Gray ""there are very many serious difficulties"", to the Revd. John Stevens Henslow ""I fear you will not approve of your pupil"", to Louis Agassiz ""[not sent in] a spirit of defiance or bravado"" and to Richard Owen ""it will seem 'an abomination'."", amongst others. For Wallace's copy he wrote ""God knows what the public will think"". ""On the Origin of Species"" was first published on 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on 22 November, and all available copies had"
"Darwin Centennial Celebration (1959) The Darwin Centennial Celebration of 1959 was a worldwide celebration of the life and work of British naturalist Charles Darwin that marked the 150th anniversary of his birth (February 12, 1809), the 100th anniversary of the publication of ""On the Origin of Species"" (November 24, 1859), and the 125th anniversary of the second voyage of HMS ""Beagle"". The major center of festivities and commemoration was the University of Chicago, which hosted a five-day event (November 24 to November 28), organized by anthropologist Sol Tax, that attracted over 2,500 registered participants from across the world. According to"
"Charles Darwin published ""Origin of Species"" in 1859, much of the focus of paleontology shifted to understanding evolutionary paths, including human evolution, and evolutionary theory. The last half of the 19th century saw a tremendous expansion in paleontological activity, especially in North America. The trend continued in the 20th century with additional regions of the Earth being opened to systematic fossil collection. Fossils found in China near the end of the 20th century have been particularly important as they have provided new information about the earliest evolution of animals, early fish, dinosaurs and the evolution of birds. The last few"
"1 July 1858. This attracted little notice, but spurred Darwin to write an ""abstract"" of his work which was published in 1859 as his book ""On the Origin of Species"". Darwin's ideas developed rapidly from the return in 1836 of the ""Beagle"" survey expedition. By December 1838 he had developed the principles of his theory. At that time similar ideas brought others disgrace and association with the revolutionary mob. He was conscious of the need to answer all likely objections before publishing. While he continued with research as his ""prime hobby"", his priority was an immense amount of work on"
"19th century in science The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin (alongside the independent researches of Alfred Russel Wallace), who in 1859 published the book ""The Origin of Species"", which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the germ theory of disease. Following this, Louis Pasteur made"
"Evolution Day Evolution Day is a celebration to commemorate the anniversary of the initial publication of ""On the Origin of Species"" by Charles Darwin on 24 November 1859. Such celebrations have been held for over a century, but the specific term ""Evolution Day"" for the anniversary appears to be a neologism which was coined prior to 1997. By highlighting Darwin's contributions to science, the day's events are used to educate about evolutionary biology. It is similar to the better-known Darwin Day, held on the anniversary of his birth (12 February 1809). It is unrelated to the secularization campaign by the"
"publication of Charles Darwin's ""On the Origin of Species"" fundamentally transformed the discussion over biological origins. Darwin argued that his branching version of evolution explained a wealth of facts in biogeography, anatomy, embryology, and other fields of biology. He also provided the first cogent mechanism by which evolutionary change could persist: his theory of natural selection. One of the first and most important naturalists to be convinced by ""Origin"" of the reality of evolution was the British anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Huxley recognized that unlike the earlier transmutational ideas of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and ""Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"","
"participating in a competing historical event at Johns Hopkins University. Ironically, the historical interest generated by the centennial may have contributed to the subsequent development of the so-called Darwin Industry. Darwin Centennial Celebration (1959) The Darwin Centennial Celebration of 1959 was a worldwide celebration of the life and work of British naturalist Charles Darwin that marked the 150th anniversary of his birth (February 12, 1809), the 100th anniversary of the publication of ""On the Origin of Species"" (November 24, 1859), and the 125th anniversary of the second voyage of HMS ""Beagle"". The major center of festivities and commemoration was the"
"grounds. The idea that laws control nature and society gained vast popular audiences with George Combe's ""The Constitution of Man"" of 1828 and the anonymous ""Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"" of 1844. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book ""On the Origin of Species"", he convinced most of the scientific community that new species arise through descent through modification in a branching pattern of divergence from common ancestors, but while most scientists accepted that natural selection is a valid and empirically testable hypothesis, Darwin's view that it is the primary mechanism of evolution was rejected by some. Darwin's"
"were not before the reader."" He recommended Lyell's suggestion that, to gain public agreement, rather than ""put forth the theory without the evidence"", the book should focus on observations upon pigeons, briefly stating how these illustrated Darwin's general principles and preparing the way for Darwin's larger work ""Natural Selection"" which was expected to follow soon: ""Every body is interested in pigeons."" Darwin responded that this was impractical, and his book retitled as ""On the Origin of Species"" was published on Thursday 24 November 1859. Whitwell Elwin Whitwell Elwin (26 February 1816 – 1 January 1900) was an English clergyman, critic"
"Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled ""On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"", which he published in 1859. Darwin regarded ""Natural Selection"" as his main work, while ""On the Origin of Species"" was written for a wider audience. He always intended to finish ""Natural Selection"", but because of frail health,"
"amateurish deficiencies. The ideas in the book were favoured by Radicals, but its presentation remained popular with a much wider public. Prince Albert read it aloud to Queen Victoria in 1845. ""Vestiges"" caused a shift in popular opinion which – Charles Darwin believed – prepared the public mind for the scientific theories of evolution by natural selection which followed from the publication of ""On the Origin of Species"" in 1859. For decades there was speculation about its authorship. The 12th edition, published in 1884, revealed officially that the author was Robert Chambers, a Scottish journalist, who had written the book"