"reproduction occurs when feeding on the potato, ""Solanum tuberosum"". ""L. juncta"" can be easily confused with its close cousin the Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"". While the adult false potato beetle has alternating black and white strips on its back, just like the Colorado potato beetle, one of the white strips in the center of each wing cover is missing and replaced by a light brown strip. The eggs are slightly larger and fewer are found in a cluster. The hump-backed larva is similar, but with only one row of dark spots on each side. The two species are apparently"
"has caused the destruction of millions of acres of ponderosa and lodgepole pine trees in Colorado. According to an annual assessment by the state's forest service, 264,000 acres of trees in Colorado were infested by the mountain pine beetle at the beginning of 2013. This was much smaller than the 1.15 million acres that were affected in 2008 because the beetle has already killed off most of the vulnerable trees (Ward). Mountain pine beetles inhabit ponderosa, whitebark, lodgepole, Scots, jack pine, and limber pine trees. Normally, these insects play an important role in the life of a forest, attacking old"
"Beetle kill in Colorado The mountain pine beetle has killed large numbers of the lodgepole pine trees in the northern mountains of the US state of Colorado. The more recent outbreak of another bark beetle pest, the spruce beetle, is threatening higher-elevation forests of Engelmann spruce. Chemical prevention is effective but too costly for large-scale use. Dead trees increase the incidence of wildfires, and may contribute to climate change as they decay. Uses have been found for the dead wood including composting and in construction, and potentially to make biochar. Mountain pine beetles infest the lodgepole pine, which makes up"
"a different species. The original host plant of the Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" was the buffalo bur, ""Solanum rostratum"", in Mexico. No association has been found between ""Lebia grandis"" and ""Leptinotarsa 'decemlineata"" on this host plant. In the 1850s, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" began to feed on the potato plant and spread rapidly eastwards on potato crops. ""Lebia grandis"" may have had a relationship prior to this with the false potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa juncta"" which feeds on horsenettle, ""Solanum carolinense"". Another closely related chrysomid beetle, ""Leptinotarsa haldemani"" is recorded from Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona and Mexico, where it lives on wild species"
"8% of Colorado's of forests. Lodgepole pines are found at elevations between 6,000-11,000 feet. A previous notable outbreak occurred in Colorado in the 1970s but was significantly less detrimental than the current infestation. Of the of lodgepole pine, about 70% have been damaged. High temperatures have allowed beetle infestations at higher elevations. According to a recent study, pine beetles have expanded their infestation by . The infestation is primarily concentrated in the state's northern mountains. The infestation has been moving north and east from the Granby and Winter Park area towards Larimer County. It is estimated that beetle kill will"
"rare and threatened endemic trees such as ""Alectryon macrococcus"", ""Colubrina oppositifolia"", ""Caesalpinia kavaiensis"", and ""Flueggea neowawraea"", at risk. Some 225 species of plants in 62 families have been recorded as acting as hosts for this beetle. In a natural broad-leafed forest it does not normally cause much damage, but when it infects plantations of susceptible host plants it may become a pest. Major crops where it does serious damage are coffee, tea, avocado and cocoa. In India it attacks ""Khaya grandifoliola"" and ""Khaya senegalensis"", which are grown as shade trees in plantations, and similarly in Africa it attacks ""Erythrina"" sp."
"the side effects of beetle kill, such as wildfires. Currently, measures are being taken by Colorado politicians to help this issue gain attention nationwide. State Rep. Christine Scanlan, D-Dillon, and state Sen. Dan Gibbs, D-Silverthorne, have testified that wildfires caused by beetle kill could be detrimental to the nation's water supply and damage the nation's electrical grid. In doing this, they hope to help Colorado receive more federal funding for forest fire prevention and water purification that occurs because of beetle kill. Beetle kill in Colorado The mountain pine beetle has killed large numbers of the lodgepole pine trees in"
"during World War II. Like Germany, the nation suggested that the Colorado potato beetle, aimed at the enemy's food sources, would be an asset during the war. As early as 1939 biological warfare experts in France suggested that the beetle be used against German crops. Germany is known to have pursued entomological warfare programs during World War II. The nation pursued the mass-production, and dispersion, of the Colorado potato beetle (""Lepinotarsa decemlineata""), aimed at the enemy's food sources. The beetle was first found in Germany in 1914, as an invasive species from North America. There are no records that indicate"
"by ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" (the Colorado potato beetle) and has been recorded as being eaten at very low rates by pupae of an unidentified species of the family Gelechiidae. Parasitic nematodes of the genus ""Pratylenchus"" have been found on lesions on its roots, however causing little damage. The fungus ""Rhizoctonia solani"" was found causing root rot, particularly under wet conditions in plants damaged by trampling. The plant is also affected by ""Erysiphe cichoracearum"", causing downy mildew. Fruits are eaten by a variety of native animals, including ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite, wild turkey, and striped skunk. Most mammals avoid eating the stems and"
"walnut and the native southern California black walnut, ""Juglans californica"". Recently the beetle and fungus have spread to areas of the United States with much colder climates. In Denver, Colorado during 2001 the first cases of black walnut mortality due to cankerous sores caused by the walnut twig beetle and the fungus, ""Geosmithia morbida"", which the walnut twig beetle carries, were recorded, and by 2008 nearly all of the black walnuts in Denver, Colorado had been eliminated. A similar instance occurred during this same time period in Delta, a city nearly four hundred kilometers west of Denver. Bark beetles are"
"cover. Also, pesticide drift from nearby agricultural fields encroaches in on the existing squirrel habitat. Not only are these practices affecting the population of the Nelson's antelope squirrel, but they are also causing problems for other native animal and plant species in the San Joaquin Valley. Native plant species such as the kern mallow, San Joaquin woolly threads, California jewelflower, and Bakersfield cactus are all federally endangered plant species that are being outcompeted by invasive plant species. Many invasive plants grow in very dense patches. These dense patches are not adequate habitats for Nelson's antelope squirrel and many other San"
"are densely wooded, making them much more susceptible to bark beetle attack. Current legislation is in place to help with the growing beetle problem. Colorado Senators Mark Udall and Michael Bennet announced that Colorado will receive $30 million of the $40 million being diverted by the U.S. Forest Service to fight the millions of acres of damage caused by the mountain pine beetle in the Rocky Mountain region. Fall and burn is the technique being used in Alberta where there is hope of limiting the outbreak to western Canada, preventing its spread to northern Saskatchewan and further towards eastern Canada"
"not attacked by the beetle in its home range. Larvae always die when limited to native US ""Solanum"" species. The only other known natural host is the South American plant ""Solanum palinacanthum"". Its host specificity made the beetle a relatively safe choice for introduction. The larva of the beetle feeds on the upper third of the plant, damaging its leaves. The adult also feeds on the foliage. Feeding damage takes the form of holes in the leaves. The injury facilitates the entry of pathogens and causes stress to the plant, reducing its growth and fruit production. Larvae kept free of"
"fruit explodes, spreading seeds up to . The plant also reproduces through lateral root buds, which allow it to spread densely. It can be identified by its leaves, which are small and linear, measuring up to long by only wide. This plant is considered a noxious weed in many places, including Colorado in the United States. Like some other non-native plants, it invades the habitat of native species. It is known to be harmful to cattle and horses, but not sheep. It can be difficult to control. Biological pest control methods have been attempted, involving the release of several European"
"are morphological similar to the Colorado potato beetle, a pest of potato crops. The larvae are humpbacked in appearance, yellow-green in colour, and may measure in length at maturity. ""Z. exclamationis"" is native to North America. Adult beetles are phytophagus and associated with the sunflower species ""Helianthus annuus"" (common sunflower), ""H. giganteus"" (giant sunflower), and ""H. petiolaris"" (prairie sunflower). It is a major economic pest to sunflower production in North America. Overwintering adults emerge in late May or early June. Shortly after emergence, the beetles begin to feed, mate and lay eggs singly on stems and undersides of leaves. Adults"
"sufficient numbers to effect complete control. Populations may need to be augmented by releasing adult beetles but rearing these in bulk presents certain difficulties that have not yet been overcome. Other predators such as the spotted lady beetle (""Coleomegilla maculata"") also prey on Colorado potato beetles but ""Lebia grandis"" is constrained by its chrysomelid larval host to habituate potato fields while other predators may disperse to other sources of food. The historical records for ""Lebia grandis"" show that it was present in areas where ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"" was not found. This would seem to imply that at one time it parasitized"
"cases. The female beetles attack the fruits from 8 weeks past the flowering to 32 weeks. When the insect enters, it builds galleries in the endosperm where the eggs are deposited. The insect is endemic to central Africa and has now spread to most coffee-producing countries through the accidental introduction of contaminated seeds. The first report in the American continent were in Brazil (1926). In the 1970s, it affected Guatemala and Mexico. The beetle entered Colombia during the late 1980s. It entered the Dominican Republic in the 1990s. It was detected in Puerto Rico in August 2007. It was discovered"
"typically only occur during June and July for a few hours at a time. Tobacco, corn, rice and some other crops have been engineered to express genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The introduction of Bt crops during the period between 1996 and 2005 has been estimated to have reduced the total volume of insecticide active ingredient use in the United States by over 100 thousand tons. This represents a 19.4% reduction in insecticide use. In the late 1990s, a genetically modified potato that was resistant to the Colorado potato beetle was withdrawn because major buyers rejected"
"beetle has been found in Guatemala, Mexico, and Arizona, but it has never been known to cause this sort of oak destruction. However it is thought that the beetle in Arizona is a separate species from the one in Central America, ""Agrilus auroguttatus"". Since dead oaks were first seen near Descanso, damage was found on 67% of oaks examined in surveys, and about 13% of the trees were dead. The affected region is an area 50 by 40 kilometers mostly within National Forest boundaries in the Peninsular Ranges east of San Diego. Damage from the beetle takes the form of"
"Rollins Pass: one at Yankee Doodle Lake; the other at the summit leading to the historic dining hall foundation. The mountain pine beetle epidemic, beginning in 1996 and continuing through present day, affects many forested areas in Colorado, including those on Rollins Pass. One out of every 14 trees in Colorado is dead. Trees affected by the beetles contain 10 times less water than a healthy tree and crown fires can quickly spread. The top predator in the area are black bears (""Ursus americanus""), generally below timberline; however, they occasionally venture above the krummholz. The bears prey on bighorn sheep"
"responsible for host susceptibility are not known. ""Beauveria bassiana"" parasitizing the Colorado potato beetle has been reported to be, in turn, the host of a mycoparasitic fungus ""Syspastospora parasitica"". This organism also attacks related insect-pathogenic species of the Clavicipitaceae. In culture, ""B. bassiana"" grows as a white mould. On most common cultural media, it produces many dry, powdery conidia in distinctive white spore balls. Each spore ball is composed of a cluster of conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells of ""B. bassiana"" are short and ovoid, and terminate in a narrow apical extension called a rachis. The rachis elongates after each"
"nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable. Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate"
"as reducing or prohibiting pollination. The larvae also cause damage as they feed on the roots of the plants, which can limit growth. Small number of beetles (2-3 per plant) can be mechanically removed (hand picking, hand held vacuum). A number of insecticides are also effective for large scale infestations. Macrodactylus subspinosus Macrodactylus subspinosus is a North American beetle of the family Scarabaeidae. It is one of at least two beetles in this family known as the ""rose chafer"", the other being the European ""Cetonia aurata"". ""M. subspinosus"" occurs from Eastern Canada to Colorado and is considered a pest of"
"Chrysomeloidea The Chrysomeloidea are an enormous superfamily of beetles, with tens of thousands of species, mostly in the families Cerambycidae (the long-horned beetles) and Chrysomelidae, the leaf beetles. Several species in these two families are important plant pests. The spotted cucumber beetle is a serious pest of vegetables and is a very common insect on all sorts of flowers. The Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"", attacks potatoes and other members of the Solanaceae. The Asian long-horned beetle is a serious pest of trees where it has been introduced. Some authorities have suggested removing the Cerambycidae and related families (Disteniidae, Oxypeltidae,"
"and Vesperidae) from Chrysomeloidea to create a separate superfamily ""Cerambycoidea"" (e.g.,), but in the absence of evidence to support the monophyly of the resulting groups, this proposal has not yet been accepted by the scientific community. Chrysomeloidea The Chrysomeloidea are an enormous superfamily of beetles, with tens of thousands of species, mostly in the families Cerambycidae (the long-horned beetles) and Chrysomelidae, the leaf beetles. Several species in these two families are important plant pests. The spotted cucumber beetle is a serious pest of vegetables and is a very common insect on all sorts of flowers. The Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa"
"in Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannii) trees due to episodic outbreaks of the spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis). During the 1940s much of the subalpine zone of Northwest Colorado was severely affected by beetle outbreak. Spruce beetle outbreaks have taken place in this area in 1716-1750, 1827-1845, 1860-1870, and 1940-1960. Large-scale outbreaks of spruce beetle have long been an important component of the dynamics of subalpine forests in Colorado. During outbreaks, spruce beetle may attack and kill lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) as well as spruce. Nearly all attacked trees are killed This pass offers habitat to many different animal species. It"
"""Solanum rostratum"" is the ancestral host plant of the Colorado potato beetle, ""Leptinotarsa decemlineata"", but this pest adopted the potato, ""Solanum tuberosum"" as a new (and more succulent) host, a fact first reported in eastern Nebraska in 1859. It then expanded its range rapidly eastward on potato crops in the next two decades. Solanum rostratum Solanum rostratum is a species of nightshade (genus ""Solanum"") that is native to the United States and northern and central Mexico. Common names include buffalobur nightshade, buffalo-bur, spiny nightshade, Colorado bur, Kansas thistle, Mexican thistle, and Texas thistle. It is an annual, self-compatible herb that"
"year. Often the larvae consume nearly all the roots on a plant and then pupate inside the remnants. Few plants survive attack by this species. The beetle is known to attack the similar plant goldwire (""Hypericum concinnum"") in California, but it does not appear to have a destructive impact on this species. This beetle is native to Europe. Its association with ""Hypericum perforatum"" has been known for a long time and it was first introduced to the United States for the purposes of biocontrol in 1950, in California. It is now established in much of the northwestern United States, especially"
"false powderpost beetle (""Xylobiops basilaris"") attacks recently felled or dying trees, logs, or limbs with bark in the Eastern and Southern States. Hickory, persimmon (""Diospyros virginiana""), and pecan (""C. illinoinensis"") are most frequently infested, but other hardwoods also are attacked. Healthy trees growing in proximity to heavily infested trees are occasionally attacked but almost always without success. Hickory and persimmon wood (useful in the manufacture of small products such as shuttle blocks, mallets, and mauls is sometimes seriously damaged. Hickory is one of several host species of the twig girdler (""Oncideres cingulata""). Infested trees and seedlings are not only damaged"
"overwinter in soil in or near potato fields. In the spring Colorado potato beetles emerge from hibernation. By the time ""Lebia grandis"" beetles emerge a few weeks later, there are eggs and young larvae of their prey for them to eat and suitable pupae will soon be available for their larvae to attack. An adult beetle can eat about twenty three eggs or three third instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle each day. After mating, the females lay eggs singly in the soil near potato plants. A glandular secretion causes soil granules to stick to the eggs which serves"
"beetle, also known as the """"ten striped spearman"""", is a common pest of potato crops. It is most likely native to the area between Colorado and northern Mexico, and was discovered in 1824 by Thomas Say in the Rocky Mountains. Since the mid-nineteenth century, it has been one of the most destructive pests of the cultivated potato. The insect made its way to Germany in the 1870s but was successfully eradicated. However, it made a second appearance after World War I in the Bordeaux area in France, where it probably arrived with American troops and equipment. It reached the French"
"in Baca, Bent, Las Animas, and Prowers Counties in Colorado. It is mostly limited to the Greenhorn Limestone, a geological formation appearing as limestone outcrops. It may also occur on Graneros shale and Dakota sandstone. The habitat is shortgrass prairie. It may occur with ""Juniperus monosperma"" and ""Haplopappus engelmannii"". Threats to this species include overgrazing, herbicides, and habitat loss and degradation. Frasera coloradensis Frasera coloradensis is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family known by the common names Colorado green gentian, or Colorado gentian, and Colorado frasera. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where it"
"Cleome serrulata Cleome serrulata (syn. ""Peritoma serrulata""), commonly known as Rocky Mountain beeplant/beeweed, stinking-clover, bee spider-flower, skunk weed, Navajo spinach, and guaco is an annual plant in the genus ""Cleome"". Many species of insects are attracted to it, especially bees, which helps in the pollination of nearby plants. It is native to southern Canada and western and central United States. This plant has often been used for food, to make dyes for paint, and as a treatment in traditional medicine. In 1814, Frederick Traugott Pursh described this species in the first volume of ""Flora Americae Septentrionalis"", based upon specimens collected"