"Spandau Prison Spandau Prison was located in the borough of Spandau in western Berlin. It was constructed in 1876 and demolished in 1987 after the death of its last prisoner, Rudolf Hess, to prevent it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine. The site was later rebuilt as a shopping centre for the British forces stationed in Germany. Spandau Prison was built in 1876 on Wilhelmstraße. It initially served as a military detention center. From 1919 it was also used for civilian inmates. It held up to 600 inmates at that time. In the aftermath of the Reichstag fire of 1933, opponents"
"in 1947, where he served a life sentence. Repeated attempts by family members and prominent politicians to win his early release were blocked by the Soviet Union. While still in custody in Spandau, he died by suicide in 1987 at the age of 93. After his death, the prison was demolished to prevent it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine. Hess, the oldest of three children, was born on 26 April 1894 in Alexandria, Egypt, into the ethnic German family of Fritz Hess, a prosperous merchant from Bavaria, and Clara Hess (""née"" Münch). His brother, Alfred, was born in 1897 and"
"honor and our National Socialist duty we shout full of passion, faith to the future and our visions: HEIL HITLER!"". Furthermore, he uses capital letters for pronouns referring to Hitler (""by Himself"", ""His people""). On 17 August 1987 Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's deputy in the Nazi Party, committed suicide in Spandau Prison. The following day on 18 August 1987 Golden Dawn members distributed proclamations in the center of Athens with the phrase ""Rudolf Hess Immortal"" (). In pictures taken during the first congress of Golden Dawn in February 1990, the congress hall is decorated with the Swastika and the Wolfsangel."
"in 2010 that he did not have the strength to write another novel. On 12 September 2013, he committed suicide by jumping from a second-floor hospital window. He was 87 years old. Erich Loest Erich Loest (; 24 February 1926 – 12 September 2013) was a German writer born in Mittweida, Saxony. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Hans Walldorf, Bernd Diksen and Waldemar Naß. He was a conscript soldier in World War II and a Nazi Party member, he was captured by US troops in 1945. In 1947 he joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and became a"
"for concealing his Nazi past and sought to deport him; his second wife stated that he had been a double agent for the Americans in Tyrol. He surrendered his American citizenship but early in 1982 the trial was delayed while he was allowed to remain in the country because of his deteriorating health—he had an incurable brain disease. He died two months later, in March 1982, in a nursing home in Carmichael, California. ""Report des US-Justizministeriums: USA gewährten Nazis Unterschlupf"", ""Der Spiegel"", November 14, 2010 Otto von Bolschwing Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing (15 October 1909 – 7 March 1982)"
"In the late 1980s, the cemetery of Wunsiedel became rather infamous after Adolf Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess, who had died in a Berlin prison on 17 August 1987, was buried there. In the years that followed, neo-nazi groups organized memorial marches on each 17 August. The number of participants rose from 120 in 1988 to more than 1,100 in 1990. The gatherings faced protests from anti-fascist groups. Neo-Nazi marches were banned in 1991. Under the impression that the situation had ""cooled down"", the Bavarian Administrative Court permitted the gatherings again in 2001. The result was unexpected: neo-nazi groups managed to"
"and crimes against humanity"". All defendants pleaded ""not guilty"". The highest-ranking officials of the Nazi judicial system could not be tried: Franz Gürtner, Minister of Justice died in 1941; Otto Georg Thierack, Minister of Justice since 1942, had committed suicide in 1946, and Roland Freisler, the President of the People's Court since 1942, was killed in a 1945 bombing raid on Berlin; Günther Vollmer, the Gauführer of Nazi Jurists had been killed in 1945. One who was alive but not tried was Hans Globke (died 1973). All convicts were found guilty on all charges brought before them, except Rothaug, who"
"Ferenc Szalasi was hanged in 1946 for war crimes and high treason. Arrow Cross Captain Kovarcz was hanged in 1946 for war crimes. Adolf Eichmann escaped to Argentina and was later captured by Israeli agents. He was convicted for crimes against humanity and hanged in 1962. Regent Horthy and his son were held in German imprisonments until after the war. They never returned to Hungary due to the Soviet occupation and died in Portugal in 1957 and 1993. Carl Lutz established the Swiss Legion (The Glass House) and is honored for the lives he saved. He died in 1976. After"
"France, Luxembourg, and Poland; the forced evacuation and resettlement of populations; the forced Germanization of enemy nationals; and the utilization of foreign nationals as slave labor. He was sentenced to 15 years in Landsberg prison. His sentence was reduced to 10 years in 1951, and in 1955 Creutz was released. Rudolf Creutz died on 8 July 1980 in Vienna, Austria. Rudolf Creutz Rudolf Creutz (6 April 1896 – 8 July 1980) was an Austrian Nazi and a high-ranking member of the SS during World War II. He was involved in the implementation of racial resettlement programs in the Occupied Territories"
"the Nazis. Murauer advised Darabos ""to avoid populist pot-shots against an honourable European of the highest calibre"". Otto's son, Karl von Habsburg, also defended his father's words, in a 2011 statement, stating that ""there were guilty parties in practically every country"". After the death of his wife, Regina, aged 85, in Pöcking on 3 February 2010, Otto stopped appearing in public. He died at the age of 98 on Monday, 4 July 2011, at his home in Pöcking, Germany. His spokeswoman reported that he died ""peacefully and without pain in his sleep"". On 5 July, his body was laid in"
"and in 1936 Main Office Leader (""Hauptamtsleiter"") in the NSDAP's Reich leadership. In 1937 came Weiß's promotion to SA-""Obergruppenführer"". In 1945, after the Second World War had ended, Weiß was interned, and on 15 July 1949 a Denazification court sentenced him to three years in a labour camp, confiscated 30% of his wealth, and placed a 10-year ban on his professional activities. Shortly before he began his sentence, Wilhelm Weiß died, about a month short of his 58th birthday. Wilhelm Weiss Wilhelm Weiss (German Wilhelm Weiß) (31 March 1892 in Stadtsteinach – 24 February 1950 in Wasserburg am Inn) was,"
"the Nazi concentration camp commandant Franz Ziereis in Mauthausen concentration camp. After the war Zutter was accused by a military court in the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials under the Dachau trials and condemned on May 13, 1946 to death by hanging. The judgment believed, that the ordering and implementing of executions and participation in gas chamber (mass murder) were considered as individual excess deeds of Zutter. The sentence was enforced on May 27, 1947 in the Landsberg prison for war criminals. Adolf Zutter Adolf Zutter (10 February 1889 in Zweibrücken–Landsberg Prison 27 May 1947) was a German SS-Hauptsturmführer at Mauthausen Concentration"
"who had been responsible for so much of the SS doctrine and that of the Nazi state, committed suicide after he was captured by the Allies. Other senior members of the SS fled. Chief of the Reich Main Security Office, SS-""Obergruppenführer"" Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who was the ranking member of the SS upon Himmler's suicide, was captured in the Bavarian Alps and tried at the Nuremberg Tribunal along with other leading Nazis like Hermann Göring, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, among others. Kaltenbrunner was convicted of crimes against humanity and executed on 16 October 1946. Other SS intellectuals and"
"Richard Rudolph (concentration camp survivor) Richard Rudolph (June 11, 1911 – January 31, 2014) was the last surviving victim of ""double persecution"" in that he was incarcerated for nearly nine years in Nazi prisons and concentration camps and then was imprisoned for a further ten years in the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany). He was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen, Neuengamme, and Ravensbrück concentration camps and the Salzgitter-Watenstedt Leinde subcamp of Neuengamme in addition to various police, penitentiary and juvenile prisons. Grounds for his imprisonment and persecution in the Nazi era were his stand as a conscientious objector, for which he"
"shortly before his 50th birthday, and executed on 10 May 1943 in the infamous ""murder garage"" at Brandenburg Prison. The rayon plant in Pirna was named after Rädel when Pirna was part of East Germany. With reunification, his name disappeared, and in the end, the rayon plant was later shut down and then demolished. However, a street in downtown Pirna is still named after him. Siegfried Rädel Siegfried Rädel (7 March 1893 - 10 May 1943) was a German politician, a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and a resistance fighter against the Nazi régime. Rädel was born"
"responsibility for the events in Nazi Germany. Rudolf Jordan (politician) Rudolf Jordan (21 June 1902 – 27 October 1988) was a Nazi Gauleiter in Halle-Merseburg and Magdeburg-Anhalt in the time of the Third Reich. After the war, he was sentenced to 25 years in a Soviet Union labour camp. Released from the camp in October 1955, he died in Munich in 1988. Jordan was born in Großenlüder, Hesse-Nassau. His family's background was in farming, although his father was also a salesman. After finishing ""Volksschule"", Jordan became a worker in the armament industry between 1916 and 1918. He earned so much"
"former German chancellor Helmut Schmidt and nobel laureates like German writer Günter Grass. Herwig was the only journalist to get an interview with former SS-Captain Erich Priebke, which he conducted in Priebke's flat in Rome shortly before the latter's death on 11 October 2013. Referring to Hannah Arendt’s famous phrase about the Nazis when she covered the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel, the New York Times quoted Herwig as saying he wanted to use “the last chance to investigate that supposed banality of evil with a living person.”. Sensationally, the 100-year-old Priebke told Herwig he had renounced national socialism"
"was in prison. He was released on 30 September 1966 after serving his full sentence, and retired quietly to Southern Germany. He published his memoirs, ""Ich glaubte an Hitler"" (""I believed in Hitler"") and died on 8 August 1974 in Kröv. Von Schirach is mentioned in Philip K. Dick's 1962 alternate history novel ""The Man in the High Castle"" as a candidate for ""Führer"" after the previous holder of the office, Martin Bormann, dies. Notes Further reading Baldur von Schirach Baldur Benedikt von Schirach (9 May 1907 – 8 August 1974) was a Nazi German politician who is best known"
"noted Malta in 1996, echoing the sentiments of his colleague Woods. Malta was born in Revere, Massachusetts. Joseph Malta Joseph Malta (November 27, 1918 – January 6, 1999) was the United States Army hangman who, with Master Sergeant John C. Woods, carried out the Nuremberg executions of ten former top leaders of the Third Reich on October 16, 1946 after they were sentenced to death during the Nuremberg Trials. Malta was a 28-year-old military policeman when he volunteered for the job. He ultimately hanged a total of 60 Nazi government and military leaders. A floor sander in civilian life, Malta"
"After the war, Grohé remained dedicated to the Nazi cause for the rest of his life and showed no remorse. In 1950, he was sentenced to a four and a half years imprisonment (time served) by a court in Bielefeld for being a part of the political leadership of the Nazi party. He had known of the Holocaust, but the court was not able to prove his involvement in atrocities. After being released from imprisonment, he continued his professional career as a sales representative for German toy manufacturers. He died on 27th of December 1987 in Brück, Cologne. Josef Grohé"
"Party and obtaining lucrative landscaping contracts for the new autobahns and other public works. However, his outspoken criticism of the Nazi regime saw him incarcerated in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was executed by firing squad in 1945. The nursery had closed in 1944, and in 1947 the arboretum passed into public ownership and became known as the Späthsches Arboretum. In 2009, a Stolperstein (small, cobble stone-sized memorial plaque) was installed at his old school, Landesschule Pforta, to commemorate Späth as a victim of the Nazi regime. Hellmut Ludwig Späth Hellmut Ludwig Späth (4 December 1885 – 15 February 1945),"
"with numbered graves. Richard Quirin Richard Quirin (April 26, 1908 – August 8, 1942) was a German agent executed as a spy for Nazi Germany in World War II. He was one of eight agents involved in Operation Pastorius, and gave his name to the Supreme Court decision on the trial, ""Ex parte Quirin"". Born in Berlin, Germany in 1908, Quirin moved to the United States in 1927, living in Schenectady, New York. He worked as a mechanic during this time for General Electric. He lived in the United States from 1927 to 1939, and was a member of the"
"dangerous and unrepentant fanaticism"". Lippert died on 1 September 1969. Michael Lippert Michael Lippert (24 April 1897 – 1 September 1969) was a mid-level commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded several concentration camps, including Sachsenhausen, before becoming a commander of the SS-Freiwilligen Legion Flandern and the SS Division Frundsberg. He is known for co-murdering SA leader Ernst Röhm on 1 July 1934. In 1957, he was sentenced to 18 months in prison by a West German court for his part in Röhm's murder. Lippert joined the Nazi Party (number - 246,989) In June"
"Gauleiter, Ernst and Hinkler, both died in the final month of the war, the former killed in action, the latter through suicide. Jordan, the third Gauleiter, was sentenced to 25 years prison in the Soviet Union after the war but released in 1955 and died in 1988. He published his autobiography about his time as Gauleiter and in captivity which showed no indication that he was willing to take responsibility for the events in Nazi Germany. Eggeling, attempting to prevent the city of Halle from destruction, unsuccessfully petitioned the Nazi leadership in April 1945 to be permitted to not defend"
"died. The circumstances and cause of his death were never entirely clear. The prison authorities reported that he died if pneumonia. Alexander Schwab Alexander Schwab (5 July 1887 - 12 November 1943) was a German political activist. He withdrew from active participation in politics after resigning from the fractious and short-lived Communist Workers' Party (""""Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands"""" / KAPD) in 1922, but continued his contribution as an independent left of centre commentator-journalist. During the twelve Nazi years he was arrested at least twice, spending the final years of his life, between 1936 and 1943, in a succession of jails. Sources"
"as did a Gypsy who was beaten by Bergmann until she collapsed. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Bergmann was still in prison in Hoheneck alongside Ulla Jürß, another female Nazi guard. They both petitioned for mercy and were released on probation in May 1991 after serving more than 35 years in prison. Bergmann died in 1996 in Guben, Germany. Erika Bergmann Erika Bergmann (3 January 1915 in Berlin-Neukölln – 1996 in Guben) was a German Nazi concentration camp guard at two slave labor camps during World War II. Bergmann was born in Germany. In 1943 she"
"Prison, Landsberg am Lech on 28 May 1947. August Eigruber August Eigruber (16 April 1907 – 28 May 1947) was an Austrian-born Nazi Gauleiter of Reichsgau Oberdonau (Upper Danube) and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria. He was convicted of crimes against humanity at Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp and hanged. Born in Steyr, Austria, after finishing middle school, Eigruber underwent training in geodesy and fine mechanics at the Austrian Federal Teaching Institution for Iron- and Steelworking. Thereafter, he was active in his profession. In November 1922 he joined the National Socialist Worker Youth of Austria, whose leader he became in 1925. In April"
"Wolf Rüdiger Hess began a campaign to win his father's release, garnering support from notable politicians such as Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey in Britain and Willy Brandt in Germany, but to no avail, in spite of the prisoner's advanced age and deteriorating health. Hess died on 17 August 1987 at age 93 in a summer house that had been set up in the prison garden as a reading room. He took an extension cord from one of the lamps, strung it over a window latch, and hanged himself. Death occurred by asphyxiation. A short note to his family was"
"ill health. He made a last-minute call on Rudolf Hess, Albert Speer and Baldur von Schirach before leaving the prison. He died three years later in Düsseldorf of diabetes. Walther Funk Walther Funk (18 August 1890 – 31 May 1960) was a German economist and Nazi official who served as Reich Minister for Economic Affairs from 1938 to 1945 and was tried and convicted as a major war criminal by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Sentenced to life in prison, he remained incarcerated until he was released on health grounds in 1957. He died three years later. Funk was"
"Karl Wolff Karl Wolff (13 May 1900 – 17 July 1984) was a high-ranking member of the Nazi SS who held the rank of SS-""Obergruppenführer"" in the Waffen-SS. He became Chief of Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS (Heinrich Himmler) and SS Liaison Officer to Hitler until his replacement in 1943. He ended World War II as the Supreme Commander of all SS forces in Italy. Wolff evaded prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials, apparently as a result of his participation in Operation Sunrise. In 1964, Wolff was convicted of war crimes in West Germany; he was released in 1969. Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff"
"ashes scattered at sea by family members. The gravestone, which bore the epitaph """"Ich hab's gewagt"""" (""I have dared""), was destroyed. Spandau Prison was demolished in 1987 to prevent it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine. Informational notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Rudolf Hess Rudolf Walter Richard Hess (Heß in German; 26 April 1894 – 17 August 1987) was a German politician, and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany. Appointed Deputy Führer to Adolf Hitler in 1933, he served in this position until 1941, when he flew solo to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace with"
"pas"", Hitler apparently remained on good terms with Wagner. When Wagner died in April 1944, two years after suffering a stroke that had effectively incapacitated him, the increasingly reclusive Führer made a rare public appearance to attend his lavish funeral, and posthumously awarded him the German Order, the Nazi Party's highest decoration. Rare 8 mm color film of Wagner appears in home movies (c. 1938) filmed by Hitler's companion, Eva Braun. He can be seen talking with Hitler on the terrace of Hitler's Bavarian residence the ""Berghof"", near Berchtesgaden. Adolf Wagner Adolf Wagner (1 October 1890 in Algrange, Alsace-Lorraine –"
"held prisoner along with Bassenge, believed that Hitler had gone insane and that the Nazi war effort was doomed. As the majority of German officers held prisoner were fervent Nazis, the views of Bassenge and Thoma caused considerable dissension with the Hitlerites. This schism among the German officers may have been responsible for Bassenge's transfer to Camp 300; he would be returned from there to Camp 11 on 23 July 1946. On 1 October 1947, he was transferred to Camp 186; he was repatriated the next day. Bassenge died 13 March 1977 at Lübeck, Germany. Gerhard Bassenge Gerhard Bassenge was"