"1965 according to the following formula: where According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, or will double, in the years listed in the tables below (with two different starting points). During the 2nd millennium, each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, after 2024, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century. In his 1798 work ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"", the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued"
"Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. is a short essay written in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin. It was circulated by Franklin in manuscript to his circle of friends, but in 1755 it was published as an addendum in a Boston pamphlet on another subject. It was reissued ten times during the next 15 years. The essay examines population growth and its limits. Writing as, at the time, a loyal subject of the British Empire, Franklin argues that the British should increase their population and power by"
"charitable. Spencer's work also served to renew interest in the work of Malthus. While Malthus's work does not itself qualify as social Darwinism, his 1798 work ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"", was incredibly popular and widely read by social Darwinists. In that book, for example, the author argued that as an increasing population would normally outgrow its food supply, this would result in the starvation of the weakest and a Malthusian catastrophe. According to Michael Ruse, Darwin read Malthus' famous ""Essay on a Principle of Population"" in 1838, four years after Malthus' death. Malthus himself anticipated the social"
"six editions of ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"", updating each edition to incorporate new material, to address criticism, and to convey changes in his own perspectives on the subject. He wrote the original text in reaction to the optimism of his father and his father's associates (notably Rousseau) regarding the future improvement of society. Malthus also constructed his case as a specific response to writings of William Godwin (1756–1836) and of the Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794). The ""Essay"" gave rise to the Malthusian controversy during the next decades. The content saw an emphasis on the birth rate and"
"on the Romantic movement, and ... Shelley's work was most central to the resurgence of radical sentiment after the end of the Napoleonic Wars."" In 1798, the Reverend Thomas Malthus published ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"", which was largely written as a refutation of the ideas of Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet. Malthus argued that since population increases geometrically (i.e. doubling in size each generation), while production can only increase in a linear manner, then disease, famine, poverty and vice are inevitable. Consequently, Malthus criticised ""Political Justice"" for expounding unachieveable utopianism. In 1820 Godwin answered with ""Of"
"Smith's labour theory of value, believing that prices were determined by utility and also emphasised the critical role of the entrepreneur in the economy. However, neither of those observations became accepted by British economists at the time. Malthus wrote ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"" in 1798, becoming a major influence on classical liberalism. Malthus claimed that population growth would outstrip food production because population grew geometrically while food production grew arithmetically. As people were provided with food, they would reproduce until their growth outstripped the food supply. Nature would then provide a check to growth in the forms"
"the rights of every one 'to every substance capable of contributing to the benefit of a human being' must be regulated by justice alone: the substance must go 'to him who most wants it'. His conclusion was communism."" In 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus wrote ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"" in response to Godwin's views on the ""perfectibility of society."" Malthus wrote that populations are inclined to increase in times of plenty, and that only distress, from causes such as food shortages, disease, or war, serves to stem population growth. Populations in his view are therefore always doomed to"
"(later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall) in 1752. Franklin had a major influence on the emerging science of demography, or population studies. Thomas Malthus is noted for his rule of population growth and credited Franklin for discovering it. Kammen (1990) and Drake (2011) say Franklin's ""Observations on the Increase of Mankind"" (1755) stands alongside Ezra Stiles' ""Discourse on Christian Union"" (1760) as the leading works of eighteenth-century Anglo-American demography; Drake credits Franklin's ""wide readership and prophetic insight."" In the 1730s and 1740s, Franklin began taking notes on population growth, finding that the American"
"He was strongly influenced by the work of Thomas Malthus, especially ""Essay on the Principle of Population"" (1798). This influence led East to create many of his ideas concerning birth control and immigration policy. He applied many of the ideas that he had developed in his research on the applications of genetics to agriculture to his ideas about human society. East wrote two major works on eugenics, ""Mankind at the Crossroads"" (1923) and ""Heredity and Human Affairs"" (1927), in which he compared groups of people based upon the racial categorizations of the time. In his book ""Heredity and Human Affairs"""
"Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population was published. Frances Ferguson argues that the poem stages a debate about personification in language. Scholars including Aaron Fogel, Hollis Robbins, and Heather Glen argue that the questions asked of the little girl follow the census polling forms proposed by John Rickman in his 1796 census proposal to Parliament. Like Oliver Goldsmith's ""The Deserted Village,"" Robbins argues, Wordsworth's ""We Are Seven"" ""promotes a traditional link between individuals and the place they were born."" Peter DeBolla argues that the poem is irresolvable partly because of the math in the poem—the evenhanded tension"
"the mobility of labour, in 1834, and the end of the rule of the East India Company over India in 1858. In addition to Adam Smith's legacy, Say's law, Malthus theories of population and Ricardo's iron law of wages became central doctrines of classical economics. Jean Baptiste Say challenged Smith's labour theory of value, believing that prices were determined by utility and also emphasised the critical role of the entrepreneur in the economy. However neither of those observations became accepted by British economists at the time. Thomas Malthus wrote ""An essay on the principle of population"" in 1798, becoming a"
"Thomas Robert Malthus Thomas Robert Malthus (; 13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name, Robert. In his 1798 book ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"", Malthus observed that an increase in a nation's food production improved the well-being of the populace, but the improvement was temporary because it led to population growth, which in turn restored the original per capita production level. In other words, mankind had a propensity to utilize abundance for population growth rather than"
"Book in 1086. Various other censuses had taken place, such as that in the sixteenth century, in which bishops were asked to count the number of families in their dioceses. In the latter part of the eighteenth century, there were several proposals for a Census Bill and a growing concern about the population of Britain and its demand for food, particularly fuelled by the publication, in 1798 of Thomas Robert Malthus's ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"". The Census Bill was presented to Parliament on 20 November 1800, passed on 3 December and received Royal Assent on 31 December."
"of Nations"", in Ezra Stiles's ""Discourse on the Christian Union"", and in Richard Price's ""Observations on Reversionary Payments"". It also influenced David Hume, Samuel Johnson, and William Godwin. The notion of the population doubling every 25 years influenced Thomas Malthus, who quotes paragraph 22 of the essay, with attribution, in his 1802 work ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"". Through Malthus, the essay is said to have influenced Charles Darwin. Conway Zirkle has noted that ""Franklin is really the source of Darwin's inspiration, for he gave Malthus the clue to the theory of population we now call Malthusian, and"
"Pennsylvania Dutch. Partly as a result, he was defeated in the October 1764 election to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly. Franklin funded education and charitable institutions to settle and assimilate German immigrants and would in time regain their good will. Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. is a short essay written in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin. It was circulated by Franklin in manuscript to his circle of friends, but in 1755 it was published as an addendum in a Boston pamphlet on another subject. It was reissued"
"of Lords speech on 2 November 1797, Lord Gwydir said they were engaged ""in a struggle for existence as a nation"" in the French Revolutionary Wars. In ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"", Thomas Robert Malthus argues that a population will increase exponentially if unchecked, while resources will only increase arithmetically. This is seen graphically in the adjacent image and is commonly referred to as the Malthusian curve. Malthus knew that with limited resources on earth, there would be competition among people to exist and survive. He coined the phrase the Malthusian catastrophe to explain how there were positive"
"Malthus's ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"" which reminded him of Malthus's statistical proof that human populations breed beyond their means and compete to survive, at a time when he was primed to apply these ideas to animal species. Malthus had softened from the bleakness of the earlier editions, now allowing that the population crush could be mitigated by education, celibacy and emigration. Already Radical crowds were demonstrating against the harsh imposition of Malthusian ideas in the Poor Laws, and a slump was resulting in mass emigration. Lyell was convinced that animals were also driven to spread their territory"
"on the Principle of Population"" (1798) partly in response to Condorcet's views on the """"perfectibility of society""."" Condorcet took a leading role when the French Revolution swept France in 1789, hoping for a rationalist reconstruction of society, and championed many liberal causes. As a result, in 1791 he was elected as a Paris representative in the Legislative Assembly, and then became the secretary of the Assembly. In April 1792 Condorcet presented a project for the reformation of the education system, aiming to create a hierarchical system, under the authority of experts, who would work as the guardians of the Enlightenment"
"A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (commonly called Treatise when referring to Berkeley's works) is a 1710 work, in English, by Irish Empiricist philosopher George Berkeley. This book largely seeks to refute the claims made by Berkeley's contemporary John Locke about the nature of human perception. Whilst, like all the Empiricist philosophers, both Locke and Berkeley agreed that we are having experiences, regardless of whether material objects exist, Berkeley sought to prove that the outside world (the world which causes the ideas one has within one's mind) is also composed"
"of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed. In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"" with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's ""warring of the species"" in plants; he immediately envisioned ""a force like a hundred thousand wedges"" pushing well-adapted variations into ""gaps in the economy of nature"", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations"
"ten-volume set of Shakespeare. Johnson published in more congers during the last decade of his life than at any other time. He also occasionally published important new authors, such as the political economist Thomas Malthus, whose ""Essay on the Principle of Population"" (1798) sparked a long debate between idealists and pragmatists. His emphasis on educational books continued or even increased as his interest in publishing contentious political works diminished. He also continued to support his friends, as with Godwin, who needed financial rescue after his play, ""Faulkener"", cost him £800. Johnson's authors became increasingly frustrated with him towards the end"
"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. He describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (""tabula rasa"", although he did not use those actual words) filled later through experience. The essay was one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. Book I of the ""Essay"" is Locke's attempt to refute"
"drinking water, child labour and dangerous working conditions. He was puzzled why the population of England and Wales did increase despite these Dickensonian misery and poverty during early industrialisation. An international comparison of present-day economies shows that average income and health are closely related, not only in poor countries, but also among rich countries, where life expectancy seems to have reached its biological ceiling (see Angus Deaton, 2013 for a detailed discussion). In 1798, Thomas Malthus published ""An Essay on the Principles of Population"" wherein he argued that population growth was necessarily limited by the means of substinence; because he"
"in Ancient and Modern Times"". It contained criticism of the chapter on the ""Populousness of Ancient Nations"" in David Hume's ""Political Discourses"". The work was translated into French under the supervision of Montesquieu, and it was republished in an English edition with a memoir in 1809. In 1758 appeared Wallace's ""Characteristics of the Present State of Great Britain"". In ""Various Prospects of Mankind, Nature, and Providence"" (1761), he recurred to his population theories, and was believed (by William Hazlitt and Thomas Noon Talfourd) to have influenced Robert Malthus. Wallace married Helen, daughter of George Turnbull, minister of Tyninghame in Haddingtonshire."
"when I first published the Essay. The poverty and misery arising from a too rapid increase of population had been distinctly seen, and the most violent remedies proposed, so long ago as the times of Plato and Aristotle. And of late years the subject has been treated in such a manner by some of the French Economists; occasionally by Montesquieu, and, among our own writers, by Dr. Franklin, Sir James Stewart, Mr. Arthur Young, and Mr. Townsend, as to create a natural surprise that it had not excited more of the public attention. The 2nd edition, published in 1803 (with"
"guest, espousing his plans for ""a code of laws 'for some island in the watery waste'"", or playing the organ as a relief from incessant musings on vast schemes to improve the lot of mankind. As Bentham's neighbour for some years, Hazlitt had had good opportunity to observe the reformer and philosopher at first hand. He had already devoted years to pondering much of the thinking espoused by several of these figures. Thoroughly immersed in the Malthusian controversy, for example, Hazlitt had published ""A Reply to the Essay on Population"" as early as 1807, and the essay on Malthus is"
"the Principle of Population"", Thomas Malthus asserted that eventually humans would reproduce so greatly that they would go beyond the limits of necessary resources; once they reach this point, catastrophe becomes inevitable. In his book, ""The Black Death and the Transformation of the West"", professor David Herlihy explores this idea of plague as an inevitable crisis imposed on humanity to control the population and human resources. In the book ""The Black Death; A Turning Point in History?"" (ed. William M. Bowsky) he ""implies that the Black Death's pivotal role in late medieval society ... was now being challenged. Arguing on"
"Thoughts on Government Thoughts on Government, or in full Thoughts on Government, Applicable to the Present State of the American Colonies, was written by John Adams during the spring of 1776 in response to a resolution of the North Carolina Provincial Congress which requested Adams' suggestions on the establishment of a new government and the drafting of a constitution. Adams says that ""Politics is the Science of human Happiness -and the Felicity of Societies depends on the Constitutions of Government under which they live."" Many of the ideas put forth in Adams' essay were adopted in December 1776 by the"
"de la population"" (""The friend of Man, or treatise on the population""). This work has been often attributed to the influence, and in part even to the pen, of Quesnay, the founder of the economical school of the physiocrats, but was really written before the marquis had made the acquaintance of the physician of Madame de Pompadour. In 1760 he published his ""Théorie de l'impot"", in which he attacked with all the vehemence of his son the farmers-general of the taxes, who got him imprisoned for eight days at Vincennes, and then exiled to his country estate at Bignon near"
"Following this law, since the economic cycle was seen as self-correcting, government did not intervene during periods of economic hardship because it was seen as futile. Malthus wrote two books, ""An Essay on the Principle of Population"" (published in 1798) and ""Principles of Political Economy"" (published in 1820). The second book which was a rebuttal of Say's law had little influence on contemporary economists. However, his first book became a major influence on classical liberalism. In that book, Malthus claimed that population growth would outstrip food production because population grew geometrically while food production grew arithmetically. As people were provided"
"population had the fastest growth rate on earth. Emphasizing that population growth depended on food supplies—a line of thought later developed by Thomas Malthus—Franklin emphasized the abundance of food and available farmland in America. He calculated that America's population was doubling every twenty years and would surpass that of England in a century. In 1751, he drafted ""Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, &c."" Four years later, it was anonymously printed in Boston, and it was quickly reproduced in Britain, where it influenced the economist Adam Smith and later the demographer Thomas Malthus. Franklin's predictions alarmed British"
"or they will perish by Poverty, Diseases, and want of Necessaries. Marriage too, is discouraged, many declining it, till they can see how they shall be able to maintain a Family."" In 1751, Franklin wrote his ""Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."" proposing a 25-year doubling period in the colonies, an exponential growth in population. Over the following century, this forecast was remarkably accurate. His paper was widely circulated, and had considerable influence: Malthus cited the period as ""a rate in which all concurring testimonies agree."" Franklin's view was optimistic: Those migrating to America would ""have"
"Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."", projecting exponential growth in British colonies. His work influenced Thomas Robert Malthus, who, writing at the end of the 18th century, feared that, if unchecked, population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production, leading to ever-increasing famine and poverty (see Malthusian catastrophe). Malthus is seen as the intellectual father of ideas of overpopulation and the limits to growth. Later, more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by Benjamin Gompertz and Verhulst. The period 1860-1910 can be characterised as a period of transition wherein demography emerged from statistics as a separate field of interest."