"and special hospitals and announced the creation of a hospital ""for the children of both sexes under the age of fifteen years"" (4 December 1801). The newly formed Hôpital des Enfants Malades opened in June 1802 on the site of the previous orphanage hospital Hôpital de l'Enfant Jésus (""Baby Jesus hospital""). It was the first paediatric hospital in the Western world. The two physically contiguous hospitals were merged in 1920, but the Necker division continued to care for adults and Enfants malades for children. French physician René Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816 while he was working at the Hôpital"
"Laennec's cirrhosis Laennec's cirrhosis, also known as portal cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, fatty cirrhosis, or atrophic cirrhosis, is named after René Laennec, a French physician and the inventor of the stethoscope. It is a disease of the liver in which the normal lobular architecture is lost, with fibrosis (scarring) and later nodular regeneration. Laennec's cirrhosis can be associated with inflammatory polyarthritis, most commonly affecting the shoulders, elbows and knees. Osteoporosis, soft tissue swelling in peripheral joints and sometimes calcific periathritis are seen. In the developed world, Laennec's cirrhosis most commonly affects middle-aged males, typically ages 40–60. This is the most common"
"observed that a rolled piece of paper, placed between the patient's chest and his ear, could amplify heart sounds without requiring physical contact. Laennec's device was similar to the common ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a ""microphone"". Laennec called his device the ""stethoscope"" (""stetho-"" + ""-scope"", ""chest scope""), and he called its use ""mediate auscultation"", because it was auscultation with a tool intermediate between the patient's body and the physician's ear. (Today the word ""auscultation"" denotes all such listening, mediate"
"Imaging Lung Sound Behavior with Vibration Response Imaging Since the invention of the stethoscope by René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec France in 1816, physicians have been utilizing lung sounds to diagnose various chest conditions. Today auscultation provides physicians with extensive information on the examination of the patient. The skills of the examiner however, vary, as seen in a clinical study that was conducted on the diagnosis of pneumonia in 2004. Vibration response Imaging (VRI), a novelty computer-based technology takes the concept of the stethoscope to a more progressive level. The technology is based on the physiologic vibration generated during the breathing process when"
"time where he took long walks in the country, danced, studied Greek and wrote poetry. However, in 1799 he returned to study. Laennec studied medicine at the University of Paris under several famous physicians, including Dupuytren and Jean-Nicolas Corvisart-Desmarets. There he was trained to use sound as a diagnostic aid. Corvisart advocated the re-introduction of percussion during the French Revolution. René Laennec wrote the classic treatise ""De l'Auscultation Médiate"", published in August 1819 The preface reads: In 1816, He was consulted by a young woman laboring under general symptoms of diseased heart, and in whose case percussion and the application"
"cure might be found. One of the most important physicians dedicated to the study of phthisiology was René Laennec, who died from the disease at the age of 45, after contracting tuberculosis while studying contagious patients and infected bodies. Laennec invented the stethoscope which he used to corroborate his auscultatory findings and prove the correspondence between the pulmonary lesions found on the lungs of autopsied tuberculosis patients and the respiratory symptoms seen in living patients. His most important work was ""Traité de l’Auscultación Mediate"" which detailed his discoveries on the utility of pulmonary auscultation in diagnosing tuberculosis. This book was"
"Detegendi"", the full English title being ""A New Discovery that Enables the Physician from the Percussion of the Human Thorax to Detect the Diseases Hidden Within the Chest"". It is considered a book that marks an epoch in the modern history of medicine. Like most medical discoveries, Auenbrugger's method of diagnosis at first met with indifference. Before his death, however, it had aroused the attention of French physician René Laennec, who, following up the ideas suggested by it, discovered auscultation. The value of percussion in physical examination was later recognized by Jean-Nicolas Corvisart, who popularized it teaching it to his"
"of respiratory and cardiac ailments. He also described tubal breathing and pulmonary rales or crackles. He listened to the heart and focused on problems of the heartbeat and unusual sounds, but he failed to link them to any specific ailment. Shortly after, René Laennec (1781-1826) invented the stethoscope and developed aided auscultation. He wrote two books and many reports, for example about diseases like croup and cholera. In 1832 he co-founded the Académie Nationale de Médecine with Antoine Portal (1742-1832). King Louis Philippe I (1773-1850), who reigned from 1830 to 1848, offered him another peerage should he renounce his medical"
"Necker. Previously, doctors placed their heads directly on their patient's chest and listened for any irregular sounds to aid in diagnosis. But when a large young woman came to the hospital, he realized that this method would be less effective given her size. Instead, he used a tightly rolled up piece of paper to press against the patient's chest, which made the heartbeat much clearer than ever before. Further experimentation yielded Laennec's famous hollow wooden tube, the forerunner of today's stethoscopes. His invention's ability to magnify the internal sounds of the body advanced the medical practice of auscultation, and proved"
"intrinsic aspect of clinical medicine. In particular, Corvisart attentively focused on the heart and lungs as sources of lesions. His studies with these lesions led to him percussing the chest of his patients to find such wounds inside the body, studying the ""organic diseases of the heart"". Corvisart is also linked to Reneé Laennec, the physician who invented the stethoscope for auscultation several years later. Laennec learned of percussion from Corvisart's translation of Auenbrugger's book. Corvisart, Laennec and others also headed the so-called ""Paris school"" that developed new methods of medicine in the twenty hospitals of Paris. By establishing a"
"of medical professionals in a very small setting allowing for a large flow of ideas and the spread of innovation. One of the innovations to come out of the Paris hospital setting was Laennec's stethoscope. Weiner states that the widespread acceptance of the stethoscope would likely not have happened in any other setting, and the setting allowed for Laennec to pass on this technology to the eager medical community that had gathered there. This invention also brought even more attention to the Paris scene. Before the start of the 19th century, there were many problems existing within the French medical"
"the contributing factors to the shift in power between doctors and physicians, giving power to the physicians over patients.With the invention of the Stethoscope in 1816, R.T.H. Laennec was able to help bridge the gap between a symptomatic approach to medicine and disease, to one based on anatomy and physiology. His disease and treatments were based on ""pathological anatomy"" and because this approach to disease was rooted in anatomy instead of symptoms, the process of evaluation and treatment were also forced to evolve.From the late 18th century to the early 19th century, the work of professionals such as Giambattista Morgagni,"
"les gens du monde"" (On the danger of reading medical text books by the laity). He became a member of the Paris Medical Society on 2 March 1819, and was a member of the ""Académie Nationale de Médecine"" since its inception (1820). He later became an esteemed professor of medicine at the Charité, Pitié, and Hôtel Dieu of Paris. In 1832 he was appointed to the Salpétrière, where he conducted clinical lectures. René Laennec's invention of the stethoscope (1816) and his publication of ""De l' Auscultation Médiate"" (1819) inspired Piorry to make an analogous contribution to the science of medical"
"René Laennec (1787–1826) and his pupils Pierre Adolphe Piorry (1794–1879) and Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881) added auscultation to this method. Škoda began his clinical studies in close connexion with pathological anatomy while assistant physician of the hospital, but his superiors failed to understand his course, and in 1837, by way of punishment, transferred him to the ward for the insane, as it was claimed that the patients were annoyed by his investigations, especially by the method of percussion. His first publication, ""Über die Perkussion"" (""About Percussion"") in the ""Medizinische Jahrbücher des k.k. österreichen Kaiserstaates"", IX (1836), attracted little attention. This paper"
"its stead. This is now generally used as a measuring unit for medical catheters and introducers (1 French = 1/3 mm). Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière (March 19, 1803 – April 28, 1876) was a Swiss-born French manufacturer of surgical instruments. Charrière was born in Cerniat, in the Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. He moved to Paris at age 13, and was apprenticed to a manufacturer of knives. In 1820 he founded a company manufacturing surgical instruments, which quickly grew to 400 employees by around 1840, and was world-famous by his death. He became a naturalized French citizen in 1843. He developed"
"the stethoscope in 1816, while working at the hôpital Necker, and pioneered its use in diagnosing various chest conditions. On the far right is the ""Porche des Baptêmes"", which leads to the north nave. The portal comprises a double door separated by a trumeau. Above the doors and in a triangular pediment, are the arms of Canon Pierre du Quenquis whilst at the top of the pediment are the arms of Jean V with the motto """"A ma vie"""" and the crest of his wife Jeanne de France in a diamond shaped lozenge carried by a dove. Just below this"
"instrument', first recorded in the ""Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences"", 1694, by Thomas Corneille, younger brother of Pierre Corneille. Originally, doctors used trocars to relieve pressure build-up of fluids (edema) or gasses (bloating). Patents for trocars appeared early in the 19th century, although their use dated back possibly thousands of years. By the middle of the 19th century, trocar-cannulas had become sophisticated, such as Reginald Southey's invention of the Southey tube. Trocars are used in medicine to access and drain collections of fluid such as in a patient with hydrothorax or ascites. In modern times, surgical trocars are used"
"the stethophone on the stethoscope, which had been invented by René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec (1781–1826); the stethophone had two separate ""pickups"", allowing the user to hear and compare sounds derived from two discrete locations. Sound localization Sound localization is a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance. It may also refer to the methods in acoustical engineering to simulate the placement of an auditory cue in a virtual 3D space (see binaural recording, wave field synthesis). The sound localization mechanisms of the mammalian auditory system have been extensively studied. The auditory"
"first to recommend amputation above the gangrenous area, and to describe a windlass (twisting stick) tourniquet. His Swiss wife and assistant Marie Colinet (1560–1640 improved the techniques for Caesarean Section, introducing the use of heat for dilating and stimulating the uterus during labor. In 1624 she became the first to use a magnet to remove metal from a patient's eye, although he received the credit. The discipline of surgery was put on a sound, scientific footing during the Age of Enlightenment in Europe (1715–89). An important figure in this regard was the Scottish surgical scientist (in London) John Hunter (1728–1793),"
"are still important today.) Laënnec's contributions were refining the procedure, linking sounds with specific pathological changes in the chest, and inventing a suitable instrument (the stethoscope) to mediate between the patient's body and the clinician's ear. Auscultation is a skill that requires substantial clinical experience, a fine stethoscope and good listening skills. Health professionals (doctors, nurses, etc.) listen to three main organs and organ systems during auscultation: the heart, the lungs, and the gastrointestinal system. When auscultating the heart, doctors listen for abnormal sounds, including heart murmurs, gallops, and other extra sounds coinciding with heartbeats. Heart rate is also noted."
"Jean Louis Petit Jean-Louis Petit (13 March 1674 – 20 April 1750) was a French surgeon and the inventor of a screw-type tourniquet. He was first enthusiastic about anatomy and received a master's certificate in surgery in Paris in 1700. He became a member of the French Royal Academy of Sciences in 1715 and was named director of the French Royal Academy of Surgery by the king when it was created in 1731. He acquired great notoriety because of his skill and experience, thanks to his case reports of hemorrhage, lacrimal fistula and operation on the frenum, for his treatise"
"The mercury thermometer, invented in 1714, became a useful diagnostic tool for doctors as did the stethoscope invented in 1816. Because doctors were few and far between people with medical problems often had to treat themselves. They used Indian medicines or home remedies based on the internal and external application of various herbal and animal products. Advances in surgery came in the early 19th century with the innovative work of Dr. Christopher Widmer who practised at York Hospital (later known as Toronto General Hospital) and R.W. Beaumont made a name as a noted inventor of surgical instruments. The early part"
"(1783–1855), with whom he collaborated on several physiological experiments. Sarlandière is remembered for introducing electroacupuncture to European medicine, a therapeutic technique that combined electricity with acupuncture. Unlike Oriental acupuncture, the needle was not the primary agent of treatment, but simply acted as a conductor to apply the electricity subcutaneously. Reportedly he had success with electroacupuncture in treating respiratory and rheumatic disorders, as well as some forms of paralysis. His technique was soon adopted in French hospitals. In 1817 he invented a ""bdellomètre"", a mechanical blood pump designed to produce a controlled release of blood from the body. The device was"
"Pressure, and select and apply a personalized tourniquet cuff that can adapt the shape of the tourniquet cuff to a wide range of non-cylindrical limb shapes. During Alexander the Great’s military campaigns in the fourth century BC, tourniquets were used to stanch the bleeding of wounded soldiers. Romans used them to control bleeding, especially during amputations. These tourniquets were narrow straps made of bronze, using only leather for comfort. In 1718, French surgeon Jean Louis Petit developed a screw device for occluding blood flow in surgical sites. Before this invention, the ""tourniquet"" was a simple garrot, tightened by twisting a"
"and Laennec. He became chef de clinique in 1911 and chief of the laboratory at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in 1913. In 1914 he was called up, and became head of the neurological centre at Le Mans. In Autumn 1915, he published his famous article about the distal regeneration sign, then baptised Tinel sign. In 1916, he published in French an amazing book about the cutaneous nerves distribution of the whole body. Each aesthesiography is a mapping of the hypoaesthetic area induced by the nerve injury. In 1917, this book has been translated in English After he was demobilised in 1919"
"Physiognotrace A physiognotrace or physionotrace is an instrument designed to trace a person's physiognomy, most specifically the profile in the form of a silhouette: it originated in France where it is known as the . The instrument is a descendant of the pantograph, a drawing device that magnifies figures. A Frenchman named Gilles-Louis Chrétien invented the ""physionotrace"" in 1783–84 to aid in the production of silhouette portraits which became popular during the reign of Louis XVI. Chrétien's partner, Edme Quenedey, made a drawing of the instrument in 1788, which now sits in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Chrétien's device used"
"(nodular). In this stage, the liver shrinks even further. It may not extend below the costal margin at all. Liver cells attempt to regenerate in an increasingly fibrotic setting. They find it difficult to do so and form ""regenerative nodules"" that only partially carry out normal liver function. This shrunken, nodular texture has been dubbed the ""hob-nail"" or ""cobble stone"" effect. Laennec's cirrhosis Laennec's cirrhosis, also known as portal cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, fatty cirrhosis, or atrophic cirrhosis, is named after René Laennec, a French physician and the inventor of the stethoscope. It is a disease of the liver in which"
"women from deprived environments. He established abdominal obstetric palpation methods, and his name is associated with ""Pinard's maneuvre"", a technique used in breech extraction. In 1895 he invented a special stethoscope for listening to fetal activity. The device is sometimes reverently referred to as a ""Pinard horn"", or fetoscope (although fetoscope now refers to a fetal endoscope). Pinard horns are a safe and non-invasive tool used to listen to the fetal heart tones, and are still in use worldwide today, primarily by Midwives. Pinard was a founder member of the French Eugenics Society in 1913 and served as its president."
"sclerotherapy and the treatment of varicose veins and other varices. Charles Pravaz Charles Gabriel Pravaz (24 March 1791 – 24 June 1853) was a French orthopedic surgeon and inventor of the hypodermic syringe. While the concept dated to Galen, the modern syringe is thought to have originated in 15th-century Italy, although it took several centuries for the device to be developed. In 1657, experiments were conducted on syringe-like devices by Englishmen Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle, while French physician Dominique Anel created the modern pump syringe as a device to clean wounds using suction. In all these cases, it was"
"and the value of phrenology. The former was developed in the 1770s by Austrian physician Franz Mesmer (1734–1815) who claimed to use the power of gravity, and later of ""animal magnetism"", to cure various physical and mental ills. As Mesmer and his treatment became increasingly fashionable in both Vienna and Paris, it also began to come under the scrutiny of suspicious officials. In 1784, an investigation was commissioned in Paris by King Louis XVI which included American ambassador Benjamin Franklin, chemist Antoine Lavoisier and physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (later the popularizer of the guillotine). They concluded that Mesmer's method was useless."
"on bone diseases and especially for his general treatise on surgical operations, on which he worked for 12 years and which was finished after his death by François-Dominique Lesné (1722—1800). Jean Louis Petit Jean-Louis Petit (13 March 1674 – 20 April 1750) was a French surgeon and the inventor of a screw-type tourniquet. He was first enthusiastic about anatomy and received a master's certificate in surgery in Paris in 1700. He became a member of the French Royal Academy of Sciences in 1715 and was named director of the French Royal Academy of Surgery by the king when it was"
"promptly translated into English by John Forbes in 1821; it represents the beginning of the modern scientific understanding of tuberculosis. Laennec was named professional chair of Hôpital Necker in September 1816 and today he is considered the greatest French clinician. Laennec's work put him in contact with the vanguard of the French medical establishment, including Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. Louis would go on to use statistical methods to evaluate the different aspects of the disease's progression, the efficacy of various therapies and individuals' susceptibility, publishing an article in the ""Annales d'hygiène publique"" entitled ""Note on the Relative Frequency of Phthisis"
"as both the first and last company of its kind. A Pinard horn is a type of stethoscope used by midwives that is designed similarly to an ear trumpet. It is a wooden cone about 8 inches long. The midwife presses the wide end of the horn against the pregnant woman's belly to monitor heart tones. Pinard horns were invented in France in the 19th century, and are still in use in many places worldwide. Ear trumpet Ear trumpets are tubular or funnel-shaped devices which collect sound waves and lead them into the ear. They were used as hearing aids,"