"generations may occur each growing season. ""L. decemlineata"" has a strong association with plants in the family Solanaceae, particularly those of the genus ""Solanum"". It is directly associated with ""Solanum cornutum"" (buffalo-bur), ""Solanum nigrum"" (black nightshade), ""Solanum melongena"" (eggplant or aubergine), ""Solanum dulcamara"" (bittersweet nightshade), ""Solanum luteum"" (hairy nightshade), ""Solanum tuberosum"" (potato), and ""Solanum elaeagnifolium"" (silverleaf nightshade). They are also associated with other plants in this family, namely the species ""Solanum lycopersicum"" (tomato) and the genus ""Capsicum"" (pepper). At least 13 insect genera, three spider families, one phalangid (Opiliones), and one mite have been recorded as either generalist or specialized"
"the total species of the solanaceas. The solanaceas include such important food species as the potato (""Solanum tuberosum""), the tomato (""Solanum lycopersicum""), the pepper (""Capsicum annuum"") and the aubergine or egg plant (""Solanum melongena""). ""Nicotiana tabacum,"" originally from South America, is now cultivated throughout the world to produce tobacco. Many solanaceas are important weeds in various parts of the world. Their importance lies in the fact that they can host pathogens or diseases of the cultivated plants, therefore their presence increases the loss of yield or the quality of the harvested product. An example of this can be seen with"
"(""Solanum tuberosum"") associated fungus, that has caused extreme and widespread losses in all market classes of potatoes since emerging in the United States. Commonly referred to as silver scurf, ""H. solani"" causes blemishes that decreases the quality of the crop, making it unfit for marketing. In more severe cases, ""H. solani"" causes weight loss in potatoes and creates lesions in the periderm, creating entry points for other tuber pathogens. In pure cultures of ""H. solani"", isolates show white sectoring and rings, differential coloration and reduced sporulation in culture. Upon infection of ""A. strictum"", cultures of ""H. solani"" were uniformly black,"
"curtilobum"". There are two major subspecies of ""Solanum tuberosum"": ""andigena"", or Andean; and ""tuberosum"", or Chilean. The Andean potato is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated; the Chilean potato, however, native to the Chiloé Archipelago, is adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern Chile. The International Potato Center, based in Lima, Peru, holds an ISO-accredited collection of potato germplasm. The international Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium announced in 2009 that they had achieved a draft sequence of the potato genome. The potato genome contains 12"
"autumn-blooming plant, ""A. tuberosum"" is one of several ""Allium"" species known as wild onion and/or wild garlic that, in various parts of the world, such as Australia, are listed as noxious weeds or as invasive ""serious high impact environmental and/or agricultural weeds that spread rapidly and often create monocultures"". Often grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, several cultivars are available. ""A. tuberosum"" is distinctive by blooming later than most native or naturalised species of ""Allium"". It is cold-hardy to USDA zones 4–10 (). Garlic chives are regarded as easy to grow in many conditions and may spread readily by"
"Allium tuberosum Allium tuberosum (garlic chives, Oriental garlic, Asian chives, Chinese chives, Chinese leek) is a species of onion native to southwestern parts of the Chinese province of Shanxi, and cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in Asia and around the world. ""Allium tuberosum"" is a perennial plant growing from a small, elongated bulb (about , across), tough and fibrous, originating from a stout rhizome. It has a distinctive growth habit with strap-shaped leaves wide, unlike either onion or garlic. It produces many white flowers in a round cluster (umbel) on stalks tall. It grows in slowly expanding perennial clumps, but also"
"Allium tuberosum Allium tuberosum (garlic chives, Oriental garlic, Asian chives, Chinese chives, Chinese leek) is a species of onion native to southwestern parts of the Chinese province of Shanxi, and cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in Asia and around the world. ""Allium tuberosum"" is a perennial plant growing from a small, elongated bulb (about , across), tough and fibrous, originating from a stout rhizome. It has a distinctive growth habit with strap-shaped leaves wide, unlike either onion or garlic. It produces many white flowers in a round cluster (umbel) on stalks tall. It grows in slowly expanding perennial clumps, but also"
"harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale: Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant and gilo (""S. aethiopicum""), naranjilla or lulo (""S. quitoense""), turkey berry (""S. torvum""), pepino (""S. muricatum""), the tree tomato or tamarillo (""S. betaceum""), or the ""bush tomatoes"" (several Australian species). The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:- Poisonings associated with certain species of ""Solanum"" are not uncommon and may be fatal. However, several species are locally used in folk medicine, particularly by native peoples who have long employed them. ""Solanum"""
"Solanum viarum Solanum viarum, the tropical soda apple, is a perennial shrub native to Brazil and Argentina with a prickly stem and prickly leaves. The fruit is golf-ball-sized with the coloration of a watermelon. It is considered an invasive species in the lower eastern coastal states of the United States and recently on the Mid North Coast of Australia. Seen in the Southern Peninsula area of Cape Town as of 1 November 2014. This species has several synonyms, one of which is particularly ambiguous: The tropical soda apple leaf beetle (""Gratiana boliviana"") has been used successfully as an agent of"
"Solanum retroflexum Solanum retroflexum, commonly known as wonderberry or sunberry, is a historic heirloom fruiting shrub. Both common names are also used for the European black nightshade (""Solanum nigrum"") in some places, particularly where the latter species has been introduced, so care must be taken to distinguish them. It is sometimes called garden huckleberry, but that properly refers to the ""S. scabrum"" described by Philip Miller. As its old scientific name that is still often seen, Solanum × burbankii, indicates a plant of hybrid origin. It was supposely bred by Luther Burbank in the early 1900s as a hybrid of"
"stellate, 15–20 mm diam., and sometimes tinged purple and with yellow/green basal star. The berries are globular, 10–17 mm diam., purple-black. The seeds are 1.8–2.2 mm long, pale or stained purple. ""Solanum scabrum"" is grown as an edible leaf crop in Africa. It is the most intensively cultivated species for leaf cropping within the ""Solanum nigrum"" complex, and as such has undergone genetic selection by farmers for leaf size and other characteristics. In Africa a stocky form of ""Solanum scabrum"" is cultivated as a dye crop using the ripe berries. Solanum scabrum Solanum scabrum, also known as garden huckleberry, is"
"Solanum scabrum Solanum scabrum, also known as garden huckleberry, is an annual or perennial. The origin of the species is uncertain, although Linnaeus attributed it to Africa, but it also occurs in North America, and is naturalized in many countries. In Africa it is cultivated as a leaf vegetable and for dye from the berries. An annual or short-lived perennial herb to 1 m tall, hairless or sparsely hairy. The leaves are usually ovate, 7–12 cm long and 5–8 cm wide, with petioles 1.5–7 cm long. The inflorescence is simple or sometimes branched with 9–12 flowers. The white corolla is"
"full or part sun. Fruit can be expected in 75 days. Solanum retroflexum Solanum retroflexum, commonly known as wonderberry or sunberry, is a historic heirloom fruiting shrub. Both common names are also used for the European black nightshade (""Solanum nigrum"") in some places, particularly where the latter species has been introduced, so care must be taken to distinguish them. It is sometimes called garden huckleberry, but that properly refers to the ""S. scabrum"" described by Philip Miller. As its old scientific name that is still often seen, Solanum × burbankii, indicates a plant of hybrid origin. It was supposely bred"
"with colors such as black and purple being notable. All are edible, and most (like Royal Black) are hot. The potato tuber moth (""Phthorimaea operculella"") is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as bell pepper plants. Female ""P. operculella"" use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf. Capsicum annuum Capsicum annuum is a species of the plant genus ""Capsicum"" (peppers) native to southern North America and northern South America. This species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the"
"Talinum fruticosum Talinum fruticosum ( common local name ನೆಲಬಸಳೆ - ""Nela basale"" in Kannada ) is a herbaceous perennial plant that is native to Mexico, the Caribbean, West Africa, Central America, and much of South America. Common names include Ceylon spinach, waterleaf, cariru, Gbure, Surinam purslane, Philippine spinach, Florida spinach, potherb fameflower, Lagos bologi, and sweetheart. It is widely grown in tropical regions as a leaf vegetable. The plant grows erect, reaching a height of . It bears small, pink flowers and broad, fleshy leaves. As a leaf vegetable, ""T. fruticosum"" is rich in vitamins, including vitamins A and C,"
"Solanum muricatum Solanum muricatum is a species of evergreen shrub native to South America and grown for its sweet edible fruit. It is known as pepino dulce (""sweet cucumber"" in English, in order to differentiate it from cucumber which is also called ""pepino"" in Spanish) or simply pepino; the latter is also used for similar species such as """"S. mucronatum"""" (which actually seems to belong in the related genus ""Lycianthes""). The pepino dulce fruit resembles a melon (""Cucumis melo"") in color, and its flavor recalls a succulent mixture of honeydew and cucumber, and thus it is also sometimes called pepino"
"certain pests and diseases from the gene pool of wild species to the gene pool of cultivated potato species. Genetically modified varieties have met public resistance in the United States and in the European Union. The major species grown worldwide is ""Solanum tuberosum"" (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. There are also four diploid species (with 24 chromosomes): ""S. stenotomum"", ""S. phureja"", ""S. goniocalyx"", and ""S. ajanhuiri"". There are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes): ""S. chaucha"" and ""S. juzepczukii"". There is one pentaploid cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes): ""S."
"Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum sisymbriifolium is commonly known as vila-vila, sticky nightshade, red buffalo-bur, the fire-and-ice plant, litchi tomato, or Morelle de Balbis. The small edible fruits are red on the outside and yellow inside. It grows inside a spiny, green husk. The fruit is ripe when it is easily removed from the stem. The flavor resembles sour cherries and a little bit like a tomato. This plant has been used as a trap crop to protect potatoes from potato cyst nematode. The stems and leaves contain solasodine which makes the plant very resistant to many pests and diseases, with the"
"skin under a compress. In spring the fresh young leaves may be used as an herb in cooked recipes, however due to their hairy nature and mildly toxic properties they are not eaten raw. As with dandelion, the root makes a palatable and non-acidic alternative to coffee once prepared, roasted until brown & brittle, and grind it into a powder. Symphytum tuberosum Symphytum tuberosum, the tuberous comfrey, is a species of ""Symphytum"" in the Boraginaceae family. Tuberous comfrey flowers from April to June, however it also reproduces asexually, that is vegetatively, having rhizomes that allow it to spread out from"
"in South America and Central America. In 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of a fossil tomatillo found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years B.P. The finding has pushed back the earliest appearance of the plant family Solanaceae. As tomatillos likely developed later than other nightshades, this may mean that the Solanaceae may have first developed during the Mesozoic Era. The Solanaceae include a number of commonly collected or cultivated species. The most economically important genus of the family is ""Solanum"", which contains the potato (""S. tuberosum"", in fact, another common name of"
"Tropaeolum tuberosum Tropaeolum tuberosum (mashua, see below for other names) is a species of flowering plant in the family Tropaeolaceae, grown in the Andes, particularly in Peru and Bolivia, and to a lesser extent in Ecuador as well as in Boyacá Department, Colombia, for its edible tubers, which are eaten cooked or roasted as a vegetable. It is a minor food source, especially to native Amerindian populations. Mashua is a herbaceous perennial climber growing to in height. It is related to garden nasturtiums, and is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental for its brightly coloured tubular flowers. This plant is commonly"
"TSA is currently under development and is not available for public use at this time. The product is called SolviNix™. TSA beetle. A beetle known as Gratiana boliviana (TSA beetle) has been investigated over the past several years for control of TSA plants. This beetle is native to South America and underwent a rigorous quarantine process prior to its release in 2003. Solanum viarum Solanum viarum, the tropical soda apple, is a perennial shrub native to Brazil and Argentina with a prickly stem and prickly leaves. The fruit is golf-ball-sized with the coloration of a watermelon. It is considered an"
"late 19th century. Solanum aethiopicum Solanum aethiopicum, the bitter tomato, Ethiopian eggplant (ባሚያ), or nakati, is a fruiting plant of the genus ""Solanum"" mainly found in Asia and Tropical Africa. It is also known as Ethiopian nightshade, garden eggs, and mock tomato. It is a popular vegetable in north-east India, and is known as khamen akhaba in Manipuri and ""samtawk"" in Mizo. These names are a result of its varied morphology, with ripe fruit often looking like a cross between an eggplant and a tomato, which are also from ""Solanum"". In fact, the Ethiopian eggplant was so much confused with"
"Solanum pimpinellifolium Solanum pimpinellifolium, commonly known as the currant tomato, is a wild species of tomato native to Ecuador and Peru but naturalized elsewhere, such as the Galápagos Islands. Its small fruits are edible, and it is commonly grown in gardens as an heirloom tomato, although it is considered to be wild rather than domesticated as is the commonly cultivated tomato species ""Solanum lycopersicum"". Its genome was recently sequenced. It will hybridize with common domestic tomatoes. There are annual, biennial, and perennial varieties. ""Solanum pimpinellifolium"" is important in tomato breeding. Its relatedness to tomatoes and ability to freely cross with"
"Solanum torvum Solanum torvum is a bushy, erect and spiny perennial plant used horticulturally as a rootstock for eggplant. Grafted plants are very vigorous and tolerate diseases affecting the root system, thus allowing the crop to continue for a second year. It is also known as turkey berry, prickly nightshade, shoo-shoo bush, wild eggplant, pea eggplant, pea aubergine, kantɔsi (Ghana), kittily (Liberia), susumber ( Jamaica), ""boo"", ""terongan"", ""tekokak"", ""rimbang"", ""berenjena cimarrona"", ""berenjena de gallina"", ""berenjena silvestre"", ""tabacón"", ""pendejera"", ""tomatillo"", ""bâtard balengène"", ""zamorette"", ""friega-platos"", ""kudanekayi"" (Kannada: ಕುದನೆಕಾಯಿ),(Gujarati: ગુજરાતી )""sundaikkai"" (), (Malayalam: ചുണ്ട ), ""thibbatu"" (Sinhala: තිබ්බටු), ""makhuea phuang"" (Thai: มะเขือพวง), ""suzume"
"centre. The freshness of the vegetable will also be obvious from the taste; the older the vegetable, the less potent the celery flavour. Celeriac Celeriac (""Apium graveolens"" var. ""rapaceum""), also called turnip-rooted celery, celery root, or knob celery, is a variety of celery cultivated for its edible stem or hypocotyl, and shoots. Despite its name, it is not a close relative of the turnip. Celeriac is like a root vegetable except it has a bulbous hypocotyl with many small roots attached. In the Mediterranean Basin and in Northern Europe, celeriac is widely cultivated. It is also cultivated in North Africa,"
"Jerusalem artichoke The Sunchoke (""Helianthus tuberosus""), also called sunroot, sunflower potato, earth apple is a species of sunflower native to eastern North America, and found from eastern Canada and Maine west to North Dakota, and south to northern Florida and Texas. The sunchoke has no relationship to Jerusalem, and it is not a type of artichoke. It is cultivated widely across the temperate zone for its tuber, which is used as a root vegetable. ""Helianthus tuberosus"" is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to tall with opposite leaves on the upper part of the stem but alternate below. The leaves have"
"in the native range of northern Peru and southern Ecuador. In addition, seed collection is hampered by issues with the Convention on Biological Diversity. Solanum pimpinellifolium Solanum pimpinellifolium, commonly known as the currant tomato, is a wild species of tomato native to Ecuador and Peru but naturalized elsewhere, such as the Galápagos Islands. Its small fruits are edible, and it is commonly grown in gardens as an heirloom tomato, although it is considered to be wild rather than domesticated as is the commonly cultivated tomato species ""Solanum lycopersicum"". Its genome was recently sequenced. It will hybridize with common domestic tomatoes."
"parts of the rural population. ""L tuberosus"" succeeds on soils where other crops fail to grow, due to being adapted to a broad range of conditions. The tuberous crop was found to resist high soil salinity. It was observed that plants with higher salt tolerance had even higher photosynthesis rates. The legume shows a strong negative response to ammonium nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. Although palatable and nutritious, the crop ""L tuberosus"" is hampered by low yields, since it needs to be cultivated two to three years to form tubers of a reasonable size. The first attempt to increase yield was done"
"Solanum aethiopicum Solanum aethiopicum, the bitter tomato, Ethiopian eggplant (ባሚያ), or nakati, is a fruiting plant of the genus ""Solanum"" mainly found in Asia and Tropical Africa. It is also known as Ethiopian nightshade, garden eggs, and mock tomato. It is a popular vegetable in north-east India, and is known as khamen akhaba in Manipuri and ""samtawk"" in Mizo. These names are a result of its varied morphology, with ripe fruit often looking like a cross between an eggplant and a tomato, which are also from ""Solanum"". In fact, the Ethiopian eggplant was so much confused with the ordinary eggplant"
"was eaten by the Gunai people of Gippsland. It grew from seed prolifically after bushfire, and the local indigenous people would practice controlled burns to induce it to grow and bear fruit. Solanum vescum Solanum vescum, commonly known as green kangaroo apple or gunyang, is a small fruiting shrub in the family Solanaceae, native to eastern and southeastern Australia. ""Solanum vescum"" was first described by Victorian government botanist, Ferdinand von Mueller, in 1855 after being collected near the mouth of the Snowy River. The specific epithet is the neuter of the Latin adjective ""vescus"", meaning ""edible"". ""Solanum vescum"" is a"
"are edible raw or cooked. ""S. ellipticum"" used to (and in some treatments still does) include ""S. quadriloculatum"" as variety ""duribaccalis"", but generally these two species of ""bush tomatoes"" are considered distinct nowadays. Similarly, the former variety ""horridum"" is now ""S. senticosum"", the ""S. echinatum"" of Robert Brown was sometimes treated as var. ""pannifolium"", and ""S. esuriale"" was included in ""S. ellipticum"" as form ""inermis"". A few now-invalid names for ""S. ellipticum"" also exist; mostly they refer to potatobush plants believed to be distinct forms or varieties but today not considered to be taxonomically distinct: Solanum ellipticum Solanum ellipticum is"
"Chaerophyllum bulbosum Chaerophyllum bulbosum is a species of flowering plant from the carrot family and known by several common names, including turnip-rooted chervil, tuberous-rooted chervil, bulbous chervil, and parsnip chervil. It is native to Europe and Western Asia. It was a popular vegetable in the 19th century. This is a tall annual herb with fringelike divided leaves and large umbels of white flowers. The plant is cultivated on a small scale in parts of Europe for the edible tubers, which look like a dark gray carrot with yellowish-white flesh. After the harvest they are stored for a few months under"