"Monkeypox virus Monkeypox virus (MPV) is a double-stranded DNA, zoonotic virus and a species of the genus ""Orthopoxvirus"" in the family Poxviridae. It is one of the human orthopoxviruses that includes variola (VARV), cowpox (CPX), and vaccinia (VACV) viruses. But it is not a direct ancestor to, nor a direct descendent of, the variola virus which causes smallpox. The monkeypox virus causes a disease that is similar to smallpox, but with a milder rash and lower death rate. Variation in virulence of the virus has been observed in isolates from Central Africa where strains are more virulent than those from"
"studies or, rarely, by virus isolation. The incubation period between contraction and the first obvious symptoms of the disease was around 12 days. Once inhaled, variola major virus invaded the oropharyngeal (mouth and throat) or the respiratory mucosa, migrated to regional lymph nodes, and began to multiply. In the initial growth phase the virus seemed to move from cell to cell, but around the 12th day, lysis of many infected cells occurred and the virus was found in the bloodstream in large numbers (this is called ""viremia""), and a second wave of multiplication occurred in the spleen, bone marrow, and"
"a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin. However, if the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the herpesviruses the divergence date between variola from Taterapox has been estimated to be 50,000 years ago. While this is consistent with the other published estimates it suggests that the archaeological and historical evidence is very incomplete. Better estimates of mutation rates in these viruses are needed. Group: dsDNA The name of the family, ""Poxviridae"", is a legacy of the original grouping of viruses associated with diseases that produced poxes in the skin. Modern viral classification is based"
"3,000 years ago. These viruses may have arisen in the Horn of Africa. Another Bayesian study suggests that variola arose about 3500 years ago. Chordopoxvirinae The Chordopoxvirinae are a subfamily of viruses in the family ""Poxviridae"". Humans, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. Currently, 38 species are placed in this subfamily, divided among 10 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include smallpox. Four genera in this subfamily contain species that infect humans: ""Molluscipoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus"", and ""Yatapoxvirus"". The virions are generally enveloped though the intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains a different envelope, and is also"
"Bartonellosis Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus ""Bartonella"". ""Bartonella"" species cause diseases such as Carrión´s disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders. Patients can develop two clinical phases: an acute septic phase and a chronic eruptive phase associated with skin lesions. In the acute phase (also known as Oroya fever or ""fiebre de la Oroya""), ""B. bacilliformis"" infection is a sudden, potentially life-threatening infection associated with high fever and decreased levels of circulating red blood cells (i.e., hemolytic anemia)and transient immunosuppression. ""B. bacilliformis"" is considered"
"respiratory distress, red blood cell transfusions for anemia, pericardiectomies for pericardial tamponades, and other standard treatments. Carrion's disease Oroya fever or Carrion's disease is an infectious disease produced by ""Bartonella bacilliformis"" infection. It is named after Daniel Alcides Carrión. The clinical symptoms of bartonellosis are pleomorphic and some patients from endemic areas may be asymptomatic. The two classical clinical presentations are the acute phase and the chronic phase, corresponding to the two different host cell types invaded by the bacterium (red blood cells and endothelial cells). An individual can be affected by either or both phases. It is also called"
"canine reservoirs of the disease. Carrion’s disease, also known as bartonellosis, is a disease caused by the blood-borne bacteria, ""Bartonella bacilliformis"". The disease is transmitted by the sand fly species ""Lutzomyia verracarum"", as well as lice and fleas, and is found in areas of Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. The lifecycle of the bacteria within ""Lutzomyia"" sand flies remain largely unknown, with speculation that the bacteria are spread between sandflies sharing the same breeding grounds and water supplies. The existence of bartonellosis transmission in areas not inhabited by ""Lutzomyia verracarum"" suggests that secondary vectors, and potentially other ""Lutzomyia"" species, are important"
"fatal. This form of variola major was more easily confused with chickenpox. In malignant-type smallpox (also called flat smallpox) the lesions remained almost flush with the skin at the time when raised vesicles would have formed in the ordinary type. It is unknown why some people developed this type. Historically, it accounted for 5–10 percent of cases, and the majority (72 percent) were children. Malignant smallpox was accompanied by a severe prodromal phase that lasted 3–4 days, prolonged high fever, and severe symptoms of toxemia. The rash on the tongue and palate was extensive. Skin lesions matured slowly and by"
"gladiolas and onions. Sometimes, the whole plant decays. One widespread plant disease caused by ""Burkholderia gladioli"" is called scab. It can be seen on Gladiolus corms as water-soaked brown spots, outlined in yellow. Eventually, they can become hollow and surrounded by scabs. If the scabs fall off, they leave behind cavities or lesions. ""Burkholderia gladioli"" in humans is an opportunistic pathogen that is an important agent for hospital-associated infections. It has recently appeared as a severe pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis, causing severe pulmonary infections. Though it is still a fairly uncommon pathogen, its presence is associated with a"
"Alastrim Alastrim, also known as variola minor, was the milder strain of the variola virus that caused smallpox. The last known case of variola minor was in Somalia, Africa in 1977. Smallpox was formally declared eradicated in May 1980. Variola minor is of the genus orthopoxvirus, which are DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of the affected cell, rather than in its nucleus. Like variola major, alastrim was spread through inhalation of the virus in the air, which could occur through face-to-face contact or through fomites. Infection with variola minor conferred immunity against the more dangerous variola major. Variola"
"Varroa Varroa is a genus of parasitic mites associated with honey bees, placed in its own family, Varroidae. The genus was named for Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and beekeeper. The condition of a honeybee colony being infested with ""Varroa"" mites is called varroosis (also, incorrectly, varroatosis). ""Varroa"" mites are recognised as the biggest pest to honeybees worldwide due to their ability to transmit diseases such as deformed wing virus (or dwv) to larval or pupating bees, resulting in death or severe deformity of the pupae. ""Varroa"" mites feed off the bodily fluids of adult, pupal, and larval honey"
"Carrion's disease Oroya fever or Carrion's disease is an infectious disease produced by ""Bartonella bacilliformis"" infection. It is named after Daniel Alcides Carrión. The clinical symptoms of bartonellosis are pleomorphic and some patients from endemic areas may be asymptomatic. The two classical clinical presentations are the acute phase and the chronic phase, corresponding to the two different host cell types invaded by the bacterium (red blood cells and endothelial cells). An individual can be affected by either or both phases. It is also called the hematic phase. The most common findings are fever (usually sustained, but with temperature no greater"
"attacked skin cells, causing the characteristic pimples (called macules) associated with the disease. A rash developed on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous membranes appeared. Typically the macules first appeared on the forehead, then rapidly spread to the whole face, proximal portions of extremities, the trunk, and lastly to distal portions of extremities. The process takes no more than 24 to 36 hours, after which no new lesions appear. At this point variola major infection could take several very different courses, resulting in four types of smallpox disease based on the Rao classification: ordinary, modified,"
"has increased, due to the HIV epidemic and the increased use of immunosuppressive therapies. Varicella is a particular problem in hospitals, when there are patients with immune systems weakened by drugs (e.g., high-dose steroids) or HIV. Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions, manifesting as impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas, is the most common complication in healthy children. Disseminated primary varicella infection usually seen in the immunocompromised may have high morbidity. Ninety percent of cases of varicella pneumonia occur in the adult population. Rarer complications of disseminated chickenpox include myocarditis, hepatitis, and glomerulonephritis. Hemorrhagic complications are more common in the immunocompromised or"
"humans with material from cowpox lesions. Smallpox (variola) occurred in two clinical varieties: ""variola major"", with a mortality rate of up to 40 percent, and ""variola minor"", also known as alastrim, with a mortality rate less than one percent. The last naturally occurring case of ""Variola major"" was diagnosed in October 1975 in Bangladesh. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox (""Variola minor"") was diagnosed on 26 October 1977, on Ali Maow Maalin, in the Merca District, of Somalia. The source of this case was a known outbreak in the nearby district of Kurtuware. All 211 contacts were traced, revaccinated,"
"for photos. In an interview in 2009, Banu said she had four children after marrying a farmer at the age of 18. She said that villagers and her in-laws treated her poorly because she had suffered from smallpox. Rahima Banu Rahima Banu Begum (; born 16 October 1972) is the last known person to have been infected with naturally occurring ""Variola major"" smallpox, the more deadly variety of the disease. The case was reported on 16 October 1975, when Banu was three years old, and living in the village of Kuralia on Bhola Island in the Bangladesh district of Barisal."
"Varicella zoster virus Varicella zoster virus or varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of eight herpesviruses known to infect humans. It causes chickenpox (varicella), a disease most commonly affecting children, teens, and young adults, and shingles (herpes zoster) in adults; shingles is rare in children. VZV is a worldwide pathogen known by many names: chickenpox virus, varicella virus, zoster virus, and human herpesvirus type 3 (HHV-3). VZV infections are species-specific to humans, but can survive in external environments for a few hours, maybe a day or two. VZV multiplies in the lungs, and causes a wide variety of symptoms. After the"
"(variola), to bring about a manageable and recoverable infection that would provide later immunity. By the beginning of the 18th century, the Royal Society in England was discussing the practice of inoculation, and the smallpox epidemic in 1713 spurred further interest. It was not until 1721, however, that England recorded its first case of inoculation. Smallpox was a serious threat in colonial America, most devastating to Native Americans, but also to Anglo-American settlers. New England suffered smallpox epidemics in 1677, 1689–90, and 1702. It was highly contagious, and mortality could reach as high as 30 percent. Boston had been plagued"
"at the Vector Institute from 1976 to 1986, then at Obolensk until 1992, when he defected to the West. He later divulged much of the Soviet biological weapons program and settled in the United States. Legionella The genus Legionella is a pathogenic group of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the species ""L. pneumophila"", causing legionellosis (all illnesses caused by ""Legionella"") including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. ""Legionella"" may be visualized with a silver stain or cultured in cysteine-containing media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It is common in many environments,"
"Rahima Banu Rahima Banu Begum (; born 16 October 1972) is the last known person to have been infected with naturally occurring ""Variola major"" smallpox, the more deadly variety of the disease. The case was reported on 16 October 1975, when Banu was three years old, and living in the village of Kuralia on Bhola Island in the Bangladesh district of Barisal. Her case was reported by an eight-year-old girl, Bilkisunnessa, who was paid 250 taka. Information on the case was forwarded via telegram to D.A. Henderson, who led the World Health Organization's campaign to eradicate the disease. The World"
"Varicellovirus Varicellovirus (var′i-sel′ō-vi′rŭs) is a genus of viruses belonging to subfamily ""Alphaherpesvirinae"", a member of family ""Herpesviridae"". Humans and mammals serve as natural hosts. There are currently 17 species in this genus including the type species Varicella zoster virus (VZV) also known as Human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3). Diseases associated with this genus include: HHV-3—chickenpox (varicella) and shingles; BoHV-1—infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV); SuHV-1 (also known as pseudorabies virus)—Aujesky's disease characterized by central nervous system signs (hindleg paralysis, meningoencephalitis), high mortality rates in young animals, and respiratory illness in older pigs. As with other alphaherpesviruses, the virus particle has"
"Varicosavirus The genus Varicosavirus is a group of related plant viruses associated with the swelling in plant vein tissues. They are negative single stranded RNA viruses. Infection occurs through soil by the spores of the fungus ""Olpidium brassicae"". The genome of the only member of the only species of this genus (lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV)) consists of a bi-segmented linear, single-stranded negative sense RNA. The first segment is about 6350–7000 nucleotides in length; the second, about 5630–6500 nucleotides in length. Virions consist of a non-enveloped rod-shaped capsid, having a helical symmetry of 120–360 nm in length, and a width"
"Legionella The genus Legionella is a pathogenic group of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the species ""L. pneumophila"", causing legionellosis (all illnesses caused by ""Legionella"") including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. ""Legionella"" may be visualized with a silver stain or cultured in cysteine-containing media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It is common in many environments, including soil and aquatic systems, with at least 50 species and 70 serogroups identified. These bacteria, however, are not transmissible from person to person; furthermore, most people exposed to the bacteria do not become ill."
"Viremia Viremia (UK: viraemia) is a medical condition where viruses enter the bloodstream and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to ""bacteremia"", a condition where bacteria enter the bloodstream. The name comes from combining the word ""virus"" with the Greek word for ""blood"" (""haima""). It usually lasts for 4 to 5 days in the primary condition. Primary viremia refers to the initial spread of virus in the blood from the first site of infection. Secondary viremia occurs when primary viremia has resulted in infection of additional tissues via bloodstream, in which the virus has"
"Visceral leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (), black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus ""Leishmania"". The parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen (hence ""visceral""), and bone marrow, and, if left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Of particular concern, according to the World"
"as ""verruga peruana"". This phase consists of a benign skin eruption with raised, reddish-purple nodules (angiomatous tumours). Visualization of the bacteria is possible using silver stain (the Warthin–Starry method) on biopsies. ""Bartonella bacilliformis"" is the etiologic agent of Carrion's disease or Oroya fever (acute phase of infection), and ""verruga peruana"" or Peruvian wart (chronic phase of infection). The acute phase of the disease is a life-threatening disease characterized by massive invasion of ""Bartonella"" to human red blood cells and consequently acute hemolysis and fever. If the infection is not treated, the case fatality rate is 40 to 85% Patients in"
"eruptive period, and the rash was flat and did not progress beyond the vesicular stage. Patients in the early stage of disease showed a decrease in coagulation factors (e.g. platelets, prothrombin, and globulin) and an increase in circulating antithrombin. Patients in the late stage had significant thrombocytopenia; deficiency of coagulation factors was less severe. Some in the late stage also showed increased antithrombin. This form of smallpox occurred in anywhere from 3 to 25 percent of fatal cases depending on the virulence of the smallpox strain. Hemorrhagic smallpox was usually fatal. Smallpox was caused by infection with variola virus, which"
"of 18–30 nm. Varicosavirus The genus Varicosavirus is a group of related plant viruses associated with the swelling in plant vein tissues. They are negative single stranded RNA viruses. Infection occurs through soil by the spores of the fungus ""Olpidium brassicae"". The genome of the only member of the only species of this genus (lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV)) consists of a bi-segmented linear, single-stranded negative sense RNA. The first segment is about 6350–7000 nucleotides in length; the second, about 5630–6500 nucleotides in length. Virions consist of a non-enveloped rod-shaped capsid, having a helical symmetry of 120–360 nm in length,"
"Verticillium longisporum Verticillium longisporum, also known as Verticillium Wilt, is a fungal plant pathogen that commonly infects canola. ""V. longisporum"" can attack other brassica plants as well as woody ornamentals. A main symptom of the infected plant is wilting. In America, ""V. longsiporum"" primarily effects eudicot plants. This pathogen can be very devastating and hard to eradicate, responding only to expensive fumigation or fungal resistant plants. The main host of ""V. longisporum"" is canola. However, it can also affect brassica type plants. These include cabbage, broccoli, mustard, and cauliflower. It is common for ""Verticillium spp"". to be virulent to more"
"from old warships docked at Greenwich and used to house patients during a severe smallpox epidemic. Using the hundreds of cases he saw here, he wrote his MD thesis for the University of Edinburgh entitled, ""Diagnostic and prognostic value of the initial rashes of smallpox"". For this, he received his MD with first class honours and a gold medal. Thomas Grainger Stewart, Physician to the Queen in Scotland, considered his research to be 'the best account with which he was acquainted of certain points in the clinical history of variola'. At the same time as the Napier Commission began, 1883,"
"blood and tissues, multiple blood draws over time may be necessary to detect infection. Treatment of infections caused by ""Bartonella"" species include: Some authorities recommend the use of azithromycin. Carrión's disease, or Oroya fever, or Peruvian wart is a rare infectious disease found only in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is endemic in some areas of Peru, is caused by infection with the bacterium ""Bartonella bacilliformis"", and transmitted by sandflies of genus ""Lutzomyia"". Cat scratch disease occurs worldwide. Cats are the main reservoir of ""Bartonella henselae"", and the bacterium is transmitted to cats by the cat flea ""Ctenocephalides felis"". Infection"
"1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic The New World of the Western Hemisphere was devastated by the 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic. Columbus' first voyage to America can be attributed for bringing the smallpox virus to America and led to its spread across most of the continent of North America. Smallpox is a dangerous disease caused by the variola major virus. The most common type of smallpox, ordinary, historically has devastated populations with a 30% death rate. The smallpox virus is transmittable through bodily fluids and materials contaminated with infected materials. Generally, face-to-face contact is required for an individual to contract"
"""V. chloerae"" (which causes cholera), ""V. vulnificus"" (symptoms range from gastroenteritis, necrotizing wounds and septicemia) and ""V. Parahaemolyticus"" (primarily causes gastroenteritis). Current research dictates that there are 23 different serotypes of ""Vibrio anguillarum."" Of these serotypes, O1, O2, and O3 are known to play the most predominant role in generating vibriosis in infected species. As early as 1718, ""Vibrio"" ""anguillarum"" was found on the coastline of continental Europe with mortality reports as early as 1893 referenced as the red disease in eels. In 1790, a red disease epidemic was described as approximately 40 tons of eels killed by an unknown"