"in the development of quantum theory. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. However, he realized that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and he published a paper on general relativity in 1916 with his theory of gravitation. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which"
"available to discuss his theories were few. He worked as an examiner at the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland, and he later said of a co-worker there, Michele Besso, that he ""could not have found a better sounding board for his ideas in all of Europe"". In addition, co-workers and the other members of the self-styled ""Olympian Academy"" (Maurice Solovine and Paul Habicht) and his wife, Mileva Marić, had some influence on Einstein's work, but how much is unclear. Through these papers, Einstein tackles some of the era's most important physics questions and problems. In 1900, Lord Kelvin, in a"
"led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe. Except for one year in Prague, Einstein lived in Switzerland between 1895 and 1914, during which time he renounced his German citizenship in 1896, then received his academic diploma from the Swiss federal polytechnic school (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich in 1900. After being stateless for more than five years, he"
"that Einstein avoided his own theoretical ideas to win the approval of his PhD advisor, Alfred Kleiner. In 1905 Einstein obtained his doctorate from the University of Zurich under Alfred Kleiner, with the thesis entitled ""Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen"" (A New Determination of the Molecular Dimensions). After Einstein concluded a 1909 lecture at the University of Zurich on electrodynamics and relativity, Alfred Kleiner suggested the possibility of a position at the University to Einstein and recommended him for a newly created professorship in theoretical physics. On May 7, 1909, the ""Regierungsrat des Kantons Zürich"" appointed Einstein as an associate"
"affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955. Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and more than 150 non-scientific works. His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word ""Einstein"" synonymous with ""genius"". Eugene Wigner wrote of Einstein in comparison to his contemporaries that ""Einstein's understanding was deeper even than Jancsi von Neumann's. His mind was both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's. And that is a very remarkable statement."" Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879."
"Swiss university was home to an ""Einstein Symposium"", which was jointly organized with the University of Zurich. Several distinguished lecturers, including Nobel laureates and one Fields Medalist contributed to this symposium which took part from June 7 – June 11, 2005. Einstein Symposium In the centennial of ""Annus Mirabilis"" of 1905 (the ""miracle year"" during which Einstein published his five major papers on the special theory of relativity, Brownian motion and the quantum theory; which earned him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics), the UNESCO designated year 2005 to be the World Year of Physics (WYP). ""Bibliotheca Alexandrina"", the newly"
"papers, is based on the following evidence: ""The testimony of the well-known Russian physicist Abram Joffe, who gave the name of the author of the three ""Annus Mirabilis Papers"" as Einstein-Marity, erroneously attributing the addition of the name Marity, Marić's official name, to a non-existing Swiss custom."" In the paragraph in question, in which Joffe stated that ""Einstein's"" entrance into the arena of science in 1905 was ""unforgettable"", he described the author (singular) of the 1905 papers as ""a bureaucrat at the Patent Office in Bern"", i.e., Albert Einstein. Thus, while some scholars have argued that there is not enough"
"Albert Einstein became a member the Society for Natural Sciences of Bern with the help of one of his colleagues from the patent office in Bern, Josef Sauter. There, Einstein met Sauter's friend Paul Gruner, then Privatdozent for theoretical physics. Einstein held lectures and discussions in Gruner's home and started a letter exchange with him. When Einstein tried to become Privatdozent himself in 1907, Gruner (now professor for theoretical physics in Bern) supported him. Eventually, in 1908 Einstein became Privatdozent in Bern. Gruner and Sauter were among the participants in the relativity conference held on 11–16 July 1955 in Bern"
"Édouard Guillaume Édouard Guillaume (1881–1959) was a Swiss physicist and patent examiner, notorious for his published papers attacking Einstein's theory of special relativity. He is also noteworthy for his work on mathematical economics. Édouard Guillaume was the younger cousin of Charles Édouard Guillaume, who won the Nobel prize in physics in 1920. Both of the Guillaume cousins received doctorates in physics from the Zurich Polytechnique (ETH Zurich). Édouard Guillaume (the younger cousin) worked at the Swiss patent office where Einstein worked from 1902 to 1909. Beginning in 1913 Guillaume began publishing in the ""Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles"" papers"
"Einsteinhaus The Einsteinhaus (Einstein House) is a museum and a former residence. It is located on Kramgasse No. 49 in Bern, Switzerland. A flat on the second floor of the house was occupied by Albert Einstein, his wife Mileva Marić and their son Hans Einstein from 1903 to 1905. The Annus Mirabilis papers, which contributed substantially to the foundation of quantum physics, were written here while he worked at the Federal Institute of Intellectual Property. The living conditions of Einstein and his family are shown accurately in the apartment on the second floor with furniture from that time. Einstein’s biography"
"arguing for a Lorentzian electrodynamics with a universal time. He claimed that Einstein's theory mistakes changes in the units of measurement for physical changes and that time can be regarded as absolute. Beginning in 1917, Einstein started to reply to some of the letters Guillaume sent to him. The correspondence went on for a number of years, but Einstein was unable to convince Guillaume. In 1915 he moved from the Swiss patent office to the Swiss Federal Office for Insurance. From 1916 to 1946 when he retired, he worked for the Swiss insurance company ""La Neuchâteloise"", of which he became"
"Instruments in Dallas, Texas. Einstein then moved to California and worked at Litton Industries in the San Francisco Bay Area. His area of expertise was electron tube technology, and specifically light amplification devices for night vision. He filed and obtained four U.S. patents related to light amplification technology while he worked for Litton Industries. In 1974 Bernard moved back to Switzerland and worked in laser technology at the Swiss Army Research Lab in Thun, obtaining a further US patent. Bernhard Caesar Einstein Bernard Caesar Einstein (10 July 1930 – 30 September 2008) was a Swiss-American physicist, the son of Hans"
"and his life’s work are presented on the third floor. A smaller permanent exhibition is located at the Historical Museum of Bern. Einsteinhaus The Einsteinhaus (Einstein House) is a museum and a former residence. It is located on Kramgasse No. 49 in Bern, Switzerland. A flat on the second floor of the house was occupied by Albert Einstein, his wife Mileva Marić and their son Hans Einstein from 1903 to 1905. The Annus Mirabilis papers, which contributed substantially to the foundation of quantum physics, were written here while he worked at the Federal Institute of Intellectual Property. The living conditions"
"Einstein was to say that it had had an effect on his later scientific career. Olympia Academy The Olympia Academy (German: ""Akademie Olympia"") was a group of friends in Bern, Switzerland, who met—usually at Albert Einstein's apartment—in order to discuss philosophy and physics. The group was founded in 1902 by Einstein, Conrad Habicht, and Maurice Solovine, and played a significant role in Einstein's intellectual development. Before his ""miracle year"" (1905), when Einstein was a patent clerk in Bern, the group of friends met to debate books in the fields of physics and philosophy. The group's origin lay in Einstein's need"
"evidence to support the idea that Marić helped Einstein to develop his theories, others have argued that their letters suggest a collaboration between them, at least through 1901 before their children were born. In 1903, Marić and Einstein married in Bern, Switzerland, where Einstein had found a job at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property. In 1904 their first son, Hans Albert, was born. The Einsteins lived in Bern until 1909, when Einstein got a teaching position at the University of Zürich. In 1910, their second son Eduard was born. In 1911, they moved to Prague, where Einstein held a"
"Olympia Academy The Olympia Academy (German: ""Akademie Olympia"") was a group of friends in Bern, Switzerland, who met—usually at Albert Einstein's apartment—in order to discuss philosophy and physics. The group was founded in 1902 by Einstein, Conrad Habicht, and Maurice Solovine, and played a significant role in Einstein's intellectual development. Before his ""miracle year"" (1905), when Einstein was a patent clerk in Bern, the group of friends met to debate books in the fields of physics and philosophy. The group's origin lay in Einstein's need to offer private lessons in mathematics and physics in order to make a living (in"
"of the SA. During this action the shop windows were deliberately smashed. Whilst hiking in the mountains in August 1933, Einstein's twenty-year-old sister Clärle was killed by lightning in front of his eyes. For the rest of his life he kept the iron tip of her ice axe as a memento. During antisemitic actions in Laupheim in 1934, Siegfried Einstein was chased across the school yard and injured by being pelted with stones whereupon, on 26 September 1934, he fled to Switzerland and settled in the municipality of Au in the Canton of St. Gallen. There he went to boarding"
"Wendt to Argentina. There he worked at the geophysical and astronomical observatory in La Plata. Afterwards he obtained a leading position at a Physics Department in Buenos Aires. After accepting the Argentine nationality (with the Spanish first name variant ""Jacobo Juan"") he began to work in the Diplomatic service of Argentina. In 1947 he returned to Germany. In his new home town Freiburg he went into economic troubles and therefore sold a part of his correspondence with Einstein. In 1905 he investigated cathode rays together with Wilhelm Wien. Afterwards he investigated some topics on special relativity and wrote in 1907"
"a director. For the academic year 1936-1937 he lectured on financial economics as a ""privat docent"" at the University of Neuchâtel. Édouard Guillaume was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg, where he presented his ideas concerning relativity theory. In 1932 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1932 in Zurich, where he gave a talk stemming from the Guillaume brothers' work on mathematical economics. Édouard Guillaume Édouard Guillaume (1881–1959) was a Swiss physicist and patent examiner, notorious for his published papers attacking Einstein's theory of special relativity. He is also noteworthy for his work"
"distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion."" Einstein died one month and 3 days after his friend, on 18 April 1955. Michele Besso Michele Angelo Besso (Riesbach, 25 May 1873 – Geneva, 15 March 1955) was a Swiss/Italian engineer. Besso was born in Riesbach from a family of Italian Jewish (Sephardi) descent. He was a close friend of Albert Einstein during his years at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, today the ETH Zurich, and then at the patent office in Bern, where Einstein helped him to get a job. Besso is credited with introducing"
"professor, effective from the October 15, 1909, with a salary of 4,500 Swiss Francs per annum. Alfred Kleiner Alfred Kleiner (April 24, 1849 – July 3, 1916) was a Swiss physicist and Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Zurich. He was Albert Einstein's doctoral advisor or ""Doktorvater."" Initially Einstein's advisor was Heinrich F. Weber. However, they had a major falling out, and Einstein chose to switch to Kleiner. He received his PhD in 1874 from the University of Zurich, for a thesis entitled ""Zur Theorie der intermittirenden Netzhautreizung"" (On the theory of intermittent retinal irritation), under Johann Jakob"
"Oceania, America and Egypt. One of the most remarkable items in the collection is the Muri statuette group, a group of six Gallo-Roman bronze figurines. The Bern Historical Museum is a heritage site of national significance. First conceived as a temporary exhibition in 2005, the Einstein Museum became a museum dedicated to the life and work of Albert Einstein, who developed the Relativity Theory while living in Bern. The house where he lived (Einsteinhaus) in this period is also open to the public, but is located elsewhere in the city and charges separate entry fees. Bern Historical Museum The Bern"
"1901, before he took up his post at the patent office in Bern). Solovine, a Romanian philosophy student, answered Einstein's newspaper advertisement, though in fact neither the tutorials nor any payment materialised; instead, the two began to meet regularly to discuss their shared interest in physics and philosophy. They were soon joined by the mathematician Habicht, who was Einstein's neighbour at Schaffhausen; in 1902 they named themselves the ""Akademie Olympia"", and though a friend would occasionally join them in one of their meetings, the Academy remained essentially just the trio of Einstein, Habicht, and Solovine until the latter two left"
"Switzerland to accept a professorship at his ""alma mater"", the ETH. Once back in Zurich, he immediately visited his old ETH classmate Marcel Grossmann, now a professor of mathematics, who introduced him to Riemannian geometry and, more generally, to differential geometry. On the recommendation of Italian mathematician Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein began exploring the usefulness of general covariance (essentially the use of tensors) for his gravitational theory. For a while Einstein thought that there were problems with the approach, but he later returned to it and, by late 1915, had published his general theory of relativity in the form in which"
"early 2010s in both Germany and Italy to identify them. The events were also the subject of a German documentary featuring Einstein's nieces who witnessed the events in 1944. Robert Einstein was born in 1884 in Munich, the son of Jakob Abraham Einstein. Robert was a cousin of Nobel Prize Laureate Albert Einstein, as Hermann Einstein, Albert's father, was an older brother and business partner of Jakob Einstein, who persuaded his older brother to move their families and factory to Pavia, Italy. In 1944, Robert Einstein, who had lived in Italy for many decades, resided with his family in Rignano"
"Breslau, where he worked under the supervision of Otto Lummer and Ernst Pringsheim, hoping to do his habilitation in physics. A minor accident involving Born's black body experiment, a ruptured cooling water hose, and a flooded laboratory, led to Lummer telling him that he would never become a physicist. In 1905, Albert Einstein published his paper ""On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"" about special relativity. Born was intrigued, and began researching the subject. He was devastated to discover that Minkowski was also researching special relativity along the same lines, but when he wrote to Minkowski about his results, Minkowski asked"
"scientific and philosophical outlook. In 1900, Einstein's paper ""Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen"" (""Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena"") was published in the journal ""Annalen der Physik"". On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as ""pro-forma"" advisor. As a result, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zürich, with his dissertation """"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions"""". In that same year, which has been called Einstein's ""annus mirabilis"" (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which"
"Elsa, where she later died. Hermann Einstein (30 August 1847 – 10 October 1902) was the father of Albert Einstein. Hermann Einstein (also known as Hermann Moos) was born in Buchau, Kingdom of Württemberg to Abraham Einstein and Helene Moos (3 July 1814 – 20 August 1887). He had six siblings: At the age of 14, Hermann attended the secondary school in the regional capital Stuttgart and was academically successful. He had a strong affection for mathematics, and would have liked to study in this or a related area, but as the financial situation of the family precluded further education,"
"the end of 1905 Kaufmann carried out more accurate measurements. He was the first to discuss Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity and argued that, although Einstein's theory is based on quite different conditions and is logically more satisfying, it is observationally equivalent to Lorentz's theory. Therefore, he spoke of the ""Lorentz-Einstein"" theory. It is notable that Kaufmann himself interpreted his experimental results as confirmation of Abraham's theory, refuting the Lorentz-Einstein principle of relativity. For some years this weighed heavily against the latter. However, Kaufmann's results were criticized by Max Planck, Adolf Bestelmeyer (1906) and Walter Ritz (1908). The experiments"
"Patent Office in Bern. He is also honored by the lunar crater ""Einstein"". The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (). Arthur C. Clarke joked in the postscript of his novel """" that he was hoping asteroid 2001 would be named after him, but it was named for Einstein first. Asteroid 3001 was named 3001 Michelangelo. Clarke was later honoured with asteroid 4923 Clarke, named together with 5020 Asimov. 2001 Einstein Einstein (minor planet designation: 2001 Einstein), provisional designation , is a bright Hungaria asteroid from the innermost region of the asteroid belt,"
"continental Europe's oldest graduate school of international and development studies, but also widely believed to be one of its most prestigious. Many Nobel Prize laureates have been Swiss scientists. They include the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics, who developed his special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Kurt Wüthrich and Jacques Dubochet received Nobel Prizes in the sciences. In total, 114 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing"
"many scientific papers on different topics. Jakob Laub Jakob Johann Laub (born as Jakub Laub, 7 February 1884 in Rzeszów – 22 April 1962 in Fribourg) was a physicist from Austria-Hungary, who is best known for his work with Albert Einstein in the early period of special relativity. He was the son of Abraham Laub and Anna Maria Schenborn. Laub, who converted from the Jewish to the Catholic faith and changed his name from ""Jakub"" into ""Jakob Johann"", first visited High School in Rzeszów. Next stations were the University of Vienna, the University of Kraków and finally the University of"
"to Einstein in 1922. Footnotes Citations Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed ""the world's most famous equation"". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics ""for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of"