"Psilaster andromeda Psilaster andromeda is a species of starfish in the family Astropectinidae. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean where it occurs at abyssal depths. ""Psilaster andromeda"" is a deep water species of starfish native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from Murmansk and the coasts of Norway to the Faeroes, the Kattegat, the United Kingdom and the Bay of Biscay. It is present in the Rockall Trough. It is found in Norwegian fiords on muddy bottoms at depths of . It is also found in the Porcupine Seabight and on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain in"
"Rockall Basin The Rockall Basin (also known as the Hatton Rockall Basin) is a large (c. 800 km by 150 km) sedimentary basin that lies to the west of Ireland and the United Kingdom beneath the major deepwater area known as the Rockall Trough. It is named after Rockall, a rocky islet lying 301.4 km west of St Kilda. The nature of the crust beneath the Rockall Trough has long been a matter of debate. Originally thought to be oceanic crust it is now generally considered to be highly stretched continental crust, although some groups of researchers continue to favour"
"Tryal Rocks Tryal Rocks, sometimes spelled Trial Rocks or Tryall Rocks, formerly known as Ritchie's Reef or Greyhound's Shoal, is a reef of rock located in the Indian Ocean off the northwest coast of Australia, northwest of the outer edge of the Montebello Islands group. It is named for the ""Tryall"", the first known shipwreck in Australian waters, which sunk after striking the then-uncharted rocks in 1622. Described as ""the theme and dread of every voyager to the eastern islands"", their location was sought for over three centuries before finally being determined in 1969. Tryal Rocks are located at ."
"for Kilmarnock, said: ""More people have landed on the moon than have landed on Rockall."" Rockall is one of the few pinnacles of the surrounding Helen's Reef; it is located 301.3 km, or 162.7 nmi west of the island of Soay, St Kilda, Scotland, and northwest of Tory Island, County Donegal, Ireland. Its location was precisely determined by Nick Hancock during his 2014 expedition. The surrounding elevated seabed is called the Rockall Bank, lying directly south from an area known as the Rockall Plateau. It is separated from the Outer Hebrides by the Rockall Trough, itself located within the Rockall"
"British attempt to claim an EEZ around Rockall, an uninhabited granite outcropping in the Atlantic Ocean. The UK eventually dropped its claim in the 1990s when other countries objected. Dr. Dyke has further asserted that it is impossible to make ""a plausible claim that Okinotorishima should be able to generate a 200 [nautical]-mile zone"". Tadao Kuribayashi, another law professor, disagrees, arguing in part that rocks and reefs differ in composition and structure, and that the intent of the provision was geared toward the former. In 2016, Japan's arrest of a Taiwanese fishing ship's crew led Taiwan to protest against Japan's"
"a rich deep sea fish population. Features of the Rockall Plateau have been officially named after features of Middle-earth in the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, e.g. Eriador Seamount, Rohan Seamount, Gondor Seamount, Fangorn Bank, Edoras Bank, Lorien Knoll, Isengard Ridge. In February 2000, the ""RRS Discovery"", a British oceanographic research vessel sailing in the Rockall Trough encountered the largest waves ever recorded by scientific instruments in the open ocean, with a SWH of and individual waves up to . Rockall Basin The Rockall Basin (also known as the Hatton Rockall Basin) is a large (c. 800 km by"
"are near the outer edge of the S.W. part of Monte Bello Islands reef and five miles (8 km) off the North extreme of Barrow Island"". In 1928, Commander Rupert Gould made a survey of the area and declared that Ritchie Reef was definitely the Tryal Rocks. Final confirmation of this came in 1969, when an exploration team found the wreck of the ""Tryall"" there. Tryal Rocks Tryal Rocks, sometimes spelled Trial Rocks or Tryall Rocks, formerly known as Ritchie's Reef or Greyhound's Shoal, is a reef of rock located in the Indian Ocean off the northwest coast of Australia,"
"to the northwest of Scotland and Ireland, running roughly from southwest to northeast, flanked on the north by the Rockall Plateau and to the south by the Porcupine Seabight. At the northern end, the channel is bounded by the Wyville-Thomson Ridge, named after Charles Wyville Thomson, professor of zoology at the University of Edinburgh and driving force behind the Challenger Expedition. At the southern end, the trough opens into the Porcupine abyssal plain. One of the features of the Rockall Trough is the Anton Dohrn Seamount. It lies beneath the surface, rising from the surrounding seabed. The plateau formed approximately"
"Cretaceous all being suggested. To date, there has been comparatively little drilling to explore for oil and gas within the Rockall Basin and only two discoveries have been made, Benbecula in the northern UK Rockall (Shell originally Enterprise Oil) and Dooish in the northern Irish Rockall (Shell originally Enterprise Energy Ireland). The discoveries show that, at least locally, there is a working petroleum system. Rights to exploit these resources are disputed between the UK, Ireland, Iceland and Denmark (on behalf of the Faroes). This topic is addressed in Rockall Bank dispute. The Rockall Trough () is a deep-water bathymetric feature"
"a bed of 100 million flame shells was found during a survey of Loch Alsh. The Darwin Mounds, an important area of cold water coral reefs discovered in 1988, are about deep in the Atlantic Ocean, about north-west of Cape Wrath in the north-east corner of the Rockall Trough. The area covers approximately and contains hundreds of mounds of about in diameter and in height, many having a teardrop shaped 'tail' orientated south-west of the mound. This feature may be unique globally. The tops of the mounds have living stands of ""Lophelia"" corals and support significant populations of the single-celled"
"habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf"". In 1988, Ireland and the United Kingdom signed an EEZ boundary agreement, ignoring the rock per UNCLOS. With effect from 31 March 2014, the UK and Ireland published EEZ limits which include Rockall within the UK's EEZ. In October 2012, the ""Irish Independent"" published a picture of the Irish Navy ship ""LÉ Róisín"" sailing past Rockall conducting routine maritime security patrols, and claimed that it was exercising Ireland's sovereign rights over the rock. There have been various disasters on the neighbouring Hasselwood Rock and"
"Mariana Trough The Mariana Trough is an active back-arc basin in the western Pacific Ocean . It is an integral part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc system. The Mariana Trough stretches 1300 km from north to south, about the distance from Los Angeles CA to Portland OR, Tokyo, Japan to Seoul, Korea, or London, England to Rome, Italy. The Mariana Trough has roughly the dimensions and areal extent of Japan or California. The Trough is crudely crescent-shaped, opening on the south; it is bounded to the east by the active Mariana arc, to the west by the remnant arc of the"
"on its proximity to the Irish mainland, however the country has never formally claimed sovereignty over the rock. Although Rockall is closer to the UK coast than to the Irish coast, Ireland does not recognise the UK's territorial claim to Rockall, ""which would be the basis for a claim to a 12-mile territorial sea"". Ireland regards Rockall as irrelevant when determining the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) as the rock is uninhabitable and in signing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1997, the UK has agreed that ""Rocks which cannot sustain human"
"Gough Island Gough Island , also known historically as Gonçalo Álvares after the Portuguese explorer, is a rugged volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha and part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It is about south-east of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (which includes Nightingale Island and Inaccessible Island), north-east from South Georgia Island, west from Cape Town, and over from the nearest point of South America. Gough Island is uninhabited except for the personnel of a weather station (usually six people) which the"
"1982 and the UK declared that no ship would be allowed within a radius of the rock. However, in 1997, the UK ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), limiting territorial sea claims to a 12-nautical-mile, or 14 mile (22 km), radius, and therefore allowing free passage in waters beyond this. In 1988, the United Kingdom and Ireland signed an EEZ boundary agreement for which ""the location of Rockall was irrelevant to the determination of the boundary"". In 1997, the UK ratified UNCLOS, which states that ""Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life"
"Anton Dohrn Seamount The Anton Dohrn Seamount is a guyot in the Rockall Trough in the northeast Atlantic. It was named after the German fishery research vessel which discovered it at the end of the 1950s which, in turn, had been named after the 19th-century biologist Anton Dohrn. The feature rises from approximately 2,100 metres to 600 metres below sea level and has a sedimentary layer approximately 100 metres thick. It arose through episodic volcanic activity between 70 and 40 million years ago. Around the base of the seamount is a slight ""moat"" where the sea-bottom is at a lower"
"Rockall Bank dispute Several states have claimed interests over the sea bed adjoining Rockall. Denmark (for the Faroe Islands), Iceland, Ireland and the United Kingdom have all made submissions to the commission set up under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states, ""Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf."" The convention was ratified by all four states in dispute over the Rockall Plateau – Iceland on 26 January 1985, Ireland on"
"of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf"". As the rock lies within the United Kingdom's EEZ, the UK has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources of the area, including jurisdiction over the protection and preservation of the marine environment. In May 2017, declassified documents revealed that the 1955 decision to claim the island as UK territory was motivated by worries that it could otherwise be used by ""hostile agents"" to spy on the future South Uist missile testing range. Potential Irish claims to Rockall are based"
"EEZ beyond the islet. The remaining issue is the status of the continental shelf rights of the surrounding ocean floor. These are the exclusive rights to exploit any resources on or under the ocean floor (oil, natural gas, etc.) and should not be confused with the EEZ, as continental shelf rights do not carry any privileges with regard to fisheries. Ownership of these rights in the Rockall area are disputed between the United Kingdom, Denmark (for the Faroe Islands), Ireland and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are an autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark. Since 1948 they have had self-government"
"Answer from the Irish Minister of Foreign Affairs on 14 June 1990, an agreement was reached between the British and Irish governments on delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries and that this included a line of delimitation across the Rockall Plateau. As a result, a very extensive area under Irish jurisdiction, including part of the Rockall Trough and Plateau, is not disputed by the United Kingdom. No further negotiations were taking place in relation to the rock at the time. More recently, on 11 June 2003, the Irish Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources gave a"
"to claim sovereignty for itself. The UK does not make a claim to extended EEZ based on Rockall, as it has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); this says that ""rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf"". However, such features are entitled to a territorial sea extending 12 nautical miles. With effect from 31 March 2014, the UK and Ireland published EEZ limits which resolved any disputes over the extent of their respective EEZs. In response to a Freedom of"
"The Baracuda-style naval patrol, search and rescue vessel, Thunder Child, completed the route in 34 hours, 1 minute, and 47 seconds. Set on an anti-clockwise direction, the new record – the first of its kind - is now subject to ratification by Irish Sailing and the Union Internationale Motonautique, the world governing board for all powerboat activity. The UK claims Rockall along with a territorial sea around the islet inside the country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The UK also claims ""a circle of UK sovereign airspace over the islet of Rockall"". The UK claimed Rockall on 18 September 1955 when"
"flora and fauna. They chartered the ""Granuaile"". A detailed underwater mapping of the area around Rockall undertaken in 2011–2012 by Marine Scotland showed that Rockall itself is a minor pinnacle, whilst Helen's Reef extends in a sweeping arc of fissures and ridges to the north-west of the islet. Between the islet and Helen's Reef is a deeper trench much used by squid fishermen. The area where Rockall is in, is located in the pathway of the warming and moderating Gulf Stream. Although the rock does not sustain any weather station, the isolated nature of the setting dictates an extremely maritime"
"stocks and possibly aid medical research. In an 1870 paper presented to the Geological Society of Ireland, Mr W Fraser suggested that these reefs mark the site of the sunken island of Hy-Brasil. Hy-Brasil was recorded on maps of the 15th and 16th centuries and is sometimes referred to as the other Atlantis. Porcupine Bank Porcupine Bank is an area of the Irish shelf, on the fringes of the Atlantic Ocean approximately west of Ireland. The relatively raised area of seabed, 200 m below sea level at its highest, lies between the deep-water Porcupine Seabight and Rockall Trough. The name"
"Scotland. They discovered two areas of hundreds of sand and deep-water coral mounds at depths of about in the northeast corner of the Rockall Trough, approximately northwest of the northwest tip of Scotland. Named after the research vessel Charles Darwin, the Darwin Mounds have been extensively mapped using low-frequency side-scan sonar. They cover an area of approximately and consist of two main fields—the Darwin Mounds East, with about 75 mounds, and the Darwin Mounds West, with about 150 mounds. Other mounds are scattered in adjacent areas. Each mound is about in diameter and high. ""Lophelia"" corals and coral rubble cover"
"of the coast of Africa, and ranged into the Atlantic to survey the tiny islet of Rockall. So far she has been the only ship of the Navy to bear the name. ""Vidal"" spent her career carrying out surveys for the Navy, and supporting scientific work for the British government. The development of the Cold War led the British government to decide to formally annex Rockall. This was authorised on 14 September 1955, with orders from Queen Elizabeth II transmitted to the ""Vidal"" detailing On arrival at Rockall you will effect a landing and hoist the Union flag on whatever"
"55 million years ago, a continental fragment formed between Greenland and Europe when the ancient continent of Laurasia was split apart by plate tectonics. The Rockall Islet is the highest point of the plateau, rising 21 m above sealevel. It is made of a type of peralkaline granite. The petroleum and natural gas resources in the area have been the source of political tensions between the governments of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands (a possession of Denmark). The area supports cold water coral colonies and carbonate mound fields such as the Logachev Mounds; the trough supports"
"of November 17, 1858.' The Mexican claim was rejected for lack of proof of prior Spanish discovery and, in any event, no effective occupation by Mexico before 1858, when the island was therefore ""territorium nullius"", and the French occupation then was sufficient and legally continuing."" According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was ""terra nullius"" until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955. It was formally annexed in 1972. One of the few micronations to control a physical location, the Principality of Sealand has existed de facto since 1967 on an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea."
"Knox Atoll Knox Atoll (Marshallese: , ) is an uninhabited coral atoll of 18 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and is the southernmost atoll of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. The total land area is only , but it encloses a largely sand-filled lagoon with an area of . The atoll measures in length and is wide. The largest islets, located on the western and northern sides, include Aelingeo, Nadikdik and Nariktal. The atoll is separated by the Klee Passage from the southern point of Mili Atoll to which it was once connected. Knox Atoll was claimed by"
"Drake Passage The Drake Passage () or Mar de Hoces—Sea of Hoces—is the body of water between South America's Cape Horn and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean (Scotia Sea) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and extends into the Southern Ocean. The passage receives its English-language name from the 16th-century English privateer Sir Francis Drake. Drake's only remaining ship, after having passed through the Strait of Magellan, was blown far south in September 1578. This incident implied an open connection between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Half a"
"existence has also since been confirmed by video and photographs, and satellite imagery and radar of the ocean surface, by stereo wave imaging systems, by pressure transducers on the sea-floor and notably by oceanographic research vessel. In February 2000, a British oceanographic research vessel, the RRS ""Discovery"", sailing in the Rockall Trough west of Scotland encountered the largest waves ever recorded by scientific instruments in the open ocean, with a SWH of and individual waves up to . ""In 2004 scientists using three weeks of radar images from European Space Agency satellites found ten rogue waves, each or higher."" A"
"George Bligh Bank George Bligh Bank is a seamount that lies in the Rockall Trough. It is a roughly circular feature in the northeast Atlantic, west of Scotland,centred at approximately 59°N, 14°W at the northern end of both the Hatton and Rockall Banks. The bank is approximately 75 km in diameter with a summit at approximately 450 m rising from a depth of over 1000 m. The ‘moat’ around the base of George Bligh Bank deepens from north to south and is deeper than 1650 m in the south. George Bligh Bank is part of the Rockall-Hatton Plateau, a large"
"Puerto Rico Trench The Puerto Rico Trench is located on the boundary between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic trench is associated with a complex transition between the Lesser Antilles subduction zone to the south and the major transform fault zone or plate boundary, which extends west between Cuba and Hispaniola through the Cayman Trough to the coast of Central America. The trench is long and has a maximum depth of or 5.373 miles at Milwaukee Deep, which is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and the deepest point not in the Pacific Ocean. Scientific studies"