"annual global amount of collectable rice straw (not total produced straw) for biofuel production was estimated about 249 million tonnes, that could approximately produce 355.78 kilotonnes of hydrogen and 11.32 million tonnes of lignin by the proposed organosolv technology and it was found that China contributes to about 32% of global potential capacity to produce biohydrogen from rice straw. Nutrients in most crop residue are not immediately available for crop use. Their release (called mineralization) occurs over a period of years. The biological processes involved in soil nutrient cycles are complex. As a rough guide, cereal straw releases about 10"
"the most common cultivar is the red (purple) cultivar called ""kumara"" (now spelled ""kūmara"" in the Māori language), but orange ('Beauregard') and gold cultivars are also available. Kumara is particularly popular as a roasted food, often served with sour cream and sweet chili sauce. Occasionally, shops in Australia will label purple cultivars as ""purple sweet potato"" to denote the difference to the other cultivars. About 95% of Australia's production is of the orange cultivar named 'Beauregard', originally from North America, known simply as ""sweet potato"". A reddish-purple cultivar, 'Northern Star', is 4% of production and is sold as ""kumara"". The"
"cereal crops to enhance the soil. It persisted and spread. Today this plant grows in the wild and provides food for a number of mammal and bird species. It is also a high-quality livestock forage. The seed is still sold for planting. Three cultivars are available: ""Climax"", ""Harbin"", and ""Rowan"". Despite its status as a weed in some areas, it is not very aggressive and not considered a noxious weed. Kummerowia stipulacea Kummerowia stipulacea is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name Korean clover. It is native to China, Japan, Korea, and Russia,"
"Ambemohar is very popular. This rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom. Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavors; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna rice, Vietnamese fragrant rice, and a hybrid cultivar from America, sold under the trade name Texmati. Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild popcorn-like aroma and flavor. In Indonesia, there are also ""red"" and ""black"" cultivars. High-yield cultivars of rice suitable for cultivation in Africa and other dry ecosystems, called the new rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars, have been developed. It is hoped that their cultivation will improve food security"
"such as sekihan. It is a short-grain rice, and can be distinguished from ""uruchimai"" by its particularly short, round, opaque grains, its greater stickiness when cooked, and firmer and chewier texture. Contemporary cultivation of rice in Japan is characterized by high mechanization, intense cultivation, and a shortage of farmland. Terraced rice fields cover many rural hillsides and are relatively small due to mountainous terrain and government controls on farmland consolidation. Koshihikari () is a particularly esteemed cultivar and one of the most commonly grown in Japan. Akitakomachi is also quite popular. Sasanishiki is a cultivar known for keeping the same"
"is common for one variety of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price. Rice cultivars also fall into groups according to environmental conditions, season of planting, and season of harvest, called ecotypes. Some major groups are the Japan-type (grown in Japan), ""buly"" and ""tjereh"" types (Indonesia); ""aman"" (main winter crop), ""aus"" (""aush"", summer), and ""boro"" (spring) (Bengal and Assam). Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding, and these are generally called ""floating rice"". The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, with over 100,000 rice accessions held"
"Common cultivars include 'Scarlet O'Hara', 'Early Call', and 'Rose Silk'. Hybrids, for instance with ""I. purpurea"", have been developed. Some of these have been given the name ""I. x imperialis"" (Imperial Japanese morning glory), which is not official. Cultivars include 'Sunrise Serenade'. Alternative nomenclatures include ""Ipomoea nil x imperialis"", as in 'Cameo Elegance', or ""Ipomoea nil' 'Imperialis'. Morning glories are popular in Japan. They are believed to have been introduced there directly from China or via Korea in the Heian period of the 8th to 9th centuries. During the Edo period of the 17th to 19th centuries, as more people"
"Buckwheat Buckwheat (""Fagopyrum esculentum""), also known as common buckwheat, Japanese buckwheat and silverhull buckwheat, is a plant cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop. A related and more bitter species, ""Fagopyrum tataricum"", a domesticated food plant common in Asia, but not as common in Europe or North America, is also referred to as buckwheat. Despite the name, buckwheat is not related to wheat, as it is not a grass. Instead, buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb. Because its seeds are rich in complex carbohydrates, it is referred to as a pseudocereal. The cultivation of buckwheat"
"Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum () and also known as great millet, durra, jowari, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production. Sorghum originated in Africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Sorghum is the world's fifth-most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize, and barley. ""S. bicolor"" is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 m high. The grain is small, ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter."
"and high quality grain. The cultivated Asiatic ""Vigna"" species belong to the sub-genus Ceratotropis, a fairly distinct and homogeneous group, largely restricted to Asia, which has a chromosome number of 2n = 22 (except ""V. glabrescens"", 2n = 44). There are seven cultivated species within the sub-genus, including mung bean or green gram (""V. radiata""), black gram or urad bean (""V. mungo""), adzuki bean (""V. angularis"") and moth bean (""V. aconitifolia"") as well as a number of wild species. Artificial crosses have been made between ""V. mungo"" and ""V. umbellata"" to produce improved mung bean varieties (e.g. Singh ""et al."","
"the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine. Rice probably originated in Korea or Australia and was widely grown in Asia 3000 years ago. Muslims brought rice to Sicily with cultivation starting in the 9th century. After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration. As a cereal grain, today it is the most widely consumed staple food for Asia and elsewhere. It is the #3 agricultural commodity (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (""corn"" in the"
"development, which is also why the species is sometimes referred to as an underutilized crop. The name (borrowed by English from French) is from Wolof ""foño"". Fonio has continued to be important locally because it is both nutritious and one of the world's fastest growing cereals, reaching maturity in as little as six to eight weeks. It is a crop that can be relied on in semi-arid areas with poor soils, where rains are brief and unreliable. The grains are used in porridge and couscous, for bread, and for beer. The small grains make it difficult and time-consuming to remove"
"' and is a common ingredient of chaat. In Marathi, it is known as ' (), literally meaning 'red cowpea'. In Iraq its name is """" () meaning ""red cowpeas"". The adzuki bean is mainly cultivated in China ( ha), Japan ( ha), South Korea ( ha) and Taiwan ( ha) (data published 2006). The bean is also grown commercially in the US, South America and India, as well as New Zealand, Kongo and Angola. In Japan, the adzuki bean is the second most important legume after the soy bean; its 1998 annual yield of this crop was around 100,000"
"of staple diet for some communities in India, these seeds are, in particular, (cooked and) eaten during religious fasting (willingly abstaining from some types of food / food ingredients). For this reason, these seeds are commonly also referred to as ""vrat ke chawal"" in Hindi (i.e. - rice for fasting, literally). Other common names to identify these seeds include Jhangora in the Garhwal Hills, Bhagar (भगर) in Marathi speaking areas, Samo seeds, Morio / Mario / Moraiaya seeds. KuthiraiVaali (குதிரைவாளி)(Tamil) Echinochloa frumentacea Echinochloa frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet, sawa millet, or billion dollar grass) is a species of ""Echinochloa"". Both ""Echinochloa"
"the beginning of the rice planting season. It is still honored in the kingdoms of Cambodia and Thailand. Rice Rice is the seed of the grass species ""Oryza sativa"" (Asian rice) or ""Oryza glaberrima"" (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes). Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than"
"groups. Most of the cultivars belong to the ""Akanashi"" ('Russet pears') group, and have yellowish-brown rinds. The ""Aonashi"" ('Green pears') have yellow-green rinds. Important cultivars include: Pyrus pyrifolia Pyrus pyrifolia is a species of pear tree native to East Asia. The tree's edible fruit is known by many names, including: Asian pear, Chinese pear, Korean pear, Japanese pear, Taiwanese pear, zodiac pear, and sand pear. Along with cultivars of ""P. × bretschneideri"" and ""P. ussuriensis"", the fruit is also called the nashi pear. Cultivars derived from ""Pyrus pyrifolia"" are grown throughout East Asia, and in other countries such as India,"
"can be classified into three subgroups, 'temperate japonica', 'tropical japonica' (also known as 'javanica', ), and 'aromatic'. Temperate japonica is cultivated in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan), while tropical japonica is in Indonesia, Madagascar, and also the Americas where it was brought to with slave trade. In Korea, rice is called by non-interchangeable names. ""Ssal"" (), ""byeo"" (), or ""mo"" () are the names used depending on the growth stages of rice. ""Ssal"" refers to peeled grains of rice and rice in a generic sense. Rice plants are called ""byeo"", while rice seedlings grown to be transplanted to"
"most households in the villages. Rice, raisi, was brought by the Indian immigrants and was grown for domestic use around Fiji. Taro leaf, rourou, is the most important cash crop for Fijian communities. It is used in everyday meals and also used for ceremonial meals to make palusami. Bele (Abelmoschus manihot, also hibiscus bele/hibiscus spinach [Hibiscus manihot]) is one of the most nutritious traditional vegetables in Oceania. It is a highly nutritious green leafy vegetable grown in almost every household. The leaves are rich sources of vitamins and minerals such as iron and magnesium, pro Vit A and C, also"
"conditions, filling, and has a distinct nutty flavour. It is also grown for cultural reasons; for instance, it is sacred to awasena followers among the Jola people, and is a heritage variety in the United States. Crossbreeding between African and Asian rice is difficult, but there exist some crosses. Humans have independently domesticated two different rice species. African rice was domesticated from wild African rice, ""Oryza barthii"", while Asian rice (""Oryza sativa""), was domesticated from wild Asian rice, ""Oryza rufipogon"". ""Oryza barthii"" still grows wild in Africa, in a wide variety of open habitats. The Sahara was formerly wetter, with"
"Millet Millets (/ˈmɪlɪts/) are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa (especially in India, Mali, Nigeria, and Niger), with 97% of millet production in developing countries. The crop is favored due to its productivity and short growing season under dry, high-temperature conditions. Millets are indigenous to many parts of the world. The most widely grown millet is pearl millet, which is an important crop in India and parts of Africa. Finger millet, proso"
"the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates. It was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbus's voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere. The word ""maize"" derives from the Spanish form of the indigenous Taíno word for the plant, ""mahiz"". It is known by other names around the world. The word ""corn"" outside North America, Australia, and New Zealand refers to any cereal crop, its meaning understood to vary geographically to refer to the local staple. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, ""corn"" primarily means"
"Nepalese sorghum Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) comes from the Latin name “Syrucum (granum)” which means “grain of Syria” however it originated in eastern Africa. Sorghum is an important species of the grass family, Paceae, and is considered the world’s fifth most important cereal crop. There are many diverse and wild types of Sorghum, however there are seven basic races, the most common in Asia are Durra and Sballu. Sorghum is an important staple crop for more than 500 million people in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, including many people in Nepal. Sorghum is grown on more than 48 ha area around"
"which can be used to make porridge or fermented to make beer. Fonio has been widely used as a staple crop in parts of Africa. It also has decent nutrient qualities as a forage for cattle. The prevalent species of ""Digitaria"" in North America are large crabgrass (""D. sanguinalis""), sometimes known as hairy crabgrass; and smooth crabgrass (""D. ischaemum""). These species often become problem weeds in lawns and gardens, growing especially well in thin lawns that are watered lightly, underfertilized, and poorly drained. They are annual plants, and one plant is capable of producing 150,000 seeds per season. The seeds"
"market. In the UK, Nutri-Grain bars are around one-third cereals (mainly wheat-flour) and around ten percent fruit. Breakfast bars are a similar product to the muesli bar or granola bar. Nutri-Grain received four stars out of five on the Australian Government's health star ratings. Nutri-Grain Nutri-Grain is a brand of breakfast cereal and breakfast bar made by the Kellogg Company. In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, Nutri-Grain is a breakfast cereal made from corn, oats, and wheat. The pieces are shaped like rectangles with three holes in them (Australia, New Zealand). The South African cereal consists of pieces made"
"grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations. Today pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 km of land worldwide. It accounts for about 50% of the total world production of millets. Pearl millet is commonly used to make the flat bread ""bhakri"". It is also boiled to make an tamil porridge called ""kamban choru"" or ""kamban koozh"". India is the largest producer of pearl millet. India began growing millet before c. 3300 BCE. It is currently unknown how it"
"Echinochloa frumentacea Echinochloa frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet, sawa millet, or billion dollar grass) is a species of ""Echinochloa"". Both ""Echinochloa frumentacea"" and ""E. esculenta"" are called Japanese millet. This millet is widely grown as a cereal in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Its wild ancestor is the tropical grass ""Echinochloa colona"", but the exact date or region of domestication is uncertain. It is cultivated on marginal lands where rice and other crops will not grow well. The grains are cooked in water, like rice, or boiled with milk and sugar. Sometimes it is fermented to make beer. While also being part"
"better quality rhizomes than seed and flower lotus. Furthermore, this group grows the tallest and produces no or very few flowers. Cultivars can be classified by harvest time or by the depth of rhizomes into these types: The main popular ""Nelumbo nucifera"" cultivars in China are Elian 1, Elian 4, Elian 5, 9217, Xin 1 and 00–01. Average yield of these cultivars is 7.5–15 t/ha (3.3-6.7 tons/acre) of harvest in July and 30–45 t/ha (13-20 tons/acre) of harvest in September. In Australia, the cultivar grown for the fresh rhizome market is Quangdong and in Japan the common rhizome cultivars are"
"make traditional breads on the Horn of Africa, such as Ethiopian ""injera"" and Somalian ""laxoox"". It is a crop of commercial importance. ""E. clelandii"" and ""E. tremula"" are recorded as famine foods in Australia and Chad, respectively. Other species, such as ""E. amabilis"", are used as ornamental plants. ""E. cynosuroides"" is used in the ""pūjā"" rites in the Hindu temple at Karighatta. Bahia lovegrass (""E. bahiensis"") is known as a hyperaccumulator of caesium-137 and can be grown to remove the highly toxic radioactive atoms from the environment. Weeping lovegrass (""E. curvula"") has been planted extensively to prevent soil erosion. Seed"
"form. Darjeeling Some of the most popular tea variants of Goodricke Tea come from its Darjeeling Tea gardens. The gardens include Margaret's Hope, Castleton, Badamtam, Barnesbeg and Thurbo. The teas from these gardens are usually sold to buyers from Japan, Europe and the United States. Assam In Assam, the Orthodox tea from the gardens of Nonaipara, Harmutty, Orangajuli and Dejoo is sold in bulk in the Middle East, the UK and Germany markets. The handpicked CTCs come from the gardens of Borbam and Amgoorie and sold in bulk across India and abroad. Dooars This part of the Himalayan region offers"
"rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout tropical Asia. Rice occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices. Black rice (also known as purple rice) is a range of rice types, some of which are glutinous rice. Varieties include Indonesian black rice and Thai jasmine black rice. A third subspecies, which is broad-grained and thrives under tropical conditions, was identified based on morphology and initially called ""javanica"", but is now known as ""tropical japonica"". Examples of this variety include the medium-grain 'Tinawon' and 'Unoy' cultivars, which are grown in the high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera"
"as in the south of Niger, where the plant supplies the staple food for several million people. In some regions of Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Nigeria, Fonio is the most important or one of the main cereals. The White Fonio has its main growing region in the highland plateaus of Nigeria, where it is called Acha. The second Fonio-species Iburu or Black Fonio is limited on the Jos-Bauchi Plateau in Nigeria and the northern regions of Togo and Benin. Fonio is grown in parts of the Dominican Republic, where it has already brought in 1500 from West Africa, firstly"
"known as ""nam liap"" (), ""samo chin"" () or ""kana"" ()) and in China (Chinese: 橄欖) with an appearance of a big olive. ""Canarium luzonicum"", commonly known as ""elemi"", is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin, which contains Elemicin, is harvested from it. ""Canarium strictum"" produces a resin called black dammar. Superb fruit-doves (""Ptilinopus superbus"") are known to be fond of the fruit of scrub turpentine (""C. australianum""), which they swallow whole. Canarium Canarium is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and"
"from conidia produced by later infected crops in the region. For inoculum that survives in seeds, drying to less than 20% moisture is effective in killing the pathogen. ""Sorghum bicolor"" is one of the most important cereal crops around the world, ranking fifth in production behind corn, rice, wheat, and barley. A significant proportion is grown in developing countries in tropical and subtropical regions, where it is a staple for both human and animal consumption, as opposed to in the United States where it is overwhelmingly used for animal feed. In many of the areas where sorghum is a staple"