"1862, the United States Navy began using the ensign rank, which began using a gold bar as insignia in 1922. Second lieutenants received the gold bar insignia in 1917. When the United States Air Force became a separate military branch from the Army, it kept the Army's commissioned officers ranks and insignia. From 1941 to 1949, the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) of the British Army used the ranks of second subaltern and subaltern, which were equivalent to second lieutenant and lieutenant respectively. From 1949 to 1950, the ATS's successor organization, the Women's Royal Army Corps, also used the same ranks"
"itself existed. In the British Army, the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. Before the Cardwell Reforms of the British Army in 1871, the ranks of cornet and ensign were the junior subaltern ranks in the cavalry and infantry respectively, and were responsible for the flag. A subaltern takes temporary command of proceedings during Trooping the Colour. Within the ranks of subaltern, in a battalion or regiment, a Senior Subaltern may be appointed, usually by rank and seniority, who is responsible for discipline within the junior officer ranks and is responsible to the adjutant for this"
"obedientiaries has quite dropped out of everyday use. Obedientiaries Obedientiaries, the plural of Obedienciary, from the Latin Obedientiarius, meaning someone in an 'obedient', i.e. subordinate, position, is a term commonly used in medieval times for the lesser officials of a monastery who were appointed by will of the superior. In some cases the word is used to include all those who held office beneath the abbot, but more frequently the prior and sub-prior -who technically qualify in an abbacy- are excluded from those signified by it. To the obedientiaries were assigned the various duties pertaining to their different offices and"
"subalterns (junior commissioned officers such as captains and lieutenants). In fact, the RSM may conduct ""subalterns' parades"" – private sessions for junior officers to perfect their foot and sword drills away from the critical eyes of the other ranks. Senior officers may address him simply as ""RSM"", while, as a warrant officer, he is addressed as ""Sir"" by those junior in rank. Traditionally, all warrant officers, with or without an appointment as RSM or CSM, are addressed as ""Encik"" (""mister"" in English) by officers and other ranks although this is an informal right which is not to be assumed. Sometimes,"
"Unterleutnant Unterleutnant (NPA-original abbreviation ""Ultn.""; en: translation ""Under-lieutenant"" or ""sub-lieutenant"") was an officer of the German Democratic Republic's army (e.g. the National People's Army from 1956–1990) of the lowest commissioned officer (CO) rank comparable to NATO rank codes OF1c. It belonged to the rank group of lieutenants or subaltern officers. The equivalent OF1c-rank of the Volksmarine was Unterleutnant zur See (en: ""sub-lieutenant at sea""). The rank was first introduced in 1662-74 by France and was also adopted by some other countries' armed forces. In a number of German armed forces of the 19th century before German unification in 1871 there"
"Obedientiaries Obedientiaries, the plural of Obedienciary, from the Latin Obedientiarius, meaning someone in an 'obedient', i.e. subordinate, position, is a term commonly used in medieval times for the lesser officials of a monastery who were appointed by will of the superior. In some cases the word is used to include all those who held office beneath the abbot, but more frequently the prior and sub-prior -who technically qualify in an abbacy- are excluded from those signified by it. To the obedientiaries were assigned the various duties pertaining to their different offices and they possessed considerable power in their own departments."
"Subinfeudation In English law, subinfeudation is the practice by which tenants, holding land under the king or other superior lord, carved out new and distinct tenures in their turn by sub-letting or alienating a part of their lands. The tenants were termed mesne lords, with regard to those holding from them, the immediate tenant being ""tenant in capite"". The lowest tenant of all was the freeholder, or, as he was sometimes termed, ""tenant paravail"". The Crown, who in theory owned all lands, was ""lord paramount"". The great lords looked with dissatisfaction on the increase of such subtenures. Accordingly, in 1290"
"Afterlehen An Afterlehen or Afterlehn ""(plural: Afterlehne, Afterlehen)"" is a fief that the liege lord has himself been given as a fief and has then, in turn, enfeoffed it wholly or partially to a lesser vassal or vassals. The term is German. It is variously referred to in English as a mesne-fief or mesne-tenure, an arriere-fief or subfief, under-tenure or mesnalty. Within the Holy Roman Empire these mesne fiefs even became inheritable over time and could have up to five ""stations"" between the actual holder of the fief and the overarching liege lord. An example of an ""Afterlehen"" is Rothenberg"
"Sub-Officer Sub-Officer, or the equivalent in other languages, is a term used in many armed forces used to indicate ranks below commissioned officers. Sub-officer is equivalent to the term warrant officer in the British Commonwealth and the United States. Historically armed forces using the term sub-officer have used it to refer to more senior non-commissioned ranks, typically from sergeant upwards, but the term often covers all ranks that other forces designate non-commissioned. In navies the term is comparable to petty officer. There is a specific rank of ""sub-officer"" in some armed forces, in the UK Fire and Rescue Services, and"
"Thegn The term thegn (thane or thayn in Shakespearean English), from Old English , , ""servant, attendant, retainer"", ""one who serves"", is commonly used to describe either an aristocratic retainer of a king or nobleman in Anglo-Saxon England, or, as a class term, the majority of the aristocracy below the ranks of ealdormen and high-reeves. It is also the term for an early medieval Scandinavian class of retainers. Old English (, ""servant, attendant, retainer"") is cognate with Old High German and Old Norse (""thane, franklin, freeman, man""). The thegn had a military significance, and its usual Latin translation was ""miles"","
"duty, although the adjutant is ultimately responsible to the commanding officer for the discipline of all the junior officers within the unit. The Continental Army carried over the rank structure from the British Army including the subaltern ranks of lieutenant, cornet, ensign and subaltern. Continental Army subalterns ranks were supposed to wear green colored cockades in their hats. State Militias in the American Revolutionary War period had ensign and sometimes subaltern ranks, with the subaltern rank below the ensign rank where they coexisted. In 1800, the United States Army's cornet, ensign and subaltern ranks were replaced by second lieutenant. In"
"of sub-lieutenant from 1871 to 1877, replacing the ranks of ensign in the infantry and cornet in the cavalry. In 1877, it was replaced in turn by the rank of second lieutenant, although this had always been used by the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, and rifle and fusilier regiments. Sub-lieutenant Sub-lieutenant is a junior military officer rank. In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval commissioned or subordinate officer, ranking below a lieutenant. In the Royal Navy (RN) the rank of sub-lieutenant is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the British Army and of flying officer in the Royal"
"Appanage An appanage or apanage () or () is the grant of an estate, title, office, or other thing of value to a younger male child of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture. It was common in much of Europe. The system of appanage greatly influenced the territorial construction of France and the German states, and explains why many of the former provinces of France had coats of arms which were modified versions of the king's arms. Late Latin ""*appanaticum"", from ""appanare"" or ""adpanare"" 'to give bread' (""panis""), a ""pars pro toto"" for"
"officer students during studies on the Theresian Military Academy. The promotion to ""Leutnant"" depends on successful graduation. ""Unterleutnant"" (OF-1c) was the lowest rank of the officer´s rank group in other former Warsaw Pact armed forces as well. Below are some examples. Unterleutnant Unterleutnant (NPA-original abbreviation ""Ultn.""; en: translation ""Under-lieutenant"" or ""sub-lieutenant"") was an officer of the German Democratic Republic's army (e.g. the National People's Army from 1956–1990) of the lowest commissioned officer (CO) rank comparable to NATO rank codes OF1c. It belonged to the rank group of lieutenants or subaltern officers. The equivalent OF1c-rank of the Volksmarine was Unterleutnant zur"
"Abthain Abthain (or ""abthane"") is an English or Lowland Scots form of the middle-Latin word ""abthania"" (Gaelic ""abdhaine""), meaning abbacy. The exact sense of the word being lost, it was presumed to denote some ancient dignity, the holder of which was called abthanus or abthane. William Forbes Skene holds that the correct meaning of ""abthain"" (or ""abthane"") is not ""abbot"" or ""over-thane"", but ""abbey"" or ""monastery"". The word has special reference to the territories of the churches and monasteries founded by the old Celtic or Columban monks, mostly between the mountain chain of the Mounth and the Firth of Forth."
"century, from the Scottish Gaelic ""gille"", ""lad, servant"", cognate with the Irish ""giolla"". Historically, the term was used for a Highland chief's attendant. A ghillie-weetfit, a term now obsolete (a translation of ""gille-caisfliuch"", from the Gaelic ""cos"" foot/leg and ""fliuch"" wet), was the ghillie whose duty it was to carry his master over streams. It became a term of contempt among the Lowlanders for the ""tail"" (as his attendants were called) of a Highland chief. Gillie Gillie or ghillie is a Gaelic term for a man or a boy who acts as an attendant on a fishing, fly fishing, hunting,"
"Unteroffizier Unteroffizier is a military rank of the ""Bundeswehr"" and of former German-speaking armed forces (""Heer"" and ""Luftwaffe""). The equivalent in anglophone armed forces is sergeant or staff sergeant. However, ""Unteroffizier"" is also the collective name for all non-commissioned officers. In Germany, ""Unteroffizier"" (""subordinate officer"") is both a specific military rank as well as a generic term for any non-commissioned officer (NCO), which has existed since the 17th century. During the Nazi era, ""unteroffizier"" was a specific, junior NCO rank of both the ""Luftwaffe"" and sometimes also the ""Heer"" (army), equivalent to a Corporal in the English-speaking world. The term"
"junior sublieutenant in a regiment (or other unit) is also the flag carrier. During the ""Ancien Régime"" in France, as in other countries, the ensign (""enseigne"") was the banner of an infantry regiment. As in other countries, the name began to be used for the officers who carried the ensign. It was renamed sub-lieutenant (""sous-lieutenant"") at the end of the 18th century. The Navy used a rank of ship-of-the-line ensign (""enseigne de vaisseau""), which was the first officer rank. It was briefly renamed ship-of-the-line sub-lieutenant (""sous-lieutenant de vaisseau"") in the end of the 18th century, but its original name was"
"Rear admiral Rear admiral is a naval commissioned officer rank above that of a commodore (U.S. equivalent of rear admiral lower half) and captain, and below that of a vice admiral. It is generally regarded as the lowest of the ""admiral"" ranks, which are also sometimes referred to as ""flag officers"" or ""flag ranks"". In many navies it is referred to as a two-star rank (OF-7)/(O-7). It originated from the days of naval sailing squadrons and can trace its origins to the Royal Navy. Each naval squadron would be assigned an admiral as its head, who would command from the"
"Undersheriff An undersheriff (or under-sheriff) is an office derived from ancient English custom that remains in, among other places, England and Wales and the United States, though performing different functions. In American law enforcement, the undersheriff is the person second in charge of a sheriff's office. In some departments, the title of undersheriff is official, while in others, a different official title is used for the second person in charge. For example, in many small departments, the title of chief deputy sheriff is often used for the second in command; however, in some large departments, the undersheriff is second in"
"and the less it belongs to the part z, the less will its whiteness depend on the gradient xz."" In lexicology, an appurtenance is a modifier that is appended or prepended to another word to coin a new word that expresses ""belongingness"". In the English language, appurtenances are most commonly found in toponyms and demonyms, for example, 'Israeli', 'Bengali' etc. have an ""-i"" suffix of appurtenance. Appurtenance An appurtenance is something subordinate to or belonging to another larger, principal entity, that is, an adjunct, satellite or accessory that generally accompanies something else. The word derives from Latin ""appertinere"", ""to appertain""."
"a ""Stabsunteroffizier"" might be platoon commander (de: ""Zugführer""), or service in a military staff or headquarters. Stabsunteroffizier Stabsunteroffizier is a military rank of the German Bundeswehr. It was preceded by the rank ""Unterfeldwebel"" that was used between 1935 and 1945 in the armed forces of Nazi Germany, the Wehrmacht, and in the East German National People's Army until 1990. In the Austrian Armed Forces Stabsunteroffizier is the collective name to all higher Non-commissioned officers. Stabsunteroffizier (short StUffz or SU) is a military rank of the ""Deutsche Bundeswehr"" to persons in uniform of the Heer and Luftwaffe. Legal basis is the"
"abbreviated as mate, and prospective masters had the rating master's assistant. These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch. In 1861 the rank of mate was renamed sub-lieutenant. In 1955, the Royal Navy created the rank of acting sub-lieutenant, although it had existed intermittently in the world wars. Unlike their substantive counterparts, acting sub-lieutenants are subordinate officers, as they hold their ranks by order and not by commission. Upon passing Fleet Board, acting sub-lieutenants were confirmed as sub-lieutenants and issued commissions backdated to the date when they were appointed acting sub-lieutenants. The"
"Mandator The mandatōr (), deriving from the Latin word for ""messenger"", was a subaltern official in the middle Byzantine Empire. The ""mandatores"" were a corps of messengers for special duties attached to the bureaux of all senior civil and military officials, such as the thematic ""stratēgoi"", the commanders of the ""tagmata"", the logothetes and others. They were then headed by a prōtomandatōr (πρωτομανδάτωρ, ""first ""mandatōr""""), a mid-level official. These officials must be distinguished from the honorary dignity of basilikos mandatōr (βασιλικὸς μανδάτωρ, ""imperial ""mandatōr""""), which was one of the lower court titles (fourth from the bottom, between the ""vestētōr"" and"
"less-serious incidents and takes command when the Station Officer is absent. The badge of rank is two white or silver bars on the epaulettes (or the collar of the firefighting uniform), the helmet is yellow with two black 12.5mm bands on it. Sub-Officer Sub-Officer, or the equivalent in other languages, is a term used in many armed forces used to indicate ranks below commissioned officers. Sub-officer is equivalent to the term warrant officer in the British Commonwealth and the United States. Historically armed forces using the term sub-officer have used it to refer to more senior non-commissioned ranks, typically from"
"is now simply called Prison Officer. Subordinate officer Subordinate officer is a term used in some armed forces for a grade of officer above a non-commissioned officer but still not actually commissioned, usually still in training. Such officers are treated for most intents and purposes as commissioned officers. In the Canadian Forces, subordinate officers () as a group consist of the Army and Air Force ranks of Officer Cadet (OCdt) and the Navy's Naval Cadet (NCdt); the French language equivalents are ""Élève-officier (élof)"" and ""Aspirant de marine (aspm)"", respectively. The subordinate officer's rank insignia is a single narrow strip of"
"inheritable over time and could have up to five ""stations"" between the actual holder of the fief and the overarching liege lord. Subinfeudation In English law, subinfeudation is the practice by which tenants, holding land under the king or other superior lord, carved out new and distinct tenures in their turn by sub-letting or alienating a part of their lands. The tenants were termed mesne lords, with regard to those holding from them, the immediate tenant being ""tenant in capite"". The lowest tenant of all was the freeholder, or, as he was sometimes termed, ""tenant paravail"". The Crown, who in"
"Master's mate Master's mate is an obsolete rating which was used by the Royal Navy, United States Navy and merchant services in both countries for a senior petty officer who assisted the master. Master's mates evolved into the modern rank of Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, while in the merchant service they evolved into the numbered mates or officers. Originally, a master's mate was an experienced petty officer who assisted the master but was not in line for promotion to lieutenant. By the mid-eighteenth century, he was far more likely to be a superior midshipman, still waiting to pass his"
"Prior Prior, derived from the Latin for ""earlier, first"", (or prioress for nuns) is an ecclesiastical title for a superior, usually lower in rank than an abbot or abbess. Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior. In the Rule of Saint Benedict, the term appears several times, referring to any superior, whether an abbot, provost, dean, etc. In other old monastic rules the term is used in the same generic sense. With the Cluniac Reforms, the term ""prior"" received a specific meaning; it supplanted the provost or dean (""praepositus""), spoken of in the Rule of St. Benedict. The"
"i.e. inferior to none. Anvallus Anvallus was a Gaulish god, known from several public inscriptions at Augustodunum (Autun). Two Latin inscriptions on altars were dedicated by ""gutuatres"" in requital of vows; both such dedications began with the formula ""Aug(usto) sacr(um)"". The title """" is typically understood to mean 'priest'; the ""gutuatres"" have at times been taken to be Romanized continuations of the druids. These altars were both discovered in 1900 on the site of Autun's railway station, along with a Greek-style helmet of thin bronze that would have been left there as a votive offering. The third text mentioning a"
"of an overlord. During the Ancien Régime, castellans were heads of the local royal administration, but their power was delegated to their lieutenants. All remaining lordships and royal local administration were suppressed during the French Revolution. During the 19th and 20th centuries, ""châtelain"" is used to describe the owner of a castle or manor house, in many cases a figure of authority in his parish, akin the English squire. In Germany the castellan was known as a ""Burgmann"", or sometimes ""Hauptmann"" (""captain""), who reported to the lord of the castle, or ""Burgherr"", also often known as the burgrave (""Burggraf""). The"
"Sub-lieutenant Sub-lieutenant is a junior military officer rank. In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval commissioned or subordinate officer, ranking below a lieutenant. In the Royal Navy (RN) the rank of sub-lieutenant is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the British Army and of flying officer in the Royal Air Force (RAF). In some armies, sub-lieutenant is the lowest officer rank. However, in Brazil, it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain, it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. The NATO rank code for the British Royal Navy rank is OF-1 (senior). In the British Royal Navy,"
"Castle in Bavaria, Germany. Afterlehen An Afterlehen or Afterlehn ""(plural: Afterlehne, Afterlehen)"" is a fief that the liege lord has himself been given as a fief and has then, in turn, enfeoffed it wholly or partially to a lesser vassal or vassals. The term is German. It is variously referred to in English as a mesne-fief or mesne-tenure, an arriere-fief or subfief, under-tenure or mesnalty. Within the Holy Roman Empire these mesne fiefs even became inheritable over time and could have up to five ""stations"" between the actual holder of the fief and the overarching liege lord. An example of"