"In camera In camera (; Latin: ""in a chamber"") is a legal term that means ""in private"". The same meaning is sometimes expressed in the English equivalent: in chambers. Generally, ""in-camera"" describes court cases, parts of it, or process where the public and press are not allowed to observe the procedure or process. ""In-camera"" is the opposite of trial in open court where all parties and witnesses testify in a public courtroom, and attorneys publicly present their arguments to the trier of fact. Entire cases may be heard ""in-camera"" when, for example, matters of national security are involved. ""In-camera"" review"
"Chambers (law) In law, a chambers is a room or office used by barristers or a judge. A barrister's chambers or barristers' chambers are the rooms used by a barrister or a group of barristers. A judge's chambers, on the other hand, is the office of a judge, where the judge may hear certain types of cases, instead of in open court. A judge's chambers is the office of a judge, where certain types of matters can be heard ""in chambers"", also known as ""in camera"", rather than in open court. Generally, cases heard in chambers are cases, or parts"
"Sunshine in the Courtroom Act The Sunshine in the Courtroom Act is a bill to allow the broadcasting of U.S. District Court and U.S. Court of Appeals proceedings. The name of the bill is an apparent reference to Louis Brandeis' remark that ""sunshine is the best disinfectant"" for ill-doings. The proposed act relates to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 53, which states, ""Except as otherwise provided by a statute or these rules, the court must not permit the taking of photographs in the courtroom during judicial proceedings or the broadcasting of judicial proceedings from the courtroom."" The bill was introduced"
"Trial in absentia Trial is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person who is subject to it is not physically present at those proceedings. is Latin for ""in the absence"". Its meaning varies by jurisdiction and legal system. In common law legal systems, the phrase is more than a spatial description. In these systems it suggests a recognition of a violation to a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings in a criminal trial. Conviction in a trial in which a defendant is not present to answer the charges is held to be a"
"Apostolic Camera The Apostolic Camera (), formerly known as the is an office in the Roman Curia. It was the central board of finance in the Papal administrative system and at one time was of great importance in the government of the States of the Church, and in the administration of justice, led by the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. Since the middle of the 12th century the Papal chamberlain ("""") was a regular member of the Curia, entrusted with the financial management of the papal court. At that early period the income of the papal treasury came chiefly"
"and subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims asserted. The word ""court"" comes from the French ""cour"", an enclosed yard, which derives from the Latin form ""cortem"", the accusative case of ""cohors"", which again means an enclosed yard or the occupants of such a yard. The English word ""court"" is a cognate of the Latin word ""hortus"" from Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos) (meaning ""garden"", hence horticulture and orchard), both referring to an enclosed space. The meaning of a judicial assembly is first attested in the 12th century, and derives from the earlier usage to designate a sovereign and his entourage, which met"
"been caused by any inducement, threat or promise referring to the charge against that person, proceeding from a person in authority and sufficient, in the court's opinion, to give that person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil of a temporal nature in reference to the proceedings against him. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any written law, a court may order that the whole or any part of any trial before it for any offence under the Act shall be dealt with ""in camera"""
"In-camera editing In-camera editing is a technique where, instead of editing the shots in a film into sequence after shooting, the director or cinematographer instead shoots the sequences in strict order. The resulting ""edit"" is therefore already complete when the film is developed. The process takes a lot of planning so that the shots are filmed in the precise order they will be presented. However, some of this time can be reclaimed, as there is no editing, cutting out or reordering scenes later on. When the very last scene is filmed by the director or cinematographer, the production is completely"
"by a judge may be used during otherwise open trials—for example, to protect trade secrets or where one party asserts privilege (such as attorney–client privileged communications). This lets the judge review documents in private to determine if revelation of documents in open court will be allowed. In United States courts in-camera review describes a process or procedure where a judge privately looks at confidential, sensitive, or private information to determine what, if any, information may be used by a party or made public. An ""in camera review"" may be at someone's request (such as counsel in the case), or by"
"of some or all of the records reviewed, limit use or purpose, and to order a party to take all steps necessary to keep private and confidential the information released. ""In-camera"" can also describe closed board meetings that cover information not recorded in the minutes or divulged to the public. Such sessions may discuss personnel, financial, or other sensitive decisions that must be kept secret (e.g., a proposed merger or strategic change the organization does not want disclosed to competitors). It can also apply to diplomatic and political affairs, such as during the American Constitutional Convention in 1787 when the"
"13th century. It has long ceased to exist. Apostolic Camera The Apostolic Camera (), formerly known as the is an office in the Roman Curia. It was the central board of finance in the Papal administrative system and at one time was of great importance in the government of the States of the Church, and in the administration of justice, led by the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. Since the middle of the 12th century the Papal chamberlain ("""") was a regular member of the Curia, entrusted with the financial management of the papal court. At that early period"
"In situ In situ (; often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to ""on site"" or ""in position."" It can mean ""locally,"" ""on site,"" ""on the premises,"" or ""in place"" to describe an event where it takes place, and is used in many different contexts. For example, in fields such as physics, chemistry, or biology, ""in situ"" may describe the way a measurement is taken, that is, in the same place the phenomenon is occurring without isolating it from other systems or altering the original conditions of the test. In the aerospace industry, equipment on-board"
"is the main instrument in the art of photography and captured images may be reproduced later as a part of the process of photography, digital imaging, photographic printing. The similar artistic fields in the moving image camera domain are film, videography, and cinematography. The word ""camera"" comes from ""camera obscura"", which means ""dark chamber"" and is the Latin name of the original device for projecting an image of external reality onto a flat surface. The modern photographic camera evolved from the camera obscura. The functioning of the camera is very similar to the functioning of the human eye. The first"
"Courtroom sketch A courtroom sketch is an artistic depiction of the proceedings in a court of law. In many jurisdictions, cameras are not allowed in courtrooms in order to prevent distractions and preserve privacy. This requires news media to rely on sketch artists for illustrations of the proceedings. Courtroom sketch artists attend judicial proceedings as members of the public or as credentialed media depending on the venue and jurisdiction. Judges may require or allow artists to sit in a designated area or they may sit in general public seating. In some jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, courtroom"
"of it in his film ""Breathless"". Both of these directors helped to create in-camera editing in films and led to the technological advancement of in-camera editing. In-camera editing In-camera editing is a technique where, instead of editing the shots in a film into sequence after shooting, the director or cinematographer instead shoots the sequences in strict order. The resulting ""edit"" is therefore already complete when the film is developed. The process takes a lot of planning so that the shots are filmed in the precise order they will be presented. However, some of this time can be reclaimed, as there"
"the first time. Cameras were banned in all courts in 1925 (although they were allowed in the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from its 2009 inception). Cameras have now been allowed in some courts due to changes made by the Crime and Courts Act 2013. Currently, only one court can be broadcast per day. The Ministry of Justice announced the move via Twitter. Court of Appeal (England and Wales) The Court of Appeal (COA, formally ""Her Majesty's Court of Appeal in England"") is the highest court within the Senior Courts of England and Wales, and second in the legal"
"In flagrante delicto In flagrante delicto (Latin: ""in blazing offence""), or simply in flagrante, a legal term, indicates that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offence (compare ). The colloquial ""caught "" or ""caught rapid"" are English equivalents. The phrase combines the present active participle ""flagrāns"" (flaming or blazing) with the noun ""dēlictum"" (offence, misdeed, or crime). In this term the Latin preposition ""in"", not indicating motion, takes the ablative. The closest literal translation would be ""in blazing offence"", where ""blazing"" is a metaphor for vigorous, highly visible action. In Japan, the phrase's translation, ""Genkōhan"""
"Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States does not allow cameras in the courtroom when the court is in session, a policy which is the subject of much debate. Although the Court has never allowed cameras in its courtroom, it does make audiotapes of oral arguments and opinions available to the public. In 2009, Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter and seven co-sponsors introduced a resolution to express the sense of Congress that sessions of the Court should be televised. In 2009, Specter also introduced a bill that would require open sessions of"
"Investiture Investiture, from the Latin (preposition ""in"" and verb ""vestire"", ""dress"" from ""vestis"" ""robe""), is the formal installation of an incumbent. In the United States and other countries, the ceremonial signing in of judges, including those of the Supreme Court, is called Investiture. Investiture can include formal dress and adornment such as robes of state or headdress, or other regalia such as a throne or seat of office. An investiture is also often part of a coronation rite or enthronement. It was prevalent in the Middle Ages. Investiture is the installation of individuals in institutions that usually have been extant"
"televised coverage of court proceedings.[2] During the O.J. Simpson criminal trial held before the Honorable Lance Ito, Oakes appeared in an attempt to dissuade Judge Ito from making good on a threat to ""pull the plug"" on cameras as a result of the perceived ""media circus"" atmosphere. In the book Cameras In The Courtroom: Television and the Pursuit of Justice (1998), authors Marjorie Cohn and David Dow stated at page 82 that ""Also pleading with Judge Ito to retain the camera in Simpson's trial was media attorney Royal Oakes, who argued, the camera 'is a perfectly accurate reflection of reality.'"""
"Multiple-camera setup The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and simultaneously record or broadcast a scene. It is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. Generally, the two outer cameras shoot close-up shots or ""crosses"" of the two most active characters on the set at any given time, while the central camera or cameras shoot a wider master shot to capture the overall action and establish the geography of the room. In this way, multiple"
"En banc In law, an en banc"" session (French for ""in bench"") is a session in which a case is heard before all the judges of a court (before the entire bench) rather than by a panel of judges selected from them. The equivalent terms in banc, in banco or in bank"" are also sometimes seen. ""En banc"" review is often used for unusually complex cases or cases considered to be of greater importance. Appellate courts in the United States sometimes grant rehearing ""en banc"" to reconsider a decision of a panel of the court (typically consisting of only three"
"Courtroom photography and broadcasting Courtroom photographing and broadcasting is restricted around the world. The law varies from limited film and electronic media coverage in some countries, to a complete ban in others. In the US, photography and broadcasting is permitted in some courtrooms but not in others. Some argue that use of media during courtroom proceedings presents a mockery of the judicial system, though the issue has been contested at length. The presence of cameras can create fallacious information that can damage the reputation for the courts and the trust from the public and/or viewers observing the televised proceedings. Many"
"of marriage was being taken out of the adversarial system. It is also used in juvenile courts, as, for instance, ""In re Gault"". The ""Bluebook"" describes ""In re"" as a ""procedural phrase"", and requires using it to abbreviate ""in the matter of"", ""petition of"", ""application of"", and similar expressions. In re In re, Latin for ""in the matter [of]"", is a term with several different, but related meanings. In jurisprudence, ""in re"" is used to indicate that a judicial proceeding may not have formally designated adverse parties or is otherwise uncontested. The term is commonly used in case citations of"
"In re In re, Latin for ""in the matter [of]"", is a term with several different, but related meanings. In jurisprudence, ""in re"" is used to indicate that a judicial proceeding may not have formally designated adverse parties or is otherwise uncontested. The term is commonly used in case citations of probate and bankruptcy proceedings, such as the General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization. It is sometimes used for consolidated cases, as with ""In re Marriage Cases"". It was adopted by certain U.S. states like California when they adopted no-fault divorce to reflect the fact that the modern proceeding for dissolution"
"Courtroom A courtroom is the enclosed space in which courts of law are held in front of a judge. A number of courtrooms, which may also be known as ""courts"", may be housed in a courthouse. The judge generally sits behind a raised desk, known as the bench. Behind the judge are the great seal of the jurisdiction and the flags of the appropriate federal and state governments. Judges usually wear a plain black robe (a requirement in many jurisdictions). An exception was the late U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who broke tradition by adorning his robe with"
"Courtroom A courtroom is the enclosed space in which courts of law are held in front of a judge. A number of courtrooms, which may also be known as ""courts"", may be housed in a courthouse. The judge generally sits behind a raised desk, known as the bench. Behind the judge are the great seal of the jurisdiction and the flags of the appropriate federal and state governments. Judges usually wear a plain black robe (a requirement in many jurisdictions). An exception was the late U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who broke tradition by adorning his robe with"
"Placitum In the early Middle Ages, a placitum (Latin for ""plea"") was a public judicial assembly. ""Placita"" originated in the Frankish kingdoms in the seventh century. After the Frankish conquest of Italy in 774, ""placita"" were introduced before the end of the eighth century. Originally, the term most commonly referred to the ""placitum generalis"", or ""conventus"", a plenary assembly of the entire kingdom, whereat military and legislative matters, such as the promulgation of capitularies, predominated over judicial functions. The nature of these assemblies is described by the ninth-century prelate Hincmar in his ""De ordini palatii"". Later, the term ""placitum"" came"
"is being discussed off-record. Multiple courtrooms may be housed in a courthouse. The schedule of official court proceedings is called a docket. Courts vary considerably in their layout, which depends a great deal on the history of the building and the practicalities of its use. While some courts are wood panelled, most are not. Depending on the layout of the room, a claimant may sit on either the right or left in a civil court, just as the prosecution may sit on either side (usually the opposite side to the jury) in a criminal court. In a criminal court, where"
"such exceptions to a public trial have not been enumerated in detail. ""In camera"" proceedings are allowed for protection of witnesses or defendants as well as for confidential or sensitive evidence. Hearsay and other indirect evidence is not generally prohibited, but it has been argued the court is guided by hearsay exceptions which are prominent in common law systems. There is no subpoena or other means to compel witnesses to come before the court, although the court has some power to compel testimony of those who chose to come before it, such as fines. The Rome Statute provides that all"
"In open court In open court is a legal term in the United States defined by the appearance by a party or their attorney in a public court session such as during a trial. Normally, the public may be present at trials, hearings and similar routine matters. Under Article III, Section 3 of the United States Constitution: In the United States, the constitution guarantees criminal defendants the right to a ""speedy and public trial"" under the Sixth and the Fourteenth Amendments. The Sixth Amendment also grants the defendant the right to appear on his or her own behalf requiring leave"
"developed from medieval Latin ""curtis"", meaning ""courtyard"", ""socage farm"", ""princely court"", or ""place where court is held"": In the terminology of the later Middle Ages, toward the 14th century, in Latin documents ""curtis"" designates the open space within an enclosed courtyard, where jurors met and the court of justice was held. On the other hand, the resident local historian Theo Stockberg, after many years of comparative etymological research on names of the settlements and fields of the Bergisches Land, holds the view that Kürten is derived from ""Op de Corte"", which means more or less: ""on the short (watercourse)"". A"
"Latin for ""in the natural place"", and refers to bringing international justice and trial proceedings home to affected communities. The coalition’s blog endeavors to help bridge the gap between the populations affected by the crimes under the court’s investigation and the ICC’s daily activities at its headquarters in The Hague. In Situ features posts by some of the more than 2,500 members in 150 countries around the world. In addition to these publications and the CICC website (www.iccnow.org), the Coalition’s electronic resources include information email lists in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese to which daily postings are made. Summaries of"