"bushmeat as contributing to the spread of Filoviruses such as Ebola, citing Georges et al., 1999. The WHO notes that risk of infection predominantly arises from slaughter and preparation of meat, and that consumption of properly cooked meat does not pose a risk. Duiker A duiker is a small to medium-sized brown in colour antelope native to Sub-Saharan Africa. They are found in heavily wooded areas. The 22 extant species, including three sometimes considered to be subspecies of the other species, form the subfamily Cephalophinae. The subfamily Cephalophinae comprises three genera and 22 species, three of which are sometimes considered"
"particularly the larger duiker species such as the Jentink’s and Abbott’s duikers, are now considered endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Duikers range from the 3 kilogram blue duiker to the 70 kilogram yellow-backed duiker. With their body low to the ground and with very short horns, forest duikers are built to navigate effectively through dense rainforests and quickly dive into bushes when threatened. Since the common grey duiker lives in more open areas, like savannas, it has longer legs and vertical horns, which allows it to run faster and for longer distances; only the males,"
"Bay duiker The bay duiker (""Cephalophus dorsalis""), also known as the black-striped duiker and the black-backed duiker, is a forest-dwelling duiker native to western and southern Africa. It was first described by British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1846. Two subspecies are identified. The bay duiker is reddish brown and has a moderate size. Both sexes reach at the shoulder. The sexes do not vary considerably in their weights either; the typical weight range for this duiker is . Both sexes possess a pair of spiky horns, measuring . A notable feature of this duiker is the well-pronounced solid stripe"
"forest and bush and is reflective of ungulates accustomed to diving quickly into the underbrush for cover. In fact, duiker is the Afrikaans word for ""diver."" Duikers are very flighty and easily stressed, and when frightened or pursued will run almost blindly from a threat. At the Los Angeles Zoo, duikers were found to run headlong into the glass of their enclosures if startled. In captivity duikers have been known to form stress-induced jaw abscesses. Yellow-backed duikers are active at all times of the day and night. They live mainly solitarily or in couples, rarely in even small herds. Their"
"creatures with a fondness for dense cover; those that tend to live in more open areas, for example, are quick to disappear into thickets for protection. Because of their rarity and interspersed population, not much is known about duikers; thus, further generalizations are widely based on the most commonly studied red forest, blue, yellow-backed and the common grey duiker. In tropical rainforest zones of Africa, people non-selectively hunt duikers for their fur, meat, and horns at highly unsustainable rates. Population trends for all species of duikers, excluding the common duiker and the smallest blue duiker, are significantly decreasing; Aders' and"
"Black duiker The black duiker (""Cephalophus niger""), also known as tuba in Dyula, is a forest-dwelling duiker found in the southern parts of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria. Black duikers stand around tall at the shoulder and weigh . They have, not surprisingly, black coats. The head is a rust colour with a large red crest between the ears. Black duikers have long, thin horns of , but the horns of females reach only . Black duikers live mainly in lowland rainforest, where they eat fruit, flowers, and leaves which have fallen from the canopy. They"
"of black extending from the back of the head to the tail. The bay duiker is a nocturnal animal. It tends to remain solitary, but pairs can also be observed. The leopard is the main predator of this duiker. The bay duiker mainly prefers fruits, but may also feed on animal matter such as bird eggs. Females may conceive by the age of eighteen months. Breeding occurs throughout the year. Gestation lasts for about 240 days, following which generally a single offspring is born. The lifespan of the bay duiker averages 17 to 18 years. The bay duiker prefers old-growth"
"or primary forests. It has been historically overhunted across its range for bushmeat. The survival of the bay duiker is also threatened by human settlement and agricultural expansion due to this duiker's preference for old-growth forests, and habitat degradation. The bay duiker is, however, still a common duiker species, and is classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The scientific name of the bay duiker is ""Cephalophus dorsalis"". The bay duiker is classified under the genus ""Cephalophus"" and the family Bovidae. It was first described by British zoologist John Edward Gray"
"the loss of suitable habitat in the face of expanding human settlement, agriculture, and hunting. Nonetheless, it remains locally common within its former range. Despite the decreasing population trends, the red forest duiker retains a status of Least Concern by the IUCN. 1. The red forest duiker has an extraordinary jumping ability when compared to other ungulates, easily clearing 1.3 meter tall nets. 2. Duiker is a word meaning 'diver' in Dutch, which refers to their practice of diving into tangles of shrubbery. Red forest duiker The red forest duiker, Natal duiker, or Natal red duiker (""Cephalophus natalensis"") is a"
"damage and fragment of their habitat by human activities, such specialization of the niches are gradually becoming impaired and are contributing to the significant decrease in population. Due to their relative size and reserved nature, duikers’ primary defense mechanism is to hide from predators. Duikers are known for their extreme shyness, freezing at the slightest sign of a threat and diving into the nearest bush. Duikers’ “social behavior” involves maintaining “[sufficient distance] between” any other individual. However, in contrast to their conserved nature, duikers are more aggressive when dealing with territories; they mark their territory as well as their mates"
"to 3 months. Males visit their mates occasionally, though they disappear for about a month after the calf's birth to probably protect the calf. A postpartum oestrus occurs three to five days after the birth. This species can survive in a variety of forests, including old-growth, secondary and gallery forests. Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through canopy. They can also be found in pockets of degraded and regenerated forests from the sea level up to an altitude of . This duiker can be found in several countries in the"
"Helen Newing in 2001 found that a correlation exists between body size and sleep pattern in duikers. While smaller to medium-sized duikers show increased activity and scavenge for food during the daytime, larger duikers are most active at night. An exception to this is the Yellow-backed duiker, the largest species, which is active during both day and night. Duikers are found sympatrically in many different regions. Most species dwell in the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa, creating overlapping regions among different species of forest duikers. Although ""body size is the primary factor in defining the fundamental niches of"
"third group, the west African red duikers, comprises the black duiker (""C. niger""), Ogilby's duiker, Peters's duiker (""C. callipygus"") and Weyns's duiker (""C. weynsi""). However, the status of two species, Aders's duiker and Zebra duiker, remained dubious. In 2012, Anne R. Johnston (of the University of Orleans) and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker) based on mitochondrial analysis. Duikers are split into two groups based on their habitat: forest and bush duikers. All forest species inhabit the rainforests of Sub-Saharan Africa, while the only known bush duiker, grey common duiker occupies savannas. Duikers are very shy, elusive"
"Duiker Island Duiker Island or Duikereiland (""Afrikaans""), also known as Seal Island (not to be confused with the nearby Seal Island), is an island off Hout Bay near Cape Town South Africa. It is 77 by 95 metres in size, with an area of about 0.4 hectare. The island is renowned for its marine wildlife such as birds and fur seals. It is visited regularly by tourists and photographers by boat via Mariner's Wharf in Hout Bay harbour. On 13 October 2012, a small vessel carrying tourists to Duiker Island capsized. The incident resulted in the deaths of two men"
"while three women survived by finding air pockets beneath the up-turned vessel. Duiker Island Duiker Island or Duikereiland (""Afrikaans""), also known as Seal Island (not to be confused with the nearby Seal Island), is an island off Hout Bay near Cape Town South Africa. It is 77 by 95 metres in size, with an area of about 0.4 hectare. The island is renowned for its marine wildlife such as birds and fur seals. It is visited regularly by tourists and photographers by boat via Mariner's Wharf in Hout Bay harbour. On 13 October 2012, a small vessel carrying tourists to"
"duiker rests against trees or in thickets. It tends to remain solitary, but pairs can also be observed. The bay duiker exhibits remarkable alertness. It depends heavily on its sense of smell for foraging and detecting potential danger. Individuals communicate through preorbital gland secretions and excrement. The leopard is the main predator of this duiker. Eagles, bonobos and mandrills may also prey on the bay duiker. An alarmed individual becomes motionless, and might leap to flee. The bay duiker mainly prefers fruits. It feeds on the large fruits of ""Irvingia"" species (wild mango), ""Detarium macrocarpum"" and the spherical fruits of"
"long as seven months. Births occur throughout the year, though the birth rate might fall in the dry season. The calf is mainly kept in hiding and weaning occurs at 2.5 to 3 months. The habitat consists of a variety of forests, including old-growth, secondary, and gallery forests. Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through canopy. Though categorised as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the blue duiker is under threat from extensive bushmeat hunting across its range. The scientific name of"
"Duikers (a type of antelope) are hunted either in groups or ambushed alone from trees with iron-tipped arrows. The ambush hunts are called ""ebaka"", and they are performed by building perches in fruit trees from which the duikers eat dropped fruits and waiting there during feeding hours, which are early morning and late afternoon. If the hunter hits a duiker, he will jump out of the 2.5- to 3-metre perch and chase it, and call the dogs to join him. Sometimes, though, the animal gets away, since they can run the distance of several football fields away in the dense"
"comes from the combination of the New Latin word ""cephal"", meaning head, and the Greek word ""lophos"", meaning crest. The specific name ""zebra"" pertains to the striking resemblance this duiker bears to the zebra due to the presence of dorsal stripes. The word ""duiker"" comes from the Afrikaans word ""duik"", or Dutch ""duiker"" - both mean ""diver"". The zebra duiker is locally known as the marking deer in Liberia. A 2001 phylogenetic study divided ""Cephalophus"" into three distinct lineages: the giant duikers, east African red duikers and west African red duikers. However, the status of two species, the zebra duiker"
"rodents, and lagomorphs which exhibit ""microcursorial adaptive syndrome."" This means they have tropical to subtropical distribution along with small body size, swift, cursorial locomotion, browse on high energy food, have precocial young, and a ""facultatively monogamous social structure."" Duikers are the most heavily hunted species across forested West and Central Africa. It is not only a vital food source for people living close to its habitats but a vital source of income as well. The animal's flighty, easy-to-scare nature causes the yellow-backed duiker to freeze up in torchlight which makes them very easy to hunt at night. When the animal"
"Campo Ma'an National Park, Dja Faunal Reserve and Lobéké National Park (Cameroon); Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve and Bangassou (Central African Republic); Monte Alén National Park (Equatorial Guinea); Lopé National Park and Minkébé National Park (Gabon); Odzala National Park and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (Congo-Brazzaville); Ituri Rainforest, Kahuzi-Biéga, Maiko and Salonga National Parks (Congo-Kinshasa). Bay duiker The bay duiker (""Cephalophus dorsalis""), also known as the black-striped duiker and the black-backed duiker, is a forest-dwelling duiker native to western and southern Africa. It was first described by British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1846. Two subspecies are identified. The bay duiker is reddish brown"
"pairs, or small family groups, and it is rare to see a group of more than three individuals. The cry of red forest duikers is rather distinctive, loud, and penetrating, sounding somewhere between a snort and a whistle. The call of a duiker becomes a throaty cry when the animal is distressed. When the duiker has been spotted by a predator, it will first freeze, and then bound away with the characteristic duiker diving motion into the safety of the thick brush. Some of the common predators of the red duiker include eagles, pythons, and leopards. Also, red forest duikers"
"Jentink's duiker The Jentink's duiker (""Cephalophus jentinki""), also known as ""gidi-gidi"" in Krio and ""kaikulowulei"" in Mende, is a forest-dwelling duiker found in the southern parts of Liberia, southwestern Côte d'Ivoire, and scattered enclaves in Sierra Leone. It is named in honor of Fredericus Anna Jentink. Jentink's duikers stand around tall at the shoulder and weigh about , making them the largest species of the duikers. They are gray from the shoulders back and dark black from the shoulders forward. A white band goes over the shoulders, between the two colours and joining the white undersides. Jentink's duikers have long,"
"eyes, small ears with a line of white, large nostrils, a broad mouth and agile lips. The dark tail measures slightly above . A remarkable feature of the tail is the row of white crinkly hairs on either flank that reflect light efficiently, so that when the animal moves its tail up and down, it looks like a luminous signal in the dark habitat. The duiker has short, spiky horns, around long and hidden in hair tufts. A row of minute pores surrounded by a few hairs in the preorbital glands (near the eyes) secrete an opaque liquid consisting of"
"males. Coloration is very similar between sexes and very little sexual dimorphism exists. The head-and-body length is , with a short tail measuring . The yellow-backed duiker weighs in at about 60–80 kg, making it the largest of its genus. It has a large mouth, throat and jaw musculature. Yellow-backed duikers are mainly forest dwelling and live in semi-deciduous forests, rainforests, riparian forests, and montane forests. However, they can be found in open bush, isolated forest islands, and clearings on the savanna as well. Their convex body shape is well-suited for forest living. It allows for quick movement through thick"
"by human settlements and deforestation. The smaller species, for example the blue duiker, generally tend to eat various seeds, while larger ones tend to feast more on larger fruits. Since blue duiker are very small, they are “more efficient [in] digesting small, high quality items”. Receiving most of their water from the foods they eat, duikers do not rely on drinking water and can “be found in waterless localities”. Duikers can be diurnal, nocturnal or both. Since the majority of the food source is available in the daytime, duiker evolution has rendered most duikers as diurnal. A study done by"
"loss of this species may have many impacts due to the yellow-backed duiker's numerous ecological responsibilities. They not only make up a main source of food for many indigenous peoples, but they also act as seed dispersers for various plants, and prey items for many carnivores. Yellow-backed duiker The yellow-backed duiker (""Cephalophus silvicultor"") is a forest dwelling antelope in the order Artiodactyla from the family Bovidae. Yellow-backed duikers are the most widely distributed of all duikers. They are found mainly in Central and Western Africa, ranging from Senegal to Western Uganda with a possible few in Gambia. Their range also"
"the blue duiker is ""Philantomba monticola"". It is placed in the genus ""Philantomba"", along with Maxwell's duiker (""P. maxwelli"") and Walter's duiker (""P. walteri""), and the family Bovidae. The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in 1789. It is sometimes treated as a species of ""Cephalophus"", another genus of duikers, although ""Philantomba"" has been recognised as a genus by zoologists such as Peter Grubb and Colin Groves. Owing to the remarkable similarities between the two species, some zoologists such as Theodor Haltenorth consider Maxwell's duiker as a race of the blue duiker. While the generic name"
"chevrotain (""Hyemoschus aquaticus""), bongo (""Tragelaphus euryceros""), African forest buffalo (""Syncerus caffer nanus"") and an exceptional variety of forest duikers including Jentink's duiker (""Cephalophus jentinki""), banded or zebra duiker (""Cephalophus zebra""), Maxwell's duiker (""Cephalophus maxwelii""), Ogilby's duiker (""Cephalophus ogilbyi""), black duiker (""Cephalophus niger""), bay duiker (""Cephalophus dorsalis""), yellow-backed duiker (""Cephalophus sylvicultor"") and the royal antelope (""Neotragus pygmaeus""). Forest rodents include the rusty-bellied brush-furred rat (""Lophuromys sikapusi""), the Edward's swamp rat (""Malacomys edwardsi"") and the woodland dormouse (""Graphiurus murinus""). Also recorded in the park is ""Stochomys defua"", which is characteristic of secondary forest. The park lies within one of the world’s Endemic"
"are probably diurnal, though this is surmised only from captive specimens. Black duiker are reported to be solitary, territorial animals. The mating season of the black duikers is year round, but more offspring are born from November to January. The gestation period lasts 126 days, and is thus comparably short, usually only one young is born. Its average weight is 1.94 kg; it is weaned around 90 days of age. The birth interval is seven and a half months. In captivity, the black duiker lives up to 14 years. An estimated 100,000 black duikers are left in the world; they"
"lighter in colour; the flanks are brown instead of grey. The blue duiker is diurnal (active during the day). Secretive and cautious, it confines itself to the forest fringes. Territorial, individuals of opposite sexes form pairs and occupy territories, nearly large and marked by preorbital gland secretions. The animal rubs the preorbital glands on trees and logs to mark its territory with the fluid produced by the glands. A vocal bovid, bird-like chirps denote curiosity in the animal. It can let out yowls typical of cats if distressed. A female not in oestrus will avoid the male's advances, and may"
"Dugong The dugong (; ""Dugong dugon"") is a medium-sized marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller's sea cow (""Hydrodamalis gigas""), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century. The dugong is the only strictly herbivorous marine mammal. The dugong is the only sirenian in its range, which spans the waters of some 40 countries and territories throughout the Indo-West Pacific. The dugong is largely dependent on seagrass communities for subsistence and"
"horn characteristics of the two species differ to a large extent. The bay duiker as well as the Ogilby's duiker are remarkably similar to the black duiker, except for the pelage colouration. The dorsal stripe of Peters's duiker also begins at the shoulders but widens to cover the whole of the rump, as does the fainter stripe on the white-bellied duiker. The bay duiker can be easily told apart from the black-fronted duiker and Weyns's duiker, that lack stripes. The bay duiker is a nocturnal animal, and consequently little is known of its behavioural patterns. During the day, the bay"