"enough was known of metallic zinc to make brass solder directly by combining copper and spelter (zinc ingots). In 1738 a patent was granted to William Champion, a Bristol brass founder, for the large-scale reduction of calamine to produce spelter. In 1684 a paper presented to the Royal Society touched on the medicinal and veterinary properties of the compound when in finely powdered form. Calamine (mineral) Calamine is a historic name for an ore of zinc. The name ""calamine"" was derived from ""lapis calaminaris"", a Latin corruption of Greek ""cadmia (καδμία)"", the old name for zinc ores in general. The"
"performance of FeO using nanostructuring, surface functionalization, or by employing alternate crystal phases such as β-FeO. A mixture of zinc oxide with about 0.5% iron(III) oxide is called calamine, which is the active ingredient of calamine lotion. Iron(III) oxide Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO. It is one of the three main oxides of iron, the other two being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare, and iron(II,III) oxide (FeO), which also occurs naturally as the mineral magnetite. As the mineral known as hematite, FeO is the main source of iron for the steel"
"through the development of beneficiation plants. Chromite is a metallic mineral. Its chemical formula is (Fe Cr2 O4) and it basically consists of three main metallic elements and oxides such as Ferrous (Fe), Chromium (Cr) and Oxides (O2) (Haqqi Borthers Pakistan, 2005). Besides these three important metallic elements, there are several metallic oxides of the minerals found in Chromite Ore such as Manganese (Mn), Aluminum (Al), Titanium (Ti) and Calcium (Ca) etc. Chromite is melted and it is from the metal family of minerals. It is basically used in hardening of iron i.e. 18 % of Chromium is used in"
"the surface where erosion removed large amounts. About 200 million years ago aqueous metal solutions filled the cavernous rocks. Primary ores were created mostly consisting of Sphalerite, Marcasite and Galena. The process continued and the ore close to the surface decomposed due to the influence of carbon dioxide and water. In this process as a secondary ore calamine ZnCO which is known as calamine developed. Presumably the Celts had been the first digging for the calamine in the region. Ancient Celtic and Roman coins dated between 100 BC and 92/93 AD as well as remains of a Roman settlement proved"
"Hemimorphite Hemimorphite, is Zn(SiO)(OH)·HO, a component of calamine. It is a sorosilicate mineral which has been historically mined from the upper parts of zinc and lead ores, chiefly associated with smithsonite, ZnCO. They were assumed to be the same mineral and both were classed under the same name of calamine. In the second half of the 18th century it was discovered that these two different minerals were both present in calamine. They closely resemble each other. The silicate was the rarer of the two, and was named hemimorphite, because of the hemimorph development of its crystals. This unusual form, which"
"the interest in the ore which was mostly used for weapons and vessels. The greatest interest in calamine had been in the 18th century when brass manufactures settled in Stolberg (Rhineland). For the production of the alloy they needed large amounts of calamine which was melted together with copper. Before 1800 digging small reaching only surface based ore was the only technique available to the miners. In the 19th century mining changed and more than 20 adits enabled the workers to reach calamine up to 105 m below the surface. During this time the Schlangenberg-area was perforated like a Swiss"
"Carminite Carminite (PbFe(AsO)(OH)) is an anhydrous arsenate mineral containing hydroxyl. It is a rare secondary mineral that is structurally related to palermoite (LiSrAl(PO)(OH)). Sewardite (CaFe(AsO)(OH)) is an analogue of carminite, with calcium in sewardite in place of the lead in carminite. Mawbyite is a dimorph (same formula, different structure) of carminite; mawbyite is monoclinic and carminite is orthorhombic. It has a molar mass of 639.87 g. It was discovered in 1850 and named for the characteristic carmine colour. Carminite belongs to the orthorhombic crystal class (2/m 2/m 2/m) and has space group C ccm or C cc2. The structure consists"
"by the magma. Major dissolved components are chlorine, sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium, and other important components include iron, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, sulfur (as SO or S or both) carbon (as HCO and CO) and nitrogen (as NH). Most ore fluids contain chloride as the dominant anion. As the solutions rise the temperature and pressure fall. Eventually a point is reached where the minerals start to crystallise out. Minerals formed in this way are called primary, or hypogene, minerals. Sulfur is a common component of the fluids, and most of the common ore metals, lead, zinc, copper, silver, molybdenum"
"zircon and 3.3 million tonnes of rutile. Products & Markets The Moma mine produces three main products, Ilmenite, Zircon and Rutile. It is also currently developing plans to produce Monazite. Ilmenite is a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks, sediments, and sedimentary rocks in many parts of the world. Apollo astronauts found abundant ilmenite in lunar rocks and the lunar regolith. Ilmenite is a black iron-titanium oxide with a chemical composition of FeTiO3. Ilmenite is the primary ore of titanium, a metal needed to make a variety of high-performance alloys. Most of the ilmenite mined worldwide is used to manufacture"
"deposit near Mae Sod in western Thailand; Sardinia; Nerchinsk, Siberia; Cave del Predil, Italy; Bleiberg, Carinthia, Austria; Matlock, Derbyshire, England. Hemimorphite Hemimorphite, is Zn(SiO)(OH)·HO, a component of calamine. It is a sorosilicate mineral which has been historically mined from the upper parts of zinc and lead ores, chiefly associated with smithsonite, ZnCO. They were assumed to be the same mineral and both were classed under the same name of calamine. In the second half of the 18th century it was discovered that these two different minerals were both present in calamine. They closely resemble each other. The silicate was the"
"its calamine flora. The hill of ""Schlangenberg"" is 276 metres above sea level and originates in the former ore mine of Breinigerberg. Names like ""Bleiweg"", which means ""Way of lead"", even today, give hints to the history of the village. The calamine from the ore mine Breinigerberg was used exclusively in Stolberg for the production of brass. The history of Breinigerberg can be traced back to the Romans. Twenty five coins dated between 100 BC and the year 92/93 AD as well as remains of a Roman craftsmen settlement had been found in the village. The buildings show that the"
"or zinc carbonate. Combined with copper, it was used in ancient times for the production of brass, as mentioned, for instance, by the Roman author, Pliny the Elder. The element, cadmium (Cd), was, in 1817, first isolated from an impurity in calamine; hence, the name, cadmium. Cadmea The Cadmea, or Cadmeia (Greek: Καδμεία, ""Kadmía""), was the citadel of ancient Thebes, Greece, which was named after Cadmus, the legendary founder of Thebes. The area is thought to have been settled since at least the early Bronze Age, although the history of settlement can only be reliably dated from the late Mycenaean"
"orebody. The minerals making most of the orebody are realgar, orpiment, As-bearing pyrite and marcasite. The deposit was mined extensively between 1880 and 1908. Antimony, arsenic and thallium were produced during that period. Pyrite, stibnite, orpiment and realgar are the main minerals forming the ore. Lorandite – a thallium arsenic sulfosalt mineral with formula TlAsS – is the main thallium mineral in the deposit. Several other thallium minerals have been discovered in the mine over the years, for example, jankovićite (TlSb(As,Sb)S, fangite (TlAsS) and bernardite (TI(Sb,As)S). LORandite EXperiment (LOREX) is using lorandite from the ore deposit to determine the solar"
"Kamacite Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is found on Earth only in meteorites. The proportion iron:nickel is between 90:10 and 95:5; small quantities of other elements, such as cobalt or carbon may also be present. The mineral has a metallic luster, is gray and has no clear cleavage although its crystal structure is isometric-hexoctahedral. Its density is about 8 g/cm and its hardness is 4 on the Mohs scale. It is also sometimes called balkeneisen. The name was coined in 1861 and is derived from the Greek root ""καμακ-"" ""kamak"" or ""κάμαξ"" ""kamaks"", meaning vine-pole. It"
"alloys include osmiridium and iridosmine, both of which are mixtures of iridium and osmium. It is recovered commercially as a by-product from nickel mining and processing. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa. The industrial extraction of rhodium is complex, because it occurs in ores mixed with other metals such as palladium, silver, platinum, and gold. It is found in platinum ores and obtained"
"Kalinite Kalinite is a mineral composed of hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate (a type of alum). It is a fibrous monoclinic alum, distinct from isometric potassium alum, named in 1868. Its name comes from ""kalium"" (derived from Arabic: القَلْيَه al-qalyah “plant ashes”) which is the Latin name for potassium, hence its chemical symbol, ""K"". A proposal to remove recognition of kalinite as a mineral species was submitted to the International Mineralogical Association, however, kalinite is still on the list of approved minerals. Many older samples, however, have been found to be potassium alum. Kalinite is a rare secondary mineral observed in"
"theobromine or caffeine. The carob tree is native to the Mediterranean region, including Southern Europe, Northern Africa, the larger Mediterranean islands, the Levant and Middle-East of Western Asia into Iran; and the Canary Islands and Macaronesia. The carat, a unit of mass for gemstones, and a measurement of purity for gold, takes its name from the Greek word for a carob seed, ""keration"", via the Arabic word, ""qīrāṭ"". The word carob comes from Middle French """" (modern French ), which borrowed it from Arabic (""kharrūb"", ""locust bean pod""), ultimately perhaps from Akkadian language """" or Aramaic ""kharubha"", related to Hebrew"
"a mixture with about 0.5% iron(III) oxide (FeO) is called calamine and is used in calamine lotion. Two minerals, zincite and hemimorphite, have been historically called calamine. When mixed with eugenol, a ligand, zinc oxide eugenol is formed, which has applications as a restorative and prosthodontic in dentistry. Reflecting the basic properties of ZnO, fine particles of the oxide have deodorizing and antibacterial properties and for that reason are added into materials including cotton fabric, rubber, oral care products, and food packaging. Enhanced antibacterial action of fine particles compared to bulk material is not exclusive to ZnO and is observed"
"Calaverite Calaverite, or gold telluride, is an uncommon telluride of gold, a metallic mineral with the chemical formula AuTe, with approximately 3% of the gold replaced by silver. It was first discovered in Calaveras County, California in 1861, and was named for the county in 1868. The mineral often has a metallic luster, and its color may range from a silvery white to a brassy yellow. It is closely related to the gold-silver telluride mineral sylvanite, which, however, contains significantly more silver. Another AuTe mineral (but with a quite different crystal structure) is krennerite. Calaverite and sylvanite represent the major"
"that it occurs in is in pegmatites cutting a changed zinc orebody. The chemical formula for cahnite is CaB[AsO](OH). It is made up of 26.91% calcium, 3.63% boron, 25.15% arsenic, 1.35% hydrogen, and 42.96% oxygen. It has a molecular weight of 297.91 grams. Cahnite is not radioactive. Cahnite is associated with these other minerals: willemite, rhodonite, pyrochroite, hedyphane, datolite, and baryte. Cahnite Cahnite (Cahnit in German, Cahnita in Spanish, Канит in Russian) is a brittle white or colorless mineral that has perfect cleavage and is usually transparent. It usually forms tetragonal-shaped crystals and it has a hardness of 3 mohs."
"Kaolinite Kaolinite () is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition AlSiO(OH). It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica (SiO) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina (AlO) octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay. The name ""kaolin"" is derived from ""Gaoling"" (), a Chinese village near Jingdezhen in southeastern China's Jiangxi Province. The name entered English in 1727 from the French version of the word: ""kaolin"", following François Xavier d'Entrecolles's reports on the making of Jingdezhen porcelain."
"telluride ores of gold, although such ores are minor sources of gold in general. As a major gold mineral found in Western Australia, calaverite played a major role in the 1890s gold rushes in that area. Calaverite occurs as monoclinic crystals, which do not possess cleavage planes. It has a specific gravity of 9.35 and a hardness of 2.5. Calaverite can be dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. In hot sulfuric acid the mineral dissolves, leaving a spongy mass of gold in a red solution of tellurium. Calaverite’s structure has been both an object of fascination and frustration in the scientific"
"Cadmia In alchemy, cadmia (Latin for cadmium) is an oxide of zinc (tutty) which collects on the sides of furnaces where copper or brass was smelted, and zinc sublimed. The term is also applied to an ore of cobalt. For the cadmium produced in furnaces, there were five identified kinds: the first called ""botrytis"", as being in the form of a bunch of grapes; the second, ""ostracitis"", as resembling a sea shell; the third, ""placitis"", for resembling a crust; the fourth, ""capnitis""; and the fifth, ""calamitis"", which hung around certain iron rods that were used to stir material in the"
"Chlormayenite Chlormayenite (after Mayen, Germany), CaAlO[☐Cl], is a rare calcium aluminium oxide mineral of cubic symmetry. It was originally reported from Eifel volcanic complex (Germany) in 1964. It is also found at pyrometamorphic sites such as in the Hatrurim Formation of Israel and in some burned coal dumps. It occurs in thermally altered limestone xenoliths within basalts in Mayen, Germany and Klöch, Styria, Austria. In the Hatrurim of Israel it occurs in thermally altered limestones. It occurs with calcite, ettringite, wollastonite, larnite, brownmillerite, gehlenite, diopside, pyrrhotite, grossular, spinel, afwillite, jennite, portlandite, jasmundite, melilite, kalsilite and corundum in the limestone xenoliths."
"with cerussite, anglesite and plumbojarosite. It is almost always intimately associated with arseniosiderite and dussertite. Carminite Carminite (PbFe(AsO)(OH)) is an anhydrous arsenate mineral containing hydroxyl. It is a rare secondary mineral that is structurally related to palermoite (LiSrAl(PO)(OH)). Sewardite (CaFe(AsO)(OH)) is an analogue of carminite, with calcium in sewardite in place of the lead in carminite. Mawbyite is a dimorph (same formula, different structure) of carminite; mawbyite is monoclinic and carminite is orthorhombic. It has a molar mass of 639.87 g. It was discovered in 1850 and named for the characteristic carmine colour. Carminite belongs to the orthorhombic crystal class"
"In the Hatrurim it occurs with spurrite, larnite, grossite and brownmillerite. Synthetic CaAlO and CaAlO(OH) are known, they are stabilized by moisture instead of chlorine. The formula can be written as [CaAlO]O, which refers to the unique feature: anion diffusion process. Chlormayenite is also found as calcium aluminate in cement where its formula is also written as 11CaO·7 AlO·CaCl, or CACaCl in the cement chemist notation. Chlormayenite Chlormayenite (after Mayen, Germany), CaAlO[☐Cl], is a rare calcium aluminium oxide mineral of cubic symmetry. It was originally reported from Eifel volcanic complex (Germany) in 1964. It is also found at pyrometamorphic sites"
"Ilmenite Ilmenite or Iron Titanium Dioxide (FeTiO3) is the most important and most extracted titanium mineral, of which over 90% is used in the titanium dioxide pigment industry. It is a weakly magnetic black or steel-gray solid.Its most important use is to prepare a white, inert titanium dioxide pigment by the sulphate method. From a commercial perspective, ilmenite is the most important ore of titanium. Ilmenite is the main source of titanium dioxide, which is used in paints, fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food and cosmetics. Ilmenite crystallizes in the trigonal system. The ilmenite crystal structure consists of an ordered derivative"
"Coltan Coltan (short for columbite–tantalites and known industrially as tantalite) is a dull black metallic ore, from which the elements niobium and tantalum are extracted. The niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is columbite (after niobium's original American name ""columbium""), and the tantalum-dominant mineral is tantalite. Tantalum from coltan is used to manufacture batteries for electric cars, and in tantalum capacitors it is used in electronic products. Coltan mining has helped to finance serious conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, for example the Ituri conflict and the Second Congo War. Approximately 71% of global tantalum supply in 2008 was newly mined,"
"Hematite Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (FeO), one of several iron oxides. It is the oldest known iron oxide mineral that has ever formed on earth, and is widespread in rocks and soils. Hematite crystallizes in the rhombohedral lattice system, and it has the same crystal structure as ilmenite and corundum. Hematite and ilmenite form a complete solid solution at temperatures above . Hematite is colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish brown, or red. It is mined as the main ore of iron. Varieties include ""kidney ore"", ""martite"" (pseudomorphs after"
"the oxidized zone of mineral deposits, as efflorescence on alum slates, in caves, and as a volcanic sublimate. It is associated with jarosite, KFe(SO)(OH), and cuprian melanterite (pisanite), (Fe,Cu)SO·7HO, at Quetena, Chile. Kalinite Kalinite is a mineral composed of hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate (a type of alum). It is a fibrous monoclinic alum, distinct from isometric potassium alum, named in 1868. Its name comes from ""kalium"" (derived from Arabic: القَلْيَه al-qalyah “plant ashes”) which is the Latin name for potassium, hence its chemical symbol, ""K"". A proposal to remove recognition of kalinite as a mineral species was submitted to the"
"in their elemental forms are extracted from: ""brine"": Cl, Br, I; ""liquid air"": N, O, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe; ""minerals"": B (borate minerals); C (coal; diamond; graphite); F (fluorite); Si (silica) P (phosphates); Sb (stibnite, tetrahedrite); I (in sodium iodate NaIO and sodium iodide NaI); ""natural gas"": H, He, S; and from ""ores"", as processing byproducts: Ge (zinc ores); As (copper and lead ores); Se, Te (copper ores); and Rn (uranium bearing ores). Astatine is produced in minute quantities by irradiating bismuth. Nonmetals do not have any universal or near-universal applications. This is not the case with metals, most of"
"in complete dehydration to form KAlPO. In the range 562–595 °C crystalline AlPO and KAlPO form. Taranakite Taranakite is a hydrated alkali iron-aluminium phosphate mineral with chemical formula (,)(,)(PO)(HPO)·18HO. It forms from the reaction of clay minerals or aluminous rocks with solutions enriched in phosphate derived from bat or bird guano or, less commonly, from bones or other organic matter. Taranakite is most commonly found in humid, bat inhabited caves near the boundary of guano layers with the cave surface. It is also found in perennially wet coastal locations that have been occupied by bird colonies. The type location, and"
"""Alum Gulch"". Alunite is mined as an ore of both potassium and aluminium at Marysvale. Some of the ore deposits were located by airborne and satellite multispectral imaging. Alunite Alunite is a hydrated aluminium potassium sulfate mineral, formula KAl(SO)(OH). It was first observed in the 15th century at Tolfa, near Rome, where it is mined for the manufacture of alum. First called ""aluminilite"" by J.C. Delamétherie in 1797, this name was contracted by François Beudant three decades later to alunite. Alunite crystals morphologically are rhombohedra with interfacial angles of 90° 50', causing them to resemble cubes. Crystal symmetry is trigonal."