"Jew (word) The English term Jew originates in the Biblical Hebrew word ""Yehudi"", meaning ""from the Kingdom of Judah"", or ""Jew"". It passed into Greek as ""Ioudaios"" and Latin as ""Iudaeus"", which evolved into the Old French ""giu"" after the letter ""d"" was dropped. A variety of related forms are found in early English from about the year 1000, including ""Iudea"", ""Gyu"", ""Giu"", ""Iuu"", ""Iuw"", and ""Iew"", which eventually developed into the modern word. According to the Book of Genesis, Judah (, ""Yehudah"") was the name of the fourth son of the patriarch Jacob. During the Exodus, the name was"
"Colportage Colportage is the distribution of publications, books, and religious tracts by carriers called ""colporteurs"" or ""colporters"". The term does not necessarily refer to religious book peddling. From French ""colportage"", where the term is an alteration of ""comporter"", ""to peddle"", as a portmanteau or pun with the word ""col"" (Latin ""collum"", ""neck""), with the resulting meaning ""to carry on one's neck"". ""Porter"" is from Latin ""portare"", ""to carry"". Colportage became common in Europe with the distribution of contending religious tracts and books during the religious controversies of the Reformation. In addition to controversial works the itinerant, book-peddling colporteurs also spread"
"more than 12 million books in this series had been sold, BICA became Moody Press. Colportage Colportage is the distribution of publications, books, and religious tracts by carriers called ""colporteurs"" or ""colporters"". The term does not necessarily refer to religious book peddling. From French ""colportage"", where the term is an alteration of ""comporter"", ""to peddle"", as a portmanteau or pun with the word ""col"" (Latin ""collum"", ""neck""), with the resulting meaning ""to carry on one's neck"". ""Porter"" is from Latin ""portare"", ""to carry"". Colportage became common in Europe with the distribution of contending religious tracts and books during the religious"
"with an enhanced focus on wines, beers, spirits, soft-drinks, cocktails, mineral waters, and tobaccos. The modern word is French, deriving from Middle French where it referred to a court official charged with transportation of supplies. This use of the term dates to a period when pack animals would be used to transport supplies. The Middle French probably finds its origin in Old Provençal where a ""saumalier"" was a pack animal driver. ""Sauma"" referred to a pack animal or the load of a pack animal. In Late Latin, ""sagma"" referred to a packsaddle. Though 'sommelier' is a job title potentially anyone"
"Mercery Mercery (from French ""mercerie"", the notions trade) initially referred to silk, linen, and fustian textiles imported to England in the 12th century. The term mercery later extended to goods made of these and the sellers of those goods. The term mercer for cloth merchants (from French ""mercier"", ""notions dealer"") is now largely obsolete. Mercers were formerly merchants or traders who dealt in cloth, typically fine cloth that was not produced locally. Inventories of mercers in small towns, however, suggest that many were shopkeepers who dealt in various dry commodities other than cloth. Related occupations include haberdasher, draper and cloth"
"in cases with respect to importing goods. The word has a longstanding history in merchandising and can be found in print around the mid-19th century. and variations, such as ""pig jobber,"" date back to the 18th century. Jobbing was the subject of legislation in England in 1670 when a special act was enacted to prevent fraud in the buying and selling of cattle at Smithfield Market, London. Jobber (merchandising) Jobber, in merchandising, can be synonymous with ""wholesaler"" or ""distributor"" or ""broker"" or ""middleman."" A business which buys goods and bulk products from importers, other wholesalers, or manufacturers, and then sells"
"Jobber (merchandising) Jobber, in merchandising, can be synonymous with ""wholesaler"" or ""distributor"" or ""broker"" or ""middleman."" A business which buys goods and bulk products from importers, other wholesalers, or manufacturers, and then sells to retailers, was historically called a jobbing house (or ""jobbing center""). A jobber is a merchant — ""e.g."", (i) a wholesaler or (ii) reseller or (iii) independent distributor operating on consignment — who takes goods in quantity from manufacturers or importers and sells or resells or distributes them to retail chains and syndicates, particularly supermarkets, department stores, drug chains, and the like. One objective is to distribute"
"Costermonger Costermonger, coster, or costard is a street seller of fruit and vegetables, in London and other British towns. The term is derived from the words ""costard"" (a now extinct medieval variety of large, ribbed apple) and ""monger"" (seller), and later came to be used to describe hawkers in general. Some historians have pointed out that a hierarchy existed within the costermonger class and that while costermongers sold from a handcart or animal-drawn cart, mere hawkers carried their wares in a basket. Costermongers met a need for rapid food distribution from the wholesale markets (e.g., in London; Smithfield for meat,"
"one of the oldest Livery Companies in London, still survives, although it is now largely a charitable organisation. Prior to the mid-20th century, the cooper's trade flourished in the United States; a dedicated trade journal was published, the ""National Cooper's Journal"", with advertisements from many different firms that hoped to supply anything from barrel staves to purpose-built machinery. Plastics, stainless steel, pallets, and corrugated cardboard replaced most wooden containers during the last half of the 20th century, and largely made the cooperage trade obsolete. In the 21st century, coopers mostly operate barrel-making machinery and assemble casks for the wine and"
"generations. Bailleur A bailleur, a French term, is a land owner who outsourced uncultivated parcels of land as part of an early Middle Age sharecropping system known as ""complant"" — a precursor to the métayage system. Under this system, a laborer known as a prendeur would agree to cultivate land owned by the ""bailleur"" in exchange for ownership of the crop and its production. For use of the ""bailleur's"" soil, the ""prendeur"" promised a share (normally a third to two-thirds) of the crop's production or its revenue to the ""bailleur"". The length of this partnership varied and sometimes would extend"
"merchant, while clothier historically referred to someone who manufactured cloth, often under the domestic system. By the 21st century the word ""mercer"" was primarily used in connection with the Worshipful Company of Mercers, one of the twelve great Livery Companies of the City of London. Mercery Mercery (from French ""mercerie"", the notions trade) initially referred to silk, linen, and fustian textiles imported to England in the 12th century. The term mercery later extended to goods made of these and the sellers of those goods. The term mercer for cloth merchants (from French ""mercier"", ""notions dealer"") is now largely obsolete. Mercers"
"Draper Draper was originally a term for a retailer or wholesaler of cloth that was mainly for clothing. A draper may additionally operate as a cloth merchant or a haberdasher. Drapers were an important trade guild during the medieval period, when the sellers of cloth operated out of draper's shops. However the original meaning of the term has now largely fallen out of use. In 1724, Jonathan Swift wrote a series of satirical pamphlets in the guise of a draper called the ""Drapier's Letters"". A number of notable people who have at one time or another worked as drapers include:"
"Porter (carrier) A porter, also called a bearer, is a person who carries objects or cargoes for others. The range of services conducted by porters is extensive, from shuttling luggage aboard a train (a ""railroad porter"") to bearing heavy burdens at altitude in inclement weather on multi-month mountaineering expeditions. They can carry items on their backs (backpack) or on their heads. The word porter derives from the Latin ""portare"" (to carry). The use of humans to transport cargo dates to the ancient world, prior to domesticating animals and development of the wheel. Historically it remained prevalent in areas where slavery"
"an African-American porter in order to stand out from the crowds at Grand Central Terminal in New York City. The tactic immediately caught on, over time adapted by other forms of porters for their specialties. Porter (carrier) A porter, also called a bearer, is a person who carries objects or cargoes for others. The range of services conducted by porters is extensive, from shuttling luggage aboard a train (a ""railroad porter"") to bearing heavy burdens at altitude in inclement weather on multi-month mountaineering expeditions. They can carry items on their backs (backpack) or on their heads. The word porter derives"
"Peddler A peddler, in British English pedlar, also known as a canvasser, chapman, cheapjack, hawker, higler, huckster, monger, or solicitor, is a traveling vendor of goods. In England, the term was mostly used for travellers hawking goods in the countryside to small towns and villages; they might also be called tinkers or gypsies. In London more specific terms were used, such as costermonger. Peddlers have a long and colourful history. From antiquity, peddlers filled the gaps in the formal market economy by providing consumers with the convenience of door-to-door service. They operated alongside town markets and fairs where they often"
"Badger (occupation) A badger was, in English, a term of uncertain derivation (possibly derived from bagger, a bag or person carrying one) for a dealer in food or victuals which he had purchased in one place and carried for sale in another place. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest entry as being from Bristol in 1500, but there were bager(s)gates at York in 1243 and in Lincoln by 1252. It continued in use until the 19th century in Great Britain. Badger was specifically applied to those dealing in grain for food, but was also applied generically to food commodity"
"and the discovery of the New World, goods were imported from very long distances: calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World. By the eighteenth century, a new type of manufacturer-merchant was emerging and modern business practices were becoming evident. The English term, ""merchant"" comes from the Middle English, ""marchant"", which itself originated from the Vulgar Latin ""mercatant"" or ""mercatans"", formed from present participle of mercatare meaning to trade, to traffic or to deal in. The term is used to refer to"
"to receive food, accommodation and means of transport in the lands they would pass by, so to get a full treatment along their way. This Latin root originated both French ""traiteur"" and Italian ""trattoria"". Today in France, a ""traiteur"" is a catering business devoted to take-out food and service of banquets. Many traiteurs also undertake home delivery. Generally there is no seating on the business premises; a few traiteurs may have very limited seating. Especially in market towns where there is competition, traiteurs take great pride in the beauty of their window displays. Traiteur 'departments' are now common in ""supermarchés"","
"Bailleur A bailleur, a French term, is a land owner who outsourced uncultivated parcels of land as part of an early Middle Age sharecropping system known as ""complant"" — a precursor to the métayage system. Under this system, a laborer known as a prendeur would agree to cultivate land owned by the ""bailleur"" in exchange for ownership of the crop and its production. For use of the ""bailleur's"" soil, the ""prendeur"" promised a share (normally a third to two-thirds) of the crop's production or its revenue to the ""bailleur"". The length of this partnership varied and sometimes would extend over"
"knife-grinder. The contract with the navy was alluded to in advertising material long after it had lapsed, Benjamin Piper, successor in the business announced he was ‘Successor to Messieurs Bennet and Dubois, The original Portable Soup-Makers to His majesty’s Royal Navy’ and one Vigor, successor to Piper, used the same rubric on his flyers. Mrs Dubois Mrs Dubois (fl. 1756) was a naval contractor and tavern-keeper in London in the mid-eighteenth century. She may have taken over business on the death of her husband. Several taverns in London at this time sold ‘portable soup’, a stiff jelly made by boiling"
"include casks, barrels, buckets, tubs, butter churns, hogsheads, firkins, tierces, rundlets, puncheons, pipes, tuns, butts, pins and breakers. Traditionally, a ""hooper"" was the man who fitted the wooden or metal hoops around the barrels or buckets that the cooper had made, essentially an assistant to the cooper. The English name Hooper is derived from that profession. With time, many Coopers took on the role of the Hooper themselves. There were four divisions in the cooper's craft. The ""dry"" or ""slack"" cooper made containers that would be used to ship dry goods such as cereals, nails, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. The"
"but do not produce their own brand are called Confectionery stores, or other names depending on the region. The related occupational term is chocolatier, though this term is also used sometimes to describe chocolateries, such as Godiva Chocolatier. Until the discovery of the New World, the cacao tree was unknown to Europeans. The Spanish were the first to bring cocoa beans to Europe along with cocoa grinding equipment. In the 18th century, the invention of the hydraulic press by Doret and the steam-driven chocolate mill by Dubuisson allowed for the beginning of mass production of chocolate. The first chocolaterie opened"
"labour for both parties. Called ""complant"", a laborer (in French ""prendeur"", in Italian ""mezzadro"") would offer to plant and tend to an uncultivated parcel of land belonging to a land owner (in French ""bailleur"", in Italian ""concedente""). The ""prendeur"" would have ownership of the vines and the ""bailleur"" would receive anywhere from a third to two-thirds of the vines' production in exchange for the use of his soil. This system was used extensively in planting the Champagne region. ""Bailleur"" was also used as the name for the proprietor under métayage. The contract still exists today in Switzerland. In the eighteenth"
"Deal porter The deal porters were a specialist group of workers in London's docks. They handled baulks of softwood or ""deal"", stacking them up to 60 feet (18 m) high in quayside warehouses. This was a demanding and dangerous job. It required physical strength, dexterity and a head for heights, to such an extent that they were nicknamed ""Blondins"" after the famous acrobat, Charles Blondin. Deal porters wore special leather headgear (backing hats) with long ""aprons"" over their shoulders in order to protect their heads and necks from wooden splinters. Their trade was a notably hazardous one. The ""New Survey"
"distributing flows of goods before it gets in the hands of wholesalers, retailers and so on. A distributor is the representative of the manufacturer and performs functions on behalf of the manufacturer for the distribution of goods from producer to wholesaler or retailer. A distributor is always in the seek out for orders from different clients and possesses activeness in promoting producer's products and services. The main tasks of a distributor are; study the market and the creation of databases of consumers, advertising of goods, an organization of a service for the delivery of goods, stocking up the inventory levels,"
"acted as an agent rather than a reseller. Peddlers played an important role providing services to geographically isolated districts, such as in the mountainous regions of Europe, thereby linking these districts with wider trading routes. A 16th-century commentator wrote of the: By the 18th-century, some peddlers worked for industrial producers, where they acted as a type of travelling sales representative. In England, these peddlers were known as “Manchester men.” Employed by a factory or entrepreneur, they sold goods from shop to shop rather than door to door and were thus operating as a type of wholesaler or distribution intermediary. They"
"If that had been the case, a ""haberdasher"" (in its hypothetical Scandinavian meaning) would be very close to a (French). Since the word has no recorded use in Scandinavia, it is most likely derived from the Anglo-Norman , meaning ""small ware"". A haberdasher would retail small wares, the goods of the peddler, while a mercer would specialize in ""linens, silks, fustian, worsted piece-goods and bedding"". Saint Louis IX, King of France 1226–70, is the patron saint of French haberdashers. In Belgium and elsewhere in Continental Europe, Saint Nicholas remains their patron saint, while Saint Catherine was adopted by the Worshipful"
"of local communities petitioning the justices for a nominated person to be licensed specifically to buy grain to supply their market. The term is now obsolete. Badger (occupation) A badger was, in English, a term of uncertain derivation (possibly derived from bagger, a bag or person carrying one) for a dealer in food or victuals which he had purchased in one place and carried for sale in another place. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest entry as being from Bristol in 1500, but there were bager(s)gates at York in 1243 and in Lincoln by 1252. It continued in use"
"Water carrier Water carrier (also water seller) is a profession that existed before the advent of centralized water supply systems. A water carrier collected water from a source (a river, a well, water pumps, etc.) and transported or carried containers with water to people's homes. After the construction of pipe networks, the profession of water carrier became unnecessary and disappeared. In late Qing dynasty Chengdu, there were over one thousand people who worked as water carriers. They didn't just perform their official duties, but also helped the elderly and sick who could not take care of themselves with housework. In"
"now performed by other specialist practitioners, such as surgeons and obstetricians. Apothecary shops sold ingredients and the medicines they prepared wholesale to other medical practitioners, as well as dispensing them to patients. In seventeenth century England, they also controlled the trade of tobacco which was imported as a medicine. Apothecary derives from the Ancient Greek word ἀποθήκη (""apothḗkē"", ""a repository, storehouse"") via Latin ""apotheca"" (""repository, storehouse, warehouse""), Medieval Latin ""apothecarius"" (""storekeeper""), and eventually Old French ""apotecaire"". In some languages the word ""apothecary"" is still used to designate a pharmacist/chemist, such as German and Dutch (""Apotheker"") and Luxembourgish (""Apdikter""). Likewise, ""pharmacy"""
"and service of wine, while during the Medieval Era the ""pincerna"" filled the role within the noble court. The English word ""butler"" itself comes from the Middle English word ""bo(u)teler"" (and several other forms), from Anglo-Norman ""buteler"", itself from Old Norman ""butelier"", corresponding to Old French ""botellier"" (""bottle bearer""), Modern French ""bouteiller"", and before that from Medieval Latin ""butticula"". The modern English ""butler"" thus relates both to bottles and casks. Eventually the European butler emerged as a middle-ranking member of the servants of a great house, in charge of the ""buttery"" (originally a storeroom for ""butts"" of liquor, although the"
"assistance of a dishonest employee. A young man named Caspar [Lewin Casper], clerk to a steam-ship company, learnt through the firm's correspondence that a quantity of gold-dust brought in a man-of-war from Brazil had been transhipped at Falmouth for conveyance to London. The letter informed him of the marks and sizes of the cases containing the precious metal, and he with his father [Ellis Casper] arranged that a messenger should call for the stuff with forged credentials, and anticipating the rightful owner. The fraudulent messenger, by the help of young Caspar, established his claim to the boxes, paid the wharfage"
"higher rank than the butler. The butler can also be served by a head footman or footboy called the under-butler. The word ""butler"" comes from Anglo-Norman ""buteler"", variant form of Old Norman ""*butelier"", corresponding to Old French ""botellier"" ""officer in charge of the king's wine bottles"", derived of ""boteille"" ""bottle"", Modern French ""bouteille"", itself from Gallo-Romance ""bottle"". The role of the butler, for centuries, has been that of the chief steward of a household, the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the"