"of Flowers, and Venture were also competing. Among this company, she was voted Champion Female Handicap Horse by the Thoroughbred Racing Association in 1964, although the rival ""Daily Racing Form"" chose the three-year-old Tosmah. Old Hat won both awards in her best season, 1965, when she was six years old. Old Hat raced for six years, starting in 80 races. She won 35 times, placed 18 times, and came in third 9 times. All in all, she was in the money 62 times. Old Hat (horse) Old Hat (foaled in Kentucky in 1959), was an American Thoroughbred racing mare by"
"to describe a person with a disability—by extension from handicap racing, a person carrying a heavier burden than normal—appeared in the early 20th century. Hand-in-cap Hand-in-cap is an old English trading game and the term itself is the origin of the modern word ""handicap"". In this game, two players want to trade possessions. An umpire decides whether the items have the same value, and if not, what the difference is. Both players and the umpire then put some forfeit money in a cap. The players put their hands in the cap, and then remove them either open, to signal agreement"
"Handicapping Handicapping, in sport and games, is the practice of assigning advantage through scoring compensation or other advantage given to different contestants to equalize the chances of winning. The word also applies to the various methods by which the advantage is calculated. In principle, a more experienced participant is disadvantaged, or a less experienced or capable participant is advantaged, in order to make it possible for the less experienced participant to win whilst maintaining fairness. Handicapping is used in scoring many games and competitive sports, including go, shogi, chess, croquet, golf, bowling, polo, basketball, and track and field events. Handicap"
"also use money management systems similar to financial investment professionals. The most popular, and mathematically superior, system is the Kelly criterion. It is a formula for maximizing profits and minimizing losses based on payout odds and win probability of the underlying asset. Handicapping Handicapping, in sport and games, is the practice of assigning advantage through scoring compensation or other advantage given to different contestants to equalize the chances of winning. The word also applies to the various methods by which the advantage is calculated. In principle, a more experienced participant is disadvantaged, or a less experienced or capable participant is"
"rule was to maintain fair game in competition and avoid professional vs. amateur situations arising. Benefit (sports) A benefit is a match or season of activities granted by a sporting body to a loyal sportsman to boost their income before retirement. Often this is in the form of a match for which all the ticket proceeds are given to the player in question. However hosting one of these matches is a risk for the player in question as he/she is responsible for paying any relevant receipts and collects any excess income from the match, therefore income from such matches is"
"Hand-in-cap Hand-in-cap is an old English trading game and the term itself is the origin of the modern word ""handicap"". In this game, two players want to trade possessions. An umpire decides whether the items have the same value, and if not, what the difference is. Both players and the umpire then put some forfeit money in a cap. The players put their hands in the cap, and then remove them either open, to signal agreement with the valuation, or closed, to signal disagreement. If both players agree, the difference in valuation is paid, the items are traded, and the"
"was originally conceived and employed by Arthur Flegenheimer (also known as Dutch Schultz) alongside various rackets he had running at the racetrack. The system has since taken his name. The strategy can pay dividends when gamblers successfully reduce the potential winners of an event to a select few from the field or when information about runners not expected to perform well does not reach the market (so as to affect the odds), making it profitable to back the rest of the field. Dutching can also be used to reduce the price of the commission you would pay at a betting"
"point spread still wins the game, but bets on that team lose. In either case the handicapper is the person who sets the handicaps for the activity. The term ""handicap"" derives from hand-in-cap, referring to a system wherein players placed bets or money into the cap of a neutral arbiter to reach an agreement as to the relative values of items sought to be traded. In a 'result adjustment' style handicap event, the outcome may be adjusted by some factor determined by the handicap. Some forms of car or yacht racing. In this case, the winner, on elapsed time, may"
"Advantage gambling Advantage gambling, or advantage play, refers to legal methods, in contrast to cheating in casinos, used to gain an advantage while gambling. The term usually refers to house-banked games, but can also refer to games played against other players, such as poker. Someone who practises advantage gambling is often referred to as an advantage player, or AP. Unlike cheating, which is by definition illegal, advantage play exploits innate characteristics of a particular game to give the player an advantage relative to the house or other players. While not illegal, advantage play is often discouraged and some advantage players"
"more resources from which to pay the tax. Level playing field In commerce, a level playing field is a concept about fairness, not that each player has an equal chance to succeed, but that they all play by the same set of rules. In a game played on a playing field, such as rugby, one team would have an unfair advantage if the field had a slope. Since some real-life playing fields do in fact have slopes, it is customary for teams to swap ends of the playing field at half time. A metaphorical playing field is said to be"
"also known as “endorsement”, advertising through broadcaster, advertising such as advertising as ground signage/clothing/equipment advertising, promoting games, promoting using players/club/league or developing ‘business opportunities.’ The peculiarity of sports is that “sports is the only entertainment where, no matter how many times you go back, you never know the ending.” This singular fact is used by marketing companies as an advantage: every time the audience attends an event it will see the advertisements again and again, providing a wide range of opportunities for the different companies which operate in this field. One of the oldest examples of the marketing of products"
"Boot money Boot money refers to money paid privately or anonymously to amateur athletes, often to circumvent laws or league regulations prohibiting athlete compensation. It can be paid as an incentive to win or as a reward for a good performance, but especially in more recent times can involve a company rewarding players for using their apparel or products. This phenomenon has been found in amateur sports for centuries. The term ""boot money"" became popularised in the late 1880s when British football leagues prohibited professionalism, but it was not unusual for players to find a half crown (two shillings and"
"1975, Amotz Zahavi proposed a verbal model for how signal costs could constrain cheating and stabilize an ""honest"" correlation between observed signals and unobservable qualities, based on an analogy to sports handicapping systems. He called this idea the handicap principle. The purpose of a sports handicapping system is to reduce disparities in performance, making the contest more competitive. In a handicap race, intrinsically faster horses are given heavier weights to carry under their saddles. Similarly, in amateur golf, better golfers have fewer strokes subtracted from their raw scores. This creates correlations between the handicap and unhandicapped performance, and if the"
"Hat-trick A hat-trick or hat trick is the achievement of a positive feat three times in a game, or another achievement based on the number three. The term first appeared in 1858 in cricket, to describe H. H. Stephenson's taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries. Fans held a collection for Stephenson, and presented him with a hat bought with the proceeds. The term was used in print for the first time in 1865. The term was eventually adopted by many other sports including hockey, association football, water polo, and team handball. A hat-trick occurs in association football when a"
"internationals during the 1970s. Many other ways were found to work around the laws of rugby union amateurism. Boot money Boot money refers to money paid privately or anonymously to amateur athletes, often to circumvent laws or league regulations prohibiting athlete compensation. It can be paid as an incentive to win or as a reward for a good performance, but especially in more recent times can involve a company rewarding players for using their apparel or products. This phenomenon has been found in amateur sports for centuries. The term ""boot money"" became popularised in the late 1880s when British football"
"sixpence) in their boots after a game (worth around GBP66 in 2009, calculated by the rise in average earnings). Before the breaking of the £20 wage-cap by Johnny Haynes, many British football players received ciphered boot money, by fans paying for entrance but not being counted in an official match attendance. This method was also a way of escaping tax deductions too. In 1982, Adidas was paying British Olympic athletes to wear their gear. The main person involved in the scandal was Horst Dassler. A scandal broke out over payments alleged to have been made to some Welsh rugby union"
"trade with each other. Regionalized pricing was wiped away, and many objects, baseballs, bats, and the like began selling for high dollar values. This in turn brought in new businessmen whose sole means of making a living was acquiring autographs and memorabilia from the athletes. Memorabilia hounds fought with fans to get signatures worth $20, $60, or even $100 or more in their stores. Beyond the staple billboards, large corporations like NIKE and Champion fought to make sure that their logos were seen on the clothing and shoes worn by athletes on the field. This kind of association branding became"
"Parity (sports) In sports, parity is when participating teams have roughly equivalent levels of talent. In such a league, the ""best"" team is not significantly better than the ""worst"" team. This leads to more competitive contests where the winner cannot be easily predicted in advance. The opposite condition, which could be considered ""disparity"" between teams, is a condition where the elite teams are so much more talented that the lesser teams are hopelessly outmatched. Different major governing organizations attempt to achieve parity in different ways. For example, the National Football League (NFL) in the U.S. has established the shared revenue"
"of the sum of averages between the two teams that are facing each other (sometimes then multiplied by a percentage, such as 90%), or an amount calculated from a score that is above the highest team average in the league so that each team gets a handicap amount. The handicap gives teams with lower averages a chance to compete against teams with higher averages. There are often weekly and seasonal cash prizes and pools that go along with the game. The point of this is to have something to work for. Some leagues will have strike pools or spare pools."
"Surplus procedure The surplus procedure (SP) is a fair division protocol for dividing goods in a way that achieves proportional equitability. It can be generalized to more than 2=two people and is strategyproof. For three or more people it is not always possible to achieve a division that is both equitable and envy-free. The surplus procedure was devised by Steven J. Brams, Michael A. Jones, and Christian Klamler in 2006. A generalization of the surplus procedure called the equitable procedure (EP) achieves a form of equitability. Equitability and envy-freeness can be incompatible for 3 or more players. There have been"
"which started a fashion trend among young athletes that lasts to this day. Ewing was expected to be the top pick in the 1985 NBA draft. The team that selected him would be making history by doing so. From 1966 until 1984, the NBA draft was conducted similarly to the NFL draft, where teams are awarded draft positions based on winning percentage. The difference was that instead of the team with the lowest percentage automatically being awarded the top pick, the NBA held a coin toss between the teams with the worst records in each conference and the winner of"
"Benefit (sports) A benefit is a match or season of activities granted by a sporting body to a loyal sportsman to boost their income before retirement. Often this is in the form of a match for which all the ticket proceeds are given to the player in question. However hosting one of these matches is a risk for the player in question as he/she is responsible for paying any relevant receipts and collects any excess income from the match, therefore income from such matches is more often than not reliant on attendance. Sometimes, the ""beneficiary"" can opt to give part"
"without the threat of criminal prosecution for their behavior. This is not the case in all jurisdictions, however, and some advantage players have reported more aggressive countermeasures being taken even in well known gambling locations like Monte Carlo. Advantage gambling Advantage gambling, or advantage play, refers to legal methods, in contrast to cheating in casinos, used to gain an advantage while gambling. The term usually refers to house-banked games, but can also refer to games played against other players, such as poker. Someone who practises advantage gambling is often referred to as an advantage player, or AP. Unlike cheating, which"
"Equality of outcome Equality of outcome, equality of condition, or equality of results is a political concept which is central to some political ideologies and is used regularly in political discourse, often in contrast to the term equality of opportunity. It describes a state in which people have approximately the same material wealth and income, or in which the general economic conditions of their lives are alike. Achieving equal results generally entails reducing or eliminating material inequalities between individuals or households in a society and usually involves a transfer of income or wealth from wealthier to poorer individuals, or adopting"
"to begging. It is actually derived from an old game, Hand-i'-cap, in which two players trade possessions and a third, neutral person judges the difference of value between the possessions. The concept of a neutral person evening up the odds was extended to handicap racing in the mid-18th century. In handicap racing, horses carry different weights based on the umpire's estimation of what would make them run equally. The use of the term to describe a person with a disability—by extension from handicap racing, a person carrying a heavier burden than normal—appeared in the early 20th century. People-first language is"
"to grant some non-gambling related favor to the victor. Perhaps the most famous alleged example was the match between Argentina and Peru in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Argentina needed a four-goal victory to advance over Brazil, an enormous margin at this level of competition, especially since Argentina had a weak offense (6 goals in 5 games) and Peru a stout defence (6 goals allowed in 5 games). Yet somehow, Argentina won 6–0. Much was made over political collusion, that the Peruvian goalkeeper was born in Argentina, and that Peru was dependent on Argentinian grain shipments, but nothing was ever"
"the gambler will be given $1 plus the returned stake of $2, yielding a $1 profit. ""Even odds"" occur when the probability of an event happening is exactly the same as it not happening. In common parlance, this is a ""50-50 chance"". Guessing heads or tails on a coin toss is the classic example of an event that has even odds. In gambling, it is commonly referred to as ""even money"" or simply ""evens"" (1 to 1, or 2 for 1). ""Evens"" implies that the payout will be one unit per unit wagered plus the original stake; that is, ""double"
"be included into calculations. Back-lay sports arbitrage is often called ""scalping"" or ""trading"". Scalping is not actually arbitrage, but short term trading. In the context of sports arbitrage betting a scalping trader or scalper looks to make lots of small profits, which in time can add up. In theory a trader could turn a small investment into large profits by re-investing his earlier profits into future bets so as to generate exponential growth. Scalping relies on liquidity in the markets and that the odds will fluctuate around a mean point. A key advantage to scalping on one exchange is that"
"heard in common use. Skin in the game (phrase) To have ""skin in the game"" is to have incurred risk (monetary or otherwise) by being involved in achieving a goal. In the phrase, ""skin"" is a synecdoche for the person involved, and ""game"" is the metaphor for actions on the field of play under discussion. The aphorism is particularly common in business, finance, and gambling, and is also used in politics. The origin of the phrase is unknown. It has commonly been attributed to Warren Buffett, referring to his own investment in his initial fund. However, William Safire refutes Buffett"
"$300 to any player who grew a moustache by Father's Day, at a time when every other team forbade facial hair. When Father's Day arrived, every member of the team collected a bonus. The 1972 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds was termed ""The Hairs vs. the Big Squares"", as the Reds wore more traditional uniforms and required their players to be clean-shaven and short-haired. A contemporaneous book about the team was called ""Mustache Gang"". The A's seven-game victory over the heavily favored Reds gave the team its first World Series Championship since 1930. They defended their title in 1973"
"an arbiter. The arbiter, or a computer program, assigns each item to the high bidder. Then, if players' total point values are unequal, the player with the higher total gives its least valuable asset to the other player; this is repeated, with splitting of a divisible asset if necessary, until the players have equal point values. (Ibid.) As patented, this method does not handle multiple identical assets with diminishing marginal utility. This algorithm is patented in the United States. Some concerns have been raised that this patent is overly broad. The Adjusted Winner procedure always has an approximate Nash equilibrium."
"Money odds are another way of compensating for a difference in strength; the stronger player puts up some multiple (three, five, ten, etc.) of the amount of money put up by the weaker player. In the 16th–19th centuries pion coiffé (capped or marked pawn) handicapping was sometimes used. The stronger player must checkmate with a particular pawn, which is usually marked at the start of play. The pawn cannot be promoted; giving checkmate with any other pawn or piece loses the game. Pion coiffé is considered to be about equivalent to giving odds of a queen. Similarly, games have occasionally"
"sold for a lot of money before. This glove is now on display at the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Other popular items in sports memorabilia are ""game-used"" items. Game used can refer to an item worn on the field during a game, worn during the pregame, or by a player on the bench. These can include jerseys, pants, caps, helmets, gloves, shoes, or even sunglasses. Game Used can also refer to bats, balls, turf, flags, or other items used by a player on in the stadium. In NASCAR, and other forms of automobile racing, the metal from the cars,"