"the Institute for Physical Culture, who stands accused of organising state-sponsored doping in the Soviet Union, dating back to the early 1980s, was also involved in the recent Russian doping programme. In January 2015, then-All-Russia Athletic Federation President Valentin Balakhnichev resigned as treasurer of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). In response to the ARD documentary, WADA commissioned an investigation headed by former anti-doping agency President Dick Pound, the report of which was published on 9 November 2015. The 335-page document, described as ""damning"" by ""The Guardian"", reported widespread doping and large-scale cover-ups by the Russian authorities. It stated"
"subsequently investigated the allegations. The 323-pages report, published on 9 November 2015, confirmed widespread doping and large-scale cover ups by the authorities. It recommended that the All-Russia Athletic Federation (ARAF) be declared non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code, and recommended that the International Olympic Committee not accept any entries from ARAF until compliance was reached. Based on this report, which ""The Guardian"" described as ""damning"", the IAAF council overwhelmingly voted 22–1 in favour of prohibiting Russia from world sports events with immediate effect, in its 13 November session. Russia has been also prohibited from hosting the 2016 World"
"the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing. Originally Russia submitted a list of 389 athletes for competition. On 7 August 2016, the IOC cleared 278 athletes, while 111 were removed because of the state-sponsored doping scandal. The Taiwanese weightlifter Lin Tzu-chi was withdrawn from the games hours before her event by her country's delegation for an abnormal drugs test. The Kenyan athletics coach John Anzrah, who travelled to Rio independently of his country's delegation was sent home after being caught posing as an athlete during a doping test. This followed the sending home of Kenya's track and field manager Michael"
"of . Meldonium was added to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances effective 1 January 2016 because of evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. It was on the 2015 WADA's list of drugs to be monitored. An alarmingly high prevalence of meldonium use by athletes in sport was demonstrated by the laboratory findings at the Baku 2015 European Games. 13 medallists or competition winners were taking meldonium at the time of the Baku Games. Meldonium use was detected in athletes competing in 15 of the 21 sports during the Games. Most"
"bans in accordance with the IOC decision of 24 July 2016, and that of the remaining six entries from Russia, four were implicated in the 'disappearing positive methodology' uncovered by the McLaren report into state-sanctioned doping. IWF expressed its 'extreme shock and disappointment' at the statistics, stated that the Russian weightlifting had brought the sport into disrepute, and then sanctioned Russian weightlifting with a complete ban from the Games; the second team to receive it after Bulgaria. Following the decision, the Executive Board transferred to quota places that came available to Albania, Georgia and Macedonia (women) and to Belgium, Croatia,"
"doping. In contrast, the entire Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag (for a non-doping related matter). The IOC's decision on 24 July 2016 was widely criticized by both athletes and writers, as well as members of the Olympic Committee. A member of the IOC Athletes' Commission, Hayley Wickenheiser, wrote, ""I ask myself if we were not dealing with Russia would this decision to ban a nation [have] been an easier one? I fear the answer is yes"". Writing for ""Deutsche Welle"" in Germany, Olivia Gerstenberger said that the head of the IOC, Thomas Bach had ""flunked"""
"agents. After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led by Richard McLaren. McLaren's investigation found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report published in July 2016 that the Ministry of Sport and the FSB had operated a ""state-directed failsafe system"" using a ""disappearing positive [test] methodology"" (DPM) from ""at least late 2011 to August 2015"". In response to these findings, WADA announced that RUSADA should be regarded as non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code and recommended that Russia be banned from competing at the 2016 Summer"
"the Games. There have been numerous calls for the Games to be postponed, warning that the anticipated attendance of 500,000 international visitors could cause the virus to rapidly spread outside of the country. In the first quarter of 2016, there were also more cases of the mosquito-borne Dengue fever than in 2015 alone. Dr. Amir Attaran of the University of Ottawa, writing for the ""Harvard Public Health Review"", noted that Rio had the highest concentration of Zika infections out of all Brazilian states. He argued that the Olympics could result in a ""global catastrophe"" of Zika outbreaks, and asserted that"
"been criticized by some media and the professionals of biology in China. Media attention began growing in December 2014 when German broadcaster ARD reported on state-sponsored doping in Russia, comparing it to doping in East Germany. In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) published a report and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events. The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported that they were unable to fully carry out their work and noted intimidation by armed Federal Security Service (FSB)"
"of the 2016 US Presidential campaign. She is alleged to have discussed the 2016 US Presidential Election with Julian Assange of Wikileaks in 2017, which Walden denies. Walden was the attorney for Grigory Rodchenkov, the former director of Russia's national anti-doping laboratory. Rodchenkov's role as a whistle-blower helped expose Russia's state-sponsored doping system. Crucially, Rodchenkov kept a contemporaneous diary that included entries related to the doping system he oversaw. The diaries detailed specific discussions about cheating that Rodchenkov conducted with prominent Russian officials. On December 5, 2017, the International Olympic Committee announced its decision to ban Russia from the 2018"
"under S6 on the WADA Prohibited List, during an in-competition doping control on 21 August 2016. The results obtained by the athlete in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games were disqualified. On 9 December 2016, Canadian lawyer Richard McLaren published the second part of his independent report. The investigation found that from 2011 to 2015, more than 1,000 Russian competitors in various sports (including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports) benefited from the cover-up. Emails indicate that they included five blind powerlifters, who may have been given drugs without their knowledge, and a fifteen-year-old. Silver medalist Misha Aloyan was found to have"
"Olympics. The IOC rejected the recommendation, stating that a separate decision would be made for each athlete by the relevant IF and the IOC, based on the athlete's individual circumstances. One day prior to the opening ceremony, 270 athletes were cleared to compete under the Russian flag, while 167 were removed because of doping. In contrast, the entire Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag (for a non-doping related matter). The IOC's decision on 24 July 2016 was criticised by athletes and writers.<ref name=""http://nationalpost.com""></ref> It received support from the European Olympic Committees, which said that Russia was"
"the 2008 and 2012 Olympic retesting programme, that country would be suspended from international weightlifting for one year, and would thereby be excluded from the Games in Rio, alongside the already suspended Bulgaria. IWF clarified that after retesting of 'A' samples from 2008 and 2012 that the three countries therefore scheduled for suspension were Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus. Russia is appealing this decision also to the Court of Arbitration for Sport on 6 July 2016. In addition, quota places have been removed from Azerbaijan (2),Belarus (1), Kazakhstan (1), Moldova (2), North Korea (2), Russia (2), Romania (1) and Uzbekistan (1)."
"London Olympic Games ""were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing"" and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova, Ekaterina Poistogova, Anastasiya Bazdyreva, Kristina Ugarova, and Tatjana Myazina. On 15 June 2016, it was announced that four London 2012 Olympic weightlifting champions had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. They include Kazakhstan's Ilya Ilyin (94 kg), Zulfiya Chinshanlo"
"eligible to participate. Bulgarian and Russian weightlifters were banned from Rio Olympics for numerous anti-doping violations. Kuwait was banned in October 2015 for the second time in five years over government interference in the country's Olympic committee. <noinclude> Due to the European migrant crisis and other reasons, the IOC allowed athletes to compete as Independent Olympians under the Olympic Flag. In the previous Summer Olympic Games, refugees were ineligible to compete because of their inability to represent their home NOCs. On 2 March 2016, the IOC finalised plans for a specific Refugee Olympic Team (ROT); out of 43 refugee athletes"
"Anti-Doping Agency reported the receipt of phishing emails sent to users of its database claiming to be official WADA communications requesting their login details. After reviewing the two domains provided by WADA, it was found that the websites' registration and hosting information were consistent with the Russian hacking group Fancy Bear. According to WADA, some of the data the hackers released had been forged. Due to evidence of widespread doping by Russian athletes, WADA recommended that Russian athletes be barred from participating in the 2016 Rio Olympics and Paralympics. Analysts said they believed the hack was in part an act"
"banned from competing at the 2016 Summer Olympics on June 17, 2016, when the IAAF voted unanimously to prevent them from competing. This punishment is because of the ongoing Russian doping scandal. Darya Klishina was the only Russian athlete allowed to participate. The Refugee Olympic Team, in its first appearance, included six track and field athletes among it 10-strong team. The Olympic athletics competition was majorly affected by the ban of the All-Russia Athletic Federation (ARAF) by the sports governing body, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The IAAF undertook this action to exclude all Russian athletes following the"
"deemed potentially eligible, 10 were chosen to form the team. Due to the suspension of the National Olympic Committee of Kuwait, participants from Kuwait were allowed to participate under the Olympic Flag as Independent Olympic Athletes. In November 2015, Russia was provisionally suspended from all international track and field athletic competitions by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) following a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) report into a doping program in the country. The IAAF announced that it would allow individual Russian athletes to apply for ""exceptional eligibility"" to participate in the Games as ""neutral"" athletes, if it were independently"
"questionnaire designed by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Initial analysis identified two failed tests, both Kenyan women: hurdler Koki Manunga and sprinter Joy Nakhumicha Sakari. Both were disqualified immediately from the competition. 2015 World Championships in Athletics The fifteenth edition of the IAAF World Championships was held 22–30 August 2015 in Beijing, China. 43 nations won medals, 144 of which were awarded. Kenya topped the medal table for the first time, with 7 gold, 6 silver and 3 bronze medals. The United States won 18 medals, six gold, six silver and six bronze, which was the highest tally. Host nation China,"
"On 1 November 2015, former IAAF president Lamine Diack was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption and money laundering. Diack allegedly accepted ""$1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011."" In November 2015, WADA published its report, which found ""systemic failures"" in the IAAF had prevented an ""effective"" anti-doping programme and concluded that Russia should be banned from competing in international competitions because of its athletes' test results. The report continued that ""the IAAF allowed the conduct to occur and must"
"detect banned substances. Several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games; only three athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing. In London over 6,000 Olympic and Paralympic athletes were tested. Prior to the Games 107 athletes tested positive for banned substances and were not allowed to compete. During and after the Games eight athletes tested positive for a banned substance and were suspended, including shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk, who was stripped of her gold medal. Russia was partially banned from the 2016 Summer Olympics and completely banned from the 2018 Winter"
"(a competitor in the women's 200 m). Another 200 m runner, Yelyzaveta Bryzgina, also of Ukraine, was banned for the steroid drostanolone. Afghan 100 m runner Masoud Azizi had nandrolone in his sample. Two athletes in the walking events, Ayman Kozhakhmetova and Ebrahim Rahimian, failed their tests for EPO, as did Guatemala's marathon runner Jeremias Saloj. Media attention began growing in December 2014 when German broadcaster ARD reported on state-sponsored doping in Russia, comparing it to doping in East Germany. In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) published a report and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) suspended"
"teammates Kristi Castlin and Nia Ali to qualify to represent at Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil. Not only did she win a gold medal, but her teammates placed second and third, making it the first time in history that one country gained all medals in this discipline at the Olympic Games, and the first time American women achieved such a sweep in any Olympic event. She has been banned for a year by the United States Anti-Doping Agency after missing three drugs tests in 2016 - two of them after she forgot to update her whereabouts details"
"the Olympics as they were not an Olympic nation, although Great Britain did compete in 2012 as the host nation. The Football Association had originally declared on 2 March 2015 its intention to enter and run teams on behalf of the British Olympic Association at the 2016 Olympics should England qualify. Following strong objections from the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish football associations, and a commitment from FIFA that they would not allow entry of a British team unless all four Home Nations agreed, the Football Association announced on 30 March 2015 that they would not seek entry into the"
"were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the label ""Refugee Olympic Team"". Ten athletes from four countries competed for this team. Due to widespread state-controlled doping in Russia, the International Association of Athletic Federations suspended the All-Russia Athletic Federation in November 2015. As a result, no Russian athlete would able to compete internationally, including the 2016 Olympics, until the suspension was lifted. The IAAF announced a path for athletes who train outside the Russia system and could prove themselves to be clean, as well as those who have helped in the fight against"
"supplied their athletes with performance-enhancing drugs. In November 2015, Russia's track and field team was provisionally suspended by the IAAF. In May 2016, ""The New York Times"" published allegations by the former director of Russia's anti-doping laboratory, Grigory Rodchenkov, that a conspiracy of corrupt anti-doping officials, FSB intelligence agents, and compliant Russian athletes used banned substances to gain an unfair advantage during the Games. Rodchenkov stated that the FSB tampered with over 100 urine samples as part of a cover-up, and that at least fifteen of the Russian medals won at Sochi were the result of doping. In December, 2016,"
"from the Games, and neither the country's flag nor anthem would be present. The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem will be used instead, and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate logo for the uniforms (seen at right). IOC President Thomas Bach said that ""after following due process [the IOC] has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes."" As of January 2018, the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the"
"International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) announced that Russia would lose two quota places in weightlifting at the 2016 Olympics because of doping violations. IWF then went on to state that if the testing of 'B' samples proved to confirm that any country had three or more violations in the 2008 and 2012 Olympic re-testing programme, then that country would be suspended from international weightlifting for a period of one year, and would thereby be excluded from taking part in the Rio Olympics, alongside the already suspended Bulgaria. IWF clarified that after re-testing 'A' samples from 2008 and 2012 that the three"
"Rotich who was filmed by a newspaper offering to give athletes advanced notice of any pending drugs test in return for a one-off payment. On 13 October 2016, the IWF reported that weightlifter Gabriel Sincraian of Romania, who won bronze in the men's 85-kg event, tested positive for excess testosterone in a test connected to the Rio Olympics. On 8 December 2016, the CAS affirmed the disqualification of Sincraian and the loss of the bronze medal. The CAS also disqualified silver medalist 52 kg boxer Misha Aloian of Russia. Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before"
"and later Russian athletes never finished below fourth place in the number of gold and total medals collected at the Summer Olympics in which they competed. Russia has the most medals stripped for doping violations (51), the most of any country, four times the number of the runner-up, and nearly a third of the global total. Russian team has been partially banned from the 2016 Rio Olympics and might be made subject to a blanket ban from the 2018 Winter Olympics due to a serious doping scandal. On 5 December 2017 the IOC announced that Russia is banned with immediate"
"serving doping bans in the sport of Athletics including 72 athletes and 5 coaches and athlete support personnel. Although the IOC stated in July 2016 that it would ask sports federations to seek alternative hosts, Russia has retained hosting rights for some major international sports events, including the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup, and 2019 Winter Universiade. In September 2016, Russia was awarded hosting rights for the 2021 World Biathlon Championships because the IOC's recommendation did not apply to events that had already been awarded or planned bids from the country. Olympic medalists Steven Holcomb, Matt Antoine,"
"large delegation, sometimes numbering over 100 athletes. It topped the medal table at the 2001 tournament, following disqualifications of American medalists for doping. Russia also finished top of the medal table at the 2013 Moscow Championships, but lost this position due to doping disqualifications of its own athletes. Russia's performance at the competition has been strongly affected by doping. The country was banned from competing in 2017 due to systemic doping issues and Russians had to gain special dispensation to compete as Authorised Neutral Athletes. Various members of the Russian delegation have been banned for doping at every edition of"
"the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), actually 44% of them had used them. Nevertheless, only 0.5% of those tested were caught. The whole Russian track and field team was banned from the 2016 Olympic Games, because the Russian State had sponsored their doping program. Goldman's dilemma, or the Goldman dilemma, is a question that was posed to elite athletes by physician, osteopath and publicist Bob Goldman, asking whether they would take a drug that would guarantee them success in sport, but cause them to die after five years. In his research, as in previous research by Mirkin, approximately half the athletes"