"""per annum"" in real dollar terms. Apart from the primary sector economy, tourism has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94 million foreign visitors are recorded in 2015. As a result of several land reform measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of cashew nuts, with a one-third global share; the largest producer of black pepper, accounting for one-third of the world's market; and the second-largest rice exporter in the world after Thailand since the 1990s. Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of coffee.The country has"
"ancient times, the kingdom of Sunda and the later sultanate of Banten were well known as the world's major producers of black pepper. The maritime empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit also benefited from the lucrative spice trade between the spice islands with China and India. Later the Dutch East India Company controlled the spice trade between Indonesia and the world. The Indonesian fondness for hot and spicy food was enriched when the Spanish introduced chili pepper from the New World to the region in the 16th century. After that hot and spicy ""sambals"" have become an important part of Indonesian"
"nations with a total crop of 155,000 tons in 2014; a 38.6% share of the global production. The world market price for pepper is currently favorable and many new pepper plantations are constructed across the country. In some regions, large pepper plantations are contributing to the already alarming deforestation in Cambodia. Kampot (pepper) Kampot pepper is a cultivar of pepper (""piper nigrum"") grown and produced in Kampot Province, Cambodia. It is a certified appellation of origin product since 2010. Kampot pepper is organically grown and produced and sold in green, black, white and red varieties, all from the same plant."
"century, pepper was being grown in Java, Sunda, Sumatra, Madagascar, Malaysia, and everywhere in Southeast Asia. These areas traded mainly with China, or used the pepper locally. Ports in the Malabar area also served as a stop-off point for much of the trade in other spices from farther east in the Indian Ocean. Following the British hegemony in India, virtually all of the black pepper found in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa was traded from Malabar region. Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of Ramesses II, placed there as part of the mummification rituals shortly after"
"foreign countries, Chau Ju-kua, collected reports from sailors and merchants who had visited foreign countries. His report on far countries, ""Chu-fan-chi"", written from 1178 to 1225 AD, mentions the deepwater harbour of Sin-t’o (Sunda). Chu-fan-chi reported that: According to this source, the kingdom of Sunda produced high quality black pepper. The kingdom located in the western parts of Java near Sunda Strait, corresponds to today Banten, Jakarta and west part of West Java province. According to this source, the port of Sunda was under Srivijaya mandala domination. Port of Sunda was highly possible refer to port of Banten instead of"
"of an everyday seasoning among those of more average means. Today, pepper accounts for one-fifth of the world's spice trade. It is possible that black pepper was known in China in the second century BCE, if poetic reports regarding an explorer named Tang Meng (唐蒙) are correct. Sent by Emperor Wu to what is now south-west China, Tang Meng is said to have come across something called ""jujiang"" or ""sauce-betel"". He was told it came from the markets of Shu, an area in what is now the Sichuan province. The traditional view among historians is that ""sauce-betel"" is a sauce"
"the 1990s. Kampot pepper production slowly gained momentum in the 2000s when previous pepper farmers gradually returned to their lands. As of July 2015, six districts in the southern province of Kampot have pepper farms, while the spice’s overseas market consists mostly of Europe, the United States, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. As the first Cambodian product, Kampot pepper obtained the World Trade Organization’s Geographical Indication (GI) status in 2010, tying the quality of the product to its origin. International demand for the product has risen since then. However, annual export volume is still relatively small, i.e. 58 tonnes was produced"
"Black pepper Piper nigrum (""Piper nigrum"") is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning, known as a peppercorn. When fresh and fully mature, it is about in diameter and dark red, and contains a single seed, like all drupes. Peppercorns and the ground pepper derived from them may be described simply as pepper, or more precisely as black pepper (cooked and dried unripe fruit), green pepper (dried unripe fruit), and white pepper (ripe fruit seeds). Black pepper is native to Kerala in Southwestern India and"
"Kampot (pepper) Kampot pepper is a cultivar of pepper (""piper nigrum"") grown and produced in Kampot Province, Cambodia. It is a certified appellation of origin product since 2010. Kampot pepper is organically grown and produced and sold in green, black, white and red varieties, all from the same plant. The climate of Kampot Province offers perfect conditions for growing pepper and the quartz content of the soil in the foothills of the Elephant Mountains helps to give Kampot pepper its unique terroir. The growing conditions are only one of several elements of importance to the production of Kampot pepper. Knowledge"
"Daily Value (DV) in a 100 gram reference amount (table). Red bell peppers have more vitamin C content than green bell peppers. Vitamin B6 is moderate in content (17% DV), with no other micronutrients having significant amounts of the DV (table). China is the world's largest producer of bell and chile peppers, followed by Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia, and the United States. Bell pepper The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper, pepper or capsicum ) is a cultivar group of the species ""Capsicum annuum"". Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colours, including red, yellow, orange, green, white, and"
"Malabar pepper Malabar pepper is a variety of black pepper that originated as a chance seedling in a geographical region that now forms part of the present day state of Kerala in India. The area of production of this variety of pepper now covers all the geographical regions that were once part of the Malabar region of the erstwhile Madras Presidency. These regions now entail the entire South India area. Malabar pepper was one of the most sought after commodities by the ancient Roman and Arab traders, and later by the early European navigators. Malabar pepper is classified under two"
"nations being China and Thailand, closely followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. The other 25% are produced in the western hemisphere, where Latin American countries (Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico) dominate. In terms of export, Thailand is by far the leading nation, with a market share of more than 30%, followed by China, Indonesia, and India, accounting each for about 10%. Other major export nations are Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Ecuador. Thailand exports nearly all of its production, while China uses most of its shrimp in the domestic market. The only other major export nation that has a strong domestic market for farmed"
"chili peppers were introduced to Southeast Asia probably through the various sea ports of modern day Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam via the Philippines and Malacca. Through trades with the Portuguese and other Europeans cultivation of non-native crops and ingredients quickly spread throughout Southeast Asia. Thailand being one of the entry points where the Europeans have traded and where the papaya was introduced to mainland Southeast Asia have lead some to speculate that the dish may have had a Thai origin. According to historian Sujit Wongthes, the variant of ""tam som"" using papaya as the main ingredient probably originated in the"
"Alligator pepper Alligator pepper (also known as mbongo spice or hepper pepper) is a West African spice which corresponds to the seeds and seed pods of ""Aframomum danielli"", ""A. citratum"" or ""A. exscapum"". It is a close relative of grains of paradise, obtained from the closely related species, ""Aframomum melegueta"". However, unlike grains of paradise which are generally sold as only the seeds of the plant, alligator pepper is sold as the entire pod containing the seeds (in the same manner to another close relative, black cardamom). The plants which provide alligator pepper are herbaceous perennials of the ginger (Zingiberaceae)"
"(Pangium edule) and ""laos"" (galangal) are native to Indonesia. It is likely that ""lada hitam"" (black pepper), ""kunyit"" (turmeric), ""sereh"" (lemongrass), ""salam koja"" (curry leaf), ""bawang merah"" (shallot), ""kayu manis"" (cinnamon), ""kemiri"" (candlenut), ""ketumbar"" (coriander), ""jahe"" (ginger) and ""asam jawa"" (tamarind) were introduced from India or mainland Southeast Asia, while ""daun bawang"" (scallions) and ""bawang putih"" (garlic) were introduced from China. Those spices from mainland Asia were introduced early, in ancient times, thus they became integral ingredients in Indonesian cuisine. While the New World spices such as chili pepper and tomato were introduced by Portuguese and Spanish traders during the"
"is the preferred choice when heat is wanted in a dish; it is used in stir fries, soups, marinades for grilled meats, and dipping sauces. Pepper has a long history in Cambodia, having been grown since at least the 13th century, while the pungent, aromatic variety from Kampot province (bordering Vietnam's Ha Tien province and the Gulf of Thailand to the south, and the jungle-clad Elephant Mountains to the north) was once Cambodia's chief export from the late 1800s up till the 1960s. Kampot pepper was once known as the King of Peppers, revered by gourmands worldwide for its floral"
"tapioca plantations are Nakhon Ratchasima, Kamphaeng Phet, Chaiyaphum, Sa Kaeo, and Chachoengsao. Thailand produces 28-30 million tonnes of fresh cassava roots yearly from some 500,000 households, worth more than 100 billion baht. Thailand is the world's largest exporter with about 50 percent of the market. In 2017 it exported 11 million tonnes of tapioca products. Its export goal for 2018 is 10.6 million tonnes. Thailand is a leading producer and exporter of tropical fruits such as durian, mangosteen, rambutan, longan, salak, and langsat (longkong). Thailand is ranked the world's number one exporter of durians, producing around 700,000 tonnes of durian"
"and sold by United States Foods, and many other small retailers in Australia, with the UK (sugar) version sold in the British sections of Coles and Woolworths supermarkets. Dr Pepper is not available in Thailand, North Korea and Serbia. It is rarely sold in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, as it is imported from the United States. Dr Pepper has been sold in Japan since 1973 and is widely available in greater Tokyo, Okinawa and parts of the Tōkai region, where it is distributed by local Coca-Cola bottlers. It is not actively marketed in other regions of Japan; Coca-Cola's"
"Penja white pepper Penja white pepper is a type of white pepper grown in the volcanic soil of the Penja Valley in Cameroon. This soil is rich in minerals due to the presence of volcanic soils, that gives Penja White pepper a unique and pure taste. Pepper culture was introduced into Cameroon by Antoine Decré, who had a banana plantation in Penja. The first export, a bag of 40 kg of white pepper, took place in March 1958. The pepper became popular with Michelin-star chefs and was being sold for as much as €321 per kilogram as of May, 2016."
"has the highest number of native starch factories (46 percent) followed by the east region (31 percent), central region (15 percent) and north region (eight percent) respectively. Native starch factories are typically in the same areas as tapioca plantations. Thailand produces 28-30 million tonnes of fresh cassava roots yearly from some 500,000 households, worth more than 100 billion baht. Nigeria is the world's leading producer of tapioca, but Thailand is the world's largest exporter with at least half of the market. In 2017 it exported 11 million tonnes of tapioca products. Its export goal for 2018 is 10.6 million tonnes."
"seed companies breed different types of peppers as well. In 2013, global production of both green and dried chili pepper was 34.6 million tonnes, with 47% of output coming from China alone. India was the top producer of dry peppers, producing 1.4 million tonnes. Peppers are highly nutritious. They have more Vitamin C than an orange, and a typical bell pepper contains more than 100% of the daily recommended value for Vitamin C. They also have relatively high amounts of Vitamin B6. Fresh fruit is 94% water. Dried pepper fruit has a much different nutritional value due to the dehydration"
"2000 BCE. J. Innes Miller notes that while pepper was grown in southern Thailand and in Malaysia, its most important source was India, particularly the Malabar Coast, in what is now the state of Kerala. The lost ancient port city of Muziris in Kerala, famous for exporting black pepper and various other spices, gets mentioned in a number of classical historical sources. Peppercorns were a much-prized trade good, often referred to as ""black gold"" and used as a form of commodity money. The legacy of this trade remains in some Western legal systems that recognize the term ""peppercorn rent"" as"
"an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the 1820s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of black pepper. The pepper trade produced new wealth for the Sultanate and for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more independence. These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new sultan Tuanku Ibrahim, who controlled the kingdom from 1838 to 1870, reasserted power over nearby ports. Under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the British ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra"
"spice blends. Cumin was introduced to the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese colonists. Several different types of cumin are known, but the most famous ones are black and green cumin, both of which are used in Persian cuisine. Today, the plant is mostly grown in the Indian subcontinent, Northern Africa, Mexico, Chile, and China. Since cumin is often used as part of birdseed and exported to many countries, the plant can occur as an introduced species in many territories. The main producers of cumin are China and India, which produces 70% of the world supply and consumes 90% of that"
"its first use in Asia. The construction of the Tellicherry Lighthouse in 1835 evidences the importance the British attached to the area. The British East India Company built a new spice warehouse in 1863. Thalassery pepper (Tellicherry pepper) is one of three varieties of black pepper, (along with Sarawak black pepper from Borneo and Malaysia and Lampong Black from Sumatra. Thalassery fort offers massive walls, secret tunnels to the sea, and huge, intricately carved doors. The fort is now an historical monument. The British established the district judicial court in Thalassery in 1802. H. Clephen was the First Judge of"
"made from betel leaves, but arguments have been made that it actually refers to pepper, either long or black. In the third century CE, black pepper made its first definite appearance in Chinese texts, as ""hujiao"" or ""foreign pepper"". It does not appear to have been widely known at the time, failing to appear in a fourth-century work describing a wide variety of spices from beyond China's southern border, including long pepper. By the 12th century, however, black pepper had become a popular ingredient in the cuisine of the wealthy and powerful, sometimes taking the place of China's native Sichuan"
"the unrelated New World chili pepper. People have also used pepper in a figurative sense to mean ""spirit"" or ""energy"" at least as far back as the 1840s. In the early 20th century, this shortened to ""pep"". Black pepper is produced from the still-green, unripe drupes of the pepper plant. The drupes are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying. The heat ruptures cell walls in the pepper, speeding the work of browning enzymes during drying. The drupes dry in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the pepper"
"then-rare black pepper of Asia (the piquant compound in which is piperine); one of the major motivations for the Columbian voyages was to discover a new route to Asia for direct trade in spices, silks, and other Asian goods. At the time of Columbus's arrival in the New World, the Portuguese traded from the Gulf of Guinea a very popular African spice as a substitute for the black pepper: ""Aframomum melegueta"" (today in disuse in the West, but known as grains of paradise), which was then best known as melegueta pepper. The name was applied to the local chilis, as"
"used as an ingredient in the broth for the noodle soup called ""phở"". The largest producer of the black cardamom is Nepal, followed by India and Bhutan. In traditional Chinese medicine, black cardamom is used for stomach disorders and malaria. In the traditional medicine of India, decoction of ""Amomum subulatum"" rhizomes is used in the therapy of jaundice. Black cardamom Black cardamom, also known as hill cardamom, Bengal cardamom, greater cardamom, Indian cardamom, Nepal cardamom, winged cardamom, or brown cardamom, comes from either of two species in the family Zingiberaceae. Its seed pods have a strong, camphor-like flavor, with a"
"P. K. Venugopalan Nambiar P. K. Venugopalan Nambiar (1924–1996) was an Indian agricultural scientist credited with the development of the first hybrid variety of black pepper in the world, Panniyur-1. As the Head of Pepper Research Station, Panniyur in Kerala, he developed and released Panniyur-1 for commercial cultivation in 1971. Venugopalan Nambiar devoted his life for improvement of black pepper to increase the productivity of the crop. He also assembled a large germ plasm collection of black pepper and developed infrastructure of Pepper Research Station in Panniyur. Besides being a scientist, Venugopalan Nambiar was cherished and adored as a leader"
"Black Pearl pepper Black Pearl pepper is a cultivar of ""Capsicum annuum"". It is characterized by distinctive black leaves and fruit. It was developed by Arboretum Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit scientists Rob Griesbach and John Stommel of the Agricultural Research Service’s Vegetable Laboratory. This pepper plant is notably similar to another strain, named the Black Hungarian, another designer pepper plant. Though edible (the flavor has a citrus undertone with a slow burn between 4 and 12 times spicier than a jalapeño on the Scoville Scale), it is considered an ornamental plant and even won an award for its"
"in the cuisines of Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, Thailand, and India (the Konkani and Kumaoni people) and Toba Batak peoples. In Bhutan, this pepper is known as ""thingye"" and is used liberally in preparation of soups, gruels, and ""phaag sha paa"" (pork slices). In Nepal, ""timur"" is used in the popular foods ""momo"", ""thukpa"", chow mein, chicken chilli, and other meat dishes. It is also widely used in homemade pickles. People take ""timur"" as a medicine for stomach or digestion problems, in a preparation with cloves of garlic and mountain salt with warm water. Sichuan pepper is known in Chinese as"
"for one city is anywhere near the truth, China's pepper imports may have dwarfed Europe's. During the course of the Ming treasure voyages in the early 15th century, Admiral Zheng He and his expeditionary fleets returned with such a large amount of black pepper that the once-costly luxury became a common commodity. Like many eastern spices, pepper was historically both a seasoning and a folk medicine. Long pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used. Black pepper (or perhaps long pepper) was believed to cure several illnesses, such as constipation, insomnia, oral abscesses, sunburn, and toothaches,"