"Helsinki (1964) and The Nuremberg Code (1947) are two well-known and well respected documents contributing to medical ethics. Other important markings in the history of Medical Ethics include ""Roe v. Wade"" in 1973 and the development of Hemodialysis in the 1960s. As this field continues to develop and change throughout history, the focus remains on fair, balanced, and moral thinking. Medical ethics encompasses a practical application in clinical settings as well as scholarly work on its history, philosophy, and sociology. Historically, Western medical ethics may be traced to guidelines on the duty of physicians in antiquity, such as the Hippocratic"
"Oath, and early Christian teachings. The first code of medical ethics, ""Formula Comitis Archiatrorum"", was published in the 5th century, during the reign of the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. In the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Islamic scholarship such as Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi (who wrote the ""Conduct of a Physician"", the first book dedicated to medical ethics), Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi (known as Rhazes in the West), Jewish thinkers such as Maimonides, Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, and the case-oriented analysis (casuistry) of Catholic moral"
"moral authority and independence of physicians in service to others, affirmed the profession's responsibility to care for the sick, and emphasized individual honor."" Percival was a devout Christian. Thomas Percival Thomas Percival (29 September 1740 – 30 August 1804) was an English physician, health reformer, ethicist and author, best known for crafting perhaps the first modern code of medical ethics. He drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, ""Medical Ethics; or, a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons"" in which he coined the"
"Thomas Percival Thomas Percival (29 September 1740 – 30 August 1804) was an English physician, health reformer, ethicist and author, best known for crafting perhaps the first modern code of medical ethics. He drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, ""Medical Ethics; or, a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons"" in which he coined the expression ""medical ethics"". He was also a pioneering campaigner for public health measures and factory regulation in Manchester. He was born in Warrington, Lancashire, on 29 September 1740,"
"Hippocrates Hippocrates of Kos (; ; ), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is often referred to as the ""Father of Medicine"" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession. However, the"
"negligence, even up to execution. Adab al-Tabib Adab al-Tabib ( ""Adab aț-Ṭabīb"", ""Morals of the physician"") is the common title of a historical Arabic book on medical ethics, written by Al-Ruhawi, a 9th-century physician. The title can be roughly translated ""Practical Ethics of the Physician"". As the name suggests, it focuses on adab, the Islamic concept of etiquette and personal ethics, as it is defined in a medical context. One of the earliest texts on Islamic medical ethics, it has been called the ""crowning achievement"" of early works concerning ""adab"" in medicine. Al-Ruhawi was born a Christian, probably of the"
"dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found. In Greece, the Greek physician Hippocrates, the ""father of modern medicine"", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, ""exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence"". The Greek physician Galen was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. After the fall of the Western"
"Avicenna Avicenna (; also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. He has been described as the father of early modern medicine. Of the 450 works he is known to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine. His most famous works are ""The Book of Healing"", a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and ""The Canon of Medicine"", a medical encyclopedia which became a standard medical text at many"
"Adab al-Tabib Adab al-Tabib ( ""Adab aț-Ṭabīb"", ""Morals of the physician"") is the common title of a historical Arabic book on medical ethics, written by Al-Ruhawi, a 9th-century physician. The title can be roughly translated ""Practical Ethics of the Physician"". As the name suggests, it focuses on adab, the Islamic concept of etiquette and personal ethics, as it is defined in a medical context. One of the earliest texts on Islamic medical ethics, it has been called the ""crowning achievement"" of early works concerning ""adab"" in medicine. Al-Ruhawi was born a Christian, probably of the Nestorian sect that had split"
"theology. These intellectual traditions continue in Catholic, Islamic and Jewish medical ethics. By the 18th and 19th centuries, medical ethics emerged as a more self-conscious discourse. In England, Thomas Percival, a physician and author, crafted the first modern code of medical ethics. He drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, in which he coined the expressions ""medical ethics"" and ""medical jurisprudence"". However, there are some who see Percival's guidelines that relate to physician consultations as being excessively protective of the home physician's reputation. Jeffrey Berlant is one such critic who considers"
"Sacred Disease""; etc. The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. Such derivatives are regularly taken today by medical graduates about to enter medical practice. Hippocrates is"
"from improper balance of the four humors. Hippocrates, known as the ""Father of Modern Medicine"", established a medical school at Cos and is the most important figure in ancient Greek medicine. Hippocrates and his students documented numerous illnesses in the ""Hippocratic Corpus"", and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still in use today. The contributions to ancient Greek medicine of Hippocrates, Socrates and others had a lasting influence on Islamic medicine and medieval European medicine until many of their findings eventually became obsolete in the 14th century. The earliest known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700"
"to be a role model. His ideas on medical ethics were divided into three concepts: the physician's responsibility to patients and to self, and also the patients’ responsibility to physicians. The earliest surviving Arabic work on medical ethics is Ishaq ibn 'Ali al-Ruhawi's ""Adab al-Tabib"" ( ""Adab aț-Ṭabīb"", ""Morals of the physician"" or ""Practical Medical Deontology"") and was based on the works of Hippocrates and Galen. Al-Ruhawi regarded physicians as ""guardians of souls and bodies"", and wrote twenty chapters on various topics related to medical ethics. Many hospitals were developed during the early Islamic era. They were called Bimaristan, or"
"medical foundation comes from a collection of writings known today as the Hippocratic Corpus. Remnants of the Hippocratic Corpus survive in modern medicine in forms like the “Hippocratic Oath” as in to “Do No Harm.” The Hippocratic Corpus, popularly attributed to an ancient Greek medical practitioner known as Hippocrates, lays out the basic approach to health care. Greek philosophers viewed the human body as a system that reflects the workings of nature and Hippocrates applied this belief to medicine. The body, as a reflection of natural forces, contained four elemental properties expressed to the Greeks as the four humors. The"
"disorders are diseases. The Greek physician Hippocrates, who is considered to be the father of Western medicine, played a major role in the biological tradition. Hippocrates and his associates wrote the Hippocratic Corpus between 450 and 350 BC, in which they suggested that abnormal behaviors can be treated like any other disease. Hippocrates viewed the brain as the seat of consciousness, emotion, intelligence, and wisdom and believed that disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain. These ideas of Hippocrates and his associates were later adopted by Galen, the Roman physician. Galen extended these ideas and developed"
"more than historic and symbolic value. Swearing a modified form of the Oath remains a rite of passage for medical graduates in many countries. Hippocrates is often called the father of medicine in Western culture. The original oath was written in Ionic Greek, between the fifth and third centuries BC. It is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus. This is perhaps the earliest surviving version, (c. 275 AD), of the Hippocratic Oath, in Greek and then followed by the English translation: ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν καὶ Ὑγείαν καὶ Πανάκειαν καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν"
"the Renaissance. The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC. Alcmaeon, author of the first anatomical work, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. Ancient Greek medicine revolved around the theory of humours. The most important figure in ancient Greek medicine is the physician Hippocrates, known as the ""Father of Medicine"", who established his own medical school at Cos. Hippocrates and his students documented many conditions in the Hippocratic Corpus, and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, still in use today. The Greek Galen was one of"
"(hair, nails, flesh, etc.) were generated from foods that contained those same substances. Hippocrates (460 BC – 377 BC) was a physician known as the “father of medicine”, his nutritional advice was based on the presence of the four humors in the body. Plato (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher and mathematician; his idea of a healthy diet consisted of balance and moderation of cereals, fruits, vegetables, dairy, with a strong emphasis on the moderation of meat and wine. His belief is that excess food from one source would lead to future ailments. Galen (129 AD –"
"philosophy provides some of the earliest views of mental health and illness. Hippocrates, who is considered the father of medicine, related behavioral tendencies and a person's temperament to the relative balance of their body fluids. He believed that imbalances of these fluids led to aberrant behaviors. Other Greek philosophers such as Plato theorized that aberrant behaviors stemmed from societal issues that required a community response. Promoting happiness and wellness was also a major theme for the early Greeks and Romans. The founder of hedonism, Epicurus, advocated for the hedonistic lifestyle, but he also warned that there was a risk of"
"Ishaq bin Ali al-Rohawi Ishāq bin Ali al-Rohawi () was a 9th-century Arab physician and the author of the first medical ethics book in Arabic medicine. His ""Ethics of the Physician"" contains the first documented description of a peer review process, where the notes of a practising Arab physician were reviewed by peers and the physician could face a lawsuit from a maltreated patient if the reviews were negative. Al-Rohawi was probably from Al-Ruha, modern-day Şanlıurfa in Turkey, close to the border with Syria, which is often simply known as ""Urfa"". He was born a Christian, possibly in the Nestorian"
"The Canon of Medicine The Canon of Medicine ( ""al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb"") is an encyclopedia of medicine in five books compiled by Persian physician-philosopher Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and completed in 1025. It presents an overview of the contemporary medical knowledge of the medieval Islamic world, which had been influenced by earlier traditions including Greco-Roman medicine (particularly Galen), Persian medicine, and Indian medicine. ""The Canon of Medicine"" remained a medical authority for centuries. It set the standards for medicine in Medieval Europe and the Islamic world and was used as a standard medical textbook through the 18th century in Europe. It"
"physicians engaged in some significant medical research. Notable Islamic medical pioneers include the Persian polymath, Avicenna, who, along with Imhotep and Hippocrates, has also been called the ""father of medicine"". He wrote ""The Canon of Medicine"", considered one of the most famous books in the history of medicine. Others include Abulcasis, Avenzoar, Ibn al-Nafis, and Averroes. Rhazes was one of the first to question the Greek theory of humorism, which nevertheless remained influential in both medieval Western and medieval Islamic medicine. ""Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah"" by Ali al-Ridha, the eighth Imam of Shia Muslims, is revered as the most precious Islamic literature"
"Herman Boerhaave Herman Boerhaave (, 31 December 1668 – 23 September 1738) was a Dutch botanist, chemist, Christian humanist, and physician of European fame. He is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital and is sometimes referred to as ""the father of physiology,"" along with Venetian physician Santorio Santorio (1561–1636). Boerhaave introduced the quantitative approach into medicine, along with his pupil Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) and is best known for demonstrating the relation of symptoms to lesions. He was the first to isolate the chemical urea from urine. He was the first physician to"
"Paul of Aegina Paul of Aegina or Paulus Aegineta (; Aegina, ) was a 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician best known for writing the medical encyclopedia ""Medical Compendium in Seven Books. ""He is the father of early medical books"""". For many years in the Byzantine Empire, this work contained the sum of all Western medical knowledge and was unrivaled in its accuracy and completeness. Nothing is known about his life, except that he was born in the island of Aegina, and that he travelled a good deal, visiting, among other places, Alexandria. He is sometimes called ""Iatrosophistes"" and ""Periodeutes"", a word"
"were introduced. An important pioneer in this, Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often referred to as the ""world's first true scientist"". The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today. It is argued that the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions was gathered and that Al-Jahiz proposed a theory of natural selection. Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine, and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works, ""The Book of Healing"" and ""The Canon of Medicine"", were used as standard medicinal"
"applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease, but of disease in general, and even many non-disease, health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure and obesity. Therefore, this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease causes change in the function of everyone. The Greek physician Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, sought a logic to sickness; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences. Hippocrates believed sickness of the human body to be caused by an imbalance of the four humors"
"Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (; or ; 13 October 18215 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician, known for his advancement of public health. He is known as ""the father of modern pathology"" because his work helped to discredit humourism, bringing more science to medicine. He is also known as the founder of social medicine and veterinary pathology, and to his colleagues, the ""Pope of medicine"". Born and raised in Schievelbein (Świdwin) as an only child of a working-class family, he proved to be a brilliant student. Dissuaded by his weak"
"and opened doors of novel reasoning leading up to the medical enlightenment germane to iatrochemistry. Herman Boerhaave Herman Boerhaave (, 31 December 1668 – 23 September 1738) was a Dutch botanist, chemist, Christian humanist, and physician of European fame. He is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital and is sometimes referred to as ""the father of physiology,"" along with Venetian physician Santorio Santorio (1561–1636). Boerhaave introduced the quantitative approach into medicine, along with his pupil Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) and is best known for demonstrating the relation of symptoms to lesions. He was"
"held at the Wellcome Library. James Cyriax James Henry Cyriax (October 27, 1904 – June 17, 1985) was a British doctor known as the ""father of orthopedic medicine."" His work is influential in the areas of sports medicine and physical therapy. The son of two doctors, he qualified for membership and licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1929 and was appointed house surgeon of orthopedic surgery at St. Thomas' Hospital in London, where he worked for 40 years. He went on to develop a system of clinical exams to diagnose and treat soft tissue lesions, indicated"
"International Code of Medical Ethics The International Code of Medical Ethics was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at London in 1949, amended in 1968, 1983 and 2006. It is a code based on the Declaration of Geneva and the main goal is to establish the ethical principles of the physicians worldwide, based on his duties in general, to his patients and to his colleagues. After the approval of the Declaration of Geneva, the II General Assembly of the World Medical Association analysed a report on ""War Crimes and Medicine"". This prompted the WMA Council to"
"For this reason, he may more properly be termed as the ""Father of Medicine"". Hippocrates and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease. For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as ""Hippocratic fingers"". Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in ""Prognosis"". Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff's death in Act II, Scene iii. of ""Henry V"". Hippocrates began to"
"one of the greatest scholars of the 12th century in the East and the photo of the manuscript of the Law of the Science of Doctor work written in 1143, which is being taught in many European medical universities are illustrated. This hall also features a bust of Hippocrates, who is the founder of modern medicine, and a piece of his famous oath. Different elements of ancient Greek and Roman, medieval Azerbaijan, Eastern, Western European medicine have been embedded to copper boards along the walls. The second hall features medieval surgical instruments, copies of separate medical records of 13th to"
"the following year. There is a monument to Pringle in Westminster Abbey, executed by Joseph Nollekens. At Sir John's death his baronetcy became extinct. After a legal case in 2004, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh was able to open the Pringle papers it holds to the public. John Pringle (physician) Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet, PRS (10 April 1707 – 18 January 1782) was a British physician who has been called the ""father of military medicine"" (although Ambroise Paré and Jonathan Letterman have also been accorded this sobriquet). John Pringle was the youngest son of Sir John Pringle,"