"in April 1865, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assured all Confederate soldiers and officers a blanket amnesty, provided they returned to their homes and refrained from any further acts of hostility, and subsequently other Union generals issued similar terms of amnesty when accepting Confederate surrenders. All Confederate officials received a blanket amnesty issued by President Andrew Johnson as he left office in 1869. In 1949 Iva Toguri D'Aquino was convicted of treason for wartime radio broadcasts (under the name of ""Tokyo Rose"") and sentenced to ten years, of which she served six. As a result of prosecution witnesses having lied under"
"damaging testimony at Toguri's trial, had perjured themselves. They stated that FBI and U.S. occupation police had coached them for over two months about what they were to say on the stand, and had been threatened with treason trials themselves if they didn't cooperate. This was followed up by a Morley Safer report on the television news program ""60 Minutes"". U.S. President Gerald Ford granted a full and unconditional pardon to Iva Toguri D'Aquino in 1977 based on these and earlier issues with the indictment, trial, and conviction,—on January 19, his last full day in office. The decision was supported"
"including confessions from key witnesses that they had perjured themselves at the various stages of their testimonies. Toguri received a pardon in 1977 from U.S. President Gerald Ford. was born in Los Angeles, a daughter of Japanese immigrants. Her father, Jun Toguri, had come to the U.S. in 1899, and her mother, Fumi, in 1913. Iva was a Girl Scout, and was raised as a Christian. She began grammar schools in Mexico and San Diego before returning with her family to complete her education in Los Angeles, where she also attended high school. Toguri graduated from the University of California,"
"oath, she was pardoned in 1977. In 1952 Tomoya Kawakita, a Japanese-American dual citizen was convicted of treason and sentenced to death for having worked as an interpreter at a Japanese POW camp and having mistreated American prisoners. He was recognized by a former prisoner at a department store in 1946 after having returned to the United States. The sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. He was released and deported in 1963. The Cold War saw frequent talk linking treason with support for Communist-led causes. The most memorable of these came from Senator Joseph McCarthy,"
"court decided that each renunciant's case had to be individually decided, Collins embarked on a 23-year campaign, filing thousands of court cases to successfully recover the renunciants' citizenships. Collins also represented some 3,000 Japanese Latin Americans kidnapped by the U.S. during the war to be bartered for American prisoners of war. While most were deported after the war as ""undesirable aliens"", Collins successfully enabled hundreds to remain and make their homes in America. In 1949 Collins, with Besig and Theodore Tamba, also defended Iva Toguri D'Aquino against charges of treason. Through the use of perjured testimony and falsified evidence, she"
"Her baby was born in Japan but died shortly after. Following her child's death, D'Aquino was rearrested by the U.S. military authorities and transported to San Francisco on September 25, 1948, where she was charged by federal prosecutors with the crime of treason for ""adhering to, and giving aid and comfort to, the Imperial Government of Japan during World War II."" Toguri's trial on eight ""overt acts"" of treason began on July 5, 1949, at the Federal District Court in San Francisco. It was the costliest and longest trial in American history at the time. Toguri was defended by a"
"attack on a plane and died on July 16, 1974 while returning home from a business trip to Hong Kong. Collins' son, Wayne Merrill Collins, subsequently took on some of the cases his father was actively working on at the time of his death. This included the filing of a presidential pardon petition for Iva Toguri D'Aquino, which President Gerald R. Ford granted during his final days in office. Although largely unknown to the general public, Collins' relentless efforts on behalf of the Japanese American renunciants have been recognized in various posthumous honors and dedications. For example, the poet Hiroshi"
"was jailed for traveling in California without a permit and ordered to leave the state at gunpoint. Hohri married Yuriko Katayama in 1951 and the couple settled in Chicago, where Hohri worked as a computer programmer. Hohri's activism began in civil rights marches and anti-war demonstrations during the 1960s and 1970s, and in 1977 he helped obtain a pardon for Iva Toguri D'Aquino, the falsely accused ""Tokyo Rose."" Calling the U.S. government's actions ""consistent with the general pattern of discrimination already established"" on a ""de facto"" basis before the war, Hohri became active in efforts to obtain compensation to those"
"her broadcasts were "","" but when Toguri tried to return to the US a popular uproar ensued, prompting the Federal Bureau of Investigation to renew its investigation of Toguri's wartime activities. She was subsequently charged by the United States Attorney's Office with eight counts of treason. Her 1949 trial resulted in a conviction on one count, making her the seventh American to be convicted on that charge, for which she spent more than six years out of a ten-year sentence in prison. Journalistic and governmental investigators years later pieced together the history of irregularities with the indictment, trial, and conviction,"
"that she was clearly ""forced"" to broadcast for the Japanese and was always a loyal American, shown by her many attempts to return home, which were continuously rejected. They also pointed to the lack of ""tangible"" evidence; American investigators never discovered any Japanese documents with the name ""Tokyo Rose"" because ""Tokyo Rose"" was a name coined by American GIs. However, under the United States Constitution, treason is the act of providing ""aid and comfort"" to an enemy. It does not say that force, loneliness, trickery, coercion, or fright are mitigating factors in favor of traitors. On October 6, 1949, Toguri"
"19th century, Andrew Johnson controversially issued sweeping pardons of thousands of former Confederate officials and military personnel after the American Civil War. In the 20th century, President Gerald Ford pardoned former President Richard Nixon on September 8, 1974, for official misconduct which gave rise to the Watergate scandal. Polls showed a majority of Americans disapproved of the pardon, and Ford's public-approval ratings tumbled afterward. Other controversial uses of the pardon power include Jimmy Carter's grant of amnesty to Vietnam-era draft dodgers on his second day in office, January 21, 1977; George H. W. Bush's pardons of 75 people, including six"
"one GI remarked, ""[l]ots of us thought she was on our side all along."" After World War II ended in 1945, the U.S. military detained Toguri for a year before releasing her for lack of evidence. Department of Justice officials agreed that her broadcasts were ""innocuous"". But when Toguri tried to return to the United States, a popular uproar ensued because Walter Winchell (a powerful broadcasting personality) and the American Legion lobbied relentlessly for a trial, prompting the Federal Bureau of Investigation to renew its investigation of Toguri's wartime activities. Her 1949 trial resulted in a conviction on one of"
"was more than 20 years before she received an official presidential pardon for her role in the war. Although she broadcast under the name ""Orphan Ann,"" Iva Toguri has been known as ""Tokyo Rose"" since her return to the United States in 1945. An American citizen and the daughter of Japanese immigrants, Toguri traveled to Japan to tend to a sick aunt just prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Unable to leave the country when war broke out with the United States, unable to stay with her aunt's family as an American citizen, and unable to receive any aid"
"all the years I sat in the House, I never knew Mr. Ford to make a dishonest statement nor a statement part-true and part-false. He never attempted to shade a statement, and I never heard him utter an unkind word,"" said Martha Griffiths. The trust the American people had in him was rapidly and severely tarnished by his pardon of Nixon. Nonetheless, many grant in hindsight that he had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought. His subsequent loss to Carter in 1976 has come to be seen as an honorable sacrifice he made"
"(Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001) and in ""We shall Suffer There"" by Tony Banham (Hong Kong University Press, March 2009). It is also quoted in an English language textbook in Japan for senior high school students by the Kairyudo Press and in ""Amerika Kokka Hangyaku-zai"" (A Case of Treason in the (Post-War) USA) in Japanese by Tetsuro Shimojima (Kodansha Press, Tokyo, 1993). The book deals with Tomoya Kawakita who was convicted of treason after World War II for his acts against US POW's as an interpreter at the Oeyama nickel mine. Thomas David Frank Evans Thomas David Frank Evans (1917–1996)"
"years in exile, the Federal Government of Nigeria under President Shehu Aliyu Usman Shagari granted an official pardon to Odumegwu-Ojukwu and opened the road for a triumphant return in 1982. The people of Nnewi gave him the now very famous chieftaincy title of Ikemba (Strength of the Nation), while the entire Igbo nation took to calling him Dikedioramma (""beloved hero of the masses"") during his living arrangement in his family home in Nnewi, Anambra. His foray into politics was disappointing to many, who wanted him to stay above the fray. The ruling party, NPN, rigged him out of the senate"
"by a unanimous vote in both houses of the California State Legislature, by the national Japanese American Citizens League, and by S. I. Hayakawa, then a United States Senator from California. The pardon restored her U.S. citizenship, which had been abrogated as a result of her conviction. On January 15, 2006, the World War II Veterans Committee awarded Toguri its annual Edward J. Herlihy Citizenship Award, citing ""her indomitable spirit, love of country, and the example of courage she has given her fellow Americans"". According to one biographer, Toguri found it the most memorable day of her life. Toguri died"
"the United States, Richard Nixon introduced Kishi to Congress as a ""honored guest who was not only a great leader of the free world, but also a loyal and great friend of the people of the United States"", apparently unaware or indifferent to the fact that Kishi had been one of the closest associates of General Tojo, hanged by the United States for war crimes in 1948. In November 1957, Kishi laid down his proposals for a revamped extension of the US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty. The American ambassador Douglas MacArthur II reported to Washington that Kishi was the most pro-American"
"given a 10-year prison sentence, with Toguri's attorney Collins lambasting the verdict as ""Guilty without evidence."" She was sent to the Federal Reformatory for Women at Alderson, West Virginia. She was paroled after serving six years and two months, released January 28, 1956, and moved to Chicago, Illinois. The FBI's case history notes, ""Neither Brundidge nor the [suborned] witness [Hiromu Yagi] testified at trial because of the taint of perjury. Nor was Brundidge prosecuted for subornation of perjury."" The case against D'Aquino was fraught with historic difficulties. Grand jurors had been skeptical of the government's case. Tom DeWolfe, the Special"
"accordance with intelligence service regulations and claimed that he had not anticipated that Hockley would be killed. Following differing accounts of the precise wording of the orders, Tamura and Hirano were convicted, sentenced to death and hanged on 16 September 1947, and Fujino was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment. The case haunted Major Murray Ormsby (1919-2012), who was the military prosecutor at the trial, for he feared that Hockley's sacrifice would be forgotten. In 1995 he started placing a memorial notice in the ""Daily Telegraph"" on 15 August each year, the anniversary of Hockley’s death. Fred Hockley Sub-Lieutenant Frederick (Fred)"
"Assistant Attorney General, was ""a veteran of radio treason prosecutions"" who complained that ""it was necessary for me to practically make a fourth of July speech in order to obtain [an] indictment,"" leading him to urge the Department of Justice to further investigate and so ""shore up"" the case in Japan. The further work, however, ""created new problems for DeWolfe,"" and soon after D'Aquino was indicted, government witness Hiromu Yagi ""admitted that his grand jury testimony was perjured."" In 1976, an investigation by ""Chicago Tribune"" reporter Ron Yates discovered that Kenkichi Oki and George Mitsushio, who had given the most"
"population at large. For many years, numerous national and international organizations criticized Rodriguez' incarceration categorizing it as political imprisonment. Ida Luz Rodriguez was finally released from prison on September 10, 1999, after President Bill Clinton extended her clemency. Clinton cited Rev. Desmond Tutu and former President Jimmy Carter as having been influential on his decision to grant Rodriguez the clemency offer. Cases involving the release of other Puerto Rican Nationalist prisoners have also been categorized as cases of political prisoners, with some being more vocal than others. In criticizing President Clinton's decision to release the Puerto Rican prisoners, the conservative"
"commuted his sentence to time served, after Collazo had spent 29 years in prison. President Carter also pardoned Collazo's fellow Nationalists: Irvin Flores, Rafael Cancel Miranda, and Lolita Lebrón, convicted in the 1954 attack on Congress in which 5 members of the House of Representatives were wounded by gunfire. Collazo had been eligible for parole since April 1966, and Lebron since July 1969. Cancel, Miranda, and Flores became eligible for parole in July 1979, but none had applied for parole because of their political beliefs. Upon their return to Puerto Rico, these activists were received as heroes by their supporters"
"in the U.S. federal prisons. On September 6, 1979, President Jimmy Carter commuted her husband’s sentence to time served, after Oscar had spent 29 years in jail. President Carter also commuted the sentences of Oscar's fellow Nationalist comrades: Irvin Flores, Rafael Cancel Miranda, and Lolita Lebrón. Andrés Figueroa Cordero had been released from prison earlier because of health issues related to his terminal cancer. Oscar had been eligible for parole since April 1966, however, he did not had apply for a parole because of his political beliefs. Cortez-Collazo flew to Kansas City to greet her husband. Upon their return to"
"Edward H. Levi Edward Hirsch Levi (June 26, 1911 – March 7, 2000) was an American law professor, academic leader, scholar, and statesman. He served as president of the University of Chicago from 1968 to 1975, and then as United States Attorney General in the Ford Administration. Levi is regularly cited as the ""model of a modern attorney general"", the ""greatest lawyer of his time"", and is credited with restoring order after Watergate. He is considered, along with Yale's Whitney Griswold, the greatest of postwar American university presidents. Levi was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Elsa B. (Hirsch)"
"attend his funeral. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter pardoned Cancel Miranda, Lolita Lebrón and Irving Flores Rodríguez after they had served 25 years in prison. Andrés Figueroa Cordero was released from prison earlier because of ill health. Governor of Puerto Rico Carlos Romero Barceló publicly opposed the pardons granted by Carter, stating that it would encourage terrorism and undermine public safety. Cancel Miranda and the other Nationalists received a hero's welcome by the different independence groups upon their return to their motherland. President Carter also commuted the sentence of fellow nationalist Oscar Collazo, to time served on September 6, 1979,"
"by the law, which is ten years and $10,000 fine. Still maintaining her innocence and claiming that her husband had been the Japanese spy, Dickinson was imprisoned at the Federal Correctional Institution for Women (now the Alderson Federal Prison Camp) in Alderson, West Virginia. She was released with conditions on April 23, 1951. After her release, she changed her name to Catherine Dickerson and maintained a friendship and secretarial relationship with Eunice Kennedy, attending her wedding in 1953. Velvalee Dickinson Velvalee Dickinson (born October 12, 1893 – died ca. 1980), was convicted of espionage against the United States on behalf"
"of Nixon. In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Ted Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon of Nixon, but later stated that history had proven Ford to have made the correct decision. Pardon of Richard Nixon A presidential pardon of Richard Nixon () was issued on September 8, 1974, by President Gerald Ford, which granted his predecessor Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president. In particular, this covered the time of the Watergate scandal. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford,"
"across the nation. Jimmy Carter ran as a reformer who was ""untainted"" by Washington political scandals, which many voters found attractive in the wake of the Watergate scandal that had led to President Richard Nixon's resignation. Ford, although personally unconnected with Watergate, was seen by many as too close to the discredited Nixon administration, especially after he granted Nixon a presidential pardon for any crimes he might have committed during his term of office. Ford's pardon of Nixon caused his popularity, as measured by public-opinion polls, to plummet. Ford's refusal to explain his reasons for pardoning Nixon publicly (he would"
"Junichiro Koizumi, Yasuo Fukuda and the current prime minister of Japan, Shinzo Abe. Nobusuke Kishi was criticized for the Manchukuo labor scandal which he had exploited Chinese workers in order to channel profits for Japan. His life was described as mirroring the US-JP relationship before and after the war: from enemy to allies. Mr. Nobusuke was condemned as a war criminal by the Americans, but later, he became the main negotiator for a peaceful relationship with the US. Therefore, he was referred as America's Favorite War Criminal. Kan Abe served in the House of Representatives (Japan) from 1937 to 1946."
"elected President. During the latter's tenure, Silvio Frondizi became known for his opposition to a 1959 bill supported by his brother, which supported the operation of parochial schools. As part of his law practice during the 1960s and early 1970s, he defended the Trotskyist Workers Revolutionary Party's (PRT) political prisoners. Silvio Frondizi was assassinated by the ""Triple A"" death squad in September 1974. SIDE agent and probable member of the Triple A Anibal Gordon was later convicted for his murder, while Rodolfo Almirón (likewise a principal in the Triple A), was indicted in 2006 for his murder. Silvio Frondizi Silvio"
"trial, the Finnish court sentenced Jacobson to six years imprisonment in April 1934. He was subsequently pardoned in July 1935 and returned to the United States. Arvid Jacobson Arvid Jacobson was a Finnish-American Communist who spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Jacobson was working as a high school teacher in Detroit when, in the fall of 1932, he was recruited to work for the Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) by the Comintern agent ""Mrs. Morton"", a pseudonym of Aino Kuusinen, the wife of the Finnish communist leader Otto Kuusinen. He traveled to New York where the fledgling GRU agent"
"G. Levi served on the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation. Edward H. Levi Edward Hirsch Levi (June 26, 1911 – March 7, 2000) was an American law professor, academic leader, scholar, and statesman. He served as president of the University of Chicago from 1968 to 1975, and then as United States Attorney General in the Ford Administration. Levi is regularly cited as the ""model of a modern attorney general"", the ""greatest lawyer of his time"", and is credited with restoring order after Watergate. He is considered, along with Yale's Whitney Griswold, the greatest of postwar American university"