"days, he renewed the pad and discovered that no infection had developed, and after a total of six weeks he was amazed to discover that the boy's bones had fused back together, without the danger of suppuration. In 1894, William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme introduced the first mass-produced carbolic soap to the market, Lifebuoy. One of the distinctive features of this soap is its deep pink to red color, which is caused by the carbolic acid. Carbolic acid is used in a wide range of industrial and consumer product applications and can be a skin irritant. Some people who use"
"Caprylic acid Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon saturated fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. Its compounds are found naturally in the milk of various mammals, and as a minor constituent of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. It is an oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell and taste. Two other acids are named after goats via the Latin word ""capra"": caproic acid (C6) and capric acid (C10). Along with caprylic acid (C8) these total 15% in goat milk fat. Caprylic acid is used commercially in"
"Linoleic acid Linoleic acid (LA), a carboxylic acid, is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, an 18-carbon chain with two double bonds in cis configuration. A shorthand notation like ""18:2 (n-6)"" or ""18:2 ""cis""-9,12"" may be used in literature. It typically occurs in nature as a triglyceride ester; free fatty acids are typically low in foods. It is very soluble in acetone, benzene, diethyl ether and ethanol. Linoleic acid belongs to one of the two essential fatty acids, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it from other food components. The word ""linoleic"" derived from the Greek word ""linon"" (flax)."
"the evidence concluded that the overall results are inconclusive. Also, interest in MCTs has been shown by endurance athletes and the bodybuilding community, but MCTs are not beneficial to improved exercise performance. Caprylic acid Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon saturated fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. Its compounds are found naturally in the milk of various mammals, and as a minor constituent of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. It is an oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell and taste. Two other acids are named"
"Carbamic acid Carbamic acid is the compound with the formula HNCOOH. The attachment of the acid group to a nitrogen or amine (instead of carbon) distinguishes it from carboxylic acid and an amide. Many derivatives and analogues of carbamic acid are known. They are generally unstable, reverting to the parent amine and carbon dioxide. The deprotonated anion (or conjugate base) of this functional group is a carbamate. Carbamic acid is a planar molecule. Carbamic acid is an intermediate in the production of urea, which involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbamoyltransferases are transferase enzymes classified under EC number"
"while others are used as insecticides, for example aldicarb. Carbamic acid Carbamic acid is the compound with the formula HNCOOH. The attachment of the acid group to a nitrogen or amine (instead of carbon) distinguishes it from carboxylic acid and an amide. Many derivatives and analogues of carbamic acid are known. They are generally unstable, reverting to the parent amine and carbon dioxide. The deprotonated anion (or conjugate base) of this functional group is a carbamate. Carbamic acid is a planar molecule. Carbamic acid is an intermediate in the production of urea, which involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and"
"Orthocarbonic acid Orthocarbonic acid (methanetetrol) is the name given to a hypothetical compound with the chemical formula HCO or C(OH). Its molecular structure consists of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydroxy groups. It would be therefore a fourfold alcohol. In theory it could lose four protons to give the hypothetical oxocarbon anion (orthocarbonate), and is therefore considered an oxoacid of carbon. Orthocarbonic acid is highly unstable. Calculations show that it decomposes spontaneously into carbonic acid and HO: Orthocarbonic acid is one of the group of carboxylic ""ortho acids"" that have the general structure of RC(OH).The term ""ortho acid"""
"Carbonic acid Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (equivalently OC(OH)). It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water (carbonated water), because such solutions contain small amounts of HCO. In physiology, carbonic acid is described as ""volatile acid"" or ""respiratory acid"", because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs. It plays an important role in the bicarbonate buffer system to maintain acid–base homeostasis. Carbonic acid, which is a weak acid, forms two kinds of salts: the carbonates and the bicarbonates. In geology, carbonic acid causes limestone"
"Carnitine Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-""N""-trimethylaminobutyric acid, 3-hydroxy-4-""N"",""N"",""N""-trimethylaminobutyrate) is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants and some bacteria. Carnitine may exist in two isomers, labeled -carnitine and -carnitine, as they are optically active. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a white powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with low toxicity. Carnitine only exists in animals as the -enantiomer, and -carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of -carnitine. Carnitine, derived from an amino acid, is found in nearly all organisms and animal tissue. Carnitine is the generic expression for a number of compounds that include L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and"
"Carnitine Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-""N""-trimethylaminobutyric acid, 3-hydroxy-4-""N"",""N"",""N""-trimethylaminobutyrate) is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants and some bacteria. Carnitine may exist in two isomers, labeled -carnitine and -carnitine, as they are optically active. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a white powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with low toxicity. Carnitine only exists in animals as the -enantiomer, and -carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of -carnitine. Carnitine, derived from an amino acid, is found in nearly all organisms and animal tissue. Carnitine is the generic expression for a number of compounds that include L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and"
"rather than water as a solvent, was later shown to be a monomethyl ester CHOCOOH. Carbonic acid Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (equivalently OC(OH)). It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water (carbonated water), because such solutions contain small amounts of HCO. In physiology, carbonic acid is described as ""volatile acid"" or ""respiratory acid"", because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs. It plays an important role in the bicarbonate buffer system to maintain acid–base homeostasis. Carbonic acid, which is a weak acid, forms"
"from benzoic acid). Similar to aldehydes, they take the ""1"" position on the parent chain, but do not have their position number indicated. For example, CHCHCHCHCOOH (valeric acid) is named pentanoic acid. For common carboxylic acids some traditional names such as acetic acid are in such widespread use they are considered retained IUPAC names, although ""systematic"" names such as ethanoic acid are also acceptable. For carboxylic acids attached to a benzene ring such as Ph-COOH, these are named as benzoic acid or its derivatives. If there are multiple carboxyl groups on the same parent chain, the suffix ""-carboxylic acid"" can"
"Carboxylic acid A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the rest of the (possibly quite large) molecule. Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids (which make up proteins) and acetic acid (which is part of vinegar and occurs in metabolism). Salts and esters of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. When a carboxyl group is deprotonated, its conjugate base forms a carboxylate anion. Carboxylate ions are resonance-stabilized, and this increased stability makes carboxylic acids more acidic than alcohols, along with"
"Dichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), sometimes called bichloroacetic acid (BCA), is the chemical compound with formula . It is an acid, an analogue of acetic acid, in which 2 of the 3 hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorine atoms. Like the other chloroacetic acids, it has various practical applications. The salts and esters of dichloroacetic acid are called dichloroacetates. Salts of DCA have been studied as potential drugs because they inhibit the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Although preliminary studies have shown DCA can slow the growth of certain tumors in animal studies and ""in vitro"""
"Succinic acid Succinic acid () is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH)(COH). The name derives from Latin ""succinum"", meaning amber. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. It is marketed as food additive E363. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all"
"oxidation of glycerol with the help of Bi(NO). Mesoxalic acid Mesoxalic acid, also called oxomalonic acid or ketomalonic acid, is an organic compound with formula CHO or HO-(C=O)-OH. Mesoxalic acid is both a dicarboxylic acid and a ketonic acid. It readily loses two protons to yield the divalent anion CO, called mesoxalate, oxomalonate, or ketomalonate. These terms are also used for salts containing this anion, such as sodium mesoxalate, NaCO; and for esters containing the -CO- or -O-(C=O)-O- moiety, such as diethyl mesoxalate, (CH)CO. Mesoxalate is one of the oxocarbon anions, which (like carbonate CO and oxalate CO) consist solely"
"Carboxylic acids are Brønsted–Lowry acids because they are proton (H) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, meaning that they only partially dissociate into H cations and RCOO anions in neutral aqueous solution. For example, at room temperature, in a 1-molar solution of acetic acid, only 0.4% of the acid molecules are dissociated. Electronegative substituents give stronger acids. Deprotonation of carboxylic acids gives carboxylate anions; these are resonance stabilized, because the negative charge is delocalized over the two oxygen atoms, increasing the stability of the anion. Each of the carbon–oxygen bonds"
"4-Aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic acid (also known as ""para""-aminobenzoic acid or PABA because the number 4 carbon in the benzene ring is also known as the ""para"" position) is an organic compound with the formula HNCHCOH. PABA is a white solid, although commercial samples can appear gray. It is slightly soluble in water. It consists of a benzene ring substituted with amino and carboxyl groups. The compound occurs naturally. In industry, PABA is prepared mainly by two routes: Food sources of PABA include liver, brewer's yeast (and unfiltered beer), kidney, molasses, mushrooms, and whole grains. PABA is an intermediate in the"
"Carbocation A carbocation ( /karbɔkətaɪː'jɔ̃/) is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom. Among the simplest examples are the methenium , methanium and vinyl cations. Occasionally, carbocations that bear more than one positively charged carbon atom are also encountered (e.g., ethylene dication ). Until the early 1970s, all carbocations were called ""carbonium ions"". In present-day chemistry, a carbocation is any ion with a positively charged carbon atom, classified in two main categories according to the coordination number of the charged carbon: three in the carbenium ions and five in the carbonium ions. This nomenclature was proposed by G. A."
"acid anhydrides. Glacial acetic acid can be used to obtain a mixture high in 6-monoacetylmorphine, niacin (vitamin B) in some form would be precursor to 6-nicotinylmorphine, salicylic acid may yield the salicyoyl analogue of 6-MAM, and so on. The clandestine conversion of morphine to ketones of the hydromorphone class or other derivatives like dihydromorphine (Paramorfan), desomorphine (Permonid), metopon, etc. and codeine to hydrocodone (Dicodid), dihydrocodeine (Paracodin), etc. is more involved, time-consuming, requires lab equipment of various types, and usually requires expensive catalysts and large amounts of morphine at the outset and is less common but still has been discovered by"
"Carbetocin Carbetocin (INN, BAN) (brand names Duratocin, Pabal, Lonactene, Depotocin, Comoton, Decomoton), or 1-butanoic acid-2-(O-methy--tyrosine)-1-carbaoxytocin, is an oxytocic used in obstetrics to control postpartum hemorrhage and bleeding after giving birth, particularly following Cesarean section. It is an eight amino acid long analogue of oxytocin (a nonapeptide) and has a similar mechanism of action. Carbetocin is an agonist at peripherally expressed oxytocin receptors. It is manufactured by Ferring Pharmaceuticals and is available in Canada and the United Kingdom and many other countries throughout the world, but not in the United States. Carbetocin works as an oxytocic, antihemorrhagic and uterotonic drug in"
"Experiments on linoleic acid subjected to 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride induced oxidation of linoleic acid; hence producing lipid radicals and then the use of different combinations of phenolics show that binary mixtures can lead to either a synergetic antioxidant effect or to an antagonistic effect towards the lipid radicals. Research like this is useful in discovering which phenols prevent the autoxidation of lipids in vegetable oils. Linoleic acid Linoleic acid (LA), a carboxylic acid, is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, an 18-carbon chain with two double bonds in cis configuration. A shorthand notation like ""18:2 (n-6)"" or ""18:2 ""cis""-9,12"" may be used"
"Boric acid Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and , is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron, which is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds. It has the chemical formula HBO (sometimes written B(OH)), and exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water. When occurring as a mineral, it is called sassolite. Boric acid, or sassolite, is found mainly in its free state in some volcanic districts, for example, in the Italian region of Tuscany, the Lipari Islands"
"C6 and C8) connected by a disulfide bond and is thus considered to be oxidized although either sulfur atom can exist in higher oxidation states. The carbon atom at C6 is chiral and the molecule exists as two enantiomers (""R"")-(+)-lipoic acid (RLA) and (""S"")-(-)-lipoic acid (SLA) and as a racemic mixture (""R""/""S"")-lipoic acid (R/S-LA). LA appears physically as a yellow solid and structurally contains a terminal carboxylic acid and a terminal dithiolane ring. For use in dietary supplement materials and compounding pharmacies, the USP has established an official monograph for R/S-LA. ""Lipoate"" is the conjugate base of lipoic acid, and"
"name of the previously-known chemical benzoic acid. For nomenclature of complex molecules containing a carboxylic acid, the carboxyl can be considered position one of the parent chain even if there are other substituents, for example, 3-chloropropanoic acid. Alternately, it can be named as a ""carboxy"" or ""carboxylic acid"" substituent on another parent structure, for example, 2-carboxyfuran. The carboxylate anion (R–COO) of a carboxylic acid is usually named with the suffix ""-ate"", in keeping with the general pattern of ""-ic acid"" and ""-ate"" for a conjugate acid and its conjugate base, respectively. For example, the conjugate base of acetic acid is"
"it is more difficult to form inclusion compounds that ordinarily form with regular CB's. Inverted cucurbiturils are believed to be the kinetically controlled reaction products because the addition of deuterated hydrochloric acid or DCl to ""i""CB[6] results in a mixture of CB[5], CB[6] and CB[7]in a 24:13:1 ratio. A cucurbituril cut in half along the equator is called a hemicucurbituril. Cucurbit[6]uril's systematic name is Dodecahydro-1H, 4H, 14H, 17H-2, 16:3, 15-dimethano-5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H, 10H, 11H, 12H, 13H, 18H, 19H,20H, 21H, 22H, 23H, 24H, 25H, 26H-2, 3, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10a, 11a, 12a, 13a, 15, 16, 17a,"
"Cucurbitane Cucurbitane is a chemical compound with formula (CAS number 65441-59-0). It is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, specifically a triterpene. It is an isomer of lanostane (specifically 19(10→9β)-abeolanostane), from which it differs by the formal shift of a methyl group (carbon number 19) from the 10 to the 9β position in the standard steroid numbering scheme. The name is applied to two stereoisomers, distinguished by the prefixes 5α- and 5β-, which differ by the handedness of the bonds at a particular carbon atom (number 5 in the standard steroid numbering scheme). Compounds with the basic cucurbitane skeleton are found in many"
"acids, or other compounds."" AlO, AmO, AmO, SbO, SbO, AsO, AsO, BaO, BeO, BiO, BiOCl, BO, BrO, CO, CO, CeO, ClO, ClO, ClO, ClO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CoO, CuO, CuO, CmO, CmO, DyO, ErO, EuO, OF, OF, FrO, GdO, GaO, GeO, AuO, HfO, HoO, InO, InO, IO, IrO, FeO, FeO, FeO, LaO, PbO, PbO, LiO, MgO, KO, RbO, NaO, SrO, TeO, UO PdCl PBr, PCl, PF, PO, PO, PS, PS, PH, HPO, HPO, KPF, KPO, KHPO, KHPO, (CH)P, (CH)P Pt, Pu, PuO Po, PoO, PoO, PoO, add Polonium compounds here KO, KF, KCl, KBr, KI, KCO, KOH, KSO, KMnO, KFeO,"
"attach two hydroxyl groups, or two ester bonds. RR'B(OH) or RR'B(OR""). The anionic borinate ion can very easily form esters with diols such as ethylene glycol or sugars. IUPAC naming for Borinic acid is a unique name for acid. The anhydrides are named diboroxanes, HBOBH, as the base compound and H being able to be substituted, e.g. tetraethyldiboroxane, as the anhydride for diethylborinic acid. Organic naming standard in the bluebook allows skeletal replacement naming where the name is shorter, 3-borapentan-3-ol versus diethyl borinic acid. The grouping -BH-O-BH is called diboroxanyl. Substituting sulfur for oxygen gives borinothioic acid (HBSH). (dimethylboranyl)oxy is"
"Thiocarboxylic acid Thiocarboxylic acids are organosulfur compounds related to carboxylic acids by replacement of one of the oxygen atoms with a sulfur atom. Two tautomers are possible: a thione form and a thiol form . These are sometimes also referred to as ""carbothioic ""O""-acid"" and ""carbothioic ""S""-acid"" respectively. Of these the thiol form is most common (e.g. thioacetic acid). A naturally occurring thiocarboxylic acid is 2,6-pyridinedicarbothioic acid, a siderophore. Thiocarboxylic acids are typically prepared by salt metathesis from the acid chloride, as in the following conversion of benzoyl chloride to thiobenzoic acid using potassium hydrosulfide according to the following idealized"
"acid cycle to produce carbon dioxide, acetate and ketone bodies. Whether the ketones β-hydroxybutryate and acetone have direct antiseizure activity is unclear Decanoic acid Decanoic acid, also known as capric acid (C10:0) or decylic acid, is a saturated fatty acid. Its formula is CH(CH)COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid are called decanoates or caprates. The term capric acid is derived from the Latin """"caper / capra"""" (goat) because the sweaty, unpleasant smell of the compound is reminiscent of goats. Capric acid occurs naturally in coconut oil (about 10%) and palm kernel oil (about 4%), otherwise it is uncommon in"
"acetate. The radical COOH (CAS# 2564-86-5) has only a fleeting isolated existence. The acid dissociation constant of COOH has been measured using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The carboxyl group tends to dimerise to form oxalic acid. Carboxylic acids are polar. Because they are both hydrogen-bond acceptors (the carbonyl –C=O) and hydrogen-bond donors (the hydroxyl –OH), they also participate in hydrogen bonding. Together the hydroxyl and carbonyl group forms the functional group carboxyl. Carboxylic acids usually exist as dimeric pairs in nonpolar media due to their tendency to ""self-associate"". Smaller carboxylic acids (1 to 5 carbons) are soluble in water, whereas"
"carbonyl functionalities such as ketone as well as moderately reactive ester, olefin, nitrile, and halide moieties. Carboxylic acid A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the rest of the (possibly quite large) molecule. Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids (which make up proteins) and acetic acid (which is part of vinegar and occurs in metabolism). Salts and esters of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. When a carboxyl group is deprotonated, its conjugate base forms a carboxylate anion. Carboxylate"