"Bucephalus Bucephalus or Bucephalas (; or Βουκεφάλας, from ""bous"", ""ox"" and ""kephalē"", ""head"" meaning ""ox-head"") ( – June 326 BC) was the horse of Alexander the Great, and one of the most famous horses of antiquity. Ancient accounts state that Bucephalus died after the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC, in what is now modern Punjab Province of Pakistan, and is buried in Jalalpur Sharif outside Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. Another account states that Bucephalus is buried in Phalia, a town in Pakistan's Mandi Bahauddin District in Punjab Province, which is named after him (Alexandria Bucephalous). Bucephalus was named after"
"a branding mark depicting an ox's head on his haunch. A massive creature with a massive head, Bucephalus is described as having a black coat with a large white star on his brow. He is also supposed to have had a ""wall eye"" (blue eye), and his breeding was that of the ""best Thessalian strain."" Plutarch tells the story of how, in 344 BC, at twelve or thirteen years of age, Alexander won the horse by making a wager with his father: A horse dealer named Philonicus the Thessalian offered Bucephalus to King Philip II for the remarkably high sum"
"Peritas Peritas () was Alexander the Great's favorite dog, who accompanied him during his military exploits. The name Peritas seems to come from the Macedonian word for January. Not much is known of the historical Peritas aside from a city named in his honor. Peritas' death, however it happened, was a venerable one. Like Alexander's horse Bucephalus, Peritas was awarded a city named in his honor, with a monument to his glory in its central square. According to Plutarch, after recalling the story of Bucephalus, ""It is said, too, that when he lost a dog also, named Peritas, which had"
"later versions of the Alexander Romance also synchronized the hour of their death. The pair forged a sort of cult in that, after them, it was all but expected of a conqueror that he have a favourite horse. Julius Caesar had one; so too did the eccentric Roman Emperor Caligula, who made a great fuss of his horse Incitatus, holding birthday parties for him, riding him while adorned with Alexander's breastplate, and planning to make him a consul. Bucephalus is referenced in art and literature. Paintings of Charles Le Brun's Alexandrine subjects, including Bucephalus, survive today in the Louvre. One"
"Odontotyrannos Odontotyrannos (), also odontotyrannus or dentityrannus (""tooth-tyrant"") is a three horned beast said to have attacked Alexander the Great and his men at their camp in India, according to the Latin ""Letter from Alexander to Aristotle"" and medieval romances that incorporated it. According to the Latin ""Letter from Alexander"", it had a black, horse-like head, with three horns protruding from its forehead, and exceeded the size of an elephant. It was undeterred by the sight of fire, killing twenty-six Macedonians and incapacitating fifty-two, before being put down by thrusts of hunting spears. The local Indians called the beast ""tooth-tyrant"""
"Alexandria Bucephalous Alexandria Bucephalous (also variously known as Alexandria Bucephalus, Alexandria Bucephala, Bucephala, or Bucephalia), was a city founded by Alexander the Great in memory of his beloved horse Bucephalus. Founded in May 326 BC, the town was located on the Hydaspes (Jhelum River), east of the Indus River. Bucephalus had died after the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC. The garrison was settled with Greek and Iranian veterans and Pauravas locals. It had large dockyards, suggesting it was intended as a center of commerce. Alexandria Bucephalous remained a significant centre for some time, as it is mentioned in"
"romance by the Delphic Oracle who tells Philip that the destined king of the world will be the one who rides Bucephalus, a horse with the mark of the ox's head on his haunch. As one of his chargers, Bucephalus served Alexander in numerous battles. The value which Alexander placed on Bucephalus emulated his hero and supposed ancestor Achilles, who claimed that his horses were ""known to excel all others—for they are immortal. Poseidon gave them to my father Peleus, who in his turn gave them to me."" Arrian states, with Onesicritus as his source, that Bucephalus died at the"
"on their forehead often referred to as ""horns"". This could have been due to prominent temple bones or cartilage on their forehead.The Greeks exported many horses to the Iberian peninsula, where the Nisean greatly influenced the ancestors of today's Iberian horse breeds, such as the Carthusian, Lusitano, Andalusian, Barb (horse), and Spanish Mustang. The Nisean horse was first mentioned in great detail by A.T. Olmstead, in his ""History of the Persian Empire"". Pure white Niseans were the horses of kings and, in myth, gods. Cyrus the Great was so distraught, when one of his stallions was drowned while crossing a"
"by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. Polybius began his ""Histories"" by reminding Romans of Alexander's achievements, and thereafter Roman leaders saw him as a role model. Pompey the Great adopted the epithet ""Magnus"" and even Alexander's anastole-type haircut, and searched the conquered lands of the east for Alexander's 260-year-old cloak, which he then wore as a sign of greatness. Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while Octavian visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria and temporarily changed his seal from a sphinx to Alexander's profile. The"
"(lines 37-49; also 176-86). A fragment of an encomium by Bacchylides preserved in another of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri (1361) praises Pherenikos once more: victorious with his ""swift hooves"" at Delphi and Olympia, he brought grace to his master. According to Maurice Bowra, since both poets speak of the same horse, this enables comparison of their respective approaches to the epinikion or victory ode: Bacchylides ""enters thoroughly into the excitement of the race"", while Pindar's concern, more than ""beauty as revealed in action"", is moral character and ""kleos"". Pherenikos Pherenikos (Greek: Φερένικος; Latin: Pherenicus) was an Ancient Greek chestnut racehorse victorious"
"against Persia's Darius III, resulting in the dog's death. Perhaps this is the story of Pliny's embellished. Another says when Alexander was trapped behind Mallian fortifications, Leonnatus heard Peritas howl from behind him. While still fighting, Leonnatus told Peritas to run to Alexander; and Peritas attacked the Mallians, who had just wounded Alexander with a javelin. This allowed the troops to salvage Alexander in time. In saving Alexander, Peritas had also been wounded by a javelin, dying in his master's lap. Peritas Peritas () was Alexander the Great's favorite dog, who accompanied him during his military exploits. The name Peritas"
"Xanthippus Xanthippus (; , ; c. 525-475 BC) was a wealthy Athenian politician and general during the early part of the 5th century BC. His name means ""Yellow Horse."" He was the son of Ariphron and father of Pericles. He is often associated with the Alcmaeonid clan. Although not born to the Alcmaeonidae, he married into the family when he wed Cleisthenes' niece Agariste, and would come to represent their interests in government. He distinguished himself in the Athenian political arena, championing the aristocratic party. His rivalry with Themistocles led to his ostracism, only to be recalled from exile when"
"of his Greek descent and ability to compete, although this did not necessarily apply to common Macedonians outside of his royal dynasty. By the end of the 5th century BC, the Macedonian king Archelaus I was crowned with the olive wreath at both Olympia and Delphi (in the Pythian Games) for winning chariot racing contests. Philip II allegedly heard of the Olympic victory of his horse (in either an individual horse race or chariot race) on the same day his son Alexander the Great was born, on either 19 or 20 July 356 BC. In addition to literary contests, Alexander"
"Thessaly also included the surrounding regions called the ""perioikoi"", which were regions inhabited by different ethnic groups that were closely tied to the Thessalians either as subordinates, dependents, or allies. The ""perioikoi"" were composed of Perrhaibia, Magnesia, Achaea Phthiotis, Dolopia, Ainis, Malis, and Oitaia. The three largest cities in Thessaly were Larisa (Pelasgiotis), Pherai (Pelasgiotis), and Pharsalos (Phthiotis). The Thessalian plains were ideally suited for cultivating grains and cereals, and were known in antiquity for horse-rearing. Alexander the Great's horse, Bucephalus, was originally from Pharsalos. The surrounding mountainous regions, however, were less suitable for agriculture and relied more heavily on"
"request, explaining that only Greeks were allowed to compete. However, AlexanderI produced proof of an Argead royal genealogy showing ancient Argive Temenid lineage, a move that ultimately convinced the Olympic ""Hellanodikai"" authorities of his Greek descent and ability to compete. By the end of the 5thcenturyBC, the Macedonian king ArchelausI was crowned with the olive wreath at both Olympia and Delphi (in the Pythian Games) for winning chariot racing contests. PhilipII allegedly heard of the Olympic victory of his horse (in either an individual horse race or chariot race) on the same day his son Alexander the Great was born,"
"and Diogenes. The painting in turn was to become the inspiration for the anthropomorphic dogs in Disney's ""Lady and the Tramp"". Charles Darwin and Briton Rivière agreed with each other that the hair of the Alexander dog was inaccurately represented. Diogenes and Alexander The meeting of Diogenes of Sinope and Alexander the Great is one of the most well-discussed anecdotes from philosophical history. Many versions of it exist. The most popular relate it as evidence of Diogenes' disregard for honor, wealth, and respect. Plutarch and Diogenes Laërtius report that Alexander and Diogenes died on the same day, in 323 BC."
"Sassanid Persian Empire, when the rivalry with the Romans was intense. Alexander in the Qur'an sometimes is identified in Islamic traditions as Dhul-Qarnayn, Arabic for the ""Two-Horned One"", possibly a reference to the appearance of a horn-headed figure that appears minted during his rule and later imitated in ancient Middle Eastern coinage. Accounts of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Qur'an, and so may refer to Alexander. Noteworthy is the fact that his favorite horse was named Bucephalus, which means ""ram's head"", alluding to the shape of a horned ram at its forehead. This identification is, however, disputed ""(see also Dhul-Qarnayn#Identification)"". The reason"
"of the 3rd century Alexander Severus. Alexander and Severus share the same cognomen, ""Alexander"". The name ""Alexander"", is a dynastic name in the Emesani dynasty. In his career, Alexander became a Bestiarius also known as an animal fighter. Alexander became a prowess at Lion-hunting. He was known to have brought down a Lion with his javelin while on horseback. His prowess of his profession, provoked the jealousy of the Roman emperor Commodus. There is a possibility that Lion hunting was a royal or imperial activity that Alexander may had deliberately participated in because he may had wanted the Roman throne"
"Mares of Diomedes The Mares of Diomedes (), also called the Mares of Thrace, were a quartet of man-eating horses in Greek mythology. Magnificent, wild, and uncontrollable, they belonged to Diomedes (not to be confused with Diomedes, son of Tydeus), king of Thrace, son of Ares and Cyrene who lived on the shores of the Black Sea. Bucephalus, Alexander the Great's horse, was said to be descended from these mares. After capturing the Cretan bull, Heracles was to steal the Mares. In one version of the story, Heracles brought a number of youths to help him. They took the mares"
"have easily surpassed the achievements of Alexander had he become emperor. In book eight of his ""Natural History"", Pliny connects Germanicus, Augustus, and Alexander as fellow equestrians: when Alexander's horse Bucephalus died he named a city, Bucephalia, in his honor. Less monumental, Augustus's horse received a funeral mound, which Germanicus wrote a poem about. Piso was rumored to have been responsible for his death. As accusations accumulated, it was not long before the well known accuser, Lucius Fulcinius Trio, brought charges against him. The Pisones were longtime supporters of the Claudians, and had allied themselves with Octavian early on. The"
"the dual meaning of ""king of reptiles"" or ""king of teeth"". Odontotyrannos Odontotyrannos (), also odontotyrannus or dentityrannus (""tooth-tyrant"") is a three horned beast said to have attacked Alexander the Great and his men at their camp in India, according to the Latin ""Letter from Alexander to Aristotle"" and medieval romances that incorporated it. According to the Latin ""Letter from Alexander"", it had a black, horse-like head, with three horns protruding from its forehead, and exceeded the size of an elephant. It was undeterred by the sight of fire, killing twenty-six Macedonians and incapacitating fifty-two, before being put down by"
"Hetairideia, a festival pertaining to the sacred relationship which bound the king and his companions together was celebrated and even Euripides, the famed Athenian play writer, was honoured as an ""hetairos"" of the king Archelaus. The Royal friends (Philoi) or the king's Companions (basilikoi hetairoi) were named for life by the king among the Macedonian aristocracy. Companion cavalry would ride the best horses, and receive the best weaponry available. In Alexander's day, each carried a xyston, and wore a bronze muscle cuirass or linothorax, shoulder guards and Boeotian helmets, but bore no shield. A kopis (curved slashing sword) or xiphos"
"Pherenikos Pherenikos (Greek: Φερένικος; Latin: Pherenicus) was an Ancient Greek chestnut racehorse victorious at the Olympic and Pythian Games in the 470s BC. Pherenikos, whose name means ""victory-bearer"", was ""the most famous racehorse in antiquity"". Owned by Hieron I, tyrant of Syracuse, Pherenikos is celebrated in the victory odes of both Pindar and Bacchylides. In ""Pythian Ode III"", Pindar recalls ""the crowns of the Pythian Games"" which Pherenikos had won previously; according to the scholiasts or ancient commentators, Hieron was victorious in the single horse race at Delphi during the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh iterations of the games, in 482 and"
"Iraq. It may have belonged to one of Alexander the Great's cavalrymen. In Late Hellenistic times the Boeotian helmet evolved into a type with a taller, more conical skull and often a reduced brim. The Athenian military expert and author Xenophon particularly recommended the Boeotian helmet for cavalry, saying ""...the Boeotian type [of helmet]. For this not only gives the greatest protection to all the parts above the cuirass, but allows free vision."" This piece of advice was taken up by Alexander the Great, who equipped his cavalry with this helmet. Both the Alexander sarcophagus and Alexander mosaic show cavalrymen"
"Alexander Sarcophagus shows Alexander the Great wearing an elaborate helmet in the form of the lion scalp of Herakles. Alexander's cousin Pyrrhus of Epirus is described as wearing a helmet with cheek pieces in the shape of ram's heads. Many examples of helmets from the period have crest or plume-holders attached, so that a high degree of martial finery could be achieved by the wearing of imposing headpieces. Body armour in the Macedonian army was derived from a repertiore found throughout the Greek-speaking world. The most common form of armour was the ""linothorax"", which was a cuirass of stiff linen"
"at the Sanctuary of the Great Gods, on the island of Samothrace, though their marriage was largely political in nature. One year later, in 356 BC, Philip's race horse won in the Olympic Games; for this victory, his wife, who was known then as Myrtale, received the name ""Olympias"". In the summer of the same year, Olympias gave birth to her first child, Alexander. In ancient Greece people believed that the birth of a great man was accompanied by portents. As Plutarch describes, the night before the consummation of their marriage, Olympias dreamed that a thunderbolt fell upon her womb"
"bull to Athena and/or Apollo. The eighth labour was to bring back the Mares of Diomedes, which had been trained to eat human flesh by their owner, King Diomedes of Thrace. In one version of the story, Hercules brought a number of youths to help him. They took the mares, called Podargos (""swift-footed""), Lampon (""the shining""), Xanthos (""the blond""), and Deinos (""the terrible""), and were chased by Diomedes and his men. Hercules was not aware that the horses were kept tethered to a bronze manger because they were wild; their madness being attributed to an unnatural diet of human flesh."
"submitted to Alexander and was, thereby, permitted to retain his realms, probably as a vassal of Porus. He made a demonstration of four Indian dogs fighting a lion to Alexander. Sophytes is described as ruling along the Indus during the campaigns of Alexander the Great, in the Bibliotheca of Diodorus Siculus. Curtius also records an interview between the tall and handsome Sophytes and Alexander. Possibly another Sophytes is also known from his abundant Greek coinage dated circa 300 BCE. Little is known about him and hypotheses are numerous: Sophytes may have been a Hellenistic satrap who replaced Stasanor in Bactria-Sogdiana,"
"its natural athleticism, can be a sport horse, good at dressage, show jumping, eventing, racing, and endurance riding. A noted example was the Akhal-Teke stallion, ""Absent"", who won the Grand Prix de Dressage at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, while being ridden by Sergei Filatov. He went again with Filatov to win the bronze individual medal in Tokyo in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and won the Soviet team gold medal under Ivan Kalita at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. However, by today's studbook standards he wouldn't be admitted as Akhal-Teke, owing to the Thoroughbred ancestry of his"
"larger than that of its predecessors; its brain was similar to that of modern horses. Mesohippus Mesohippus (Greek: ""μεσο""/""meso"" meaning ""middle"" and ""ιππος""/""hippos"" meaning ""horse"") is an extinct genus of early horse. It lived some 30 to 40 million years ago from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene. Like many fossil horses, ""Mesohippus"" was common in North America. ""Mesohippus"" had longer legs than its predecessor ""Eohippus"" and stood about 60 cm (6 hands) tall. This equid is the first fully tridactyl horse in the evolutionary record, with the third digit being longer and larger than its second and fourth"
"Oxyartes Oxyartes (Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼, Greek: ""Oxyártēs"", in Persian: وخشارد (Vaxš-ard), from an unattested form in an Old Iranian language: ""*Huxšaθra-"") was a Sogdian or Bactrian nobleman of Bactria, father of Roxana, the wife of Alexander of Macedon. He is first mentioned as one of the chiefs who accompanied Bessus on his retreat across the Oxus river into Sogdiana (329 BC). After the death of Bessus, Oxyartes deposited his wife and daughters for safety in a rock fortress in Sogdiana, which was deemed impregnable, but nevertheless soon fell into the hands of Alexander's forces. Alexander not only treated his captives"
"Xanthippe Xanthippe (; , ; 5th – 4th century BCE) was an ancient Athenian, the wife of Socrates and mother of their three sons: Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus. She was likely much younger than Socrates, perhaps by as much as 40 years. Xanthippe means ""yellow horse"", from ""xanthos"" ""blond"" and ""hippos"" ""horse"". Hers is one of many Greek personal names with a horse theme (cf. ""Philippos"" ""Friend of Horses"", ""Hippocrates"" ""Horse-tamer"" etc.). The ""hippos"" in an ancient Greek name often suggested aristocratic heritage. One additional reason for thinking Xanthippe's family was socially prominent was that her eldest son was named"
"a galley. A gold sea-horse was discovered in a hoard from the kingdom of Lydia in Asia minor, dating to the 6th century BC. In the ""Iliad"", Homer describes Poseidon, god of horses, earthquakes, and the sea, drawn by brazen-hoofed horses over the sea's surface, and Apollonius of Rhodes, describes the horse of Poseidon emerging from the sea and galloping across the Libyan sands. This compares to the specifically ""two-hoofed"" hippocampi of Gaius Valerius Flaccus in his ""Argonautica"": ""Orion when grasping his father’s reins heaves the sea with the snorting of his two-hooved horses."" In Hellenistic and Roman imagery, however,"