"Zooplankton Zooplankton (, ) are heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton (cf. phytoplankton). Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. The word ""zooplankton"" is derived from the Greek ""zoon"" (), meaning ""animal"", and """" (), meaning ""wanderer"" or ""drifter"". Individual zooplankton are usually microscopic, but some (such as jellyfish) are larger and visible to the naked eye. Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of organism sizes including small protozoans and large metazoans. It includes holoplanktonic organisms whose complete life cycle lies within the plankton, as well as meroplanktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in"
"Phytoplankton Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν (""phyton""), meaning ""plant"", and πλαγκτός (""planktos""), meaning ""wanderer"" or ""drifter"". Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, some varieties may be noticeable as colored patches on the water surface due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells and accessory pigments (such as phycobiliproteins or xanthophylls) in some species. Phytoplankton are photosynthesizing microscopic biotic organisms that inhabit"
"Bacterioplankton Bacterioplankton refers to the bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word ' ('), meaning ""wanderer"" or ""drifter"", and """", a Latin term coined in the 19th century by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. They are found in both seawater and freshwater. Bacterioplankton occupy a range of ecological niches in marine and aquatic ecosystems. They are both primary producers and primary consumers in these ecosystems and drive global biogeochemical cycling of elements essential for life (e.g., carbon and nitrogen). Many bacterioplankton species are autotrophic, and derive energy from either photosynthesis"
"live in the water column of large bodies of water and that cannot swim against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. These organisms include drifting or floating bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa and animals that inhabit, for example, the pelagic zone of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water. Essentially, plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than any phylogenetic or taxonomic classification. Though many planktonic species are microscopic in size, ""plankton"" includes organisms covering a wide range of sizes, including large organisms such as jellyfish. The"
"Plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current. The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. These organisms include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa and drifting or floating animals that inhabit—for example—the pelagic zone of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water. Essentially, plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than any phylogenetic or taxonomic classification. Though many planktonic species are microscopic in size, ""plankton"" includes organisms over"
"The amount and distribution of plankton depends on available nutrients, the state of water and a large amount of other plankton. The study of plankton is termed planktology and a planktonic individual is referred to as a plankter. The adjective ""planktonic"" is widely used in both the scientific and popular literature, and is a generally accepted term. However, from the standpoint of prescriptive grammar, the less-commonly used ""planktic"" is more strictly the correct adjective. When deriving English words from their Greek or Latin roots, the gender-specific ending (in this case, ""-on"" which indicates the word is neuter) is normally dropped,"
"of 20,000 K have been used successfully. The duration of light exposure should be approximately 16 hours daily; this is the most efficient artificial day length. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν (""phyton""), meaning ""plant"", and πλαγκτός (""planktos""), meaning ""wanderer"" or ""drifter"". Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, some varieties may be noticeable as colored patches on the water surface due to"
"Ichthyoplankton Ichthyoplankton (from Greek: ἰχθύς, ""ikhthus"", ""fish""; and πλαγκτός, ""planktos"", ""drifter"") are the eggs and larvae of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the water column, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the epipelagic or photic zone. Ichthyoplankton are planktonic, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into juveniles. Fish larvae are part of the"
"named karyoklepty in 2007 after observing it in the ciliate species ""Myrionecta rubra"". ""Karyoklepty"" is a Greek compound of the words ""karydi"" (""kernel"") and ""kleftis"" (""thief""). Karyoklepty Karyoklepty is a strategy for cellular evolution, whereby a predator cell appropriates the nucleus of a cell from another organism to supplement its own biochemical capabilities. In the related process of kleptoplasty, the predator sequesters plastids (especially chloroplasts) from dietary algae. The chloroplasts can still photosynthesize, but do not last long after the prey's cells are metabolised. If the predator can also sequester cell nuclei from the prey to encode proteins for the"
"the Cambrian of the Marjum Formation in Utah, USA, c. 540 mya. The main feature of a true jellyfish is the umbrella-shaped bell. This is a hollow structure consisting of a mass of transparent jelly-like matter known as mesoglea, which forms the hydrostatic skeleton of the animal. 95% or more of the mesogloea (the tissue that functions as a hydro-static skeleton) consists of water, but it also contains collagen and other fibrous proteins, as well as wandering amoebocytes which can engulf debris and bacteria. The mesogloea is bordered by the epidermis on the outside and the gastrodermis on the inside."
"enough to swim at high Reynolds numbers. Many animals considered classic examples of nekton (e.g., ""Mola mola"", squid, marlin) start out life as tiny members of the plankton and then, it was argued, gradually transition to nekton as they grow. Oceanic nekton comprises animals largely from three clades: There are organisms whose initial life stage is identified as being planktonic but when they grow and increase in body size they become nektonic. A typical example is the medusa of the jellyfish. Nekton Nekton or necton refers to the aggregate of actively swimming aquatic organisms in a body of water. The"
"better understanding of plankton-based food webs, estimate degrees of poisoning in ecosystems and propose potential toxin elimination routes. Currently the following 10 species are accepted taxonomically: ""Polykrikos barnegatensis"" G.W.Martin, ""Polykrikos geminatus"" (F.Schütt) D.X.Qiu & Senjie Lin, ""Polykrikos grassei"" Lecal, ""Polykrikos hartmannii"" W.Zimmermann, ""Polykrikos herdmaniae"" Hoppenrath & Leander, ""Polykrikos kofoidii"" Chatton, ""Polykrikos lebouriae"" Herdman, ""Polykrikos schwartzii"" Bütschli, ""Polykrikos tanit"" Reñé, ""Polykrikos tentaculatus"" O.Wetzel Polykrikos Polykrikos (from Greek “poly” - many, and “krikos” – ring or circle) is one of the genera of family Polykrikaceae that includes athecate pseudocolony-forming dinoflagellates. ""Polykrikos"" are characterized by a sophisticated ballistic apparatus, named the nematocyst-taeniocyst complex,"
"Frederick S. Russell and Peter. C. Corbin. Zooplankton comprise the small floating animals in the ocean that serve as food for other animals and include jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones. These creatures had barely been studied before the 1960s, and she focused in three groups: the microscopic Chaetognatha, which are carnivorous and feed on other plankton; the colonial Sinophora, which cluster in groups of individuals of the same species (like the Portuguese Man'o'War); and the Medusa or jellyfish. By studying the plankton of the English Channel and in the Bay of Biscay, her work led to the discovered some anomalies"
"grow the fish to reduce environmental impact. The genus name, ""Paralichthys"", is usually interpreted as ""parallel fish"" in reference to the deeply compressed body shape. However, some interpret it as ""close to the sea"", from the Greek word, ""para"", meaning beside or near. This can be in reference to the way it buries itself in the sand and lies flat as if it is a part of the sea floor itself. The species name, ""lethostigma"", comes from the Latin word, ""letho"", meaning death, and the Greek word, ""stigma"", meaning spots. The meaning ""forgotten spots"" or ""death of spots"" refers to"
"asymmetrically. Older fried egg jellyfish are distinguished by their physical deterioration; their mesoglea are often delicate with a visibly broken exumbrella, and their coloration fades significantly. The endosymbiotic, photosynthetic algae which ""C. tuberculata"" hosts in its body are paramount to the jellyfish's prosperity. These mutualistic microorganisms are also known as zooxanthellae, originating from the dinoflagellate phylum, and they commonly engage in symbiotic relationships with many types of jellyfish. While the cnidarian hosts provide shelter for these symbionts, the dinoflagellates in return use their photosynthetic abilities to provide the ""C. tuberculata"" with energy for usage and storage. Fatty acids, for example,"
"Dinoflagellate The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ""dinos"" ""whirling"" and Latin ""flagellum"" ""whip, scourge"") are a classification subgroup of algae. They are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata. Most are marine plankton, but they also are common in freshwater habitats. Their populations are distributed depending on sea surface temperature, salinity, or depth. Many dinoflagellates are known to be photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy). In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although this group is substantially"
"not closely related. Fossil paddlefishes with recognizable rostrums date from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene periods 65million years ago. An elongated rostrum is a morphological characteristic of Polyodontidae, but only the genus ""Polyodon"" (""P. spathula"" and the extinct ""P. tuberculata"") have characteristics adapted specifically for filter feeding, including the jaw, gill arches, and cranium. The gill rakers of American paddlefish are composed of extensive comb-like filaments believed to have inspired the etymology of the genus name, ""Polyodon"", a Greek compound word meaning ""many toothed"". Adult American paddlefish are actually toothless, although numerous small teeth less than were found in a"
"also well-recognized in extensive and semi-intensive pond fish farming. Plankton population based pond management strategies for fish rearing have been practised by traditional fish farmers for decades, illustrating the importance of plankton even in man-made environments. Plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current. The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. These organisms include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa and drifting or floating animals that inhabit—for example—the pelagic"
"a given year, planulae are present from August to November, scyphistomae are present perennially, ephyrae can be seen from May to August, and medusa are prominent from July to November. Planulae use their small cilia to propel them through the water, eventually settling on a hard sediment on which they develop into their polyp form. The scyphistomae acquire their photosynthetic algae symbionts during their preliminary development phase, though the mechanism for this is still unclear. These microorganisms live primarily in the mesoglea and lining of the cnidarian's gastrovascular system, bolstering oxygen production, and remain with the jellyfish for the rest"
"no longer use it. As a guideline, nekton are larger and tend to swim largely at biologically high Reynolds numbers (>10³ and up beyond 10⁹), where inertial flows are the rule, and eddies (vortices) are easily shed. Plankton, on the other hand, are small and, if they swim at all, do so at biologically low Reynolds numbers (0.001 to 10), where the viscous behavior of water dominates, and reversible flows are the rule. Organisms such as jellyfish and others are considered plankton when they are very small and swim at low Reynolds numbers, and considered nekton as they grow large"
"to form the manubrium, a central organ with the mouth at its tip, resembling an elephant's trunk. Some have numerous manubrial outgrowths, well-armed with cnidocytes and mucus-secreting cells; others have the central manubrial mouth closed, instead making use of secondary mouths at the side of the manubrium. These adaptations give the jellyfish a large surface area with which to collect large quantities of planktonic organisms. It can trap plankton from the water currents it produces by pulsating. Jellyfish fished commercially and used for food come from this order. Members of the Semaeostomeae are known as ""flag-mouth jellies"" and are large"
"only to an organism that is always planktonic (not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is sessile (normally attached to a surface). Organisms that are attached to a substrate, such as sponges, or some animal-like protists also have distinctive ends. The part of the organism attached to the substrate is usually referred to as the basal end (), whereas the end furthest from the attachment is referred to as the apical end (). Radially symmetrical organisms include those in the group Radiata primarily jellyfish, sea anemones and corals and the comb"
"made of materials that have different refractive indices from seawater. Some marine animals such as jellyfish have gelatinous bodies, composed mainly of water; their thick mesogloea is acellular and highly transparent. This conveniently makes them buoyant, but it also makes them large for their muscle mass, so they cannot swim fast. Gelatinous planktonic animals are between 50 and 90 per cent transparent. A transparency of 50 per cent is enough to make an animal invisible to a predator such as cod at a depth of ; better transparency is required for invisibility in shallower water, where the light is brighter"
"to their natural habitat. The jellyfish is translucent, usually about in diameter, and can be recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped gonads, easily seen through the top of the bell. It feeds by collecting medusae, plankton, and mollusks with its tentacles, and bringing them into its body for digestion. It is capable of only limited motion, and drifts with the current, even when swimming. The genus ""Aurelia"" is found throughout most of the world's oceans, from the tropics to as far north as latitude 70°N and as far south as 40°S. The species ""Aurelia aurita"" is found along the eastern Atlantic"
"in the diets of several other jellyfish species. Furthermore, the ""C. tuberculata""s diet likely consists of only three to four main taxa of microplankton. The jellyfish takes in these tiny organisms through its moutharms, from where they travel to its stomach. The interconnectedness of the Mediterranean jelly and its surrounding waters allows for an easy flow of plankton into its gastric cavity. One of the main issues created by annual blooms of ""C. tuberculata"" is an interference with human recreational and financial activities. The usual water-related activities of tourism, in addition to more commercial activities such as fishing, are often"
"members and allowing them to reintegrate into the lakes that juveniles and adults inhabited. ""Protopsephurus"" did not only need to rely on the consumption of plankton, and had a body covered with sensory pores. These sensory pores allowed it to forage for zooplankton and identify their swimming and feeding habits. The most powerful of these electroreceptors were ampulla (hair cells), lined along their giant rostrum and allowed them to easily identify and locate their prey. The name comes from Ancient Greek words ""protos"" (first) and ""psepharos"" (cloudy/gloomy one). However the name also translates to ""first pebble bearer"" from the words"
"but a strong candidate has long been some word related to the Biblical פוך (""pūk""), ""paint"" (if not that word itself), a cosmetic eye-shadow used by the ancient Egyptians and other inhabitants of the eastern Mediterranean. It could be any color: black, red, green, or blue. Accordingly, the modern study of marine and freshwater algae is called either phycology or algology, depending on whether the Greek or Latin root is used. The name ""Fucus"" appears in a number of taxa. The algae contain chloroplasts that are similar in structure to cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts contain circular DNA like that in cyanobacteria and"
"species of aquatic plants). There are about 200 species of ""Plantago"", including: The genus name ""Plantago"" descends from the classical Latin name , which in classical Latin meant some ""Plantago"" species, including ""Plantago major"" and ""Plantago media"". In Latin the name was formed from the classical Latin word = ""sole of the foot"". The name was so formed in Latin because the leaves of these species grow out near flat at ground level. The suffix in Latin means ""a sort of"". Plantains are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth)—see list of"
"dinoflagellates and sea slugs, in particular of the genus ""Elysia"", take up algae as food and keep the plastid of the digested alga to profit from the photosynthesis; after a while, the plastids are also digested. This process is known as kleptoplasty, from the Greek, ""kleptes"", thief. Plastid The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to provide a clear definition. Plastids are the site of"
"Nekton Nekton or necton refers to the aggregate of actively swimming aquatic organisms in a body of water. The term was proposed by German biologist Ernst Haeckel to differentiate between the active swimmers in a body of water, and the passive organisms that were carried along by the current, the plankton. As a guideline, nektonic organisms have a high Reynolds number (greater than 1000) and planktonic organisms a low one (less than 10). However, some organisms can begin life as plankton and transition to nekton later on in life, sometimes making distinction difficult when attempting to classify certain plankton-to-nekton species"
"fish and macroinvertebrates. All ""Pterophyllum"" species form monogamous pairs. Eggs are generally laid on a submerged log or a flattened leaf. As is the case for other cichlids, brood care is highly developed. ""Pterophyllum"" should not be confused with marine angelfish, perciform fish found on shallow ocean reefs. The currently recognized species in this genus are: The freshwater angelfish (""P. scalare"") was described in 1824 by F. Schultze. ""Pterophyllum"" is derived from the Greek πτερον, ""pteron"" (fin/sail) and φυλλον, ""phyllon"" (leaf). In 1906, J. Pellegrin described ""P. altum"". In 1963, ""P. leopoldi"" was described by J. P. Gosse. Undescribed species"
"macrochiris""). Planktivore A planktivore is an aquatic organism that feeds on planktonic food, including zooplankton and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are usually photosynthetic one-celled plant organisms. These organisms are usually found near the surface of the water due to their need for light energy for their photosynthetic processes. Phytoplankton provide most of the oxygen that is in the water and provide a large amount of food for other organisms in the water column. Zooplankton, in contrast, are heterotrophic plankton, animals which ingest nutrients rather than producing it via chemical reactions. Some taxa are planktonic for only part of their life cycle. Planktivores"
"Scyphozoa The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish (or ""true jellies""). It may include the extinct fossil group the Conulariida, whose affinities are uncertain and widely debated. The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word ""skyphos"" (σκύφος), denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the cup shape of the organism. Scyphozoans have existed from the earliest Cambrian to the present. Most species of Scyphozoa have two life history phases, including the planktonic medusa or jellyfish form, which is most evident in the warm summer months, and an"