"infected birds (for example in poultry processing plants) can cause mild conjunctivitis and influenza-like symptoms, but the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) otherwise poses no hazard to human health. Interest in the use of NDV as an anticancer agent has arisen from the ability of NDV to selectively kill human tumour cells with limited toxicity to normal cells. No treatment for NDV exists, but the use of prophylactic vaccines and sanitary measures reduces the likelihood of outbreaks. The causal agent, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a variant of avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. NDV/APMV-1 belong to the"
"through immediate contact between healthy birds and the bodily discharges of infected birds. This includes transmission through droppings, secretions from the nose, mouth and eyes. Newcastle disease spreads quickly among birds kept in captivity, such as commercially raised chickens. Symptoms include sneezing, gasping for air, nasal discharge, coughing, greenish and watery diarrhea, nervousness, depression, muscular tremors, drooping wings, twisting of head and neck, circling, complete paralysis, partial to complete drop in egg production and thin-shelled eggs, swelling of the tissues around the eyes and in the neck, and sudden death. Newcastle disease was first identified in Java, Indonesia, in 1926,"
"airborne transmission at least in some cases, including: Anthrax (inhalational), Chickenpox, Influenza, Measles, Smallpox, Cryptococcosis, and Tuberculosis. Airborne diseases can also affect non-humans. For example, Newcastle disease is an avian disease that affects many types of domestic poultry worldwide which is transmitted via airborne contamination. Often, airborne pathogens or allergens cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses, and the upper airway lungs. Upper airway inflammation causes coughing congestion, and sore throat. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are"
"in eastern North America, the little brown bat (""Myotis lucifugus""), could disappear from this region within 16 years. Severely infected bats emerge prematurely from hibernation, and if they survive long enough and enter a different hibernaculum, the likelihood of transmission is probably high, because they presumably carry a large load of fungal spores. Transmission of the infection is either physically from bat-to-bat contact, or from and hibernaculum-to-bat, through the exposure to spores of ""Geomyces- destructans"" that were present on a roosting substrate. Newcastle disease is a contagious bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species. The disease is contagious"
"open fields, and feed or preen during this time. The voice is a harsh ""kaaw-kaaw"". It is suspected that paramyxoviruses, such as PMV 1 that causes of Newcastle disease may be spread by ""Corvus splendens"". Outbreaks of Newcastle disease in India were often preceded by mortality in crows. They have also been found to carry ""Cryptococcus neoformans"", which can cause cryptococcosis in humans. House crows in Tanzania curiously showed an absence of blood parasites, although some species such as ""Trypanosoma corvi"" have been first described from this species. Pathologist T.R. Lewis expressed surprise at the numbers of haematozoa present in"
"in Europe, Asia, North & Latin America and Australia. GALVmed is currently working on 12 viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases that affect cattle, sheep and goats, pigs and poultry, some of which are zoonotic. The 12 diseases are: Cattle diseases: Sheep and goats diseases: Pigs diseases: Poultry diseases: Multi-species diseases: Twenty different veterinary products are currently being actively worked upon at various stages in the exploratory-proof of concept-development-registration-commercialization continuum: 11 vaccines, 4 pharmaceutical and 2 diagnostic products. Newcastle disease: One of GALVmed’s projects has focused on the prevention of Newcastle disease in the chickens kept by poor women in Nepal."
"Avian paramyxovirus 2 Avian paramyxovirus 2 (APMV 2) is a virus belonging to the family ""Paramyxoviridae"" and genus ""Avulavirus."" The virus is a negative strand RNA virus containing a monopartite genome. Avian paramyxovirus 2 is one of nine serotypes belonging to the genus ""Avulavirus"". The most common serotype of avian paramyxovirus is serotype 1, the cause of Newcastle disease (ND). Avian paramyxovirus 2 has been known to cause disease, specifically mild respiratory infections in domestic poultry, including turkeys and chickens, and has many economic effects on egg production and poultry industries. The virus was first isolated from a strain in"
"study done on patients in Auckland with acute toxoplasmosis, an infectious disease carried by cats and transmitted to humans via cat faeces (as well as via other pathways), is now thought to be more debilitating than initially realised. The patients had a high rate of fatigue, headaches, and had a difficulty with concentration. Apart from three bat species New Zealand did not have any land-based mammals until settlement by Māori and European people. As a consequence birds and even insects took over the ecological niche normally filled by mammals. The introduced mammals, including cats, became invasive species that severely affected"
"common chickweed (""Stellaria media"") and capeweed (""Arctotheca calendula"") are also consumed. Nectar of ""Grevillea alpina"", and spores from moss have been recorded as food items. A female was observed placing leaves of the flaky-barked tea-tree (""Leptospermum trinervium"") underneath its feathers, leading the observers to wonder whether they were being used to deter or kill insects. In 1966, a paramyxovirus with some antigenic similarity to Newcastle disease was isolated from the brain of a turquoise parrot in the Netherlands. That year, many aviary species including several species of Australian parrot and members of the genus ""Neophema"" had exhibited neurological symptoms reminiscent"
"hemagglutinate chicken RBCs except for avian paramyxovirus 5 which does not hemagglutinate RBCs from any species. Avian paramyxovirus 6 is unique to the presence of the SH gene between the F and HN genes. Avian paramyxovirus 11 has the longest genome among the APMVs. Table legend: ""*"" denotes type species. Newcastle disease is otherwise called Avian paramyxovirus 1 Avulavirus The genus ""Avulavirus"" is one of seven genera in the family ""Paramyxoviridae"" and contains viruses that used to be classified in the genus ""Rubulavirus"". In contrast to rubulaviruses, avulaviruses infect birds (hence the name ""avulaviruses"", a contraction of ""avian rubulavirus"") and"
"be kept under control by the beetle. The lesser mealworm interferes with this ecology by reducing the survival of clown beetle eggs and larvae. The lesser mealworm beetle is a vector of many pathogens. It spreads more than 30 bird diseases. It transmits animal viruses such as rotavirus, the turkey coronavirus, the chicken viruses that cause Marek's disease and infectious bursal disease, and the viruses that cause Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and fowlpox. It transmits bacteria such as ""Campylobacter jejuni"", ""Salmonella"" typhimurium serovar, ""Escherichia coli"", and ""Staphylococcus"" species. A single exposure of a chick to a contaminated beetle can result"
"a stress-free environment should decrease the amount of clinical disease seen in flocks. Avian nephritis virus Avian nephritis virus is an astrovirus which causes 'avian nephritis' in chickens. Causes: Infectious Stunting Syndrome — ISS — Baby Chick Nephritis — BCN. The virus has been reported in Japan, Europe, USA and New Zealand. The disease is mainly transmitted horizontally by the oro-faecal route, but rarely vertical transmission may occur. Clinical signs of the disease are normally only seen in chicks less than two weeks old, and these signs should be mild unless the chick is immunosuppressed. In mild cases diarrhea, stunted"
"associated with prolonged survival among the patients, and CD8+ T-cells played an important role. NDV is spread primarily through direct contact between healthy birds and the bodily discharges of infected birds. The disease is transmitted through infected birds' droppings and secretions from the nose, mouth, and eyes. NDV spreads rapidly among birds kept in confinement, such as commercially raised chickens. High concentrations of the NDV are found in birds' bodily discharges; therefore, the disease can be spread easily by mechanical means. Virus-bearing material can be picked up on shoes and clothing and carried from an infected flock to a healthy"
"time in Southern Africa Dr. Alders became aware of the importance of village chickens in the lives of people in undeveloped communities. It was apparent that viral Newcastle disease (ND) was endemic and causing significant mortality and loss of production in these small flocks. The development of a thermotolerant vaccine for ND meant that for the first time, control of this important livestock disease was possible in the most remote and underdeveloped regions. Together with Professor Spradbrow, Dr. Alders received funding from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) to implement a program of vaccine delivery in the field"
"cause disease. ONNV is transmitted by bites from an infected mosquito. It is the only virus whose primary vectors are anopheline mosquitoes (""Anopheles funestus"" and ""Anopheles gambiae""). Common symptoms of infection with the virus are polyarthritis, rash and fever. Other symptoms include eye pain, chest pain, lymphadenitis and lethargy. The disease is self-limiting. No fatalities due to infection are known. There have been two epidemics of o’nyong’nyong fever. The first occurred from 1959 to 1962, spreading from Uganda to Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Malawi and Mozambique, and affecting over two million people, one of the largest"
"worst affected, 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million killed as a precaution. The disease can be transmitted to human beings who eat or inhale material from infected carcasses. In humans, it is known as new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD), and by June 2007, it had killed 165 people in Britain, and six elsewhere with the number expected to rise because of the disease's long incubation period. Between 460,000 and 482,000 BSE-infected animals had entered the human food chain before controls on high-risk offal were introduced in 1989. A British inquiry into BSE concluded that the epidemic was"
"conditions. It is most closely related to ""Quaranfil virus"". ""Johnston Atoll virus"" was first isolated in 1964 from soft-bodied ""Ornithodoros capensis"" ticks infesting the brown noddy tern (""Anous stolidus"") from Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, in the Pacific. Its range also includes Hawaii, Australia and New Zealand. The virus has been shown to be transmitted between vertebrates by ticks. In the laboratory, it causes severe disease in mice and chicks. Tyulek virus was isolated from soft-bodied ""Argas vulgaris"" ticks infesting birds by the Aksu River near the village of Tyulek in Kyrgyzstan. The virus is closely related to both ""Quaranfil"" and"
"Avian nephritis virus Avian nephritis virus is an astrovirus which causes 'avian nephritis' in chickens. Causes: Infectious Stunting Syndrome — ISS — Baby Chick Nephritis — BCN. The virus has been reported in Japan, Europe, USA and New Zealand. The disease is mainly transmitted horizontally by the oro-faecal route, but rarely vertical transmission may occur. Clinical signs of the disease are normally only seen in chicks less than two weeks old, and these signs should be mild unless the chick is immunosuppressed. In mild cases diarrhea, stunted growth and skin lesions are the common clinical signs. Clinical signs are more"
"vessels"", which help to change and evolve strains of disease that are then passed on to other mammals, such as humans. Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (zoonotic swine flu). In all, 50 cases are known to have occurred since the first report in medical literature in 1958, which have resulted in a total of six deaths. Of these six people, one was pregnant, one had leukemia, one had Hodgkin's lymphoma and two were known to be previously healthy. One of these had unknown whereabouts. Despite these apparently low numbers of infections,"
"Normally, the location of the conference switches between North America and Europe, but it took place in Australia for the first time in 2006, where the venue was located in Cairns. Neisseria Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, ""N. meningitidis"" and ""N. gonorrhoeae"". Most gonoccocal infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving, and epidemic strains of the meningococcus may be carried in >95% of a population where systemic disease occurs at <1% prevalence. ""Neisseria"" species are Gram-negative bacteria included among the proteobacteria,"
"influenza that spread to other cage mates. The human influenza virus (Influenza type A) was transmitted from an infected ferret to a junior investigator, from whom it was subsequently re-isolated. The virus usually affects the nasal epithelium but can cause pneumonia. Signs include anorexia, fever, sneezing, nasal and ocular discharges and usually spontaneous recovery in 4 days or less. Antibiotic use can prevent complicating secondary bacterial infections . A common ailment which can be fatal in ferrets is foot rot, a form of fungal infection which attacks the feet and sometimes spreads to the tail. It initially appears as a"
"the UK and thousands of animals were killed and burnt. The natural hosts of influenza viruses are pigs and birds, although it has probably infected humans since antiquity. The virus can cause mild to severe epizootics in wild and domesticated animals. Many species of wild birds migrate and this has spread influenza across the continents throughout the ages. The virus has evolved into numerous strains and continues to do so, posing an ever-present threat. In the early years of the 21st century epizootics in livestock caused by viruses continue to have serious consequences. Bluetongue disease, a disease caused by an"
"Middelburg virus Middelburg virus (MIDV) is an Alphavirus of the Old World Group that has likely endemic and zoonotic potential... It is of the viral family Togaviridae. It was isolated from mosquitos in 1957 in South Africa, MDIV antigens have now been found in livestock, horses, and humans [1]. Typical symptoms of MIDV include: fever, swollen/aching limbs, hyperactiveness, and depression. There is research suggesting that MIDV might cause neurologic disease. Some signs of the neurologic disease are: ataxia, paresis, seizures, and paralysis. In these cases where MIDV infection lead to neurologic disease, moderate meningoencephalitis was observed microscopically. There have also"
"Coast fever (ECF) that affects cattle, Rift Valley fever (RVF)that affects cattle, sheep, goats, camels and also people, porcine cysticercosis, that affects pigs and also people, and Newcastle disease, that affects poultry. For these diseases, GALVmed and partners aimed to identify suitable mechanisms for the development of control tools (vaccines, diagnostics and pharmaceuticals) and to facilitate their access and adoption. They also aimed to develop data-driven decision making tools and to communicate, network and support advocacy and global access strategy requirements of project delivery. The PLSHL project also comprised funding to assess existing vaccines and diagnostics on a further three"
"to humans by through arthropod bites. The route of infection for the majority of human ""F. novicida"" or ""F. novicida""-'like' cases is unknown, although infected water or ice have been implicated. Some of the main symptoms associated with this infection include pneumonia, muscle pain, and fever, among many others. When reported, cases of ""F. novicida"" or ""F. novicida""-like infections are most commonly seen in immunocompromised people. Though ""F. novicida"" is rarely associated with human illness despite the close genetic relationship to ""F. tularensis"", cases have been reported in humans in the United States. For example, one case of ""F. novicida"""
"human to human. Infection from animal to human can occur via an animal bite or by direct contact with an infected animal’s bodily fluids. The virus can spread from human to human by both droplet respiration and contact with fomites from an infected person's bodily fluids. Incubation period is 10–14 days. Prodromal symptoms include swelling of lymph nodes, muscle pain, headache, fever, prior to the emergence of the rash. The virus is mainly found in the tropical rainforests of Central Africa and West Africa. It was first discovered in monkeys in 1958, and in humans in 1970. Between 1970 and"
"of an enzootic disease would be the influenza virus in some bird populations or, at a lower incidence, the Type IVb strain of VHS in certain Atlantic fish populations. An example of an epizootic would be the 1990 outbreak of Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorant colonies on the Great Lakes that resulted in the death of some 10,000 birds. Epizootic In epizoology, an epizootic (from Greek: ""epi-"" upon + ""zoon"" animal) is a disease event in a nonhuman animal population, analogous to an epidemic in humans. An epizootic may be: restricted to a specific locale (an ""outbreak""), general (an"
"and the nonstructural NSs and NSm proteins. The virus is transmitted through mosquito vectors, as well as through contact with the tissue of infected animals. Two species—""Culex tritaeniorhynchus"" and ""Aedes vexans""—are known to transmit the virus. Other potential vectors include ""Aedes caspius"", ""Aedes mcintosh"", ""Aedes ochraceus,"" ""Culex pipiens"", ""Culex antennatus"", ""Culex perexiguus"", ""Culex zombaensis"" and ""Culex quinquefasciatus"". Contact with infected tissue is considered to be the main source of human infections. The virus has been isolated from two bat species: the Peter's epauletted fruit bat (""Micropteropus pusillus"") and the aba roundleaf bat (""Hipposideros abae""), which are believed to be reservoirs"
"cause of human tuberculosis. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease which affects a broad range of mammalian hosts, including humans, cattle, deer, llamas, pigs, domestic cats, wild carnivores (foxes, coyotes) and omnivores (common brushtail possum, mustelids and rodents); it rarely affects equids or sheep. The disease can be transmitted in several ways; for example, it can be spread in exhaled air, sputum, urine, faeces, and pus, so the disease can be transmitted by direct contact, contact with the excreta of an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols, depending on the species involved. In New Zealand, the introduced common brushtail"
"Narcissus white streak virus 'Narcissus white streak virus"" (NWSV)""' is a plant pathogen of the family Potyviridae which infects plants of the genus ""Narcissus"", and is transmitted by aphids. It is among the commonest and most serious of the viral infections that infect narcissi, but appears to be confined to ""N. tazetta"". This virus causes narrow greenish-purple streaks that turn white to yellow, on the leaves and flower stalk after flowering, and premature senescence, which reduces bulb size and yields. Despite its importance, there is relatively little phylogenetic information on NWSV and its taxonomy remains unresolved. It has been proposed"
"gloves. From the sources used, there have been no reports of ""Trichomonas gallinae"" infecting humans. Trichomonas gallinae Trichomonas gallinae is a cosmopolitan parasite of pigeons and doves. Other birds such as domestic and wild turkeys, chickens, raptors (hawks, golden eagle, etc.) may also become infected. The disease in pigeons is commonly called canker. The same condition in birds of prey is called frounce. It is believed to be an ancient pathogen causing frounce-like symptoms in dinosaurs. In 2005, ""Trichomonas gallinae"" was first recognized as a cause of disease in British finches, with greenfinch and chaffinch most affected, although a range"
"of the bone and cartilage of the nose (Rhinopharyngitis mutilans or ""gangosa""). The disease is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact with an infective lesion, with the bacterium entering through a pre-existing cut, bite or scratch. ""T. pallidum pertenue"" has been identified in non-human primates (baboons, chimpanzees, and gorillas) and studies show that experimental inoculation of human beings with a simian isolate causes yaws-like disease. However, no evidence exists of cross-transmission between human beings and primates, but more research is needed to discount the possibility of a yaws animal reservoir in non-human primates. Most often the diagnosis is made clinically. Dark field"
"also responsible for a range of diseases in other animal species, for example canine distemper virus (dogs), phocine distemper virus (seals), cetacean morbillivirus (dolphins and porpoises), Newcastle disease virus (birds), and rinderpest virus (cattle). Some paramyxoviruses such as the henipaviruses are zoonotic pathogens, occurring naturally in an animal host, but also able to infect humans. Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) in the genus ""Henipavirus"" have emerged in humans and livestock in Australia and Southeast Asia. Both viruses are contagious, highly virulent, and capable of infecting a number of mammalian species and causing potentially fatal disease. Due to the"