"a day. The UAE hold the record for the fastest 160 km race at the Presidents Cup. Recently a UAE rider won the young rider world championships. This sport is growing and the technology and science involved is always developing. The Dubai Endurance City is leading the sport in the country with many world class endurance yards competing regularly. The UAE weightlifting has seen female competition with likes of [Amna Al Haddad] who has won varies accolades, clad in headscarf in various competitions. Other known sports include American football, which is not played in the UAE, but broadcast on TV"
"Munitionette Munitionettes were British women employed in munitions factories during the time of the First World War. Early in the war, the United Kingdom's munitions industry found itself having difficulty producing the amount of weapons and ammunition needed by the country's armed forces. In response to the crisis, known as the Shell Crisis of 1915, the British government passed the Munitions of War Act 1915 to increase government oversight and regulation of the industry. The newly created Ministry of Munitions regulated wages, hours and employment conditions in munitions factories. It also forced the factories to admit more women as employees,"
"a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the playing of the game on Association members' pitches, on the grounds that the game (as played by women) was distasteful. Some speculated that this may have also been due to envy of the large crowds that women's matches attracted. This led to the formation of the English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds. In August 1917, a tournament was launched for female munition workers' teams in northeast England. Officially titled the Tyne Wear & Tees Alfred Wood Munition Girls Cup, it was popularly known as The Munitionettes'"
"because so many of the nation's men were engaged in fighting in the war and male labour was in short supply. By June 1917, roughly 80% of the weaponry and ammunition used by the British army during World War I was being made by munitionettes. Munitionettes worked with hazardous chemicals on a daily basis without adequate protection. Many women worked with trinitrotoluene (TNT), and prolonged exposure to the nitric acid that turned the women's skin a yellow colour. The women whose skin was turned yellow were popularly called canary girls. Prolonged exposure to the chemicals also created serious health risks"
"over 400 injured, and a 1918 explosion at the National Shell Filling Factory, Chilwell, which killed over 130 workers. Munitionette Munitionettes were British women employed in munitions factories during the time of the First World War. Early in the war, the United Kingdom's munitions industry found itself having difficulty producing the amount of weapons and ammunition needed by the country's armed forces. In response to the crisis, known as the Shell Crisis of 1915, the British government passed the Munitions of War Act 1915 to increase government oversight and regulation of the industry. The newly created Ministry of Munitions regulated"
"Canary Girls The Canary Girls were the United Kingdom's female trinitrotoluene (TNT) shell makers of the First World War (1914–1918). The nickname arose because exposure to TNT is toxic, and repeated exposure can turn the skin an orange-yellow colour reminiscent of the plumage of a canary (a bird which itself was used by miners to detect toxic carbon monoxide in coal mines). These women were also referred to by the nickname ""munitionettes"". Since most working age men were joining the military to fight in the war, women were required to take on the factory jobs that were traditionally held by"
"and featuring the British Ladies Football Club managed to draw a crowd higher than the previous highest attendance for the men's team. As the First World War began in Europe, women's football games began being played for charity, their profile helped by the way that, when women started to work in the munitions factories, they also began to be invited to join the remaining men's kick-arounds outside working hours. Football between men and women at work indeed spawned one famous team; observing some of the women staff having regular competitions with men over who could hit cloakroom windows more accurately"
"nurses, teachers, and workers in traditionally male jobs. Large numbers were hired in the munitions industries. The latter were let go when the munitions industries downsized at the end of the war. They volunteered for the money, and for patriotism. The wages were doubled of what they had previously made. The women working in these munitions factories were called ""Munitionettes""; another nickname for these women was the ""Canaries"" because of the yellow skin which came from working with toxic chemicals. The work which these women did was long, tiring and exhausting as well as dangerous and hazardous to their health."
"the war, she married, becoming Mrs Henstock and had a daughter. She continued to work into her 60s on a farm. Bella's story appears in the film 'Asunder' a film by Esther Johnson funded by 14-18 NOW WW1 centenary arts commissions. During the First World War, competitive league football in Britain was suspended. However, the game was still popular with matches held between more amateur teams to raise morale, entertain and collect charitable funds. The football team, called variously Blyth United Munitions Ladies, Blyth Spartans Ladies and Blyth Spartans Munitionettes, was formed in August 1917 by women working as dockers"
"that women moved from domestic life into the industrial realm of society. During the war, industrial factories often transitioned into munitions factories. The women that worked in this field were referred to as munitionettes. There was an increase of opportunities in the job market, as two million women replaced men in the workplace. Women became active in the roles that were previously occupied by men. Furthermore, 37% of women were employed by the end of the war. British women were brought out of the household and traditional domestic life and thrust into industrial factory work. Women also began working in"
"In Great Britain, this was known as a process of ""Dilution"" and was strongly contested by the trade unions, particularly in the engineering and ship building industries. For the duration of both World Wars, women sometimes did take on skilled ""men's work"". However, in accordance with the agreement negotiated with the trade unions, women undertaking jobs covered by the Dilution agreement lost their jobs at the end of the First World War. By 1914 nearly 5.09 million out of the 23.8 million women in Britain were working. Thousands worked in munitions factories (see Canary girl), offices and large hangars used"
"the ground was full. In north east England, the Munitionettes Cup contest in 1917–18 was another very popular event, including star goal-scorer Bella Raey. After the First World War the idea of women's international games emerged. In 1920, Alfred Frankland arranged for a women's team organised by a French sporting governing body to tour England which was scheduled to play Dick, Kerr's Ladies at four venues in Preston, Stockport, Manchester and London. Playing to crowds in the tens of thousands, the first ever international matches between women's clubs resulted in two wins for the English side, one for the French"
"too high during the interwar years was due to the significant increase of women in the workforce. While there was a relatively high number of women in the workforce prior to the war, the number continued to rise; “Women’s employment went from 23.6% of the working age population in 1914 to between 37.7% and 46.7% in 1918”. The largest employer of women was the munitions industries – which were primarily employed by women at the time. By 1917, the munition factories in Britain accounted for 80 percent of all weapons and shells used by the British Army. Despite the huge"
"Filling Factories in the United Kingdom A Filling Factory was a munitions factory which specialised in filling various munitions, such as: bombs, shells, cartridges, pyrotechnics, screening smokes, etc. In the UK, in both world wars, the majority of the employees were women. In the UK, in World War I, such a factory belonging to the Ministry of Munitions was known as a National Filling Factory. In the UK, in World War II, such a factory belonging to the Ministry of Supply was known as a Royal Filling Factory (RFF), or a Royal Ordnance Factory (ROF). In terms of organisation, they"
"men. This marked a huge change in women's work culture, as most had previously been expected to stay at home and raise children, or to take on menial roles such as domestic service. In the UK, slogans like ""National Service"" and ""Women's Land Army"" were used to encourage young women to join the workforce. By the end of the war, there were almost three million women working in factories, around a third of whom were employed in the manufacture of munitions, which involved mixing explosives, and filling shells and bullets. The factory working conditions were often extremely hazardous and the"
"from using fields and stadiums controlled by FA-affiliated clubs for 50 years (the rule was finally repealed in 1971). Dick, Kerr's Ladies F.C. was founded in Preston, Lancashire, England as a World War I-era works team for the company, Dick, Kerr & Co. The women on the team had joined the company in 1914 to help produce ammunition for the war. Although women had initially been discouraged from playing football, it was believed that such organised sporting activity would be good for morale in wartime factories and would aid production, so competitive sport was encouraged. During a period of low"
"Bella Reay Issabella (Bella) Reay (b. 1900 - date of death unknown) was an English association football player between 1917–19. She played at centre forward for Blyth Spartans and England, scoring 133 goals in one season in her team's unbeaten run of 30 matches to win the Munitionettes' Cup and was the best-known player. This was at a time when women's participation in public competitive football was controversial. She was the daughter of a coal miner, born in Cowpen, Northumberland, around 1900. She worked in a munitions factory and played football for Blyth Spartans during the First World War. After"
"for the munitionettes. Exposure over a long period of time to chemicals such as TNT can cause severe harm to the immune system. People exposed to TNT can experience liver failure, anemia, and spleen enlargement; TNT can even affect women’s fertility. Some side effects commonly included breast and lower region enlargement. Another ever-present hazard of the munitionettes' work was the risk of explosion. On several occasions the explosives the women were working with ignited, injuring or killing the workers. Explosions at British munitions factories during World War I included the 1917 Silvertown explosion, in which 73 people were killed and"
"fell into obscurity until the First World War, when Lloyd George required women to work in factories whilst the men were at the front. On Christmas Day, 1916, the first recorded match between factory organised women's teams, occurred in Ulverston, Cumbria. In a year when the cultural, social and public concern over what was decent and what was unnatural were already focused, football for women raised important issues within Victorian society, including dress reform, the feminine ideal, women's sexuality, and the rigid British class structure in a way that no other sport could. Lady Dixie, a keen advocate of women's"
"their oil wells in Persia. Variously throughout the war, serious shortage of able-bodied men (""manpower"") occurred in the country, and women were required to take on many of the traditional male roles, particularly in the area of arms manufacture; though this was only significant in the later years of the war, since unemployed men were often prioritised by employers. Women both found work in the munitions factories (as ""munitionettes"") despite initial trade union opposition, which directly helped the war effort, but also in the Civil Service, where they took men's jobs, releasing them for the front. The number of women"
"school, scoring a try. The first documented evidence of an attempt to form a purely women's team is from 1891 when a tour of New Zealand by a team of female rugby players was cancelled due to a public outcry. There are also early reports of women’s rugby union being played in France (1903) and England (1913) but in both cases the game was largely behind closed doors. During the First World War some women's charity games were organised, the most well documented taking place at Cardiff Arms Park on 16 December 1917, when Cardiff Ladies beat Newport Ladies 6–0."
"for the Spartans. The success achieved by the club in the 2016–17 season meant that the Spartans were once again promoted to the National League North, five years after their relegation in 2012. During the First World War women working in factories and on the docks played football, including a team in the Spartans' colours and using their ground, variously known as the Blyth Spartan Ladies F.C. and the Blyth Spartans Munitionettes, with Bella Raey as the star player. The team was never beaten, playing 30 matches, winning 26 and drawing 4. They continued until 1921 when women's football was"
"Barnbow Barnbow was a munitions factory situated near the city of Leeds during the First World War. It was officially known as National Filling Factory No. 1. In 1916 a massive explosion killed 35 of the women who worked there. After the declaration of war with Germany in August 1914, there was suddenly an urgent need for large volumes of arms and munitions. Shells were already being filled and armed at ""Leeds Forge Company"", based at Armley, which by August 1915 was filling 10,000 shells per week. However new factories were required to dramatically increase production. A committee, chaired by"
"established, with the first winners being Blyth Spartans. However, when the war was over, the factories started closing and women who had been liberated during wartime was forced to return to their ""right and proper place"" in society. No longer seen as being moral and appropriate, football was now considered to be unladylike and dangerous for women’s health by so-called medical experts and physicians. On 5 December 1921, the FA cited strong opinions about football's unsuitability for females. They even requested the clubs belonging to the Association to refuse the use of their grounds for woman’s matches. In response, on"
"France the first week of the war, distinguished himself, and was killed in action a week after he got the Victoria Cross. And the girls saw their job and did it. It was necessary that women, who had never worked before, should go into factories. The quickest way to bring about so revolutionary a change was to make it fashionable. So these girls, with the proudest blood in England in their veins, promptly took jobs in a munition factory. They stuck at it, and for long hours each day, for month upon month, they worked at their lathes with a"
"fill posts left vacant by men enlisted to armed forces. Between 1914 and 1918 an additional one million women would take up employment. Many of them however found poor conditions, low pay and long hours resulting in a number of industrial actions and disputes with employers supported by trade unions including the NFWW. During the war period trade union membership amongst women increased by 160%. Ainsworth Mill in Cleator Moor created khaki thread for the uniforms of soldiers of the First World War. The workers were paid substantially low wages of between seven and nine shillings for a working week"
"(union and league), cricket, netball, darts, golf, tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash, bowls, rounders, modern rowing, hockey, boxing, snooker, billiards, and curling. In the 19th century, women primarily participated in the ""new games"" which included golf, lawn tennis, cycling, and hockey. Now, women also participate at a professional/international level in football, rugby, cricket, and netball. Since the late 1980s, Women In Sport, a non-profit organization, has hoped to transform sport for the benefit of women and girls in the UK. Based in London, the organization's mission is to ""champion the right of every woman and girl in the UK to"
"medallist. This was also the first olympics to include women's diving. 1913 – Winifred McNair and Dora Boothby, both of Great Britain, won the first Wimbledon Championships ladies' doubles tournament. 1914 – U.S. women's basketball rules changed to allow half-court play. 1917 – Women's association football became popular on a large scale in the United Kingdom during the First World War, when employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of the game, much as it had done for men fifty years earlier. A team from England played a team from Ireland on Boxing Day 1917 in front of a crowd"
"the firm in 1915. A delegation from the union demanded equal pay for the women employed by the firm to end the inequality of wages between female and male workers. Men were paid seven pence an hour while female workers only received three and a half pence. In 1916 the NFWW assisted local worker to stage a sit-in protest at a munitions factory in Newcastle over the failure of a local company to pay out on a tribunal award to increase wages for local women workers. During the sit-in the workers knitted socks for soldiers on the front line of"
"World War II were even more extensive than in the First World War. By 1945, more than 2.2 million women were working in war industries, especially in munitions plants. They participated in the building of ships, aircraft, vehicles, and weaponry. Women also worked on farms, drove trucks, provided logistic support for soldiers and entered professional areas of work that were previously the preserve of men. In the Allied countries thousands of women enlisted as nurses serving in the front line units. Thousands of others joined defensive militias at home and there was a great increase in the number of women"
"stating that three members of the league would serve on the federation's executive. The federation took on much of the direct organising work previously covered by the league. The league took an interest in working conditions for children. It formed a committee to look at the role of wage earning children and to advise on reform. Members included feminist Jane Brownlow, socialist Margaret Macdonald and Ruth Homan. In 1915, the league launched a campaign to get women undertaking war work, particularly in munitions factories, to join trade unions. The following year, it worked with the NFWW, Women's Co-operative Guild, Women's"
"Women in the World Wars In Great Britain just before World War I there were 24 million adult women and 1.7 million worked in domestic service, 800,000 worked in the textile manufacturing industry, 600,000 worked in the clothing trades, 500,000 worked in commerce, and 260,000 worked in local and national government, including teaching. The British textile and clothing trades, in particular, employed far more women than men and were regarded as 'women's work'. While some women managed to enter the traditionally male career paths, women, for the most part, were expected to be primarily involved in ""duties at home"" and"
"Sports Hall, called on German women to work, and to be sober in their commitment: The mobilisation of women in the war economy always remained limited: the number of women practising a professional activity in 1944 was virtually unchanged from 1939, being about 15 million women, in contrast to Great Britain, so that the use of women did not progress and only 1,200,000 of them worked in the arms industry in 1943, in working conditions that were difficult and often poorly treated by their bosses, who deplored their lack of qualification. In 1945, there numbered 500,000 women auxiliaries in the"