"Giza. The research was carried out using large quantities of dynamite and took place in the pyramids of Khufu and Menkaure. The collaboration lasted a couple of years after which Vyse, contrary to the methods of Ankle, fired him. Caviglia spent the last years of his life in Paris, where he died on 7 September 1845. Giovanni Battista Caviglia Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa – September 7, 1845 in Paris) was an explorer, navigator and Italian Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of"
"Calvaria (skull) The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural ""calvariae""; however, many medical texts list the word as ""calvarium"", neuter Latin noun with plural ""calvaria"") is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. It forms the main component of the skull roof. The calvaria (skullcap) is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable. Premature complete ossification of these sutures"
"the anterior part. The jaw is odontognathic, which means it is transversally ribbed. Radular teeth include: central tricuspid, lateral bi- or tricuspid, marginal bicuspid, all having broad bases. Teeth are often accreted. The digestive system forms 2 loops. The heart, in relation to body axis, is titled to the left. The kidney is circular (surrounding aorta). Cephalic retractors tend to divide into separate branches attached independently to the posterior part of pallial complex. The shell is strongly reduced in places, most often completely buried in the mantle, usually of loose crystals or plate-like. Genitalia: the penis is present only in"
"body that connects to the glans clitoridis. There is also a strip of erectile tissue (similar to the placement of the corpus spongiosum in males) running along the ventral surface of the corpus cavernosa main body that connects the glans clitoridis to the commissure of the vestibular bulbs. The main body of the corpus cavernosa with a ventral erectile tissue strip make up the shaft, which is connected to the glans clitoridis. The tunica albuginea is a fibrous-elastic sheath, surrounds the shaft and glans clitoridis. The tunica albuginea does not surround the bulbs of vestibule. The erectile tissues are composed"
"Olivary body In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin ""oliva"" and ""olivae"", singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei. The olivary body is located on the anterior surface of the medulla lateral to the pyramid, from which it is separated by the antero-lateral sulcus and the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve. Behind (dorsally), it is separated from the postero-lateral sulcus by the ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus. In the depression between the upper end of the olive and the pons lies"
"visual cortex (V1). The word ""pulvinar"" () comes to scientific English vocabulary via New Latin from classical Latin ""pulvinus"", ""cushion"". In the religion of ancient Rome, a pulvinar was an empty throne, a cushioned couch for occupation by a deity. Like the cervix uteri is usually just called the cervix (with ""which cervix"" being implicit), the pulvinar thalami (pulvinar of the thalamus) is usually just called the pulvinar; no other anatomic structure in today's Terminologia Anatomica is called a pulvinar, although in older terminology a part of the glomus body was called the pulvinar tunicae internae segmenti arterialis anastomosis arteriovenae"
"Pons The pons (Latin for ""bridge"") is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum. The pons is also called the pons Varolii (""bridge of Varolius""), after the Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio (1543–75). This region of the brainstem includes neural pathways and tracts that conduct signals from the brain down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus. The pons in humans measures about in length. Most of it appears as a broad"
"of the ""fossa"", the bone wall forming the internal face of the rear part of the ilium, which functions as an attachment area for a tail muscle, the ""musculus caudofemoralis brevis"". Often, close to the hip-socket the lower edge of the outer face of the postacetabular process is positioned higher than the edge of the brevis shelf, exposing the latter in side view. The 'English' name ""ilium"" as bone of the ""pelvis"" can be traced back to the writings of anatomists Andreas Vesalius, whom coined the expression ""os ilium"". In this expression ""ilium"" can be considered as the genitive plural"
"ilium, ischium, and pubis. This cartilage ossifies as the child grows. The word acetabulum literally means ""little vinegar cup"". It was the Latin word for a small vessel for serving vinegar. The word was later also used as a unit of volume. Acetabulum The acetabulum (cotyloid cavity) is a concave surface of a pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which"
"prominent as those in the clitoral body, with the spaces being separated more by smooth muscle than in the body and crura. Adipose tissue is absent in the labia minora, but the organ may be described as being made up of dense connective tissue, erectile tissue and elastic fibers. The clitoral body forms a wishbone-shaped structure containing the corpora cavernosa – a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. The two corpora forming the clitoral body are surrounded by thick fibro-elastic tunica albuginea, literally meaning ""white covering"", connective"
"Alveolar process The alveolar process () (also called the alveolar bone) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The curved part of each alveolar process on the jaw is called the alveolar arch. On the maxilla, the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface, and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface. It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae. The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone"
"Vetulicolia Vetulicolia is the name of a taxon (either phylum or subphylum in rank), encompassing several extinct Cambrian organisms. The vetulicolian body comprises two parts: a voluminous anterior forebody, tipped with an anteriorly positioned mouth, and lined with a row of five round to oval-shaped features on each lateral side, which have been interpreted as gills - or at least openings in the vicinity of the pharynx, and a posterior section that primitively comprises seven segments, and functions as a tail. All vetulicolians lack preserved appendages of any kind, having no legs, feelers, or even eyes. The area where the"
"Frenulum A frenulum (or frenum, plural: frenula or frena, from the Latin ""frēnulum"", ""little bridle"", the diminutive of ""frēnum"") is a small fold of tissue that secures or restricts the motion of a mobile organ in the body. Frenula on the human body include several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia. An overly short oral or genital frenulum may require a frenulectomy or frenuloplasty to achieve normal mobility. The word frenulum also refers to a bristle present at the root of the hindwing of most moths which engages with a small"
"of their tiny muscles consists of only one single cell, surrounded by connective tissue. The anterior region consists of the proboscis, which has fairly limited dorsoventral and lateral movement, and three to four appendages including the ovigers, which are used in caring for young and cleaning as well as courtship. In some species, the chelifores, palps and ovigers can be reduced or missing in adults. In those species that lack chelifores and palps, the proboscis is well developed and more mobile and flexible, often equipped with numerous sensory bristles and strong rasping ridges around the mouth. The last segment includes"
"Italian ""viola"", from Old Provençal ""viola"", [which came from] Medieval Latin ""vitula"""" as a term which means ""stringed instrument,"" perhaps [coming] from Vitula, Roman goddess of joy..., or from related Latin verb ""vitulari"", ""to exult, be joyful."" The related term """"Viola da gamba"""" means ""bass viol"" (1724) is from Italian, literally ""a viola for the leg"" (i.e. to hold between the legs)."" A violin is the ""modern form of the smaller, medieval viola da braccio."" The violin is often called a fiddle, either when used in a folk music context, or even in Classical music scenes, as an informal nickname"
"- Capitulum and the lateral flange of trochlea Sarts from 2nd year, Medial part of trochlea starts from 10th year, Lateral epicondyle starts from 12th year and Medial epicondyle starts from the sixth year. Humerus The humerus (, plural: ""humeri"") is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a rounded head, a narrow neck, and two short processes (tubercles, sometimes called tuberosities). The body is cylindrical"
"cells. The interval between the visceral and parietal laminæ constitutes the cavity of the tunica vaginalis. The cavum vaginale is the cavity of the tunica vaginalis. The testicle hangs suspended in a space, the cavum vaginale, from which is separated by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis. The latter is continued on to the epididymis, at the lateral margins of which it is reflected forward as the parietal layer, and as this is more extensive than the visceral layer, the cavum vaginale-named cavity results. The testicle is enclosed in a thick capsule of fibrous tissue, the tunica albuginea. The"
"where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage, but this articulation fuses together in early childhood. The word ""mandible"" derives from the Latin word ""mandibula"", ""jawbone"" (literally ""one used for chewing""), from ""mandere"" ""to chew"" and ""-bula"" (instrumental suffix). The mandible consists of: The body of the mandible is curved, and the front part gives structure to the chin. It has two surfaces and two borders. From the outside, the mandible is marked in the midline by a faint ridge, indicating the mandibular symphysis, the line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early"
"penis consists of three cylindrical bodies of spongy tissue filled with blood vessels along its length. Two of these bodies lie side-by-side in the upper portion of the penis called corpora cavernosa. The third, called the corpus spongiosum, is a tube that lies centrally beneath the others and expands at the end to form the tip of the penis (glans). The raised rim at the border of the shaft and glans is called the corona. The urethra runs through the shaft, providing an exit for sperm and urine. The root consists of the expanded ends of the cavernous bodies, which"
"Ciliary body The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor. The vitreous humor is produced in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body. The ciliary body is part of the uvea, the layer of tissue that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the eye tissues. The ciliary body joins the ora serrata of the choroid to the root of the iris. The ciliary body is a ring-shaped thickening of tissue inside the eye that divides the posterior chamber from"
"the periodontium (periodontitis), localized bone tissue is also lost. Alveolar process The alveolar process () (also called the alveolar bone) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The curved part of each alveolar process on the jaw is called the alveolar arch. On the maxilla, the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface, and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface. It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae."
"the vestibulocochlear nerve. In humans, it measures about 1.25 cm. in length, and between its upper end and the pons there is a slight depression to which the roots of the facial nerve are attached. The external arcuate fibers wind across the lower part of the pyramid and olive and enter the inferior peduncle. The olive consists of two parts: The inferior olive in itself is divided to 3 main nuclei: Small additional inferior olivary structures consist of the dorsal cap of Kooy and the ventrolateral outgrowth. Olivary body In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin ""oliva"" and"
"Neck The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso. It contains blood vessels and nerves that supply structures in the head to the body. These in humans include part of the esophagus, the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland, major blood vessels including the carotid arteries and jugular veins, and the top part of the spinal cord. In anatomy, the neck is also called by its Latin names, cervix or collum, although when used alone, in context, the word ""cervix"" more often refers to the uterine cervix, the neck of the"
"a bone called the mandible, more commonly known as the jaw, at their respective alveolar processes. The surface of the oral cavity between the teeth and the inner side of the lips are called the oral vestibule. Surrounding the oral cavity, there are many different muscles that facilitate chewing, opening the mouth, and swallowing. Each muscle, group of muscles, or separate anatomical compartment is encased in a thin fibrous layer of connective tissue called fascia. Normally, the fascia of adjacent structures are in direct contact with each other. However, air or pus can occupy the space between adjacent fascia, known"
"Parenchyma Parenchyma () is the bulk of a substance. In animals, a parenchyma comprises the functional parts of an organ and in plants parenchyma is the ground tissue of nonwoody structures. The term ""parenchyma"" is New Latin from Greek παρέγχυμα ""parenkhyma"", ""visceral flesh"" from παρεγχεῖν ""parenkhein"", ""to pour in"" from παρα- ""para-"", ""beside"", ἐν ""en-"", ""in"" and χεῖν ""khein"", ""to pour"". Originally, Erasistratus and other anatomists used it to refer to certain human tissues. Later, it was also applied to some plant tissues by Nehemiah Grew. The parenchyma is the ""functional"" parts of an organ in the body. This is"
"Cubital fossa The cubital fossa or elbow pit is the triangular area on the anterior view of the elbow of a human or other hominid animal. It is also called the antecubital fossa because it lies anteriorly to the elbow (Latin ""cubitus"") when in standard anatomical position. The cubital fossa contains four main vertical structures (from lateral to medial): The ulnar nerve is also in the area, but is not in the cubital fossa; it occupies a groove on the posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Several veins are also in the area (for example, the median"
"Vulva The vulva (plural vulvas or vulvae; derived from Latin for wrapper or covering) consists of the external female sex organs. The vulva includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, vulval vestibule, urinary meatus, the vaginal opening, and Bartholin's and Skene's vestibular glands. The urinary meatus is also included as it opens into the vulval vestibule. Other features of the vulva include the pudendal cleft, sebaceous glands, the urogenital triangle (anterior part of the perineum), and pubic hair. The vulva includes the entrance to the vagina, which leads to the uterus, and provides a double layer"
"called the mamma or mammary, the armpit as the axilla and axillary, and the navel as the umbilicus and umbilical. The pelvis is the lower torso, between the abdomen and the thighs. The groin, where the thigh joins the trunk, are the inguen and inguinal area. The entire arm is referred to as the brachium and brachial, the front of the elbow as the antecubitis and antecubital, the back of the elbow as the olecranon or olecranal, the forearm as the antebrachium and antebrachial, the wrist as the carpus and carpal area, the hand as the manus and manual, the"
"Maxilla The maxilla (plural: ""maxillae"" ) in animals is the upper fixed bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. The upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. The two maxillary bones are fused at the intermaxillary suture, forming the anterior nasal spine. This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two mandibular bones at the mandibular symphysis. The mandible is the movable part of the jaw. In humans, the maxilla consists of: Each maxilla articulates with nine bones: Sometimes it articulates with the orbital"
"Levator labii superioris The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a muscle of the human body used in facial expression. It is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the ""angular head"" (also known as the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle,<ref name=""Artist/Anatomist1991""></ref>) which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of"
"Corpus cavernosum penis A corpus cavernosum penis (singular) (cavernous body of the penis) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, the corpora cavernosa (plural) (cavernous bodies), which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection. Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally ""cave-like bodies"") with a recognisably similar structure. The two corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum (also known as the ""corpus cavernosum urethrae"" in older texts and in the adjacent diagram) are"
"Tunica albuginea (penis) The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis. It consists of approximately 5% elastin, an extensible tissue that is primarily made up of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The majority of the remaining tissue is collagen, which is made up of lysine, proline, glycine, alanine, and other amino acids. The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck's fascia constricting the deep dorsal vein of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state. The trabeculae of the tunica albuginea are"
"clitoral body and the clitoral crura are homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The labia majora is homologous to the scrotum; the clitoral hood is homologous to the foreskin, and the labia minora is homologous to the spongy urethra. The vestibular bulbs beneath the skin of the labia minora are homologous to the corpus spongiosum, the tissue of the penis surrounding the urethra, and to the bulb of the penis. Bartholin's glands are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males. The newborn's vulva may be swollen or enlarged as a result of having been exposed, via the placenta,"