"meaning ""no life"") for ""nitrogen"". For purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting ""gold"" rather than ""aurum"" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings ""aluminium"" and ""caesium"" over the U.S. spellings ""aluminum"" and ""cesium"", and the U.S."
"and shortened. Five are prefixable vowels: ""a, e, ē, o, ō"". They are called prefixable because they form a complete syllable when prefixed before ""i"" and ""y"": for instance, ""ai au"". Two are suffixable: ""i"" and ""y"". And ""y"" is sometimes prefixable before ""i"", as in ""myia"" and ""harpyia"". Six are diphthongs: ""ai au ei eu oi ou"". The remaining seventeen letters are consonants [pronounced-with]: ""b, g, d, z, th, k, l, m, n, x, p, r, s, t, ph, kh, ps"". They are called consonants because they do not have a sound on their own, but they form a"
"Caesium auride (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif; rubidium, potassium, and tetramethylammonium aurides are also known. Gold has the highest electron affinity of any metal, at 222.8 kJ/mol, making Au a stable species. Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au–Au bonds such as [Au(CH)P(CH)]Cl. The evaporation of a solution of in concentrated produces red crystals of gold(II) sulfate, Au(SO). Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain cations, analogous to the better-known mercury(I) ion, . A gold(II) complex, the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, which contains xenon as a ligand, occurs in [AuXe](SbF). Gold pentafluoride,"
"of any of its two elements, but some like a shortness of a first element, could also fit for aũ, aĩ, eĩ diphthongs, but an emphasis of the second element (similarly to the acute case, where the first element is emphasized) is characteristic for them too. The first element of circumflex cases is similar to a short unstressed vowel – not tensed, more closed. In an ""aũ"" case a vowel ""a"" receives a slight ""o"" shade (becomes narrower). In the acute cases of the diphthongs starting in i, u (i, u + l, m, n, r; ui), the first element"
"it is used especially as a segue in text, (example Amarna letters), when changing topics, or when inserting segue-pausing positions. In the Amarna letters, it is also commonly immediately followed by a preposition: ""a-na"", or ""i-na"", used as """"...And, to..."""", or """"...And, in...""""; also """"...But, for..."""", etc. This usage with a preposition is also a better example of the segue usage. Of the three u's, by graphemic analysis (Buccellati, 1979), the commonness is as follows: Both ""ù (cuneiform)"" and ú are in the top 25 most used signs, but E (cuneiform) and ""u (cuneiform)"" are not; other vowels (or combination)"
"ā, ē (, ), which today are the narrower o, ė. The contrast between the accents in diphthongs starting in a, e (au, ai, ei; a, e + l, m, n, r) is based on the quantity and quality. In acute accented cases, the first element is emphasized: it lengthens, is more tensed, open than the respective element in the circumflex cases. The second element of acute simple diphthongs is more open and less tensed than the respective element of the circumflex diphthongs. In the circumflex cases the second element is emphasized and lengthened. But for the mixed diphthongs, the"
"is named as if it were an anion (root name of the element + ""-ide"" suffix). Then, prefixes are used to indicate the numbers of each atom present: these prefixes are ""mono-"" (one), ""di-"" (two), ""tri-"" (three), ""tetra-"" (four), ""penta-"" (five), ""hexa-"" (six), ""hepta-"" (seven), ""octa-"" (eight), ""nona-"" (nine), and ""deca-"" (ten). The prefix ""mono-"" is never used with the first element. Thus, NCl is called nitrogen trichloride, PO is called diphosphorus pentoxide (the ""a"" of the ""penta-"" prefix is dropped before the vowel for easier pronunciation), and BF is called boron trifluoride. Carbon dioxide is written CO; sulfur tetrafluoride"
"in closed syllables, except for instances of the prefix ""sub-"" before a vowel. It has reduced and ""r""-colored variants, as shown below. ""r""-coloration only appears when the ""r"" is followed by a different consonant (not ""r"") or the end of the word. Diphthongs in A-L are distinguished from simple vowels by having no long or short variants, regardless of position or syllable type. The only diphthongs that are at all common are ""au"" and ""eu"". For variations in the pronunciation of the latter, see Open ""u"". ""Au"" is, rarely, reduced in an unstressed syllable to : ""Augustus"" pronounced as if"
"Both Ù (cuneiform) and ú are in the top 25 most used signs, but E (cuneiform) and ""u (cuneiform)"" are not; other vowels (or combination) in the 25 are: a (cuneiform), i (cuneiform), and ia (cuneiform), (which has a secondary use as suffix, """"-mine"""", or """"my"""", thus in top 25 most used signs). Suffix """"iYa"""" is used in the Middle East\Southwest Asia at present day to end placenames, or other names: ""My Xxxxx"". The use of ""u"" for numeral 10 has been explained above. It is used in the letters from Tushratta, speaking of the ancestral relations with former father"
"""-hydrate"". The numerical prefixes used are listed below (see IUPAC numerical multiplier): For example, CuSO·5HO is ""copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate"". Inorganic molecular compounds are named with a prefix (see list above) before each element. The more electronegative element is written last and with an ""-ide"" suffix. For example, HO (water) can be called ""dihydrogen monoxide"". Organic molecules do not follow this rule. In addition, the prefix mono- is not used with the first element; for example, SO is ""sulfur dioxide"", not ""monosulfur dioxide"". Sometimes prefixes are shortened when the ending vowel of the prefix ""conflicts"" with a starting vowel in the"
"as grammatical phrases with unit nouns present: The optional particle ""cái"" is identified as a focus marker by Nguyễn Hùng Tưởng (2004). It has been called by several other names, including ""general classifier"", ""general categorical"", 'extra"" cái"", """"extra"" general classifier"", ""definite article"", ""superarticle"", ""definite word"", ""demonstrative word"", and ""chỉ xuất"" ""indexical"". Focus ""cái"" occurs directly before classifiers or unit nouns and may be preceded by other pre-noun modifiers such as quantifiers, numerals, and articles. It must always co-occur with a classifier. As can be seen by descriptions of focus ""cái"" as ""general classifier"", etc., this particle has often been analyzed"
"focus ""á"" with the demonstratives gives the frequently used particles ""áyá"" and ""áwé"", and the less common ""áhé"" and ""áyú"". Combination of the interrogative ""ágé"" with the demonstratives gives the confirmative particles ""ákwé"" and ""ákyá"" (""ák-hé"" and ""ákyú"" are uncommon), used to elicit a yes/no response from the listener. The interrogative ""ágé"" also usually contracts to ""ág"" before ""tsú"" ""also"", e.g. ""ág tsú"" ""also?"" < ""ágé"" + ""tsú"". The particle ""sá"" is obligatory in forming wh-question phrases. It can be combined with a demonstrative, with the dubitative, the rhetorical interrogative, and the emphatic assertion, as in the list below. Phrasal"
"priority series: If there is more than one type of heteroatom in the ring, the prefix that is higher on the list comes before the prefix that is lower on the list. For example, ""oxa"" (for oxygen) always comes before ""aza"" (for nitrogen) in a name. The priority order is the same as that used in substitutive nomenclature, but Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature is recommended only for use with a more restricted set of heteroatoms (see also below). All of the prefixes end in ""a"": In Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature (but not in some other methods of naming heterocycles), the final ""a"" is elided"
"alkali metals: this information would be very useful for future chemistry experiments on ununennium. The Δ""H"" and −Δ""H"" values are not proportionally related for the alkali metals, as they change in opposite directions as atomic number increases. Ununennium Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Uue and atomic number 119. ""Ununennium"" and ""Uue"" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element"
"exclusive) In the table above, the 'lau-egu' is placed before the noun, lau-egu boroma (my pig) Take note that the first half of the word (lau, oi) may be taken out of the word. For example, 'lau-egu' can be shortened to 'egu boroma. Preposition is a word placed beofre a noun to create a phrase, this is similar to an adjective or adverb. But, in Hiri Motu, such words are placed after the noun, not before it, and can be called postposition. Some standard postposition in hiri Motu is 'ai' which can meaan in, on, or at. Maua ai -"
"Ou (ligature) Ou (Majuscule: , Minuscule: ) is a ligature of the Greek letters ο and υ which was frequently used in Byzantine manuscripts. This ligature is still seen today on icon artwork in Greek Orthodox churches, and sometimes in graffiti or other forms of informal or decorative writing. The ligature is now mostly used in the context of the Latin alphabet, interpreted as a ligature of Latin o and u: for example, in the orthography of the Wyandot language and of Algonquian languages of Western Abenaki to represent , and in Algonquin to represent , or . Today, in"
"Diphthongs are ""ai"" , ""au"" , ""eu"" , and ""oi"" (approximately as in ""my"", ""cow"", """"eh-w"""", and ""boy""). The letters ""i"" and ""u"" are used as semivowels ( and ) initially before a vowel, between vowels, and in ""cu"" and ""gu"" before a vowel. The letter ""n"" is pronounced as in ""think"" () before ""g"" and ""c"", and in final ""-ng"". The letters ""e"" and ""o"" may vary in pronunsiation, as indicated above by tildes (~). Although stress is ""not"" phonemic in LFN, most words are stressed on the vowel or diphthong before the last consonant (e.g. ""CA-sa"", ""a-be-ON"", ""BA-ia"")."
"sentence is a locative or name of a place, ""ia"" is also used as the particle in those particular, as well as other specific instances. The particle ""a"" is used before a person's name as well as the names of months and the particle ""a te"" is used before pronouns when these instances are following the prepositions ""i"" or ""ki"". If describing a pronoun and using the preposition ""mai"", the article that follows is ""ia te"". There are four main classes of lexemes in the Tokelauan language, and are as follows: 1.) Noun - A lexeme formed directly after a"
"Ü Ü, or ü, is a character that typically represents a close front rounded vowel . It is classified as a separate letter in several extended Latin alphabets (including Azeri, Estonian, Hungarian and Turkish), but as the letter U with an umlaut/diaeresis in others such as Catalan, French, Galician, German, Occitan and Spanish. Although not a part of their alphabet, it also appears in languages such as Swedish when retained in foreign names and words, and Swedish spells said letter and sound in domestic words solely as Y. A small number of Dutch words also use this as a diaeresis."
"attaches to the last element of the NP (N or D, typically), but does not co-occur with numerals. It has no definite or indefinite articles. Sentential negation is expressed with a particle, mu, whose distribution is unclear (with adjectival predicates it seems to sometimes infix, but with transitive verbs it comes before the object). Examples: cf. Object pronouns have the same form as subject pronouns: Adverbs can precede the subject or follow the verb: NPs come in a variety of forms: Possessive affixes precede the noun: Susu does not appear to have tones. The grapheme above represents a voiced uvular"
"matching similar confusion by many speakers of Modern French. or , followed by a nasal consonant and another consonant, is often nasalized as or ( for ), under the influence of French. The pseudo-diphthong is erroneously pronounced or , regardless of whether the derives from a genuine diphthong or a . The pseudo-diphthong has a value of , which is historically attested in Ancient Greek. Short-element diphthongs , and are pronounced rather accurately as , , , but at least some websites recommend the less accurate pronunciation for .?Short-element diphthongs and are pronounced like similar-looking French pseudo-diphthongs ""au"" and ""eu"":"
"""-e"", adjectival ""-a"", and nominal ""-o"", the language has a grammatically neutral suffix ""-aŭ"" that has no defined part of speech. Words ending in ""-aŭ"" may be used for multiple grammatical functions. They are typically words whose part of speech is difficult to identify in other languages. The suffix ""-aŭ"" is not lexically productive: it is limited to a closed class of only a few words. To specify the part of speech of these words, the dedicated suffixes may be added to the ""-aŭ"". For example, ""anstataŭ"" ""instead of"" (preposition and conjunction) is the base of the adverb ""anstataŭe"" ""instead"","
"Eau (trigraph) Eau is a trigraph of the Latin script. In Modern French, is pronounced and may or may not be the same phoneme as the one attached to the letter o. It is used as an ending for several words, like ""berceau"" (cradle) or ""manteau"" (coat), usually being the remnant of a suffix (""bercer"" meaning to cradle; ""mante"" meaning mantle). This is also a word by itself: ""eau"" means water. In English, only exists in words imported from French, and so is pronounced likewise in almost all cases. The only exceptions to this are ""beauty"" and words derived from"
"orthography. The digraph աւ (""au"") followed by a consonant used to be pronounced [au] (as in ""luau"") in Classical Armenian, but due to a sound shift it came to be pronounced , and has since the 13th century been written օ (""ō""). For example, classical աւր (""awr"", , ""day"") became pronounced , and is now written օր (""ōr""). (One word has kept ""aw"", now pronounced /av/: աղաւնի ""pigeon"", and there are a few proper names still having ""aw"" before a consonant: Տաւրոս Taurus, Փաւստոս Faustus, etc.) For this reason, today there are native Armenian words beginning with the letter օ"
"""-c"" while the plural suffix is ""-queh."" The formation of base 2, also known as the perfective stem, depends on the specific verb, but is usually shorter in form than base 1, often dropping a final vowel. The preterite is often accompanied by the prefix ""ō-"" (sometimes called the augment, or antecessive prefix). The function of this prefix is to mark that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking (or in a subordinate clause, at the time of the action described by the main verb). The augment is frequently absent in mythic or historical narratives."
"suffix 'A'. There are no single letter prefixes allocated by the ITU with an 'A', so the first 3 must be part of the prefix. Neither New Zealand's nor the Republic of Ireland's prefixes have numerals as prefix-characters. However, both allow a second numeral as the leading character of the suffix and is not to be confused with the sign's separating numeral. As the first character of the suffix, the two digits can be taken together; for instance, to represent a two-digit number of significance to the operator. A New Zealand amateur who has been active for 30 years and"
"of place, instead of being written with a double consonant, are written with one only accentuated. - e.g. 'Nai (instead of NNai) - ""here"" 'Nao (instead of NNao) - ""there"" Instead of the aspirate 'H', the letter 'F' can be used: - e.g. ""Fasoku"" (or ""Hasoku"") - ""let come"" (b) in verbs preceded by the prefix ""Han"" (or ""Fan"") meaning reciprocity or duality - e.g. ""Fanua"" (or ""Hanua"") - ""mon"" ""Mafa"" (or ""Maha"") - ""I, no"" "" There is no word for 'the' in the language. There is no definite article in Alu. There is no indefinite Article as ""a,"
"2 elements. The position of the actinides is more questionable, but the most common and stable of them, thorium (Th) and uranium (U), are similar to main-group elements as thorium is an electropositive element with only one main oxidation state (+4), and uranium has two main ones separated by two oxidation units (+4 and +6). In older nomenclature the main-group elements are groups IA and IIA, and groups IIIB to 0 (CAS groups IIIA to VIIIA). Group 12 is labelled as group IIB in both systems. Group 3 is labelled as group IIIA in the older nomenclature (CAS group IIIB)."
"'me and you', ""nɛu"" 'us and you', ""nu"" 'we' (not you), ""wu"" 'you (thou)' ""ku"" 'you (ye)', ""lɛ"" 'he', ""ta"" 'she', ""yo"" 'it', ""fu"" 'they'. For possession, pronouns are prefixed on a noun, dropping their vowel: ""l'arafi"" 'his letter', ""w'agoji"" 'your money'. Tense prefixes include ""li-"" (past), ""ta-"" (future), ""lii-"" (habitual past), ""taa-"" (habitual future), ""yɛɛ-"" (habitual present), ""re-"" (present continuous -ing), ""ri-"" (past continuous -ing), ""ngi-"" (conditional, would), ""nge-"" (subjunctive, may), and a perfect in ""lo-"". Simple present is not marked. ""U-"" forms relative clauses (who, which). So, from ""du"" 'eat', ""lɛdu"" 'he eats', ""nɛtadu"" 'you & I will"
"for radon). In 1979, IUPAC assigned the systematic placeholder name ""ununoctium"" to the undiscovered element, with the corresponding symbol of ""Uuo"", and recommended that it be used until after confirmed discovery of the element. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it ""element 118"", with the symbol of ""E118"", ""(118)"", or even simply ""118"". Before the retraction in 2002, the researchers from Berkeley had intended to name the element ""ghiorsium"" (""Gh""), after Albert Ghiorso (a leading member of the"
"(free state) and ""état d'annexion"" (annexed state) and glossed as EL and EA. Gender and number are all explicitly marked, but historical and synchronic sound changes have in some cases resulted in the neutralization of the difference between EL and EA. The nominal prefix has no semantic content. It is made up of one or both of two elements, a gender prefix and a vocalic prefix. Singular feminine nouns may also have a gender suffix. For example, the noun ""tazdwit"" ""bee"" has the feminine prefix ""t-"", the vocalic prefix ""a-"" and the feminine singular suffix ""-t"" added to the nominal"
"‘at.’ It is added at the end of a verb. ""ius"" = to use --> ""ius-kin"" = to use with ""mwahu"" = to be good --> ""mwahu-kin"" = to be good at ""sa""- is an example of a verbal prefix. It is added to the beginning of a word and means ‘not.’ The following sentence is an example of how ""-sa"" is used. ""pwung"" = to be correct --> ""sa-pwung"" = to be incorrect There are also directional suffixes that when added to the root word give the listener a better idea of where the subject is headed. The verb"
"there are postpositions. There is a tense-aspect marker ""ke"" which often appears in second position in affirmative sentences in the present tense, giving X Aux S O V order (e.g. S Aux O V). For example, This marker appears first in certain subordinate clauses in a manner reminiscent of V2 languages such as German, where a clause-initial complementizer is in complementary distribution with a second position phenomenon (in German, it would be the finite verb which appears in second position). Shua is a dialect cluster. The term Hietshware (Hietʃware, Hietʃo) is used for varieties of both Shua and its sister-language"