"Cantz published a monograph featuring this collaboration with the IMA in September 2009. From 2009 to 2011 Type A embarked on two projects exploring fear, safety and authority: ""Barrier"" (2009) and ""Trigger"" (2011). ""Barrier"" is a large scale concrete sculpture installation recreating Jersey highway barriers and ""Trigger"" explores America’s obsession with guns. For ""Trigger,"" Type A created a series of photographs which are printed and sold as shooting targets by Law Enforcement Targets Inc. With this project they practice what they call ""Interpropriation"" or “the act of interjecting themselves and actively participating in cultures outside the art world.” In 2012"
"of the diadectomorphs, the terrestrial forms were moderately sized creatures that appeared in the early Carboniferous. The vertebrae of the group foreshadowed that of primitive reptiles, with small pleurocentra, which grew and fused to become the true centrum in later vertebrates. The most well known genus is ""Seymouria"". Some members of the most advanced group, the Diadectomorpha, were herbivorous and grew to several meters in length, with great, barrel-shaped bodies. Small relatives of the diadectomorphs gave rise to the first reptiles in the Late Carboniferous. The most diverse group of labyrinthodonts was the Temnospondyli. Temnospondyls appeared the Late Devonian and"
"Cervidae, are believed to have evolved from ""Diacodexis"", the earliest known artiodactyl (even-toed ungulate), 50–55 Mya in the Eocene. ""Diacodexis"", nearly the size of a rabbit, featured the talus bone characteristic of all modern even-toed ungulates. This ancestor and its relatives occurred throughout North America and Eurasia, but were on the decline by at least 46 Mya. Analysis of a nearly complete skeleton of ""Diacodexis"" discovered in 1982 gave rise to speculation that this ancestor could be closer to the non-ruminants than the ruminants. ""Andromeryx"" is another prominent prehistoric ruminant, but appears to be closer to the tragulids. The formation"
"Diaphanopterodea The Diaphanopterodea or Paramegasecoptera are an extinct order of moderate to large-sized Palaeozoic insects. They are first known from the Middle Carboniferous (late Serpukhovian or early Bashkirian in age), and include some of the earliest known flying insects. Despite their very early appearance in the insect fossil record, they represent a specialised group of Palaeodictyopteroidea (Palaeozoic beaked insects), unique among representatives of that group in having evolved the ability to fold their wings over their thorax and abdomen in a manner similar to, but not homologous with, the Neopteran insects. The nymphs also had an unusual appearance, being covered"
"single genus ""Caudipteryx"" and was therefore monotypic, containing only a single type and often considered redundant. However, in 2008 ""Similicaudipteryx yixianensis"" was described and classified as a caudipterid. Caudipteridae Caudipteridae is a family of oviraptorosaurian dinosaurs known from the Early Cretaceous of China. Found in the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations, the group existed between 125-120 million years ago. Distinguishing characteristics of this group have been indicated as including a unique dagger-shaped pygostyle (the bone at the tip of the tail in birds, used to anchor a ""fan"" of feathers). No clade definition has been given. The first caudipterid described was"
"is the earliest named dinosaur, ""Megalosaurus"". For a century after the description of ""Megalosaurus"", most large carnivorous dinosaurs were serially arrayed into the family Megalosauridae within the order Theropoda. In 1914, Friedrich von Huene separated small, lightly built forms into the infraorder Coelurosauria and larger taxa into the infraorder Pachypodosauria. Later, he transferred large, carnivorous taxa to the new infraorder Carnosauria, which came to include all known large-bodied carnivores other than ""Ceratosaurus"". The size-based arrangement persisted until Gauthier, who redefined Carnosauria and Coelurosauria based on new cladistic analyses but retained the terms. Gauthier defined Coelurosauria as a taxon comprising birds"
"Dalingheornis Dalingheornis is a genus of enantiornithean birds which lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 122 Ma ago, and are known from a single juvenile fossil found in the upper part of the Yixian Formation at Dawangzhangzi, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. It is the first known Mesozoic bird with heterodactyl feet specifically adapted for climbing, and was probably among the most arboreal of the enantiornithines. Unlike its relatives, it had an unusually long (17mm) skeletal tail made up of 20 vertebrae, similar to the tails of dromaeosaurids. However, this may have been a juvenile feature. The fossil"
"been a very diverse and adaptive group of reptiles. Not only are they an ancient group of animals – at least as old as the dinosaurs – they also evolved into a great variety of forms. The earliest forms, the sphenosuchians, evolved during the Late Triassic, and were highly gracile terrestrial forms built like greyhounds. During the Jurassic and the Cretaceous, marine forms in the family Metriorhynchidae, such as ""Metriorhynchus"", evolved forelimbs that were paddle-like and had a tail similar to modern fish. ""Dakosaurus andiniensis"", a species closely related to ""Metriorhynchus"", had a skull that was adapted to eat large"
"his paper about the stepwise evolution of the avian bauplan, Cau (2018) found in the parsimony analysis polytomy between herrerasaur-grade taxa, Sauropodomorpha and the controversial Ornithoscelida. The Bayesian analysis, however, found a weak support for the sister grouping of a Dinosauria and Herrerasauria, but showed strong support for the dichotomy between Sauropodomorpha and Ornithoscelida as shown below: Dracohors Dracohors is a clade of dinosauriform archosaurs that includes dinosaurs and silesaurids. The oldest known dracohorsian is ""Asilisaurus"", dating to about 245 million years ago in the Anisian age of the middle Triassic period. According to Andrea Cau (2018), the synapomorphies of"
"its inaccessibility to paleontologists. Dalingheornis Dalingheornis is a genus of enantiornithean birds which lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 122 Ma ago, and are known from a single juvenile fossil found in the upper part of the Yixian Formation at Dawangzhangzi, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. It is the first known Mesozoic bird with heterodactyl feet specifically adapted for climbing, and was probably among the most arboreal of the enantiornithines. Unlike its relatives, it had an unusually long (17mm) skeletal tail made up of 20 vertebrae, similar to the tails of dromaeosaurids. However, this may have been a"
"Djebelemur Djebelemur is an extinct genus of early strepsirrhine primate from the late early or early middle Eocene period from the Chambi locality in Tunisia. Although they probably lacked a toothcomb, a specialized dental structure found in living lemuriforms (lemurs and lorisoids), they are thought to be a related stem group. The one recognized species, Djebelemur martinezi, was very small, approximately . ""Djebelemur"" is one of five genera of djebelemurids, others including ""'Anchomomys' milleri"", a fossil primate formerly thought to be related to other members of the genus ""Anchomomys"", a group of Eocene European adapiform primates. Following its discovery and"
"suggests that ""Nyasasaurus"" may be the earliest known dinosaur, dating to the late Anisian stage, about 243 million years ago, 10 to 15 million years older than any previously described dinosaur, such as ""Herrerasaurus"". Dinosaur affinities of the holotype are supported by the long deltopectoral crest on the humerus, an unambiguously dinosaur character in all recent phylogenetic analyses, with a deflected top, another feature present only in dinosaurs. The humerus does not share any synapomorphies exclusively with any other Triassic archosaur clade. The possession of three sacral vertebrae instead of two could represent a dinosaur plesiomorphy, but has a complex"
"but these were not common in Europe during the Early Cretaceous. ""G. turolensis"" is most likely laid by a closely related kind of ornithopod, like ""Gideonmantellia"", ""Mantellisaurus"", ""Iguanodon"", ""Delapparentia"", or ""Proa"". Its reclassification outside of Elongatoolithidae implies that no elongatoolithids are known from the early Cretaceous of Europe. However, elongatoolithids have been reported from the Late Cretaceous of France. Guegoolithus Guegoolithus is an oogenus of fossil egg from the Barremian of Spain. It is classified in the oofamily Spheroolithidae, and was probably laid by an ornithopod dinosaur. ""Guegoolithus"" is so far known exclusively from the Maestrazgo Basin, dating to the"
"may have been a primitive member of the Megalosauroidea, a clade of large carnivorous dinosaurs more primitive than many other well-known theropods like the tyrannosauroids and carnosaurs, making it the most basal known feathered theropod. This classification was supported by one of three initial analyses conducted by the scientists who described it. The other two analysis, which the authors regarded as less well supported, found it as more closely related to ""Monolophosaurus"" and Avetheropoda, and in an unresolved position among avetheropods and megalosauroids, respectively. The exact position in the various analyses was difficult to determine due to the fact that"
"grade of reproduction. Work by Carroll and Laurin around the turn of the millennium has greatly helped in pinpointing the transition. The early reptile-like amphibians were mostly aquatic, the first highly terrestrially adapted groups being the Seymouriamorpha and the Diadectomorpha. The seymouriamorphs were small to medium-sized animals with stout limbs, their remains are sometimes found in what has been interpreted as dry environments, indicating their skin had a water-tight epidermal horny overlay or even scales as evident in ""Discosauriscus"". Their skeletons are very similar to those of early reptiles, though finds of seymouriamorph tadpoles have shown they retained an amphibian"
"from accidental damage, and was similar in bone function to the flanges of bone of sabre-toothed cats in the Cenozoic. The holotype of the type species, ""Gorgonops torvus"", was in 1876 one of the first therapsids described, by Richard Owen, who also coined the name ""Dinosauria"" on the basis of the first known dinosaur fossils. It was also used as the type for which Richard Lydekker described the family in 1890. Five years later, in 1895, Harry Govier Seeley used this genus to establish the group as a whole. In later years, a large number of further species and genera"
"""sauros"", ""lizard"", a usual element in the name of dinosaurs — Casamiquela assumed the new genus was a theropod dinosaur. The specific name is derived from Greek ""pygmaios"", ""dwarf"": it was thought the form presented a small ""Compsognathus""-like coelurosaurian belonging to the Coeluridae and one of the smallest dinosaurs then known. The holotype is CTES-PZ-1711, consisting of a sacrum, pelvic elements and both femora. The dispersed bones are compressed, crushed by the weight of the layers above. Casamiquela had already indicated that the new species was very distinct because of an atypically long ilium and short ischium. In 1978 John"
"Dryosauridae Dryosaurids were primitive iguanodonts. They are known from Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks of Africa, Europe, and North America. Until recently many dryosaurids have been regarded as dubious (""Callovosaurus"" and ""Kangnasaurus"") or as species of the type member, ""Dryosaurus"" (""Dysalotosaurus"", ""Elrhazosaurus"" and ""Valdosaurus""). However, more recent studies redescribe these genera as valid. The cladogram below follows Paul M. Barrett, Richard J. Butler, Richard J. Twitchett and Stephen Hutt (2011). According to an abstract at the SVP 2014 conference, ""Anabisetia"", ""Macrogryphosaurus"", and ""Trinisaura"", all from the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana, are members of Dryosauridae. If so, then Elasmaria would"
"of ""Yixianornis"" and modern birds and reptiles indicate that it may have been diurnal, similar to most modern birds. It was a close relative of ""Yanornis"" and together with this and ""Songlingornis"" forms a clade of early modern birds. Clarke et al. found that ""Yixianornis"" was the most primitive bird to display an essentially modern pygostyle and fan of tail feathers. Later, an enantiornithine called ""Shanweiniao"" was found to have a fan tail as well, though it may have evolved independently of modern birds. Yixianornis Yixianornis (meaning ""Yixian Formation bird"") is a bird genus from the early Cretaceous period. Its"
"be a derived clade of Cretaceous dryosaurids. However, other phylogenies find that elasmarians are more basal than dryosaurids. Dryosauridae Dryosaurids were primitive iguanodonts. They are known from Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks of Africa, Europe, and North America. Until recently many dryosaurids have been regarded as dubious (""Callovosaurus"" and ""Kangnasaurus"") or as species of the type member, ""Dryosaurus"" (""Dysalotosaurus"", ""Elrhazosaurus"" and ""Valdosaurus""). However, more recent studies redescribe these genera as valid. The cladogram below follows Paul M. Barrett, Richard J. Butler, Richard J. Twitchett and Stephen Hutt (2011). According to an abstract at the SVP 2014 conference, ""Anabisetia"", ""Macrogryphosaurus"","
"Jeholopterus Jeholopterus was a small anurognathid pterosaur from the Middle to Late Jurassic Daohugou Beds of the Tiaojishan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China, preserved with hair-like pycnofibres and skin remains. The genus was named in 2002 by Wang Xiaolin, Zhou Zhonghe and Xu Xing. The type species, the only known, is ""Jeholopterus ninchengensis"". The genus name is derived from its place of discovery, Jehol in China, and a Latinised Greek ""pteron"", ""wing"". The specific name refers to Nincheng County. The type species is based on holotype IVPP V12705, a nearly complete specimen from the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng County in"
"""sensu"" Laurin would contain, apart from Amniota, only diadectomorphs and possibly also ""Solenodonsaurus"". Gephyrostegids, seymouriamorphs and diadectomorphs were land-based, reptile-like amphibians, while embolomeres were aquatic amphibians with long body and short limbs. Their anatomy falls between the mainly aquatic Devonian labyrinthodonts and the first reptiles. University of Bristol paleontologist Professor Michael J. Benton gives the following characteristics for the Reptiliomorpha (in which he includes embolomeres, seymouriamorphs and diadectomorphs): The groups traditionally assigned to Reptiliomorpha, i.e. embolomeres, seymouriamorphs and diadectomorphs, differed from their contemporaries, the non-reptiliomorph temnospondyls, in having a deeper and taller skull, but retained the primitive kinesis (loose attachment)"
"and theropods closer to birds than to Carnosauria, and listed within Carnosauria several large-bodied theropod taxa but did not formally define the group. Many of these original carnosaurs have since been reclassified as coelurosaurs or primitive tetanurans, and Carnosauria has now been defined as ""Allosaurus"" and all Avetheropods closer to ""Allosaurus"" than to birds. Initial cladistics studies supported the arrangement of primitive megalosaurs as serial outgroups to a clade of allosaurids, followed by the Coelurosauria. Subsequent studies have discovered that many of these basal tetanurans formed a true clade, termed Megalosauroidea or alternatively Spinosauroidea. Current phylogeny agrees on a monophyletic"
"primitive appearance, it was actually a very specialized animal. In analyses of the present clade Dromaeosaurinae species as ""Utahraptor"", ""Achillobator"" and ""Yurgovuchia"" are often recovered. As of recently, the genus ""Dakotaraptor"" has been classified as the sister taxon to ""Dromaeosaurus"". Below is a cladogram by Senter ""et al."" in 2012. ""Dromaeosaurus"" is recovered as the sister taxon to ""Yurgovuchia"", ""Utahraptor"" and ""Achillobator"". The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by paleontologists Robert DePalma, David Burnham, Larry Martin, Peter Larson, and Robert Bakker, using updated data from the Theropod Working Group. In this analysis, ""Dromaeosaurus"" is classified as the sister taxon"
"both based on the large hand claws. The cladogram shown below follows an analysis by Porfiri et al., 2014. Megaraptor Megaraptor (""giant thief"") is a genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived in the Turonian to Coniacian ages of the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been discovered in the Patagonian Portezuelo Formation of Argentina. Initially thought to have been a giant dromaeosaur-like coelurosaur, it was classified as a neovenatorid allosauroid in previous phylogenies, but more recent phylogeny and discoveries of related megaraptoran genera has placed it as either a basal tyrannosauroid or a basal coelurosaur. ""Megaraptor"" was initially described as"
"""Canapone dentata"", ""Chronomyrmex medicinehatensis"", ""Eotapinoma macalpini"", ""Haidoterminus cippus"", and ""Sphecomyrma canadensis"". In the type description, Engel and Grimaldi described ""Cananeuretus"" as a formicomorph genus based the plesiomorphies that are suggested to define the subfamily Aneuretinae. They excluded the genus from Dolichoderinae, which ""Eotapinoma"" belongs to, and separated the two genera based on the well developed sting on ""Cananeuretus"" in combination with an apparent lack of acidopore. ""Cananeuretus"" is the second Mesozoic genus to tentatively be placed into Aneuretinae, after the slightly older ""Burmomyrma"" found in Burmese amber. ""Cananeuretus"" has ""primitive"" mandibles, each having four distinct teeth present, the basal most"
"adults. All were however predominantly aquatic and some spent all or nearly all their lives in water. An early branch was the terrestrial reptile-like amphibians, variously called Anthracosauria or Reptiliomorpha. ""Tulerpeton"" has been suggested as the earliest member of the line, indicating the split may have happened before the Devonian-Carboniferous transition. Their skulls were relatively deep and narrow compared to other labyrinthodonts. Front and hind feet bore five digits on most forms. Several of the early groups are known from brackish or even marine envioronments, having returned to a more or less fully aquatic mode of living. With the exception"
"evolve very early in the Cretaceous period, perhaps 140-130 million years ago. The earliest known species to have evolved a pygostyle were members of the Confuciusornithidae. The structure provided an evolutionary advantage, as a completely mobile tail as found in species such as ""Archaeopteryx"" is detrimental to its use for flight control. Modern birds still develop longer caudal vertebrae in their embryonic state, which later fuse to form a pygostyle. There are two main types of pygostyle: one, found in Confuciusornithidae, Enantiornithes, and some other Mesozoic birds, as well as in some oviraptorosaurs like ""Nomingia"", is long and rod- or"
"Paris. In 1955, René Lavocat described a theropod dentary (MNHN.MAJ 1) with teeth from the Maevarano Formation in the same region where the original material was found. The teeth matched those first described by Depéret, but the strongly curved jaw bone was very different from both ""Megalosaurus"" and ""Dryptosaurus"". Based on this dentary, Lavocat created the new genus ""Majungasaurus"", using an older spelling of Mahajanga as well as the Greek word ""σαυρος/sauros"" (meaning ""lizard""). Hans-Dieter Sues and Philippe Taquet described a dome-shaped skull fragment (MNHN.MAJ 4) as a new genus of pachycephalosaur (""Majungatholus atopus"") in 1979. This was the first"
"of the modern type, became relatively common for the first time in the Carnian. The earliest dinosaur ""Eoraptor"" originated slightly before the Carnian stage began around 230 Ma. The oldest well documented dinosaurian assemblage, in the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, is most probably late Carnian in age. In this stage the archosaurs became the dominant faunas in the world, evolving into groups such as the phytosaurs, rhynchosaurs, aetosaurs, and rauisuchians. The first dinosaurs (and the pterosaur Carniadactylus) also appeared in this stage, and though at the time they were small and insignificant, they diversified rapidly and would dominate the fauna"
"Daohugoupterus Daohugoupterus is a genus of pterosaur from the Middle to Late Jurassic Daohugou Beds of the Tiaojishan Formation in Inner Mongolia, China. Through field work by Zhou Zhonghe and Li Yan, the ""Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology"" at Beijing acquired a pterosaur specimen found at the village of Daohugou near Linglongta. It was prepared by Li Yutong. The specimen is catalogued as IVPP V12537. It is a partial skeleton with soft tissue impressions, compressed on a plate and counterplate. This specimen includes part of the torso and pectoral girdle, the left humerus (upper arm bone), both coracoids, right"
"the clade containing birds and related dinosaurs such as compsognathids, tyrannosaurids, ornithomimosaurs, and maniraptorans. The original Carnosauria was a polyphyletic group including any large carnivorous theropod. Many of Gauthier’s carnosaurs, such as tyrannosaurids, have since been re-classified as coelurosaurs or primitive tetanurans. Carnosauria has been reclassified as a group containing allosaurids that split from the Coelurosauria at the Neotetanurae/Avetheropoda node. Members of Spinosauroidea are believed to represent basal tetanurans. Tetanuran evolution was characterized by parallel diversification of multiple lineages, repeatedly attaining large body size and similar locomotor morphology. ""Cryolophosaurus"" has been claimed as the first true member of the group,"
"Jeholotriton Jeholotriton is a genus of primitive salamander from the Daohugou Beds (possibly dating to the late Jurassic period) near Daohugou village of Inner Mongolia, China. Wang Yuan from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences first described the species in 2000. In 2005, he presented a full description in the ""Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"" along with C. S. Rose from James Madison University, United States. The genus name ""Jehol-"" refers to Jehol Biota, which flourished during the Early Cretaceous in northeastern China. The original naming paper (Wang, 2000) regarded the salamander a member"