"Typhus Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure. The diseases are caused by specific types of bacterial infection. Epidemic typhus is due to ""Rickettsia prowazekii"" spread by body lice, scrub typhus is due to ""Orientia tsutsugamushi"" spread by chiggers, and murine typhus is due to ""Rickettsia typhi"" spread by fleas. There is currently no commercially available vaccine. Prevention is by reducing exposure to the organisms that spread the disease."
"fever"", it was noted for its virulence. It killed people of all social classes, as lice were endemic and inescapable, but it hit particularly hard in the lower or ""unwashed"" social strata. In Canada alone, the typhus epidemic of 1847 killed more than 20,000 people from 1847 to 1848, mainly Irish immigrants in fever sheds and other forms of quarantine, who had contracted the disease aboard coffin ships. In the United States, epidemics occurred in Baltimore, Memphis and Washington DC between 1865 and 1873, and during the US Civil War. This disease is transmitted by the bite of female mosquito;"
"Britain"" in 548CE noted in the Annales Cambriae. Relapsing fever Relapsing fever is a vector-born disease caused by infection with certain bacteria in the genus ""Borrelia"", which are transmitted through the bites of lice or soft-bodied ticks (genus ""Ornithodoros""). Most people who are infected develop sickness between 5 and 15 days after they are bitten. The symptoms may include a sudden fever, chills, headaches, muscle or joint aches, and nausea. A rash may also occur. These symptoms usually continue for 2 to 9 days, then disappear. This cycle may continue for several weeks if the person is not treated. Along"
"Lyme disease Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by a bacteria named ""Borrelia"" spread by ticks. The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness on the skin, known as erythema migrans, that appears at the site of the tick bite about a week after it occurred. The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 70–80% of infected people develop a rash. Other early symptoms may include fever, headache and tiredness. If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face, joint"
"Relapsing fever Relapsing fever is a vector-born disease caused by infection with certain bacteria in the genus ""Borrelia"", which are transmitted through the bites of lice or soft-bodied ticks (genus ""Ornithodoros""). Most people who are infected develop sickness between 5 and 15 days after they are bitten. The symptoms may include a sudden fever, chills, headaches, muscle or joint aches, and nausea. A rash may also occur. These symptoms usually continue for 2 to 9 days, then disappear. This cycle may continue for several weeks if the person is not treated. Along with ""Rickettsia prowazekii"" and ""Bartonella quintana"", ""Borrelia recurrentis"""
"Zika fever Zika fever, also known as Zika virus disease or simply Zika, is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus. Most cases have no symptoms, but when present they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever. Symptoms may include fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash. Symptoms generally last less than seven days. It has not caused any reported deaths during the initial infection. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations in some babies. Infections in adults have been linked to Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). Zika fever is mainly spread via"
"Erythema migrans Erythema migrans (New Latin, literally, ""migrating redness"") refers to a rash often seen in the early stage of Lyme disease, and can also (but less commonly) be caused by southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI). It can appear anywhere from one day to one month after a tick bite. This rash does not represent an allergic reaction to the bite, but rather an actual skin infection of one of the Lyme bacteria species from the genus ""Borrelia"". ""Erythema migrans is the only manifestation of Lyme disease in the United States that is sufficiently distinctive to allow clinical diagnosis in"
"Visceral leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (), black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus ""Leishmania"". The parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen (hence ""visceral""), and bone marrow, and, if left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Of particular concern, according to the World"
"Trench fever Trench fever (also known as ""five-day fever"", ""quintan fever"" (""febris quintana"" in Latin), and ""urban trench fever"") is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Flanders, France, Poland, Galicia, Italy, Salonika, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Russia and Egypt in World War I. Three noted sufferers during WWI were the authors J. R. R. Tolkien, A. A. Milne, and C. S. Lewis. From 1915 to 1918 between one-fifth and one-third of all British troops reported ill had trench fever while about one-fifth of ill German and Austrian troops had the disease. The disease persists among the"
"meningitis and polyradiculoneuritis, some of which were accompanied by erythematous skin lesions. Erythema migrans Erythema migrans (New Latin, literally, ""migrating redness"") refers to a rash often seen in the early stage of Lyme disease, and can also (but less commonly) be caused by southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI). It can appear anywhere from one day to one month after a tick bite. This rash does not represent an allergic reaction to the bite, but rather an actual skin infection of one of the Lyme bacteria species from the genus ""Borrelia"". ""Erythema migrans is the only manifestation of Lyme disease in"
"Head lice infestation Head lice infestation, also known as pediculosis capitis and nits, is the infection of the head hair and scalp by the head louse (""Pediculus humanus capitis""). Itching from lice bites is common. During a person's first infection, the itch may not develop for up to six weeks. If a person is infected again, symptoms may begin much more quickly. The itch may cause problems with sleeping. Generally, however, it is not a serious condition. While head lice appear to spread some other diseases in Africa, they do not appear to do so in Europe or North America."
"severe headaches, and vomiting. A common feature he observed in his infected patients was an abnormal increase of lymphocytes in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis, also known as Bannwarth syndrome, is a neurological disease characterized as intense nerve pain radiating from the spine. The disease is caused by an infection of ""Borrelia burgdorferi"", a tick-borne spirochete bacterium also responsible for causing Lyme disease. Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis is characterized by an intense spinal pain in the lumbar and cervical regions, radiating to the extremities. Symptoms may include facial paralysis, abducens palsy, anorexia, tiredness, headache, double vision, paraesthesia, and erythema"
"viral illnesses. This includes fever, headache, fatigue, and general malaise. This group of diseases can further be difficult to distinguish early on in the disease process due to these general symptoms in addition to most people (reported around 75%) not realizing they have been bitten or exposed to the tick vector. Unique to early Lyme disease is the development of the classic erythema migrans skin rash, also known as the “bull’s eye” or “target” rash, which occurs in about 80% of people diagnosed with Lyme disease. This symptom can be an important distinguishing factor helping to make the diagnosis early."
"contaminated with rat feces. Infected individuals described symptoms including a sudden development of vomiting, severe headache, and cold sweats with a high fever. Parker and Hudson first isolated the cause of this outbreak, which they named ""Haverhilia multiformis"". This organism was later matched to ""S. moniliformis"" after further research. Symptoms of rate bite fever include the abrupt onset of fever ranging from 38.0 °C to 41 °C. Approximately 75% of infected individuals develop a rash in addition to hemorrhaging vesicles. Both the rash and vesicles are usually located on the hands and feet, although the rash has been known to"
"Chickenpox Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over. It usually starts on the chest, back, and face then spreads to the rest of the body. Other symptoms may include fever, tiredness, and headaches. Symptoms usually last five to seven days. Complications may occasionally include pneumonia, inflammation of the brain, and bacterial skin infections. The disease is often more severe in adults than in children. Symptoms begin 10 to 21 days"
"Fifth disease Erythema infectiosum or fifth disease is one of several possible manifestations of infection by parvovirus B19. The name ""fifth disease"" comes from its place on the standard list of rash-causing childhood diseases, which also includes measles (first), scarlet fever (second), rubella (third), Dukes' disease (fourth, but is no longer widely accepted as distinct), and roseola (sixth). Fifth disease starts with a low-grade fever, headache, rash, and cold-like symptoms, such as a runny or stuffy nose. These symptoms pass, then a few days later, the rash appears. The bright red rash most commonly appears in the face, particularly the"
"is one of three pathogens of which the body louse (""Pediculus humanus humanus"") is a vector. Louse-borne relapsing fever is more severe than the tick-borne variety. Louse-borne relapsing fever occurs in epidemics amid poor living conditions, famine and war in the developing world. It is currently prevalent in Ethiopia and Sudan. Mortality rate is 1% with treatment and 30–70% without treatment. Poor prognostic signs include severe jaundice, severe change in mental status, severe bleeding and a prolonged QT interval on ECG. Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the ""Borrelia"" organisms that then multiply in the gut of the louse."
"Southern tick-associated rash illness Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) or Masters' disease is an emerging infectious disease related to Lyme disease that occurs in southeastern and south-central United States. It is spread by tick bites, but the organism that causes the infection is unknown. This illness is a tick-borne disease carried by the lone star tick ""Amblyomma americanum"". This tick was first proposed as a possible vector of disease in 1984, and the illnesses associated with the tick called ""Lyme-like disease"", but it was not recognized to be distinct from Lyme disease until the late 1990s. Several studies have failed"
"mice is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate including macrophages which are immunopathogenic and exacerbate disease. Furthermore, mice deficient in the C3 protein do not suffer from severe disease following infection. This indicates that an aberrant innate immune response is responsible for severe disease following RRV infection. Ross River fever Ross River fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by infection with the Ross River virus. The illness is typically characterised by an influenza-like illness and polyarthritis. The virus is endemic to mainland Australia and Tasmania, the island of New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and several other"
"disease causation was Avicenna, in the tenth century. The history of infection and disease were observed in the 1800s and related to the one of the tick-borne diseases, Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The cause of viral encephalitis was discovered in Russia based upon epidemiological clustering of cases. The virus causing this illness was isolated in 1937. The rash typical of Lyme borreliosis was identified the early 1900s. Historically, some chronic diseases were linked or associated with infectious pathogens. Infections associated with diseases Infections associated with diseases are those that are associated with possible infectious etiologies, that meet the requirements of"
"the principal source of infection for humans. TBE, like Lyme disease, is one of the many tick-borne diseases. The virus can infect the brain (encephalitis), the meninges (meningitis) or both (meningoencephalitis). In general, mortality is 1% to 2%, with deaths occurring 5 to 7 days after the onset of neurologic signs. In dogs, the disease also manifests as a neurological disorder with signs varying from tremors to seizures and death. In ruminants, neurological disease is also present, and animals may refuse to eat, appear lethargic, and also develop respiratory signs. TBE is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of"
"Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis, also known as Bannwarth syndrome, is a neurological disease characterized as intense nerve pain radiating from the spine. The disease is caused by an infection of ""Borrelia burgdorferi"", a tick-borne spirochete bacterium also responsible for causing Lyme disease. Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis is characterized by an intense spinal pain in the lumbar and cervical regions, radiating to the extremities. Symptoms may include facial paralysis, abducens palsy, anorexia, tiredness, headache, double vision, paraesthesia, and erythema migrans. The disease was first reported in 1941 by German neurologist, Alfred Bannwarth, who described the main symptoms as intense radicular pain, facial palsy,"
"as well as neurological problems. The virus can be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus, then can cause microcephaly and other severe brain anomalies in the infant. Zika infections in adults can result in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Prior to this outbreak, Zika was considered a mild infection, as most Zika virus infections are asymptomatic, making it difficult to determine precise estimates of the number of cases. In approximately one in five cases, Zika virus infections result in Zika fever, a minor illness that causes symptoms such as fever and a rash. The virus is spread mainly by the"
"common, especially in children. In Europe, they infect between 1 and 20% of different groups of people. In the United States, between 6 and 12 million children are infected a year. They occur more often in girls than boys. It has been suggested that historically, head lice infection were beneficial, as they protected against the more dangerous body louse. Infestations may cause stigmatization of the infected individual. Head lice are generally uncomfortable, but typically do not constitute a serious condition. The most common symptom is itching of the head, which normally worsens 3 to 4 weeks after the initial infestation."
"then in white mice. Saint Louis encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Saint Louis encephalitis virus is related to Japanese encephalitis virus and is a member of the Flaviviridae subgroup. This disease mainly affects the United States. Occasional cases have been reported from Canada and Mexico. The majority of infections result in mild illness, including fever and headache. When infection is more severe the person may experience headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis. Fatality ranges from . Aged people are more likely"
"(ST6)) was likely persisting standard cleaning operations and disinfection procedures, and that since common production lines were in operation, cross-contamination was an additional concern. Listeriosis Listeriosis is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by ""Listeria monocytogenes"", although ""L. ivanovii"" and ""L. grayi"" have been reported in certain cases. Listeriosis can cause severe illness, including severe sepsis, meningitis, or encephalitis, sometimes resulting in lifelong harm and even death. Those at risk of severe illness are the elderly, unborn babies, newborns and those who are immunocompromised. In pregnant women it may cause stillbirth or spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth is common. Listeriosis"
"Listeriosis Listeriosis is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by ""Listeria monocytogenes"", although ""L. ivanovii"" and ""L. grayi"" have been reported in certain cases. Listeriosis can cause severe illness, including severe sepsis, meningitis, or encephalitis, sometimes resulting in lifelong harm and even death. Those at risk of severe illness are the elderly, unborn babies, newborns and those who are immunocompromised. In pregnant women it may cause stillbirth or spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth is common. Listeriosis may cause mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis and fever in anyone. ""Listeria"" is ubiquitous and is primarily transmitted via the oral route after ingestion of contaminated"
"Borrelia recurrentis Borrelia recurrentis is a species of ""Borrelia"", a spirochaete bacterium associated with relapsing fever. ""B. recurrentis"" is usually transmitted from person to person by the human body louse. Since the 1800s, the body louse has been known as its only known vector. ""B. recurrentis"" DNA was found in 23% of head lice from patients with louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia. Whether head lice can transmit these bacteria from one person to another remains to be determined. It is notable for its ability to alter the proteins expressed on its surface, which causes the ""relapsing"" characteristic of relapsing fever."
"Borrelia recurrentis Borrelia recurrentis is a species of ""Borrelia"", a spirochaete bacterium associated with relapsing fever. ""B. recurrentis"" is usually transmitted from person to person by the human body louse. Since the 1800s, the body louse has been known as its only known vector. ""B. recurrentis"" DNA was found in 23% of head lice from patients with louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia. Whether head lice can transmit these bacteria from one person to another remains to be determined. It is notable for its ability to alter the proteins expressed on its surface, which causes the ""relapsing"" characteristic of relapsing fever."
"live lice could be transferred by head contact to other children. Lice infestation in general is known as pediculosis, and occurs in many mammalian and bird species. Lice infesting other host species are not the same organism as that which causes head lice infestations in humans, nor do the three louse species which infest humans infest any other host species. Head lice infestation Head lice infestation, also known as pediculosis capitis and nits, is the infection of the head hair and scalp by the head louse (""Pediculus humanus capitis""). Itching from lice bites is common. During a person's first infection,"
"Roseola Roseola is an infectious disease caused by certain types of virus. Most infections occur before the age of three. Symptoms vary from absent to the classic presentation of a fever of rapid onset followed by a rash. The fever generally lasts for three to five days. The rash is generally pink and lasts for less than three days. Complications may include febrile seizures, with serious complications being rare. It is caused by either ""human herpesvirus 6"" (HHV-6) or ""human herpesvirus 7"" (HHV-7). Spread is usually through the saliva of those who are otherwise healthy. However, it may also spread"
"or touching something containing the virus. Epidemics of acute respiratory disease of pigs are caused by the virus disease, swine influenza. Swine influenza belongs to the type A of the family Orthomyxoviridae. The patients with swine influenza virus have symptoms consisting of headaches, chills, fatigue, fever, cough and sore throat. In Peru deforestation is leading to the distribution of Malaria. With the forests being destroyed the wildlife is as well, leaving malaria looking for a new host. Malaria is a very dangerous disease, so much so that vaccinations are required for traveling into places suspected of housing the disease. Malaria"
"or closets. Head-to-head contact is by far the most common route of lice transmission. The United Kingdom's National Health Service, and many American health agencies, report that lice ""prefer"" clean hair, because it's easier to attach eggs and to cling to the strands. Head lice (""Pediculus humanus capitis"") are not known to be vectors of diseases, unlike body lice (""Pediculus humanus humanus""), which are known vectors of epidemic or louse-borne typhus (""Rickettsia prowazekii""), trench fever (""Rochalimaea quintana"") and louse-borne relapsing fever (""Borrelia recurrentis""). This condition, is caused by body louse (""Pediculus humanus humanus"", sometimes called ""Pediculus humanus corporis"") is a"