"under their joint chairmanship, of an international Emergency Committee for Iraq, with a main objective of ensuring fair trials for Saddam and the other former Ba'ath Party officials being tried with him. On 18 July 2005, Saddam was charged by the Special Tribunal with the first of an expected series of charges, relating to the mass killings of the inhabitants of the village of Dujail in 1982 after a failed assassination attempt against him. On 8 August 2005, Saddam's family announced that they had dissolved the Jordan-based legal team and that they had appointed Khalil al-Duleimi, the only Iraq-based member,"
"Socialist Party (PSP), the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP) and several Nasserist groups. It was also joined by Palestinian factions based in Lebanon's refugee camps, mainly from the Rejectionist Front. Its membership was overwhelmingly left-wing and professed to be secular, although the fairly obvious sectarian appeal of Jumblatt's Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) and some of the Sunni Arab nationalist organizations in some cases made this claim debatable. However, to say that the LNM was an all-Muslim organization would be a gross oversimplification. Its main ideological positions were: the abrogation of sectarianism, political and social reforms,"
"by Hussein and released on 13 August 1961. National Socialist Party (Jordan) The National Socialist Party (, ""Al-Hizb Al-Watani Al-Ishtiraki"") was a left-wing socialist political party established in Jordan in 1954 by Arab nationalists who then elected Suleiman Nabulsi as the party's leader. The party contested the 1956 election on 21 October, becoming the largest party in the 40-member House of Representatives after they won 12 seats. Consequently, King Hussein asked Nabulsi the leader of the party to form a government. Nabulsi's cabinet included independent ministers and Communists, lasting for less than a couple of months after its policies frequently"
"Thus, Saddam Hussein and his supporters claim that there is no conflict between Mesopotamian heritage and Arab nationalism. Saddam Hussein based his political views and ideology upon the views of Aflaq, Ba'athism's key founder. Saddam was also an avid reader of topics on moral and material forces in international politics. His government was critical of orthodox Marxism, opposing the orthodox Marxist concepts of class conflict, the dictatorship of the proletariat and atheism; it opposed Marxism–Leninism's claim that non-Marxist–Leninist parties are automatically bourgeois in nature, claiming that the Ba'ath Party was a popular revolutionary movement and the people rejected ""petit bourgeois"""
"means Arab socialism. Arab socialism is distinct from the international socialist movement, opposing Marx's rejection of nationalism. According to Aflaq, socialism is a means to modernise the Arab world but not a system (as generally considered in the West) which opposes private property or supports economic equality. Saddamism (""Saddamiyya"") is a political ideology based on the politics related to (and pursued by) Saddam Hussein. It has also been referred to by Iraqi politicians as Saddamist Ba'athism (""Al-Ba'athiyya Al-Saddamiyya""). It is officially described as a distinct variation of Ba'athism. It espouses Iraqi nationalism and an Iraq-centred Arab world that calls upon"
"members. However, the party turned against Qasim due to his refusal to join Gamel Abdel Nasser's United Arab Republic. To strengthen his own position within the government, Qasim created an alliance with the Iraqi Communist Party, which was opposed to any notion of pan-Arabism. Later that year, the Ba'ath Party leadership put in place plans to assassinate Qasim. Saddam Hussein was a leading member of the operation. At the time, the Ba'ath Party was more of an ideological experiment than a strong anti-government fighting machine. The majority of its members were either educated professionals or students, and Saddam fitted in"
"in 1971). As in Syria, the Iraqi Baathists 1973-1979 rival progressive and patriotic parties tied in a coalition of the Progressive National Front, a patriotic, Nasserist was a movement it anymore. Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) The Iraqi Arab Socialist Union (, ""Al-Ittiḥād Al-Ištirākī Al-ʿArabī Al-Iraqi"") was a political party in Iraq based on the principles of Nasserist Arab socialism. It was a sister party to the Arab Socialist Union parties that sprung up in a number of Arab countries. In Iraq, the ASU after the overthrow of the Baathists in between time of Ramadan to the revolt of President Abdul"
"Party of National Brotherhood The Party of National Brotherhood or National Brotherhood Party (""Hizb al-Ikha al-Watani"" or HIW) was an Iraqi political party formed in 1930/1931 by Yasin al-Hashimi, Naji al-Suwaydi, and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. A pan-Arabist and strongly nationalist party, it became associated with opposition to the British Empire. It dominated Iraqi governments from its foundation until the 1936 coup. HIW was formed in 1931 as a merger between the minor National and People's parties and other like-minded nationalist groups. It gathered opponents of then Prime Minister Nuri Pasha al-Said who had concluded the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930. The"
"established by Bahrainis who had studied in Ba'athist Iraq during the 1960s and 1970s. The party boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election, but not the 2006 election. The 2011 parliamentary by-election was boycotted by the party in solidarity with the Bahraini uprising. It is headquartered in Zinj. The party opposes the government's naturalisation policies and contends that it is unfair for ethnic Bahrainis to compete equally with foreign workers for jobs. The Nationalist Democratic Assembly remains pro-Saddam Hussein and according to its webpage supports the Arab Spring. It opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, considering it an act of brutality against"
"as Nazim al-Qudsi of the People's Party and Akram al-Hawrani of the Arab Socialist Party as well as the Baath Party, the Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party (SSNP), the Muslim Brotherhood and the Syrian Communist Party (SCP). Antagonistic relations between Quwatli and the Hashemite kings of Iraq and Jordan, Abdullah I and Faisal II, respectively, increased with the latter two seeking to unite Syria, Iraq and Jordan under Hashemite monarchical rule, and Quwatli countering that Iraq and Jordan join a republican Syria under his leadership instead. The Hashemites found support in the People's Party, which became an influential force in Aleppo,"
"National Socialist Party (Jordan) The National Socialist Party (, ""Al-Hizb Al-Watani Al-Ishtiraki"") was a left-wing socialist political party established in Jordan in 1954 by Arab nationalists who then elected Suleiman Nabulsi as the party's leader. The party contested the 1956 election on 21 October, becoming the largest party in the 40-member House of Representatives after they won 12 seats. Consequently, King Hussein asked Nabulsi the leader of the party to form a government. Nabulsi's cabinet included independent ministers and Communists, lasting for less than a couple of months after its policies frequently clashed with that of the Palace. Three days"
"Arab socialism. The party was formally established at its founding congress under the name ""Arab Ba'ath Party"". According to the congress, the party was ""nationalist, populist, socialist, and revolutionary"" and believed in the ""unity and freedom of the Arab nation within its homeland."" The party opposed the theory of class conflict, but supported the nationalisation of major industries, the unionisation of workers, land reform, and supported private inheritance and private property rights to some degree. Party membership increased from around 100 to 4,500 by the early 1950s; most members were either teachers or students. The Ba'ath Party merged with the"
"of halting the engulfing tide of communism was to assassinate Qasim. Of the 16 members of Qasim's cabinet, 12 of them were Ba'ath Party members. However, the party turned against Qasim due to his refusal to join Gamel Abdel Nasser's United Arab Republic. To strengthen his own position within the government, Qasim created an alliance with the Iraqi Communist Party, which was opposed to any notion of pan-Arabism. By later that year, the Ba'ath Party leadership was planning to assassinate Qasim. Saddam Hussein was a leading member of the operation. At the time, the Ba'ath Party was more of an"
"of the proletariat and state atheism as well as opposing Marxism–Leninism's claim that non-Marxist–Leninist parties are automatically bourgeois in nature – claiming that the Ba'ath Party is a popular revolutionary movement and that as such the people rejected ""petit bourgeois"" politics. Saddam claimed that the Arab nation did not have the class structure which existed in other nations and that class divisions were more along national lines between Arabs and non-Arabs rather than within the Arab community. However, he spoke fondly of Vladimir Lenin and commended Lenin for giving Russian Marxism a uniquely Russian specificity that Marx alone was incapable"
"returned to the top job after Ghazi's death. During the Kingdom of Iraq period that party supplied the Prime Minister on five occasions. Those governments identified as Party of National Brotherhood were: Party of National Brotherhood The Party of National Brotherhood or National Brotherhood Party (""Hizb al-Ikha al-Watani"" or HIW) was an Iraqi political party formed in 1930/1931 by Yasin al-Hashimi, Naji al-Suwaydi, and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. A pan-Arabist and strongly nationalist party, it became associated with opposition to the British Empire. It dominated Iraqi governments from its foundation until the 1936 coup. HIW was formed in 1931 as a"
"Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party The Arab Democratic Socialist Ba'ath Party ( ""Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Dimuqratiy Al-'Arabi al-Ishtiraki""; French: ""Parti Baath arabe socialiste démocratique"") is a neo-Ba'athist political party founded in 1970 and led by Brahim Makhous, a former Syrian foreign minister. It is a remnant of Salah Jadid's left-wing faction of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region. The party is based in Paris, France and joined the National Democratic Rally coalition in 1981. Unlike historic Ba'athism which advocates Ba'athist political control of the state, the Arab Democratic Socialist Ba'ath Party supports democratic pluralism. The party advocates the implementation"
"politics. Saddam claimed that the Arab nation did not have the class structure of other nations, and class division was more along national lines (between Arabs and non-Arabs) than within the Arab community. However, he spoke fondly of Vladimir Lenin and commended Lenin for giving Russian Marxism a uniquely Russian specificity which Marx alone was incapable of doing. He also expressed admiration for other communist leaders (such as Fidel Castro, Ho Chi Minh and Josip Broz Tito) for their spirit of asserting national independence, rather than for their communism. In 1993, the Iraqi regime embarked on the Return to Faith"
"seen as a ""nemesis"" of Arab strength, and the removal of those Arab governments considered to be dependent upon Western power. It rose to prominence with the weakening and defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century and declined after the defeat of the Arab armies in the Six-Day War. Personalities and groups associated with Arab nationalism include King Faisal I of Iraq, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Arab Nationalist Movement, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party which came to power in Iraq for some years and is still the"
"is unfair for ethnic Bahrainis to compete equally with foreign workers for jobs. It remains pro-Saddam Hussein and, according to its webpage, supports the Arab Spring. It opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, considering it an act of brutality against the Iraqi people. The party actively supports the overthrow of the existing monarchy, with a peaceful transition to democracy. It is part of a four-party opposition alliance opposing the government, which comprises two Shia Islamist parties (Al Wefaq and the Islamic Action Society) and the leftist National Democratic Action Society. Nationalist Democratic Assembly The Nationalist Democratic Assembly (, ) is"
"a crate, where he was imprisoned for many years. Later in the 1980s, the party was one of the several Leftist and Islamic opposition groups that the Saudi Government was able to neutralise through cooption and accommodation. The party was also undermined by the defeat of Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War, the collapse of most Marxist governments, and Egyptian-Syrian cooperation with the US. These events undermined traditional left-wing Arab parties, which were instead eclipsed by Islamists. As such the party was dissolved sometime in the late 1980s or early 1990s. The party was largely regarded as Nasserist in outlook,"
"embraces secularism and has attracted supporters of all faiths in many Arab countries, especially Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. Since August 1990, however, the party has tended to de-emphasize socialism and to stress pan-Arab unity. Six smaller political parties are permitted to exist and, along with the Ba'ath Party, make up the National Progressive Front (NPF), a grouping of parties that represents the sole framework of legal political party participation for citizens. While created ostensibly to give the appearance of a multi-party system, the NPF is dominated by the Ba'ath Party and does not change the essentially one-party character of the"
"Arab Socialist Party (ASP), led by Akram al-Hawrani, to establish the ""Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party"" in Lebanon following Adib Shishakli's rise to power. The merger gave the Ba'ath movement its first peasant constituency; the ASP's stronghold was Hama. Most ASP members did not adhere to the merger and remained, according to George Alan, ""passionately loyal to Hawrani's person."" The merger was so weak that the ASP's original infrastructure remained intact. With the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt and Arab nationalism, the Ba'ath Party grew rapidly. In 1955, the party decided to support Nasser and his pan-Arab policies. Syrian"
"Latakia; to fit in, he approached political parties that welcomed Alawites. These parties (which also espoused secularism) were the Syrian Communist Party, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) and the Arab Ba'ath Party; Assad joined the latter in 1946, and some of his friends belonged to the SSNP. The Ba'ath (Renaissance) Party espoused a pan-Arabist, socialist ideology. Assad was an asset to the party, organizing Ba'ath student cells and carrying the party's message to the poor sections of Latakia and Alawite villages. He was opposed by the Muslim Brotherhood, which was allied with wealthy and conservative Muslim families. His high"
"Democratic Arab Socialist Union The Democratic Arab Socialist Union ( ""Al-Ittihad Al-Ishtiraki Al-'Arabi Al-Dimuqratiy""; French: ""Union arabe socialiste démocratique"") is a Nasserist democratic socialist Syrian political party based in Paris, France. It was founded in a split of the Arab Socialist Union Party of Syria and Hassan Abdul Azim (Arabic حسن اسماعيل عبد العظيم) is its general secretary. Is part of the National Democratic Rally coalition (Arabic التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي, ""at-tajammuʻ al-waţanī ad-dīmūqrāţī""). After Hafez al-Assad took power in 1970, the ASU entered into negotiations about a coalition government, and agreed to join the National Progressive Front (NPF) in 1972."
"during the 1950–1960 period. With the outbreak of the Cold War and the rise of Marxist and communist influences supported by the USSR, the SSNP found itself facing a new ideological adversary, especially that most left-wing movements in the Middle-East rallied around Gamal Abd El Nasser and Arab nationalism. An ideological clash ensued, as Nasser and most left-wing organizations in the Arab world advocated Arab nationalism, the SSNP retained its commitment to Syrian nationalism. The party objected to the declaration of The United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria, and during the Lebanon crisis of 1958, party members sided with"
"by Abdullah al-Ahmar, the Assistant Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The party won 1 seat in the 19 November and 3 December 2006 elections. The party has strongly supported the Syrian government throughout the Syrian Civil War, and is a member of the National Front of Mauritania; an association of other Mauritanian parties supportive of the Syrian government. The other parties in the Front include the Socialist Party, the Popular Front movement, the Welfare Party, the Social Democratic Party, and the Reform Party. The party slogan is ""Unity, Democracy, Socialism."" Socialist Democratic Unionist"
"thought, and it featured in the party's trinity slogan ""Unity, liberty, socialism"". However, by using the term Arab socialism Aflaq did not mean socialism as used normally; his version equated socialism with Arab nationalism. In a written statement from 1946, Aflaq wrote ""The Arab nationalists are socialists"", hence ""there is neither incompatibility nor contradiction nor war between nationalists and socialists."" Socialism in his mind was subservient to the Arab unity project and liberty, however, he did believe that fighting for Arab liberation and unity was the same as fighting for socialism, believing they were the same side of the same"
"an ardent critic of the Saudi royal family and American imperialism. The majority of its members were Shia Muslims. In late 1963, Ba'ath cells were being established in Sudan, and there were even rumours that a Ba'ath cell had been established in Egypt. Ba'ath Party The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party ( """" ) was a political party founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and associates of Zaki al-Arsuzi. The party espoused Ba'athism (from ""Al-Ba'ath"" or ""Ba'ath"" meaning ""renaissance"" or ""resurrection""), which is an ideology mixing Arab nationalist, pan-Arabism, Arab socialist, and anti-imperialist interests. Ba'athism calls for unification"
"Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ( """"; 1 July 1914 – 4 October 1982) was President of Iraq, from 17 July 1968 until 16 July 1979. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch), which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism. Al-Bakr first rose to prominence following the 14 July Revolution which overthrew the monarchy. In the newly established government, al-Bakr was involved in improving Iraqi–Soviet relations. In 1959 al-Bakr was forced to"
"from the government in July 1964, the ANM continued to collaborate with them and in September that year attempted a coup. In 1964, the ANM merged into the Iraqi Arab Socialist Union. In Kuwait the ANM branch was reconstituted as the Progressive Democrats, a political party still in existence. In Lebanon the Hawatmeh wing (which had in majority in the Lebanon branch) reconstituted itself as the Organization of Lebanese Socialists in 1968, and in later merged with Socialist Lebanon to form the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon, which was active during the Lebanese Civil War and in the Hezbollah-led resistance"
"to serve in the first cabinet of Prime Minister Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali. The party would go on to lose all but one of its seats in the June 1954 election, although would gain another seat in the September 1954 election. The party was dissolved on 22 September 1954, ten days after the September election, alongside the Iraqi Independence Party, and the Socialist Nation Party following the implementation of a new law governing legal societies. The parties were claimed by the government to have been encouraging people to rebel against the government, and had been putting party interests over national interests."
"the political climate in Iraq became highly charged between the faction calling for gradual independence and cooperation with Britain and those who favored swift emancipation from Britain. Al-Hashimi was among the principal leaders of the latter camp, while Prime Minister as-Said led the former. As-Said formed the Covenant Party (""hizb al-ahd""), a symbolic nod to the al-Ahd society, to rally support for his policies. Al-Hashimi, meanwhile, sought to muster opposition against as-Said and British rule, establishing the National Brotherhood Party (""hizb al-ikha' al-watani"") after uniting his People's Party with Ja'far Abu Timman's National Party (""hizb al-watani""). According to historian Charles"
"where he lived until American coalition forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam's regime in 2003. During his exile years, he made contacts with various anti-Saddam governments, including the British Foreign Office and the U.S. State Department. He participated in various conferences that prompted the toppling of Saddam Hussein’s regime and the establishment of a democratic Iraq. In 2003, he founded the Democratic Iraqi Current party. With sectarian differences running high in Iraq and a closed system list which guaranteed large religious and sectarian parties a large number of seats, secular parties such as the Democratic Iraqi Current did not fare"