"translation in 1949 as part of its New Classics library; a New Directions paperback edition was introduced in 1959. Nausea (novel) Nausea () is a philosophical novel by the existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, published in 1938. It is Sartre's first novel and, in his opinion, one of his best works. The novel takes place in 'Bouville' (literally, 'Mud town') a town similar to Le Havre, and it concerns a dejected historian, who becomes convinced that inanimate objects and situations encroach on his ability to define himself, on his intellectual and spiritual freedom, evoking in the protagonist a sense of nausea."
"and his discussion of ""the Absurd"" and Friedrich Nietzsche who articulated the will to power). Jean-Paul Sartre is a well-known French philosopher who was concerned with human authenticity and individuality. His novel ""Nausea"" is in some ways a manifesto of atheistic existentialism. It deals with a dejected researcher (Antoine Roquentin) in an anonymous French town, where Roquentin becomes conscious of the fact that nature as well as every inanimate object is indifferent towards him and his tormented existence. The existential angst experienced by the protagonist allows him to eventually understand that meaning exists only when he creates it for himself."
"varying degrees, especially since the 1920s. Louis-Ferdinand Céline's ""Journey to the End of the Night"" (Voyage au bout de la nuit, 1932) celebrated by both Sartre and Beauvoir, contained many of the themes that would be found in later existential literature, and is in some ways, the proto-existential novel. Jean-Paul Sartre's 1938 novel ""Nausea"" was ""steeped in Existential ideas"", and is considered an accessible way of grasping his philosophical stance. Between 1900 and 1960, other authors such as Albert Camus, Franz Kafka, Rainer Maria Rilke, T.S. Eliot, Herman Hesse, Luigi Pirandello, Ralph Ellison, and Jack Kerouac, composed literature or poetry"
"be analysed in terms of existential categories (""existentiale""); and this has led many commentators to treat him as an important figure in the existentialist movement. Following the Second World War, existentialism became a well-known and significant philosophical and cultural movement, mainly through the public prominence of two French writers, Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, who wrote best-selling novels, plays and widely read journalism as well as theoretical texts. These years also saw the growing reputation of Heidegger's book ""Being and Time"" outside Germany. Sartre dealt with existentialist themes in his 1938 novel ""Nausea"" and the short stories in his 1939"
"it has been suggested that it usually went unread by them. Sartre's reflections on slime (""le visqueux"") have been described as celebrated. Sartre's existentialism shares its philosophical starting point with René Descartes: The first thing we can be aware of is our existence, even when doubting everything else (Cogito ergo sum). In ""Nausea"", the main character's feeling of dizziness towards his own existence is induced by things, not thinking. This dizziness occurs ""in the face of one's freedom and responsibility for giving a meaning to reality"". As an important break with Descartes, Sartre rejects the ""primacy of knowledge"", as summed"
"consciousness"" so as to wake up ourselves as to what is really important; the authentic in our lives which is life experience, not knowledge. Death draws the final point when we as beings cease to live for ourselves and permanently become objects that exist only for the outside world. In this way death emphasizes the burden of our free, individual existence. As a junior lecturer at the Lycée du Havre in 1938, Sartre wrote the novel ""La Nausée"" (""Nausea""), which serves in some ways as a manifesto of existentialism and remains one of his most famous books. Taking a page"
"comparatively evaluated Hindu and Bergsonian philosophies, especially in relation to intuition, consciousness and evolution. Henri Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II. Bergson is known for his arguments that processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature ""in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they"
"to the ""Académie des sciences morales et politiques"". Lavelle's other writings include ""La dialectique du monde sensible: La perception visuelle de la profondeur"" (1921), ""La conscience de soi"" (1933), ""La présence totale"" (1934), ""L'Erreur de Narcisse"" (1939), ""Le Mal et la Souffrance"" (1940), ""La Parole et l'Écriture"" (1947), and ""Les puissances du Moi"" (1948). Louis Lavelle Louis Lavelle (; July 15, 1883 – September 1, 1951) was a French philosopher. His magnum opus, ""La Dialectique de l'éternel présent"" (1922), is a systematic metaphysical work. Lavelle's other principal works include ""De l'Être"" (1928), ""De l'Acte"" (1937), ""Du Temps et de l'Eternité"""
"Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer. Born in Geneva, his political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought. His ""Discourse on Inequality"" and ""The Social Contract"" are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel ""Julie, or the New Heloise"" (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction. His ""Emile, or On Education"" (1762) is an educational treatise on the"
"Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise ""The Second Sex"", a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including ""She Came to Stay"" and"
"Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise ""The Second Sex"", a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including ""She Came to Stay"" and"
"Louis Lavelle Louis Lavelle (; July 15, 1883 – September 1, 1951) was a French philosopher. His magnum opus, ""La Dialectique de l'éternel présent"" (1922), is a systematic metaphysical work. Lavelle's other principal works include ""De l'Être"" (1928), ""De l'Acte"" (1937), ""Du Temps et de l'Eternité"" (1945), and ""De l'Âme Humaine"" (1951). Louis Lavelle was born in France in 1883 and died there in 1951. He was Professor at the College de France; at the Sorbonne; and lectured at German, Italian, Swiss, Belgian and Dutch universities. In 1947 he was recognized for his many philosophical and religious writings, and named"
"of complications from what had turned out to be a lung disease (possibly tuberculosis). He is buried there, near the grave of Vincent van Gogh, who had also been treated by Gachet during his final illness. Norbert Goeneutte Norbert Goeneutte (23 July 1854, Paris – 9 October 1894, Auvers-sur-Oise) was a French painter, etcher and illustrator; notably for the novel ""La Terre"" by Émile Zola. He was born into a family that had moved from Saint-Omer to Paris in 1850, and he attended classes at the Lycée Condorcet. Following a long interruption by the Franco-Prussian War and the Commune, when"
"d'imaginer"" (1902). Jules de Gaultier Jules de Gaultier (born in 1858 in Paris, died in 1942 in Boulogne-sur-Mer), born Jules Achille de Gaultier de Laguionie, was a French philosopher and essayist. He was a contributor to ""Mercure de France"" and one of the chief advocates of ""nietzscheism"" in vogue in the literary circles of the day. He was known especially for his theory of ""bovarysme"" (the name taken from Flaubert's novel), by which he meant the continual need of humans to invent themselves, to lie to themselves. His books include ""De Kant à Nietzsche"" (1900) and ""Le Bovarysme, essai sur"
"Gilles Deleuze Gilles Deleuze (; ; 18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1960s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes of ""Capitalism and Schizophrenia"": ""Anti-Oedipus"" (1972) and ""A Thousand Plateaus"" (1980), both co-written with psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. His metaphysical treatise ""Difference and Repetition"" (1968) is considered by many scholars to be his magnum opus. A. W. Moore, citing Bernard Williams's criteria for a great thinker, ranks Deleuze among the ""greatest philosophers"". His work has influenced a variety"
"writer lived who wrote his diary in ""La Nausée"" (The Nausea) (1938) by Jean-Paul Sartre who was inspired by Le Havre city where he wrote his first novel. There are also the testimonies of Raymond Queneau (1903–1976), born in Le Havre, the city served as a framework for his novel ""Un rude hiver"" (A harsh winter) (1939). The plot of ""Une maison soufflée aux vents"" (A house blown to the winds) by Emile Danoën, winner of the Popular Novel Prize in 1951, and its sequel ""Idylle dans un quartier muré"" (Idyll in a walled neighbourhood) were located in Le Havre"
"relationship between Santayana's characters and his beliefs is more complex. The existentialists include among their numbers important French authors who used fiction to convey their philosophical views; these include Jean-Paul Sartre's novel ""Nausea"" and play ""No Exit"", and Albert Camus's ""The Stranger"". Maurice Blanchot's entire fictional production, whose titles include ""The Step Not Beyond"", ""The madness of the Day"", and ""The Writing of Disaster"", among others, constitutes an indispensable corpus for the treatment of the relationship between philosophy and literature. So does Jacques Derrida's """". A number of philosophers have had important influence on literature. Arthur Schopenhauer, largely as a"
"Jules de Gaultier Jules de Gaultier (born in 1858 in Paris, died in 1942 in Boulogne-sur-Mer), born Jules Achille de Gaultier de Laguionie, was a French philosopher and essayist. He was a contributor to ""Mercure de France"" and one of the chief advocates of ""nietzscheism"" in vogue in the literary circles of the day. He was known especially for his theory of ""bovarysme"" (the name taken from Flaubert's novel), by which he meant the continual need of humans to invent themselves, to lie to themselves. His books include ""De Kant à Nietzsche"" (1900) and ""Le Bovarysme, essai sur le pouvoir"
"Henri Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II. Bergson is known for his arguments that processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature ""in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"". In 1930 France awarded him its highest honour, the Grand-Croix de"
"year to a work in the French language which is characterised by ""the humane qualities of generous thought, refusing all dualism and all sacrifice of individuality in favour of ideological abstractions"". Louis Guilloux Louis Guilloux (15 January 1899 – 14 October 1980) was a French writer born in Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, where he lived throughout his life. He is known for his Social Realist novels describing working class life and political struggles in the mid-twentieth century. His best-known book is ""Le Sang noir"" (Blood Dark), which has been described as a ""prefiguration of Sartre's ""La Nausée""."" Guilloux's father was a shoemaker"
"Auguste Comte Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (; 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher and writer who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. Influenced by the utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the ""positive philosophy"" in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French Revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences. Comte was a major influence on 19th-century thought, influencing the work of social thinkers such as"
"of any other nation. The first Nobel Prize in Literature was a French author, while France's latest Nobel prize in literature is Patrick Modiano, who was awarded the prize in 2014. Jean-Paul Sartre was also the first nominee in the committee's history to refuse the prize in 1964. Medieval philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism until the emergence of Humanism in the Renaissance. Modern philosophy began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, and Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes revitalised Western philosophy, which had been declined after the Greek and Roman eras. His ""Meditations on First"
"Jean-Luc Nancy Jean-Luc Nancy (; ; born 26 July 1940) is a French philosopher. Nancy's first book, published in 1973, was ""Le titre de la lettre"" (""The Title of the Letter"", 1992), a reading of the work of French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, written in collaboration with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe. Nancy is the author of works on many thinkers, including ""La remarque spéculative"" in 1973 (""The Speculative Remark"", 2001) on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, ""Le Discours de la syncope"" (1976) and ""L’Impératif catégorique"" (1983) on Immanuel Kant, ""Ego sum"" (1979) on René Descartes, and ""Le Partage des voix"" (1982) on Martin Heidegger."
"led Sartre to become a target of the campaign of terror that mounted as the colonists' position deteriorated. A similar occurrence took place the next year and he had begun to receive threatening letters from Oran, Algeria. Sartre wrote successfully in a number of literary modes and made major contributions to literary criticism and literary biography. His plays are richly symbolic and serve as a means of conveying his philosophy. The best-known, ""Huis-clos"" (""No Exit""), contains the famous line ""L'enfer, c'est les autres"", usually translated as ""Hell is other people."" Aside from the impact of ""Nausea"", Sartre's major work of"
"Émile Zola Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (; ; 2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in the renowned newspaper headline ""J'Accuse…!"" Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902. Zola was born in Paris in 1840. His father,"
"Didier Franck's ""Nietzsche and the Shadow of God"", Sigmund Freud's ""Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis"", Julien Green's ""Journal"", Victor Hugo's ""Expiation"", Emmanuel Levinas's ""Totality and Infinity"", Cesar Pavese's ""The House on the Hill"", Ezra Pound's ""Works and Usury: Three Essays"", Marcel Proust's ""Jean Santeuil"" and ""La Prisonnière"", Rainier Maria Rilke's ""Duino Elegies"", George Sand's ""Elle et Lui"" and ""Lettres à Alfred de Musset"", Louis Antoine de Saint-Just's ""Rapport à la convention, March 3, 1794"", Jean-Paul Sartre's ""Being and Nothingness"", ""The Age of Reason"", ""Nausea"" and ""The Traitor"", Mary Shelley's ""Frankenstein"", Percy Bysshe Shelley's ""Peter Bell the Third"", Clifford D. Simak's ""Time"
"age of 23. Under the influence of writers such as Léon Bloy and Jacques Maritain he converted to Catholicism. At the invitation of the latter, he started his literary career in the pages of the ""Revue Thomiste"". During World War II Thibon hosted the philosopher Simone Weil at his farm; he published S. Weil's work ""La Pesanteur et la Grâce"" (""Gravity and Grace"") in 1947. Gustave Thibon Gustave Thibon (; 2 September 1903 – 19 January 2001) was a French philosopher. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. Although essentially self-taught (he left school at the"
"Jacques Rancière Jacques Rancière (; born 1940) is a French philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the who came to prominence when he co-authored ""Reading Capital"" (1968), with the structuralist Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser. Rancière contributed to the influential volume ""Reading Capital"" before publicly breaking with Althusser over his attitude toward the May 1968 student uprising in Paris; Rancière felt Althusser's theoretical stance did not leave enough room for spontaneous popular uprising. Since then, Rancière has departed from the path set by his teacher and published a series of works"
"and was interred in the Cimetière de Vemars, Val d'Oise, France. François Mauriac François Charles Mauriac (; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the"" Académie française"" (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the ""Légion d'honneur"" in 1958. He was a lifelong Catholic. François Charles Mauriac was born in Bordeaux, France. He studied literature at the University of Bordeaux, graduating in 1905, after which he moved to Paris to prepare for postgraduate study at the École"
"Blanchot, partenaire invisible"". Many of Blanchot's principal translators into English established reputations as prose stylists and poets in their own right; some of the more well-known include Lydia Davis, Paul Auster, and Pierre Joris. Maurice Blanchot Maurice Blanchot (; ; 22 September 1907 – 20 February 2003) was a French writer, philosopher, and literary theorist. His work had a strong influence on post-structuralist philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida. Little was known until recently about much of Blanchot's life, and he long remained one of the most mysterious figures of contemporary literature. Blanchot was born in"
"as ""Madness and Civilization"" (1961), ""The Order of Things"" (1966), ""Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison"" (1975) or ""The History of Sexuality"". Gilles Deleuze, who wrote the ""Anti-Oedipus"" (1972) with Félix Guattari, criticizing psychoanalysis, was, like Foucault, one of the key thinkers who introduced a thorough reading of Nietzsche in France, following Georges Bataille's early attempts — Bataille published the ""Acéphale"" review from 1936 to 1939, along with Pierre Klossowski, another close reader of Nietzsche, Roger Caillois and Jean Wahl. Deleuze wrote books such as ""Difference and Repetition"", ""The Logic of Sense"", """" (1970), and also wrote on Bergson,"
"novelistic techniques to be compatible with his theories on the existential freedom of the individual as well as his phenomenological analyses of the unstable, shifting structures of consciousness. Disdaining 19th-century notions that character development in novels should obey and reveal psychological law, ""La Nausée"" treats such notions as bourgeois bad faith, ignoring the contingency and inexplicability of life. From the psychological point of view Antoine Roquentin could be seen as an individual suffering from depression, and the nausea itself as one of the symptoms of his condition. Unemployed, living in deprived conditions, lacking human contact, being trapped in fantasies about"
"Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines. Sartre was also noted for his open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher and writer Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the"