"Xerography Xerography or electrophotography is a dry photocopying technique. Its fundamental principle was invented by American physicist Chester Carlson and based on Hungarian physicist Pál Selényi's publications. Chester Carlson applied for and was awarded on October 6, 1942. The technique was originally called electrophotography. It was later renamed xerography—from the Greek roots ξηρός ""xeros"", ""dry"" and -γραφία ""-graphia"", ""writing""—to emphasize that, unlike reproduction techniques then in use such as cyanotype, this process used no liquid chemicals. Carlson's innovation combined electrostatic printing with photography, unlike the dry electrostatic printing process invented by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg in 1778. Carlson's original process was"
"Xerox art Xerox art (sometimes, more generically, called copy art, electrostatic art, or xerography) is an art form that began in the 1960s. Prints are created by putting objects on the glass, or platen, of a copying machine and by pressing ""start"" to produce an image. If the object is not flat, or the cover does not totally cover the object, or the object is moved, the resulting image is distorted in some way. The curvature of the object, the amount of light that reaches the image surface, and the distance of the cover from the glass, all affect the"
"conversion efficiency. Some possible applications are just reported by the literature but no commercial products.They are photothermoplastic imaging, holographic recording and optical switching devices. Xerography or electrophotography is a photocopying technique. Its fundamental principle was invented by Chester Carlson in 1938 and developed and commercialized by the Xerox Corporation, which is used for high-quality printing. To begin with, the technique was called electrophotography, then it was renamed to xerography. In traditional reproduction techniques, liquid chemicals are involved in printing process. Xerography use photoconductive polymer as the foundation material, which is solid chemicals. Carlson's innovation combined electrostatic printing with photography, unlike"
"implications of this tracking. Photocopier A photocopier (also known as a copier or copy machine) is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers use a technology called ""xerography"", a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to first attract and then transfer toner particles (a powder) onto paper in the form of an image. Heat, pressure or a combination of both is then used to fuse the toner onto the paper. Copiers can also use other technologies such as ink jet, but"
"traditional duplicating technologies. After considering several options, Haloid chose a term invented by a public-relations employee at Battelle, who had asked a classics professor at Ohio State University for ideas. The professor suggested the term ""xerography""—formed by combining the Greek words ""xeros"" (""dry"") and ""graphein"" (""writing""). Carlson was not fond of the name, but Haloid's Wilson liked it, and so Haloid's board of directors voted to adopt it. The company's patent department wanted to trademark ""xerography;"" Haloid's head of sales and advertising, John Hartnett, vetoed the idea: ""Don't do ""that"". We want people to ""use"" the word."" On October 22,"
"the plate, attracts toner particles, which is then transferred to reusable paper plates. In contrast to conventional X-rays, photographic developers are not needed. Hence the term xeroradiography; 'xero' meaning dry in Greek. It requires more radiation exposure. Historically used in mammography prior to the advent of digital mammography. Xeromammography is a form of xeroradiography. Xeroradiography Xeroradiography is a type of X-ray imaging in which a picture of the body is recorded on paper rather than on film. In this technique, a plate of selenium, which rests on a thin layer of aluminium oxide, is charged uniformly by passing it in"
"Cerography Cerography or glyphography is a printmaking technique related to engraving, using a layer of wax over a metal substrate. After the image is engraved into the wax, a positive plate is produced through stereotyping or electrotyping. This plate can be used with conventional letterpress equipment. The word is derived from the Greek , wax, and , to write). Cerography was invented in the late 1830s by Sidney E. Morse, a son of Jedidiah Morse, and a younger brother of Samuel Morse; it was independently patented in England by Edward Palmer, who primarily conceived of it as an artistic medium."
"Xeroradiography Xeroradiography is a type of X-ray imaging in which a picture of the body is recorded on paper rather than on film. In this technique, a plate of selenium, which rests on a thin layer of aluminium oxide, is charged uniformly by passing it in front of a scorotron. The process was developed by engineer Dr. Robert C. McMaster in 1950. As X-ray photon impinges on this amorphous coat of selenium, charges diffuse out, in proportion to energy content of the X-ray. This occurs as a result of photoconduction. The resulting imprint, in the form of charge distribution on"
"technique in the 1950s: in Germany called Blitzkopie and in the USA called xerography. The collection of about 100 copying machines and consumables, technical library & documentation as well as a prospectus collection (since 1950) is hosted by the German Museum of Technology (Berlin) in 1999. In 2013, Urbons co-founded the ""Makroscope: Centre for Art and Technology"" in Mülheim. In 2017, Klaus Urbons was awarded the Prize . Klaus Urbons Klaus Urbons (Göhren on Rügen, 1952) is a German photographer and xerography printmaker. He is a pioneer and leading figure of copy art in Germany and not only. He founded"
"word ""Xerox"" was trademarked. Haloid eventually changed its name to Xerox Corporation. In the early 1950s, Radio Corporation of America (RCA) introduced a variation on the process called Electrofax, whereby images are formed directly on specially coated paper and rendered with a toner dispersed in a liquid. During the 1960s and through the 1980s, Savin Corporation developed and sold a line of liquid-toner copiers that implemented a technology based on patents held by the company. Before the widespread adoption of xerographic copiers, photo-direct copies produced by machines such as Kodak's Verifax were used. A primary obstacle associated with the pre-xerographic"
"with photocopiers to capture and print in a single step, resulting in the field of Xerox art. Artist Sonia Landy Sheridan, artist in residence at 3M and founder of the ""Generative Systems"" program at the Art Institute of Chicago was one of the first to exploit this ability in 1968, altering the variables of the photocopying process to produce artwork rather than mere copies. Though the physical process of arranging objects on a glass platen to capture a photogram is shared by both ""Xerox"" artists and ""scanographers"", regarding image quality- scanner photography has more in common with large format photography."
"A group of artists who later formed the National Serigraph Society, including WPA artists Max Arthur Cohn and Anthony Velonis, coined the word Serigraphy in the 1930s to differentiate the artistic application of screen printing from the industrial use of the process.""Serigraphy"" is a compound word formed from Latin ""sēricum"" (silk) and Greek ""graphein"" (to write or draw). The Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center says ""Screenprinting is arguably the most versatile of all printing processes. Since rudimentary screenprinting materials are so affordable and readily available, it has been used frequently in underground settings and subcultures, and the non-professional look of"
"make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a rotating drum. Joseph C. Wilson, credited as the ""founder of Xerox"", took over Haloid from his father. He saw the promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as Chairman until his death in 1971. Looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid coined the term xerography from two Greek roots meaning ""dry writing"". Haloid subsequently changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox"
"1948, ten years to the day after that first microscope slide was copied, the Haloid Company made the first public announcement of xerography. In 1949, it shipped the first commercial photocopier: the XeroX Model A Copier, known inside the company as the ""Ox Box."" The Model A was difficult to use, requiring thirty-nine steps to make a copy, as the process was mostly manual. The product would likely have been a failure, except that it turned out to be a good way to make paper masters for offset printing presses, even with the difficulty of use. Sales of the Model"
"Xerox 914 The Xerox 914 was the first successful commercial plain paper copier which in 1959 revolutionized the document-copying industry. The culmination of inventor Chester Carlson's work on the xerographic process, the 914 was fast and economical. The copier was introduced to the public on September 16, 1959, in a demonstration at the Sherry-Netherland Hotel in New York, shown on live television. Xerography, a process of producing images using electricity, was invented in 1938 by physicist-lawyer Chester Floyd ""Chet"" Carlson (1906–1968), and an engineering friend, Otto Kornei. Carlson entered into a research agreement with the Battelle Memorial Institute in 1944,"
"Chester Carlson Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington. He is best known for having invented the process of electrophotography, which produced a dry copy rather than a wet copy, as was produced by the mimeograph process. Carlson's process was subsequently renamed xerography, a term that literally means ""dry writing."" Carlson's father, Olaf Adolph Carlson, had little formal education, but was described as ""brilliant"" by a relative. Carlson wrote of his mother, Ellen, that she ""was looked up to by her sisters as one of"
"adjusting the exposure and color balance controls; Degeneration is a copy of a copy degrading the image as successive copies are made; Copy Motion, the creation of effects by moving an item or image on the platen during the scanning process. Each machine also creates different effects. Xerox art appeared shortly after the first Xerox copying machines were made. It is often used in collage, mail art and book art. Publishing collaborative mail art in small editions of Xerox art and mailable book art was the purpose of International Society of Copier Artists (I.S.C.A.) founded by Louise Odes Neaderland. Throughout"
"from the Greek words φως ""phos"" (""light""), and γραφις ""graphis"" (""stylus"", ""paintbrush"") or γραφη ""graphê"", together meaning ""drawing with light"" or ""representation by means of lines"" or ""drawing."" Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph. The term ""photo"" is an abbreviation; many people also call them ""pictures."" In digital photography, the term ""image"" has begun to replace ""photograph."" (The term ""image"" is traditional in geometric optics.) Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-picture, from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work and finally"
"copy and rendering it illegible. Ub Iwerks adapted xerography to eliminate the hand-inking stage in the animation process by printing the animator's drawings directly to the cels. The first animated feature film to use this process was ""One Hundred and One Dalmatians"" (1961), although the technique was already tested in ""Sleeping Beauty"", released two years earlier. At first, only black lines were possible, but in the 1980s, colored lines were introduced and used in animated features like ""The Secret of NIMH"". Xerography has been used by photographers internationally as a direct imaging photographic process, by book artists for publishing one-of-a-kind"
"be transferred to a cel by pressure, and then fixing it. It is not known if the process was ever used in animation. The xerographic method was first tested by Disney in a few scenes of ""Sleeping Beauty"" and was first fully used in the short film ""Goliath II"", while the first feature entirely using this process was ""One Hundred and One Dalmatians"" (1961). The graphic style of this film was strongly influenced by the process. Some hand inking was still used together with xerography in this and subsequent films when distinct colored lines were needed. Later, colored toners became"
"are named in Carlson's honor: Chester Carlson Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington. He is best known for having invented the process of electrophotography, which produced a dry copy rather than a wet copy, as was produced by the mimeograph process. Carlson's process was subsequently renamed xerography, a term that literally means ""dry writing."" Carlson's father, Olaf Adolph Carlson, had little formal education, but was described as ""brilliant"" by a relative. Carlson wrote of his mother, Ellen, that she ""was looked up to by"
"Thermofax Thermo-Fax (very often Thermo fax) is 3M's trademarked name for a photocopying technology which was introduced in 1950. It was a form of thermographic printing and an example of a dry silver process. It was a significant advance as no chemicals were required, other than those contained in the copy paper itself. A thin sheet of heat sensitive copy paper was placed on the original document to be copied, and exposed to infrared energy. Wherever the image on the original paper contained carbon, the image absorbed the infrared energy when heated. The heated image then transferred the heat to"
"share them with Apple technicians. The concepts were adopted by Apple and later Microsoft. With the help of these innovations, Apple and Microsoft came to dominate the personal computing revolution of the 1980s, whereas Xerox was not a major player. Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester as The Haloid Photographic Company, which originally manufactured photographic paper and equipment. In 1938 Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate and dry powder ""toner"". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to"
"typical typewritten document would appear on the photostat print with a black background and white letters. Thanks to the prism, the text would remain legible. Producing photostats took about two minutes in total. The result could, in turn, be photostated again to make any number of positive prints. The photographic prints produced by such machines are commonly referred to as ""photostats"". The verbs ""photostat"", ""photostatted"", and ""photostatting"" refer to making copies on such a machine in the same way that the trademarked name ""Xerox"" was later used to refer to any copy made by means of electrostatic photocopying. People who"
"Cinematography Cinematography (from ancient greek κίνημα, ""kìnema"" ""movement"" and γράφειν, ""gràphein"" ""to write"") is the science or art of motion-picture photography by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as film stock. Cinematographers use a lens to focus reflected light from objects into a real image that is transferred to some image sensor or light-sensitive material inside a movie camera. These exposures are created sequentially and preserved for later processing and viewing as a motion picture. Capturing images with an electronic image sensor produces"
"use it as a synonym for photocopying. Faxlore, often called 'Xeroxlore' Xerox Xerox Corporation (; also known as Xerox) is an American global corporation that sells print and digital document solutions, and document technology products in more than 160 countries. Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut (having moved from Stamford, Connecticut in October 2007), though its largest population of employees is based around Rochester, New York, the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $6.4 billion in early 2010. As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of Fortune"
"the end of the 1970s, paper producers made xerographic ""runability"" one of the requirements for most of their office paper brands. Some devices sold as photocopiers have replaced the drum-based process with inkjet or transfer film technology. Among the key advantages of photocopiers over earlier copying technologies are their ability: Colored toner became available in the 1950s, although full-color copiers were not commercially available until 3M released the ""Color-in-Color"" copier in 1968, which used a dye sublimation process rather than conventional electrostatic technology. The first electrostatic color copier was released by Xerox (the 6500) in 1973. Color photocopying is a"
"Electrofax An electrofax involved electrostatic printer and copier technology, where an image was formed directly on the paper, instead of first on a drum, then transferred to paper, as it would be in xerography. It was used in the United States from the 1950s through the 1980s. The paper used in this process was coated with a zinc oxide powder, adhered with a resin, to make it able to hold an electrostatic charge, and absorb toner, to form an image and allow the evaporation of toner dispersants. Users of electrofax machines purchased paper with the coating already applied. Copiers typically"
"or bluelines. Other comparable dye-based prints were known as blacklines. Diazo prints remained in use until they were replaced by xerographic print processes. Xerography is standard copy machine technology using toner on bond paper. When large size xerography machines became available, 1975, they replaced the older printing methods. As computer-aided design techniques came into use, the designs were printed directly using a computer printer or plotter. In most computer-aided design of parts to be machined, paper is avoided altogether, and the finished design is an image on the computer display. The computer-aided design program generates a computer numerical control sequence"
"Clever electrics turned this into a quick developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share. The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer which could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative. Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to"
"Rochester, New York in 1935, which was bought by the Haloid Company. At Haloid, he became director of research in 1938, and was instrumental in turning it from a $7 million company into a billion-dollar copier company, which became the Xerox Corporation. It was Dessauer who spotted an article about electrostatic photography, later known as xerography in ""Monthly Abstract Bulletin"" in April 1945 and recognized its potential for copying. Together with Chester Carlson who discovered the process and businessman Joseph C. Wilson, they developed its use for reproducing documents and letters. The copier was first sold in 1959. During his"
"equipment including scanners, printers, and multifunction systems that scan, print, copy, email and fax. These model families include WorkCentre, Phaser, and ColorQube. For the graphic communications and commercial print industries, the Xerox product portfolio includes high-volume, digital printing presses, production printers, and wide format printers that use xerographic and inkjet printing technologies. Product families include iGen, Nuvera, DocuPrint, Impika's product (Trivor, iPrint and Rialto). Although Xerox is a global brand, it maintains a joint venture, Fuji Xerox, with Japanese photographic firm Fuji Photo Film Co. to develop, produce and sell in the Asia-Pacific region. Fuji Photo Film Co. is currently"
"formal tuition in analogue or digital filmmaking can be advantageous. Cinematography Cinematography (from ancient greek κίνημα, ""kìnema"" ""movement"" and γράφειν, ""gràphein"" ""to write"") is the science or art of motion-picture photography by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as film stock. Cinematographers use a lens to focus reflected light from objects into a real image that is transferred to some image sensor or light-sensitive material inside a movie camera. These exposures are created sequentially and preserved for later processing and viewing as a"