"Celsius scale at the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW, 273.16 K and 0.01 °C), and at absolute zero (0 K and −273.15 °C), is that neither the melting nor boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) remains a defining point for the Celsius scale. In 1948 when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0.01 °C greater than water's known melting point, it was simply defined as precisely"
"−273 °C, at almost precisely the same point as the zero of the air-thermometer. This value was not immediately accepted; values ranging from to , derived from laboratory measurements and observations of astronomical refraction, remained in use in the early 20th century. With a better theoretical understanding of absolute zero, scientists were eager to reach this temperature in the lab. By 1845, Michael Faraday had managed to liquefy most gases then known to exist, and reached a new record for lowest temperatures by reaching . Faraday believed that certain gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, were permanent gases and"
"300 Club The 300 Club is the name given to those who have endured a range of temperature of 300° Fahrenheit (166°C) within a very short time. The practice originated at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. Participants in the 300 Club wait for a day when the temperature drops to −100°F (-73°C) for more than a few minutes, generally in the winter. Those taking part first warm up in a sauna heated to 200°F (93°C) for as long as 10 minutes. Then they run naked in the snow to the Geographic South Pole, running around it in the −100°F"
"weather. After this, they usually warm themselves back in the sauna again, often with the aid of alcoholic beverages. There are several patches made to commemorate the occasion that are entitled to be worn by those who have joined the 300 Club. 300 Club The 300 Club is the name given to those who have endured a range of temperature of 300° Fahrenheit (166°C) within a very short time. The practice originated at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. Participants in the 300 Club wait for a day when the temperature drops to −100°F (-73°C) for more than a few"
"in the Specialist Numbers. The name of a negative number is the name of the corresponding positive number preceded by ""minus"" or (American English) ""negative"". Thus −5.2 is ""minus five point two"" or ""negative five point two"". For temperatures, North Americans colloquially say ""below""—short for ""below zero""—so a temperature of −5° is ""five below"" (in contrast, for example, to ""two above"" for 2°). This is occasionally used for emphasis when referring to several temperatures or ranges both positive and negative. This is particularly common in Canada where the use of Celsius in weather forecasting means that temperatures can regularly drift"
"Subcooling The term subcooling also called undercooling refers to a liquid existing at a temperature below its normal boiling point. For example, water boils at 373 K; at room temperature (300 K) the water is termed ""subcooled"". A subcooled liquid is the convenient state in which, say, refrigerants may undergo the remaining stages of a refrigeration cycle. Normally, a refrigeration system has a subcooling stage, allowing technicians to be certain that the quality, in which the refrigerant reaches the next step on the cycle, is the desired one. Subcooling may take place in heat exchangers and outside them. Being both"
"Cold Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere. In common usage, cold is often a subjective perception. A lower bound to temperature is absolute zero, defined as 0.00K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds to on the Celsius scale, on the Fahrenheit scale, and on the Rankine scale. Since temperature relates to the thermal energy held by an object or a sample of matter, which is the kinetic energy of the random motion of the particle constituents of matter, an object will have less thermal energy when it is colder and"
"Pole of Cold The Poles of Cold are the places in the southern and northern hemispheres where the lowest air temperatures have been recorded. In the southern hemisphere, the Pole of Cold is currently located in Antarctica, at the Russian (formerly Soviet) Antarctic station Vostok at . On July 21, 1983, this station recorded a temperature of . This is the lowest naturally occurring temperature ever recorded on Earth. Vostok station is located at the elevation of above sea level, far removed from the moderating influence of oceans (more than from the nearest sea coast), and high latitude that results"
"atmosphere are present; depending on albedo, its equilibrium temperature could be anywhere between 206 and 293 Kelvin. The inner planet, GJ 273c, is one of the lightest exoplanets detected by radial velocities, with a mass of only 1.18 ± 0.16 Earth masses. However, it orbits much further in, with an orbital period of only 4.7234 ± 0.00004 days. GJ 273b is one of the closest known planets in its star's habitable zone. In October 2017, ""Sónar Calling GJ 273b,"" a project by Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI) and Sónar, a music festival in Barcelona, transmitted a series of radio signals towards"
"be seen, but it means simply a minimum temperature below 0 °C. Ground frost Ground frost refers to the various coverings of ice produced by the direct deposition of water vapor on objects and trees, whose surfaces have a temperature below the freezing point of water (0 °C, 32 °F). The three main types of ground frost are radiation frost (hoar frost), advection frost (advection hoar frost) and evaporation frost. The latter is a rare type which occurs when surface moisture evaporates into drier air causing its temperature at the surface to fall at or under the freezing point of"
"temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with radius. An extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters sufficient to warm its core, and as a result develops central convection. A particularly intense type of extratropical cyclone that strikes during winter is known colloquially as a ""nor'easter"". A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure system (depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Polar lows were first identified on the meteorological"
"cooling and magnetic evaporative cooling are techniques used to reach very low temperatures. In ancient times, ice was not adopted for food preservation but used to cool wine which the Romans had also done. According to Pliny, Emperor Nero invented the ice bucket to chill wines instead of adding it to wine to make it cold as it would dilute it. Some time around 1700 BC Zimri-Lim, king of Mari Kingdom in northwest Iraq had created an ""icehouse"" called ""bit shurpin"" at a location close to his capital city on the banks of the Euphrates. In the 7th century BC"
"same height, temperatures at 500 hPa need to be even colder as dry atmospheres require a greater lapse rate for instability than moist atmospheres. At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was -77 °C (-132 °F). Cold-core low A cold-core low, also known as an upper level low or cold-core cyclone, is a cyclone aloft which has an associated cold pool of air residing at high altitude within the Earth's troposphere. It is a low pressure system that strengthens with height in accordance with the thermal wind relationship. If"
"the lowest ever recorded from 1895 through 2017. The year's ""average daily temperature"" for the contiguous U.S. was , which is the second-lowest ever recorded during those years and slightly milder than 1917's . The United States Department of Agriculture reported that a freeze in late-December caused $6 million in damages ($ million today) to the California citrus industry. The department also claimed that its frost warnings prevented an additional $14 million in damages ($ million today). These cold waves led to the first use of electric heaters and special sheds to protect against frosts and freezes. 1912 United States"
"Degree of frost A degree of frost is a non-standard unit of measure for air temperature meaning degrees below melting point (also known as ""freezing point"") of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit). ""Degree"" in this case can refer to degree Celsius or degree Fahrenheit. When based on Celsius, 0 degrees of frost is the same as 0 °C, and any other value is simply the negative of the Celsius temperature. When based on Fahrenheit, 0 degrees of frost is equal to 32 °F. Conversion formulas: The term ""degrees of frost"" was widely used in accounts of the"
"a Summer"" as a backdrop for a collection of murder ballads. A song about the event entitled ""1816, the Year Without a Summer"" is the opening track on Rasputina's 2007 album ""Oh Perilous World"". Year Without a Summer The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer (also the Poverty Year and Eighteen Hundred and Froze To Death) because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1.3 °F). This resulted in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere. Evidence suggests that the anomaly was predominantly a volcanic winter event caused by"
"Cryonics Cryonics (from Greek κρύος ""kryos"" meaning 'cold') is the low-temperature preservation (usually at −196 °C) of a human corpse, with the hope that resuscitation and restoration to life and full health may be possible in the future. Cryopreservation of humans is not reversible with present technology; cryonicists hope that medical advances will someday allow cryopreserved bodies to be revived. Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the mainstream scientific community and is not part of normal medical practice. It is not known if it will ever be possible to revive a cryopreserved human cadaver. Cryonics depends on beliefs that the"
"Swedish soldier in the Great Northern War. Great Frost of 1709 The Great Frost, as it was known in England, or """" (""The Great Winter""), as it was known in France, was an extraordinarily cold winter in Europe in late 1708 and early 1709, and was the coldest European winter during the past 500 years. The severe cold occurred during the time of low sunspot activity known as the Maunder Minimum. William Derham recorded in Upminster, near London, a low of on the night of 5 January 1709, the lowest he had ever measured since he started taking readings in"
"worked to obtain even lower temperatures. Absolute zero Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0. The fundamental particles of nature have minimal vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as −273.15° on the Celsius scale (International System of Units), which equals −459.67° on the Fahrenheit scale (United States customary units or Imperial units). The corresponding"
"Great Frost of 1709 The Great Frost, as it was known in England, or """" (""The Great Winter""), as it was known in France, was an extraordinarily cold winter in Europe in late 1708 and early 1709, and was the coldest European winter during the past 500 years. The severe cold occurred during the time of low sunspot activity known as the Maunder Minimum. William Derham recorded in Upminster, near London, a low of on the night of 5 January 1709, the lowest he had ever measured since he started taking readings in 1697. His contemporaries in the weather observation"
"Cold chill A cold chill (also known as chills, the chills or simply thrills) is described by David Huron as, ""a pleasant tingling feeling, associated with the flexing of hair follicles resulting in goose bumps (technically called piloerection), accompanied by a cold sensation, and sometimes producing a shudder or shiver."" Dimpled skin is often visible due to cold chills especially on the back of the neck or upper spine. Unlike shivering, however, it is not caused by temperature, menopause, or anxiety but rather is an emotionally triggered response when one is deeply affected by things such as music, speech, or"
"Celsius The Celsius scale, also known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI). As an SI derived unit, it is used by all countries except the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands and Liberia. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale or a unit to indicate a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was"
"""below freezing"". In statistical mechanics, one sometimes uses negative temperatures to describe systems with population inversion, which can be considered to have a temperature greater than positive infinity, because the coefficient of energy in the population distribution function is −1/Temperature. In this context, a temperature of −0 is a (theoretical) temperature larger than any other negative temperature, corresponding to the (theoretical) maximum conceivable extent of population inversion, the opposite extreme to +0. Signed zero Signed zero is zero with an associated sign. In ordinary arithmetic, the number 0 does not have a sign, so that −0, +0 and 0 are"
"strong that the temperature at Mequon, Wisconsin, dropped to −40 °F (−40 °C). The previous record was −28 °F (−33 °C) and temperatures below −20 °F (−29 °C) had been felt there only six times in the previous 100 years. The lowest temperature recorded that day in the United States was −52 °F (−47 °C), measured near Tower, Minnesota. Below is a partial list of cities which set all-time record low temperatures in the United States. This is only a small fraction of all locales setting record low temperatures: Hundreds of towns and cities from North Dakota to New Jersey"
"Cold-core low A cold-core low, also known as an upper level low or cold-core cyclone, is a cyclone aloft which has an associated cold pool of air residing at high altitude within the Earth's troposphere. It is a low pressure system that strengthens with height in accordance with the thermal wind relationship. If a weak surface circulation forms in response to such a feature at subtropical latitudes of the eastern north Pacific or north Indian oceans, it is called a subtropical cyclone. Cloud cover and rainfall mainly occurs with these systems during the day. Severe weather, such as tornadoes, can"
"–273° and 150 °C at the extremes, tardigrades in their hydrated state are able to withstand temperatures as low as –196 °C. This displayed extremotolerance has led scientists to speculate that tardigrades could theoretically survive on Mars, where temperatures regularly fluctuate between –123° and 25 °C, as well as even possibly the near absolute zero of interplanetary space. The tardigrade's ability to withstand extremely cold temperatures as a tun is a form of cryptobiosis called cryobiosis. Although the high temperature endurance of tardigrades has been significantly less studied, their cryobiotic response to low temperatures has been well-documented. Tardigrades are able"
"Cold drop The cold drop () is a weather phenomenon often occurring in the Spanish autumn. It is experienced particularly along the western Mediterranean and as such, most frequently affects the east coast of Spain. It is a closed upper-level low which has become completely displaced (cut off) from basic westerly current, and moves independently of that current. Cutoff lows may remain nearly stationary for days, or on occasion may move westward opposite to the prevailing flow aloft (i.e., retrogression). The term is also used to describe the meteorological phenomenon associated. In Spain, it appears when a front of very"
"subcooling for these kind of systems. Due to the particular nature of these systems, the topic of subcooling must be treated accordingly, having in mind that the conditions of the fluid that leaves the gas cooler in supercritical systems, must be directly specified using temperature and pressure. Subcooling The term subcooling also called undercooling refers to a liquid existing at a temperature below its normal boiling point. For example, water boils at 373 K; at room temperature (300 K) the water is termed ""subcooled"". A subcooled liquid is the convenient state in which, say, refrigerants may undergo the remaining stages"
"Minus Eighty Minus Eighty is the first published adventure in the graphic novel series featuring The Bear Rider. The term ""minus eighty"" refers to the temperature in degrees which can cause some pure waters to suddenly turn to ice after just a little movement; hence, also to an underground cavern in which the beginning of the story is set. First published in Turkey in June 2008, the concept took time in the making: Yalcin Didman, one of the famed Turkish comic book creators, introduced his post-apocalyptic dystopia in the pages of some comics magazine in the early 1990s. However, the"
"is known as one of the places considered the Northern Pole of Cold, the others being the rural locality of Delyankir, also located in the Oymyakonsky district of the Sakha Republic, and the town of Verkhoyansk, located 629 km (391 miles) away by air. The ground is permanently frozen (continuous permafrost). There is a monument built around the town square commemorating a reading in the 1920s of −71.2. This was shown on the Australian programme ""60 Minutes"" in a 2012 documentary. On February 6, 1933, a temperature of was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station. This was the coldest officially recorded"
"Subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, subalpine climate, or boreal climate) is a climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool to mild summers. It is found on large landmasses, away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50° to 70°N poleward of the humid continental climates. These climates represent Köppen climate classification ""Dfc"", ""Dwc"", ""Dsc"", ""Dfd"", ""Dwd"" and ""Dsd"". In very small areas at high altitudes around the Mediterranean Basin, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Alaska and other parts of the northwestern United States (Eastern Washington, Eastern Oregon and Idaho)"
"of Malgovik, about 20 km north of Vilhelmina, holds the record for the lowest temperature ever recorded in Sweden. It was set on December 13, 1941 when the temperature dropped down to -53°C. There is only one locality (or urban area) in Vilhelmina Municipality: Every July the town of Vilhelmina holds a festival called ""Hembygdsdagarna Vilhelmina"". In addition to popular and folk music performances, tradition holds that a local engaged couple is selected each year to get married during the festival. The bride and groom lead a parade of fiddlers and other traditionally dressed Swedes through town to the church"
"August 2011, scientists using data from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) discovered six ""Y dwarfs""—star-like bodies with temperatures as cool as the human body. WISE data has revealed hundreds of new brown dwarfs. Of these, fourteen are classified as cool Ys. One of the Y dwarfs, called WISE 1828+2650, was, as of August 2011, the record holder for the coldest brown dwarf – emitting no visible light at all, this type of object resembles free-floating planets more than stars. WISE 1828+2650 was initially estimated to have an atmospheric temperature cooler than 300 K—for comparison, the upper end of room"