"Enid Lakeman Enid Lakeman, OBE (28 November 1903 – 7 January 1995) was a British political reformer, writer and politician, noted for her long-standing championship of the Single Transferable Vote system of elections. She was born and brought up in Kent, and studied chemistry at Bedford College, University of London, graduating with first-class honours in 1926. She went on to work in the chemical industry in Britain and in Germany. During the second world war she was a radar operator with the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF). In 1946 Enid Lakeman became Research Secretary at the Proportional Representation Society, which"
"changed its name to the Electoral Reform Society in 1958. This was and still is a lobby group campaigning for the introduction of the Single Transferable Vote (STV) in multi-member constituencies to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system used in most British elections. She was appointed Director of the Society in 1960. In this capacity she addressed innumerable meetings, edited pamphlets, drafted the Society's submissions to official inquiries, lobbied politicians, government departments and journalists, visited schools, and wrote hundreds of letters to newspaper editors. In 1955 she wrote, with James Lambert, ""Voting in Democracies"", a detailed comparative study of electoral systems"
"in which political interest consistently trumped political principle except at two critical moments: in the 1870-80s, consecrating local democratic power through the election of the mayor; and in the 1980s, eliminating the prefect's a priori control plus establishing the election of the presidents of regions and departments. Her subsequent work moved from local/national to national/supranational policymaking, by considering European integration and its impact on member-state policies and polities. In her book ""Democracy in Europe"" and related publications, she explored the nature and scope of EU integration and its effects on national democracy through doubly contrasting cases—the ‘simple polities’ of Britain"
"Thomas Hare. H. G. Wells was a strong advocate, calling it ""Proportional Representation"". The HG Wells formula for scientific voting, repeated, over many years, in his PR writings, to avoid misunderstanding, is Proportional Representation by the Single Transferable Vote in large constituencies. STV in large constituencies permits an approach to the Hare-Mill-Wells ideal of mirror representation. The UK National Health Service used to elect, First Past The Post, all white male General Practitioners. In 1979, STV proportionally represented women, immigrants and specialists, to the General Medical Council. In 1948, single transferable vote proportional representation on a state-by-state basis became the"
"Methods for Single-Winner Elections"", dealt with hybrid voting methods that partially incorporate STV. Voting matters Voting matters was a peer-reviewed academic journal whose purpose is ""To advance the understanding of preferential voting systems"". Originally published by the Electoral Reform Society (1994–2003), ""Voting matters"" then became a publication of the McDougall Trust until April, 2013. The journal's founding editor-in-chief (1994–2010) was British mathematician and computer scientist Brian Wichmann, followed by Nicolaus Tideman. The majority of ""Voting matters"" papers dealt with the single transferable vote (STV) preferential voting system. The journal has also republished several seminal papers on STV by Thomas Hare,"
"Cicely Hamilton Cicely Mary Hamilton (née Hammill, 15 June 1872 – 6 December 1952), was an English actress, writer, journalist, suffragist and feminist, part of the struggle for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. She is now best known for the play ""How the Vote was Won"", which sees a male anti-suffragist change his mind when the women in his life go on strike. She is also credited as author of one of the most frequently performed suffrage plays, ""A Pageant of Great Women"" (1909), which featured the character of Jane Austen as one of its ""Learned Women."" Born Cicely"
"to retain the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system at the 2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum. She led the campaign to success and FPTP remains the system used in UK parliamentary elections. Margaret Beckett was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015. Later, during an interview with BBC Radio 4's ""World at One"", after it became known he was in the lead among the candidates, Beckett was asked if she was ""a moron"" for nominating Corbyn. She replied: ""I am one of them"". Furthermore, in January"
"written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. Contrary to popular belief, her staff and family recorded that Victoria ""was immensely amused and roared with laughter"" on many occasions. Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained"
"appears not to have excited any interest. A practical election using a single transferable vote was devised in Denmark by Carl Andræ, a mathematician, and first used there in 1855, making it the oldest PR system, but the system never really spread. It was re-invented (apparently independently) in the UK in 1857 by Thomas Hare, a London barrister, in his pamphlet ""The Machinery of Representation"" and expanded on in his 1859 ""Treatise on the Election of Representatives"". The scheme was enthusiastically taken up by John Stuart Mill, ensuring international interest. The 1865 edition of the book included the transfer of"
"Janet Whitaker, Baroness Whitaker Janet Alison Whitaker, Baroness Whitaker (born 20 February 1936) is a British politician with the Labour Party. Born Janet Alison Stewart, she is the daughter of Alan Harrison Stewart and Ella Stewart (née Saunders). She was educated at Nottingham High School for Girls, Girton College, Cambridge in the United Kingdom and at Bryn Mawr College and Harvard University in the United States. In 1964 she married Benjamin Whitaker (1934-2014) a barrister, author and human rights activist, who served a single term as Labour Party MP for Hampstead from 1966-70. Whitaker began her career in publishing. She"
"Thomas Wright Hill Thomas Wright Hill (24 April 1763 in Kidderminster – 13 June 1851 in Tottenham) was a mathematician and schoolmaster. He is credited as inventing the single transferable vote in 1819. His son, Rowland Hill, famous as the originator of the modern postal system, introduced STV in 1840 into the world's first public election, for the Adelaide City Council, in which the principle of proportional representation was applied. In 1791, Thomas Wright Hill courageously tried to save the apparatus of Dr Joseph Priestley from a mob in the Birmingham 'Church and King' riots of 1791—the offer was declined."
"and the current chairman, Mrs Frances Jackson. He took a keen, detailed, interest in IFBB's scientific work, interrogating scientists robustly at Board Meetings on the progress of their research and was a keen and perceptive reader of academic journal articles and papers. Lord Kitchener, who had been a member of the Council of the UK’s Electoral Reform Society, was a strong supporter of its advocacy of the electoral system that provided proportional representation using the Single Transferable Vote, known as PR-STV. As an hereditary peer, who had a right to sit and vote in the House of Lords - until"
"Electoral Reform Society The Electoral Reform Society (ERS) is a political pressure group based in the United Kingdom which promotes electoral reform. It seeks to replace the first-past-the-post voting system with one of proportional representation, advocating the single transferable vote. It is the world's oldest operating organisation concerned with political and electoral reform. The Electoral Reform Society seeks a ""representative democracy fit for the 21st century."" The Society advocates the replacement of the first-past-the-post and plurality-at-large voting systems with a proportional voting system, the single transferable vote. First-past-the-post is currently used for elections to the House of Commons and for"
"European Parliamentary election of 1979. After the latter she withdrew from political life to pursue her writing career. But her books, especially the novel 'The Banker's Daughter' (Sidgwick and Jackson 1989, Blake 1994, Lioness Books on Amazon Kindle 2014) and her biography of John Major, (Macdonald 1991, Futura 1992, Dynasty Press on Kindle 2015) have benefited from her political experience, the latter especially on the hustings upon which she was able to write with personal empathy of John Major's early political career. Her critical commentaries on political events and personalities have continued in her blogs from Paris and London. In"
"against English Jews in 1290, insisting the edict had never been revoked, although successive British governments had, in fact, overturned the edict, beginning with Oliver Cromwell. She stood in the 1983 by-election in Bermondsey as an independent candidate, winning 69 votes, and attacked her opponents by labelling the Tory candidate a ""multiracialist"" and the National Front candidate a ""socialist"". She was equally unsuccessful when she stood as a British National Party candidate in the 1992 general election in Dewsbury. Through much of her later life, she published the journal ""Choice"", which presented a right-wing stance but was generally independent of"
"Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton (12 January 1869 – 2 May 1923), usually known as Constance Lytton, was an influential British suffragette activist, writer, speaker and campaigner for prison reform, votes for women, and birth control. She sometimes used the name Jane Warton. Although born and raised in the privileged ruling class of British society, Lytton rejected this background to join the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the most militant group of suffragette activists campaigning for ""Votes for Women"". She was subsequently imprisoned four times, including once in Walton gaol in Liverpool under the ""nom de guerre"""
"Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh Florence Gertrude Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh, GBE, PC (13 October 1889 – 6 December 1969) was a Scottish Unionist Party and Conservative Party politician. The historian Kenneth Baxter has argued ""in her day... [she] was arguably the best known woman MP in the UK"". and that she was ""arguably the most successful female Conservative parliamentarian until Margaret Thatcher"". She was educated at Lansdowne House, Edinburgh, St Hilda’s, Folkestone, and Mills College, California. During the First World War, Horsbrugh pioneered a travelling kitchen scheme in Chelsea, London, which gained sufficient renown as to warrant an invitation to bring"
"Foundation in 2006, where she established the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom. Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her ""The 'Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies known as Thatcherism."
"and at the University of Oxford. The most distinguishable being that of the first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher; the first, and only, British woman to win a Nobel Prize in science Dorothy Hodgkin and the first woman to lead the world's largest democracy Indira Gandhi, who was Prime Minister of India for much of the 1970s. Somerville educated at least twenty-six Dames, sixteen heads of Oxford colleges, ten MP's, ten life peers, four Olympic rowers, three of ""The 50 greatest British writers since 1945"", two prime ministers, two princesses, a queen consort and a Nobel"
"Emmeline Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst (; circa 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote. In 1999 ""Time"" named Pankhurst as one of the , stating ""she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back"". She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, but her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. Born"
"Rosen, Politicos Publishing, 2001. See also: Shirley Williams Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, (""née"" Catlin; born 27 July 1930) is a British politician and academic who represents the Liberal Democrats. Originally a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) and Cabinet Minister, she was one of the ""Gang of Four"" rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. Between 2001 and 2004, she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and, from 2007 to 2010, as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown. She served as an active member"
"political institutions and political parties. Professor Gallagher is the author, co-author or editor of eighteen books, including ""The Politics of Electoral Systems"" (2005, co-edited with Paul Mitchell), ""Politics in the Republic of Ireland"" (4th ed., 2005, co-edited with John Coakley), and ""Representative Government in Modern Europe"" (4th ed., 2006, co-edited with Michael Laver and Peter Mair), which are standard textbooks in their fields. He has also written around 70 journal articles and book chapters (his most cited independent work is ""Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems"" in ""Electoral Studies"" [1991]), and serves on the editorial boards of various journals in the"
"was only one candidate of a party in successive elections, for the same number of seats, change is calculated on the party percentage vote. Where there was more than one candidate, in one or both successive elections for the same number of seats, then change is calculated on the individual percentage vote. Sources (unless otherwise indicated): (1754–1784) Namier and Brooke; (1790–1831) Stooks Smith; (1832–1880) Craig. Where Stooks Smith gives additional information or differs from the other sources this is indicated in a note after the result. Swing: Positive swing is from Whig/Liberal to Tory/Conservative. Negative swing is from Tory/Conservative to"
"British Parliamentary system for the benefit of both women and men, although doubted that voting would provide everything women needed, and thus did not join the suffrage movement. In the 1920s, ""her views on women had become more conservative"", and she made them secondary to her conspiracy writing. In February 1924, Hilaire Belloc wrote to an American Jewish friend regarding one of Webster's publications which purported to expose evidence of Jewish conspiracy. Though Belloc's record of writing about Jews has itself attracted accusations of antisemitism, his contempt for Webster's own efforts was evident: Umberto Eco, whose novel ""The Prague Cemetery"""
"Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her ""The 'Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies known as Thatcherism. A research chemist at Somerville College, Oxford, before becoming a barrister, Thatcher"
"in Brighton and Bruges', in Myself when Young, Countess of Oxford and Asquith (1938) 313-60<br> ""Life is good: an autobiography"" (1939)<br> ""In the Land of my Fathers"" (Cardiff, 1946)<br> ""Should Women be Priests and Ministers?"" (repr. From B.H.Streeter and E. Picton-Turbervill, Women and the Church (1917) [1953] 52 pp.<br> Preface to ""A.B. Temple, The Story of Algar Temple and the Indian Mutiny"" (Cardiff, 1957 ?) Edith Picton-Turbervill Edith Picton-Turbervill (13 June 1872 – 31 August 1960) was an English social reformer, writer and Labour Party politician. From 1929-1931, she served as the Member of Parliament for The Wrekin in Shropshire."
"October 2002 at the age of 96. She was a noted writer, her most famous book being ""Victoria R.I."" (1964), a biography of Queen Victoria, published in the US as ""Born to Succeed"". She also wrote a two-volume biography of the Duke of Wellington, and a volume of memoirs, ""The Pebbled Shore"". She stood for Parliament as Labour candidate for Cheltenham in the 1950 general election. Peter Stanford provided an example in ""The Guardian"" obituary of Lord Longford's deep humanity: In the late 1980s, he was contacted by the solicitor for a young Dutchman, convicted of a drugs offence, sent"
"included Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll), C.P. Scott, editor of the ""Manchester Guardian"" and Thomas Hare, inventor of the Single Transferable Vote. Alongside its sister organisation, Proportional Representation Society of Ireland, the Society succeeded in getting STV introduced in local and then national elections in Ireland, and in numerous religious, educational and professional organisations. A PRS pamphlet of the 1920s described the organisation's aims thus: 1. to reproduce the opinions of the electors in parliament and other public bodies in their true proportions 2. to secure the majority of electors shall rule and all other considerable minorities shall"
"proportional representation worldwide. The permanent recognition of his name in the Tasmanian system is perhaps appropriate despite little being left of his original proposals. His death in May 1891 occurred several years before the first use of proportional representation in Tasmania in 1897. The former London headquarters of the Electoral Reform Society was named in his honour. Hare lends his name to the following: The Single Transferable Vote method has been widely used for multiple-winner elections. While continuing to be the main method of elections in the Republic of Ireland and for some elections in Australia, it has been widely"
"Wright system The Wright system is a refinement of rules associated with proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV) electoral system. Developed and written by Anthony van der Craats, System Analyst and Life member of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia, It was first published as part of a submission and review of Victoria and Australia's electoral system. It is named after Jack Wright, former President of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia) The aim of the system is to provide an alternative to various methods of segmentation and distribution of preferences associated with the exclusion of"
"Voting matters Voting matters was a peer-reviewed academic journal whose purpose is ""To advance the understanding of preferential voting systems"". Originally published by the Electoral Reform Society (1994–2003), ""Voting matters"" then became a publication of the McDougall Trust until April, 2013. The journal's founding editor-in-chief (1994–2010) was British mathematician and computer scientist Brian Wichmann, followed by Nicolaus Tideman. The majority of ""Voting matters"" papers dealt with the single transferable vote (STV) preferential voting system. The journal has also republished several seminal papers on STV by Thomas Hare, Henry Richmond Droop, and Brian Meek. Other papers, such as ""Four Condorcet-Hare Hybrid"
"[[Category:English tax resisters]] [[Category:People from Bexley]] [[Category:British women police officers]] [[Category:English women novelists]] [[Category:Independent politicians in England]] Nina Boyle Constance Antonina (Nina) Boyle (21 December 1865 – 4 March 1943) was a British journalist, campaigner for women's suffrage and women's rights, charity and welfare worker, and novelist. She was one of the pioneers of the women's police service in Britain; in April, 1918, she was the first woman to be nominated to stand for election to the House of Commons, which paved the way for other female candidates in the general election held in December of that year. Nina Boyle"
"instrumental in founding the ""Society for Literary and Scientific Improvement"" of Birmingham. The Society's bylaws include a description of Hill's method of proportional representation, the earliest known version of the single transferable vote: According to Hill's great-great-great grandson David Hill (also a reform activist) the first STV election actually took place on 18 December 1819 one month after the establishment of the society. Hill's grandson (and Rowland's nephew) George Birkbeck Norman Hill wrote, ""The plan of election had been devised by his [Rowland's] father who … was strongly in favour of the representation of minorities."" In 1821, Hill used an"