"such as ""Phthisis pulmonalis"" and diagnostics such as ""Pectoriloquy"". He discussed the symptoms of Phthisis pulmonalis and what parts of the body it affects. It was written in an academic manner for learning purposes. Laennec advocated objective scientific observation. Professor Benjamin Ward Richardson stated in ""Disciples of Aesculapius"" that ""the true student of medicine reads Laennec's treatise on mediate auscultation and the use of the stethoscope once in two years at least as long as he is in practice. It ranks with the original work of Vesalius, Harvey and Hippocrates."" Laennec ""was intensely religious and was a devout Catholic all"
"observed that a rolled piece of paper, placed between the patient's chest and his ear, could amplify heart sounds without requiring physical contact. Laennec's device was similar to the common ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a ""microphone"". Laennec called his device the ""stethoscope"" (""stetho-"" + ""-scope"", ""chest scope""), and he called its use ""mediate auscultation"", because it was auscultation with a tool intermediate between the patient's body and the physician's ear. (Today the word ""auscultation"" denotes all such listening, mediate"
"of medical professionals in a very small setting allowing for a large flow of ideas and the spread of innovation. One of the innovations to come out of the Paris hospital setting was Laennec's stethoscope. Weiner states that the widespread acceptance of the stethoscope would likely not have happened in any other setting, and the setting allowed for Laennec to pass on this technology to the eager medical community that had gathered there. This invention also brought even more attention to the Paris scene. Before the start of the 19th century, there were many problems existing within the French medical"
"Laennec's cirrhosis Laennec's cirrhosis, also known as portal cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, fatty cirrhosis, or atrophic cirrhosis, is named after René Laennec, a French physician and the inventor of the stethoscope. It is a disease of the liver in which the normal lobular architecture is lost, with fibrosis (scarring) and later nodular regeneration. Laennec's cirrhosis can be associated with inflammatory polyarthritis, most commonly affecting the shoulders, elbows and knees. Osteoporosis, soft tissue swelling in peripheral joints and sometimes calcific periathritis are seen. In the developed world, Laennec's cirrhosis most commonly affects middle-aged males, typically ages 40–60. This is the most common"
"of respiratory and cardiac ailments. He also described tubal breathing and pulmonary rales or crackles. He listened to the heart and focused on problems of the heartbeat and unusual sounds, but he failed to link them to any specific ailment. Shortly after, René Laennec (1781-1826) invented the stethoscope and developed aided auscultation. He wrote two books and many reports, for example about diseases like croup and cholera. In 1832 he co-founded the Académie Nationale de Médecine with Antoine Portal (1742-1832). King Louis Philippe I (1773-1850), who reigned from 1830 to 1848, offered him another peerage should he renounce his medical"
"(for example, sounds and vibrations emitted by worn ball bearings), such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its internal parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for leaks, and various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks. A stethoscope that intensifies auscultatory sounds is called phonendoscope. The stethoscope was invented in France in 1816 by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural. Laennec invented the stethoscope because he was uncomfortable placing his ear on women's chests to hear heart sounds. He"
"inspection, physicians used palpitation, percussion and auscultation to identify abnormalities. Pathological anatomy, examination, and empirical knowledge supplanted the role of the patient's account in the process of diagnosis. In the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, René Laennec invented the first stethoscope design to aid in diagnosis via auscultation. Laennec also devised a methodical procedure for diagnosis using the stethoscope, meticulously categorizing the patient data he collected. Precise diagnosis was also seen as evidence of scientific legitimacy, and within the medical community, a metric of a medical professional's knowledge. Due to the restructuring of the Parisian government during the French Revolution, and the"
"keepers would store personal items as well as oil for the lamp. A third-order Fresnel lens, which stood six feet in height—manufactured by Henry LePaute Cie. of Paris—was used for the lamp. This lens was invented by a Frenchman of the same name, and it quickly became popular in towers across the country. Its strong, efficient lens was able to cast light much farther than previous techniques: open flame, light fueled by whale oil, or small wicks. The Fresnel lens system was a great improvement over previous lenses in lighthouses, but it was not until the 1850s that it was"
"and special hospitals and announced the creation of a hospital ""for the children of both sexes under the age of fifteen years"" (4 December 1801). The newly formed Hôpital des Enfants Malades opened in June 1802 on the site of the previous orphanage hospital Hôpital de l'Enfant Jésus (""Baby Jesus hospital""). It was the first paediatric hospital in the Western world. The two physically contiguous hospitals were merged in 1920, but the Necker division continued to care for adults and Enfants malades for children. French physician René Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816 while he was working at the Hôpital"
"time where he took long walks in the country, danced, studied Greek and wrote poetry. However, in 1799 he returned to study. Laennec studied medicine at the University of Paris under several famous physicians, including Dupuytren and Jean-Nicolas Corvisart-Desmarets. There he was trained to use sound as a diagnostic aid. Corvisart advocated the re-introduction of percussion during the French Revolution. René Laennec wrote the classic treatise ""De l'Auscultation Médiate"", published in August 1819 The preface reads: In 1816, He was consulted by a young woman laboring under general symptoms of diseased heart, and in whose case percussion and the application"
"until the end of the 18th century. The name ""vernier"" was popularised by the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande (1732–1807) through his ""Traité d'astronomie"" (2 vols) (1764). The use of the vernier scale is shown on a vernier caliper which measures the internal and the external diameters of an object. The vernier scale is constructed so that it is spaced at a constant fraction of the fixed main scale. So for a vernier with a constant of 0.1, each mark on the vernier is spaced nine tenths of those on the main scale. If you put the two scales together with"
"of his attempts to decompose air. Nineteen years later Louis Jacques Thénard recognized that this compound could be used for the preparation of a previously unknown compound, which he described as ""eau oxygénée"" (French: oxygenated water) – subsequently known as hydrogen peroxide. (Today this term refers instead to water containing dissolved oxygen (O).) An improved version of Thénard's process used hydrochloric acid, followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct. This process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century. Thénard and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac synthesized sodium peroxide"
"ayurvedic doshas. The introduction of the stethoscope and the methods of auscultation by René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec in 1816 changed the medical behavior consistently and forced the need of quantitative hemodynamic measurements. The first instrument which could measure the force of pulse with a mercury filled glass tube was developed by Jules Harrison in 1835. Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille invented the first mercury “Hemodynameter”, a forerunner of the sphygmomanometer in 1821. The first sphygmograph (pulse writer) for the continuous graphical registration of pulse dates back to Karl von Vierordt in 1854. More popular, however, was the improved sphygmograph from the French physiologist"
"Rouen. This wearable, direct shaft, lighting system could be oriented by head movements, so freeing the hands of its wearer. A file of correspondence between these two men enables one to place this invention during 1883. Trouvé soon modified their frontal headlamp both for use by miners, rescue workers, and later by speleologists, in dark surroundings, but also by tinting the light with various colors as theater jewelry for artiste troupes in Paris and Europe. The latter became known as ""luminous electric jewels"" and was the forerunner of today's wearable technology. In 1884, Trouvé fitted an electric boat with both"
"in the second half of the 18th century. George Washington, Lafayette and Napoleon used scissors glasses. In French they are called binocles or binocles-ciseaux and the French scissor glasses are more delicate, ornate, and more of a fashion accessory than those made in other parts of Europe. The lorgnette may have developed from scissors-glasses. Scissors-glasses Scissors-glasses (or binocles-ciseaux) are eyeglasses, normally used to correct distance-vision, mounted on scissoring stems rather than on temple stems as modern eyeglasses are. The invention of scissors-glasses solved the problem of the single lensed monocle or ""quizzing glass"", thought to be tiresome to the eye,"
"became common as a result of cartridged breech-loading firearms introduced by Casimir Lefaucheux in 1835, the invention of the Minié ball by Claude-Étienne Minié in 1849, and the first reliable repeating rifle produced by Volcanic Repeating Arms in 1854. By the time that repeating rifles became common, they were known as simply ""rifles"", ending the era of the musket. According to the Etymology Dictionary, firearms were often named after animals, and the word musket derived from the French word ""mousquette,"" which is a male sparrowhawk. An alternative theory is that derives from the 16th century French ""mousquet, -ette"", from the"
"at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences. The Age of Enlightenment was marked by the work of biologist Buffon and chemist Lavoisier, who discovered the role of oxygen in combustion, while Diderot and D'Alembert published the ""Encyclopédie"", which aimed to give access to ""useful knowledge"" to the people, a knowledge that they can apply to their everyday life. With the Industrial Revolution, the 19th century saw spectacular scientific developments in France with scientists such as Augustin Fresnel, founder of modern optics, Sadi Carnot who"
"his invention to others, including Robert Hooke in London and Vincenzo Viviani in Florence. It is occasionally argued that these bubble levels did not come into widespread use until the beginning of the eighteenth century, the earliest surviving examples being from that time, but Adrien Auzout had recommended that the Académie Royale des Sciences take ""levels of the Thevenot type"" on its expedition to Madagascar in 1666. It is very likely that these levels were in use in France and elsewhere long before the turn of the century. Thevenot is often confused with his nephew, the traveler Jean de Thevenot"
"Necker. Previously, doctors placed their heads directly on their patient's chest and listened for any irregular sounds to aid in diagnosis. But when a large young woman came to the hospital, he realized that this method would be less effective given her size. Instead, he used a tightly rolled up piece of paper to press against the patient's chest, which made the heartbeat much clearer than ever before. Further experimentation yielded Laennec's famous hollow wooden tube, the forerunner of today's stethoscopes. His invention's ability to magnify the internal sounds of the body advanced the medical practice of auscultation, and proved"
"bent inward slightly, causing the balance wheel to rotate faster back and forth, compensating for the slowing due to the weaker balance spring. This system, which could reduce temperature induced error to a few seconds per day, gradually began to be used in watches over the next hundred years. The going barrel invented in 1760 by Jean-Antoine Lépine provided a more constant drive force over the watch's running period, and its adoption in the 19th century made the fusee obsolete. Complicated pocket chronometers and astronomical watches with many hands and functions were made during this period. The lever escapement, invented"
"using the Hennebique system by French Engineer, François Hennebique. This system involves mainly reinforced concrete offering an alternative to steel frames, making the building fireproof. The Hennebique system was designed to strengthen concrete to make it withstand forces which damage concrete the most and consists of using situ concrete (situ meaning 'cast in its place'). This allows the walls to be extremely thin with a thickness of 100mm in order to maximise the amount of space within the rooms and avoid the need to have exterior scaffolding. The Hennebique system was first used in 1894 in Wiggen, Switzerland and the"
"used for the first time by the French under Louis XIV in 1672. For short range use against personnel, canister and the smaller naval grapeshot were popular during the 19th century; it comprised smaller iron or lead pellets contained within a case or bag, which scattered on explosion. In 1784, Lt Henry Shrapnel invented a spherical case-shot, which was later named after him. The case was a hollow iron sphere which was filled with musket balls and was detonated by a gunpowder charge. Shot fired from cannon could be so hot that it scorched or set fire to materials that"
"was the first carbonaceous chondrite to be discovered. Thénard found a high carbon content of 2.5 per cent. His first original paper (1799) was on the compounds of arsenic and antimony with oxygen and sulphur. In 1807, he began important research into ethers. His researches on sebacic acid (1802) and on bile (1807) deserve mention as well, as does his discovery of hydrogen peroxide (1818). In 1799 he developed the pigment known as Thénard's blue in response to a request by Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal for a cheap colouring matter. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel"
"François Hennebique François Hennebique (26 April 1842 – 7 March 1921) was a French engineer and self-educated builder who patented his pioneering reinforced-concrete construction system in 1892, integrating separate elements of construction, such as the column and the beam, into a single monolithic element. The Hennebique system was one of the first appearances of the modern reinforced-concrete method of construction. Hennebique had first worked as a stonemason, later becoming a builder, with a particular interest in restoration of old churches. Hennebique's Béton Armé system started out by using concrete as a fireproof protection for wrought iron beams, on a house"
"the stethophone on the stethoscope, which had been invented by René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec (1781–1826); the stethophone had two separate ""pickups"", allowing the user to hear and compare sounds derived from two discrete locations. Sound localization Sound localization is a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance. It may also refer to the methods in acoustical engineering to simulate the placement of an auditory cue in a virtual 3D space (see binaural recording, wave field synthesis). The sound localization mechanisms of the mammalian auditory system have been extensively studied. The auditory"
"Hennebique and his achievement. Between 1892 and 1902, over 7,000 structures were built using the Hennebique system, including buildings, water towers and bridges. Most of these were by other firms licensing the technology, although Hennebique designed some structures himself, including the 1899 bridge at Châtellerault (pictured). Joseph Monier François Hennebique François Hennebique (26 April 1842 – 7 March 1921) was a French engineer and self-educated builder who patented his pioneering reinforced-concrete construction system in 1892, integrating separate elements of construction, such as the column and the beam, into a single monolithic element. The Hennebique system was one of the first"
"rotated in the opposite direction to that required for raising water. In acoustics he invented, about 1819, the improved siren, which was named after him, using it for ascertaining the number of vibrations corresponding to a sound of any particular pitch, and he also made experiments on the mechanism of voice-production. In 1822, he discovered the critical point of a substance in his famous cannon barrel experiments. Listening to discontinuities in the sound of a rolling flint ball in a sealed cannon filled with fluids at various temperatures, he observed the critical temperature. Above this temperature, the densities of the"
"René Laennec (1787–1826) and his pupils Pierre Adolphe Piorry (1794–1879) and Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881) added auscultation to this method. Škoda began his clinical studies in close connexion with pathological anatomy while assistant physician of the hospital, but his superiors failed to understand his course, and in 1837, by way of punishment, transferred him to the ward for the insane, as it was claimed that the patients were annoyed by his investigations, especially by the method of percussion. His first publication, ""Über die Perkussion"" (""About Percussion"") in the ""Medizinische Jahrbücher des k.k. österreichen Kaiserstaates"", IX (1836), attracted little attention. This paper"
"electric machine (variously attributed to Walenn 1860; Pacinotti 1864 ; Fontaine, Gramme 1873; Deprez 1881, and others) whereby it may be used as an electric motor or as a generator of electricity has been termed one of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century. In 1872 the drum armature was devised by Hefner-Alteneck. This machine in a modified form was subsequently known as the Siemens dynamo. These machines were presently followed by the Schuckert, Gulcher, Fein, Brush, Hochhausen, Edison and the dynamo machines of numerous other inventors. In the early days of dynamo machine construction the machines were mainly arranged"
"a movement of the corpse. Vester's design allowed the viewing tube to be removed and reused once death was assured. Count Michel de Karnice-Karnicki, a chamberlain to the Tsar of Russia, patented his own safety coffin, called Le Karnice, in 1897 and demonstrated it at the Sorbonne the following year. His design detected movement in the coffin and opened a tube to supply air while simultaneously raising a flag and ringing a bell. Le Karnice never caught on: it was too sensitive to allow for even a slight movement in a decaying corpse, and a demonstration in which one of"
"a 1784 painting. The Frenchman Paul Lemaire d'Augerville built and used autonomous diving equipment in 1824, as did the British William H. James in 1825. James' helmet was made of ""thin copper or sole of leather"" with a plate window, and the air was supplied from an iron reservoir. A similar system was used in 1831 by the American Charles Condert, who died in 1832 while testing his invention in the East River at only deep. After having travelled to England and discovering William James' invention, the French physician Manuel Théodore Guillaumet, from Argentan in (Normandy), patented the oldest known"
"been discovered by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, an Enlightenment ""philosophe"". True to Romantic anti-reductionism, Davy claimed that it was not the individual components, but ""the powers associated with them, which gave character to substances""; in other words, not what the elements were individually, but how they combined to create chemical reactions and therefore complete the science of chemistry. The development of organic chemistry in the 19th century necessitated the acceptance by chemists of ideas deriving from ""Naturphilosophie"", modifying the Enlightenment concepts of organic composition put forward by Lavoisier. Of central importance was the work on the constitution and synthesis of organic substances"
"for since 29 March 1917. The ""Pantomimes Lumineuses"" were painted directly onto the transparent strip and manipulated by hand to create a circa 15 min show of circa 500 images per title. Charles-Émile Reynaud Charles-Émile Reynaud (8 December 1844 – 9 January 1918) was a French inventor, responsible for the praxinoscope (an animation device patented in 1877 that improved on the zoetrope) and the first projected animated films. His ""Pantomimes Lumineuses"" premiered on 28 October 1892 in Paris. His Théâtre Optique film system, patented in 1888, is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. The"