"between early networked computer users. In 1975, Will Crowther created Colossal Cave Adventure on a DEC PDP-10 computer. As internet connections grew, so did the numbers of users and multi-user games. In 1978 Roy Trubshaw, a student at University of Essex in the United Kingdom, created the game MUD (Multi-User Dungeon). The US Government began using truly collaborative applications in the early 1990s. One of the first robust applications was the Navy's Common Operational Modeling, Planning and Simulation Strategy (COMPASS). The COMPASS system allowed up to 6 users to create point-to-point connections with one another; the collaborative session only remained"
"started working on a multi-user adventure game in the MACRO-10 assembly language for a DEC PDP-10. He named the game ""MUD"" (""Multi-User Dungeon""), in tribute to the ""Dungeon"" variant of ""Zork"", which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing. Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL (the predecessor of C), before handing over development to Richard Bartle, a fellow student at the University of Essex, in 1980. The game revolved around gaining points till one achieved the Wizard rank, giving the character immortality and special powers over mortals. ""MUD"", better known as ""Essex MUD"" and ""MUD1"" in later years, ran on the University of"
"Avlis, Dasaria, The Known Lands and Realms of Trinity. The first multi-player game to demonstrate on-line persistence was the text-based MUD1 written in 1978 by Rob Trubshaw and Richard Bartle. Initially only available for a few hours in off peak time at Essex University, UK, it featured a world reset every 105 minutes. Nevertheless, it persisted independent of players logging in for the time it was running. The subsequent decade saw many on-line worlds clone this template, but all featured variations on timed resets and reboots or did not allow players to retain objects within the game other than running"
"University secured permission to redistribute the game's blueprints from the authors of MUD1. ""Computer Gaming World"" in 1993 called ""British Legends"" on CompuServe ""your typical text-based multi-player role-playing game with an emphasis on magic"". MUD1 Multi-User Dungeon, or MUD (referred to as ""MUD1"", to distinguish it from its successor, ""MUD2"", and the MUD genre in general) is an early MUD and one of the oldest examples of a virtual world in existence. MUD was created in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex on a DEC PDP-10. Trubshaw named the game ""Multi-User Dungeon"", in tribute"
"Richard Bartle Richard Allan Bartle FBCS FRSA (born 10 January 1960) is a British writer, professor and game researcher. He is best known for being the co-creator of ""MUD1"" (an early MUD) and the author of the seminal ""Designing Virtual Worlds"". He is one of the pioneers of the massively multiplayer online game industry. Bartle received a PhD in artificial intelligence from the University of Essex, where he created ""MUD1"" with Roy Trubshaw in 1978. He lectured at Essex until 1987, when he left to work full-time on ""MUD"" (known as ""MUD2"" in its present version). Recently he has returned"
"By 1978-79, these games were heavily in use on various PLATO systems, and exhibited a marked increase in sophistication in terms of 3D graphics, storytelling, user involvement, team play, and depth of objects and monsters in the dungeons. Inspired by ""Adventure"", a group of students at MIT in the summer of 1977 wrote a game for the PDP-10 minicomputer; called ""Zork"", it became quite popular on the ARPANET. ""Zork"" was ported, under the filename DUNGEN (""dungeon""), to FORTRAN by a programmer working at DEC in 1978. In 1978 Roy Trubshaw, a student at the University of Essex in the UK,"
"is still available to play for free. Magestorm Rolemaster: Magestorm (since 2001, Magestorm Millennium) was an online-only first-person shooter using magical spells as weapons. It was developed in 1996 by Interworld Productions (now Mythic Entertainment). It centered on team-based gameplay and included some role-playing video game elements, notably the character class and level-based systems. The four character classes were the Wizard, Psionic, Eldritch and Healer; but prior to ""Magestorm Millennium"", the character classes were named as Magician, Mentalist, Arcanist and Cleric, respectively. A character could gain experience points by hitting other players and raise up to level 30. Each gained"
"MUD1 Multi-User Dungeon, or MUD (referred to as ""MUD1"", to distinguish it from its successor, ""MUD2"", and the MUD genre in general) is an early MUD and one of the oldest examples of a virtual world in existence. MUD was created in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex on a DEC PDP-10. Trubshaw named the game ""Multi-User Dungeon"", in tribute to the ""Dungeon"" variant of ""Zork"", which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing. ""Zork"" in turn was inspired by an older text-adventure game known as ""Colossal Cave Adventure"" or ""ADVENT"". ""MUD1"" was written in the"
"under the name ""Dungeon"" to FORTRAN by a programmer working at DEC in 1978. In 1978 Roy Trubshaw, a student at Essex University in the UK, started working on a multi-user adventure game in the MACRO-10 assembly language for a DEC PDP-10. He named the game ""MUD"" (""Multi-User Dungeon""), in tribute to the ""Dungeon"" variant of ""Zork"", which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing. Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL (the predecessor of C), before handing over development to Richard Bartle, a fellow student at Essex University, in 1980. ""MUD"", better known as ""Essex MUD"" and ""MUD1"" in later years, ran on"
"MUD2 MUD2 is the successor of ""MUD1"", Richard Bartle's pioneering Multi-User Dungeon. Rather than a sequel, it is the result of over 20 years of continuous development, and is still largely based on the game's original code. The game is nominally a roleplaying game, with a very strict set of rules, character classes and levels. Character progress up a ladder of 11 levels until they reach the traditional MUD goal of wiz (wizard or witch). Characters move between locations, or game rooms, using compass directions, and basic commands such as GET LONGSWORD, GET DIAMOND, KILL DWARF WITH LONGSWORD. Points are"
"Magestorm Rolemaster: Magestorm (since 2001, Magestorm Millennium) was an online-only first-person shooter using magical spells as weapons. It was developed in 1996 by Interworld Productions (now Mythic Entertainment). It centered on team-based gameplay and included some role-playing video game elements, notably the character class and level-based systems. The four character classes were the Wizard, Psionic, Eldritch and Healer; but prior to ""Magestorm Millennium"", the character classes were named as Magician, Mentalist, Arcanist and Cleric, respectively. A character could gain experience points by hitting other players and raise up to level 30. Each gained level gave spell picks which allowed to"
"one, two, or three spaces. On the first roll or spin, for example, each player will either end up at the Archers' Meet, the Rolling Hill, or the Mill. Chivalry (video game) Chivalry is an action role-playing video game written by Richard Hefter, Steve Worthington, and Janie Worthington for the Apple II and published in 1983 by Optimum Resource. The king has been captured by the Black Knight, and the player must make his or her way to the Black Knight's castle and retrieve him. The game is similar to a board game. Up to four players can play, but"
"Lands of Adventure Lands of Adventure is a role-playing game published by Fantasy Games Unlimited in 1983. ""Lands of Adventure"" is a fantasy system designed for use in historical settings rather than fantasy worlds. The emphasis is on human player characters, who advance by improving in their chosen skill areas. Magic is divided into types that correspond to character abilities. A priest must attract his deity's attention if he wants to perform a miracle. The game includes a 32-page rulebook and a 28-page book that describes medieval Britain and mythical Greece. ""Lands of Adventure"" (1983) featured a system intended to"
"domain-specific programming language Multi User Dungeon Definition Language (MUDDL). Its first version was written by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw in BCPL. It was later ported to C++ and used in other MUDs such as ""MIST"". In 1980, Roy Trubshaw created MUD version 3 in BCPL (the predecessor of C), to conserve memory and make the program easier to maintain. Richard Bartle, a fellow Essex student, contributed much work on the game database, introducing many of the locations and puzzles that survive to this day. Later that year Roy Trubshaw graduated from Essex University, handing over ""MUD"" to Richard Bartle,"
"worlds can be divided into four types: achievers, explorers, socializers and killers. This idea has been adapted into an online test generally referred to as the Bartle Test, which is quite popular, with scores often exchanged on massively multiplayer online games forums and networking sites. Circa 2003, Bartle was reported as living in a village near Colchester, England, with his wife Gail and their two children Jennifer and Madeleine. Bartle is an atheist and a patron of Humanists UK. Richard Bartle Richard Allan Bartle FBCS FRSA (born 10 January 1960) is a British writer, professor and game researcher. He is"
"characters died. It can take hundreds of hours to finish the game. Wizardry saves the player's party and game progress onto a scenario disk. After booting, a new one may be created with a blank floppy disk or an existing one used. Completion of ""Proving Ground of the Mad Overlord"" is necessary to play the sequels Wizardry II and III since they require the characters from the first game to be imported from a scenario disk. A series of exploits that involves the identification ability of Bishops allows characters to gain massive experience points and gold. According to co-author Robert"
"to unimaginable torment and torture, in sharp contrast to its usual utopian description. ""Dragonhaven"", a young adult fantasy novel by Robin McKinley, ends with the phrase ""Arcadiae vias peregrinentur,"" which the author has stated roughly translates to ""May they walk in Arcadia"". According to the best-selling PC-game ""The Longest Journey"", Arcadia was divided from the primordial original world, and represents fantasy, dreams and magic, while our world, Stark, is the world of science and technology. In the game ""BioShock"", Arcadia is a level in which the protagonist has to navigate through an artificial forest. Arcadia was created by Dr. Julie"
"AdventureQuest Worlds AdventureQuest Worlds (often shortened to AQ Worlds or simply AQW) is a browser-based massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) released by Artix Entertainment in October 2008. Players are asked to choose from one of four ""starting classes"" (warrior, rogue, mage, or healer), each with different strengths and weaknesses. Leveling up lets characters learn new abilities and increase their attack power. Players have five different skills, depending on their character's class; the ability that is common to all classes is the ""auto-attack"" ability. Individual abilities, deemed ""passive"" abilities, may be unlocked after the character reaches a certain Rank. Players"
"from one place to another to acquire experience and treasures. While a character can be played on its own, players can group with others to tackle more challenging content. Most end-game challenges are designed in a way that they can only be overcome while in a group. In this way, character classes are used in specific roles within a group. ""World of Warcraft"" uses a ""rested bonus"" system, increasing the rate that a character can gain experience points after the player has spent time away from the game. When a character dies, it becomes a ghost—or wisp for Night Elf"
"of permadeath, but criticized the graphics and user interface. Wizardry Online Wizardry Online was a free-to-play MMORPG developed by Gamepot, Inc, based on the classic Wizardry computer games originally created by Sir-Tech. Like many MMORPGs, players can create their own character and explore and advance in an open world with other players that are also connected. A player may create a character using a variety of class/race/attribute combinations found commonly in most MMORPGs. A more dangerous addition to the gameplay is the potential for permanent death also known as permadeath. Upon character death, players have a chance of losing their"
"players gain experience points through defeating enemies and completing quests for non-player characters (NPCs) scattered around environments: these raise a character's experience level, which grant access to fresh skills and points that can be used to upgrade character attributes such as health and energy levels, dexterity, intelligence, or strength. If the player dies, they respawn at rebirth fountains scattered through the world, although they lose some accumulated experience points. Quests are divided into Main Quests related to the central narrative, and side quests unique to particular areas of the world. Other NPCs can be found in towns and cities that"
"popularity. These games, which use settings and game-mechanics found in role-playing games, do not require a gamemaster or require a player to remain in-character. Although they helped to introduce new gamers to the hobby, the demands of time and money on players were split between the two. In 1993, Peter Adkison and Richard Garfield, a doctoral candidate in mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, released a competitive card collecting game with a fantasy setting reminiscent of fantasy role-playing games called """". The game was extremely successful, and its publisher Wizards of the Coast (WotC) experienced phenomenal growth; A new genre"
"and spells. After this is done you can start playing. You start as a level 1 character that has to complete quests and kill hostile game units to gain experience to rise in level. Your character is an immortal warrior called a ""Runewarrior"" created by the mages that destroyed the world to fight their wars. If your character dies in battle it will respawn at the last activated ""bindstone"" on a map. These stones are found around the maps and can be activated when your avatar is close by. To aid you in your quest you have other Runewarriors at"
"Expedition to the Barrier Peaks Expedition to the Barrier Peaks is a 1980 adventure module for the ""Dungeons & Dragons"" role-playing game written by Gary Gygax. While ""Dungeons & Dragons"" (""D&D"") is typically a fantasy game, the adventure includes elements of science fiction, and thus belongs to the science fantasy genre. It takes place on a downed spaceship; the ship's crew has died of an unspecified disease, but functioning robots and strange creatures still inhabit the ship. The player characters fight monsters and robots, and gather the futuristic weapons and colored access cards that are necessary for advancing the story."
"based on a popular computer game genre MOBA. In each game players will confront 5 strategies of other players. At the same time, they will have 4 allies. Each five strategies make a faction: Academy or Renegades. The main goal of the faction is to destroy an opposing faction's base. The main personal goal of each wizard is to gain maximal possible amount of points. The winner of the game, as well as other places, is determined by the gained score. A player is given points when his wizard deals damage, destroys or is just hanging nearby during death of"
"TriadCity TriadCity is an ambitious multi-user dungeon or MUD (a type of online role-playing game) with a strong emphasis on literary and philosophical themes. It is the flagship offering of the independent games company SmartMonsters and is currently in open beta. ""TriadCity"" has been cited in several scholarly forums for its literary merits, including the ""Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism"". Mark Phillips and Gary Smith, the creators of ""TriadCity"", met at Golden Gate University in 1994. Phillips had a background in network technology and experimental fiction. Smith was a veteran of the high-tech industry who had written his own Fortran version"
"Pete Davison, from GamePro, also noted the advertisements at death, calling it an ""interesting"" idea. AdventureQuest Worlds AdventureQuest Worlds (often shortened to AQ Worlds or simply AQW) is a browser-based massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) released by Artix Entertainment in October 2008. Players are asked to choose from one of four ""starting classes"" (warrior, rogue, mage, or healer), each with different strengths and weaknesses. Leveling up lets characters learn new abilities and increase their attack power. Players have five different skills, depending on their character's class; the ability that is common to all classes is the ""auto-attack"" ability. Individual"
"Essex network, and became more widely accessible when a guest account was set up that allowed users on JANET (a British academic X.25 computer network) to connect on weekends and between the hours of 2 AM and 8 AM on weekdays. It became the first Internet multiplayer online role-playing game in 1980, when the university connected its internal network to ARPANet. The original ""MUD"" game was closed down in late 1987, reportedly under pressure from CompuServe, to whom Richard Bartle had licensed the game. This left ""MIST"", a derivative of ""MUD1"" with similar gameplay, as the only remaining MUD running"
"computer systems at the time. These were followed by games on other platforms, such as ""Temple of Apshai"", written in 1979 for the TRS-80 and followed by two add-ons; """" (1980), which gave rise to the well-known ""Ultima"" series; ""Wizardry"" (1981), and ""Sword of Fargoal"" (1982). Games of this era were also influenced by text adventures such as ""Colossal Cave Adventure"" (1976) and ""Zork"" (1976); early MUDs, tabletop wargames such as ""Chainmail"" (1971), and sports games such as ""Strat-O-Matic"". The popular dungeon crawler ""Rogue"" was developed in 1980, for Unix-based systems, by two students at Berkeley. It used ASCII graphics,"
"called ""Ultra Nightmare"" that, once the player dies, ends their playthrough and forces the player to restart the game from the beginning. Permanent death in multiplayer video games is controversial. Due to player desires and the resulting market forces involved, MMORPGs (such as ""World of Warcraft"") and other multiplayer-focused RPGs rarely feature permanent death. Generally speaking, there is little support in multiplayer culture for permanent death. Summarizing academic Richard Bartle's comments on player distaste for permadeath, ""Engadget"" characterized fans of MMORPGs as horrified by the concept. For games that charge an ongoing fee to play, permanent death may drive players"
"High Fantasy High Fantasy is a role-playing game originally published by Fantasy Productions in 1978. ""High Fantasy"" is a fantasy system. The rules feature a spell-point magic system and four main character classes: warriors, wizards, animal masters, and alchemists (who may make and use firearms). The game includes rules for combat, experience (which gives advances in skill level), brief monster descriptions, and campaign guidelines. The melee combat system relies solely on the use of percentile dice, and each character and monster has a chance to hit and a chance to dodge, and it is the difference between these which determines"
"Wizards (board game) Wizards is a fantasy board game designed by Thomas Mosbø and Coral Mosbø. ""Wizards"" is a game of high fantasy in the ""Enchanted Isles"". The game is set in an original fantasy world. The players each take the role of a druid, a wizard, or a sorcerer (who get their power from the dragons), and they must work together against the ""Evil Spirit"". If they are unable to thwart the Evil Spirit, all the players lose, but if one is able to complete enough ""Tasks"" and collect the ""Sacred Gems"" in time, that player alone wins the"
"Spellbinder (game) Spellbinder (also known as Waving Hands) is a 1977 pencil-and-paper game invented by Richard Bartle and first published in his fanzine, ""Sauce of the Nile"". It has since been re-created in a variety of formats, including software for the X Window System, play-by-email, Java applet, Android application, and web-based. Two or more players take the role of wizards, and the object of the game is to be the last wizard standing. Wizards can cast spells at other wizards, themselves, or summoned monsters. These spells are cast through gestures: each turn, the player chooses two gestures, one for each"