"share them with Apple technicians. The concepts were adopted by Apple and later Microsoft. With the help of these innovations, Apple and Microsoft came to dominate the personal computing revolution of the 1980s, whereas Xerox was not a major player. Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester as The Haloid Photographic Company, which originally manufactured photographic paper and equipment. In 1938 Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate and dry powder ""toner"". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to"
"sell the invention to International Business Machines (IBM), the great vendor of office equipment, but no one at the company saw merit in the concept—it is not clear that anyone at IBM even 'understood' the concept. His next-to-last attempt to garner the interest—and funds—he needed to commercialize the physics was a meeting with the Department of the Navy. The Navy had a specific interest in the production of dry copies, but they did not ""see"" what Carlson saw. On October 6, 1942, the Patent Office issued Carlson's patent on electrophotography. When Carlson was close to giving up on getting his"
"sell his invention to some companies, but failed because the process was still underdeveloped. At the time, multiple copies were most commonly made at the point of document origination, using carbon paper or manual duplicating machines, and people did not see the need for an electronic machine. Between 1939 and 1944, Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including IBM and General Electric—neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers. In 1944, the Battelle Memorial Institute, a non-profit organization in Columbus, Ohio, contracted with Carlson to refine his new process. Over the next five years, the"
"CEO of the newly formed company, UAL Corporation, a position he held from 1971–1979. In his first two years, he turned the nearly bankrupt airline profitable. Carlson is credited with bringing the 1962 World's Fair—the Century 21 Exposition—to Seattle. His napkin sketch of tower with a revolving restaurant on top, inspired by the Stuttgart Tower, was the origin of the Space Needle. Harvard Business School named Carlson one of the great business leaders of the twentieth century. Carlson was (along with Henry Broderick) one of the two leaders of the successful 1948 initiative that re-legalized the sale of liquor by"
"the Busicom, based on Intel 4004 in 1971, Casio Mini and Sharp EL-805 in 1972. Friden, Inc. Friden Calculating Machine Company (Friden, Inc.) was an American manufacturer of typewriters and mechanical, later electronic calculators. It was founded by Carl Friden in San Leandro, California, in 1934. Friden electromechanical calculators were robust and popular. In 1957, Friden purchased the Commercial Controls Corporation of Rochester, New York. This gave them the Flexowriter teleprinter, an electric typewriter capable of being used as part of unit record equipment developed in World War II for the Department of the Navy to automatically type ""regret to"
"the company to Rochester, New York in 1909 to be closer to the Haloid Company, his main source of photographic paper and chemicals. The Rectigraph Company was acquired by the Haloid Company in 1935. In 1948 Haloid purchased the rights to produce Chester Carlson's xerographic equipment and in 1958 the firm was reorganized to Haloid Xerox, Inc., which in 1961 was renamed Xerox Corporation. Haloid continued selling Rectigraph machines into the 1960s. The Photostat brand machine, differing in operation from the Rectigraph but with the same purpose of the photographic copying of documents, was invented in Kansas City by Oscar"
"throughout the 1930s. In the 1950s it was possible to buy toys featuring radioactive ores, such as the ""Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory,"" which included a Geiger counter and cloud chamber. Alfred Carlton Gilbert earned money by performing magic tricks while a medical student at Yale. He and John Petrie formed the Mysto Manufacturing Company (later the A. C. Gilbert Company) in 1909, and began selling boxed magic sets. By 1917, they sold chemistry sets, which they produced through World War II, in spite of restrictions on materials. Robert Treat Johnson, noting the number of chemistry students at Yale whose"
"Rochester, New York in 1935, which was bought by the Haloid Company. At Haloid, he became director of research in 1938, and was instrumental in turning it from a $7 million company into a billion-dollar copier company, which became the Xerox Corporation. It was Dessauer who spotted an article about electrostatic photography, later known as xerography in ""Monthly Abstract Bulletin"" in April 1945 and recognized its potential for copying. Together with Chester Carlson who discovered the process and businessman Joseph C. Wilson, they developed its use for reproducing documents and letters. The copier was first sold in 1959. During his"
"the first year of its production, its sales became 40% of the company's income. Beckman spun off a separate company, the Helipot Corporation, to take on the electronics component manufactory. Linus Pauling at Caltech was also doing secret work for the military. The National Defense Research Committee called a meeting on October 3, 1940, wanting an instrument that could reliably measure oxygen content in a mixture of gases, so that they could measure oxygen conditions in submarines and airplanes. Pauling designed the Pauling oxygen meter for them. Originally approached to supply housing boxes for the meter by Holmes Sturdivant, Pauling's"
"Corporation, a company formed by Allen Paulson, which acquired the Grumman American Aviation Corporation for $32 million and $20.5 million in preferred stock. The company, was a subsidiary of the Grumman Aerospace Corporation, that manufactured and sold the Gulfstream II executive aircraft. Gulfstream American also manufactured the Gulfstream American Hustler. In 1980, Henderson sold his interest in Gulfstream American for approximately three times the original investment. In 1981, Henderson self-published the book ""Turn the Clock Back Sam"", which presented his libertarian ideas about having less federal government and raising fewer taxes. Henderson's friend, Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, wrote the foreword"
"stake in the company, would purchase the remaining 45%, held by JPMorgan Chase. Carlson Wagonlit Travel Carlson Wagonlit Travel (CWT) is a company managing business travel, meetings and events for companies, governments and non-governmental organizations. Tracing its origins back to the 1870s' invention of rail sleeping cars and the creation of Compagnie International des Wagons-Lits by Belgian Georges Nagelmackers, CWT is a privately held travel management company, wholly owned by Carlson Companies. Headquartered in Paris, the company reported $23 billion in total transaction values in 2016 and recorded almost 59 million transactions. The company has over 18,000 employees across nearly"
"profitable searchlight business. Within a decade, it was the largest producer of military searchlights in the country. Finch bought out Carlisle's share of the company in 1917. Over the ensuing decades, it began producing equipment for civilian use, with its searchlights being used in lighthouses and on offshore oil rigs. Typically, in lighthouses the Aerobeacon was used to replace a Fresnel lens. Carlisle & Finch Carlisle & Finch is a producer of nautical equipment and searchlights, and the inventor of the electric toy train. It is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. Founded in 1894 by Robert Finch and Morton Carlisle, the"
"a convergence in some high-end machines between the roles of a photocopier, a fax machine, a scanner, and a computer network-connected printer into a multi-function printer. Lower-end machines that can copy and print in color have increasingly dominated the home-office market as their prices fell steadily through 2017. Higher-end color photocopiers capable of handling heavy duty cycles and large-format printing remain a costlier specialty for print and design shops. Chester Carlson, the inventor of photocopying, was originally a patent attorney, as well as a part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the patent office in New York required him to"
"subsequently ""Broughtons & Co.(Bristol) Ltd"" of the UK. The ""Nippon Calculating Machine Corp"" was incorporated in 1945 and changed its name in 1967 to ""Business Computer Corporation"", Busicom. Due to a recession in Japan in 1974, Busicom became the first major Japanese company in the calculator industry to fail. Originally, they made Odhner type mechanical calculators and then moved on to electronic calculators always using state of the art designs. They made the first calculator with a microprocessor for their top of the line machines and they were the first to make calculators with an all-in-one calculator chip, the Mostek"
"as well. Testor Corporation Testor Corporation is an American manufacturer of model kits, tools, and accessories based in Rockford, Illinois and is part of RPM International. Axel Karlson had been producing a product known as ""Karlsons Klister"" (""klister"" being Swedish for glue), which was originally intended for use in the repair of women's stockings, but had quickly found use in other applications as well. In February 1929, Karlson convinced Nils F. Testor, then the manager of an F.W. Woolworth store in the Swedish district of Rockford, Illinois, to serve as office manager of his new enterprise. It was a relatively"
"Dyson (company) Dyson Ltd is a British technology company established by James Dyson in 1991. It designs and manufactures household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, hand dryers, bladeless fans, heaters and hair dryers. As of February 2018, Dyson had more than 12,000 employees worldwide. In 1974, James Dyson bought a Hoover Junior vacuum cleaner, which became clogged quickly and lost suction over time. Frustrated, Dyson emptied the bag to try to restore the suction but this had no effect. On opening the bag to investigate, he noticed a layer of dust inside, clogging the fine material mesh. Later on, Dyson"
"air conditioners. In 1946, Watson opened Western Machine Co., a machine shop and contract manufacturing business. In 1946, Watson made a prototype of his new cart and presented it to a group of 10 grocery store owners in the Kansas City area. One of those present during the presentation was local grocery store owner Fred E. Taylor who was impressed with the design and would later become co-founder of Telescope Carts, Inc. George O'Donnell, a salesman from Oak Park, Illinois would also join the company. Watson's design was a major improvement to those previous to the introduction of the telescope"
"the company began focusing exclusively on rolling steel door products. In 2008, Cornell Iron Works acquired the Cookson Door Company, another manufacturer of rolling steel door systems that was founded by the Cookson family in 1938. CornellCookson still manufactures its products in the United States, with principal manufacturing sites in Pennsylvania and Arizona. Acquired by Griffon for $542 million in 2010, the AMES Companies (""Ames"") are a leading global provider of non-powered lawn and garden tools and accessories, including include long handle tools, wheelbarrows, planters, snow tools, striking tools, pruning tools, garden hoses, and clotheslines. AMES is one of the"
"chair, and colluding with Brown and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, to make sure the first electric chair was powered by a Westinghouse AC generator. This was a period of industrial consolidation and by 1890 over a dozen electric companies had merged down to three; Edison (now Edison General Electric), Thomson-Houston, and Westinghouse. By the early 1890s the latter two were generating profits far in advance of the DC-based Edison company. During this period Thomas Edison left the electric power business and the company he founded was beginning to add AC technology to its system. Edison Electric's"
"Becton Dickinson Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) is an American medical technology company that manufactures and sells medical devices, instrument systems, and reagents. Founded in 1897 and headquartered in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, BD employs nearly 50,000 people in more than 50 countries throughout the world. In the fiscal year ending September 30, 2009, 60% of BD sales were generated from non-U.S. markets. The company's customers include health care institutions, science researchers, clinical laboratories, the pharmaceutical industry, and the general public. BD was one of the first companies to sell U.S.-made glass syringes. It was also a pioneer in the"
"in Newcastle, the Science Museum in London, and the Electric Power and Historical Museum, in Yokohama, Japan. Parsons also patented and made novel searchlight mirrors between 1894 and 1923. C. A. Parsons and Company C. A. Parsons and Company was a British engineering firm which was once one of the largest employers on Tyneside. The company became Reyrolle Parsons in 1968, merged with Clarke Chapman to form Northern Engineering Industries in 1977, became part of Rolls-Royce plc in 1989, and still survives today as a division of Siemens. The Company was founded by Charles Algernon Parsons in 1889 to produce"
"JB Carlson JB Carlson (born February 1974) is an American founder, businessman, social entrepreneur, CEO, and Executive Director. Carlson founded Carlson Corporation in 1993 (Indianapolis, IN), JB Carlson Corporation (Indianapolis) Pacesetter Finishing Inc. and Carlson Media Group, Inc. in 2001 (Delaware). Carlson Universal, Carlson Universal Holdings, Blue Ocean Bamboo, Red Ocean Oak, Carlson Fellows, Carlson Comprehensive, Carlson Imperatives NGO (non-governmental organization), Carlson Accord, Carlson EAR (a medical device company) and Carlson Media Publishing. Ray Redford was JB Carlson's grandfather. Redford owed and operated the largest moving and storage company in Detroit, Michigan during the 1940s - 1950's operating in 11"
"his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 1941, McMahon continued at M.I.T. as a research associate, and joined Dr. Collins in working on the development of a small, portable oxygen machine for the Office for Scientific Research and Development, with funding from the Navy Department. Earl Stevenson, then president of Arthur D. Little, Inc., had recruited Collins and McMahon for this work. When McMahon was hired at ADL in 1943, he continued to collaborate with Dr. Collins on the application of very low temperatures to liquefying gases. Between 1945 and 1947 the Collins Helium Cryostat was engineered and became available for"
"encircled a wide range of forest products. Besides the box industry, there were timber holdings, saw mills, re-manufacturing plants and complete lumber sales and distribution divisions. With good management and strong business ethics, it weathered the depression and by the end of World War II, the corporation was a multimillion-dollar operation. It was during the depression years that Johnson met Carl Friden, a Swedish-born engineer who had perfected and patented a revolutionary rotorized calculator. Friden had been very successful with his designs, but had met ruin with the stock market crash of 1929. In 1933, after Friden had spent years"
"earth’s atmosphere to study the vacuum ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum. Today, McPherson instruments are employed in laboratory environments around the world, for spectroscopic analysis in the infrared, visible, vacuum ultraviolet, and soft x-ray regions. The Company was founded as ""McPherson Instrument Corporation"" by Paul McPherson (1920 - 1972) and operated as a sole proprietorship until 1967 when it was sold to now defunct GCA Corporation. It was operated as GCA/McPherson, a division of GCA Corporation, until 1981 when it was sold to D. M. Schoeffel. It has operated under various names: McPherson - Division of SI Corporation, McPherson"
"It was soon described in the company's advertising as the best selling printer in the United States. In July 1982, Shinshu Seiki officially named itself the Epson Corporation and launched the world's first handheld computer, HX-20 (HC-20), and in May 1983 the world's first portable color LCD TV was developed and launched by the company. In November 1985, Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd. and the Epson Corporation merged to form Seiko Epson Corporation. The company developed the Micro Piezo inkjet technology, which used a piezoelectric crystal in each nozzle and did not heat the ink at the print head while spraying"
"Casio Casio was established as Kashio Seisakujo in April 1946 by Tadao Kashio ( 1917-1993), an engineer specializing in fabrication technology. Kashio's first major product was the yubiwa pipe, a finger ring that would hold a cigarette, allowing the wearer to smoke the cigarette down to its nub while also leaving the wearer's hands free. Japan was impoverished immediately following World War II, so cigarettes were valuable, and the invention was a success. After seeing the electric calculators at the first Business Show in Ginza, Tokyo in 1949, Kashio and his younger brothers (Toshio, Kazuo and Yukio) used their profits"
"Carlson Companies Carlson (often referred to by its previous name Carlson Companies) is an American privately held international corporation in the travel industries. Headquartered in Minnetonka, Minnesota, a Minneapolis suburb, Carlson brands and services, including franchised operations, employ more than 175,000 people in more than 160 countries and territories. The company's 2012 sales, including those from franchised operations, totaled $37.6 billion. It is one of the largest family-held corporations in the United States. Carlson was founded in 1938 as the Gold Bond Stamp Company by Curt Carlson, who used a $55 loan to start his venture. Founded during the Great"
"Setchell Carlson The Setchell Carlson Company was a manufacturer of radios, electronic equipment, and televisions from 1928 until the 1960s. The company was founded in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1928 by Bart Setchell and Carl Donald Carlson under the name ""Karadio Corporation"", and its first product was a car radio. The company took the name Setchell Carlson in 1934, and produced consumer radios. During World War II, the company switched to war production, and its most prominent product was the BC-1206-C aviation range receiver. After the war, the company moved to New Brighton, Minnesota, in 1949, and produced televisions, which"
"Testor Corporation Testor Corporation is an American manufacturer of model kits, tools, and accessories based in Rockford, Illinois and is part of RPM International. Axel Karlson had been producing a product known as ""Karlsons Klister"" (""klister"" being Swedish for glue), which was originally intended for use in the repair of women's stockings, but had quickly found use in other applications as well. In February 1929, Karlson convinced Nils F. Testor, then the manager of an F.W. Woolworth store in the Swedish district of Rockford, Illinois, to serve as office manager of his new enterprise. It was a relatively risky move"
"to have innovated the refrigerator light, the upright freezer, and the ""Air Sweep"" mechanism for distributing conditioned air. In 1956, Hupp Corporation acquired Gibson. In 1967 Hupp merged with White Consolidated Industries. It is currently owned by Electrolux. Gibson Appliance Gibson was founded by Joshua Hall in Belding, Michigan, in 1877 as the Belding-Hall Company selling cabinets that housed blocks of ice (ice-boxes). The area around Belding, Michigan, had a skilled workforce of Danish craftsman and a good supply of hardwoods including ash. The company was purchased by Frank Gibson, a competing manufacturer of ""ice refrigerators"" in the early 1900s."
"Additionally, on behalf of the Department of Homeland Security: National Science Foundation projects: In the 1940s, Battelle's Vice-President of Engineering, John Crout made it possible for Battelle researchers, including William Bixby and Paul Andrus, to develop Chester Carlson's concept of dry copying. Carlson had been turned down for funding by more than a dozen agencies including the U.S. Navy. Work led to the first commercial xerographic equipment, and to the formation of Xerox corporation. Battelle also developed the first nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors, numerous advances in metallurgy that helped advance the United States space program, algorithms and coatings"
"which greatly favored bagged vacuum cleaners. Dyson sued the European Commission, resulting in a judgement requiring testing be done under normal usage conditions. Dyson (company) Dyson Ltd is a British technology company established by James Dyson in 1991. It designs and manufactures household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, hand dryers, bladeless fans, heaters and hair dryers. As of February 2018, Dyson had more than 12,000 employees worldwide. In 1974, James Dyson bought a Hoover Junior vacuum cleaner, which became clogged quickly and lost suction over time. Frustrated, Dyson emptied the bag to try to restore the suction but this had"