"oxygen atom. Literally, the term ""dihydrogen monoxide"" means ""two hydrogen, one oxygen"", consistent with its molecular formula: the prefix """" in ""dihydrogen"" means ""two"", the prefix """" in ""monoxide"" means ""one"", and an oxide is an oxygen atom attached to another atom in an ionic compound. Using chemical nomenclature, various names for water are in common use within the scientific community. Some such names include ""hydrogen oxide"", as well as an alkali name of ""hydrogen hydroxide"", and several acid names such as ""hydric acid"", ""hydroxic acid"", ""hydroxyl acid"", and ""hydroxilic acid"". The term ""hydroxyl acid"" used in the original text"
"Dioxygen difluoride Dioxygen difluoride is a compound of fluorine and oxygen with the molecular formula . It can exist as an orange-colored solid which melts into a red liquid at . It is an extremely strong oxidant and decomposes into oxygen and fluorine even at at a rate of 4% per day: its lifetime at room temperature is thus extremely short. Dioxygen difluoride reacts vigorously with nearly every chemical it encounters – even ordinary ice – leading to its onomatopoeic nickname ""FOOF"" (a play on its chemical structure and its explosive tendencies). Dioxygen difluoride can be obtained by subjecting a"
"commonly marketed as cyclohexanehexone octahydrate, hexaketocyclohexane octahydrate, triquinoyl octahydrate and similar names. Its true nature was suspected since the 1950s or earlier, but was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis only in 2005 Dodecahydroxycyclohexane Dodecahydroxycyclohexane is an organic compound with molecular formula COH or C(OH). It is a sixfold geminal diol with a cyclohexane backbone and can be regarded as a sixfold hydrate of cyclohexanehexone (CO). The dihydrate COH·2HO can be crystallized from methanol as colorless plates or prisms, that decompose at about 100 C. This compound was synthetized by J. Lerch in 1862 by oxidation of benzenehexol C(OH) or tetrahydroxy-""p""-benzoquinone"
"Dimethyldioxirane Dimethyldioxirane (DMDO), also referred to as Murray's reagent in reference to Robert W. Murray, is a dioxirane derived from acetone and can be considered as a monomer of acetone peroxide. It is a powerful yet selective oxidizing agent which finds use in organic synthesis. It is known only in the form of a dilute solution, usually in acetone, and hence the properties of the pure material are largely unknown. DMDO is not commercially available because of its instability. DMDO can be prepared by the reaction of acetone with oxone, where the potassium peroxymonosulfate is the active ingredient: The preparation"
"Oxygen difluoride Oxygen difluoride is the chemical compound with the formula OF. As predicted by VSEPR theory, the molecule adopts a ""bent"" molecular geometry similar to that of water, but it has very different properties, being a strong oxidizer. Oxygen difluoride was first reported in 1929; it was obtained by the electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid containing small quantities of water. The modern preparation entails the reaction of fluorine with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, with sodium fluoride as a side-product: Its powerful oxidizing properties are suggested by the oxidation number of +2 for the"
"""oxycarbons"" with formulas CO, namely CO, CO, CO, CO, ..., and to have identified the last two; however only CO is known. In 1891 Marcellin Berthelot observed that heating pure carbon monoxide at about 550 °C created small amounts of carbon dioxide but no trace of carbon, and assumed that a carbon-rich oxide was created instead, which he named ""sub-oxide"". He assumed it was the same product obtained by electric discharge and proposed the formula CO. Otto Diels later stated that the more organic names dicarbonylmethane and dioxallene were also correct. It is commonly described as an oily liquid or"
"Oxidation with dioxiranes Oxidation with dioxiranes refers to the introduction of oxygen into organic molecules through the action of a dioxirane. Dioxiranes are well known for their oxidation of alkenes to epoxides; however, they are also able to oxidize other unsaturated functionality, heteroatoms, and alkane C-H bonds. Dioxiranes may be produced through the action of KHSO on carbonyl compounds. Because of their low-lying σ* orbital, they are highly electrophilic oxidants and react with unsaturated functional groups, Y-H bonds (yielding oxygen insertion products), and heteroatoms. The most common dioxiranes employed for organic synthesis are dimethyldioxirane (DMD) and trifluoromethyl-methyldioxirane (TFD). The latter"
"Diborane Diborane(6), generally known as diborane is the chemical compound consisting of boron and hydrogen with the formula BH. It is a colorless, pyrophoric gas with a repulsively sweet odor. Synonyms include boroethane, boron hydride, and diboron hexahydride. Diborane is a key boron compound with a variety of applications. It has attracted wide attention for its electronic structure. Its derivatives are useful reagents. Diborane adopts a D structure containing four terminal and two bridging hydrogen atoms. The model determined by molecular orbital theory indicates that the bonds between boron and the terminal hydrogen atoms are conventional 2-center, 2-electron covalent bonds."
"Dimethylglyoxime Dimethylglyoxime is a chemical compound described by the formula CHC(NOH)C(NOH)CH. Its abbreviation is dmgH for neutral form, and dmgH for anionic form, where H stands for hydrogen. This colourless solid is the dioxime derivative of the diketone butane-2,3-dione (also known as diacetyl). DmgH is used in the analysis of palladium or nickel. Its coordination complexes are of theoretical interest as models for enzymes and as catalysts. Many related ligands can be prepared from other diketones, e.g. benzil. Dimethylglyoxime can be prepared from butanone first by reaction with ethyl nitrite to give biacetyl monoxime. The second oxime is installed using"
"Sodium dichloroisocyanurate Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (INN: sodium troclosene, ""troclosenum natricum"" or NaDCC or SDIC) is a chemical compound widely used as a cleansing agent and disinfectant. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. The dihydrate is also known () as is the potassium salt (). It is mainly used as a disinfectant, biocide and industrial deodorant. It is found in some modern water purification tablets/filters. It is more efficient than the formerly used halazone water disinfectant. In these applications, it is a slow-release source of chlorine in low concentrations at a relatively constant rate. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize"
"Dodecahydroxycyclohexane Dodecahydroxycyclohexane is an organic compound with molecular formula COH or C(OH). It is a sixfold geminal diol with a cyclohexane backbone and can be regarded as a sixfold hydrate of cyclohexanehexone (CO). The dihydrate COH·2HO can be crystallized from methanol as colorless plates or prisms, that decompose at about 100 C. This compound was synthetized by J. Lerch in 1862 by oxidation of benzenehexol C(OH) or tetrahydroxy-""p""-benzoquinone C(OH)O and characterized by R. Nietzki and others in 1885, although the product was for a long time assumed to be hexaketocyclohexane with water of crystallization (CO·8HO). Indeed, this product is still"
"octahydrate"" or equivalent names is actually dodecahydroxycyclohexane dihydrate, a solid that decomposes at 95 °C. In 1966, H. E. Worne of Natick Chemical Industries patented compounds with formulas CO and CO, which can be described as the fusion of two or three molecules of CO, claimed to be produced by the action of ultraviolet radiation on a hot water solution of the parent compound. In the late 1940s, W. Hale claimed that triquinoyl, being a trimer of W. Koch's glyoxylide, should be just as effective as the latter against ""diabetes, arthritis, poliomyelitis, and even cancer"". Even though there is no"
"Diethyl ether peroxide Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of organic peroxides that slowly form in diethyl ether upon storage under air, light, or in the presence of metal by autoxidation. Diethyl ether hydroperoxide (CH-CH-O-CH(OOH)-CH) is a colorless liquid of low viscosity with a pleasant smell. Upon heating it weakly deflagrates, resulting in a fog of acetic acid and water. Diethyl ether hydroperoxide decomposes in the presence of sodium hydroxide and Fe-containing salts. Diethyl ether peroxide, also known as ethylidene peroxide, (-CH(CH)OO-) is a polymerization product of diethyl ether hydroperoxide. It is a colorless oily liquid that is an extremely"
"Dithionic acid Dithionic acid, HSO, is a chemical compound known only in solution. Dithionic acid is diprotic and salts called dithionates are known. No acid salts (i.e.: one proton lost) have been discovered. All dithionates are readily soluble in water. They are mild oxidizing and mild reducing agents. The shape of the dithionate ion is like ethane, but two SO groups adopt an almost eclipsed conformation. The S—S bond length is about 2.15 Å; the S—O bonds are rather short with a bond length of 1.43 Å. Dithionates can be made by oxidizing a sulfite (from the +4 to the"
"Dihydroxydisulfane Dihydroxydisulfane or hypodithionous acid is a reduced sulfur oxyacid with sulfur in a formal oxidation state of +1. The structural formula is HOSSOH, with all atoms arranged in a chain. It is an isomer of thiosulfurous acid but is lower in energy. Other isomers include HOS(=O)SH, HOS(=S)OH, and HS(=O)SH. Disulfur monoxide, SO, can be considered as the anhydride. Unlike many of these other reduced sulfur acids, dihydroxydislfane can be formed in a pure state by reacting hydrogen sulfide with sulfur dioxide at −70 °C in dichlorodifluoromethane. Dihyroxydisulfane may exist in an equilibrium with thiosulfurous acid. Organic derivatives such as"
"Dioxirane In chemistry, dioxirane is a heterocyclic compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms; it may be thought of as the smallest cyclic organic peroxide. The compound is highly unstable and has never been observed at room temperature. Compounds containing dioxirane as a functional group, called dioxiranes, often possess better stability and are used in organic synthesis as oxidizing reagents, most notably as the key catalytic intermediate in the Shi epoxidation reaction. Other common derivatives employed in organic synthesis include dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) and the more reactive methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane, which are prepared as dilute solutions (~0.1 M) by treatment of"
"Trioxidane Trioxidane (also systematically named μ-trioxidanediidodihydrogen), also called hydrogen trioxide or dihydrogen trioxide, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written as or ). It is one of the unstable hydrogen polyoxides (and therefore hydrogen chalcogenides). In aqueous solutions, trioxidane decomposes to form water and singlet oxygen: The reverse reaction, the addition of singlet oxygen to water, typically does not occur in part due to the scarcity of singlet oxygen. In biological systems, however, ozone is known to be generated from singlet oxygen, and the presumed mechanism is an antibody-catalyzed production of trioxidane from singlet oxygen. Trioxidane can"
"Oxalic anhydride Oxalic anhydride or ethanedioic anhydride, also called oxiranedione, is a hypothetical organic compound with the formula CO, which can be viewed as the anhydride of oxalic acid or the two-fold ketone of ethylene oxide. It is an oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon). The simple compound apparently has yet to be observed (as of 2009). In 1998, however, P. Strazzolini and others have claimed the synthesis of dioxane tetraketone (CO), which can be viewed as the cyclic dimer of oxalic anhydride. It has been conjectured to be a fleeting intermediate in the thermal decomposition of certain oxalates and certain"
"high concentrations, it can cause dizziness, disorientation and ultimately unconsciousness. Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen disulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula HS. This hydrogen chalcogenide is a pale yellow volatile liquid with a camphor-like odor. It decomposes readily to hydrogen sulfide (HS) and elemental sulfur. The structure of hydrogen disulfide is similar to that of hydrogen peroxide, with C point group symmetry. Both molecules are distinctly nonplanar.The dihedral angle is 90.6°, compared with 111.5° in HO. The H−S−S bond angle is 92°, close to 90º for unhybridized divalent sulfur. Hydrogen disulfide can be synthesised by dissolving alkali or alkaline earth"
"wary of them."" Dihydroxyacetone Dihydroxyacetone (DHA), also known as glycerone, is a simple saccharide (a triose) with formula . DHA is primarily used as an ingredient in sunless tanning products. It is often derived from plant sources such as sugar beets and sugar cane, and by the fermentation of glycerin. DHA is a hygroscopic white crystalline powder. It has a sweet cooling taste and a characteristic odor. It is the simplest of all ketoses and has no chiral center or optical activity. The normal form is a dimer (2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-diol) which is slowly soluble in one part water and 15 parts"
"1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane () is a heterocyclic organic compound, classified as an ether. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. The compound is often called simply dioxane because the other dioxane isomers (1,2- and 1,3-) are rarely encountered. Dioxane is used as a solvent for a variety of practical applications as well as in the laboratory, and also as a stabilizer for the transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons in aluminum containers. Dioxane is produced by the acid-catalysed dehydration of diethylene glycol, which in turn is obtained from the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. In"
"Cadmium hydride Cadmium hydride (systematically named cadmium dihydride) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written as or ). It is a solid, known only as a thermally unstable, insoluble white powder. The systematic name ""cadmium dihydride"", a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. ""Cadmium dihydride"" is also used to refer to the related molecular compound ""dihydridocadmium"" and its oligomers. Care should be taken to avoid confusing the two compounds. ""Cadmium hydride"" is also used as a compositional IUPAC name for the compound with the chemical formula CdH. In 1950 a research group led"
"eye irritation can also occur. Studies in animals have shown that diborane causes the same type of effects observed in humans. People exposed for a long time to low amounts of diborane have experienced respiratory irritation, seizures, fatigue, drowsiness, confusion, and occasional transient tremors. Diborane Diborane(6), generally known as diborane is the chemical compound consisting of boron and hydrogen with the formula BH. It is a colorless, pyrophoric gas with a repulsively sweet odor. Synonyms include boroethane, boron hydride, and diboron hexahydride. Diborane is a key boron compound with a variety of applications. It has attracted wide attention for its"
"Dicoronylene Dicoronylene is the trivial name for a very large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Its formal name is benzo[10,11]phenanthro[2',3',4',5',6':4,5,6,7]chryseno[1,2,3-""bc""]coronene (IUPAC name) or benzo[1,2,3-""bc"":4,5,6-b'c']dicoronene (name sometimes used in Chemical Abstracts). It has 15 rings and is a brick-red solid. Its formula is . Dicoronylene sublimes under high vacuum, 0.001 torr, between 250 °C and 300 °C. Due to its large size and limited availability, the organic chemistry of dicoronylene is little known. Dicoronylene does undergo a Diels–Alder reaction with maleic anhydride on one or both of the central bay regions on either side of the bridging ring. The double bond of maleic"
"Disodium phosphate Disodium phosphate (DSP), or sodium hydrogen phosphate, or sodium phosphate dibasic, is the inorganic compound with the formula NaHPO. It is one of several sodium phosphates. The salt is known in anhydrous form as well as forms with 2, 7, 8, and 12 hydrates. All are water-soluble white powders; the anhydrous salt being hygroscopic. The pH of disodium hydrogen phosphate water solution is between 8.0 and 11.0, meaning it is moderately basic: It can be generated by neutralization of phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide: Industrially It is prepared in a two-step process by treating dicalcium phosphate with sodium"
"separation material. Dicoronylene Dicoronylene is the trivial name for a very large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Its formal name is benzo[10,11]phenanthro[2',3',4',5',6':4,5,6,7]chryseno[1,2,3-""bc""]coronene (IUPAC name) or benzo[1,2,3-""bc"":4,5,6-b'c']dicoronene (name sometimes used in Chemical Abstracts). It has 15 rings and is a brick-red solid. Its formula is . Dicoronylene sublimes under high vacuum, 0.001 torr, between 250 °C and 300 °C. Due to its large size and limited availability, the organic chemistry of dicoronylene is little known. Dicoronylene does undergo a Diels–Alder reaction with maleic anhydride on one or both of the central bay regions on either side of the bridging ring. The double bond"
"Dicarbonate In organic chemistry, a dicarbonate, also known as a pyrocarbonate, is a compound containing the divalent [−O−(C=O)−O−(C=O)−O−] or −− functional group, which consists of two carbonate groups sharing an oxygen atom. These compounds can be viewed as double esters of a hypothetical dicarbonic acid, or HO−(C=O)−O−(C=O)−OH. Two important examples are dimethyl dicarbonate HC−CO−CH and di-""tert""-butyl dicarbonate (HC−)C−CO−C(−CH). It is one of the oxocarbon anions, consisting solely of oxygen and carbon. Dicarbonate salts are apparently unstable but may have a fleeting existence in carbonate solutions. The term ""dicarbonate"" is sometimes used erroneously to refer to bicarbonate, the common name of"
"group in organic reactions. Dithionous acid Dithionous acid is a sulfur oxoacid with the chemical formula HSO. It is unstable in pure form, but its salts, known as dithionites, are stable. It was initially assumed that the ""C"" symmetric structure HOS(=O)-S(=O)OH is the most stable among molecules with the formula using ab initio calculations. The reason for this is the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It is now known that dithionous acid spontaneously decomposes to SO and S(OH). Sodium dithionite is a white powder used as a reductant and a bleaching agent. It is also used to reduce the nitro"
"by Cliff Addison and Noramn Logan at the University of Nottingham in the UK during the 1960s and 1970s when highly efficient desiccants and dry boxes started to become available. Dinitrogen tetroxide Dinitrogen tetroxide, commonly referred to as nitrogen tetroxide, is the chemical compound NO. It is a useful reagent in chemical synthesis. It forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide. Dinitrogen tetroxide is a powerful oxidizer that is hypergolic (spontaneously reacts) upon contact with various forms of hydrazine, which has made the pair a common bipropellant for rockets. Dinitrogen tetroxide could be regarded as two nitro groups (-NO) bonded"
"Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula . In its pure form, it is a pale blue, clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water. Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen–oxygen single bond). It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent and antiseptic. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or ""high-test peroxide"", is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry. Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond. Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of light. Because of its instability, hydrogen"
"the hydrogencarbonate anion or organic group the ROCOH. Dicarbonate In organic chemistry, a dicarbonate, also known as a pyrocarbonate, is a compound containing the divalent [−O−(C=O)−O−(C=O)−O−] or −− functional group, which consists of two carbonate groups sharing an oxygen atom. These compounds can be viewed as double esters of a hypothetical dicarbonic acid, or HO−(C=O)−O−(C=O)−OH. Two important examples are dimethyl dicarbonate HC−CO−CH and di-""tert""-butyl dicarbonate (HC−)C−CO−C(−CH). It is one of the oxocarbon anions, consisting solely of oxygen and carbon. Dicarbonate salts are apparently unstable but may have a fleeting existence in carbonate solutions. The term ""dicarbonate"" is sometimes used erroneously"
"molecules of water to produce dihydroxytartaric acid, CHO or HO−(C=O)−(C(OH))−(C=O)−OH. Indeed, the product traded under the name ""dioxosuccinic acid hydrate"" appears to be that substance. On the other hand, dihydroxytartaric acid behaves like dioxosuccinic acid in some reactions; for example, it reacts with ethanol in the presence of hydrogen chloride to yield the ester diethyl dioxosuccinate. Dioxosuccinic acid Dioxosuccinic acid or dioxobutanedioic acid is an organic compound with formula CHO or HO−(C=O)−OH. Removal of two protons from the molecule would yield the dioxosuccinate anion, or O−(C=O)−O. This is one of the oxocarbon anions, which consist solely of carbon and oxygen."
"hydrogen or external reductants, which can reduce waste products. Deoxydehydration Deoxydehydration (DODH) is a chemical reaction for removing two adjacent hydroxyl groups in a vicinal diol to form an alkene. In contrast to hydrodeoxygenation which uses hydrogen as a reductant, deoxydehydration is able to use a variety of other reductants such as alcohols and organic phosphines. In research, the most common homogeneous catalysts for this reaction use rhenium. Recently, research has focused on the use of vanadium heterogeneous catalysts for deoxydehydration, such as the conversion of 2,3-butanediol to butene. Although deoxydehydration over vanadium catalysts requires higher temperatures than over rhenium"