"Terrestrial planet A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the Sun, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The terms ""terrestrial planet"" and ""telluric planet"" are derived from Latin words for Earth (""Terra"" and ""Tellus""), as these planets are, in terms of structure, ""Earth-like"". Terrestrial planets have a solid planetary surface, making them substantially different from the larger giant planets, which are composed mostly of some combination of hydrogen, helium, and water existing in various"
"years, as opposed to the similarly sized Great Red Spot of Jupiter, which has persisted for centuries. Of all known giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune emits the most internal heat per unit of absorbed sunlight, a ratio of approximately 2.6. Saturn, the next-highest emitter, only has a ratio of about 1.8. Uranus emits the least heat, one-tenth as much as Neptune. It is suspected that this may be related to its extreme 98˚ axial tilt. This causes its seasonal patterns to be very different from those of any other planet in the Solar System. There are still no"
"strong absorber of visible and ultraviolet radiation, and can only exist as a gas in a hot atmosphere. WASP-33b is the hottest exoplanet known, with a temperature of and is approximately four and a half times the mass of Jupiter. In February 2016, it was announced that NASA Hubble Space Telescope had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully. The atmospheric circulation of planets that rotate more slowly or have a thicker atmosphere allows more"
"and the Vulcan Stonn in the episode ""Amok Time"". Montaigne was also considered for the original role of Spock on that series. James Sikking would later appear as Captain Styles in the film """" (1984). ""The most brilliant planet in our solar system is Venus, named for the Greek Love-Goddess. It is closer to Earth than any other planet — twenty-eight million miles away. Until sometime in the last half of the twentieth century it is still a planet shrouded in mystery, enveloped in a heavy blanket of clouds and steam. Because its surface temperature was believed to be several"
"be 36,000 K. For the outer planets of the Solar System, internal heating powers the weather and wind instead of sunlight that powers the weather for terrestrial planets. The internal heating within gas giant planets raise temperatures higher than effective temperatures, as in the case of Jupiter, this makes 40 K warmer than given effective temperature. A combination of external and internal heating (which may be a combination of tidal heating and electromagnetic heating) is thought to make giant planets that orbit very close to their stars (hot Jupiters) into ""puffy planets"" (external heating is not thought to be sufficient"
"show evidence of Methane and Acetylene but no Ammonia or Carbon Dioxide. There is currently no explanation why this planet shows strong methane absorption, but the other 3 planets in this system do not, despite all 4 planets having similar atmospheric temperatures. HR 8799 e </math></ref> HR 8799 e is a large exoplanet, orbiting the star HR 8799, which lies 129 lightyears from Earth. This gas giant is between 5 and 10 times the mass of Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System. Due to their young age and high temperature all four discovered planets in the HR 8799"
"HR 8799 e </math></ref> HR 8799 e is a large exoplanet, orbiting the star HR 8799, which lies 129 lightyears from Earth. This gas giant is between 5 and 10 times the mass of Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System. Due to their young age and high temperature all four discovered planets in the HR 8799 system are large, compared to all gas giants in the Solar System. HR 8799 e is the fourth planet orbiting HR 8799 in order of discovery. It is a young, hot and massive gas giant, and is fairly close to its star,"
"The star is host to a planetary system with two planets, Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c. The innermost planet has the highest temperature of any known planet known so far. On December 26, 2011, evidence for two extremely short-period planets was announced. They were detected by the reflection of starlight caused by the planets themselves, rather than through a variation in apparent stellar magnitude caused by them transiting the star. The measurements also suggested a smaller body between the two confirmed planets; this remains unconfirmed. Orbits of Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c have 7:10 orbital resonance and have the closest approach between planets of"
"a temperature of , somewhat cooler than the equilibrium temperature of the Earth. It has a mass of 7.2 , and a likely radius of around 1.05 , based on its high mass. The planet orbits an (F-type) star named Kepler-419. The star has a mass of 1.39 and a radius of 1.75 . It has a surface temperature of 6430 K and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 12."
"effects of internal heating because they are only 5 and 11% the mass of Earth respectively; they are nearly ""geologically dead"" (however, see Mercury's magnetic field and Geological history of Mars). Earth, being more massive, has a great enough ratio of mass to surface area for its internal heating to drive plate tectonics and volcanism. The gas giants have much greater internal heating than terrestrial planets, due to their greater mass and greater compressibility making more energy available from gravitational contraction. Jupiter, the most massive planet in the Solar System, has the most internal heating, with core temperature estimated to"
"surface of its parent star. The team hypothesized that the planet's magnetosphere was transferring energy onto the star's surface, increasing its already high 7,760 °C temperature by an additional 400 °C. Several planets or dwarf planets in the Solar System (such as Neptune and Pluto) have orbital periods that are in resonance with each other or with smaller bodies (this is also common in satellite systems). All except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites, often called ""moons"". Earth has one, Mars has two, and the giant planets have numerous moons in complex planetary-type systems. Many moons of the giant planets"
"the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does. The average temperature on the surface is above the melting points of lead (600 K, 327 °C), tin (505 K, 232 °C), and zinc (693 K, 420 °C). The thick troposphere also makes the difference in temperature between the day and night side small, even though the slow retrograde rotation of the planet causes a single solar"
"has a temperature of . It has a mass of 2.5 and a radius of 0.96 . The planet orbits an (F-type) star named Kepler-419. The star has a mass of 1.39 and a radius 1.75 . It has a surface temperatures of 6430 K and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13. It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with"
"KELT-9b KELT-9b is the hottest gas giant exoplanet known, with a dayside temperature of between 4,050 and 4,600 K, which makes it hotter than M-type stars, and many K-type stars. It orbits HD 195689 (or KELT-9), a late B-type main sequence star about 620 light-years (190 parsecs) from Earth. The host star has a temperature of 10,170 K, which is remarkable, as transiting planets are not usually detected in orbit of hot stars; as a reference, only six A-type stars were known to have planets prior to KELT-9b discovery (WASP-33, an A-type star with a temperature of 7,430 K being"
"by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses), which comprises 99.86% of all the mass in the Solar System, produces temperatures and densities in its core high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, making it a main-sequence star. This releases an enormous amount of energy, mostly radiated into space as electromagnetic radiation peaking in visible light. The Sun is a G2-type main-sequence star. Hotter main-sequence stars are more luminous. The Sun's temperature is intermediate between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun"
"in terms of habitability. Temperature must also be considered as Venus and the planets of Alpha Centauri B (discovered in 2012), Kepler-20 (discovered in 2011), COROT-7 (discovered in 2009) and the three planets of Kepler-42 (all discovered in 2011) are very hot, and Mars, Ganymede and Titan are frigid worlds, resulting also in wide variety of surface and atmospheric conditions. The masses of the Solar System's moons are a tiny fraction of that of Earth whereas the masses of extrasolar planets are very difficult to accurately measure. However discoveries of Earth-sized terrestrial planets are important as they may indicate the"
"Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth's ozone layer, so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations, including variations in human skin color in different regions of the Earth. The Sun has eight known planets. This includes four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars), two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). The Solar System also has at least five dwarf planets, an asteroid belt, numerous comets, and a large number of icy bodies which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. Sun The"
"exoplanet, with the designation WASP-47b, orbiting every 4.17 days. Three years later in 2015, Neveu-Van Malle ""et al."" found a second planet, WASP-47c, orbiting within the habitable zone of the system using the HARPS spectrograph at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. Using data from NASA's K2 mission, Becker ""et al."" (2015) found two more transiting planets, the Hot Neptune WASP-47d and the Mega-Earth WASP-47e, orbiting near WASP-47b. WASP-47 is a G-type main-sequence star of spectral type G9V, making it quite similar to the Sun. It is 1.11 and 1.16 , with a temperature of 5576 K and an age"
"body and for a slowly rotating body, or a tidally locked body on the sunlit side. This ratio would be 1 for the subsolar point, the point on the planet directly below the sun and gives the maximum temperature of the planet — a factor of (1.414) greater than the effective temperature of a rapidly rotating planet. Also note here that this equation does not take into account any effects from internal heating of the planet, which can arise directly from sources such as radioactive decay and also be produced from frictions resulting from tidal forces. The Earth has an"
"the planets Jupiter and Saturn. It has a temperature of , close to that of Earth. It has a mass around 1.2 , and a radius less than or equal to around 1.01 . This makes it very similar to Jupiter, in terms of mass and radius. The planet orbits a (G-type) star named Kepler-90. The star has a mass of 1.2 and a radius 1.2 . It has a surface temperatures of 6080 K and has an estimated age of around 2 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature"
"the second most massive and third largest terrestrial planet ever discovered, behind Kepler-277c in radius and PSR J1719-1438 b in both radius and mass. Due to its proximity to its host star, Kepler-277b is quite hot with an equilibrium temperature of about , hot enough to melt certain metals. Kepler-277b orbits close to its host star, with one orbit lasting 17.324 days. Its semi-major axis, or average distance from the parent object, is about 0.136 AU. For comparison, the planet Mercury in our Solar System takes 88 days to orbit at a distance of 0.38 AU. At this distance, Kepler-277b"
"of elements heavier than helium. The planet's effective temperature is 900 K, and is thus the hottest of the planets discovered in the Kepler-11 system. Kepler-11b orbits its host star every 10.30375 days at a distance of .091 AU. Planet Mercury, in comparison, orbits the Sun every 87.97 days from a distance of .387 AU. Kepler-11b's inclination of 88.5° means that it deviates slightly from the orbital plane, but it does so more than the other five planets with which Kepler-11b was discovered. Its close proximity to the star implies a strong insolation, which caused the planet to lose all"
"the distance between the Earth and the Moon), the planet is among the hottest ever detected; its estimated temperature is approximately 1,650 degrees Celsius. ""This star-hugging planet must be at least 1.6 times the mass of Jupiter, otherwise the star's gravitational muscle would pull the planet apart,"" said team leader Kailash Sahu of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. Such USPPs seem to occur only around dwarf stars. The small star's relatively low temperature allows the planet to exist. ""USPPs occur preferentially around normal red dwarf stars that are smaller and cooler than our Sun,"" Sahu said. SWEEPS-10"
"or roughly the pressure found underwater on Earth. Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect. The water has probably photodissociated, and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the"
"its giant host star. Nevertheless, when Aldebaran was a main sequence star, it is likely that the planet had an equilibrium temperature comparable to that of the Earth. The host star, Aldebaran, is an orange giant star, meaning it has moved off from the main sequence and exhausted the supply of hydrogen in the core. It has a spectral class of K5 III. Aldebaran is a K-type star that is 1.16 ± 0.07 times the mass and 44 times the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 3,910 K. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature"
"on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65."
". The planet orbits a (K-type) T Tauri star named TW Hydrae. The star has a mass of 0.8 and a radius of 1.1 . It has a temperature of 4000 K and is about 9 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. Its luminosity () is 28% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 11.27. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TW Hydrae b orbits its host star at a"
"has a mass and radius close to that of Earth. It has an equilibrium temperature of . It has a radius of 0.86 ., and a mass of 2.7 , depending on its composition. The planet orbits a (M-type) red dwarf star named K2-72, orbited by a total of three planets, of which K2-72e has the longest orbital period. The star has a mass of 0.21 and a radius of 0.23 . It has a temperature of 3497 K and its age is unknown. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778"
"on this planet do not seem to change much over time—it has a remarkably stable climate."" Kepler-7 is the largest host star of the first five planets detected by Kepler, and is situated in the Lyra constellation. The star has a radius 184% that of the Sun. Kepler-7 also has 135% the Sun's mass, and thus is larger and more massive (though less dense) than the Sun. It is slightly hotter than the Sun, as Kepler-7 has an effective temperature of . The star is near the end of its life on the main sequence. The star's metallicity is [Fe/H]"
"stratosphere is also home to trace amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. The stratosphere of Neptune is warmer than that of Uranus due to the elevated concentration of hydrocarbons. For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon"
"discovery was made by probing the Balmer Hα line absorption when the planet is transiting in front of its host star. It is tidally locked. The atmosphere of the planet is so hot that refractory elements that would usually be sequestered into molecules can exist as atomic species, including neutral and singly ionized atomic iron (Fe and Fe) and singly ionized titanium (Ti). KELT-9b KELT-9b is the hottest gas giant exoplanet known, with a dayside temperature of between 4,050 and 4,600 K, which makes it hotter than M-type stars, and many K-type stars. It orbits HD 195689 (or KELT-9), a"
"Jupiter's, making its atmosphere fluffy, and coupled with transiting a moderately bright K star makes it a target for atmosphere characterization. It is eight times nearer its star than Mercury is to the Sun and orbits its star every 5.7 days. With a temperature of , its atmosphere makes it one of the hottest known exoplanets. WASP-107b WASP-107b is a super-Neptune exoplanet that lies 200 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Its discovery was announced in 2017 and led by D. R. Anderson and a team of colleagues via the WASP-South. Helium was discovered in the planet's atmosphere"
"similar to that of the Sun. Metallicity plays a vital role in the formation of planets, as a more metal-rich star tends to form more dense planets. Kepler-11 has an effective temperature of 5680 (± 100) K, only slightly cooler than the Sun (5778 K). Kepler-11 hosts six known planets: Kepler-11b, Kepler-11c, Kepler-11d, Kepler-11e, and Kepler-11f, all of which form a tight group well within the orbit of Mercury. Kepler-11g is considerably farther away from Kepler-11 than its five sister planets. According to NASA, the planets orbiting Kepler-11 form the flattest and most compact system known. Kepler-11 has an apparent"