"and Sergey Brin developed PageRank at Stanford University in 1996 as part of a research project about a new kind of search engine. Sergey Brin had the idea that information on the web could be ordered in a hierarchy by ""link popularity"": a page ranks higher as there are more links to it. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998: shortly after, Page and Brin founded Google Inc., the company behind the Google search engine. While just"
"measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones. The new algorithm relied on a new kind of technology that analyzed the relevance of the backlinks that connected one Web page to another, and allowed the number of links and their rank, to determine the rank of the page. Combining their ideas, the pair began utilizing Page's dormitory room as a machine laboratory, and extracted spare parts from inexpensive computers to create a device that they used"
"web crawler into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones. The algorithm relied on a new technology that analyzed the relevance of the backlinks that connected one web page to another. Combining their ideas, the pair began utilizing Page's dormitory room as a machine laboratory, and extracted spare parts from inexpensive computers to create a device that they used to connect the not nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network. After filling Page's"
"the large number of emerging networked information sources and collections."" The SDLP is notable in the history of Google as a primary sources of funding for Lawrence Page and Sergey Brin (Brin was also supported by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship) during the period they developed the precursors and initial versions of the Google search engine prior to the incorporation of Google as a private entity. It was also while at Stanford working under the SDLP that Lawrence Page filed his patent for PageRank. The SDLP itself was funded by coalition of federal agencies including the National Science Foundation as"
"in 2008 that it was the best advice he had ever received. He also considered doing research on telepresence and autonomous cars during this time.<ref name=""doi10.1016/S0169-75529800110-X""></ref> Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages linked to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks as valuable information for that page. The role of citations in academic publishing would also become pertinent for the research. Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford PhD student, would soon join Page's research project, nicknamed ""BackRub."" Together, the pair authored a research paper titled ""The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web"
"room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems. Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in"
"realized the further potential of their project: ""Pretty soon, we had 10,000 searches a day. And we figured, maybe this is really real."" Some compared Page and Brin's vision to the impact of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of modern printing: The comparison was also noted by the authors of ""The Google Story"": ""Not since Gutenberg ... has any new invention empowered individuals, and transformed access to information, as profoundly as Google."" Also, not long after the two ""cooked up their new engine for web searches, they began thinking about information that was at the time beyond the web,"" such as"
"a sitemap and web feeds, allows users to determine the ""crawl rate"", and track the web pages index status. In 1998, two graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, developed ""Backrub"", a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links. PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means"
"Mathematica. , he was on leave from his PhD studies at Stanford. During an orientation for new students at Stanford, he met Larry Page. They seemed to disagree on most subjects. But after spending time together, they ""became intellectual soul-mates and close friends"". Brin's focus was on developing data mining systems while Page's was in extending ""the concept of inferring the importance of a research paper from its citations in other papers"". Together, the pair authored a paper titled ""The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine"". To convert the backlink data gathered by BackRub's web crawler into a"
"with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point. To convert the backlink data that it gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm. While analyzing BackRub's output—which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importance—the pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing techniques (existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page). Convinced that the pages with the most links to"
"to connect the nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network. After filling Page's room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems. Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary"
"Brin, who was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to show around the campus. Both Brin and Page were working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was ""to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library"" and it was funded through the National Science Foundation, among other federal agencies. Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996,"
"ordering of follow-up pages."" Page said that in mid-1998 they finally realized the further potential of their project: ""Pretty soon, we had 10,000 searches a day. And we figured, maybe this is really real."" Some compared Page and Brin's vision to the impact of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of modern printing: The comparison was also noted by the authors of ""The Google Story"": ""Not since Gutenberg... has any new invention empowered individuals, and transformed access to information, as profoundly as Google."" Also, not long after the two ""cooked up their new engine for web searches, they began thinking about information"
"at a ceremony in Chicago, Illinois. In November 2009, ""Forbes"" decided Brin and Page were the fifth most powerful people in the world. Earlier that same year, in February, Brin was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering, which is ""among the highest professional distinctions accorded to an engineer ... [and] honors those who have made outstanding contributions to engineering research, practice..."". He was selected specifically, ""for leadership in development of rapid indexing and retrieval of relevant information from the World Wide Web"". In their ""Profiles"" of Fellows, the National Science Foundation included a number of earlier awards: As of"
"a People's Voice Award for technical achievement, and in 2001, was awarded Outstanding Search Service, Best Image Search Engine, Best Design, Most Webmaster Friendly Search Engine, and Best Search Feature at the Search Engine Watch Awards."" In 2002, Page was named a World Economic Forum Global Leader for Tomorrow and along with Brin, was named by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s ""Technology Review"" publication as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, as part of its yearly TR100 listing (changed to ""TR35"" after 2005). In 2003, both Page and Brin received a"
"with a series of inventions including the light emitting diode (LED), the transistor, the C programming language, and the UNIX computer operating system. SRI International and Xerox PARC in Silicon Valley helped give birth to the personal computer industry, while ARPA and NASA funded the development of the ARPANET and the Internet. Companies like IBM and Apple Computer developed personal computers while Microsoft created operating systems and office productivity software to run on them. With the growth of information on the World Wide Web, search companies like Yahoo! and Google developed technologies to sort and rank web pages based on"
"Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Moggridge conducted the interviews, recorded and edited the videos (included with the book on a DVD), and designed the book and the book's website. Business week named it one of the Best Innovation and Design Books in 2006, and Don Norman wrote, ""This will be the book—the book that summarizes how the technology of interaction came into being and prescribes how it will advance in the future."" He followed this in October 2010 with ""Designing Media"" (The MIT Press, ), another compilation of more than 35 interviews with experts in various media, new and old,"
"Innovators Under 35. In 1999, and then in 2002—2004, MIT Technology Review produced the ""TR100"", a list of ""100 remarkable innovators under the age of 35."" In 2005, this list was renamed the ""TR35"" and shortened to 35 individuals under the age of 35. Notable recipients of the award include Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, PayPal co-founder Max Levchin, Geekcorps creator Ethan Zuckerman, Linux developer Linus Torvalds, BitTorrent developer Bram Cohen, MacArthur ""genius"" bioengineer Jim Collins, investor Micah Siegel and Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen. The list was renamed Innovators Under 35 in 2013. In 2006, ""Technology Review"" was"
"School ""for embodying the entrepreneurial spirit and lending momentum to the creation of new businesses..."". In 2004, they received the Marconi Foundation Prize, the ""Highest Award in Engineering"", and were elected Fellows of the Marconi Foundation at Columbia University. ""In announcing their selection, John Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president, congratulated the two men for their invention that has fundamentally changed the way information is retrieved today."" In 2003, Brin and Page were both Award Recipients and National Finalists for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award In 2004, Brin received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award with Larry Page"
"with users of his machine, applying it to problems in astrophysics, aircraft design, financial analysis, genetics, computer graphics, medical imaging, image understanding, neurobiology, materials science, cryptography, and subatomic physics. At Thinking Machines, he built a team of scientists, designers, and engineers, including people in the field as well as those who later became leaders and innovators in multiple industries. The team included Sydney Brenner, Richard Feynman, Brewster Kahle, and Eric Lander. Among the users of Thinking Machines computers was Sergey Brin, who went on later to found Google, and who used the Connection Machine CM-2 to write parallel processing software"
"can therefore help others as well."" Brin and Wojcicki, although divorced, still jointly run The Brin Wojcicki Foundation. They have donated extensively to The Michael J. Fox Foundation and in 2009 gave $1 million to support the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society. Politically, Brin is a Democrat, having donated money to Barack Obama's re-election campaign and to the DNC. In 2002, Brin, along with Larry Page, was named the MIT Technology Review TR100, as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2003, both Brin and Page received an honorary MBA from IE Business"
"developed the V operating system. He has published profusely in the areas of Distributed Systems and Networking and won the prestigious SIGCOMM award in 2003, in recognition for his lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. Cheriton was the mentor and advisor of students such as: Sergey Brin and Larry Page (founders of Google), Kenneth Duda (founder of Arista Networks), Hugh Holbrook (VP Software Engineering at Arista Networks), Sandeep Singhal (was GM at Microsoft, now at Google), and Kieran Harty (CTO and founder of Tintri). As of 2016, Cheriton is working with Stanford students on transactional memory, making memory"
"National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, developed Mosaic, the first freely available browser to allow World Wide Web pages that include both graphics and text. Within 18 months, NCSA Mosaic becomes the Web browser of choice for more than a million users, and sets off an exponential growth in the number of Web users. In 1994 NSF, together with DARPA and NASA, launched the Digital Library Initiative. One of the first six grants went to Stanford University, where two graduate students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, began to develop a search engine that used"
"and Konstantin Novoselov, who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Emtech The EmTech (short for ""Emerging Technologies"") conference, produced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Technology Review magazine, is an annual conference highlighting invention and new developments in engineering and technology. Started in 1999, the 2011 conference is planned for October 18-19 at MIT. In addition to two days of presentations, the conference highlights the winners of the annual TR35 award, recognizing the world's top 35 innovators under the age of 35. Some of the most famous winners of the award include Larry Page and Sergey Brin (creators of"
"Larry Page met Bechtolsheim on Cheriton's front porch. At the meeting, Bechtolsheim wrote the first cheque to fund their company, Google, and Cheriton joined him with a $200,000 investment. Cheriton was also an early angel investor in compute virtualization leader VMware, which was later acquired for $625M by EMC in 2004. VMware had a successful public offering in 2007. In 2001 Cheriton and Bechtolsheim founded another start-up company, Palo Alto based Kealia. Kealia designed a high-capacity streaming video server; Galaxy, a range of servers based on AMD's Opteron microprocessor; and Thumper, an enterprise-grade network attached storage system. Kealia was bought"
"find an effective means of ignoring links from documents with falsely influenced PageRank. Other link-based ranking algorithms for Web pages include the HITS algorithm invented by Jon Kleinberg (used by Teoma and now Ask.com),the IBM CLEVER project, the TrustRank algorithm and the Hummingbird algorithm. The eigenvalue problem was suggested in 1976 by Gabriel Pinski and Francis Narin, who worked on scientometrics ranking scientific journals, in 1977 by Thomas Saaty in his concept of Analytic Hierarchy Process which weighted alternative choices, and in 1995 by Bradley Love and Steven Sloman as a cognitive model for concepts, the centrality algorithm. Larry Page"
"on Mohamed Morsi versus the very best attractions to visit in Cairo after simply entering ‘Egypt’ as a search term. One such algorithm, PageRank, proposed by Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, is well known and has attracted a lot of attention because it highlights repeat mundanity of web searches courtesy of students that don’t know how to properly research subjects on Google. The idea of doing link analysis to compute a popularity rank is older than PageRank. Other variants of the same idea are currently in use – grade schoolers do the same sort of computations in picking"
"Larry Page, who was working on a research project involving web search. In 1998, Page took a leave of absence from Stanford to co-found Google. In 2002, Winograd took a sabbatical from teaching and spent some time at Google as a visiting researcher. There, he studied the intersection of theory and practice of human-computer interaction. Recently, Winograd has continued to research collaborative computing, including uses of ubiquitous computing in collaborative work. Winograd continues to do research at Stanford and teach classes and seminars in human-computer interaction. In addition to the Computer Science Dept., Winograd is associated with the Hasso Plattner"
"the results of one recent patent auction to ""protect competition and innovation in the open source software community""... Our acquisition of Motorola will increase competition by strengthening Google's patent portfolio, which will enable us to better protect Android from anti-competitive threats from Microsoft, Apple and other companies"". Page also ventured into hardware and Google unveiled the Chromebook in May 2012. The hardware product was a laptop that ran on a Google operating system, Chrome OS. In January 2013, Page participated in a rare interview with ""Wired"", in which writer Steven Levy discussed Page's ""10X"" mentality—Google employees are expected to create"
"PageRank PageRank (PR) is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank web pages in their search engine results. PageRank was named after Larry Page, one of the founders of Google. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google: Currently, PageRank is not the only algorithm used by Google to order search results, but it is the first algorithm that was used by the company, and it is the best-known. PageRank is a link analysis algorithm and it assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyperlinked set of documents, such as the"
"help the Folding@home distributed computing project, which studies disease-relevant protein folding and other molecular dynamics. It was founded in March 2002 by Google co-founder Sergey Brin. Functionally, it downloaded a small packet of work, performed calculations on it, and uploaded it back to Stanford University. Although it was limited in functionality and scope, it increased Folding@home's participation from 10,000 up to about 30,000 active CPUs. The program ended in October 2005 in favor of the project's official clients, and is no longer available for the Toolbar. Google Toolbar Google Toolbar is a web browser toolbar for Internet Explorer, developed by"
"systems that are resilient to failures. ""In-memory processing leads to dramatically faster computers — in some cases speeding up applications by a factor of 100,000. It changes the complete nature of how a business can run. We’re trying to lower the cost and to fit these systems in existing memory structures and reduce the number of components to make them more reliable and more secure,"" said Cheriton in a 2016 interview. Cheriton co-founded Granite Systems with Andy Bechtolsheim, a company developing gigabit Ethernet products; Granite was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1996. In August 1998, Stanford students Sergey Brin and"
"years later, on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024. At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal. The sale of $1.67 bn (billion) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23bn. By January 2014, its market capitalization had grown to $397bn. The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under"