"on the pressure exerted by Pierre Laval, former Premier in the Third Republic, on the deputies in Vichy, and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship ""Massilia"", and thus could not take part in the vote. The legitimacy of the Vichy government was recognised by the United Kingdom, the United States, and other nations, which extended diplomatic recognition to Petain's government. The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern counter-revolution. The traditionalist right in France, with strength in the aristocracy and among Catholics, had never accepted the republican traditions of the French Revolution. It demanded"
"22 April 1945, the same day that the 3rd Algerian Infantry Division took Stuttgart. Laval, Vichy's prime minister in 1942–44, was executed for treason. Pétain, ""Chief of the French State"" and Verdun hero, was also condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. As the wartime government of France in 1944–1945, its main purposes were to handle the aftermath of the occupation of France and as a major Ally. It also made several important reforms and political decisions, such as granting women the right to vote, founding the ""École nationale d'administration"", and laying the grounds of social"
"the Cabinet presided over by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Thereafter Sarraut retired from politics. He took control of the family newspaper, ""La Dépêche de Toulouse"", after the editor, his brother Maurice Sarraut, was killed by the Milice in 1943. Sarraut died in Paris on 26 November 1962. Albert Sarraut Albert-Pierre Sarraut (; 28 July 1872 – 26 November 1962) was a French Radical politician, twice Prime Minister during the Third Republic. Sarraut was born on 28 July 1872 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France. On"
"to retire to Pujols on 26 March 1943. He was arrested at his home by the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans on 22 July 1944, and after a summary trial was found guilty of giving intelligence to the enemy. He was executed by a firing squad on 28 August 1944; proud and arrogant, he himself gave the order to shoot. Charles Platon René-Charles Platon (19 September 1886 – 28 August 1944) was a French admiral who was responsible for the Colonial Ministry under the Vichy government. He was a passionate supporter of the ""Révolution nationale"" (National Revolution) of Vichy France, which he"
"down members of the Resistance, was executed in October 1945. Fernand de Brinon, the third-ranking Vichy official, was found guilty of war crimes and executed in April 1947. The two trials of the most infamous collaborator of all, Pierre Laval, who was heavily implicated in the murder of Jews, were widely criticised as being unfair for depriving him of the opportunity to properly defend himself, although Laval antagonized the court throughout with his bizarre behavior. He was found guilty of treason in May 1945 and de Gaulle was adamant that there would be no commuting the death sentence, saying that"
"Édouard Herriot Édouard Marie Herriot (; 5 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic who served three times as Prime Minister and for many years as President of the Chamber of Deputies. He was leader of the first Cartel des Gauches. Hérriot was born at Troyes, France on 5 July 1872. He served as Mayor of Lyon from 1905 until his death, except for a brief period from 1940 to 1945, when he was exiled to Germany for opposing the Vichy regime. As mayor, Herriot improved relations between municipal government and local"
"but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He lived six more years, banished to the Île d'Yeu. Pierre Laval, the French Prime Minister from July to December 1940 and from April 1942 to August 1944, had fled to Francoist Spain. Franco, however, sent him back to Innsbruck in Austria, which was part of the U.S. Occupation Zone. Laval was thereafter handed over to the French authorities, and his trial started in October 1945. In a hasty, rancorous trial, he was sentenced by an openly hostile jury to death on 9 October 1945, and executed a week later. By 1"
"Pierre Laval Pierre Jean-Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the time of the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932, and a second time from 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. Laval began his career as a socialist, but over time drifted far to the right. Following France's defeat and armistice with Germany in 1940, he served in prominent roles in Philippe Pétain's Vichy Regime, first as the vice-president of the Council of Ministers from 11 July 1940 to 13"
"Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier (; 17 March 1888 – 14 October 1961) was a prominent French politician of the Third and Fourth Republics. Mayor of Decazeville, starting in 1919, he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947. On 10 July 1940, he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, who installed the Vichy regime the next day. Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre ""Violette."" His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war. It was during his first ministry"
"and charged with treason and making illegal arrests, and then was transferred to Algiers in October 1943. Pucheu was then tried and convicted and sentenced to death. Despite a request for clemency by General Giraud, General de Gaulle refused to intervene and on March 22, 1944, Pucheu was executed by firing squad. It is said that de Gaulle had ensured that the captured Pucheu faced the death penalty in order to undermine any further collaboration in France. He was the first of the leading collaborationist figures to be executed directly under de Gaulle's jurisdiction. Pierre Pucheu Pierre Firmin Pucheu (27"
"February 1943, Langer was arrested carrying explosives. He was tried by the ""section spéciale"" of the Toulouse appeals court. The ""avocat général"", Lespinasse, demanded his execution and, on 21 March 1943, Langer was sentenced to death. He was executed on 23 July 1943. The 35th Brigade then called themselves the Brigade Marcel Langer in his honor. Eighteen members were arrested by the Vichy police and handed over to the Germans. Two died of unknown causes on the train transporting them to be deported. Four were shot. (*) Former member of the 35 Brigade FTP-MOI ""Marcel Langer"" FTP-MOI The Francs-tireurs et"
"of ordering the retaliatory execution of seven Jews at Rillieux-la-Pape. He died in prison two years later. Milice The Milice française (French Militia), generally called the Milice (), was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II. The Milice's formal head was Prime Minister Pierre Laval, although its Chief of operations and ""de facto"" leader was Secretary General Joseph Darnand. It participated in summary executions and assassinations, helping to round up Jews and ""résistants"" in France for deportation. It was the"
"Pierre Mendès France Pierre Isaac Isidore Mendès France (; 11 January 1907 – 18 October 1982), known as PMF, was a French politician who served as President of the Council of Ministers (equivalent in the French Fourth Republic to Prime Minister) for eight months from 1954 to 1955. He represented the Radical Party, and his government had the support of the Communist party. His main priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead, 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured on the French side. Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954, only 7% of the French"
"were carried out: Pierre Laval; Fernand de Brinon, Vichy's Ambassador in Paris to the German authorities; and Joseph Darnand, head of the Milice. A few changes after Aristide Briand's retirement and the death of André Maginot on 7 January 1932: Pierre Laval Pierre Jean-Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the time of the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932, and a second time from 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. Laval began his career as a socialist, but over"
"numbered 300,000 men by September 1944 and 370,000 by spring 1945. The Vichy regime disintegrated. An interim Provisional Government of the French Republic was quickly put into place by de Gaulle. The ""gouvernement provisoire de la République française"", or GPRF, operated under a ""tripartisme"" alliance of communists, socialists, and democratic republicans. The GPRF governed France from 1944 to 1946, when it was replaced by the French Fourth Republic. Tens of thousands of collaborators were executed without trial. The new government declared the Vichy laws unconstitutional and illegal, and elected new local governments. Women gained the right to vote. The 2"
"powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain and created the Vichy Regime. His attitude and activities led to his arrest by German security forces on 2 March 1944. He was initially held in a camp near Compiègne and later sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died in 1945. A number of schools and streets are named in his honour. Camille Blaisot Camille Blaisot (19 January 1881 – 24 January 1945) was a French politician and lawyer. Blaisot was born in Valognes and was elected in 1914 to represent Caen in the Chamber of Deputies. He served as Minister of Health in"
"Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury Maurice Jean Marie Bourgès-Maunoury (; 19 August 1914, in Luisant, Eure-et-Loir – 10 February 1993, in Paris) was a French Radical politician who served as the Prime Minister in the Fourth Republic during 1957. He is famous, especially, for fulfilling a prominent ministerial role in the government during the Suez Crisis. He became Prime Minister in June 1957. While he was Prime Minister, the French Government achieved Parliamentary ratification of the Treaty of Rome. He was succeeded as Prime Minister in November 1957 by Félix Gaillard. As minister of Interior, he nominated the controversial Maurice Papon at the"
"André Marie André Marie (3 December 1897 – 12 June 1974) was a French Radical politician who served as Prime Minister during the Fourth Republic in 1948. Born at Honfleur, Calvados, the young André Marie studied at primary and secondary level there, going on to the ""Lycée Pierre Corneille"", when his parents moved to Rouen in 1908. While preparing to apply to the École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines, he was mobilised at the end of 1916. By the end of World War I, he commanded a battery of 75 men. He received two light injuries and numerous commendations."
"Milice The Milice française (French Militia), generally called the Milice (), was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II. The Milice's formal head was Prime Minister Pierre Laval, although its Chief of operations and ""de facto"" leader was Secretary General Joseph Darnand. It participated in summary executions and assassinations, helping to round up Jews and ""résistants"" in France for deportation. It was the successor to Joseph Darnand's ""Service d'ordre légionnaire"" (SOL) militia. The Milice was the Vichy regime's most extreme"
"December 1940, and later as the head of government from 18 April 1942 to 20 August 1944. After the liberation of France in 1944, Laval was arrested by the French government under General Charles de Gaulle. In what was widely regarded as a flawed trial, Laval was found guilty of high treason, and after a thwarted suicide attempt, he was executed by firing squad. His manifold political activities left a complicated and controversial legacy, resulting in more than a dozen conflicting biographies of him. Laval was born 28 June 1883 at Châteldon, Puy-de-Dôme, in the northern part of Auvergne. His"
"of Paris. Pierre Vaillandet Pierre Vaillandet (13 May 1888 - 25 November 1971) was a French politician. Vaillandet was born in Versailles. He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Chamber of Deputies from 1936 to 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Later on, he became one of the leaders of the National Popular Rally (RNP). He fled to Germany on 15 August 1944, shortly before"
"(1) His brothers in arms Following the release of the film, French President Nicolas Sarkozy requested Moquet's final letter to be read in every high school in France on the anniversary of his death. This raised controversy for two distinct reasons : A 2009 circular Guy Môquet Guy Môquet (26 April 1924 – 22 October 1941) was a young French Communist militant. During the German occupation of France during World War II, he was taken hostage by the Nazis and executed by firing squad in retaliation for attacks on Germans by the French Resistance. Môquet went down in history as"
"prime minister in 1942-44. Marshal Pétain, ""Chief of the French State"" and Verdun hero, was also condemned to death (14 August 1945), but his sentence was commuted to life three days later. Thousands of collaborators were summarily executed by local Resistance forces in so-called ""savage purges"" (""épuration sauvage""). German military administration in occupied France during World War II The Military Administration in France (; ) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called ' was renamed ' (""north zone"") in November"
"Léon Blum (1872-1950), a lawyer, literary critic, and three-time prime minister of France. He was a winner of the Croix de Guerre in World War I, becoming a national hero, and a prominent ""littérateur"" on the French cultural scene as well as an influential theatrical impresario. In the early years of World War II, in December 1941, he was among the first Jews arrested by the French police. He was confined to concentration camps and was put to death by the Nazis at Auschwitz in September 1942. Chazin-Bennahum's biography, ""René Blum and the Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo: In Search"
"The Vichy 80 The Vichy 80 were a group of elected French parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the constitutional change that dissolved the Third Republic and established an authoritarian regime now referred to as Vichy France. Nazi Germany invaded France on 14 May 1940, and Paris fell a month later. Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was opposed to asking for armistice terms, and upon losing the cabinet vote, resigned. President Albert Lebrun appointed Marshal Philippe Pétain as his replacement. France capitulated on 22 June 1940. Under the terms of the armistice, the northern and Atlantic coast region of"
"Agriculture. He was succeeded by Paul Caziot. At the Congress of Vichy Chichery voted to grant the constitutional powers requested by Pétain, and became a member of the National Council of the Vichy government. During the liberation of France Chichery was abducted from his property near Le Blanc on 15 August 1944 and killed in the nearby woods by a bullet through the neck. The assassins were never found, since no effort was made to find them. Albert Chichery Albert Marc Chichery (12 October 1888 – 15 August 1944) was a French politician who was briefly Minister of Commerce and"
"with Germans during the occupation. In another example of action before the purge, following the landings in North Africa in November 1942, some important civil servants loyal to Vichy, including Pierre Pucheu, former Minister of the Interior, had been detained. Pucheu was indicted for treason by a military court martial at the end of August 1943, and his trial started on 4 March 1944. He was executed 20 days later. Organized implementation of the official purge was made difficult by the lack of untainted magistrates. With a single exception, all of the Third Republic's surviving judges had taken an oath"
"Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle (1922 – 26 December 1942) was a member of the French resistance during World War II. He assassinated Admiral of the Fleet François Darlan, the former chief of government of Vichy France and the self-proclaimed high commissioner of French North Africa and West Africa, on 24 December 1942. Bonnier de La Chapelle's speedy trial and execution fueled theories about who may have been behind the assassination. He was born in Algiers and studied at the Lycée Stanislas in Paris after France's surrender to Nazi Germany on 22 June 1940. Bonnier"
"49 in Cannes in August 1991. His second wife was Shahintaj, an Iranian, and they had a son, Goudard. Bakhtiar is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris. Shapour Bakhtiar Shapour Bakhtiar ( ; 26 June 19146 August 1991) was an Iranian politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Iran under the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. He and his secretary were murdered in his home in Suresnes, near Paris by agents of the Islamic Republic. Bakhtiar was born on 26 June 1914 in southwestern Iran into a family of Iranian tribal nobility, the family of the paramount chieftains of"
"Charles Platon René-Charles Platon (19 September 1886 – 28 August 1944) was a French admiral who was responsible for the Colonial Ministry under the Vichy government. He was a passionate supporter of the ""Révolution nationale"" (National Revolution) of Vichy France, which he wanted to export to the colonies. He was hostile to elected bodies, anti-Semitic, anti-Masonic and supported the back-to-the-soil movement. He saw Britain as the enemy of France. After the Allied invasion of Normandy in the summer of 1944 he was captured by French partisans, given a summary trial and executed. Charles Platon was born in Pujols-sur-Dordogne, Gironde, on"
"Léon Blum André Léon Blum (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister of France. As a Jew, he was heavily influenced by the Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century. He was a disciple of French Socialist leader Jean Jaurès and after 1914 became his successor. As Prime Minister in a Popular Front government of the left 1936-37, he provided a series of major economic reforms. Blum declared neutrality in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) to avoid the civil conflict spilling over into France itself. Once out of office in"
"released. Fernand de Brinon was tried by the French Court of Justice for war crimes, found guilty and sentenced to death on 6 March 1947. He was executed by firing squad on 15 April at the military fort in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. In 2002, French historian Gilbert Joseph published ""Fernand de Brinon : L'Aristocrate de la collaboration"". In 2004, Bernard Ullmann, Lisette de Brinon's son from her first marriage, broke his 60-year silence and told his family's story in his book, ""Lisette de Brinon, Ma Mère"". Mauthner, Martin: ""Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes - French Writers Who"
"the installation of the Vichy government, he was denounced on 13 October 1940 and arrested at the Gare de l'Est metro station by three police officers of the French Anti-Communist Special Brigade. He had with him a poem about three of his arrested comrades, handwritten by him: Imprisoned in Fresnes Prison, then in Clairvaux, he was later transferred to the camp at Châteaubriant, where other Communist militants were detained. On 20 October 1941, the commanding officer of the German occupation forces in Loire-Atlantique, Karl Hotz, was assassinated by three communist resisters. Pierre Pucheu, Interior Minister of the government of Marshal"