"had been accused from time to time by outside groups for being much tied in with Lee Pressman and the two of them were very much tied in with the Communist Party. In 1950, the U.S. State Department revoked singer and civil rights activist Paul Robeson's passport as a means of preventing him from traveling overseas and continuing his left-wing political work. Witt was Robeson's first attorney and initiated Robeson's eight-year battle to regain his passport. On August 3, 1948, in testimony to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), Whittaker Chambers named Witt as a member of the ""Ware Group."""
"Communist organization to attempt to use or obtain a passport. Appellants Herbert Aptheker and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn were native born citizens and residents of the United States and had held valid passports. Aptheker was editor of ""Political Affairs"", the 'theoretical organ' of the Communist Party in the United States and appellant Flynn was chairman of the Party. On January 22, 1962, the Acting Director of the Passport Office notified appellants that their passports were revoked because the Department of State believed that their use of the passports would violate § 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 which"
"project physicist Martin David Kamen. In the 1950s she became the object of controversy when critics accused her of denying passports without due process on the basis of politics, while critics defended her actions as attempts to support the fight against Communism. Senator Wayne Morse called her decisions ""tyrannical and capricious"" for failure to disclose the reasons for the denial of passport applications. Her supporters included Secretary of State Dean Acheson and Senator Pat McCarran. Such decisions were made necessary by Section 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, which made it a crime for any member of"
"during the years he has been restricted and how the documentary ""The Song of the Rivers"" was created. Our Right to Travel Robeson's passport was revoked in 1950 and he argues this was done because he is a spokesperson for Black people and their freedom. He contrasts his position – fighting for freedom - as being American, while the State Department and John Foster Dulles act un-American. The right to travel is an important part of full citizenship. He reminds the reader of Ira Aldridge who could only achieve artistic greatness by travelling abroad, and of W. E. B. Du"
"supposed Communist influence in Hollywood, which resulted in a black-list whereby artists who refused to testify about possible Communist connections could not get work. Some famous celebrities (such as Charlie Chaplin) left the U.S.; other worked under pseudonyms (such as Dalton Trumbo). McCarthyism included investigations into academics and teachers as well. In 1953, Stalin died, and after the 1952 presidential election, President Dwight D. Eisenhower used the opportunity to end the Korean War, while continuing Cold War policies. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was the dominant figure in the nation's foreign policy in the 1950s. Dulles denounced the ""containment"""
"ACLU amended its bylaws to permit the local affiliates to participate directly in voting on ACLU policy decisions. A bi-annual conference, open to the entire membership, was instituted in the same year, and in later decades it became a pulpit for activist members, who suggested new directions for the ACLU, including abortion rights, death penalty, and rights of the poor. During the early 1950s, the ACLU continued to steer a moderate course through the Cold War. When leftist singer Paul Robeson was denied a passport in 1950, even though he was not accused of any illegal acts, the ACLU chose"
"became a peace activist. In 1946, he joined the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, chaired by Albert Einstein. Its mission was to warn the public of the dangers associated with the development of nuclear weapons. His political activism prompted the U.S. State Department to deny him a passport in 1952, when he was invited to speak at a scientific conference in London. In a speech before the US Senate on June 6 of the same year, Senator Wayne Morse publicly denounced the action of the State Department, and urged the Passport Division to reverse its decision. Pauling and his wife"
"In 1949, Draper was accused of affiliating with the Communist party. A routine of his was to appear on CBS's ""Toast of the Town"" in 1950, but was cut out of the segment due to protests the station received. During this period, Draper was forced to put a stop to his tour because many television programs and hotels felt they could not host such a controversial figure. He filed a libel suit against a Connecticut housewife who claimed he was a Communist, but still received negative press. Draper left the United States in 1951 following this scandal and lived in"
"majority, both the potential for them to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous. Among these victims were Chinese Americans, who were suspected of being affiliated with the Communist Party of the People's Republic of China. The most notable example is that of the top Chinese scientist Qian Xuesen. Allegations were made that he was a communist, and his security clearance was revoked in June 1950. The Federal Bureau of Investigation located an American Communist Party document from 1938 with his name on it, and used it as justification for the revocation. Without"
"swept onto the blacklist those who had never even been particularly active politically, let alone suspected of being Communists: [O]n March 21, 1951, the name of the actor Lionel Stander was uttered by the actor Larry Parks during testimony before HUAC. ""Do you know Lionel Stander?"" committee counsel Frank S. Tavenner inquired. Parks replied he knew the man, but had no knowledge of his political affiliations. No more was said about Stander either by Parks or the committee – no accusation, no insinuation. Yet Stander's phone stopped ringing. Prior to Parks's testimony, Stander had worked on ten television shows in"
"allegedly a Communist and was alleged to have ""a consistent and prolonged adherence to the Communist Party line."" Kent, represented by Leonard Boudin of the Emergency Civil Liberties Union, sued in U.S. District Court for declaratory relief. The District Court granted summary judgment against him. On appeal, Kent's case was heard with that of Dr. Walter Briehl, a psychiatrist. When Briehl applied for a passport, the Director of the Passport Office asked him to supply an affidavit with respect to his membership in the Communist Party. Briehl, like Kent, refused. His application for a passport was tentatively disapproved. Briehl filed"
"Mangaoang, were arrested and charged for being associated with the Communist party. The McCarran International Security Act of 1950 required the registration of any individual with communist associations. Once registered, immigration officials filed a motion to reclassify communists as ""subversive"" aliens, which are considered grounds for deportation. Chris Mensalvas was released under habeas corpus and he made plans to move to the Philippines after the event. Not wanting to bring more attention to the case, he temporarily settled in Hawaii to participate in the Longshoremen's Union there as a business agent and staff organizer. He returned to Seattle's Chinatown and"
"the critics eyes, can lead to political witch-hunts of those traitorous to the political system In the 1950s, thousands of Americans including government officials, members of the armed forces, cultural stars, and ordinary citizens had to stand before a congressional board to prove they had no communist relations. This strict adherence to the constitution's declarations and fear of communism led to the removal of civil liberties of many citizens and the suspension or inversion of the law. However, after numerous televised hearings and irrational accusations, Senator Joseph McCarthy was deemed no longer legitimate by the American people, and the communist"
"prohibition era. The U.S. Supreme Court later reversed some convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional. In the early 1960s, Hall was in danger of facing yet another indictment, this time under the Internal Security Act of 1950, known as the McCarran Act, but the Supreme Court found the Act partly unconstitutional, and the government abandoned its charges. The act required ""Communist action"" organizations to register with the government, it excluded party members from applying for United States passports or holding government jobs. Because of the Act, Hall's driver's license was revoked by the State of New York. After his"
"Folk Songs for Children"" (1955). In the 1950s, left-leaning singers such as Paul Robeson and The Weavers began to find that life became difficult because of the influence of McCarthyism. Seeger visited Communist China and as a result had her US passport withdrawn. The US State Department, which had been opposed to Seeger's 1957 trip to Moscow (where the CIA had monitored the US delegation), was vigorously critical about her having gone to China against official ""advice"". The authorities had already warned her that her passport would be impounded, effectively barring her from further travel were she to return to"
"April 1963. Denied a passport until 1955 because of his Communist sympathies, Leventhal organised world tours for folk singers that the U.S. state department forbade from taking part in official cultural exchanges. In the era of McCarthyism and the flowering of the American civil rights movement, folk music became the voice of the country's conscience, and Harold Leventhal was the man responsible for making that voice heard. Leventhal was a committed leftist whose music business acumen turned him into folk music's most successful promoter. He was the model for Irving Steinbloom, the impresario immortalised in the 2003 movie comedy ""A"
"be in the best traditions of American democracy. However, his participation in the Stockholm Appeal and the World Peace Council led to the suspension of his passport in 1950. After he filed suit to regain his foreign-travel rights, in June 1958 the U.S. Supreme Court in ""Kent v. Dulles"" affirmed his right to travel by declaring the ban a violation of his civil rights. Meanwhile, Kent also came under attack as an officer of the International Workers Order, a mutual benefit and cultural society supported by leftists and immigrants. In 1951 Kent defended his record in court proceedings and exposed"
"not to appeal to the Supreme Court. As a director of the ACLU, Lamont had resisted attempts to purge the organization of Communists and, in 1954, he resigned his position because he felt the ACLU had not supported him in the face of McCarthy charges. The complete record of the legal proceedings in Lamont's case against the McCarthy subcommittee was published in 1957. In 1951 and 1957, he was denied a passport by the State Department, which considered his application incomplete because he refused to answer a question about membership in the Communist Party. He sued the State Department in"
"League of Justice and Gerald L. K. Smith. To its credit, the Antioch administration supported the academic freedom of its professor in spite of these attacks. Ironically, as Corey's politics turned against his Stalinist beliefs, he ran afoul of the Federal prosecutors. In December 1950, Corey was served with a deportation warrant from the US Department of Justice charging that he had been in the country illegally almost his entire life and for being a Communist. His father had come to the United States without obtaining naturalization papers and young Louis had decided against filing later due to his 1917"
"case, on a program called ""Counterpoint"". Kunstler first made headlines in 1957 when he defended William Worthy, a correspondent for the ""Baltimore Afro-American"", who was one of forty-two Americans who had their passports seized after violating the State Department's travel ban on Communist China (after attending a Communist youth conference in Moscow). Kunstler refused a State Department compromise which would have returned Worthy's passport if he agreed to cease visiting Communist countries, a condition Worthy considered unconstitutional. Kunstler played an important role as a civil rights lawyer in the 1960s, traveling to many of the segregated battlegrounds to work to"
"151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of ""Red Fascists and their sympathizers"". Soon, most of those named, along with a host of other artists, were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field. The blacklist lasted until 1960, when Dalton Trumbo, a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948 and member of the Hollywood Ten, was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film ""Exodus"", and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie ""Spartacus"". A number of those blacklisted, however, were still barred from work in their professions for years"
"due to liver failure and a perforated Dusdenal Ulcer. He is buried at B'nai Israel Cemetery in Newark, New Jersey. Nelson Stamler Nelson Frank Stamler (May 4, 1909 – April 11, 1972) was an American Republican Party politician, prosecutor and judge. He won considerable fame in the 1950s as a racket-busting Deputy state Attorney General who waged a war on illegal gambling operations. His work was also controversial, and eventually terminated by the state Attorney General. He later won elections to the State Assembly and State Senate, and served as a Superior Court Judge. Stamler was born on May 4,"
"practices, including public attacks on the character or patriotism of political opponents, was soon applied to similar anti-communist activities. Senator Pat McCarran sponsored the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, both of which were hotly contested in the law courts, and by Harry Truman, who went so far as to veto the former; however, the veto was overridden in the Senate by a margin of 57 to 10. In 1943, the Stone court ruled in a bitterly contested fashion that an avowed publisher of the Communist doctrine could be naturalized a citizen"
"[""sic""] figure in the Hollywood movie industry. According to the 1950 HUAC report, ""as a result of the investigation and hearings held by the committee, Dolivet's contract with the United Nations has not been renewed, and it is the committee's understanding that he was removed from editorship of the United Nations World. Dolivet is presently...excludable for admission to the United States under the provisions of the Wood-McCarran Communist Control Act."" By November 1950 he was indeed officially disallowed from reentering the United States, even for his son's funeral, after having eluding authorities who wanted to compel him to remain in"
"Isaac Edward Ferguson Isaac Edward ""Ed"" Ferguson (1888–1964) was a North American lawyer and political activist. A founding member of the Communist Party of America, forerunner of the Communist Party, USA, Ferguson is best remembered a co-defendant and attorney in a highly publicized 1920 trial together with party leader C. E. Ruthenberg for alleged violation of New York state law against so-called ""criminal anarchism."" Following conviction and a term served at Sing Sing prison, Ferguson withdrew from radical politics to become a prominent Chicago civil rights attorney. Isaac Edward Ferguson, known to his friends as ""Ed,"" was born November 23,"
"with bureaucratic interference and regulation, reflected, most particularly, in the 1949 comedy film ""Passport to Pimlico"". Identity cards also became the subject of a celebrated civil liberties case in 1950. Harry Willcock, a member of the Liberal Party, refused to produce his after being stopped by the police. During his subsequent trial he argued that identity cards had no place in peace time, a defence rejected by the magistrate’s court. In his subsequent appeal, ""Willcock v Muckle"", the judgment of the lower court was upheld. Protest reached Parliament, where the Conservative and Liberal peers voiced their anger over what they"
"deportation in 1938 for alleged membership in the Communist Party. The case reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which reversed the deportation order during World War II. King's representation of Communist Party leader William Schneiderman exemplifies her success in enlisting other (male) attorneys to work for free on key constitutional cases — in this case, recruiting Wendell Willkie, the 1940 Republican Party presidential nominee, to represent Schneiderman before the Supreme Court. King won this case in 1943, preventing the Government's revocation of the Communist Party leader's citizenship. King also represented Gerhart Eisler in his trial in July 1947."
"Aptheker v. Secretary of State Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case on the right to travel and passport restrictions as they relate to Fifth Amendment due process rights and First Amendment free speech, freedom of assembly and freedom of association rights. It is the first case in which the US Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of personal restrictions on the right to travel abroad. In ""Aptheker"", the petitioner challenged Section 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, which made it a crime for any member of a"
"ever been a member of the party, Rossen refused to answer. He was placed on the unofficial blacklist by the Hollywood studios, and Columbia broke its production contract with him. In an unconstitutional though widespread practice during the Communist witchhunts, the U.S. State Department refused to renew Rossen's passport. This, and his inability to find work, brought Rossen, like his friend, ex-Communist Elia Kazan, back to the committee in May 1953, where he named 57 people as Communists. He explained to the committee why he chose to testify: ""I don't think, after two years of thinking, that any one individual"
"known communists from the NMU, including Smith. In February 1948, U.S. Immigrations arrested Smith as an illegal alien. In March 1948, Smith found himself lumped into a group of Communist party and labor leaders, headed for deportation. Lee Pressman, who had just left the CIO as general counsel, joined a group of lawyers to defend them. Pressman represented all five, at least some of whom had their own attorneys: alleged Soviet spy Gerhart Eisler (represented by Abraham J. Isserman), Irving Potash of the Fur and Leather Workers Union; Smith, secretary of the NMUM (Pressman); Charles A. Doyle of the Gas,"
"to visit and broadcast from there since the country's communist revolution in 1949. While in China Worthy interviewed Samuel David Hawkins, an American soldier who was captured by the Chinese during the Korean War and defected to China in 1953. His passport was seized upon his return to the U.S. from China and American lawyers Leonard Boudin and William Kunstler represented Worthy in an unsuccessful lawsuit seeking the return of his passport. Without a passport, Worthy traveled to Cuba in the early days of Fidel Castro to report on the Cuban revolution, and upon his return to the U.S. he"
"the House Un-American Activities Committee that he himself was one of the pair of well-known Communist party members."" Cvetic also named both Steve Nelson, who would face arrest with Albertson and four other third-tier Party leaders the following year. On January 22, 1962, the State Department revoked the passports of Albertson and several other leaders of the Communist Party. In a June 1, 1963, report on subversive activities, U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. referred to Albertson several times, in part because Kennedy had filed petitions to force Albertson and others to register as Party members. On July 23,"
"he named as a Communist, had ""referred to Lionel Stander as a perfect example of how a Communist should not act in Hollywood."" Stander was again blacklisted from films, though he played on TV, radio, and in the theater. In March 1951, actor Larry Parks, after pleading with HUAC investigators not to force him to ""crawl through the mud"" as an informer, named several people as Communists in a ""closed-door session"", which made the newspapers two days later. He testified that he knew Stander, but didn't recall attending any CP meetings with him. At a HUAC hearing in April 1951,"