"shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads. Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, Chromated copper arsenate, or other wood preservatives. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications. The track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping)"
"worn mostly by younger children and primarily in the home. Style and fashion thus tend not to be important in its design, and the basic design of the typical blanket sleeper has changed little over the years. The sleeper serves mainly to keep the wearer warm at night, even in the absence of blankets and bed covers. The sleeper covers the entire body except for the head (except in certain cases where a hood is present) and (in most cases) hands (except in cases where a sleeper has attached mitts, mostly on infant sizes), where it is snug at the"
"a result, larger sized ballast is required to both support and hold in place the sleepers on the roadbed. Additionally, they do not absorb as much vibration from passing trains as wooden sleepers do. This can cause degradation of the sleepers themselves ranging from small cracks to complete failure over time. This problem is most prevalent when the sleepers are located next to joints in the rails. For this reason, railroads which used concrete sleepers for plain line avoided them on turnouts and interlockings; however, modern designs allow use of concrete bearers for turnouts and they have become standard for"
"self-motivated activity. The Sleeper is programmed to be moderately proficient at hand-to-hand combat. The Sleeper has repulsor-ray blasters mounted in its eyesockets. Originally the fourth Sleeper could alter its density from its natural tempered steel form to total intangibility. The circuits that controlled this function have burned out and have not been replaced. The vibration of a certain ""sonic crystal"" caused the Sleeper's intangibility control to malfunction. The Sleeper originally could also generate ""volcanic"" thermal energy and project it through its faceplate. This function has also apparently been eradicated. Sleeper (Marvel Comics) Sleeper is the name of several fictional characters"
"A ""sleeper"" is a compartment attached to or integral with the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks. There are several possible cab configurations: A further step from this is the side loading forklift that can be described as a specially fabricated vehicle with the same properties as a truck of this type, in addition to the ability to pick up its own load. Most small trucks such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs) or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use gasoline engines (petrol engines), but many"
"sleeper is designed to be sufficiently warm as to make regular blankets or other bed covers unnecessary, even in colder weather. Unlike such coverings, the blanket sleeper has bifurcated legs to allow unhindered walking (or crawling). While no single feature is universal (see Terminology), distinguishing a blanket sleeper from regular pajamas usually include: Although any sleeping garment with some or all of these characteristics could be called a ""blanket sleeper"", the term is most commonly applied to a range of styles that deviate relatively little from the same basic design. (The features of this design are described in the ""Features"""
"used in continuous welded rail when necessary, usually for signal circuit gaps. Instead of a joint that passes straight across the rail, the two rail ends are sometimes cut at an angle to give a smoother transition. In extreme cases, such as at the end of long bridges, a breather switch (referred to in North America and Britain as an ""expansion joint"") gives a smooth path for the wheels while allowing the end of one rail to expand relative to the next rail. A sleeper (tie) is a rectangular object on which the rails are supported and fixed. The sleeper"
"rail which are placed so they can slide off their racks to the rear of the train and be attached to the ties (sleepers) in a continuous operation. If not restrained, rails would lengthen in hot weather and shrink in cold weather. To provide this restraint, the rail is prevented from moving in relation to the sleeper by use of clips or anchors. Attention needs to be paid to compacting the ballast effectively, including under, between, and at the ends of the sleepers, to prevent the sleepers from moving. Anchors are more common for wooden sleepers, whereas most concrete or"
"with larger or smaller feet find a better fit. The blanket sleeper is designed so that it can be worn either by itself as a standalone garment, or as a second layer worn over regular pajamas or other sleepwear. The one-piece design is simple to launder and has no detachable pieces that could be individually misplaced. Yet another potential benefit of the blanket sleeper is that it may help prevent infants from removing or interfering with their diapers during the night. This can also apply to older children with certain developmental disabilities, such as Angelman syndrome. In particular, parents of"
"to blanket sleepers can be confusing, and inconsistent between different speakers. The terms ""sleeper"" and ""blanket sleeper"" are sometimes used interchangeably. Alternatively, a distinction may be made between the lighter-weight (footed, one-piece) ""sleepers"" worn by infants in warmer weather, and the heavier ""blanket"" sleepers worn by both infants and older children, primarily in colder weather. (In the loosest usage, ""sleeper"" by itself can mean any infant sleeping garment, regardless of form or features). Similarly, some people consider a ""blanket"" sleeper to be one-piece by definition, whereas a ""sleeper"" could be made either in one piece, or in two pieces meeting"
"(Rubber pads are always used under the rail on concrete sleepers, to avoid cracking). Next, a rail threader is used to lift the rails onto their final position on the sleepers. This machine rides on the rails just like the gantry cranes, but can also support itself directly on a sleeper. By doing this, it can lift the rails, and shift them inwards over the ends of the sleepers, to the proper gauge (standard gauge). It then lowers them onto the rubber sleeper cushions, and workers use a pneumatically operated machine to bolt down the Nabla clips with a predetermined"
"cannot be repaired. Old concrete sleepers can be used for things like retaining walls, else they might be crushed to recycle gravel and the steel reinforcing. Special sleepers may be necessary on extremely sharp curves, such as the new triangle at Newmarket, New Zealand on the gauge of radius . Here the sleepers are extra heavy, about 250 kg, and may include gauge widening with transitional gauge widening. Concrete sleepers for turnouts must be individually custom designed for the location. They are much longer than normal sleepers, have gaps for switch motors, and are generally made by a small number"
"the empty half of the sleeper train. Next, they pick up sets of 30 LGV sleepers, pre-arranged with the proper spacing (60 cm, or 24 in), using a special fixture. The sleepers are laid on the gravel bed where the panel track was. The sleeper train leaves the worksite loaded with sections of panel track. The sleepers, sometimes known as bi-bloc sleepers, are U41 twin block reinforced concrete, 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in.) wide, and weigh 245 kg (540 lb) each. They are equipped with hardware for Nabla RNTC spring fasteners, and a 9 mm (3/8 in.) rubber pad."
"Bedside sleeper A bedside sleeper, also referred to as a sidecar sleeper or bedside bassinet, is a bassinet or baby cot that attaches to the parents' bed, allowing newborns to sleep next to their parents safely. This is a form of safe co-sleeping, and has little risks associated with sudden infant death syndrome, unlike bedsharing. Bedside sleepers are a component of rooming-in, a practice followed in hospitals to keep the baby by the mother's bed, giving her time to establish a stronger bond with her baby. A bedside sleeper is defined by the United States government as ""a rigid frame"
"railway sleepers of size 238 mm x 125 mm x 1,950 mm laid under severe environmental conditions gave an average service life of 19 years. Termites do not attack the sound timber. The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, railway sleepers, heavy duty furniture, laboratory benches, bridges, marine construction, boat building, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, piling, mallets, flooring (heavy traffic), decking, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), fender supports, cooling towers (structural members), staircase (balusters, carriages, handrails, newels, risers, stringers, treads, bullnoses, round ends and winders), columns (heavy duty), door and window frames"
"Concrete sleeper A concrete sleeper is a type of railway sleeper made out of steel reinforced concrete. In 1877, Joseph Monier, a French gardener, suggested that concrete reinforced with steel could be used for making sleepers for railway track. Monier designed a sleeper and obtained a patent for it, but it was not successful. Concrete sleepers were first used on the Alford and Sutton Tramway in 1884. Their first use on a main line railway was by the Reading Company in America in 1896, as recorded by AREA Proceedings at the time. Designs were further developed and the railways of"
"Sleeping bag A sleeping bag is an insulated covering for a person, essentially a lightweight quilt that can be closed with a zipper or similar means to form a tube, which functions as lightweight, portable bedding in situations where a person is sleeping outdoors (e.g. when camping, hiking, hill walking or climbing). Its primary purpose is to provide warmth and thermal insulation through its synthetic or down insulation. It also typically has a water-resistant or water-repellent cover that protects, to some extent, against wind chill and light precipitation, but a tent is usually used in addition to a sleeping bag,"
"(VBL) is special type of liner that blocks the sleeper's moisture from reaching the bag, thus stopping evaporative heat loss. Usually a sleeping bag liner is used inside a VBL. ""Bag Liners"" are issued as basic kit by various militaries including the US and British armed forces. ""Liners"" are made of silk, cotton, nylon and polyester among others. Silk liners are light, soft and strong and retain much thermal insulation even when wet. Cotton is heavier and bulkier than silk and absorbs water. Synthetic [mix] liners are usually light, strong, and do not absorb water. Sleeping bag liner ""Sleeping Bag"
"cars Sleeping cars are used on: Sleeping car The sleeping car or sleeper (often ) is a railway passenger car that can accommodate all its passengers in beds of one kind or another, primarily for the purpose of making nighttime travel more restful. George Pullman was the American inventor of the sleeper car. The first such cars saw sporadic use on American railroads in the 1830s; they could be configured for coach seating during the day. Some of the more luxurious types have private rooms (fully and solidly enclosed rooms that are not shared with strangers). Possibly the earliest example"
"has two main roles: to transfer the loads from the rails to the track ballast and the ground underneath, and to hold the rails to the correct width apart (to maintain the rail gauge). They are generally laid transversely to the rails. Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the sleeper. Historically spikes gave way to cast iron chairs fixed to the sleeper, more recently springs (such as ""Pandrol clips"") are used to fix the rail to the sleeper chair. Sometimes rail tracks are designed to be portable and moved from one place to another as required. During construction"
"Truck sleeper A truck sleeper or sleeper cab is a compartment attached to the cabin of a truck used for rest or sleeping. The word ""sleeper"" references a sleeper car which is a railroad car with sleeping facilities for passengers travelling overnight. In the USA, in 1967 the Department of Transportation (DOT) was created. Through the Office of Motor Carriers and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT oversees a wide range of requirements such as braking standards, driver licensing standards and their maximum work hours, and the overall safety fitness of interstate carriers. New limits set for drivers on"
"Underreamer An underreamer is a device used to enlarge the borehole below an existing casing or restriction, during a well drilling operation. It can be positioned either above the drill bit or above a pilot assembly run inside the existing borehole. Numerous designs exist, in sizes varying from a couple of inches to above 40"". It is typically used in hydrocarbon drilling operations, but also geothermal or water wells drilling. This device is typically composed of a body connected to the drillstring, and of mobile parts (""arms"" , ""blocks"" or ""blades"", typically 3 of them) retracted in the body during"
"produce neck stiffness and frozen shoulder. This can be solved with a side sleeper pillow that allows the correct placement of neck, arms and shoulders. Unlike side sleeping, this position may favour episodes of snoring and sinusitis, as well as back pain. This position requires a soft but firm support for three critical curves of the body: Behind the neck, in the middle of the back and lower back. For this, an orthopedic pillow with neck contour and a wedge under knees can allow the back sleeper to lie with safety and comfort More common in infants and small children"
"designed in conjunction with seats which occupy the same space, and each can be folded away when the other is in use. Sleeper trains are very common especially in Europe. There are nightly sleeper trains in most countries. Sleeper trains usually consist of single or double-berth compartments as well as couchettes which have 4 or 6 beds (a bottom, middle and top bunk on each side of the compartment). Long-haul truckers sleep in berths known as sleeper cabs contained within their trucks. The sleeper-berth's size and location is typically regulated. Berth (sleeping) A berth is a bed or sleeping accommodation"
"section, below). Features of the typical blanket sleeper often include: Although primarily worn by the young, blanket sleepers are also worn (in decreasing order of frequency) by school-age children, teens, and even adults. (See ""Sizes, gender differences, and availability"", below). Although footed, one-piece garments in a variety of fabrics and styles are used in many countries as infant sleepwear, the specific range of styles with which the term ""blanket sleeper"" is usually associated, the term itself, though children older than infancy wearing footed, one-piece sleeping garments is concentrated in the Western world. Blanket sleepers are usually intended as practical garments,"
"in curves, turnouts and switches. To reduce the wear on the ballast, and in some cases offer vibration isolation, pads are fitted to the base of the sleeper. The pads are usually manufactured of polyurethane foams with a stiffness tailored to meet the elasticity requirements of the track. To reduce the wear of the ballast only, the best material to use is a very stiff semi-plastic polyurethane foam that mimics the plastic behaviour of wooden sleepers; the ballast stones are pressed into the surface of the sleeper, increasing contact area. Typically, these pads are 7–10 mm thick. In order to"
"adult bed mattress, which could cause entrapment injuries and/or strangulation. Bedside sleeper A bedside sleeper, also referred to as a sidecar sleeper or bedside bassinet, is a bassinet or baby cot that attaches to the parents' bed, allowing newborns to sleep next to their parents safely. This is a form of safe co-sleeping, and has little risks associated with sudden infant death syndrome, unlike bedsharing. Bedside sleepers are a component of rooming-in, a practice followed in hospitals to keep the baby by the mother's bed, giving her time to establish a stronger bond with her baby. A bedside sleeper is"
"supported in chairs on timber cross-sleepers, were in use – a track form recognisable today in older track. Steel sleepers were tried as an alternative to timber; Acworth writing in 1889 describes the production of steel sleepers on the London & North Western Railway, and there is an illustration showing rolled channel section (shallow upturned ""U"" shapes) with no shaped ends, and with three-part forged chairs riveted direct. However steel sleepers seem not to have enjoyed widespread adoption until about 1995. Their dominant usage now is for life extension of existing track on secondary routes. They have a significant advantage"
"came into use as early as the 1920s, but they were often unsafe and uncomfortable. They nonetheless allowed owner-operators to spend months at a time on road, often driving in teams of two (one drove while the other slept). With this successful formula, drivers began making requests to truck manufacturers for larger and larger sleeping cabins. Manufacturers began catering to owner operators who requested greater luxury. Sleepers were initially developed without comfort in mind at 18"" to 24"". They quickly grew to 36"" to 48"" with long haul drivers in mind. Their size came to be regulated in the US"
"sleepers, and they need less maintenance, resulting in lower ongoing costs and fewer track closures. Additionally, concrete sleepers are not soaked in creosote like most wooden sleepers (used mainly in Europe), therefore they are environmentally friendlier. Disadvantages include: When trains derail and the wheels hit the sleepers, timber sleepers tend to absorb the blow and remain intact, while concrete sleepers tend to shatter and have to be replaced. Initial costs are greater, and they are unsuitable for change of gauge, unless this is already taken into account. Concrete sleepers are up to 300 lbs heavier than their wooden counterparts. As"
"sleepers/ ties per kilometre than normal, and all are made of concrete, either mono- or bi-bloc, the latter consisting of two separate blocks of concrete joined by a steel bar. Heavy rail (UIC 60) is used and the rails are more upright, with an inclination of 1 in 40 as opposed to 1 in 20 on normal lines. Use of continuously welded rails in place of shorter, jointed rails yields a comfortable ride at high speed, without the ""clickety-clack"" vibrations induced by rail joints. The points/switches are different from those on the ""lignes classiques"". Every LGV set of points incorporates"
"of specialist manufacturers. If a turnout is needed in a hurry, it may be made with timber sleepers which can simply be drilled to suit. USC, the international railway union, has issued a standard (#710) for concrete sleepers. In other countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore, various standards are used, such as Australian Standards, AS 1085.14:2012 (Railway Track Material - Prestressed Concrete Sleepers), or EN 13230-4:2016 (Railway applications - Track Concrete sleepers and bearers, Part 4: Prestressed bearers for switches and crossings). UIC 713R leaflet is also used as supplementary reference due to Part 6 of EN 13230, is still"
"Sleeping car The sleeping car or sleeper (often ) is a railway passenger car that can accommodate all its passengers in beds of one kind or another, primarily for the purpose of making nighttime travel more restful. George Pullman was the American inventor of the sleeper car. The first such cars saw sporadic use on American railroads in the 1830s; they could be configured for coach seating during the day. Some of the more luxurious types have private rooms (fully and solidly enclosed rooms that are not shared with strangers). Possibly the earliest example of a sleeping car (or ""bed"