"a sudden 50% loss in the Australian pistachio harvest. Several years of severe drought in Iran around 2008 to 2015 caused significant declines in production. In 2016, world production of pistachios was 1.1 million tonnes, with the United States and Iran as leading producers, together accounting for 68% of the total (table). Secondary producers were Turkey and China. The kernels are often eaten whole, either fresh or roasted and salted, and are also used in pistachio ice cream, kulfi, spumoni, historically in Neapolitan ice cream, pistachio butter, pistachio paste and confections such as baklava, pistachio chocolate, pistachio halva, pistachio lokum"
"Pistachio The pistachio (, ""Pistacia vera""), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food. ""Pistacia vera"" often is confused with other species in the genus ""Pistacia"" that are also known as pistachio. These other species can be distinguished by their geographic distributions (in the wild) and their seeds which are much smaller and have a soft shell. Pistachio is from late Middle English ""pistace"", from Old French, superseded in the 16th century by forms from Italian ""pistacchio"", via Latin from"
"Israel's Hula Valley, dated to 780,000 years ago. More recently, the pistachio has been cultivated commercially in parts of the English-speaking world, such as Australia along with New Mexico and California in the United States, where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree. David Fairchild of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced hardier cultivars collected in China to California in 1904 and 1905, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929. Walter T. Swingle’s pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at Niles, California, by 1917. Pistachio is a desert plant and is highly"
"producer and exporter followed by USA and Turkey. After oil and carpets, pistachios are Iran's biggest exports: about 200,000 tons for $840 million in 2008. More than 350,000 people earn a living from the nut, most of them in vast groves of the desert oases in southeast. Iran's share in the global pistachio market reached 50 percent in 2010. Saffron: Saffron is cultivated in many regions of the country, the provinces of North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan in the northeast have the highest production share. Iran's saffron is exported to the United Arab Emirates, Spain, Japan, Turkmenistan, France,"
"uses in a food in Fars Province in Iran, named ""OuBanneh"" (اوبنه). The raw fruits of the wild pistachio are not favored as food and are said to taste like turpentine. They are about 45% oil. ""Pistacia atlantica"" is planted as an ornamental shadebearing and drought-tolerant landscape tree in gardens and parks. In California it is imported to use as rootstock for cultivated pistachio trees (""Pistacia vera""). Both introductions have led to its escape and current status as an occasional invasive species in California. Pistacia atlantica Pistacia atlantica is a species of pistachio tree known by the English common name"
"Artichoke production in Italy Artichoke production in Italy has a long history. Italy is the world's largest producer of artichokes. With Spain and France, the three countries produce more than 80% of the world's artichokes. There are two theories as to its origin: artichokes may have come from the Levant, derived from the cardoon or thistle through a cross-fertilization process, while others attribute it to the work of Italian horticulturists. The first record of artichoke cultivation in Italy was during the fifteenth century in Naples, where it was considered a new food species. In 1466, Filippo Strozzi brought the first"
"an improved cultivated variety: The Dutch introduced artichokes to England, where they grew in Henry VIII's garden at Newhall in 1530. They were taken to the United States in the 19th century—to Louisiana by French immigrants and to California by Spanish immigrants. Today, cultivation of the globe artichoke is concentrated in the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin. The main European producers are Italy, Spain, and France and the main American producers are Argentina, Peru and the United States. In the United States, California provides nearly 100% of the U.S. crop, and about 80% of that is grown in Monterey County;"
"for pistachio cultivation but the area currently lacks proper marketing and processing plants. It is claimed that some Indian companies buy Afghan pistachios for a very low price, process them in India and sell to western countries as Indian products. However, the Afghan government is planning to build storage facilities for pistachios since receiving bumper crops in 2010. The Bamyan Province in central Afghanistan is known for growing superior potatoes, which on an average produces 140,000 to 170,000 tonnes. Wheat and cereal production is Afghanistan's traditional agricultural mainstay. National wheat production in 2010 was 4.532 million tons. The overall agricultural"
"on forests for firewood and the revenue generated by export of pistachios and almonds, which grow in natural woodlands in the central and northern regions. The Badghis and Takhar provinces have lost more than 50% of pistachio woodland. During the conflicts of the past few decades, residents and the militias such as the Northern Alliance have used wood for fuel, and these militia forces have cleared trees which could have provided hiding places for ambushes from their opponents. Further, the use of the woodlands for grazing ground and the collection of nuts for export apparently prevent new pistachio trees from"
"on the article Israel imports only a quarter of pistachios from US and about half of its pistachios from Britain and Germany, whereas these two countries are not producers of pistachio at all and the source is very likely to be from Iran. Furthermore, in 1998 Israeli government punished the Hamama Brothers Co. for illegally importing 105 tonnes of pistachio from Iran. Israeli newspaper Ynet reported in 2007 that US government once again asked Israeli government to stop importing pistachios from Iran. In 2008 US ambassador to Israel, Richard H. Jones wrote a letter to Israel's finance minister Ronnie Bar-on"
"drop to the ground. However, they are thick-shelled, with not much flavor. In 2015, South Africa was the world's leading producer of macadamia nuts with compared to Australia's 40,000 tonnes and the total global production of . Macadamia is also commercially produced in Brazil, California, Hawaii, Costa Rica, Israel, Kenya, Bolivia, New Zealand, Colombia, Guatemala and Malawi. The first commercial orchard of macadamia trees was planted in the early 1880s by Rous Mill, southeast of Lismore, New South Wales, consisting of ""M. tetraphylla"". Besides the development of a small boutique industry in Australia during the late 19th and early 20th"
"4.6%, can be stored in the shade for one year without deterioration of quality (Coronel et al. 1983). Although they are grown as ornamental trees in many areas of the Old World tropics of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, only the Philippines produces and processes pili nuts commercially. Production centers are located in the Bicol region, provinces of Sorsogon, Albay, and Camarines Sur, southern Tagalog, and eastern Visayas. There is no commercial planting of this crop; fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to"
"single seed. This species is planted as a street tree in temperate areas worldwide due to its attractive fruit and autumn foliage. Synonyms include: ""Pistacia formosana"" ; ""P. philippinensis"" ; ""Rhus argyi"" ; ""R. gummifera"" . Some botanists merge ""Pistacia integerrima"" into this species as the subspecies ""P. chinensis"" ssp. ""integerrima,"" with the plants considered here then becoming the subspecies ""P. chinensis"" ssp. ""chinensis."" Its native range is on hill and mountain forests on rocky soils at 100–3600 m above sea level. It is found in China (except in the north) and Taiwan. Chinese pistache grows best in full sun,"
"Pistachio ice cream Pistachio ice cream or pistachio nut ice cream is an ice cream flavour made with pistachio nuts or flavouring. It is often distinctively green in color. Pistachio is also a flavor of sorbet and gelato. Pistachio ice cream is a layer in spumoni. At the Bakdash in Damascus, Syria a pounded ice cream covered with pistachio called Booza is produced. It has an elastic texture made of mastic and sahlab and is famous around the Arab World. Tripoli's Al Mina district is known for its Arabic ice cream including ""ashta"" with pistachios. It is widely produced including"
"have found evidence from excavations at Jarmo in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of Atlantic pistachio. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King Merodach-Baladan about 700 BC. The modern pistachio ""P. vera"" was first cultivated in Bronze Age Central Asia, where the earliest example is from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan. It appears in Dioscurides as ""pistakia"" πιστάκια, recognizable as ""P. vera"" by its comparison to pine nuts. Additionally, remains of the Atlantic pistachio and pistachio seed along with nut-cracking tools were discovered by archaeologists at the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site in"
"Siberian dwarf pine (""Pinus pumila""), Chinese white pine (""Pinus armandii"") and lacebark pine (""Pinus bungeana""), are also used to a lesser extent. Russia is the largest producer of ""Pinus sibirica"" nuts in the world followed by Mongolia which produces over 10,000 tonnes of forest grown nuts annually, the majority of harvest is exported to China. Afghanistan is an important source of pine nuts, behind China and Korea. Pine nuts produced in Europe mostly come from the stone pine (""Pinus pinea""), which has been cultivated for its nuts for over 5,000 years, and harvested from wild trees for far longer. The"
"the southern Patagonian valleys"", according to the report. In the Bureau of International Labor Affairs report of 2014 on child labor and forced labor, blueberries were listed among the goods produced in such working conditions in Argentina. Production in Chile ranges from Copiapó in the north to Puerto Montt in the south, allowing the country to offer blueberries from October through late March. Production evolved rapidly since 2010, becoming the fourth most important fruit exported in value terms. Blueberries are exported mainly to North America (79%), followed by Europe (17%), and Asia (South Korea, China and Japan). In 2016, world"
"contamination. Like other members of the ""Anacardiaceae"" family (which includes poison ivy, sumac, mango, and cashew), pistachios contain urushiol, an irritant that can cause allergic reactions. The improper storage of pistachio products in bulk containers has been known to start fires. Because of their high fat and low water contents, the nuts and especially kernels are prone to self-heating and spontaneous combustion when stored with the oil-soaked fiber/fibrous materials. Pistachio The pistachio (, ""Pistacia vera""), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East. The tree produces seeds that are widely"
"Ministry of Agriculture is currently overseeing and implementing the government’s policies in the agricultural sector. Of the 162.2 million hectares of land in Iran, approximately 19 million hectares is agricultural land. This constitutes 12% of the country’s land area. The agricultural sector in Iran currently constitutes 13.9% of GDP and agricultural products form about 30% of Iran’s non-oil exports. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Iran ranks amongst the top 7 countries in producing 22 important agricultural products: it ranks first in pistachio production, second in date production and fourth in apple production worldwide. It is also the"
"these species. On the west coast of the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East, it can be confused with ""Pistacia atlantica"". Best known as the pistachio, ""Pistacia vera"" is a small tree native to Iran, grown for its edible seeds. The seeds of the other species were also eaten in prehistory, but are too small to have commercial value today. Records of ""Pistacia"" from preclassical archaeological sites, and mentions in preclassical texts, always refer to one of these other species (often ""P. terebinthus""). ""Pistacia terebinthus"", a native of Iran and the western Mediterranean countries, is tapped for turpentine."
"years in Mazandaran and Gilan Province of Iran. In Northern Province, many indica rice cultivars including Tarom, Gerdeh, Hashemi, Hasani, Neda and Gharib have been bred by farmers. Sugar: In 2008, Iran had a shortage of 400,000 tons to 600,000 tons of sugar nationwide. Sugar companies suffered from massive imports of cheap sugar over the past few years, which led to a 50% drop in the capacity of the sugar industry’s production in 2008. The lack of import tariffs was the main reason for the domestic sugar industry suffering in this manner. Pistachio: Iran ranks as the world's largest pistachio"
"for 68% of the total. Secondary producers with more than 1% of world production included Turkey, Iran, Brazil, Uzbekistan, Algeria, the United States, Russia, Egypt, Mexico, and Kazakhstan. Watermelons are a sweet, popular fruit of summer, usually consumed fresh in slices, diced in mixed fruit salads, or as juice. Watermelon juice can be blended with other fruit juices or made into wine. The seeds have a nutty flavor and can be dried and roasted, or ground into flour. In China, the seeds are eaten at Chinese New Year celebrations. In Vietnamese culture, watermelon seeds are consumed during the Vietnamese New"
"total (table). In 2013, 1.9 million tonnes of peaches and nectarines were exported worldwide, led by Spain's export volume with 39% (0.75 million tonnes) of the total. Italy (0.3 million tonnes), Greece and the United States also had significant export volumes of 0.1 million tonnes each. The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the ""Peach State"" due to its significant production of peaches as early as 1571, with exports to other states occurring around 1858. In 2014, Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina. Peaches are not only a popular fruit, but are symbolic"
"were sometimes known by the epithet ""nigger toes"", a term that became unacceptable as a racial slur. In 2014, global production of Brazil nuts (in shell) was 95,000 tonnes, remaining a consistent annual total since 2009. The largest producers were Bolivia (47% of world total) and Brazil (40%), and the United States was the largest importer, with 9% of the world production volume. Brazil nuts for international trade can come from wild collection rather than from plantations. This has been advanced as a model for generating income from a tropical forest without destroying it. The nuts are gathered by migrant"
"46% of the world total (table). Other major producers were the United States and Iran (table). The two most commercially important species are ""J. regia"" for timber and nuts, and ""J. nigra"" for timber. Both species have similar cultivation requirements and are widely grown in temperate zones. Walnuts are light-demanding species that benefit from protection from wind. Walnuts are also very hardy against drought. Interplanting walnut plantations with a nitrogen fixing plant, such as ""Elaeagnus × ebbingei"" or ""Elaeagnus umbellata"", and various ""Alnus"" species, results in a 30% increase in tree height and girth (Hemery 2001). When grown for nuts,"
"of the most popular fruits in these regions. Other regions of cultivation are the subtropical areas throughout the world, such as Rwanda, South Africa, Darjeeling and Sikkim in India, Nepal, Hong Kong, China, the United States, Australia, Bhutan and New Zealand. The first internationally marketed crop of tamarillos in Australia was produced around 1996, although permaculture and exotic fruit enthusiasts had increasingly grown the fruit around the country from the mid-1970s on. In New Zealand, about 2,000 tons are produced on 200 hectares of land and exported to the United States, Japan and Europe. For the export, the existing marketing"
"in 2016 were India and China, which together accounted for 28% of total production. Worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between ""bananas"" and ""plantains"". Especially in the Americas and Europe, ""banana"" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the Cavendish group, which are the main exports from banana-growing countries. By contrast, ""Musa"" cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called ""plantains"". In other regions, such as Southeast Asia, many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten, so the binary distinction is not useful and is not made in local languages. The term ""banana"" is also used as"
"ingrained consumer expectations. The trees are planted in orchards, and take approximately seven to ten years to reach significant production. Production is alternate-bearing or biennial-bearing, meaning the harvest is heavier in alternate years. Peak production is reached around 20 years. Trees are usually pruned to size to make the harvest easier. One male tree produces enough pollen for eight to 12 drupe-bearing females. Harvesting in the United States and in Greece is often accomplished using equipment to shake the drupes off the tree. After hulling and drying, pistachios are sorted according to open-mouth and closed-mouth shells, then roasted or processed"
"from Chile to Italy, and, since the 1970s, the United States. As of 2002, harvesters in Chile were paid on average US$0.5 per kilogram of fruit bodies. In Burundi, ""Suillus luteus"" mushrooms are sold to Europeans as ""cepes"" in Bujumbura but not generally eaten by the Barundi. Based on samples collected from Chile, the boletes contain (as a percentage of dry weight) 20% protein, 57% carbohydrates, 6% fat, and 6% ash. ""Pinus radiata"" plantations in southeastern Australia have become tourist attractions as people flock to them in autumn to pick slippery jacks and saffron milk-caps (""Lactarius deliciosus""); Belanglo State Forest"
"the nuts to fall after a rainy season, it becomes much more difficult to harvest. Pickup also varies with how many acres are being farmed as well as the number of sweepers, harvesters, nut carts, and forklifts available. In 2016, world production of hazelnuts (in shells) was 743,455 tonnes, a 20% decrease from 2015. Turkey produced 57% of the world total, followed by Italy, the United States, Azerbaijan and Georgia (table). In the United States, Oregon accounted for 99% of the nation's production in 2014, having a crop value of $129 million that is purchased mainly by the snack food"
"artichoke to Florence. By 1473, it had arrived in Venice. In 1915, 64,000 tons were produced. Italy produces dozens of varieties. Artichoke production in Italy Artichoke production in Italy has a long history. Italy is the world's largest producer of artichokes. With Spain and France, the three countries produce more than 80% of the world's artichokes. There are two theories as to its origin: artichokes may have come from the Levant, derived from the cardoon or thistle through a cross-fertilization process, while others attribute it to the work of Italian horticulturists. The first record of artichoke cultivation in Italy was"
"by Brigham's Ice Cream, Ben & Jerry's, Graeter's and major brands. Pistachio ice cream Pistachio ice cream or pistachio nut ice cream is an ice cream flavour made with pistachio nuts or flavouring. It is often distinctively green in color. Pistachio is also a flavor of sorbet and gelato. Pistachio ice cream is a layer in spumoni. At the Bakdash in Damascus, Syria a pounded ice cream covered with pistachio called Booza is produced. It has an elastic texture made of mastic and sahlab and is famous around the Arab World. Tripoli's Al Mina district is known for its Arabic"
"sweetness. Coquito nuts, also referred to as coker nuts, pygmy coconuts or monkey's coconut, are the fruit of a Chilean palm tree. The tree, ""Jubaea chilensis"", takes up to fifty years to achieve maturity, and is native to the coastal valleys of Chile. This palm is grown in Mediterranean-type climates worldwide, including in the state of California. Coquito nuts can be eaten whole, raw or cooked. Whole or chopped coquito nuts can be added to a variety of foods, including desserts, savoury foods, and drinks. They are grown year round, and will stay edible for up to three weeks if"