"Shoulder joint The shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint from Greek ""glene"", eyeball, + -""oid"", 'form of', + Latin ""humerus"", shoulder) is structurally classified as a synovial ball and socket joint and functionally as a diarthrosis and multiaxial joint. It involves articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). Due to the very loose joint capsule that gives a limited interface of the humerus and scapula, it is the most mobile joint of the human body. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the"
"latum scapularum"", Celsus used ""os latum umeri"" to refer to the shoulder blade. Similarly, Laurentius used the expression ""latitudo umeri"" (Latitudo = ""breadth, width"" ) to refer to the ""shoulder blade"". The Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus (5th century) used ""pala"" to refer to the shoulder blade. The name ""pala"" is normally used to refer to a ""spade"" in Latin and was therefore probably used by Caelius Aurelianus to describe the shoulder blade, as both exhibit a flat curvature. During the Middle Ages ""spathula"" was used to refer to the shoulder blade. Spathula is a diminutive of spatha, with the latter"
"this first part of an overhead motion are the serratus anterior and the lower trapezius. These two muscles act as a force couple within the glenohumeral joint to properly elevate the acromion process, and if a muscle imbalance exists, shoulder impingement may develop. The name ""scapula"" as synonym of ""shoulder blade"" is of Latin origin. It is commonly used in medical English and is part of the current official Latin nomenclature, ""Terminologia Anatomica"". In classical Latin ""scapula"" is only used in its plural ""scapulae"". Although some sources mention that ""scapulae"" is used to refer during Roman antiquity to the ""shoulders"""
"the writings of the Greek physician Galen. They both use the name ὠμοπλάτη to refer to the shoulder blade. This compound consists of ancient Greek ὦμος, ""shoulder"" and πλάτη, ""blade"" or ""flat or broad object"". Πλάτη in its plural πλάται without ὦμο- was also used in ancient Greek to refer to the shoulder blades. In anatomic Latin, ὠμοπλάτη is Latinized as omoplata. The Latin word ""umerus"" is related to ὦμος. The Romans referred with ""umerus"" to what is now commonly known in English as the following 3 bones: ""humerus"" or the ""upper bone of the arm"", the ""clavicle"" or the"
"Winged scapula A winged scapula (scapula alata) is a skeletal medical condition in which the shoulder blade, or shoulder bone, protrudes from a person’s back in an abnormal position. In rare conditions it has the potential to lead to limited functional activity in the upper extremity to which it is adjacent. It can affect a person’s ability to lift, pull, and push weighty objects. In some serious cases, the ability to perform activities of daily living such as changing one’s clothes and washing one’s hair may be hindered. The name of this condition comes from its appearance, a wing-like resemblance,"
"the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The clavicle was present in saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is the called the glenoid. The scapula serves as the attachment site for a dinosaur's back and forelimb muscles. Scapula In anatomy, the scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas), also known as shoulder bone, shoulder blade, wing bone or blade bone, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Like"
"Second, ""scapula"", due to its relatedness to σκάπτειν might originally meant ""shovel"". Similarly to the resemblance between the Latin ""pala"" (spade) and the shoulder blade, a resemblance might be felt between the shape of a shovel and the shoulder blade. Alternatively, the shoulder blade might be used originally for digging and shoveling. Shoulder blade is colloquial name for this bone. Shoulder is cognate to German and Dutch equivalents ""Schulter"" and ""schouder"". There are a few etymological explanations for ""shoulder"". The first supposes that ""shoulder"" can be literally translated as ""that which shields or protects"", as its possibly related to Icelandic"
"Military brace The military brace is a body posture, sometimes known as scapular posterior depression or the costoclavicular maneuver. It is a modification of standing at attention that is primarily used in military schools. It is also used in the diagnosis of costoclavicular syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome. The position is described as first standing in a relaxed posture, with the head looking forward, then depressing and retracting the shoulders as if standing at attention, extending the humerus and abducting it 30 degrees, and hyperextending the neck and head. A more informal description is to lie down on the floor"
"Shoulder replacement Shoulder replacement is a surgical procedure in which all or part of the glenohumeral joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. Such joint replacement surgery generally is conducted to relieve arthritis pain or fix severe physical joint damage. Shoulder replacement surgery is an option for treatment of severe arthritis of the shoulder joint. Arthritis is a condition that affects the cartilage of the joints. As the cartilage lining wears away, the protective lining between the bones is lost. When this happens, painful bone-on-bone arthritis develops. Severe shoulder arthritis is quite painful, and can cause restriction of motion. While"
"Shoulder surgery Shoulder surgery is a means of treating injured shoulders. Many surgeries have been developed to repair the muscles, connective tissue, or damaged joints that can arise from traumatic or overuse injuries to the shoulder. A separated shoulder can be treated with: Sternoclavicular separation can be treated. The rotator cuff can cause pain in many different ways including tendonitis, bursitis, calcific tendonitis, partial thickness tears, full thickness tears or mechanical impingement. Tendinitis, bursitis, and impingement syndrome can be treated with tendon repair and the Mumford procedure or acromioplasty. A rotator cuff tear can be treated with arthroscopic rotator cuff"
"or to the ""shoulder blades"", others persist in that the Romans used ""scapulae"" only to refer to the ""back"", in contrast to the ""pectus"", the Latin name for ""breast"" or ""chest"". The Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus who lived during the beginning of the era, also used ""scapulae"" to refer to the ""back"". He used ""os latum scapularum"" to refer to the shoulder blade. This expressions can be translated as ""broad"" (Latin: latum) ""bone"" (Latin: os) ""of the back"" (Latin: scapularum). A similar expression in ancient Greek can be seen in the writings of the Greek philosopher Aristoteles and in"
"Separated shoulder A separated shoulder, also known as acromioclavicular joint injury, is a common injury to the acromioclavicular joint. The AC joint is located at the outer end of the clavicle where it attaches to the acromion of the scapula. Symptoms include pain which may make it difficult to move the shoulder and often a deformity. It is most commonly due to a fall onto the front and upper part of the shoulder when the arm is by the side. They are classified as type I, II, III, IV, V, or VI with the higher the number the more severe"
"than half of the total vertebral height. The shoulderblade or scapula is short and wide, its length about 6.8 times the minimum width; this is a rare and basal trait within Tetanurae. Its top curves slightly to the rear in side view. On the lower outer side of the blade a broad ridge is present, running from just below the shoulder joint to about midlength where it gradually merges with the blade surface. The middle front edge over about 30% of its length is thinned forming a slightly protruding crest. The scapula constitutes about half of the shoulder joint, which"
"this may be tolerated with some medications and lifestyle adjustments, there may come a time when surgical treatment is necessary. There are a few major approaches to access the shoulder joint. The first is the deltopectoral approach, which saves the deltoid, but requires the subscapularis to be cut. The second is the transdeltoid approach, which provides a straight on approach at the glenoid. However, during this approach the deltoid is put at risk for potential damage. Shoulder replacement, also known as shoulder arthroplasty or glenohumeral arthroplasty, was pioneered by the French surgeon Jules Emile Péan in 1893. His procedure consisted"
"age of people affected is 35–45 years. Scapular fracture A scapular fracture is a fracture of the scapula, the shoulder blade. The scapula is sturdy and located in a protected place, so it rarely breaks. When it does, it is an indication that the individual was subjected to a considerable amount of force and that severe chest trauma may be present. High-speed vehicle accidents are the most common cause. This could be anywhere from a car accident, motorcycle crash, or high speed bicycle crash but falls and blows to the area can also be responsible for the injury. Signs and"
"Clavicle The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. Together with the shoulder blade it makes up the shoulder girdle. It is a touchable bone and in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible, as it creates a bulge in the skin. It receives its name from the (""little key"") because"
"Scapular fracture A scapular fracture is a fracture of the scapula, the shoulder blade. The scapula is sturdy and located in a protected place, so it rarely breaks. When it does, it is an indication that the individual was subjected to a considerable amount of force and that severe chest trauma may be present. High-speed vehicle accidents are the most common cause. This could be anywhere from a car accident, motorcycle crash, or high speed bicycle crash but falls and blows to the area can also be responsible for the injury. Signs and symptoms are similar to those of other"
"advent of arthroscopy. Arthroscopic shoulder surgeries have gained momentum in the past decade. """"Keyhole surgery"""" of the shoulder as it is popularly known has reduced inpatient time and rehabilitation requirements and is often a daycare procedure. Arthroscopy of the wrist is used to investigate and treat symptoms of repetitive strain injury, fractures of the wrist and torn or damaged ligaments. It can also be used to ascertain joint damage caused by wrist osteoarthritis. Many invasive spine procedures involve the removal of bone, muscle, and ligaments to access and treat problematic areas. In some cases, thoracic (mid-spine) conditions require a surgeon"
"acromion. Following are some of the ways doctors diagnose shoulder problems: The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated major joint of the body. In a typical case of a dislocated shoulder, a strong force that pulls the shoulder outward (abduction) or extreme rotation of the joint pops the ball of the humerus out of the shoulder socket. Dislocation commonly occurs when there is a backward pull on the arm that either catches the muscles unprepared to resist or overwhelms the muscles. When a shoulder dislocates frequently, the condition is referred to as shoulder instability. A partial dislocation where the"
"the cross belt had a metal belt plate with the regiment of the soldier inscribed on it. Shoulder belt (military) In military uniforms, a shoulder belt is a wide belt worn usually over the shoulder and across the body. With nearly all line infantry, skirmishers, light infantry, grenadiers and guard regiments, two shoulder belts were worn - one carrying the cartridge box, and another for the bayonet, a sword (""sword belt"" was also the term in this case), or other military equipment. A shoulder belt was worn in various configurations, depending on army and rank. For example, an officer may"
"The primary cause of shoulder pain is a rotator cuff tear. The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. Imaging of the shoulder includes ultrasound, X-ray and MRI, and is guided by the suspected diagnosis and presenting symptoms. Conventional x-rays and ultrasonography are the primary tools used to confirm a diagnosis of injuries sustained to the rotator cuff. For extended clinical questions, imaging through Magnetic Resonance with or without intraarticular contrast agent is indicated. Hodler et al. recommend"
"Shoulder belt (military) In military uniforms, a shoulder belt is a wide belt worn usually over the shoulder and across the body. With nearly all line infantry, skirmishers, light infantry, grenadiers and guard regiments, two shoulder belts were worn - one carrying the cartridge box, and another for the bayonet, a sword (""sword belt"" was also the term in this case), or other military equipment. A shoulder belt was worn in various configurations, depending on army and rank. For example, an officer may have only worn one shoulder belt as appropriate for only having a pistol. A light horseman may"
"of physically smoothing the shoulder joint and implanting platinum and rubber materials. The next notable case in the evolution of shoulder replacement procedures was in 1955 when Charles Neer conducted the first hemiarthroplasty, essentially replacing only the humeral head, leaving the natural shoulder socket, or glenoid, intact. This procedure grew exponentially in popularity as time progressed; however, patients often developed cartilage loss on their glenoid surface as well, leading to pain and glenoid erosion. This prompted the development of a procedure to replace not only the humeral component, but the glenoid component as well. Throughout the development of the procedures,"
"complex because the shoulder can present with more than one pathology at a time. Shoulder examination A Shoulder examination (or shoulder exam) is a portion of a physical examination used to identify potential pathology involving the shoulder. It should be conducted with both shoulders exposed to assess for asymmetry and muscle wasting. A meta-analysis in 2008 concluded that the diagnostic accuracy of individual tests in the shoulder examination was limited, specifically that the Hawkins-Kennedy test and the Speed test have no discriminatory ability to diagnose specific shoulder pathology, and that results of studies evaluating other tests were too statistically heterogeneous"
"pain relief. It is the treatment of pain and inflammation by reducing the skin temperature, and it can also significantly reduce swelling. For shoulder arthritis, cryotherapy is a sling that would fit over the shoulder and, with the use of a hand pump to circulate water, would keep the affected area cool. Shoulder arthritis Shoulder arthritis can be one of three types of arthritis in the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder. The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint, which relies on cartilage to move smoothly and to operate normally. Shoulder arthritis is a clinical condition in which the"
"report (Overpeck and Ghormley), there was only one case out of 38,500 patients observed at the Mayo Clinic. In yet another report (Remak), there were three diagnoses of serratus anterior paralysis throughout a series of 12,000 neurological examinations. Winged scapula A winged scapula (scapula alata) is a skeletal medical condition in which the shoulder blade, or shoulder bone, protrudes from a person’s back in an abnormal position. In rare conditions it has the potential to lead to limited functional activity in the upper extremity to which it is adjacent. It can affect a person’s ability to lift, pull, and push"
"Various studies on shoulder replacements have confirmed this indication, noting specifically that severe glenohumeral arthritis as the cause. In traditional total shoulder arthroplasty the approach begins with separating the deltoid muscle from the pectoral muscles, facilitating access to the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint through a relatively nerve free passageway. The shoulder joint is initially covered by the rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor) and the joint capsule (glenohumeral ligaments). Typically a single rotator cuff muscle is identified and cut to allow direct access to the shoulder joint. As this point, the surgeon can remove the arthritic portions of"
"""collarbone"" and the ""scapula"" or the ""shoulder blade"". The spelling ""humerus"" is actually incorrect in classical Latin. Those three bones were referred to as the ""ossa"" (Latin: bones) ""umeri"" (Latin: of the umerus). Umerus was also used to refer specifically to the shoulder. This mirrors the use of ὦμος in ancient Greek as that could refer to the ""shoulder with the upper arm"" or to the ""shoulder"" alone. Since Celsus, the ""os umeri"" could refer specifically to the ""upper bone of the arm"". The 16th century anatomist Andreas Vesalius used ""humerus"" to refer to the clavicle. Besides the aforementioned ""os"
"Shoulder problem Shoulder problems including pain, are one of the more common reasons for physician visits for musculoskeletal symptoms. The shoulder is the most movable joint in the body. However, it is an unstable joint because of the range of motion allowed. This instability increases the likelihood of joint injury, often leading to a degenerative process in which tissues break down and no longer function well. Shoulder pain may be localized or may be referred to areas around the shoulder or down the arm. . Other regions within the body (such as gallbladder, liver, or heart disease, or disease of"
"Shoulder examination A Shoulder examination (or shoulder exam) is a portion of a physical examination used to identify potential pathology involving the shoulder. It should be conducted with both shoulders exposed to assess for asymmetry and muscle wasting. A meta-analysis in 2008 concluded that the diagnostic accuracy of individual tests in the shoulder examination was limited, specifically that the Hawkins-Kennedy test and the Speed test have no discriminatory ability to diagnose specific shoulder pathology, and that results of studies evaluating other tests were too statistically heterogeneous to make meaningful conclusions about their diagnostic accuracy. Examination of the shoulder can be"
"pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder area. Range of motion can usually be restored by treating the affected area with heat and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in addition to light stretching and or a disciplined physical therapy program. In extreme cases where medication and physical therapy prove to be ineffective in treating the condition, arthroscopic surgery (known as Arthroscopic Capsular Release) can be performed to loosen the capsule by removing regions of thickened scar tissue within and around the shoulder joint. There are usually three openings in the capsule. Articular capsule of the humerus The articular capsule"
"the foam roller you can also lie on your back on top of it and do snow angels. Separated shoulder A separated shoulder, also known as acromioclavicular joint injury, is a common injury to the acromioclavicular joint. The AC joint is located at the outer end of the clavicle where it attaches to the acromion of the scapula. Symptoms include pain which may make it difficult to move the shoulder and often a deformity. It is most commonly due to a fall onto the front and upper part of the shoulder when the arm is by the side. They are"
"Dislocated shoulder A dislocated shoulder is when the head of the humerus is out of the shoulder joint. Symptoms include shoulder pain and instability. Complications may include a Bankart lesion, Hill-Sachs lesion, rotator cuff tear, or injury to the axillary nerve. A shoulder dislocation often occurs as a result of a fall onto an outstretched arm or onto the shoulder. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and confirmed by X-rays. They are classified as anterior, posterior, inferior, and superior with most being anterior. Treatment is by shoulder reduction which may be accomplished by a number of techniques including traction-countertraction, external"