"Cluster (spacecraft) Cluster was a constellation of four European Space Agency spacecraft which were launched on the maiden flight of the Ariane 5 rocket, Flight 501, and subsequently lost when that rocket failed to achieve orbit. The launch, which took place on Tuesday, 4 June 1996, ended in failure due to multiple errors in the software design: Dead code (running, but purposeful so only for Ariane 4) with inadequate protection against integer overflow led to an exception handled inappropriately—halting the whole inertial navigation system that otherwise would have been unaffected. This resulted in the rocket veering off its flight path"
"Zvezda (ISS module) Zvezda (, meaning ""star""), DOS-8, also known as the Zvezda Service Module, is a component of the International Space Station (ISS). It was the third module launched to the station, and provides all of the station's life support systems, some of which are supplemented in the USOS, as well as living quarters for two crew members. It is the structural and functional center of the Russian portion of the station - the Russian Orbital Segment. The module was manufactured by RKK Energia, with major sub-contracting work by GKNPTs Khrunichev. ""Zvezda"" was launched on a Proton rocket on"
"Rosetta (spacecraft) Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with ""Philae"", its lander module, ""Rosetta"" performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft flew by Mars and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme, after ""SOHO""""Cluster"" and ""XMM-Newton"". On 6 August 2014, the spacecraft reached the comet and performed a series of manoeuvres to eventually orbit the comet at distances of . On 12 November, its lander module"
"Transfer Orbit Stage The Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS) was an upper stage developed by Martin Marietta for Orbital Sciences Corporation during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The TOS was designed to be a lower-cost alternative to Inertial Upper Stage and Centaur upper stages. The TOS was designed to be deployed by the Titan 34D, Commercial Titan III and Space Shuttle. The main propulsion system of the Transfer Orbit Stage was an Orbus 21 solid rocket motor. Attitude control was provided by hydrazine thrusters. The inertial guidance system used a ring laser gyroscope produced by Honeywell. Its control system employed"
"Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System) is the main scientific imaging system on the orbiter of the ESA spacecraft Rosetta. It was built by a consortium led by the German Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research. OSIRIS was approved as an instrument for the spacecraft in 1996. It was launched in 2004 on Rosetta and was used until that mission concluded with the deactivation of the Rosetta spacecraft on the comet 67/P in September 2016. The OSIRIS has two cameras with different fields of view, but each is a digital"
"September 2016, Vangelis released the studio album ""Rosetta"" in honour of the mission, which was used on 30 September in the ""Rosetta's final hour"" streaming video of the ESA Livestream event ""Rosetta Grand Finale"". Rosetta (spacecraft) Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with ""Philae"", its lander module, ""Rosetta"" performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft flew by Mars and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme,"
"was not enough merely to interface; the teams had to be integrated into one Mission Control Team. All the different experts had to work together in an operational environment and the interaction and interfaces between all elements of the system (software, hardware and human) had to run smoothly for this to happen: The spacecraft was launched on June 2, 2003 at 23:45 local time (17:45 UT, 1:45 p.m. EDT) from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, using a Soyuz-FG/Fregat rocket. The ""Mars Express"" and Fregat booster were initially put into a 200 km Earth parking orbit, then the Fregat was fired again"
"Command/Service Module (CSM) with a Soviet Soyuz 7K-TM spacecraft. Although the Soyuz was given a mission designation number (Soyuz 19) as part of the ongoing Soyuz program, its radio call sign was simply ""Soyuz"" for the duration of the joint mission. The Apollo mission was not a numbered mission of the Apollo program, and similarly bore the call sign ""Apollo"". Despite this, some of the press and a few NASA web pages have referred to the mission as ""Apollo 18"", but this should not be confused with the canceled lunar mission. The Apollo spacecraft was launched with a docking module"
"the Rokot space launch system, which was used in several successful launches in the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), and one failed launch of the ESA CryoSat satellite in 2005. After the failure, Rockot launches were suspended. Once the cause was unambiguously identified and corrective measures implemented, Rockot returned to active service on 28 July 2006, with the successful launch of an earth observation satellite for South Korea. The START I treaty was signed by the Soviet Union in 1991. The treaty required the Soviet Union to begin the process of dismantling nuclear warheads and the launchers used for SS-19"
"Space Launch System The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American Space Shuttle-derived super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle. It is part of NASA's deep space exploration plans including a crewed mission to Mars. SLS follows the cancellation of the Constellation program, and is to replace the retired Space Shuttle. The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 envisions the transformation of the Constellation program's Ares I and Ares V vehicle designs into a single launch vehicle usable for both crew and cargo, similar to the Ares IV concept. The SLS is to be the most powerful rocket ever built with a total"
"by electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, with the on-board thrusters used for both geostationary orbit insertion and station keeping. The satellite is based on the Boeing 702 satellite bus, and was launched along with Eutelsat 115 West B, which is based on the same bus. The satellite had a launch mass of . The satellite utilizes three C-band beams and four Ku-band beams. The C-band beams will cover Americas, Middle East, and Africa. Additionally, the C-band can be used globally. The Ku-band beams will cover Europe, Middle East, North Africa, and South Africa, as well as providing further coverage of America."
"in a September 1969 report of a Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to President Richard Nixon. Nixon's post-Apollo NASA budgeting withdrew support of all system components except the Shuttle, to which NASA applied the STS name. The vehicle consisted of a spaceplane for orbit and re-entry, fueled from an expendable External Tank containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, with two reusable strap-on solid rocket boosters. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The system was retired from service"
"III occurred on 25 September 1992, and placed NASA's Mars Observer spacecraft into heliocentric orbit, by means of a Transfer Orbit Stage. Commercial Titan III The Commercial Titan III, also known as CT-3 or CT-III was an American expendable launch system, developed by Martin Marietta during the late 1980s and flown four times during the early 1990s. It was derived from the Titan 34D, and was originally proposed as a medium-lift expendable launch system for the US Air Force, who selected the Delta II instead. Development was continued as a commercial launch system, and the first rocket flew in 1990."
"spacecraft. It was eventually launched by a Soyuz-FG/Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 9 November 2005 at 03:33:34 UTC into a parking Earth orbit and 1 h 36 min after launch put into its transfer orbit to Venus. A first trajectory correction maneuver was successfully performed on 11 November 2005. It arrived at Venus on 11 April 2006, after 153 days of journey, and fired its main engine between 07:10:29 and 08:00:42 UTC SCET to reduce its velocity so that it could be captured by Venusian gravity into a nine-day orbit of . The burn was monitored"
"United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 38733. The Russian military announced that the rocket was under control of the Titov Main Test and Space Systems Control Centre at 01:38 UTC and the satellites were released from the rocket at 03:19 UTC. It was the first launch of a Rockot since February 2011 when a satellite was placed in the wrong orbit due to a problem with the upper stage. Kosmos 2481 is a Strela-3 satellite. They are described as store-dump communications satellites which receive information from the ground when they pass overhead, and store that information"
"contains the Data Management System, which handles Guidance, Navigation and Control (ROS GNC) for the entire station. Initially, ""Zarya"", the first module of the station, controlled the station until a short time after the Russian service module ""Zvezda"" docked and was transferred control. ""Zvezda"" contains the ESA built DMS-R Data Management System. Using two fault-tolerant computers (FTC), ""Zvezda"" computes the station's position and orbital trajectory using redundant Earth horizon sensors, Solar horizon sensors as well as Sun and star trackers. The FTCs each contain three identical processing units working in parallel and provide advanced fault-masking by majority voting. ""Zvezda"" uses"
"the Tethered Satellite System, which was part of the payload of the STS-46 mission. Guidoni trained as an alternate payload specialist for that mission and made his first spaceflight aboard the Space Shuttle ""Columbia"" STS-75 in 1996, which included the second flight of the TSS system (TSS-1R). In 2001, Guidoni participated in the Space Shuttle's STS-100 mission, being the first European on board International Space Station (ISS). On that flight, the Space Shuttle ""Endeavour"" carried the ""Raffaello"" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module for its maiden flight as well as the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), the Canadian robotic arm used extensively"
"at Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch vehicle used was a Zenit-2SB, developed by the Ukrainian Yuzhnoe Design Bureau. The rocket's third stage was a newly developed Fregat-SB, a variation of the baseline Fregat, developed by Russia's NPO Lavochkin. At 15.37, the second stage separated and the Fregat-SB continued lifting the spacecraft into geostationary orbit. The satellite separated from the upper stage at 00.28 on 21 January. On 21 January, Roscosmos announced that the spacecraft was fully operational. ""We have completed the first series of the testing. The spacecraft is fully operational"", Deputy Head Anatoly Shilov said. The satellite's final orbital position"
"power system, attitude control system, onboard computer and groundlink, was originally developed in the UK by Space Innovations Limited. It was later completed along with integration of payloads in Canberra, Australia. The spacecraft's battery failed in May 2007 and the mission has been terminated, after lasting 18 months longer than expected. FedSat FedSat (Australia's 'Federation Satellite') is an Australian scientific research satellite launched from Tanegashima Space Center, Japan by a NASDA H-IIA launch vehicle in December 2002 (NASDA is now merged with JAXA). The satellite was developed by the Cooperative Research Centre for Satellite Systems, a cooperative made up of"
"Science Power Platform The Science Power Platform (SPP) (, ""Sci-Energy Platform"") was a planned Russian element of the International Space Station (ISS) that was intended to be delivered to the ISS by a Russian Proton rocket or Zenit rocket (it was originally designed to be part of Mir-2) but was shifted to launch by Space Shuttle as part as a tradeoff agreement on other parts of the ISS. It would have provided additional power for the ISS as well as roll axis control capability for the orbital facility. If the Science Power Platform had been delivered to the ISS, it"
"four 10-A·h NiCd batteries supplying 28 volts to the bus. Main propulsion comprised 24 paired bipropellant 10 N thrusters, with four pairs of thrusters being used for delta-""v"" burns. The spacecraft carried of propellant at launch: of monomethylhydrazine fuel and of dinitrogen tetroxide oxidiser, contained in two grade 5 titanium alloy tanks and providing delta-""v"" of at least over the course of the mission. Propellant pressurisation was provided by two high-pressure helium tanks. ""Rosetta"" was built in a clean room according to COSPAR rules, but ""sterilisation generally not crucial since comets are usually regarded as objects where you can find"
"8K82K rocket on 29 September 1977, marked the switch from engineering development stations to routine operations, and united the most effective elements from each of the previous stations. Its navigation system, made up of the Delta semi-automatic computer to depict the station's orbit and the Kaskad system to control its orientation, was based on that used on Salyut 4, as was its power system, which consisted of a trio of steerable solar panels, together producing a peak of 4 kilowatts of power over 51 m². The station's thermal regulation systems, which made use of a sophisticated arrangement of insulation and"
"Station (ISS) program; it contributed the core space modules Zarya and Zvezda, which were both launched by Proton rockets and later were joined by NASA's Unity Module. The Rassvet module was launched aboard and will be primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. The Nauka module is the last component of the ISS, due to be launched in mid 2018. Roscosmos is furthermore responsible for expedition crew launches by Soyuz-TMA spacecraft and resupplies the space station with Progress space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, RKA and NASA, with the approval"
"Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C18 rocket. The launch was a multi-payload mission shared with Megha-Tropiques, VesselSat-1 and Jugnu. SRMSAT is controlled by a 28.8 MHz Atmel microcontroller. Communication is via Ultra high frequency (UHF), with a downlink at 437.5 MHz providing a data rate of 2.4 kbit/s and an uplink at 145.9 MHz with a 1 kbit/s data rate. Attitude control is via solar cell management system (SCDM), an on-board magnetometer and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver that provide data for magnetorquer coils which interact with the Earth's magnetosphere to change the satellite's orientation. SRMSAT SRMSAT is a Nanosatellite built by"
"spacecraft was fuelled for launch. Then on 10 February it was attached to the payload adaptor, and encapsulated in the payload fairing, to form a unit known as the ""Space Head Module"". This was transported to the launch pad by means of a vehicle known as the ""crocodile"", and installed atop the carrier rocket. Rollout occurred on 15 February, and the next day the satellite was activated in order to test its systems following integration onto the rocket. When the spacecraft was installed atop the Dnepr, launch was scheduled to occur on 25 February, at 13:57 UTC. Prior to this,"
"Soyuz (spacecraft) Soyuz () is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet manned lunar programs. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date. The Soyuz rocket design is based on the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7A Semyorka, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from"
"Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was ""Space Transportation System (STS)"", taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135"
"Progress MS-06 Progress MS-06 (), identified by NASA as Progress 67 or 67P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). Progress MS-6 launched on 14 June 2017 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It used a Soyuz-2.1a rocket to get to orbit, replacing the former Soyuz-U launch system. Progress MS-6 docked with the Zvezda. It was planned to dock with the Pirs module which it would remove from the space station, in preparation for the arrival of the Nauka module. However, due to the repetitive delays with the Nauka module the plan was"
"from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles. The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields. The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars. The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the ""Zvezda"" module or"
"should be available to the public when the mission starts its primary science phase in November 2014, subject to the usual 6 months proprietary period. Data was made available via the ESA Planetary Science Archive (PSA), where a dedicated Rosetta section is available. Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) is one of several instruments on the European Space Agency's ""Rosetta"" mission which studied ""in-situ"" the environment around the active comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko as it flew into the inner Solar System. MIDAS is an atomic force microscope (AFM) designed to collect dust particles emitted from the comet, and"
"has its own propulsion system for controlling shipping. Vesta, the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of large penetrator on the one of them. The cancelled NASA's Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby mission considered the launch in 1995 and landing of penetrators on comet's nucleus in 2001. The first landing on a similarly small body, the asteroid"
"Ascent propulsion system The ascent propulsion system (APS) or lunar module ascent engine (LMAE) is a fixed-thrust hypergolic rocket engine developed by Bell Aerosystems for use in the Apollo lunar module ascent stage. It used Aerozine 50 fuel, and oxidizer. Rocketdyne provided the injector system, at the request of NASA, when Bell could not solve combustion instability problems. The LMAE traces its origin to the earlier Bell Aerosystems engines (8096, 8247) used in the RM-81 Agena, the American rocket upper stage and satellite support bus developed by Lockheed initially for the canceled WS-117L reconnaissance satellite program. The Agena served as"
"primitive objects. ""Rosetta"" was the first spacecraft to fly close to Jupiter's orbit using solar cells as its main power source. ""Rosetta"" was the first spacecraft to orbit a comet nucleus, and was the first spacecraft to fly alongside a comet as it headed towards the inner Solar System. It became the first spacecraft to examine at close proximity the activity of a frozen comet as it is warmed by the Sun. Shortly after its arrival at 67P, the ""Rosetta"" orbiter dispatched the ""Philae"" lander for the first controlled touchdown on a comet nucleus. The robotic lander's instruments obtained the"