"a number of rivers from both sides; consequently, a salinity gradient exists from north to south. In the south the water is the normal brackish water of the Baltic Sea, but in the north, in the Bothnian Bay, the salinity is so low, from 0.4% near Kvarken to 0.2% in the northernmost part, that many freshwater fish such as the pike, whitefish and perch thrive in it. Being nearly fresh, the gulf is frozen over five months every year. The icing of the Baltic Sea begins and ends in the northern Gulf of Bothnia. Traffic restrictions for icebreaker assistance are"
"of Bothnia into a southern gulf and northern lake across the Norra Kvarken area in about 2,000 years. Some historians suggest that the adventurer Ottar was referring to the Gulf of Bothnia when he spoke of the ""Kven Sea"" in the 9th century. It is also possible that Claudius Clavus's usage of the term ""Mare Gotticus"" in the 15th century refers to the Gulf of Bothnia. The land surrounding the Gulf of Bothnia is heavily forested. Trees are logged, then transported to the coast for milling. The gulf is also important for oil transport to the coastal cities and ore"
"80–240 km (50-150 mi) wide and has an average depth of 60 m (200 ft, 33 fathoms). The maximum depth is 295 m (965 ft, 161 fathoms). The surface area is 117,000 km² (45,200 sq mi). The northernmost point is situated in Töre in the Bothnian Bay. its coordinates are 65° 54'07"" N 22° 39'00 E. The depth and surface area of the Gulf of Bothnia are constantly decreasing, as the land is rising after it had been pressed down by the continental ice during last ice age. The rise is 80 cm every hundred years. Into the gulf flow"
"typically in force for all the gulf from late January to late April and for the northernmost ports from the middle of December to the middle of May. Geologically the Gulf of Bothnia is an ancient depression of tectonic origin. The depression in partly filled with sedimentary rock deposited in the Precambrian and Paleozoic. Nearby plains adjoining the gulf are part of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain. While being repeatedly covered by glaciers during the last 2.5 million years glacial erosion has had a limited effect in changing the topography. Ongoing post-glacial rebound is thought to result in splitting of the Gulf"
"the affinity in the Finnish language of the words 'eteinen', meaning ""entrance room/hall"" and 'etelä', ""South"". According to Lönnrot, north was viewed as the bottom direction because the lowest point of the sun's path is there. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southern limit of the Gulf of Bothnia as follows: From Simpnäsklubb (59°54'N) in Sweden, to Flötjan, Lagskær [sic], Fæstörne [sic], Kökarsörn, and Vænö-Kalkskær [sic] to the SW point of Hangöudde (Hangö Head, 59°49'N) in Finland, thus including the Aland islands and adjacent shoals and channels in the Gulf of Bothnia. The gulf is 725 km (450 mi) long,"
"Bothnian Bay The Bothnian Bay or Bay of Bothnia ("", "") is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which is in turn the northern part of the Baltic Sea. The land holding the bay is still rising after the weight of ice-age glaciers has been removed, and within 2,000 years the bay will be a large freshwater lake. The bay today is fed by several large rivers, and is relatively unaffected by tides, so has low salinity. It freezes each year for up to six months. Compared to other parts of the Baltic it has little plant or"
"Based on the saga's internal chronologies, this would have happened around the 6th or 7th century CE, but the dating is very insecure. Locations of Kvenland, Finland and Gotland are given rather exactly: ""to the east of the gulf that lies across from the White Sea (Gandvík); we call that the Gulf of Bothnia (Helsingjabotn)."" The saga is correct in placing the Gulf of Bothnia ""across"" (i.e., ""on the other side of"" the isthmus between the two seas) from the White Sea. The saga does not say that Kvenland was on the coast, but just east of the Gulf. This"
"of Bothnia, might have been an equivalent of Kven Sea. But that theory does not explain its total absence in Scandinavian sources. Kven Sea Kven Sea (""Cwen sea"") is mentioned as the northern border for the ancient Germania in ""The Old English Orosius"", the history of the world published in England in 890 CE with a commission from King Alfred the Great himself. It was probably the same as the Gulf of Finland, although the Gulf of Bothnia have also been suggested. Included in ""Orosius"", there is a short mention of the Kven Sea by a Norwegian viking Ottar, but"
"Kvarken Kvarken (Swedish ""Kvarken"" or ""Norra Kvarken"" (as opposed to South Kvarken), Finnish ""Merenkurkku"" lit. """"throat of the sea"""") is the narrow region in the Gulf of Bothnia separating the Bothnian Bay (the inner part of the gulf) from the Bothnian Sea. The distance from Swedish mainland to Finnish mainland is around while the distance between the outmost islands is only . The water depth in the Kvarken region is only around . The region also has an unusual rate of land rising at about a year. On the Finnish side of Kvarken, there is a large archipelago, the Kvarken"
"the name ""Kven Sea"" from all Norwegian and Swedish sources is noteworthy, though, and sagas that describe the era during which Ottar lived use the name ""Helsingjabotn"" for the Gulf of Bothnia, for example in the Orkneyinga saga. If Kven Sea was a name used for the Gulf of Bothnia, it along with all of its possible variations seem to be completely missing from the Scandinavian namespace in later times. Finnish historian Kyösti Julku has, however, suggested that ""Kajano More"", which appears in Russian documents from the 14th to 16th centuries in different spellings as the name for the Gulf"
"according to traditional interpretations, ending in the Gulf of Bothnia near the Pyhäjoki River. However the wording """"the sea in the north"""" can as well mean the Arctic Ocean. Only the southern part of the border, close to Viborg, was actually considered important and clearly defined in the treaty. Borders in the wilderness were defined very roughly, and presumably considered less important than the line across the Karelian Isthmus. It has also been suggested that the treaty would have originally given both Sweden and Novgorod joint rights to northern Ostrobothnia and Lappland. Finnic tribes living on both sides of the"
"Samogitia (Lithuanian), and Sambia (Russia). A second possibility is that ""botten"" follows an alternative Scandinavian connotation of 'furthermost'. Thus, the Gulf of Bothnia would be the farthest extent of the Ocean. Julius Pokorny gives the extended Proto-Indo-European root as ""*bhudh-m(e)n"" with a ""*bhudh-no-"" variant, from which the Latin ""fundus"", as in fundament, is derived. The original meaning of English ""north"", from Proto-Indo-European ""*ner-"" ""under"", indicates an original sense of ""lowlands"" for ""bottomlands"". On the other hand, by ""north"" the classical authors usually meant ""outermost"", as the northern lands were outermost to them. The origin of the word is indeed very"
"Gulf of Bothnia. In 1975 the territory to the south of this line would have contained half of Finland's population. Ten years earlier, such a line, drawn farther to the north to mark off perhaps 20 percent more area, would have encompassed half the population. One hundred years earlier, half the population would have been distributed throughout more than twice as much territory. Another indication of the extent to which Finns were located in the south was that by 1980, approximately 90 percent of them lived in the southernmost 41 percent of Finland. In 2017, there were 372,802 foreign-born residents"
"within Ptolemy's reckoning of the Great Gulf. Those following Alexander's route from Zaba on its northern shore to Cattigara to its southeast consider it to be no more than the Gulf of Thailand, with Cattigara located in the Funanese Óc Eo ruins at Thoại Sơn. Its Cottiaris River would then be a former course of the Mekong which once passed the site to enter the Gulf of Thailand. Others ignoring the route as garbled but taking Cattigara to be the major Han entrepôt of Longbian consider the Great Gulf to have been the Gulf of Tonkin, hypothesizing that the Gulf"
"Gulf of Boothia The Gulf of Boothia is a body of water in Nunavut, Canada. Administratively it is divided between the Kitikmeot Region on the west and the Qikiqtaaluk Region on the east. It merges north into Prince Regent Inlet, the two forming a single bay with different names for its parts. It is surrounded by, clockwise, Baffin Island, Fury and Hecla Strait, the Melville Peninsula, the Canadian mainland, the Boothia Peninsula and perhaps Bellot Strait if the Gulf can be said to extend that far north. The south end is Committee Bay, northwest of which are the Simpson Peninsula"
"land surrounding the northern coasts Bothnian Gulf. Linguistically this etymology is seen as more acceptable. The area originally known as Kainuu seems to have been the central part of Ostrobothnia where Karelians could access the Gulf of Bothnia in the Middle Ages, giving also conceptual support for the theory. Noteworthy in this context is also the word ""kainu"", which is only known in lower Satakunta in Finland. It had a completely different meaning being the middle stake in a work sled, also clearly deriving from *gain-. Like the theory one, Koivulehto believes the words ""kainu"" and Kven to be interconnected."
"have emerged in the last 1,500 years as the bed of the bay has risen. The Bay of Bothnia National Park in the Finnish section (, ), established in 1991, is located in the archipelago offshore from Tornio and Kemi. It covers of which about is land. The Quark ridge at the south of the bay defines the dividing line beyond which many salt water species are unable to survive. Instead of the red and brown algae found further south, the bay has predominantly green algae and phanerogams. Annual plant species are almost completely dominant. The only perennials are a"
"the Sylen shoal and yet in other places of the Bothnian Sea Jotnian sediments are absent. The Sub-Cambrian peneplain cuts across Jotnian rocks in the Bothnian Sea. Muhos in the northeastern Gulf of Bothnia is a site of Jotnian sediment occurrence. At this location Jotnian sediments can be found within the Muhos Graben that has had a downward displacement of about one kilometre. The sediments in the Muhos Graben at the bottom are conglomerates and arkoses whose contact with the underslying metamorphic rocks constitute an unconformity. The pebbles of the conglomerate are made of schist and granite while the matrix"
"animal life. The bay is divided from the Bothnian Sea, the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, by the Northern Quark (Kvarken) strait. The Northern Quark has a greatest depth of , with two ridges that are just deep. It lies between a group of islands off Vaasa in Finland and another group at Holmöarna in Sweden. The bay is bounded by Finland to the east and Sweden to the west. The bay is asymmetric, with a smoother and shallower bottom slope on the Finnish side, and a deeper bottom with a steeper and more rugged coast on the"
"into the Bay of Bothnia. On the other side of the river lies the Finnish town Tornio (Swedish: ""Torneå""). Haparanda and Tornio jointly call themselves ""EuroCity"". Although Haparanda has a boat harbor, it is not accessible for larger vessels and is not, as often thought, the Baltic Sea's northernmost port, that honor most probably belonging to Töre further west on the Swedish coast. The municipality includes the Haparanda archipelago, with 652 islands in the bay of Bothnia, part of the larger Norrbotten archipelago. The Haparanda Archipelago National Park lies within the Haparanda group of islands. It includes the larger islands"
"feature of Ostrbothnia is the coastal plain North of Suomenselkä, in the nowaday regions of Ostrobothnia, Southern Ostrobothnia and Central Ostrobothnia. It is glacial (Weichsel glaciation) seabed, its topography flat with few hills, and characterized by South-East to North-West running rivers, which were formed by waters at the end of the glaciation. Due to the depression caused by the ice masses which lay on the top of the ground, the ground level is still rising, at a rate of circa 9 mm per annum. Due to the very flat topography, this causes the Gulf of Bothnia to withdraw several kilometers"
"of Bothnia. The home port of ""Sampo"" is Ajos in Kemi. During the summer time ""Sampo"" stays in its home port but during the wintertime it makes tourist cruises in the Gulf of Bothnia. During the cruise tourists have a chance to go down from the icebreaker and float in the sea dressed with rescue suites. They can also participate in the guided ship tour and to get to know the icebreaker from the engine room to the bridge. ""Sampo"" can take 150 passengers at a time. Yearly ""Sampo"" takes about 10000 tourists to the cruises, and totally there has"
"shipped from the port of Luleå down the Gulf of Bothnia to the German north Baltic ports at Lübeck, Swinemünde, and Stettin. Outside these months, the Gulf of Bothnia froze over, severely restricting supplies, and although an alternate port was available at Oxelösund, south of Stockholm, for the transport of iron ore from the mines in Bergslagen, this facility was unable to supply the full amount required by Germany, and in any case froze over from January to March each year. Luleå remained outside the reach of Royal Navy's patrols but it was estimated that when Luleå and the Baltic"
"Suomenselkä Suomenselkä is a drainage divide in western Finland. Roughly long and wide, it is marked by an ensemble of northeast-southwest oriented moraines parallel to the Bothnian coastline. Rivers flowing west from Suomenselkä drain to the Gulf of Bothnia and the lakes in the east drain to the Gulf of Finland. Historically, this very sparsely populated region separated Ostrobothnia from the southern and eastern lake regions of Finland. The landscape is marked by moraines, eskers, swamps and forests and is difficult to cultivate or settle in. Because it contains some of the few remaining patches of old-growth forest in southern"
"of Bothnia and further south near the coast at Satakunta. Jotnian rocks are also found offshore between Finland and Sweden in the Gulf of Bothnia and the Åland Sea including South Kvarken. Known Jotnian rocks at the Åland Sea are sandstones belonging to the informally defined Söderarm Formation. Above these there are Upper Riphean and Vendian sandstones and shales. There is evidence suggesting that Jotnian rocks, or even a Jotnian platform, once covered much of Fennoscandia and were not restricted to a few localities like today. The limited geographical extent of Jotnian sediments at present is indebted to their erosion"
"Bay of Pomerania The Bay of Pomerania or Pomeranian Bay (Polish: ""Zatoka Pomorska""; German: ""Pommersche Bucht""; Kashubian: ""Pòmòrskô Hôwinga"") is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Poland and Germany. In the south it is separated from the Oder Lagoon in the mouth of the Oder River by the islands of Usedom/Uznam and Wolin, connected by three straits or branches of the Oder: Dziwna, Świna and Peene. North border is a line from Cape Arkona on the German island of Rügen to the Gąski Lighthouse in the east of Kołobrzeg in Poland. Maximum depth is 20"
"of the English Channel and the Danish straits and increased Atlantic water inflow, and the subsequent development of the South Jutland Current. Between 8000 and 7000 years ago the Baltic became distinctly brackish, starting from the southern parts closest to the ocean and spreading therefrom into central Baltic and finally the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia. The arrival of markedly brackish conditions marks the beginning of the Littorina Sea stage (Miettinen 2004). The Mastogloia Sea stage thus constitutes a transitional phase between the freshwater Ancylus Lake stage and the Littorina Sea stage during which the Baltic was"
"south. Gulf of Boothia The Gulf of Boothia is a body of water in Nunavut, Canada. Administratively it is divided between the Kitikmeot Region on the west and the Qikiqtaaluk Region on the east. It merges north into Prince Regent Inlet, the two forming a single bay with different names for its parts. It is surrounded by, clockwise, Baffin Island, Fury and Hecla Strait, the Melville Peninsula, the Canadian mainland, the Boothia Peninsula and perhaps Bellot Strait if the Gulf can be said to extend that far north. The south end is Committee Bay, northwest of which are the Simpson"
"idea, but the idea is still decades from being brought to fruition. There is a debate in the coastal cities on both sides, like Umeå and Vaasa. The official view from the Swedish and Finnish governments is that it is much too expensive. The natural values in the area also makes a bridge dubious. Kvarken Kvarken (Swedish ""Kvarken"" or ""Norra Kvarken"" (as opposed to South Kvarken), Finnish ""Merenkurkku"" lit. """"throat of the sea"""") is the narrow region in the Gulf of Bothnia separating the Bothnian Bay (the inner part of the gulf) from the Bothnian Sea. The distance from Swedish"
"rise or fall by . Major rivers that flow into the bay include: The salinity is only about 0.2 psu in the northern part of the bay, dropping almost to zero in some of the archipelagos with large river inflows. The low salinity and cold temperatures in winter results in ice that is considerably stronger than more saline or warmer ice. If an island is defined as an area of land more than that is surrounded by water, the Bay of Bothnia has 4,001 islands. The largest island is Hailuoto. The north of the bay contains a large archipelago area."
"Gulf of Bomba The Gulf of Bomba is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea on the northern coast of Libya. It lies about 40 miles (64 km) east of Derna (or Derne) at 32 degrees 38 minutes North Latitude, 23 degrees 07 minutes East Longitude (). It is named after the Libyan village of Bomba. During the First Barbary War, the United States Navy brig , commanded by Lieutenant Isaac Hull, brought food and supplies to the Gulf of Bomba on 16 April 1805 for a ground force commanded by Consul William Eaton. Eatons force, consisting of himself,"
"the centre of Tornio is located west of the river, but belongs to Finland. The border runs in straight lines for 4.03 kilometres between the cities of Tornio and Haparanda, and from there in straight lines 25.31 km as a maritime border mostly through sea, but also through islands including one called Kataja. In 1809 the border went between the islands Kataja and Inakari, but the post-glacial rebound has caused them to join into a single island. The border continues as a maritime border to a point in the Bothnian Bay, where the Finnish and Swedish territorial waters depart from"
"Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdańsk. The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge, at the latitude 60°N, by the Åland islands and the Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga, and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula. The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal. Administration The Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the"