"criticizing Moriarty's work; he stops short of recognizing the claim as indisputably accurate. Doyle provided no evidence relating to the contents of ""Dynamics"". This has in no way prevented people from speculating about what it contained. Other speculation on this topic includes: Citation analysis, which involves examining an item's referring documents, is used in searching for materials and analyzing their merit. Since citation analysis does not look at a document's contents, only references to it, it can be applied to a documents such as ""Dynamics"" or ""Treatise"" that do not in fact exist. ""Dynamics"" is referenced in the professional scientific"
"Critique Critique is a method of disciplined, systematic study of a written or oral discourse. Although critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgment, it can also involve merit recognition, and in the philosophical tradition it also means a methodical practice of doubt. The contemporary sense of critique has been largely influenced by the Enlightenment critique of prejudice and authority, which championed the emancipation and autonomy from religious and political authorities. The term ""critique"" derives, via French, from Ancient Greek (), meaning ""the faculty of judgment"", that is, discerning the value of persons or things. Critique is also"
"Criticism Criticism is the practice of judging the merits and faults of something. Criticism is an evaluative or corrective exercise that can occur in any area of human life. Criticism can therefore take many different forms (see below). How people go about criticizing, can vary a great deal. In specific areas of human endeavour, the form of criticism can be highly specialized and technical; it often requires professional knowledge to appreciate the criticism. For subject-specific information, see the Varieties of criticism page. To criticize does not necessarily imply ""to find fault"", but the word is often taken to mean the"
"of social power. Critique Critique is a method of disciplined, systematic study of a written or oral discourse. Although critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgment, it can also involve merit recognition, and in the philosophical tradition it also means a methodical practice of doubt. The contemporary sense of critique has been largely influenced by the Enlightenment critique of prejudice and authority, which championed the emancipation and autonomy from religious and political authorities. The term ""critique"" derives, via French, from Ancient Greek (), meaning ""the faculty of judgment"", that is, discerning the value of persons or things."
"because they gravely compromise the exercise of justice and the fairness of judicial decisions. Respect for the reputation of persons forbids every attitude and word likely to cause unjust injury. One is guilty of rash judgment who assumes the moral fault of a neighbor without sufficient foundation. One is guilty of detraction who discloses another's faults and failings to persons who did not know them without objectively valid reason. One is guilty of calumny (a misrepresentation intended to harm another's reputation) who harms the reputation of others and gives occasion for false judgments concerning them by remarks contrary to the"
"Blame Blame is the act of censuring, holding responsible, making negative statements about an individual or group that their action or actions are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise. When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, we may say that his or her action is praiseworthy. There are other senses of praise and blame that are not ethically relevant. One may praise someone's good dress sense, and blame their own sense of style for their own dress sense. Blaming appears to"
"for thinking that we are better off to do Y, instead of X""). It does not necessarily say, that the option criticized is all bad, but rather that an alternative option is ""better"", or more preferable. Negative criticism means voicing an objection to something, only with the purpose of showing that it is wrong, false, mistaken, nonsensical, objectionable, or disreputable. Generally, it suggests disapproval of something, or disagreement with something – it emphasizes the downsides of something. Negative criticism is also often interpreted as an attack against a person (ad hominem). That may not have been the intention, but it"
"emotions clouding judgement, twisting facts to support beliefs such as confirmation biases, cognitive biases, attraction biases, prejudices, or the need to be right. Human beings have a tendency to evaluate the actions of the people they interact with based on who did them. A double standard may take the form of an instance in which certain concepts (often, for example, a word, phrase, social norm, or rule) are perceived as acceptable to be applied by one group of people, but are considered unacceptable—taboo—when applied by another group. A double standard can therefore be described as a biased or morally unfair"
"significant reasons why a critique may be necessary or desirable in particular situations. Criticism Criticism is the practice of judging the merits and faults of something. Criticism is an evaluative or corrective exercise that can occur in any area of human life. Criticism can therefore take many different forms (see below). How people go about criticizing, can vary a great deal. In specific areas of human endeavour, the form of criticism can be highly specialized and technical; it often requires professional knowledge to appreciate the criticism. For subject-specific information, see the Varieties of criticism page. To criticize does not necessarily"
"Evaluation Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realisable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. The primary purpose of evaluation, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change."
"or personal limitations. Most commonly the term ""value judgment"" refers to an individual's opinion. Of course, the individual's opinion is formed to a degree by their belief system, and the culture to which they belong. So a natural extension of the term ""value judgment"" is to include declarations seen one way from one value system, but may be seen differently from another. Conceptually this extension of definition is related both to the anthropological axiom ""cultural relativism"" (that is, that cultural meaning derives from a context) and to the term ""moral relativism"" (that is, that moral and ethical propositions are not"
"Value judgment A value judgment (or value judgement) is a judgment of the rightness or wrongness of something or someone, or of the usefulness of something or someone, based on a comparison or other relativity. As a generalization, a value judgment can refer to a judgment based upon a particular set of values or on a particular value system. A related meaning of value judgment is an expedient evaluation based upon limited information at hand, an evaluation undertaken because a decision must be made on short notice. The term ""value judgment"" can be used objectively to refer to any injunction"
"called a term. Judgment is the mental operation by which we predicate something of a subject. Were you to think, ""That sunset is beautiful"" or ""Baseball is the all-American sport"" is to make a judgment. The verbal expression of judgment is the statement (or proposition). Inference (or reasoning) is the mental operation by which we draw conclusions from other information. If you were to think, ""I like to look at that sunset, because I enjoy beautiful things, and that sunset is beautiful"" you would be reasoning. The verbal expression of reasoning is the logical argument. Jean Piaget identifies several mental"
"is the practice of evaluating the effect that a literary work has on its reader or audience. The concept was presented after the authors had presented their paper on ""The Intentional Fallacy"". First defined in an article published in ""The Sewanee Review"" in 1949, the concept of an affective fallacy was most clearly articulated in ""The Verbal Icon"", Wimsatt's collection of essays published in 1954. Wimsatt used the term to refer to all forms of criticism that understood a text's effect upon the reader to be the primary route to analyzing the importance and success of that text. This definition"
"judgement; and a reflex feeling of satisfaction at actions we consider good, and of dissatisfaction at those we consider bad. By the intellectual part of this process, we refer the action or habit to a certain class; but no sooner is the intellectual process complete than there is excited in us a feeling similar to what myriads of actions and habits of (apparently) the same class excited in us on former occasions. Even if the latter part of this process is instantaneous, uniform and exempt from error, the former is not. All mankind may approve of that which is virtuous"
"Evaluation is often used to characterize and appraise subjects of interest in a wide range of human enterprises, including the arts, criminal justice, foundations, non-profit organizations, government, health care, and other human services. It is long term and done at the end of a period of time. Evaluation is the structured interpretation and giving of meaning to predicted or actual impacts of proposals or results. It looks at original objectives, and at what is either predicted or what was accomplished and how it was accomplished. So evaluation can be formative, that is taking place during the development of a concept"
"universal truths, but stem from cultural context). A value judgment formed within a specific value system may be parochial, and may be subject to dispute in a wider audience. Nonjudgmental is a descriptor that conveys the opposite meaning to the pejorative sense of value judgment: it expresses avoidance of personal opinion and reflex ""knee-jerk"" reactions. Nonjudgmental implies open-mindedness, rejection of uninformed assumptions, and avoidance of blame. It may also suggest a capacity for compassion and empathy. Judgment call is a term describing decision made on a personal basis. Value-neutral is a related adjective suggesting independence from a value system. The"
"Instrumental and intrinsic value The word ""value"" is both a verb and a noun, each with multiple meanings. But its root meaning always involves social judgments of qualities such as goodness, worth, truth, justice, beauty. The word names either the rational criterion applied when judging, or results of judging, the presence of such qualities. Humans attribute qualities to objects, beliefs, and behaviors as they identify means that ""work"" to carry on social life, and ends that are ""right"" for social life itself. Qualities that ""work"" are judged by the instrumental criterion, and are said to possess instrumental value. Qualities that"
"the invalidity of an argument aside from the formal method, and that the study of fallacies may be of more interest to other disciplines, like psychology, than to philosophy and logic. Since the 1980s, informal logic has been partnered and even equated, in the minds of many, with critical thinking. The precise definition of ""critical thinking"" is a subject of much dispute. Critical thinking, as defined by Johnson, is the evaluation of an intellectual product (an argument, an explanation, a theory) in terms of its strengths and weaknesses. While critical thinking will include evaluation of arguments and hence require skills"
"of professional criticism are mixed together, especially when people try to ""pretend"" somebody's criticism is authoritative (they seem to have a professional expertise, although they really lack this expertise), or when people try to ""pretend"" that somebody's criticism is not authoritative (they are treated as no better than the rest, although in reality they are highly professional, and more competent and experienced than the rest). Self-criticism (or what academics sometimes call ""autocritique"") refers to the ability to appraise the pro's and con's of one's own beliefs, thoughts, actions, behaviour or results, especially from the point of view of how others"
"simple expression of an object against prejudice, no matter positive or negative. Often criticism involves active disagreement, but it may only mean ""taking sides"". Constructive criticism will often involve an exploration of the different sides of an issue. Criticism is often presented as something unpleasant, but there are friendly criticisms, amicably discussed, and some people find great pleasure in criticism (""keeping people sharp"", ""providing the critical edge""). The Pulitzer Prize for Criticism has been presented since 1970 to a newspaper writer who has demonstrated 'distinguished criticism'. When criticism involves a dialogue of some kind, direct or indirect, it is an"
"the opinion. In its disparaging sense the term ""value judgment"" implies a conclusion is insular, one-sided, and not objective — contrasting with judgments based upon deliberation, balance and public evidence. ""Value judgment"" also can refer to a tentative judgment based on a considered appraisal of the information at hand, taken to be incomplete and evolving—for example, a ""value judgment"" on whether to launch a military attack, or as to procedure in a medical emergency. In this case the quality of judgment suffers because the information available is incomplete as a result of exigency, rather than as a result of cultural"
"goals?"" (Smith & Kirby, 2009). Individuals experience different emotions when they view a situation as consistent with their goals than when they view it as inconsistent. People's emotions are also influenced by their ""secondary appraisal"" of situations. ""Secondary appraisal"" involves people's evaluation of their resources and options for coping (Lazarus, 1991). One aspect of secondary appraisal is a person's evaluation of who should be held accountable. A person can hold herself, another, or a group of other people accountable for the situation at hand. Blame may be given for a harmful event and credit may be given for a beneficial"
"Pejorative A pejorative (also called a derogatory term, a slur, a term of abuse, or a term of disparagement) is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative connotation or a low opinion of someone or something, showing a lack of respect for someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. A term can be regarded as pejorative in some social or cultural groups but not in others. Sometimes, a term may begin as a pejorative and eventually be adopted in a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa) in some or all contexts. Name slurs can"
"is the interpretation and evaluation of literature and art; while ""critique"" may be used to refer to more general and profound writing as Kant's ""Critique of pure reason"". Another proposed distinction is that critique is never personalized nor ad hominem, but is instead the analyses of the structure of the thought in the content of the item critiqued. This analysis then offers by way of the critique method either a rebuttal or a suggestion of further expansion upon the problems presented by the topic of that specific written or oral argumentation. Even authors that believe there might be a distinction"
"intrinsically social activity. Criticism is also the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature, artwork, film, and social trends (see the article links below). The goal is to understand the possible meanings of cultural phenomena, and the context in which they take shape. In so doing, it is often evaluated how cultural productions relate to other cultural productions, and what their place is within a particular genre, or a particular cultural tradition. This section is about the origin and evolution of the meanings of the expression ""criticism"". The early English meaning of criticism was primarily literary criticism, that of judging and"
"false statements in connection with elections, and the use of profanity in public, are also often used in contexts similar to criminal libel actions. The boundaries of a court's power to hold individuals in ""contempt of court"" for what amounts to alleged defamatory statements about judges or the court process by attorneys or other people involved in court cases is also not well established in many common law countries. Defamation Defamation, calumny, vilification, or traducement is the communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of, depending on the law of the country, an individual, business, product, group, government,"
"play a powerful role as a public arbiter of taste or opinion. Also, critics or a coordinated group of critics, may award symbols of recognition. The word ""critic"" comes , which is a Greek derivation of the word ""(krités)"", meaning a person who offers reasoned judgment or analysis, value judgment, interpretation or observation. Early English meaning of criticism was based mainly on the criticism of literature and it was in the 17th century that more general forms of criticism began. Cultural critic Clement Greenberg wrote that a good critic excels through ""insights into the evidence … and by … loyalty"
"Casuistry Casuistry () is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (as in sophistry). Casuistry describes either a form of reasoning that is presumed to be acceptable, or a form of reasoning that is inherently unsound and deceptive. The ""Oxford English Dictionary"" says that the word ""[o]ften (and"
"known as major logic, as opposed to minor logic or dialectics. Philosophy is the application of critical thought, and is the disciplined practice of processing the ""theory/praxis problem"". In philosophical contexts, such as law or academics, critique is most influenced by Kant's use of the term to mean a reflective examination of the validity and limits of a human capacity or of a set of philosophical claims. This has been extended in modern philosophy to mean a systematic inquiry into the conditions and consequences of a concept, a theory, a discipline, or an approach and/or attempt to understand the limitations"
"to reach decisions favorable to applicants depending on how long it is since the judges had their last food break. Misuse and abuse with regard to a particular case or context may represent a systemic failure to serve the cause of justice (cf. legal vacuum). The Innocence Project provides a wealth of cases in which the U.S. justice system prosecuted and convicted the wrong person. Injustice Injustice is a quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes. The term may be applied in reference to a particular event or situation, or to a larger status quo. In Western philosophy and jurisprudence,"
"to whom (or for whom) it is done. Other cues nail down the aspects of subject versus object. Thus there is a simple logic involved, despite that discussions of such words sometimes fixate on a superficial appearance of illogic (that is, ""how can one word mean both?!""). Examples: Contemporary English has some auto-antonym adjectives that are used for evaluating: ""sick"" can mean ""ill"" or ""extremely good""; ""bad"" can mean ""bad"" or ""excellent""; words like ""cool"" or ""in"" may be evaluate something that is ""warm"" or ""out"", respectively (""This new fireplace is cool."" or ""Outdoor activities are in, now.""). We may"
"such as actions informed by attributing qualities to others based on racial stereotypes, and evaluating the same behavior differently based on the race of the person being evaluated. This view is based on studies of prejudice and discriminatory behavior, where some people will act ambivalently towards black people, with positive reactions in certain, more public contexts, but more negative views and expressions in more private contexts. This ambivalence may also be visible for example in hiring decisions where job candidates that are otherwise positively evaluated may be unconsciously disfavored by employers in the final decision because of their race. Some"