"which recorded well, often substituted instruments such as cellos and bass fiddles, which did not. In some early jazz recordings, a block of wood was used in place of the bass drum, which could easily overload the recording diaphragm. In 1857, Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville invented the phonautograph, the first device that could record sound waves as they passed through the air. It was intended only for visual study of the recording and could not play back the sound. The recording medium was a sheet of soot-coated paper wrapped around a rotating cylinder carried on a threaded rod. A stylus,"
"search for rare surviving examples of his instruments has become worldwide. On September 24, a Trouvé/Cadet-Picard gold skull stick pin automaton sold at Bonhams of London for $8,000. 1864 Electro-spherical Geissler tube motor 1865 The Lilliputian sealed battery 1865 Electro-medical apparatus 1865 Electro-mobile jewelry 1865 Electric gyroscope 1866 Electric rifle 1867 Electro-medical kit 1869 Liquid-fuelled pantoscope 1870 Device imitating the flight of birds 1872 Portable Military Telegraph 1873 Improved dichromate battery 1874 Explorer-extractor of bullets 1875 Electric almanac or calendar 1875 Portable Dynamo-electric machine 1875 Oxygen spacesuit for balloonists 1877 Simulation of muscle contraction 1877 Electric paperweight 1878 Exploratory polyscopes"
"sometimes by an indirect linkage which roughly simulated the ossicles and served as an amplifying lever. The bristle traced a line through a thin coating of lampblack—finely divided carbon deposited by the flame of an oil or gas lamp—on a moving surface of paper or glass. The sound collected by the simulated ear and transmitted to the bristle caused the line to be modulated in accordance with the passing variations in air pressure, creating a graphic record of the sound waves. Martinville's first patent described a flat recording surface and a weight-driven clockwork motor, but the later and more familiar"
"Among his 75 innovations,(see below) he also developed an electric massaging machine, an electric keyboard instrument based on Savart's wheel, a battery-powered wearable lifejacket, a water-jet propelled boat and a streamlined bicycle, as well as several children's toys. In 1902, Trouvé was working on his latest innovation, a small portable device which used ultra-violet light to treat skin diseases, the prototype of PUVA therapy when he accidentally cut his thumb and index finger. Neglecting the wound, septicemia set in and after amputations at the Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, the 63-year-old inventor died on July 27, 1902. When the obligatory concession for"
"vegetable forms, and to propose a new classification of metals that were not based on affinity to oxygen but in the laws governing ""the formation of absorbency in precipitates."" He studied the reflection of light and invented a ""trifocal light mirror."" He invented an apparatus for producing a vacuum without the need for a ""pneumo-barometer"" machine. This was very successful in Paris and was recommended in scientific journals. His other inventions were a clock marking World Time, a device that allowed lifting any weight that was patented in the United States and an invention called Double Ludion which was patented"
"Joseph Mortimer Granville Joseph Mortimer Granville (1833–1900) was an English doctor, author and inventor. In the late 1880s Granville invented the electric vibrator, a handheld battery operated device designed to relieve more muscle aches and pains. Originally called a percusser or more colloquially ""Granville's hammer"", the machine was manufactured and sold to physicians, many of whom used the equipment to create ""hysterical paroxysm"" in their patients with female hysteria. As vibrators began to be used for bringing hysterical women to paroxysm, its inventor tried to disassociate himself from the device's ""mis-use"". In his 1883 book on his research, ""Nerve-Vibration and"
"(mass-produced and rolled) 1857 Pink lemonade 1857 Brown Truss 1858 screw top Pepper shaker 1858 Mason jar 1858 Pencil eraser 1858 Ironing board 1858 Twine knotter 1858 Dustpan 1859 Electric stove 1859 Escalator 1860 Vacuum cleaner 1860 Repeating rifle (lever action) 1861 Jelly bean 1861 Twist drill 1861 Kinematoscope 1861 Postcard 1861 Machine gun (hand-cranked) 1863 Breakfast cereal 1863 Ratchet wrench 1863 Quad skates 1863 Double-barreled cannon 1864 Spar torpedo 1865 Cowboy hat 1865 Rotary printing press (web) 1866 Urinal (restroom version) 1866 Chuckwagon 1867 Motorcycle (steam-powered) 1867 Paper clip 1867 Barbed wire 1867 Ticker tape 1867 Water-tube boiler 1867"
"1882 Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval and Marcel Deprez developed a form with a stationary permanent magnet and a moving coil of wire, suspended by fine wires which provided both an electrical connection to the coil and the restoring torque to return to the zero position. An iron tube between the magnet's pole pieces defined a circular gap through which the coil rotated. This gap produced a consistent, radial magnetic field across the coil, giving a linear response throughout the instrument's range. A mirror attached to the coil deflected a beam of light to indicate the coil position. The concentrated magnetic field and"
"invention of the phonograph, the earliest attempts to make a clock that incorporated a voice were made. Around 1878, Frank Lambert invented a machine that used a voice recorded on a lead cylinder to call out the hours. Lambert used lead in place of Edison's soft tinfoil. In 1992, the Guinness Book of World Records recognized this as the oldest known sound recording that was playable (though that status now rests with a phonautogram of Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, recorded in 1857). It is on display at the National Watch and Clock Museum in Columbia, Pennsylvania. Although there have been"
"Sciences. Jean Civiale Jean Civiale (1792–1867) was a French surgeon and urologist, who, in 1832, invented a surgical instrument (the lithotrite) and performed transurethral lithotripsy, the first known minimally invasive surgery, to crush stones inside the bladder without having to open the abdomen (lithotomy). To remove a calculus, Civiale inserted his instrument through the urethra and bored holes in the stone. Afterwards, he crushed it with the same instrument and aspired the resulting fragments or let them flow normally with urine. Civiale founded the first urology service in the world, at the Necker Hospital in Paris. Civiale has been also"
"Jean Civiale Jean Civiale (1792–1867) was a French surgeon and urologist, who, in 1832, invented a surgical instrument (the lithotrite) and performed transurethral lithotripsy, the first known minimally invasive surgery, to crush stones inside the bladder without having to open the abdomen (lithotomy). To remove a calculus, Civiale inserted his instrument through the urethra and bored holes in the stone. Afterwards, he crushed it with the same instrument and aspired the resulting fragments or let them flow normally with urine. Civiale founded the first urology service in the world, at the Necker Hospital in Paris. Civiale has been also recently"
"the invention of Augustin-Jean Fresnel, was installed in Cordouan in 1823. Three concentric lamp wicks, supplied with rapeseed oil by means of a suction and force pump, were placed in the focal plane of the apparatus. It was restored in 1855 and made a historical monument in 1862, at the same time as Notre-Dame de Paris. The Fresnel lens was replaced by the present lens in 1854. The light was converted to petroleum gas in 1907 and to electricity in 1948, when a 6,000W lamp was used. It was fully automated in 2006, although lighthousekeepers are still employed, partly to"
"audio files. Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, a printer and bookseller by trade, was inspired when he happened to read about the anatomy of the human ear in the course of his business. His phonautograph was constructed as an analog of the ear canal, eardrum and ossicles. Scott created several variations of the device. The functions of the ear canal and eardrum were simulated by a funnel-like horn or a small open-ended barrel with a flexible membrane of parchment or other suitable material stretched over the small end. A pig bristle or other very lightweight stylus was connected to the membrane,"
"the swift transmission of both orders and reports back from the Front. In 1874, he developed a device for locating and extracting metal objects such as bullets from human patients, the prototype of today’s metal detector. In 1878, he improved the sound intensity of Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone system by incorporating a double membrane. The same year he invented a highly sensitive portable microphone. Trouvé soon came to be known and respected by his talent for miniaturization. The same year, using a battery developed by Gaston Planté, and a small incandescent airtight bulb, he innovated a ""polyscope"", the prototype of"
"rope 1895 Acetylene domestic lighting 1895 Universal AC/DC electric motor 1895 Improved pedal bicycle 1895 Manual/electric hybrid massaging machine 1897 Device for automatic bottling of acetylene 1897 Device for hermetically sealing containers of acetylene 1897 Windmill toy for hats and canes 1898 Multi-task manual-electric industrial gyratory pump 1899 Carburetor for internal combustion engines 1900 Battery electric inflatable wearable lifejacket 1901 Phototherapy instruments 1902 Spring-loaded harpoon gun toy 1902 Propulsion of model boat or submarine by acetylene Gustave Trouvé Gustave Pierre Trouvé (2 January 1839 – 27 July 1902) was a French electrical engineer and inventor in the 19th century. Trouvé"
"invented this procedure. The first modern suction cup patents were issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office during the 1860s. TC Roche was awarded U.S. Patent No. 52,748 in 1866 for a ""Photographic Developer Dipping Stick""; the patent discloses a primitive suction cup means for handling photographic plates during developing procedures. In 1868, Orwell Needham patented a more refined suction cup design, U.S. Patent No. 82,629, calling his invention an ""Atmospheric Knob"" purposed for general use as a handle and drawer opening means. Suction cups have a number of commercial and industrial applications: On May 25, 1981, Dan"
"in alarm clocks, kitchen timers, mantel clocks and, until the late 1970s, cheap watches, called the ""Roskopf"", ""pin-lever"", or ""pin-pallet escapement"" after Georges Frederic Roskopf, who invented it in 1867. It functions similarly to the lever, except that the lever pallet jewels are replaced by vertical metal pins. In a lever escapement, the pallets have two angled faces, the locking face and the impulse face, which must be carefully adjusted to the correct angles. In the pin pallet escapement, these two faces are designed into the shape of the escape wheel teeth instead, eliminating complicated adjustments. The pins are located"
"air. At first he tried using pistons but found that the friction was too great. He then developed a bellows system which was satisfactory, resulting in a primitive type of pneumatic lever. He approached Messrs. Hill, the builders of the organ at York Minster but they were unreceptive. He therefore decided to go to France. He went to France in 1837 where he met Aristide Cavaillé-Coll who was working on the organ at the Basilica of St Denis, near Paris. In order to protect his invention, he took out a French patent in 1839. Soon after, the pneumatic lever was"
"Barthélémy de Canson made the paper mill grow and developed many new processes: mass dying, the continuous paper machine, the suction boxes, mass sizing... He has also invented the tracing paper in 1807 thanks to high refining of the paper pulp. He installed the first Robert machine around 1820. In 1853, Canson invented a medium for positive and negative prints. He perfected it and was granted numerous patents in France and abroad. This paper cut out the need to use platinum or gold chloride, so was easier and cheaper to use. In 1860, the Montgolfier papermills were the largest in"
"was auctioned for in 2013. The other two known extant sets of this edition are in the Werner Nekes collection and in the Joseph Plateau Collection in the Science Museum of the Ghent University. Anorthoscope An anorthoscope is a device which demonstrates an optical illusion that turns an anamorphic picture on a disc into a normal image when the disc is spun fast and seen through the four radial slits of a counter-rotating black disc. It was invented in 1829 by Joseph Plateau before further studies on the same principle led to his invention of animation through the phénakisticope in"
"similar to the one patented by Richard Prosser in 1840, but following the invention of a device that could mold 500 buttons at a time vs. only one at the competing English factory, Mintons (which had acquired the rights to the original patent) thanks to a new formulation of the paste in which milk was added to the slip to improve plasticity. Jean-Félix Bapterosses was hence named Officer of the French Legion of Honor in 1878. His bust, sculpted by Henri Chapu and founded by Ferdinand Barbedienne is now exhibited in the ""museum of enamel & mosaics"" in Briare. Today"
"the aerospace industry, where it helped astronauts maneuver in and out of bulky space suits. Eventually, skiers noted the similar advantages of a suit that was easier to get in and out of. Scuba and marine gear followed soon after. De Mestral unsuccessfully tried to update his patent; it expired in 1978. George de Mestral George de Mestral (June 19, 1907February 8, 1990) was a Swiss electrical engineer who invented the hook and loop fastener. He was born to Albert de Mestral, a civil engineer, and Marthe de Goumoëns in Colombier, near Lausanne, Switzerland. De Mestral designed a toy airplane"
"include Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville's phonautograph, and Charles Cros's paleophone. Recordings made with the phonautograph were intended to be visual representations of the sound, but were never sonically reproduced until 2008. Cros's paleophone was intended to both record and reproduce sound but had not been developed beyond a basic concept at the time of Edison's successful demonstration of the Phonograph in 1877. Direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects such as tuning forks had been made by English physician Thomas Young in 1807, but the first known device for recording airborne speech, music and other sounds is the phonautograph,"
"many scientists and engineers used their growing knowledge of electrical theory in an attempt to devise a machine which would pinpoint metal. The use of such a device to find ore-bearing rocks would give a huge advantage to any miner who employed it. Early machines were crude, used a lot of battery power, and worked only to a very limited degree. In 1874, Parisian inventor Gustave Trouvé developed a hand-held device for locating and extracting metal objects such as bullets from human patients. Inspired by Trouvé, Alexander Graham Bell developed a similar device to attempt to locate a bullet lodged"
"Clavioline The clavioline is an electronic keyboard instrument, a forerunner to the analog synthesizer. It was invented by French engineer Constant Martin in 1947 in Versailles. The instrument consists of a keyboard and a separate amplifier and speaker unit. The keyboard usually covered three octaves, and had a number of switches to alter the tone of the sound produced, add vibrato (a defining feature of the instrument), and provide other effects. The Clavioline used a vacuum tube oscillator to produce a buzzy waveform, almost a square wave, which could then be altered using high-pass and low-pass filtering, as well as"
"Pin-pallet escapement A Roskopf, pin-lever, or pin-pallet escapement is an inexpensive, less accurate version of the lever escapement, used in mechanical alarm clocks, kitchen timers, mantel clocks and, until the 1970s, cheap watches now known as pin lever watches. It was patented by German watchmaker Georges Frederic Roskopf in 1867, suggested to Roskopf by Jules Grossmann. An escapement is the mechanism in a mechanical timepiece that gives the balance wheel pushes to keep it moving back and forth, and releases the timepiece's gears to advance a fixed amount with each swing of the wheel, thus moving the hands forward at"
"In 1844, he invented the world's most precise measuring instrument at the time, the Millionomètre [see section 1.4.1], and in 1847 he created a keyless system to rewind and set watches [see section 1.4.2]. Four years later, he was awarded a gold medal for his work on timepiece precision and Mechanization at the first Universal Exhibition in London. In 1866, at a time when watchmaking skills were divided up among hundreds of small workshops, Antoine and his son, Elie LeCoultre (1842-1917), established the Vallée de Joux’s first full-fledged manufacture, LeCoultre & Cie., pooling their employees’ expertise under one roof. Under"
"instrument', first recorded in the ""Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences"", 1694, by Thomas Corneille, younger brother of Pierre Corneille. Originally, doctors used trocars to relieve pressure build-up of fluids (edema) or gasses (bloating). Patents for trocars appeared early in the 19th century, although their use dated back possibly thousands of years. By the middle of the 19th century, trocar-cannulas had become sophisticated, such as Reginald Southey's invention of the Southey tube. Trocars are used in medicine to access and drain collections of fluid such as in a patient with hydrothorax or ascites. In modern times, surgical trocars are used"
"today’s endoscope. In 1880 Trouvé improved the efficiency of a small electric motor developed by Siemens and using the recently developed rechargeable battery, fitted it to an English James Starley tricycle, so inventing the world’s first electric vehicle. Although this was successfully tested on April 19, 1881 along the Rue Valois in central Paris, he was unable to patent it. Trouvé swiftly adapted his battery-powered motor to marine propulsion; to make it easy to carry his marine conversion to and from his workshop to the nearby River Seine, Trouvé made it portable and removable from the boat, thus inventing the"
"a workable zipper. Using a hook-and-eye device, Judson intended for this earliest form of the zipper to be used on shoes. He also conceived the idea of the slide fastener mechanism in conjunction with the invention of the zipper. Patents were issued to Judson for the zipper in 1891, 1894, and 1905. 1893 Spectroheliograph The spectroheliograph is an instrument used in astronomy that captures a photographic image of the Sun at a single wavelength of light, a monochromatic image. The spectroheliograph was invented in 1893 by George Ellery Hale and independently later by Henri Alexandre Deslandres in 1894. 1893 Pinking"
"it produced devastating effects. Montigny mitrailleuse The Montigny mitrailleuse was an early type of crank-operated machine-gun developed by the Belgian gun works of Joseph Montigny between 1859 and 1870. It was an improved version of the ""Mitrailleuse"", () invented by Belgian Captain Fafschamps in 1851 which was a fixed 50-barrelled volley gun. The Montigny mitrailleuse was designed to defend narrow defensive positions such as the moats of fortresses. The Belgian army initially purchased Fafschamps volley guns. Only later did they acquire Montigny mitrailleuses. Joseph Montigny also promoted and sold the weapon for offensive field use by placing the weapon on"
"Anorthoscope An anorthoscope is a device which demonstrates an optical illusion that turns an anamorphic picture on a disc into a normal image when the disc is spun fast and seen through the four radial slits of a counter-rotating black disc. It was invented in 1829 by Joseph Plateau before further studies on the same principle led to his invention of animation through the phénakisticope in 1832. Anorthoscopes with a black background have a translucent picture and need a luminous slit revolving behind the image disc. To make them translucent, the discs were impregnated with oil on the back and"
"8 May 1858. Unusually, he had thoroughly worked out the theory of this invention before making any experimental instrument, having explained the idea in 1850. Others had worked on using jets, particularly Eugène Bourdon who patented a very similar device in 1857. In 1863, he was appointed a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. In response to his declining eyesight, Giffard committed suicide in 1882, leaving his estate to the nation for humanitarian and scientific purposes. Henri Giffard Baptiste Jules Henri Jacques Giffard (8 February 182514 April 1882) was a French engineer. In 1852 he invented the steam injector and the"