"Andrew Browne Cunningham, commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet. After the Mers el Kebir incident, the United Kingdom recognised Free France as the legitimate government of France. Switzerland and other neutral states maintained diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the liberation of France in 1944 when Philippe Pétain resigned and was deported to Germany for the creation of a forced government-in-exile. In June 1940, the Fall of France made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and outside supplies. After negotiations with Japan, the French allowed the Japanese to set"
"of Vichy France, was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. Pierre Laval was however, executed after his trial. Most convicts were given amnesty a few years later. In the police, collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. For example, Maurice Papon, who would be convicted in the 1990s for his role in the Vichy collaborationist government, was in the position of giving orders for the Paris massacre of 1961 as the head of the Parisian police. The French members of the Waffen-SS"
"the control of the French police until 1943 when administration was taken over by the SS, who placed officer Alois Brunner in charge of the camp. In 2001, Brunner's case was brought before a French court by Nazi hunter Serge Klarsfeld, which sentenced Brunner in absentia to a life sentence for crimes against humanity. After the 1940 defeat by Germany and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, the Republic was abolished and Vichy France was proclaimed. The Vichy government cooperated with Nazi Germany, hunting down foreign and French Jews and turning them over to the"
"triumvirate to administer Vichy France but the plan came to nothing. He was arrested in September 1944 for his role as collaborator. His trial began on 9 May 1947 before the High Court of Justice. He was accused of tactical and strategic collaboration with the enemy. On 6 June, Benoist-Méchin was sentenced to death and ""indignité nationale"". He was pardoned on July 30 by President Vincent Auriol and on 6 August his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and later to 20 years. He benefited from a remission of sentence 24 September 1953 and was released on parole in"
"representative signed the armistice and he became leader of the new regime known as Vichy France. (Vichy is the French town where the government was based from July onwards.) De Gaulle was tried ""in absentia"" in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason and desertion; he, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government able to exercise power, seeing the rise to power of Pétain as an unconstitutional coup. On 15 September 1940, Free French Captain Georges Bergé created the airborne unit called ""1re compagnie de l'air, 1re CIA"" (1st Air"
"Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (), Marshal Pétain (""Maréchal Pétain"") and The Old Marshal (""Le Vieux Maréchal""), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as 'The Lion of Verdun', and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state. Today he is widely regarded"
"and charged with treason and making illegal arrests, and then was transferred to Algiers in October 1943. Pucheu was then tried and convicted and sentenced to death. Despite a request for clemency by General Giraud, General de Gaulle refused to intervene and on March 22, 1944, Pucheu was executed by firing squad. It is said that de Gaulle had ensured that the captured Pucheu faced the death penalty in order to undermine any further collaboration in France. He was the first of the leading collaborationist figures to be executed directly under de Gaulle's jurisdiction. Pierre Pucheu Pierre Firmin Pucheu (27"
"10 July 1941 ended the campaign. An armistice, known as the Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre, was signed on 14 July 1941. There were 37,736 Vichy French prisoners of war who survived the conflict after fighting for Dentz. Most chose to be repatriated to Metropolitan France rather than join the Free French. In January 1945, Dentz was sentenced to death for aiding the Axis powers. But Charles de Gaulle, the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (""gouvernement provisoire de la République française"", or GPRF), commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. However, Dentz was not to serve much"
"René Bousquet René Bousquet (; 11 May 1909 – 8 June 1993) was a high-ranking French political appointee who served as secretary general to the Vichy regime police from May 1942 to 31 December 1943. For personal heroism, he had become a protégé of prominent officials before the war and rose rapidly in the government. In 1949, he was automatically convicted as a Vichy official and sentenced to five years of ""Indignité nationale"", but his sentence was reduced due to beliefs that he also aided the Resistance and attempted to preserve some autonomy for French police during the Nazi Occupation."
"he was convicted and sentenced to ten years in prison. Had the trial against Bousquet proceeded, it would have been the first against a French citizen for crimes against humanity, in fact ""it would have been the trial of the Vichy regime"", according to The Independent. René Bousquet René Bousquet (; 11 May 1909 – 8 June 1993) was a high-ranking French political appointee who served as secretary general to the Vichy regime police from May 1942 to 31 December 1943. For personal heroism, he had become a protégé of prominent officials before the war and rose rapidly in the"
"came into force on 25 June. After a parliamentary vote on 10 July, Pétain became leader of the newly established authoritarian regime known as Vichy France, the town of Vichy being the seat of government. De Gaulle was tried ""in absentia"" in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason. He, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government, and considered Pétain's assumption of power to be an unconstitutional coup d'état. Despite de Gaulle's call to continue the struggle, few French forces initially pledged their support. By the end of July 1940,"
"his capture. After his release, he served the Vichy government as Secretary-General to the Head of State until April 1942. In 1940, he was the commanding officer of the VIII Armée on the Lorraine front. He was imprisoned in La Bresse, with four other generals, on June 22, 1940. Freed following the intervention of Marshal Philippe Pétain, Laure became secretary general of the office of the head of state (secrétaire général du cabinet du chef de l'État) on November 15, 1940 and, in December, secretary general of the Légion française des combattants (LFC), the Vichy veterans organization, replacing Xavier Vallat."
"19 June. From July 1940 to July 1941, he served Philippe Pétain's Vichy regime as the governor general of Algeria. Vichy regime President Pierre Laval appointed him as Naval Minister and commander of naval forces, a position he held from 29 November 1942 until 25 March 1943. On the downfall of the Vichy regime, Abrial was arrested and charged with collaboration, for which he lost his pension. After the Provisional Government of the French Republic re-established the ""Haute Cour de justice"", that court condemned him for his Nazi collaboration and sentenced him to ten years of forced labor. In December"
"about Pétain, the most complete and documented biographies are: Other books used for citations in the article: Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (), Marshal Pétain (""Maréchal Pétain"") and The Old Marshal (""Le Vieux Maréchal""), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as 'The Lion of Verdun', and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was"
"down members of the Resistance, was executed in October 1945. Fernand de Brinon, the third-ranking Vichy official, was found guilty of war crimes and executed in April 1947. The two trials of the most infamous collaborator of all, Pierre Laval, who was heavily implicated in the murder of Jews, were widely criticised as being unfair for depriving him of the opportunity to properly defend himself, although Laval antagonized the court throughout with his bizarre behavior. He was found guilty of treason in May 1945 and de Gaulle was adamant that there would be no commuting the death sentence, saying that"
"to retire to Pujols on 26 March 1943. He was arrested at his home by the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans on 22 July 1944, and after a summary trial was found guilty of giving intelligence to the enemy. He was executed by a firing squad on 28 August 1944; proud and arrogant, he himself gave the order to shoot. Charles Platon René-Charles Platon (19 September 1886 – 28 August 1944) was a French admiral who was responsible for the Colonial Ministry under the Vichy government. He was a passionate supporter of the ""Révolution nationale"" (National Revolution) of Vichy France, which he"
"Xavier Vallat Xavier Vallat (December 23, 1891 – January 6, 1972), French politician, was Commissioner-General for Jewish Questions in the wartime Vichy collaborationist government, and was sentenced after World War II to ten years in prison for his part in the persecution of French Jews. Vallat was born in the department of Vaucluse into a family of conservative Catholics. In his youth he was active in Catholic organisations and joined the monarchist ""Action Française"", the most important group on the extreme right of French politics. He became a teacher in Catholic schools before joining the French Army. In World War"
"of a ""deported person"". He met with Laval to help him prepare for his trial. Convicted of collaboration, Laval was sentenced to death. Bousquet spent part of the night with Laval before the execution. In 1949 Bousquet was the last Frenchman to be tried by the created on 18 November 1944. He was acquitted of the charge of ""compromising the interests of the National defence"", but was automatically declared guilty of for his involvement in the Vichy government. He was given the minimum sentence of five years on ""dégradation nationale"", a measure immediately lifted for ""having actively and sustainably participated"
"the title of ""head of the French state"" (""chef de l'État français""), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July Pétain designated Laval as Vice-President and his designated successor, and appointed Fernand de Brinon as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto, ""Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité"" (Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood), was replaced by ""Travail, Famille, Patrie"" (Work, Family, Fatherland); it was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of """"travaux forcés à perpetuité"""" (""forced labor in"
"hometown. By March 30, 1940, he was arrested and sent to Cochinchina for trial. On October 25 of that year, he was sentenced by the French colonial government to five years in prison. At this trial, he and his comrades were young lawyer Nguyen Van Huyen, who later served as the Vice President of the Republic of Vietnam, as a defense lawyer. On March 25, 1941, the French government changed his sentence to death for ""being responsible for the spirit of the insurrection of Cochinchina"" (together he was sentenced to death with Ha Huy Tap also Nguyen Van Cu, Vo"
"Charles Platon René-Charles Platon (19 September 1886 – 28 August 1944) was a French admiral who was responsible for the Colonial Ministry under the Vichy government. He was a passionate supporter of the ""Révolution nationale"" (National Revolution) of Vichy France, which he wanted to export to the colonies. He was hostile to elected bodies, anti-Semitic, anti-Masonic and supported the back-to-the-soil movement. He saw Britain as the enemy of France. After the Allied invasion of Normandy in the summer of 1944 he was captured by French partisans, given a summary trial and executed. Charles Platon was born in Pujols-sur-Dordogne, Gironde, on"
"with Touvier. Touvier met Brel by reportedly approaching him in a restaurant and saying, ""I am Paul Touvier, a condemned man."" Brel's wife, however, said that they knew him only as ""Paul Berthet"", an alias which he sometimes used, based on his wife's maiden name. Paul Touvier Paul Touvier (April 3, 1915 – July 17, 1996) was a French Nazi collaborator during World War II in Occupied France. In 1994, he became the only Frenchman to be convicted of crimes against humanity for his actions in Vichy France. Paul Touvier was born in Saint-Vincent-sur-Jabron, Alpes de Haute-Provence, in southeastern France."
"(translated). This law was repealed by the law of the Vichy government of 16 August 1940. On 10 July 1940, the vote in favor of the draft law granting full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain. He continued his political career under the Vichy regime during World War II (Mayor of Reims, president of the association of mayors of France, receiving the title in August 1942 from Marshal Petain and Pierre Laval). He resigned and retired from political life in 1943. He was cremated at Père Lachaise Cemetery and his ashes were brought back to be buried in the South where"
"of Paris. Pierre Vaillandet Pierre Vaillandet (13 May 1888 - 25 November 1971) was a French politician. Vaillandet was born in Versailles. He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Chamber of Deputies from 1936 to 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Later on, he became one of the leaders of the National Popular Rally (RNP). He fled to Germany on 15 August 1944, shortly before"
"The Vichy 80 The Vichy 80 were a group of elected French parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the constitutional change that dissolved the Third Republic and established an authoritarian regime now referred to as Vichy France. Nazi Germany invaded France on 14 May 1940, and Paris fell a month later. Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was opposed to asking for armistice terms, and upon losing the cabinet vote, resigned. President Albert Lebrun appointed Marshal Philippe Pétain as his replacement. France capitulated on 22 June 1940. Under the terms of the armistice, the northern and Atlantic coast region of"
"aid of the Vichy government caused him to be sentenced to death in 1945, but several writers, including François Mauriac intervened on his behalf. The sentence was commuted by Charles de Gaulle to life imprisonment. By 1950 he was freed for health reasons. He died eight years later. Henri Béraud Henri Béraud (21 September 1885 in Lyon – 24 October 1958 in Saint-Clément-des-Baleines) was a French novelist and journalist. He was sentenced to death – later commuted to life imprisonment – for collaboration with the Germans, in 1945. Henri Béraud was the son of a baker. In 1903 he began"
"of Vichy France and instead maintained diplomatic relations with the French government in exile (also known as ""Free France"") led by General Charles de Gaulle in London. Full diplomatic relations were restored between both nations at the end of the war in Europe in 1944. In December 2005, a French citizen called Florence Cassez was arrested in Mexico and charged with kidnapping, organized crime and possession of firearms. She was found guilty by a Mexican court and sentenced to 60 years imprisonment. Cassez always maintained her innocence which began a diplomatic dispute between Mexico and France. At the time, President"
"debates are still, today, passionate, opposing conflictual views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy's collaborationism with Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Three main periods have been distinguished in the historiography of Vichy: first the Gaullist period, which aimed at national reconciliation and unity under the figure of Charles de Gaulle, who conceived himself above political parties and divisions; then the 1960s, with Marcel Ophüls's film ""The Sorrow and the Pity"" (1971); finally the 1990s, with the trial of Maurice Papon, civil servant in Bordeaux in charge of the ""Jewish Questions"" during the war, who was convicted after"
"in fact plagiarised from a work by Oberfeld called ""."" Casimir Oberfeld Casimir Oberfeld (16 November 1903 – January 1945) was a Jewish Polish-born French composer. He worked on many film scores and also wrote popular songs of the 1920s and 1930s. Following France's invasion by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War, Oberfeld faced increasing persecution. Having taken shelter in Italian-occupied Nice he was arrested when the area was taken over by the Germans. He was sent to Auschwitz where he died in January 1945. The music of the patriotic song of Nazi-collaborationist Vichy France ""Maréchal, nous voilà"
"had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949. In 1994 former Vichy official Paul Touvier (1915–1996) was convicted of crimes against humanity. Maurice Papon was likewise convicted in 1998, released three years later due to ill health, and died in 2007. Until Jacques Chirac's presidency, the official point of view of the French government was that the Vichy regime was an illegal government distinct from the French Republic, established by traitors under foreign influence. Indeed, Vichy France eschewed the formal name of France (""French Republic"") and styled itself the ""French State"", replacing the Republican motto of ""Liberté,"
"powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain and created the Vichy Regime. His attitude and activities led to his arrest by German security forces on 2 March 1944. He was initially held in a camp near Compiègne and later sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died in 1945. A number of schools and streets are named in his honour. Camille Blaisot Camille Blaisot (19 January 1881 – 24 January 1945) was a French politician and lawyer. Blaisot was born in Valognes and was elected in 1914 to represent Caen in the Chamber of Deputies. He served as Minister of Health in"
"Pierre Vaillandet Pierre Vaillandet (13 May 1888 - 25 November 1971) was a French politician. Vaillandet was born in Versailles. He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Chamber of Deputies from 1936 to 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Later on, he became one of the leaders of the National Popular Rally (RNP). He fled to Germany on 15 August 1944, shortly before the Liberation"
"in Vichy France during World War II. The Vichy government openly collaborated with the Nazi occupiers to identify Jews for deportation. The antisemitic demands of right-wing groups were implemented under the collaborating Vichy regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain, following the defeat of the French by the German army in 1940. A law on the status of Jews of that year, followed by another in 1941, purged Jews from employment in administrative, civil service and judicial posts, from most professions and even from the entertainment industry – restricting them, mostly, to menial jobs. Vichy officials detained some 75,000 Jews who were"