"Carey 93. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting Milan Kundera 94. Haroun and the Sea of Stories Salman Rushdie 95. LA Confidential James Ellroy 96. Wise Children Angela Carter 97. Atonement Ian McEwan 98. Northern Lights Philip Pullman 99. American Pastoral Philip Roth 100. Austerlitz W. G. Sebald 1. 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678) 2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) 3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726) 4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748) 5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749) 6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne (1759) 7. Emma by"
"the experimental novel is Laurence Sterne's ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" (1759–1767), with its rejection of continuous narration. In it the author not only addresses readers in his preface but speaks directly to them in his fictional narrative. In addition to Sterne's narrative experiments, there has visual experiments, such as a marbled page, a black page to express sorrow, and a page of lines to show the plot lines of the book. The novel as a whole focuses on the problems of language, with constant regard to John Locke's theories in ""An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"". The"
"Experimental literature Experimental literature refers to written work—usually fiction or poetry—that emphasizes innovation, most especially in technique. The first text generally cited in this category is Laurence Sterne's ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" (1759). This text occurs so early in the standard history of the novel that one can't refer to its ""breaking"" conventions that had yet to solidify. But in its mockery of narrative, and its willingness to use such graphic elements as an all-black page to mourn the death of a character, Sterne's novel is considered a fundamental text for many post-World War II authors."
"from Rabelais; I keep a due distance from him. Sterne's novel ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" sold widely in England and throughout Europe. Translations of the work began to appear in all the major European languages almost upon its publication, and Sterne influenced European writers as diverse as Denis Diderot and the German Romanticists. His work had also noticeable influence over Brazilian author Machado de Assis, who made use of the digressive technique in the novel ""The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas"". ""Tristram Shandy"", in which Sterne manipulates narrative time and voice, parodies accepted narrative form, and"
"involved in the craft of writing, what I learn is useful in my teaching. It was at King Edward’s that he found himself teaching Jonathan Coe, later to become an award winning novelist. Coe has commented, ‘I believe I was about seventeen years old when I first read ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"". For this I have to thank my English teacher, Garry Martin. He was always a good judge of other people’s taste and I could see the gleam of satisfaction in his eye as, describing to me this strange eighteenth-century novel full of black pages"
"write at all, much less with humour so as to make his reader laugh"". Having discovered his talent, at the age of 46, he turned over his parishes to a curate, and dedicated himself to writing for the rest of his life. It was while living in the countryside, having failed in his attempts to supplement his income as a farmer and struggling with tuberculosis, that Sterne began work on his best known novel, ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"", the first volumes of which were published in 1759. Sterne was at work on his celebrated comic novel"
"(by José Paulo Paes, 1984), Catalan (by Joaquim Mallafré, 1993), Norwegian (by Bjørn Herrman, 1995–96), Finnish (by Kersti Juva, 1998). Well known in philosophy and mathematics, the so-called ""paradox of Tristram Shandy"" was introduced by Bertrand Russell in his book ""The Principles of Mathematics"" to evidentiate the inner contradictions that arise from the assumption that infinite sets can have the same cardinality—as would be the case with a gentleman who spends one year to write the story of one day of his life, if he were able to write for an infinite length of time. The paradox depends upon the"
"full of errors; it was edited at Oxford in 1847. Several other works written by him of anti-Catholic controversy were published after his death. Richard Crakanthorpe Richard Crakanthorpe (1567–1624) was an English clergyman, remembered both as a logician and as a religious controversialist. His logical works still had currency in the eighteenth century, and there is an allusion in the novel ""Tristram Shandy"". As a logician he was conservative, staying close to Aristotle and the ""Organon"", and critical of the fashion for Ramism and its innovations. His ""Logicae"" was a substantial work, and was referred to by Samuel Johnson. Crakanthorpe"
"in 1726 published the first great work by an Anglo-Irish writer, ""Gulliver's Travels"". Though this had no specifically Irish relevance, it set a standard for later writers in English. The eighteenth century saw the birth in Ireland of two distinguished novelists, Laurence Sterne (1713 – 1768) and Oliver Goldsmith (1728 – 1774), both of whom, however, made their careers in England. Despite this, their oeuvre is often included in the Anglo-Irish literary canon. Sterne published ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" (1759–1767), a satire on the biographical novel. Goldsmith, best known as a poet, published ""The Vicar of"
"Christopher Unborn Christopher Unborn () is the tenth novel by the Mexican author Carlos Fuentes. Originally published by the Fondo de Cultura Económica in 1987, the first U.S. edition was published in 1989 by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. The basic structure of the work, including the story of the character from conception to birth, comes directly from Laurence Sterne’s eighteenth century novel ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" (1759–1767), to which Fuentes refers openly in the novel. The social satire story is set in Mexico in 1992, which was still a few years into the future when it"
"instance, are reminiscent of the works of the metaphysical poets of the 17th century, and the novel as a whole, with its focus on the problems of language, has constant regard to John Locke's theories in ""An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"". Arthur Schopenhauer cited ""Tristram Shandy"" as one of the greatest novels ever written. As its title suggests, the book is ostensibly Tristram's narration of his life story. But it is one of the central jokes of the novel that he cannot explain anything simply, that he must make explanatory diversions to add context and colour to his tale, to"
"""grave and sober account"" of Cicero's grief for the death of his daughter Tullia. His text is filled with allusions and references to the leading thinkers and writers of the 17th and 18th centuries. Pope and Swift were major influences on Sterne and ""Tristram Shandy"". Satires of Pope and Swift formed much of the humour of ""Tristram Shandy"", but Swift's sermons and Locke's ""Essay Concerning Human Understanding"" also contributed ideas and frameworks Sterne explored throughout the novel. Other major influences are Cervantes, and Montaigne's ""Essays"", as well as the significant inter-textual debt to ""The Anatomy of Melancholy"", Swift's ""Battle of"
"22 year old wife of an East India Company official and sister of Rawson Hart Boddam. Her husband had brought her over here to recuperate from illness. Given both parties were already married, the relationship was regarded as scandalous. The author adopts the pseudonym Parson Yorick, who previously appeared in his two best known novels, ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" and ""A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy"". In ""Tristram Shandy"" we are told that the parson is related to the famous, fictional jester Yorick whose skull is disinterred in Shakespeare’s ""Hamlet:"" ""It has often come into"
"Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), author of the epistolary novels ""Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded"" (1740) and ""Clarissa"" (1747–48); Henry Fielding (1707–1754), who wrote ""Joseph Andrews"" (1742) and ""The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling"" (1749); Laurence Sterne (1713–1768), who published ""Tristram Shandy"" in parts between 1759 and 1767; Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774), author of ""The Vicar of Wakefield"" (1766); Tobias Smollett (1721–1771), a Scottish novelist best known for his comic picaresque novels, such as ""The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle"" (1751) and ""The Expedition of Humphry Clinker"" (1771), who influenced Charles Dickens; and Fanny Burney (1752–1840), whose novels ""were enjoyed and admired by Jane"
"""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" by Laurence Sterne and ""The Lady's Dressing Room"" by Jonathan Swift are also in this genre; as is Mark Twain's long-suppressed ""1601"". Another example of ribaldry is ""De Brevitate Vitae"", a song which in many European-influenced universities is both a student beer-drinking song and an anthem sung by official university choirs at public graduation ceremonies. The private and public versions of the song contain vastly different words. More recent works like ""Candy"", ""Barbarella"", ""L'Infermiera"", the comedic works of Russ Meyer, ""Little Annie Fanny"" and John Barth's ""The Sot-Weed Factor"" are probably better"
"Hafen Slawkenbergius Hafen Slawkenbergius is a fictional character in Laurence Sterne's ""Tristram Shandy."" Sterne gives few biographical details relating to Slawkenbergius, but states that he was German, and that he had died over 90 years prior to the writing and publication (in 1761) of the books of ""Tristram Shandy"" in which he appears — i.e., ""circa"" 1670, although Slawkenbergius' tale includes a reference to the French annexation of Strasbourg in 1681. Slawkenbergius is primarily known for his scholarly writings in Neo-Latin, particularly his lengthy monograph ""De Nasis"" (""On Noses""), purporting to explain different types of noses and their corresponding significance"
"Laurence Sterne's ""Tristram Shandy"" (1759–67). At the time of its founding, the Académie française had been entrusted with the task of producing a complete dictionary of the French language. At first, Furetière participated in the collaborative project with enthusiasm, but he eventually grew frustrated with his colleagues' approach and slow progress and began work on his own dictionary, probably around 1676-78. When members of the academy heard that Furetière was about to publish his dictionary, they interfered, alleging that he had stolen their material and violated the monopoly they had held on French dictionaries since 1672. In 1685, after fierce"
"codework. Others have focused on exploring the plurality of narrative point of views, like the Uruguayan American writer Jorge Majfud in ""La reina de América"" and ""La ciudad de la luna"". Experimental literature Experimental literature refers to written work—usually fiction or poetry—that emphasizes innovation, most especially in technique. The first text generally cited in this category is Laurence Sterne's ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" (1759). This text occurs so early in the standard history of the novel that one can't refer to its ""breaking"" conventions that had yet to solidify. But in its mockery of narrative, and"
"in Laurence Sterne's 1759 novel Tristram Shandy, that includes many episodes from the Nine Years War based on contemporary accounts; '...(the regiments of) Cutts, Mackay, Angus, Grahams and Leven were all cut to pieces and so had the English Life Guards been too, had it not been for some regiments on the right who marched boldly up to their relief and received the enemy's fire in their faces before any one of their own platoons discharged a single bullet.' The regiments of Graham, Mackay and Leven fought at Killiecrankie, that of Angus at Dunkeld where it had been commanded by"
"He was involved in, and wrote about, local politics in 1742. His major publication prior to ""Tristram Shandy"" was the satire ""A Political Romance"" (1759), aimed at conflicts of interest within York Minster. A posthumously published piece on the art of preaching, ""A Fragment in the Manner of Rabelais"", appears to have been written in 1759. Rabelais was by far Sterne's favourite author, and in his correspondence he made clear that he considered himself as Rabelais' successor in humour writing, distancing himself from Jonathan Swift: I ... deny I have gone as far as Swift: he keeps a due distance"
"of other literary forms, particularly the novel. Since so many collections included prose extracts alongside poetry, often from eighteenth-century novels such as Laurence Sterne’s ""Tristram Shandy"" (1759), it is arguable they aided the popularisation of novels. Leah Price’s ""The Anthology and the Rise of the Novel"" (2000), in particular, discusses the relationship between miscellanies and prose fiction in the latter half of the 18th century. Because of the variety and novelty they emphasise, as well as the anonymity of authorship they could offer, miscellanies often enabled the inclusion and so expression of more submerged voices, such as those of women,"
"College, Cambridge, and would find literary fame in the 1760s as author of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent. and live as a curate and parson in Yorkshire. Richard Sterne (bishop) Richard Sterne (c. 1596–1683 born in Mansfield, Notts) was a Church of England priest, Archbishop of York from 1664 to 1683. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA in 1618, BD in 1625 and DD in 1635. He was elected a fellow of Benet College (now Corpus Christi College), Cambridge in 1623 and then served as Master of Jesus College, Cambridge from 1634."
"probably affordable items for most of the minority of literate members of the population. In 16th and 17th century England ""Pilgrim's Progress"" (1678) and abridged versions of ""Foxe's Book of Martyrs"" were the most broadly read books. ""Robinson Crusoe"" (1719) and ""The Adventures of Roderick Random"" (1748) were early eighteenth century short novels with very large publication numbers, as well as gaining international success.. ""Tristram Shandy"", a novel by Laurence Sterne, became a ""cult"" object in England and throughout Europe, with important cultural consequences among those who could afford to purchase books during the era of its publication. The same"
"Richard Crakanthorpe Richard Crakanthorpe (1567–1624) was an English clergyman, remembered both as a logician and as a religious controversialist. His logical works still had currency in the eighteenth century, and there is an allusion in the novel ""Tristram Shandy"". As a logician he was conservative, staying close to Aristotle and the ""Organon"", and critical of the fashion for Ramism and its innovations. His ""Logicae"" was a substantial work, and was referred to by Samuel Johnson. Crakanthorpe was, says Anthony à Wood, a great canonist, and so familiar and exact in the fathers, councils, and schoolmen, that none in his time"
"John Hall-Stevenson John Hall-Stevenson (1718–1785), in his youth known as John Hall, was an English country gentleman and writer. He is memorialised as ""Eugenius"" in Laurence Sterne's novels ""Tristram Shandy"" and ""A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy"". Hall-Stevenson was the son of Joseph Hall of Durham by his marriage to Catherine, sister and heiress of Lawson Trotter of Skelton Castle at Skelton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire. On 16 June 1735, at the age of seventeen, he matriculated at Jesus College, Cambridge as a fellow-commoner. He quickly struck up a close and lifelong friendship with Laurence Sterne, who was five years older. They"
"slavery, Sancho wrote to Laurence Sterne encouraging the famous writer to use his pen to lobby for the abolition of the slave trade. In July 1766 Sancho's letter was received by Reverend Laurence Sterne shortly after he had just finished writing a conversation between his fictional characters, Corporal Trim and his brother Tom in ""Tristram Shandy"", wherein Tom described the oppression of an African servant in a sausage shop in Lisbon that he had visited. Laurence Sterne's widely publicised 27 July 1766 response to Sancho's letter became an integral part of 18th-century abolitionist literature. Following the publication of the Sancho-Sterne"
"It is only in a Shandean spirit that my matter can be approached. I have to describe something as odd and whimsical as ever entered the brain of Sterne; and if I could, I would gladly lead you to the same affection for my father as you have for Tristram's. Christopher Morley, Editor of the Saturday Review of Literature, wrote a preface to the Limited Edition Club issue of Sterne's classic. That preface appears in Morley's book ""Streamlines"" published by Doubleday - Doran in 1932, and is titled ""Tristram Shandy"". In the Hermann Hesse novel ""The Journey to the East"","
"includes a healthy dose of bawdy humour, was largely dismissed in England as being too corrupt. Samuel Johnson's verdict in 1776 was that ""Nothing odd will do long. ""Tristram Shandy"" did not last."" This is strikingly different from the views of European critics of the day, who praised Sterne and ""Tristram Shandy"" as innovative and superior. Voltaire called it ""clearly superior to Rabelais"", and later Goethe praised Sterne as ""the most beautiful spirit that ever lived"". Both during his life and for a long time after, efforts were made by many to reclaim Sterne as an arch-sentimentalist; parts of ""Tristram"
"and recounted details of Tristram's opinions, eccentric family and ill-fated childhood with a sympathetic humour, sometimes hilarious, sometimes sweetly melancholic—a comedy skirting tragedy. The publication of ""Tristram Shandy"" made Sterne famous in London and on the continent. He was delighted by the attention, famously saying ""I wrote not [to] be ""fed"" but to be ""famous."""" He spent part of each year in London, being fêted as new volumes appeared. Even after the publication of volumes three and four of ""Tristram Shandy"", his love of attention (especially as related to financial success) remained undiminished. In one letter, he wrote ""One half"
"of the actors to play themselves. In February 2014, a theatrical adaptation by Callum Hale was presented at the Tabard Theatre in Chiswick. ""Tristram Shandy"" has been translated into many languages, including German (repeatedly, beginning in 1769), Dutch (repeatedly, by Munnikhuisen, 1779; Lindo, 1852 and Jan & Gertrude Starink, 1990), French (repeatedly, beginning in 1785; by Guy Jouvet, 2004), Russian (repeatedly, beginning 1804-1807; by Adrian Antonovich Frankovsky, 1949), Hungarian (by Győző Határ, 1956), Italian (by Antonio Meo, 1958), Czech (by Aloys Skoumal, 1963), Spanish (by José Antonio López de Letona, 1975; Ana María Aznar, 1976 and Javier Marías, 1978), Portuguese"
"to him any hour of the day)—I'll just mention it, and begin in good earnest.The thing is this.That of all the several ways of beginning a book which are now in practice throughout the known world, I am confident my own way of doing it is the best—I'm sure it is the most religious—for I begin with writing the first sentence—and trusting to Almighty God for the second.In this scene Tristram Shandy, the eponymous character and narrator of the novel, foregrounds the process of creating literature as he interrupts his previous thought and begins to talk about the beginnings of"
"and he is known to have authored at least twelve plays between 1779 and 1796 as well as other comic operas. His works include ""The Apotheosis of Punch"" (1779) a satire on the Irish playwright Sheridan, ""Tristram Shandy"" (1783), which was an adaptation of Lawrence Sterne's novel, ""Robin Hood"" (1784), ""Fashionable Levities"" (1785), ""Richard Cœur de Lion"" (1786), and ""Critic Upon Critic"" (1788). He also wrote a number of songs and operettas for Covent Garden. One of his songs, ""Sweet Lass of Richmond Hill"", became very well-known and popular following its first public performance at Vauxhall Gardens in London in"
"to human character. The second book of ""De Nasis"" is said to be filled with a large number of short stories illustrative of Slawkenbergius' characterizations of noses. Only one of these stories is reproduced in ""Tristram Shandy"", partially in its (supposedly) original Latin, but primarily in English 'translation' (a comparison of the Latin and English shows the English 'translation' to be rather free; or rather, the Latin is to be regarded as a partial condensation and simplification of the English). Slawkenbergius is first referred to in Vol. III Ch. XXXV. Vol. IV opens with the relatively lengthy ""Slawkenbergius's Tale."" This"