"Tom Little (optometrist) Thomas E. Little (March 20, 1949 – August 5, 2010) was an American optometrist from Kinderhook, New York, most widely known as the leader of an International Assistance Mission Nuristan Eye Camp team killed in the 2010 Badakhshan massacre. The team was attacked in the Kuran wa Munjan District of Badakhshan Province, while returning from Nuristan to Kabul. Little had worked in Afghanistan for over three decades and spoke Dari fluently. He moved to Afghanistan in the late 1970s and raised his three daughters there. Little was posthumously recognized as the 2010 International Optometrist of the Year"
"Optometry Optometry is a health care profession which involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease. Traditionally, the field of optometry began with the primary focus of correcting refractive error through the use of spectacles. Modern day optometry, however, has evolved through time so that the educational curriculum additionally includes intensive medical training in the diagnosis and management of ocular disease in countries where the profession is established and regulated. Optometrists (also known as doctors of optometry in the United States and Canada for those"
"(eye doctors/surgeons), optometrists, and opticians, are involved in the treatment and management of ocular and vision disorders. A Snellen chart is one type of eye chart used to measure visual acuity. At the conclusion of a complete eye examination, the eye doctor might provide the patient with an eyeglass prescription for corrective lenses. Some disorders of the eyes for which corrective lenses are prescribed include myopia (near-sightedness) which affects about one-third of the human population, hyperopia (far-sightedness) which affects about one quarter of the population, astigmatism, and presbyopia (the loss of focusing range during aging). Macular degeneration is especially prevalent"
"holding the O.D. degree, or ophthalmic opticians in the United Kingdom) are health care professionals who provide primary eyecare through comprehensive eye examinations to detect and treat various visual abnormalities and eye diseases. Being a regulated profession, an optometrist's scope of practice may differ depending on the location. Thus, disorders or diseases detected outside the treatment scope of optometry are referred out to relevant medical professionals for proper care, more commonly to ophthalmologists who are physicians that specialize in tertiary medical and surgical care of the eye. Optometrists typically work closely together with other eye care professionals such as ophthalmologists"
"administer diagnostic agents. In some states, optometrists may also be licensed to perform certain types of eye surgery. Doctors of Optometry (O.D.) (optometric physicians / optometrists) function as primary eye care providers, providing both comprehensive optical and medical eye care. They can prescribe corrective lenses (glasses and contacts) to aid optical abnormalities (e.g., myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism). They also manage vision development in children including amblyopia diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, Optometrists are trained and licensed to diagnose all forms of eye disease and provide medical treatment (e.g., infections, inflammation, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal/retinal abnormalities, uveitis, etc.). They can"
"is a profession dealing with visual health care. Optometrists are licensed to refract for and prescribe glasses, fit and prescribe contact lenses, examine, diagnoses and treat eye conditions and diseases, including cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, dry eyes and many other diseases. They can treat most eye diseases but cannot perform surgery. They are doctors of Optometry, not medicine. This field requires an undergraduate degree, plus four years in the college of optometry. Oculesics Oculesics, a subcategory of kinesics, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. The specific definition varies depending on whether it applies"
"Orthoptics Orthoptics is a profession allied to eye care profession whose primary emphasis is the diagnosis and non-surgical management of strabismus (wandering eye), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders. The word ""orthoptics"" comes from the Greek words ὀρθός ""orthos"", ""straight"" and ὀπτικός ""optikοs"", ""relating to sight"" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns refraction and muscular eye control. Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment. With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring of some forms of eye disease, such as glaucoma, cataract screening and diabetic retinopathy For children, there is evidence"
"optometrists. There exist a few different broad classifications of vision treatment philosophies, which have been traditionally divided between Optometrists, Ophthalmologists, and practitioners of alternative medicine: Orthoptics is a field pertaining to the evaluation and treatment of patients with disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision and eye movements. Commonly practiced by [[orthoptists]], [[optometrists]], behavioral optometrists, [[Pediatric ophthalmology|pediatric ophthalmologists]], and general [[ophthalmologists]], traditional orthoptics addresses problems of [[asthenopia|eye strain]], visually induced [[headaches]], [[strabismus]], [[diplopia]] and visual related skills required for [[reading (process)|reading]]. Orthoptics aims to treat [[binocular vision]] disorders such as [[strabismus]], and [[diplopia]]. Key factors involved"
"a profession that fitted people with glasses. This difference has decreased as the majority of optometrists screen for and treat eye disease and many ophthalmologists fit people with corrective lenses. The difference in background previously caused some conflict between the two professions. Ophthalmologists have voiced concern that an optometrist's educational background is different from their own. Optometrists have criticized ophthalmologists of caring for the health structure of the eye while letting other vision disorders go untreated. For example, consider a patient with glaucoma and spasm of accommodation. Ophthalmologists would be concerned that an optometrist would fail to identify or otherwise"
"optical and medical eye care. They are able to diagnose and treat most eye diseases and can prescribe both topical and oral medications Doctors of Optometry (O.D.) (optometric physicians / optometrists) function as primary eye care providers. The scope of optometry has expanded in modern times and significantly overlaps with general ophthalmology, the branch of medicine involving the health of the eyes and visual system. Optometrists in the US are trained and licensed to diagnose and manage all common eye diseases. They can prescribe all topical medications (prescription eye drops) and most oral medications (tablets/capsules by mouth), as well as"
"primarily trained to manage complicated eye diseases, many involving surgery. Often, ophthalmologists choose to specialize in a particular area of the eye, such as the retina or cornea. In Oklahoma and Louisiana, the state optometry board also allows state-certified optometrists to perform surgeries limited to the anterior segment of the eye. In Kentucky, recent legislation permits optometrists to perform a multitude of laser procedures. Doctors of optometry in the United States are regulated by state boards, which vary from state to state. The Association of Regulatory Boards of Optometry (ARBO) assists these state board licensing agencies in regulating the practice"
"muscle disorders are offered a full range of treatment options. According to the International Orthoptic Association, professional orthoptic practice involves the following: Orthoptics Orthoptics is a profession allied to eye care profession whose primary emphasis is the diagnosis and non-surgical management of strabismus (wandering eye), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders. The word ""orthoptics"" comes from the Greek words ὀρθός ""orthos"", ""straight"" and ὀπτικός ""optikοs"", ""relating to sight"" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns refraction and muscular eye control. Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment. With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be"
"mistreat the glaucoma. Optometrist would worry that the ophthalmologist would fail to identify or mistreat the spasm of accommodation. As of 2012, both these concerns are invalid because the education of both types of professionals prepares them to handle both conditions. (This may not be true globally as the definition and education of both professions varies country to country.) Because of cooperation between optometrists and ophthalmologists, the quality of care depends more on the abilities of the individual doctors than it does what type of professional they are. Orthoptists specialize in the diagnosis and management of problems with eye movement"
"and coordination, such as misalignment of the visual axis, binocular vision problems, and pre/post surgical care of strabismus patients. They do not directly treat ocular disease with medications or surgery. Orthoptists are trained to treat patients using optical aids and eye exercises. Orthoptists are primarily found working alongside ophthalmologists and optometrists to co-manage binocular vision treatment, visual field loss management and accommodative therapy. They often do standard eye and vision testing along with computerised axillary testing. All three types of professional perform screenings for common ocular problems affecting children (such as amblyopia and strabismus) and adults (such as cataracts, glaucoma,"
"Eye examination An eye examination is a series of tests performed by an ophthalmologist (medical doctor), optometrist, or orthoptist assessing vision and ability to focus on and discern objects, as well as other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes. Health care professionals often recommend that all people should have periodic and thorough eye examinations as part of routine primary care, especially since many eye diseases are asymptomatic. Eye examinations may detect potentially treatable blinding eye diseases, ocular manifestations of systemic disease, or signs of tumours or other anomalies of the brain. Ideally, the eye examination consists of an external"
"and opticians to deliver quality and efficient eyecare to the general public. The term ""optometry"" comes from the Greek words ""ὄψις"" (""opsis""; ""view"") and ""μέτρον"" (""metron""; ""something used to measure"", ""measure"", ""rule""). The word entered the language when the instrument for measuring vision was called an optometer, (before the terms phoropter or refractor were used). The root word ""opto"" is a shortened form derived from the Greek word ""ophthalmos"" meaning, ""eye."" Like most healthcare professions, the education and certification of optometrists is regulated in most countries. Optometric professionals and optometry-related organizations interact with governmental agencies, other healthcare professionals, and the"
"to treat eye diseases and disorders and specializes in optics and vision correction. Permissions granted by an optometric license vary by location. Orthoptists specialize in diagnosis and management of eye movement and coordination problems, misalignment of the visual axis, convergence and accommodation problems, and conditions such as amblyopia, strabismus, and binocular vision disorders, as outlined by the International Orthoptic Association. They may assist ophthalmologists in surgery, teach orthoptic students, students of other allied health professions, medical students, and ophthalmology residents and fellows, act as vision researchers, perform vision screening, perform low vision assessments and act as clinical administrators. Ocularists specialize"
"write prescriptions for all topical medications (eye drops) and most medications taken by mouth (e.g., antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, allergy, pain). Optometrists may also order lab tests including: bacterial cultures, blood work, MRI, CT, ultrasound etc. When patients exhibit an advanced form of disease or require surgery, optometrists may refer to specialists (ophthalmologists with fellowship in particular area). Optometrists many also provide pre/post operative surgical care, however, optometrists are not trained to perform invasive surgery. Ophthalmologists are Medical/Osteopathic Doctors (MD/DO) who specialize in the eye. They provide comprehensive medical and surgical eye care. While ophthalmologists can prescribe corrective lenses, they are"
"the forehead, temple, and cheek is drawn toward the medial angle of the orbit, and the eyelids are firmly closed, as in photophobia. The skin thus drawn upon is thrown into folds, especially radiating from the lateral angle of the eyelids; these folds become permanent in senescence, and form the so-called “crow's feet.” The Levator palpebræ superioris is the direct antagonist of this muscle; it raises the upper eyelid and exposes the front of the bulb of the eye. In addition, the orbital and palpebral portions can work independent of each other, as in the furrowing of the brows by"
"muscles and optic nerve, leading to diplopia and loss of vision. Ocular oncology is the branch of medicine dealing with tumors relating to the eye and its adnexa. Ocular oncology takes into consideration that the primary requirement for patients is preservation of life by removal of the tumor, along with best efforts directed at preservation of useful vision, followed by cosmetic appearance. The treatment of ocular tumors is generally a multi-specialty effort, requiring coordination between the ophthalmologist, medical oncologist, radiation specialist, head & neck surgeon/ENT surgeon, pediatrician/internal medicine/hospitalist and a multidisciplinary team of support staff and nurses. Eye neoplasm Eye"
"sewing, or careful examination of objects) is done by cone cells. Ciliary muscles around the lens allow the eye's focus to be adjusted. This process is known as accommodation. The near point and far point define the nearest and farthest distances from the eye at which an object can be brought into sharp focus. For a person with normal vision, the far point is located at infinity. The near point's location depends on how much the muscles can increase the curvature of the lens, and how inflexible the lens has become with age. Optometrists, ophthalmologists, and opticians usually consider an"
"Ocularist An ocularist is someone who specializes in the fabrication and fitting of ocular prostheses for people who have lost an eye or eyes due to trauma or illness. The fabrication process for a custom made eye typically includes taking an impression of the eye socket, shaping a plastic shell, painting the iris and then fitting the ocular prostheses. In addition to creating the prosthetic eye, they show the patient how to care for and handle the prosthesis. Ocularists may develop their skills from various background disciplines, for example medical, optometry, dental, nursing, biology, medical arts and illustration. Training and"
"is the most exposed surface, highly vulnerable to blunt force trauma. The base, which opens in the face, has four borders. The following bones take part in their formation: The orbit holds and protects the eye. The movement of the eye is controlled by six distinct extraocular muscles, a superior, an inferior, a medial and a lateral rectus, as well as a superior and an inferior oblique. The superior ophthalmic vein is a sigmoidal vessel along the superior margin of the orbital canal that drains deoxygenated blood from surrounding musculature. The ophthalmic artery is a crucial structure in the orbit,"
"duties of a general practitioner. These specialists, or eye care professionals, serve different functions in different countries. Eye care professionals can have overlap in their patient care privileges. For example, both an ophthalmologist (M.D.) and optometrist (O.D.) are professionals who diagnoses eye disease and can prescribe lenses to correct vision. However, typically only ophthalmologists are licensed to perform surgical procedures. Ophthalmologists may also specialize within a surgical area, such as cornea, cataracts, laser, retina, or oculoplastics. Other eye care professionals include: Eye irritation has been defined as ""the magnitude of any stinging, scratching, burning, or other irritating sensation from the"
"member of the World Health Organization, defines optometrists as “…the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.” A Doctor of Optometry (OD) attends four years of college, four years of optometry school and then an optional one-year residency. Optometrists undergo extensive and intensive refractive and medical training mainly pertaining to the eye and the entrance criteria to attend optometry school is also highly competitive. An OD is fully qualified"
"pull the eyelids of the deceased down to close the eyes. This is a typical part of the last offices. Eyelid An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects the human eye. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid, exposing the cornea to the outside, giving vision. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes along the eyelid margin, which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. ""Palpebral"" (and ""blepharal"") means relating to the eyelids. Its key"
"of too much aqueous humor, or reabsorption that occurs too slowly, can lead to increases in the pressure within the eye. Pars plicata The pars plicata (Latin: folded portion) is the folded and most anterior portion of the ciliary body of an eye. The ciliary body is a part of the uvea, one of the three layers that comprise the eye. The pars plicata is located anterior to the pars plana portion of the ciliary body, and posterior to the iris. The lens zonules that are used to control accommodation are attached to the pars plicata. The pars plicata is"
"patient’s eye allows the orthoptist to observe their corneal reflection. When the eyes are straight the corneal reflections will be located centrally in each pupil. When the patient has a deviation one corneal reflection will be in the centre of the pupil and the other reflection will be on or close to the iris. When detecting a manifest deviation the Orthoptist covers the straight eye if a deviation is apparent or the eye with the better VA. Observe the behaviour of the uncovered eye. This procedure is now repeated with an accommodative target. Ask the patient to look at a"
"see better under low light conditions. Posterior segment of eyeball The posterior segment or posterior cavity is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. The portion of the posterior segment visible during ophthalmoscopy (or fundoscopy) is sometimes referred to as the posterior pole, or fundus. Some ophthalmologists specialize in the treatment and management of posterior segment disorders and diseases. In some animals, the retina contains a reflective layer (the tapetum lucidum) which increases the amount of light each photosensitive"
"as the ""aquula"" (Latin, ""a little stream"", dim. of ""aqua"", ""water"") or ""crystalline lens"". The lens is part of the anterior segment of the human eye. In front of the lens is the iris, which regulates the amount of light entering into the eye. The lens is suspended in place by the suspensory ligament of the lens, a ring of fibrous tissue that attaches to the lens at its equator and connects it to the ciliary body. Posterior to the lens is the vitreous body, which, along with the aqueous humor on the anterior surface, bathes the lens. The lens"
"be capable of making one cadaver-donor's corneal cells be expanded and be usable in more than one patient's eye. Cornea The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea, with the anterior chamber and lens, refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK. While the cornea contributes most of the eye's focusing power, its focus is fixed. Accommodation (the"
"Cornea The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea, with the anterior chamber and lens, refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK. While the cornea contributes most of the eye's focusing power, its focus is fixed. Accommodation (the refocusing of light to better view near objects) is accomplished by changing the geometry of the lens. Medical terms"
"Oculoplastics Oculoplastics, or oculoplastic surgery, includes a wide variety of surgical procedures that deal with the orbit (eye socket), eyelids, tear ducts, and the face. It also deals with the reconstruction of the eye and associated structures. An oculoplastic surgeon is a specialized ophthalmologist who has completed one or two years of additional fellowship training following ophthalmology residency. Members of the American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (ASOPRS) are the most highly qualified oculoplastic surgeons in North America. To qualify, a member must have passed both the American Board of Ophthalmology certification exams, as well as written and"