"answering truthfully, which supposedly raises the polygraph's readings for the truthful answers so they equal the deceptive ones. In the television series ""Profit"", there is a memorable sequence at the end of episode ""Healing"" where the eponymous character, Jim Profit, manages to fool a polygraph. He does that by putting a nail through the sole of his shoe and pushing it inside of his heel while answering every question in order to even out the readings. This scene is very graphic, especially for its time, 1996. During a voice-over, Profit explains the theory behind the polygraph and the flaws he"
"Multigraph (orthography) A multigraph (or pleongraph) is a sequence of letters that behaves as a unit and is not the sum of its parts, such as English or French . The term is infrequently used, as the number of letters is usually specified: Combinations longer than tetragraphs are unusual. The German pentagraph has largely been replaced by , remaining only in proper names such as or . Except for doubled trigraphs like German , hexagraphs are found only in Irish vowels, where the outside letters indicate whether the neighboring consonant is ""broad"" or ""slender"". However, these sequences are not predictable."
"Polygraphia (book) Polygraphia is a cryptographic work written by Johannes Trithemius published in 1518 dedicated to the art of steganography. It is the oldest known source of the popular Witches' Alphabet, used at large by modern traditions of witchcraft. It is composed of five books, the work consists of five books and a collarbone The work ends with alphabets of his invention as the ""tetragramaticus"" formed by 4 characters that are diversified in 24 letters and the ""enagramaticus"" of 9 characters and 28 letters, from which he gives examples of writings that belongs to something it resembles a natural language."
"the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, in the belief that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers. The polygraph was invented in 1921 by John Augustus Larson, a medical student at the University of California at Berkeley and a police officer of the Berkeley Police Department in Berkeley, California. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the polygraph was on its 2003 list of the 325 greatest inventions. 1921 Flowchart A flowchart is common type of chart, representing an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds,"
"mechanical device that moves a second pen parallel to one held by a writer, enabling the writer to make a duplicate of a document as it is written. Polygraphs appeared in the 17th century but did not become popular until 1800. Hawkins & Peale patented a polygraph in the US in 1803, and beginning in 1804 Thomas Jefferson collaborated with them in working on improvements in the machine. He used a polygraph for the rest of his life. However, polygraphs were not practical for most office purposes and were never widely used in businesses. Hawkins & Peale lost money producing"
"a heptagraph, . Longer sequences are considered ligatures, and are transcribed as such in the Latin alphabet. Multigraph (orthography) A multigraph (or pleongraph) is a sequence of letters that behaves as a unit and is not the sum of its parts, such as English or French . The term is infrequently used, as the number of letters is usually specified: Combinations longer than tetragraphs are unusual. The German pentagraph has largely been replaced by , remaining only in proper names such as or . Except for doubled trigraphs like German , hexagraphs are found only in Irish vowels, where the"
"According to some scholars, both books, "" Steganographia "" and "" Polygraphia "" are but a single work presented in two parts: the first is metaphysical and quite theoretical (arriving to hide a full treaty ""angelology,"" or study of angels with their names and hierarchies, between its pages), the second is more practical and is used for encoding messages. Polygraphia (book) Polygraphia is a cryptographic work written by Johannes Trithemius published in 1518 dedicated to the art of steganography. It is the oldest known source of the popular Witches' Alphabet, used at large by modern traditions of witchcraft. It is"
"Phonograph record A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English, or record) is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. At first, the discs were commonly made from shellac; starting in the 1950s polyvinyl chloride became common. In recent decades, records have sometimes been called vinyl records, or simply vinyl. The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. It had co-existed"
"Phonograph The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or, since the 1940s, a record player. The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a ""record"". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly"
"A group of artists who later formed the National Serigraph Society, including WPA artists Max Arthur Cohn and Anthony Velonis, coined the word Serigraphy in the 1930s to differentiate the artistic application of screen printing from the industrial use of the process.""Serigraphy"" is a compound word formed from Latin ""sēricum"" (silk) and Greek ""graphein"" (to write or draw). The Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center says ""Screenprinting is arguably the most versatile of all printing processes. Since rudimentary screenprinting materials are so affordable and readily available, it has been used frequently in underground settings and subcultures, and the non-professional look of"
"In normal handwriting, even long words are often written ""joined up"", without the pen leaving the paper, and the form of each written letter will often vary depending on which letters precede and follow it, but that does not make the whole word into a single glyph. Two or more glyphs which have the same significance, whether used interchangeably or chosen depending on context, are called allographs of each other. The term has been used in English since 1727, borrowed from ""glyphe"" (in use by French antiquaries since 1701), from the Greek γλυφή, ""glyphē"", ""carving,"" and the verb γλύφειν, ""glýphein"","
"Collagraphy Collagraphy (sometimes spelled collography) was introduced in 1955 by Glen Alps and is a printmaking process in which materials are applied to a rigid substrate (such as paperboard or wood). The word is derived from the Greek word ""koll"" or ""kolla"", meaning glue, and ""graph"", meaning the activity of drawing. The plate can be intaglio-inked, inked with a roller or paintbrush or some combination thereof. Ink or pigment is applied to the resulting collage and the board is used to print onto paper or another material using either a printing press or various hand tools. The resulting print is"
"Polygram (geometry) In geometry, a generalized polygon can be called a polygram, and named specifically by its number of sides, so a regular pentagram, {5/2}, has 5 sides, and the regular hexagram, {6/2} or 2{3} has 6 sides divided into two triangles. A regular polygram {p/q} can either be in a set of regular polygons (for gcd(p,q)=1, q>1) or in a set of regular polygon compounds (if gcd(p,q)>1). The polygram names combine a numeral prefix, such as ""penta-"", with the Greek suffix ""-gram"" (in this case generating the word ""pentagram""). The prefix is normally a Greek cardinal, but synonyms using"
"the Japanese electronics company announced on September 2, 2015. Phonograph The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or, since the 1940s, a record player. The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a ""record"". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the"
"the letters of a mixed alphabet (two letters, usually I and J, are combined). A digraphic substitution is then simulated by taking pairs of letters as two corners of a rectangle, and using the other two corners as the ciphertext (see the Playfair cipher main article for a diagram). Special rules handle double letters and pairs falling in the same row or column. Playfair was in military use from the Boer War through World War II. Several other practical polygraphics were introduced in 1901 by Felix Delastelle, including the bifid and four-square ciphers (both digraphic) and the trifid cipher (probably"
"Heliograph A heliograph (""helios"" (), meaning ""sun"", and ""graphein"" (), meaning ""write"") is a wireless telegraph that signals by flashes of sunlight (generally using Morse code) reflected by a mirror. The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter. The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous optical communication over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th century. Its main uses were military, survey and forest protection work. Heliographs were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the Pakistani army"
"Monograph A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author, and usually on a scholarly subject. In library cataloging, ""monograph"" has a broader meaning, that of a nonserial publication complete in one volume (book) or a definite number of volumes. Thus it differs from a serial publication such as a magazine, journal, or newspaper. In this context only, books such as novels are monographs. The term ""monographia"" is derived from the Greek ""mono"" (single) and ""grapho"" (to write), meaning ""writing on"
"Allography Allography, from the Greek for ""other writing"", has several meanings which all relate to how words and sounds are written down. An allograph may be the opposite of an autograph – i.e. a person's words or name (signature) written by someone else. In graphemics, the term ""allograph"" denotes any glyphs that are considered variants of a letter or other grapheme, like a number or punctuation. An obvious example in English (and many other writing systems) is the distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters. Allographs can vary vastly, without affecting the underlying identity of the grapheme. Even if the word"
"Holograph A holograph is a document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears. Some countries (e.g., France) or local jurisdictions within certain countries (e.g., some U.S. states) give legal standing to specific types of holographic documents, generally waiving requirements that they be witnessed. One of the most important types of such documents are holographic last wills. The expansion of the concept of ""holographic"" or handwritten documents must include a discussion of the effectiveness of a document in accomplishing its intended purpose. Print media came into being as a solution to the problem of the sluggish"
"plate with a brayer for a relief print, or ink may be applied to the entire board and then removed from the upper surfaces but remain in the spaces between objects, resulting in an intaglio print. A combination of both intaglio and relief methods may also be employed. A printing press may or may not be used. Collagraphy Collagraphy (sometimes spelled collography) was introduced in 1955 by Glen Alps and is a printmaking process in which materials are applied to a rigid substrate (such as paperboard or wood). The word is derived from the Greek word ""koll"" or ""kolla"", meaning"
"greatly increased quantities of paperwork to daily life, the duplicating machine and the typewriter gradually changed the forms of the office desk and transformed the nature of office work. They were often used in schools, churches, and small organizations, where revolutionarily economical copying was in demand for the production of newsletters and worksheets. Self-publishers also used these machines to produce fanzines. A few alternatives to hand copying were invented between the mid-17th century and the late 18th century, but none had a significant impact in offices. In document duplication (as opposed to law enforcement and such), a Polygraph is a"
"a compound polygon. These figures are called regular compound polygons. Polygram (geometry) In geometry, a generalized polygon can be called a polygram, and named specifically by its number of sides, so a regular pentagram, {5/2}, has 5 sides, and the regular hexagram, {6/2} or 2{3} has 6 sides divided into two triangles. A regular polygram {p/q} can either be in a set of regular polygons (for gcd(p,q)=1, q>1) or in a set of regular polygon compounds (if gcd(p,q)>1). The polygram names combine a numeral prefix, such as ""penta-"", with the Greek suffix ""-gram"" (in this case generating the word ""pentagram"")."
"sell. Other practical ""pencil-and-paper"" polygraphic ciphers include: Hill cipher In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra. Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was practical (though barely) to operate on more than three symbols at once. The following discussion assumes an elementary knowledge of matrices. Each letter is represented by a number modulo 26. Often the simple scheme A = 0, B = 1, ..., Z = 25 is used, but this is not an essential feature of the cipher. To encrypt a"
"example the regular star pentagon is also known as the pentagram. To construct the name of a polygon with more than 20 and less than 100 edges, combine the prefixes as follows. The ""kai"" term applies to 13-gons and higher and was used by Kepler, and advocated by John H. Conway for clarity to concatenated prefix numbers in the naming of quasiregular polyhedra. Polygons have been known since ancient times. The regular polygons were known to the ancient Greeks, with the pentagram, a non-convex regular polygon (star polygon), appearing as early as the 7th century B.C. on a krater by"
"those for numerals (logograms for numbers). An individual grapheme may be represented in a wide variety of ways, where each variation is visually distinct in some regard, but all are interpreted as representing the ""same"" grapheme. These individual variations are known as ""allographs"" of a grapheme (compare with the term allophone used in linguistic study). For example, the minuscule letter ""a"" has different allographs when written as a cursive, block, or typed letter. The choice of a particular allograph may be influenced by the medium used, the writing instrument, the stylistic choice of the writer, the preceding and following graphemes"
"2003's list of 325 greatest inventions. This first polygraph instrument of Larson is now at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.. It first appeared in action in a moving picture in 1926 in the silent police serial ‘’Officer 444’’. Due to differing methods of using his device that Larson felt were incorrect and abusive by some law enforcement, later in life he eventually came to regret having invented the polygraph. Not long before passing away, Larson himself scribed: “Beyond my expectation, thru uncontrollable factors, this scientific investigation became for practical purposes a Frankenstein’s monster, which I have spent over 40"
"and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term ""Square-Block Characters"" ( / , ""fāngkuàizì""), sometimes translated as ""tetragraph"", in reference to Chinese characters. Despite standardization, some nonstandard forms are commonly used, especially in handwriting. In older sources, even authoritative ones, variant characters are commonplace. For example, in the preface to the ""Imperial Dictionary"", there are 30 variant characters which are not found in the dictionary itself. A few of these are reproduced at right. The nature of Chinese characters makes it very easy to produce allographs (variants)"
"skin conductivity, to make a comprehensive lie detection tool. He was also highly encouraged by his police chief August Vollmer. At the time of the invention of the polygraph, Larson was a 21-year-old medical student at the University of California, Berkeley. He later entered the field of forensic psychiatry. The instrument, with its diverse collection of physiological indices, became known as the polygraph, which Larson then fully developed for forensic use in 1921, and applied it in police investigations at the Berkeley Police Department. His instrument provided continuous readings of blood pressure, rather than discontinuous readings of the sort found"
"measure is the polygraph test. A polygraph, popularly referred to as a lie detector, measures and records several physiological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions. The polygraph is currently being used in 19 states of the US. The use of polygraph in court testimony remains controversial, and no judge can force a witness to go through with the test although it is used extensively in post-conviction supervision, particularly of sex offenders. The reason that the test is controversial, and the reason that lie detector tests"
"Polygraphic substitution A polygraphic substitution is a cipher in which a uniform substitution is performed on blocks of letters. When the length of the block is specifically known, more precise terms are used: for instance, a cipher in which pairs of letters are substituted is bigraphic. As a concept, polygraphic substitution contrasts with monoalphabetic (or simple) substitutions in which individual letters are uniformly substituted, or polyalphabetic substitutions in which individual letters are substituted in different ways depending on their position in the text. In theory, there is some overlap in these definitions; one could conceivably consider a Vigenère cipher with"
"larger 'alphabet'. One identifies the most frequent polygrams, experiments with replacing them with common plaintext polygrams, and attempts to build up common words, phrases, and finally meaning. Naturally, if the investigation led the cryptanalyst to suspect that a code was of a specific type, like a Playfair or order-2 Hill cipher, then they could use a more specific attack. Polygraphic substitution A polygraphic substitution is a cipher in which a uniform substitution is performed on blocks of letters. When the length of the block is specifically known, more precise terms are used: for instance, a cipher in which pairs of"
"following abbreviations are used to help describe the type of letter or document that is being offered for sale. Autograph An autograph is a person's own signature or handwriting. The term is used particularly in connection with the collecting of autographs of celebrities; the hobby of collecting autographs is known as ""philography"". What might be considered the oldest ""autograph"" is a Sumerian clay table from about 3100 BC which includes the name of the scribe Gar.Ama. No ancient written autographs have been found, and the earliest one known for a major historical figure is that of El Cid from 1098."
"other prefixes exist. The ""-gram"" suffix derives from ""γραμμῆς"" (""grammos"") meaning a line. A regular polygram, as a general regular polygon, is denoted by its Schläfli symbol {""p""/""q""}, where ""p"" and ""q"" are relatively prime (they share no factors) and ""q"" ≥ 2. For integers ""p"" and ""q"", it can be considered as being constructed by connecting every ""q""th point out of ""p"" points regularly spaced in a circular placement. In other cases where ""n"" and ""m"" have a common factor, a ""polygram"" is interpreted as a lower polygon, {""n""/""k"",""m""/""k""}, with ""k"" = gcd(""n"",""m""), and rotated copies are combined as"