"for ""goblin ore"") for some of the blue-pigment producing minerals; they were so named because they were poor in known metals, and gave poisonous arsenic-containing fumes when smelted. In 1735, such ores were found to be reducible to a new metal (the first discovered since ancient times), and this was ultimately named for the ""kobold"". Today, some cobalt is produced specifically from one of a number of metallic-lustered ores, such as for example cobaltite (CoAsS). The element is however more usually produced as a by-product of copper and nickel mining. The copper belt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
"Cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal. Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass, but the color was later thought by alchemists to be due to the known metal bismuth. Miners had long used the name ""kobold ore"" (German"
"German for ""wolf's foam"", how the mineral was known to Saxon miners. The name ""tungsten"" means ""heavy stone"", a description of scheelite, another mineral in which tungsten is found. The German names for hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are ""Wasserstoff"" (water substance), ""Sauerstoff"" (acid substance), and ""Stickstoff"" (smothering substance). Russian names for hydrogen, oxygen and carbon are ""vodorod"", ""kislorod"" and ""uglerod"" (generating water, acid and coal respectively). The corresponding Chinese names are ""qīngqì"" (light gas), ""yǎngqì"" (nourishing gas), and ""dànqì"" (diluting gas). A scheme for translating chemical names into Chinese was developed by John Fryer and Xu Shou in 1871. Where"
"""tungsten"" (from the Swedish ""tung sten"", ""heavy stone"") is used in English, French, and many other languages as the name of the element, but not in the Nordic countries. ""Tungsten"" was the old Swedish name for the mineral scheelite. ""Wolfram"" (or ""volfram"") is used in most European (especially Germanic and Slavic) languages and is derived from the mineral wolframite, which is the origin of the chemical symbol W. The name ""wolframite"" is derived from German """"wolf rahm"""" (""wolf soot"" or ""wolf cream""), the name given to tungsten by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747. This, in turn, derives from """"lupi spuma"""","
"described in 1818 for specimens from its type locality in Salzburg, Austria. The name comes from the German ""Polyhalit"", which comes from the Ancient Greek words (""polys"") and """" (""hals""), which mean ""many"" and ""salt"", and the German ending ""-it"" (which comes from the Latin ending -ites, which originally also came from Greek), which is used like the English ending ""-ite"" to form the names of certain chemical compounds. Despite the similarity in names between halite (the naturally occurring form of table salt) and it, their only connection is that both are evaporite minerals. The use of the Greek words"
"from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions for a relative of silicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in"
"Cobaltite Cobaltite is a sulfide mineral composed of cobalt, arsenic, and sulfur, CoAsS. It contains up to 10% iron and variable amounts of nickel. Structurally, it resembles pyrite (FeS) with one of the sulfur atoms replaced by an arsenic atom. Although rare, it is mined as a significant source of the strategically important metal cobalt. Secondary weathering incrustations of erythrite, hydrated cobalt arsenate, are common. The name is from the German, ""Kobold"", ""underground spirit"" in allusion to the ""refusal"" of cobaltiferous ores to smelt as they are expected to. It occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal deposits and contact metamorphic rocks. It"
"colors with acidity. In 1702, German chemist Georg Stahl coined the name ""phlogiston"" for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning. Around 1735, Swedish chemist Georg Brandt analyzed a dark blue pigment found in copper ore. Brandt demonstrated that the pigment contained a new element, later named cobalt. In 1751, a Swedish chemist and pupil of Stahl's named Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, identified an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element, which he named nickel. Cronstedt is one of the founders of modern mineralogy. Cronstedt also discovered the mineral scheelite in 1751, which he named"
"to be eka-antimony, but was soon convinced that it was instead eka-silicon. Before Winkler published his results on the new element, he decided that he would name his element ""neptunium"", since the recent discovery of planet Neptune in 1846 had similarly been preceded by mathematical predictions of its existence. However, the name ""neptunium"" had already been given to another proposed chemical element (though not the element that today bears the name neptunium, which was discovered in 1940). So instead, Winkler named the new element ""germanium"" (from the Latin word, ""Germania"", for Germany) in honor of his homeland. Argyrodite proved empirically"
"Germany. It was named for the Prussian mining engineer Rudolf von Carnall (1804–1874). Halides are binary compounds. They are composed of a halogen and a metal ion. The crystal chemistry of halides is characterized by the electronegativity of halogen ions. This means that the dominant large ions are the Cl, Br, F, or I. These are easily polarized. The ions combine with similarly large but low valence and weakly polarized cations. The cations are mostly of the alkali metal group. Sylvite is a binary compound with the formula KCl. Sylvite precipitates first from mixed solutions of K, Mg and Cl,"
"are faced by cobalt miners. Cobalt can be effectively absorbed by charred pigs' bones; however, this process is inhibited by copper and zinc, which have greater affinities to bone char. Cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal. Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to impart a"
"of European peoples upon one another. Similarly, subterranean kobolds may share their origins with creatures such as gnomes and dwarves and the aquatic Klabautermann with similar water spirits. The name of the element cobalt comes from the creature's name, because medieval miners blamed the sprite for the poisonous and troublesome nature of the typical arsenical ores of this metal (cobaltite and smaltite) which polluted other mined elements. The kobold's origins are obscure. Sources equate the domestic kobold with creatures such as the English boggart, hobgoblin and pixy, the Scottish brownie, and the Scandinavian nisse or tomte; while they align the"
"attempts always ended in failure due to high smelting temperatures needed to reduce nickel. In Germany this deceptive mineral came to be known as ""kupfernickel"", literally ""copper demon"". The Swedish alchemist Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (who had been trained by Georg Brandt, the discoverer of the nickel-like metal cobalt) realized that there was probably a new metal hiding within the kupfernickel ore, and in 1751 he succeeded in smelting kupfernickel to produce a previously unknown (except in certain meteorites) silvery white, iron-like metal. Logically, Cronstedt named his new metal after the ""nickel"" part of ""kupfernickel"". Azurite Azurite is a soft,"
"copper (German: Kupfer). This German equivalent of ""copper-nickel"" was used as early as 1694 (other old German synonyms are ""Rotnickelkies"" and ""Arsennickel""). In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt was attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel mineral, and obtained instead a white metal that he called after the spirit, nickel. In modern German, Kupfernickel and Kupfer-Nickel designates the alloy Cupronickel. The names subsequently given to the ore, ""nickeline"" from F. S. Beudant, 1832, and ""niccolite,"" from J. D. Dana, 1868, refer to the presence of nickel; in Latin, ""niccolum."" In 1971, the International Mineralogical Association recommended use of the name nickeline"
"silver and by insisting that fellow miners treat them respectfully. Nevertheless, some stories claim that kobolds only returned such kindness with more poisonous ores. Miners called these ores ""cobalt"" after the creatures from whom they were thought to come. In 1735, Swedish chemist Georg Brandt isolated a substance from such ores and named it ""cobalt rex"". In 1780, scientists showed that this was in fact a new element, which they named ""cobalt"". Tales from other parts of Germany make mine kobolds beneficial creatures, at least if they are treated respectfully. Nineteenth-century miners in Bohemia and Hungary reported hearing knocking in"
"Germanite Germanite is a rare copper iron germanium sulfide mineral, CuFeGeS. It was first discovered in 1922, and named for its germanium content. It is only a minor source of this important semiconductor element, which is mainly derived from the processing of the zinc sulfide mineral sphalerite. Germanite contains gallium, zinc, molybdenum, arsenic, and vanadium as impurities. Its type locality is the Tsumeb Mine in Namibia where it occurs in a hydrothermal polymetallic ore deposit in dolostone in association with renierite, pyrite, tennantite, enargite, galena, sphalerite, digenite, bornite and chalcopyrite. It has also been reported from Argentina, Armenia, Bulgaria, Cuba,"
"with alpha particles. In 1811, the German chemist Johann Schweigger proposed that the name ""halogen"" – meaning ""salt producer"", from αλς [als] ""salt"" and γενειν [genein] ""to beget"" – replace the name ""chlorine"", which had been proposed by the English chemist Humphry Davy. Davy's name for the element prevailed. However, in 1826, the Swedish chemist Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius proposed the term ""halogen"" for the elements fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, which produce a sea-salt-like substance when they form a compound with an alkaline metal. Fluorine's name comes from the Latin word ""fluere"", meaning ""to flow"", because it was derived from"
"(""pigsty"") and ""hold"" (""stall spirit""). Grimm has provided one of the earlier and more commonly accepted etymologies for ""kobold"", tracing the word's origin through the Latin ""cobalus"" to the Greek ""koba'los"", meaning ""rogue"". The change to the word-final ""-olt"" is a feature of the German language used for monsters and supernatural beings. Variants of ""kobold"" appear as early as the 13th century. The words ""goblin"" and ""gobelin"", rendered in Medieval Latin as ""gobelinus"", may in fact derive from the word ""kobold"" or from ""kofewalt"". Related terms occur in Dutch, such as ""kabout"", ""kabot"", and ""kaboutermanneken"". Citing this evidence, British antiquarian"
"""firststuffs"" (chemical elements), such as ""waterstuff"" (hydrogen), ""sourstuff"" (oxygen), and ""ymirstuff"" (uranium), as well as ""bulkbits"" (molecules), ""bindings"" (compounds), and several other terms important to ""uncleftish worldken"" (atomic physics). ' and ' are the modern German words for hydrogen and oxygen, and in Dutch the modern equivalents are ' and '. ""Sunstuff"" refers to helium, which derives from , the Ancient Greek word for ""sun"". ""Ymirstuff"" references Ymir, a giant in Norse mythology similar to Uranus in Greek mythology. The vocabulary used in ""Uncleftish Beholding"" does not completely derive from Anglo-Saxon. ""Around"", from Old French ' (Modern French '), has"
"Japan) and germanium (named after Germany). Only gallium and germanium are stable and occur in more than trace amounts on Earth. Americium is named after the Americas, in analogy with europium being named after Europe. Other elements are named after modern states or cities, including berkelium, californium and tennessine named respectively after the American city of Berkeley and the states of California and Tennessee where they were discovered; and dubnium and moscovium, similarly named after Russia's Dubna and Moscow. Several places in Scandinavia have elements named after them: A number of other elements are named after classical words for various"
"can regarded as a portmanteau of ""borax"" and ""carbon"". Aluminium was named by Humphry Davy in the early 1800s. It is derived from the Greek word ""alumen"", meaning bitter salt, or the Latin ""alum"", the mineral. Gallium is derived from the Latin ""Gallia"", referring to France, the place of its discovery. Indium comes from the Latin word ""indicum"", meaning indigo dye, and refers to the element's prominent indigo spectroscopic line. Thallium, like indium, is named after the Greek word for the color of its spectroscopic line: ""thallos"", meaning a green twig or shoot. ""Nihonium"" is named after Japan (""Nihon"" in"
"Eifert The surname of Eifert, Eiffert, Eyfert, is German in origin. It has in its modern context in the translation of zealot, (of the Greek: zelotes = the Eiferer, in Hebrew kanai) the biblical form, Pinhas the zealot. There is also an early Prussian translation that means ""one who protects what is dear"", and symbolized in art by a wall or castle engulfed in flames. The probable origin of the word as a surname came during the Thirty Years War that arose as a part of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire. In the German development language, zealot"
"niobium, occurs in the minerals tantalite, columbite and coltan (a mix of columbite and tantalite). Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word ""tungsten"" comes from the Swedish language ""tung sten"" directly translatable to ""heavy stone"", though the name is ""volfram"" in Swedish to distinguish it from Scheelite, in Swedish alternatively named ""tungsten"". A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in"
"Tungsten Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The name ""tungsten"" comes from the former Swedish name for the tungstate mineral ""scheelite"", ""tung sten"" or ""heavy stone"". Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds rather than alone. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite. The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the"
"meaning. The origin of the Proto-Germanic ""*lauda-"" is not agreed in the linguistic community. One hypothesis suggests it is derived from Proto-Indo-European ""*lAudh-"" (""lead""; capitalization of the vowel is equivalent to the macron). Another hypothesis suggests it is borrowed from Proto-Celtic ""*ɸloud-io-"" (""lead""). This word is related to the Latin ""plumbum"", which gave the element its chemical symbol ""Pb"". The word ""*ɸloud-io-"" is thought to be the origin of Proto-Germanic ""*bliwa-"" (which also means ""lead""), from which stemmed the German ""Blei"". The name of the chemical element is not related to the verb of the same spelling, which is derived"
"syllable for 1). However, once the element has been found, the systematic name is replaced by a trivial one, in this case roentgenium. The IUPAC names for elements are intended for use in the official languages. At the time of the first edition of the IUPAC Red Book (which contains the rules for inorganic compounds), those languages were English and French; now English is the sole official language. However, other languages still have their own names for elements. The chemical symbol for tungsten, W, is based on the German name ""wolfram"", which is found in wolframite and comes from the"
"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it"
"""carbon"" comes from the Latin ""carbo"" for coal and charcoal, whence also comes the French ""charbon"", meaning charcoal. In German, Dutch and Danish, the names for carbon are ""Kohlenstoff"", ""koolstof"" and ""kulstof"" respectively, all literally meaning coal-substance. Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. Diamonds were known probably as early as 2500 BCE in China, while carbon in the form of charcoal was made around Roman times by the same chemistry as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude air."
"after the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered. Later, the element bohrium was named after him. During the 1930s, Bohr helped refugees from Nazism. After Denmark was occupied by the Germans, he had a famous meeting with Heisenberg, who had become the head of the German nuclear weapon project. In September 1943, word reached Bohr that he was about to be arrested by the Germans, and he fled to Sweden. From there, he was flown to Britain, where he joined the British Tube Alloys nuclear weapons project, and was part of the British mission to the Manhattan Project."
"Thénard in 1802. Commercial production began in France in 1807. The first recorded use of ""cobalt blue"" as a color name in English was in 1777. The leading world manufacturer of cobalt blue in the 19th century was Benjamin Wegner's Norwegian company Blaafarveværket (""blue colour works"" in Dano-Norwegian). Germany was also famous for production, especially the blue colour works (""Blaufarbenwerke"") in the Ore Mountains of Saxony. Art Automobiles Construction Sports Vexillology Video games Cobalt blue is toxic when inhaled or ingested. Potters who fail to take adequate precautions when using cobalt blue may succumb to cobalt poisoning. Cobalt blue Cobalt"
"of a group of coenzymes called cobalamins. vitamin B, the best-known example of the type, is an essential vitamin for all animals. Cobalt in inorganic form is also a micronutrient for bacteria, algae, and fungi. Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with a specific gravity of 8.9. The Curie temperature is and the magnetic moment is 1.6–1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. Cobalt has a relative permeability two-thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt occurs as two crystallographic structures: hcp and fcc. The ideal transition temperature between the hcp and fcc structures is , but in practice the energy difference between them is"
"was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy bronze, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words ""oxy genes"", meaning ""acid-forming"". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word ""sulfurium"" or the Sanskrit word ""sulvere""; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene, to match the previously-discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word ""telus"", meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for"
"General Electric's attempt to patent it, overturning granted in 1913 to William D. Coolidge. Tungsten Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The name ""tungsten"" comes from the former Swedish name for the tungstate mineral ""scheelite"", ""tung sten"" or ""heavy stone"". Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds rather than alone. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite. The free element is remarkable for its"