"Mongol conquest of Western Xia The Mongol conquest of Western Xia was a series of conflicts between the Mongol Empire and the Western Xia (Xi Xia) dynasty, also known as the Tangut Empire. Hoping to gain both plunder and a powerful vassal state, Mongol leader Genghis Khan commanded some initial raids against Western Xia before launching a full-scale invasion in 1209. This marked both the first major invasion conducted by Genghis and the beginning of the Mongol invasion of China. Despite a major set-back during a nearly year-long siege of the capital, Yinchuan, when the diverted river accidentally flooded their"
"the Mongols"", Temüjin was named after a powerful warrior of the Tatar tribe that his father Yesügei had taken prisoner. The name ""Temüjin"" is believed to derive from the word ""temür"", Turkic for iron (modern Mongolian: , ""tömör""). The name would imply a blacksmith or a man strong like iron. No evidence has survived to indicate that Genghis Khan had any exceptional training or reputation as a blacksmith. But the latter interpretation (a man strong like iron) is supported by the names of Genghis Khan's siblings, Temülin and Temüge, which are derived from the same root word. Genghis Khan is"
"dynasty and depicts Genghis Khan with typical Mongol features. There have been several films, novels and other adaptation works on the Mongolian ruler. There are many theories about the origins of Temüjin's title. Since people of the Mongol nation later associated the name with ""ching"" (Mongolian for strength), such confusion is obvious, though it does not follow etymology. One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word ""tenggis"", meaning ""ocean"", ""oceanic"" or ""wide-spreading"". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called ""tenggis"" by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call"
"Yesugei Yesugei Baghatur or Yesükhei (Modern Mongolian: Есүхэй баатар, ""Yesukhei baatar""), was a major chief of the Khamag Mongol confederation and the father of Temüjin, later known as Genghis Khan. He was of Borjigin family, and his name literally means ""like nine"", meaning he had the auspicious qualities of the number nine, a lucky number to the Mongols. Yesügei was the son of Bartan Baghatur, who was the second son of Khabul Khan, who was recognized as a khagan by the Jin Dynasty. Khabul Khan was, in turn, the great grandson of the Mongol chief Khaidu, the first to try"
"and Mongols. Temüjin commanded part of this attack, and after victory, he and Toghrul were restored by the Jin to positions of power. The Jin bestowed Toghrul with the honorable title of Ong Khan, and Temüjin with a lesser title of ""j'aut quri"". Around 1200, the main rivals of the Mongol confederation (traditionally the ""Mongols"") were the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north, the Tanguts to the south, and the Jin to the east. In his rule and his conquest of rival tribes, Temüjin broke with Mongol tradition in a few crucial ways. He delegated authority based"
"agency. ""Temüjin"" thus means ""blacksmith"". Genghis Khan was probably born in 1162 in Delüün Boldog, near the mountain Burkhan Khaldun and the rivers Onon and Kherlen in modern-day northern Mongolia, close to the current capital Ulaanbaatar. ""The Secret History of the Mongols"" reports that Temüjin was born grasping a blood clot in his fist, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second son of his father Yesügei who was a Kiyad chief prominent in the Khamag Mongol confederation and an ally of Toghrul of the Keraite tribe. Temüjin was the first son"
"of his mother Hoelun. According to the ""Secret History"", Temüjin was named after the Tatar chief Temüjin-üge whom his father had just captured. Yesukhei's clan was Borjigin (Боржигин), and Hoelun was from the Olkhunut sub-lineage of the Khongirad tribe. Like other tribes, they were nomads. Temüjin's noble background made it easier for him to solicit help from and eventually consolidate the other Mongol tribes. Temüjin had three brothers Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, one sister Temülen, and two half-brothers Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him"
"Barlas, Urud, Manghud, Taichiut, Chonos, Kiyat, etc. The first Khan of the Mongol was Bodonchar Munkhag's great-great-grandson Khaidu Khan. Khaidu's grandsons Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan (founder of the Taichiut clan) succeeded him. Thereafter, Khabul's sons, Hotula Khan and Yesugei, and Khabuls grandson Temujin (Genghis Khan, son of Yesugei) ruled the Khamag Mongol. By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins had died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur formed the Borjigid. According to Paul Pelliot and Louis Hambis, Rashid al-Din Hamadani once explained that """"borčïqïn"""" designated """"en"
"Jamukha Jamukha () was a Mongol military and political leader and the chief rival to Temüjin (later Genghis Khan) in the unification of the Mongol tribes. Jamukha was born in the Jadaran, a sub-tribe of the Khamag Mongol confederation, and Jamukha was an ""anda"" (""childhood friend"") and a blood brother to Temüjin. According to ""The Secret History of the Mongols"", when Börte, wife of Temüjin, was abducted by the Three Merkits; Wang Khan, Jamukha and Temüjin combined forces against the Merkits to recover her. In 1201, the leaders of the thirteen remaining hostile tribes (among them the Merkit, Tatar, and"
"Temujin, the second son of Yesugei, the khan of the Mongolian ""Wolves"" tribe. His father is attacked by assassins and soon dies from his injuries. Yesugei's first bondsman, Eeluk, assumes control of the tribe. Fearing the sons of the former khan may contest his leadership when they reach adulthood, Eeluk banishes Temujin's family from the tribe, leaving them to fend for themselves on the harsh Steppes. The expectation was that Temujin's family would perish in the unforgiving winter, but Temujin, along with his mother Hoelun, his four brothers Bekter, Khasar, Kachiun, Temüge, and his baby sister Temulun, survived against all"
"with his birth and his struggle for survival in his childhood and adolescent years after the death of his father, Yesugei. With support from his allies and his father's former followers, Temüjin becomes the leader of the Borjigin tribe and emerges as one of the most powerful warlords in Mongolia. After spending decades on the battlefield, Temüjin eventually succeeds in uniting all the Mongol tribes under his rule and adopts the honorific title ""Genghis Khan"" (means ""supreme ruler"" in the Mongol language). Genghis Khan continues to lead his armies to attack the Khwarezmid Empire in the west and the Jurchen-led"
"few decades. His name means ""blessed iron Khan"" in the Mongolian language. Temür was a son of the Crown Prince Zhenjin (真金) and the grandson of Kublai Khan. During his rule, the Tran, Pagan, and Champa dynasties and western khanates of the Mongol Empire accepted his supremacy. Temür was born the third son of Zhenjin of the Borjigin and Kökejin (Bairam-Egechi) of the Khunggirad on October 15, 1265. Because Kublai's first son Dorji died early, his second son and Temür's father, Zhenjin, became the crown prince. However, he died in 1286 when Temür was 21 years old. Kublai remained close"
"the way for the split between Temüjin and Jamukha. Before this, they were blood brothers (""anda"") vowing to remain eternally faithful. As Jamukha and Temüjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and they became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Temüjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader range and lower class of followers. Following his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin, Temüjin began rising to power. In 1186, Temüjin was elected khan of the Mongols."
"of ""surrender or die"" still recognized that conquest by capitulation was more desirable than being forced to continually expend soldiers, food, and money to fight every army and sack every town and city along the campaign's route. The Mongols frequently faced states with armies and resources greater than their own. In the beginning, Temujin (the birthname of Genghis Khan) started off with a band of youths and some women, then he had troops of 20,000 initially facing the city states and interests of the Kin domain, which mainly included China, with then probably a 2-million-strong army, each city being populated"
"at the north of Gobi. Other tribes were Olkhunut, Bayud, Khongirad, Oirats and so forth. While most of the Mongolian tribes were Shamanists, Nestorian Christianity was practiced in a number of confederations such as Keraites and Ongut. Temujin (1162–1227) defeated and subjugated the ""Three Mergids"" in 1189 with the support of Tooril Khan of Kereit, the blood brother of his father. Another ally who helped Temujin in this venture was his own blood brother Jamukha of Jadaran clan. The Mergids had attacked the home of Temujin and captured his wife Börte of Hongirad tribe revenging for a much earlier event"
"Yesügei (leader of the Borjigin clan and nephew to Ambaghai and Hotula Khan), emerged as the head of the ruling Mongol clan. This position was contested by the rival Tayichi'ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. When the Tatars grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin switched their support from the Tatars to the Keraites. Little is known about Genghis Khan's early life, due to the lack of contemporary written records. The few sources that give insight into this period often contradict. Genghis Khan's birth name, Temüjin, was derived from the Mongol word ""temür"" meaning ""of iron"", while ""jin"" denotes"
"Örüg Temür Khan Örüg Temür (Chinese: ) or Gulichi (Chinese: ) was a Mongol leader who temporarily enthroned himself Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia in the early 15th century. He might also have been known as Ugechi Khashikha (Chinese: ). ""Khashikha"" means prince or duke in the Tungusic languages. He was a leader of the Oirats, particularly the Torguud clan. Örüg Temür may have been descended from either Ariq Böke or Genghis Khan's younger brothers, either Hasar or Temüge. He may also have been a descendant of Ogedai. Thus, it is still unclear whether he was"
"satisfy his ambitions.) & directly descedent Genghis Khan or Chengis Khaan [note 3] (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227), born Temüjin, was the Great Khan and founder of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history. After his death the throne spilt in to many Turko-Mongols horde such as Golden Horde, White Horde, Blue Horde, Kublayi khaganets, Mumluk Khagnets or Chagatai Khaganets split into Mughal Empire, Seljuk Gaznavid Empire or (Ottomans Turks) & Ottoman Empire. Islam, while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions. Many later Central Asian states drew heavily on this tradition, including the Timurid Empire,"
"Temüge Temüge (1168 – 1246) was the youngest full-brother of Genghis Khan, fourth son of Yesugei and Oelun. The Secret History of the Mongols tells that ""when Temujin was 9 years of age, Temuge was three years old."" Being the youngest boy in the family, he received a prefix to the name ""otchigin"" (diminutive form of ""отгон"" or “otgon” meaning ""junior""), who in the family is always a ""guardian of the family and home""), and therefore is often referred to as Temuge-otchigin or simply Otchigin. In childhood and adolescence was somewhat spoiled by his mother and older brothers, inclined to"
"memorial inscription of Bilge Khagan (684–737) in central Mongolia summarizes the time of the Khagans: In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between Manchuria and the Altai Mountains. In 1206, he took the title Genghis Khan, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east, and from Siberia"
"politician and capable ruler, who, alongside his mother Hoelun, ruled the Mongol heartland in his eldest brothers' absence being engaged in war campaigns. He appears to have had intellectual leanings, first coming under the influence of the conquered Xia and Jin cultures and then taking an active interest in the other cultures encompassed in the vast Mongol empire. Temuge attempted to enter the main political arena after the death of Ögedei Khan, his nephew and son of Genghis Khan, in 1241. At that time, Ogedei’s son Güyük Khan was engaged in so-called ""Western campaign"" in Russia and Europe, so Temuge-otchigin"
"spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English ""Chinghiz"", ""Chinghis"", and ""Chingiz"", , Turkic: ""Cengiz Han"", ""Çingiz Xan"", ""Çingiz Han"", ""Chingizxon"", ""Çıñğız Xan"", ""Chengez Khan"", ""Chinggis Khan"", ""Chinggis Xaan"", ""Chingis Khan"", ""Jenghis Khan"", ""Chinggis Qan"", ""Djingis Kahn"", Russian: Чингисхан (""Čingiskhan"") or Чингиз-хан (""Čingiz-khan""), etc. Temüjin is written in Chinese as . When Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or ""Taizu"" (). Thus, Genghis Khan is also referred to as ""Yuan Taizu"" (Emperor Taizu of Yuan,"
"the powerful Keraite leader Toghrul, also known as Ong Khan. According to ""The Secret History of the Mongols"", around 1203, when Toghrul was a more powerful leader than Temüjin, Temüjin proposed to Toghrul that Temüjin's eldest son Jochi might marry Toghrul's daughter or granddaughter, thus binding the two groups. However, Toghrul refused this alliance, and later attempted to kill the increasingly powerful Temüjin through an invitation to discuss this proposal. However, Temüjin discovered this plan and they escaped at the last moment. Eventually, the Keraites were routed in the ensuing war and Toghrul was killed, possibly by the Naimans. Unlike"
"event. But some facts also state that Genghis Khan's shaman healer Kokchu killed her, taking advantage of the raid by the Arab ruler on the Mongolian camp as he was afraid she would report his behaviour to Genghis Khan. There are not many historical facts about her because she did not contribute much to the overall outcome of Mongolia. She had four older brothers: Temujin (who would go on to become Genghis Khan), Hasar, Hachiun and Temuge. She also had two half brothers, Behter and Belgutei. Temulin Temulin was the sister of Genghis Khan. She was born just before the"
"(yurt) at night by hiding in a river crevice. The escape earned Temüjin a reputation. Soon, Jelme and Bo'orchu joined forces with him. They and the guard's son Chilaun eventually became generals of Genghis Khan. At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and revenge between confederations, compounded by interference from abroad such as from China to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons, especially the need for"
"to unite all of the Mongols. Yesügei's first and chief wife, Hoelun, a daughter of the Olkhunut forest people, was abducted by Yesügei with help of his elder brother Neguun taij and younger brother Daritai otchigin, from her newlywed husband Chiledu. Yesügei and Hoelun had four sons Temüjin, (later known as Genghis Khan), Hasar, Hachiun, Temüge and a daughter, Temülen. Yesugei had two sons by his second wife Sochigel: Behter and Belgutei. The ""Secret History of the Mongols"" records that in his youth Temüjin killed his brother Behter in a fight for food. His other half-brother, Belgutei, however was a"
"""The Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty"" (). Also known as ""Tobchiyan"" () in the ""History of Yuan"". The ""Secret History"" is regarded as the single most significant native Mongolian account of Genghis Khan. Linguistically, it provides the richest source of pre-classical Mongolian and Middle Mongolian. The ""Secret History"" is regarded as a piece of classic literature in both Mongolia and the rest of the world. The work begins with a semi-mythical genealogy of Temüjin's family. The description of Temüjin's life begins with the kidnapping of his mother, Hoelun, by his father Yesügei. It then covers Temüjin's early life following"
"Mengu-Timur Mengu-Timur or Möngke Temür () (?–1280), Son of Toqoqan Khan and Buka Ujin of Oirat and the grandson of Batu Khan. He was a khan of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire in 1266–1280. His name literally means ""Eternal Iron"" in the Mongolian language. During his reign, the Mongols together with their subjects Russian princes undertook military campaigns against Byzantium (c. 1269–1271), Lithuania (1275), and Alans in Caucasus (1277). The very first yarlyk (license) found by historians was written on behalf of Mengu-Timur and contained information on the release of the Russian Orthodox Church from paying"
"Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin, c. 1162 August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed ""Genghis Khan"", he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in"
"Temüjin (video game) Temüjin (also known as Temüjin: A Supernatural Adventure and Temüjin: The Capricorn Collection) is a 1997 computer game developed and published by SouthPeak Interactive. Based partially on the life of Genghis Khan, the plot involves an unidentified character (the player) who has appeared in the Stevenson Museum where ancient Mongolian artifacts are being displayed. The protagonist must find out who he/she is and who the other people in the museum are and solve the mystery of strange goings on at the museum. Along the way you'll be helped by a ghost girl, Mei, who you free after"
"tried to seize the throne, but he was intervened by Töregene, Ogedei’s widow and Güyük’s mother. After the 1246 kurultai elected Güyük as great khan, Temuge was executed. Temüge Temüge (1168 – 1246) was the youngest full-brother of Genghis Khan, fourth son of Yesugei and Oelun. The Secret History of the Mongols tells that ""when Temujin was 9 years of age, Temuge was three years old."" Being the youngest boy in the family, he received a prefix to the name ""otchigin"" (diminutive form of ""отгон"" or “otgon” meaning ""junior""), who in the family is always a ""guardian of the family"
"that Mongke Temur held him as a pawn in the wars of the Mongol world. He died of a neck injury in 1280. Mengu-Timur Mengu-Timur or Möngke Temür () (?–1280), Son of Toqoqan Khan and Buka Ujin of Oirat and the grandson of Batu Khan. He was a khan of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire in 1266–1280. His name literally means ""Eternal Iron"" in the Mongolian language. During his reign, the Mongols together with their subjects Russian princes undertook military campaigns against Byzantium (c. 1269–1271), Lithuania (1275), and Alans in Caucasus (1277). The very first yarlyk"
"wedding on the way home after leaving his son Temüjin at home of Dai Setsen, a noble man of Khongirad tribe, when two fathers, Yesügei and Dai Setsen, agreed that their children, Temüjin and Börte, would marry in the future. Yesügei died three days later at home with presence of this family and servants. Yesugei Yesugei Baghatur or Yesükhei (Modern Mongolian: Есүхэй баатар, ""Yesukhei baatar""), was a major chief of the Khamag Mongol confederation and the father of Temüjin, later known as Genghis Khan. He was of Borjigin family, and his name literally means ""like nine"", meaning he had the"