"a cosmetic indication. Unfortunately, the cosmetic effects of surgery are not necessarily stable. There are several kinds of kyphosis (ICD-10 codes are provided): Kyphosis can be graded in severity by the Cobb angle. Also, ""sagittal balance"" can be measured. The sagittal balance is the horizontal distance between the center of C7 and the superior-posterior border of the endplate of S1 on a lateral radiograph. An offset of more than 2.5 cm anteriorly or posteriorly is considered to be abnormal. A diagnosis of kyphosis is generally made through observation and measurement. Idiopathic causes, such as vertebral wedging or other abnormalities, can"
"Nephroptosis Nephroptosis (also called floating kidney or renal ptosis) is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up. It is more common in women than in men. It has been one of the most controversial conditions among doctors in both its diagnosis and its treatments. Nephroptosis is asymptomatic in most patients. However, nephroptosis can be characterized by violent attacks of colicky flank pain, nausea, chills, hypertension, hematuria and proteinuria. Patients with symptomatic nephroptosis often complain of sharp pains that radiate into the groin. Many patients also suggest a weighing feeling on"
"is typically pain or cosmetic reasons that prompt sufferers to seek help for their condition. In studies, kyphosis is better characterized for the thoracic spine than for the lumbar spine. The seventh and tenth thoracic vertebrae are most commonly affected. It causes backache and spinal curvature. In very serious cases it may cause internal problems and spinal cord damage, but these cases are extremely rare. The curvature of the back decreases height, thus putting pressure on internal organs, wearing them out more quickly than the natural aging process; surgical procedures are almost always recommended in this case. Many with Scheuermann's"
"""balasa"". It is in the Atharvaveda that the first description of scrofula is given. The ""Sushruta Samhita"", written around 600 BC, recommends that the disease be treated with breast milk, various meats, alcohol and rest. The Yajurveda advises sufferers to move to higher altitudes. The Classical Chinese word ""ao"" 癆 ""consumption; tuberculosis"" was the common name in traditional Chinese medicine and ""fèijiéhé"" 肺結核 (lit. ""lung knot kernel"") ""pulmonary tuberculosis"" is the modern medical term. ""Lao"" is compounded in names like ""xulao"" 虛癆 with ""empty; void"", ""láobìng"" 癆病 with ""sickness"", ""láozhài"" 癆瘵 with ""[archaic] sickness"", and ""feilao"" 肺癆 with ""lungs"". Zhang"
"Klinefelter syndrome Klinefelter syndrome (KS) also known as 47,XXY or XXY, is the set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosomes in males. The primary features are infertility and small testicles. Often, symptoms may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are more prominent and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, breast growth, and less interest in sex. Often it is only at puberty that these symptoms are noticed. Intelligence is usually normal; however, reading difficulties and problems with speech are more common. Symptoms are typically"
"the past to stabilize the kidney, but presently surgery is not recommended in asymptomatic patients. Laparoscopic nephropexy has recently become available for selected symptomatic patients. Nephroptosis Nephroptosis (also called floating kidney or renal ptosis) is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up. It is more common in women than in men. It has been one of the most controversial conditions among doctors in both its diagnosis and its treatments. Nephroptosis is asymptomatic in most patients. However, nephroptosis can be characterized by violent attacks of colicky flank pain, nausea, chills, hypertension,"
"– expressed during latency in B cells K11 – vIRF2 K12 – kaposin K13 – vFLIP Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is HHV-8. Like other herpesviruses, its informal name (KSHV) is used interchangeably with its more formal ICTV name. This virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma, HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. In"
"Kyphoscoliosis Kyphoscoliosis describes an abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal and sagittal plane. It is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis. This musculoskeletal disorder often leads to other issues in patients, such as under-ventilation of lungs, pulmonary hypertension, difficulty in performing day-to-day activities, psychological issues emanating from anxiety about acceptance among peers, especially in young patients. It can also be seen in syringomyelia, Friedreich's ataxia, spina bifida, Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (kEDS), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy due to asymmetric weakening of the paraspinal muscles. The following are clear signs of Kyphoscoliosis: Kyphosis by itself refers to an excessive"
"Ichthyosis vulgaris Ichthyosis vulgaris (also known as ""Autosomal dominant ichthyosis,"" and ""Ichthyosis simplex"") is a skin disorder causing dry, scaly skin. It is the most common form of ichthyosis, affecting around 1 in 250 people. For this reason it is known as common ichthyosis. It is usually an autosomal dominant inherited disease (often associated with filaggrin), although a rare non-heritable version called acquired ichthyosis exists. The symptoms of the inherited form of ichthyosis vulgaris are not usually present at birth but generally develop between 3 months and 5 years of age. The symptoms will often improve with age, although they"
"2013 the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation renamed itself the Willis–Ekbom Disease Foundation, and it encourages the use of the name Willis–Ekbom disease; its reasons are quoted as follows: A point of confusion is that RLS and delusional parasitosis are entirely different conditions that have both been called ""Ekbom syndrome"", as both syndromes were described by the same person, Karl-Axel Ekbom. Today, calling WED/RLS ""Ekbom syndrome"" is outdated usage, as the unambiguous names (WED or RLS) are preferred for clarity. Some doctors express the view that the incidence of restless leg syndrome is exaggerated by manufacturers of drugs used to treat"
"Leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium ""Mycobacterium leprae"" or ""Mycobacterium lepromatosis"". Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present. Leprosy is spread between people and possibly from armadillos. This is thought to"
"than usual to not stress the skin. It is also known to help to use bar-soap, instead of a liquid body wash. Ichthyosis vulgaris Ichthyosis vulgaris (also known as ""Autosomal dominant ichthyosis,"" and ""Ichthyosis simplex"") is a skin disorder causing dry, scaly skin. It is the most common form of ichthyosis, affecting around 1 in 250 people. For this reason it is known as common ichthyosis. It is usually an autosomal dominant inherited disease (often associated with filaggrin), although a rare non-heritable version called acquired ichthyosis exists. The symptoms of the inherited form of ichthyosis vulgaris are not usually present"
"use is attested in the Anglo-Norman ""Dialogues of Saint Gregory,"" ""Esmondez i sont li lieprous"" (""Anglo-Norman Dictionary,"" s.v., ""leprus""). Throughout history, individuals with leprosy have been known as lepers. In the 21st century, this term is falling into disuse as a result of the diminishing number of leprosy patients. Because of the stigma to patients, some prefer not to use the word ""leprosy,"" preferring Hansen's disease. The term ""leprosy"" is still used by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization. Historians have made persistent claims that symptoms of leprosy are described among skin afflictions"
"back braces can help reverse or stop the kyphosis before it does become severe. Because the disease is often benign, and because back surgery includes many risks, surgery is usually considered a last resort for patients. In severe or extreme cases, patients may be treated through an extensive surgical procedure in an effort to prevent the disease from worsening or harming the body. In Germany, a standard treatment for both Scheuermann's disease and lumbar kyphosis is the Schroth method, a system of specialized physical therapy for scoliosis and related spinal deformities. The method has been shown to reduce pain and"
"one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder when inherited from a parent who also has the disorder. Parastremmatic dwarfism Parastremmatic dwarfism is a rare bone disease that features severe dwarfism, thoracic kyphosis (a type of scoliosis that affects the upper back), a distortion and twisting of the limbs, contractures of the large joints, malformations of the vertebrae and pelvis, and incontinence. The disease was first reported in 1970 by Leonard Langer and associates; they used the term ""parastremmatic"" from the Greek ""parastremma"", or ""distorted limbs"", to describe it. On X-rays, the disease is distinguished by"
"Pycnodysostosis Pycnodysostosis (from Greek: πυκνός (puknos) meaning ""dense"", ""dys"" (""defective""), and ""ostosis"" (""condition of the bone"")), is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K. Pycnodysostosis causes the bones to be abnormally dense (osteopetrosis); the last bones of the fingers (the distal phalanges) to be unusually short; and delays the normal closure of the connections (sutures) of the skull bones in infancy, so that the ""soft spot"" (fontanelle) on top of the head remains widely open. Those with the syndrome have brittle bones which easily break, especially in"
"in Africans and Asians. It was first recognized as a specific disease by Dorothy Andersen in 1938, with descriptions that fit the condition occurring at least as far back as 1595. The name ""cystic fibrosis"" refers to the characteristic fibrosis and cysts that form within the pancreas. The main signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis are salty-tasting skin, poor growth, and poor weight gain despite normal food intake, accumulation of thick, sticky mucus, frequent chest infections, and coughing or shortness of breath. Males can be infertile due to congenital absence of the vas deferens. Symptoms often appear in infancy and"
"slouching. Such forms of kyphosis can be reversed to a certain extent by correcting muscular imbalances. The more debilitating version of kyphosis is Scheuermann’s kyphosis, found mostly in teenagers. There are few other causes of Kyphosis as well, such as congenital, nutritional or osteoporosis induced and post-traumatic. Depending on the type of Kyphosis, the extent of curvature, the age of the patient, various treatment modalities can be suggested including the provision for posture correction, braces, physiotherapy for correcting the muscular imbalance, and finally the surgery. Surgery can be most useful in patients who have an extensive deformity. The rate of"
"taxonomical names, and acronyms. It was first reported in 1891 as Wipfelkrankheit, which is German for ""treetop disease"". This term is also used in English, as is ""wilt disease"". The term ""flacherie"", a name that refers to an entirely different disease, was once identified as this virus. Another antiquated term, ""caterpillar cholera"", was also used early in the 20th century. The virus has also been referred to as ""Borralinivirus reprimens"". It has many modern names, including ""gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus"", ""Lymantria dispar"" MNPV, ""Lymantria dispar"" multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus, ""Lymantria dispar"" nuclear polyhedrosis virus, ""Lymantria dispar"" nucleopolyhedrovirus, and ""Lymantria disper"""
"by a physician through physical examination or laboratory tests. The alternative name, Ekbom's syndrome, was named after Swedish neurologist Karl-Axel Ekbom, who published seminal accounts of the disease in 1937 and 1938. It is differentiated from Willis–Ekbom disease (WED), another name for restless legs syndrome. Morgellons is considered to be a self-diagnosed form of this condition, in which individuals have sores that they believe contain some kind of fibers. Details of delusional parasitosis vary among sufferers, though it typically manifests as a crawling and pin-pricking sensation that is most commonly described as involving perceived parasites crawling upon or burrowing into"
"Ancylostomiasis Ancylostomiasis (also anchylostomiasis or ankylostomiasis) is a hookworm disease caused by infection with Ancylostoma hookworms. The name is derived from Greek ancylos αγκύλος ""crooked, bent"" and stoma στόμα ""mouth"". Ancylostomiasis is also known as miner's anaemia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anaemia and Egyptian chlorosis. Helminthiasis may also refer to ancylostomiasis, but this term also refers to all other parasitic worm diseases as well. In the United Kingdom, if acquired in the context of working in a mine, the condition is eligible for Industrial Injuries Disability Benefit. It is a prescribed disease (B4) under the relevant legislation.§ Ancylostomiasis is caused when"
"mycophenolate mofetil and ciclosporin; tacrolimus; thalidomide; infliximab; or plasmapheresis. Pyoderma gangrenosum Pyoderma gangrenosum is a condition that causes tissue to become necrotic, causing deep ulcers that usually occur on the legs. When they occur, they can lead to chronic wounds. Ulcers usually initially look like small bug bites or papules, and they progress to larger ulcers. Though the wounds rarely lead to death, they can cause pain and scarring. The disease was identified in 1930. It affects approximately 1 person in 100,000 in the population. Though it can affect people of any age, it mostly affects people in their 40s"
"Parastremmatic dwarfism Parastremmatic dwarfism is a rare bone disease that features severe dwarfism, thoracic kyphosis (a type of scoliosis that affects the upper back), a distortion and twisting of the limbs, contractures of the large joints, malformations of the vertebrae and pelvis, and incontinence. The disease was first reported in 1970 by Leonard Langer and associates; they used the term ""parastremmatic"" from the Greek ""parastremma"", or ""distorted limbs"", to describe it. On X-rays, the disease is distinguished by a ""flocky"" or lace-like appearance to the bones. The disease is congenital, which means it is apparent at birth. It is caused"
"Ichthyosis Ichthyosis is a family of rare genetic skin disorders characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin. There are more than 20 types of ichthyosis which range in severity of symptoms, outward appearance, underlying genetic cause and mode of inheritance (e.g., whether the abnormal gene inherited is dominant, recessive, autosomal or X-linked). Ichthyosis comes from the Greek ἰχθύς, ichthys, literally ""fish"", since dry, scaly skin is the defining feature of all forms of ichthyosis. The severity of symptoms can vary enormously, from the mildest, most common, types such as ichthyosis vulgaris, which may be mistaken for normal dry skin, up to"
"Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs. The skin lesions are usually purple in color. They can occur singularly, in a limited area, or be widespread. It may worsen either gradually or quickly. Lesions may be flat or raised. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is found in the lesions of all those who are affected. Risk factors include poor immune function, either as a result of disease or specific medications, and chronic lymphedema. Four sub-types are described: classic, endemic, immunosuppresion therapy-related, and epidemic. Classic KS tends"
"convex curvature of spine occurring in the thoracic and sacral regions. A normal thoracic curvature from the 1st to the 12th spine has a naturally occurring convex shape with angles ranging from 20 degrees to 45 degrees. When the curvature goes past 45 degrees, the condition is termed as Kyphosis. Kyphosis, depending on the extent of curvature can result in many discomforts including breathing and digestion difficulties, cardiovascular issues, and even neurological deformities. The greater the extent of deformity, the more pressing the need becomes for a surgery. Kyphosis by itself is of several types, including postural kyphosis caused by"
"associated with the cervical lymph nodes. It recommended that it be treated with the surgical lancing of the cyst and the application of a ground mixture of acacia seyal, peas, fruits, animal blood, insect blood, honey and salt. The Old Testament mentions a consumptive illness that would affect the Jewish people if they stray from God. It is listed in the section of curses given before they enter the land of Canaan. The first references to tuberculosis in non-European civilization is found in the Vedas. The oldest of them (Rigveda, 1500 BC) calls the disease ""yaksma"". The Atharvaveda calls it"
"Myelophthisic anemia Myelophthisic anemia (or myelophthisis) is a severe type of anemia found in some people with diseases that affect the bone marrow. Myelophthisis refers to the displacement of hemopoietic bone-marrow tissue by fibrosis, tumors, or granulomas. The word comes from the roots ""myelo-"", which refers to bone marrow, and ""phthysis"", shrinkage or atrophy. Myelophthisis can occur in the setting of chronic myeloproliferative disease (e.g. myelofibrosis), leukemia, lymphoma, and metastatic carcinoma or myeloma. It is common in people who have chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. It has been linked to small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer or prostate cancer that metastasizes to the"
"Silicosis Silicosis (also known as miner's phthisis, grinder's asthma, potter's rot and other occupation-related names, or by the invented name pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis) is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, and is marked by inflammation and scarring in the form of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis. Silicosis (particularly the acute form) is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever, and cyanosis (bluish skin). It may often be misdiagnosed as pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), pneumonia, or tuberculosis. Silicosis resulted in 46,000 deaths globally in"
"Keratosis pilaris Keratosis pilaris (KP) (also follicular keratosis, lichen pilaris, or colloquially ""chicken skin"") is a common, autosomal dominant, genetic condition of the skin's hair follicles characterized by the appearance of possibly itchy, small, gooseflesh-like bumps, with varying degrees of reddening or inflammation. It most often appears on the outer sides of the upper arms, (the forearms can also be affected), thighs, face, back, and buttocks; KP can also occur on the hands, and tops of legs, sides, or any body part except glabrous (hairless) skin (like the palms or soles of feet). Often the lesions can appear on the"
"is commonly used to correct spinal deformities such as scoliosis. Arthrodesis is the last resort in pain relieving procedures, usually when arthroplasties fail. The prognosis for most individuals with KFS is good if the disorder is treated early and appropriately. Activities that can injure the neck should be avoided, as it may contribute to further damage. Other diseases associated with the syndrome can be fatal if not treated, or if found too late to be treatable. Heart defects often lead to a shortened life expectancy, the average being 35–45 years of age among males and 40–50 among females. This condition"
"Klippel–Feil syndrome Klippel–Feil syndrome (KFS), also known as cervical vertebral fusion syndrome, is a rare condition present at birth (congenital disease) characterized by the abnormal joining (fusion) of any two of the seven bones in the neck (cervical vertebrae). It results in a limited ability to move the neck and shortness of the neck resulting in the appearance of a low hairline. The syndrome is difficult to diagnose as it occurs in a group of patients, affected with many different abnormalities, who can only be unified by the presence of fused or segmental cervical vertebrae. The disease was initially reported"
"Lordosis Lordosis is the normal inward ""lordotic"" curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine. The normal outward (convex) curvature in the thoracic and sacral regions is termed kyphosis or ""kyphotic"". The term comes from the Greek lordōsis, from ""lordos"" (""bent backward""). Lordosis in the human spine makes it easier for humans to bring the bulk of their mass over the pelvis. This allows for a much more efficient walking gait than that of other primates, whose inflexible spines cause them to resort to an inefficient forward leaning ""bent-knee, bent-waist"" gait. As such, lordosis in the human"