"evolved into the modern beer garden. The seed extract standardized to around 20 percent aescin (escin) is used for its venotonic effect, vascular protection, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties. Primary indication is chronic venous insufficiency. A recent Cochrane Review found the evidence suggests that Horse Chestnut Seed Extract is an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for chronic venous insufficiency, but definitive randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the efficacy. Aescin reduces fluid leaks to surrounding tissue by reducing both the number and size of membrane pores in the veins. Two preparations are considered; whole horsechestnut extract (whole HCE)"
"Hippocastanaceae Hippocastanaceae is the name given to a small group of trees and shrubs, when this group is treated as a family. Its most widespread genus is ""Aesculus"" (the horse chestnuts and buckeyes, syn. ""Pavia""). However, the American genus ""Billia"" and the Chinese genus ""Handeliodendron"" are also sometimes included in this family. A feature of the family is the palmate compound leaves. Members of this family are closely related to the large, mostly tropical family Sapindaceae, and some systems of plant taxonomy include the members of the Hippocastanaceae, along with members of the Aceraceae, in an enlarged family Sapindaceae. Recent"
"molecular phylogenetic research (Harrington et al. 2005) has shown that while both the Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae are monophyletic in themselves, their removal from the Sapindaceae ""sensu lato"" would leave Sapindaceae ""sensu stricto"" as a paraphyletic group, particularly with reference to the genus ""Xanthoceras"". Therefore, it is now usually synonymized with subfamily Hippocastanoideae. Hippocastanaceae Hippocastanaceae is the name given to a small group of trees and shrubs, when this group is treated as a family. Its most widespread genus is ""Aesculus"" (the horse chestnuts and buckeyes, syn. ""Pavia""). However, the American genus ""Billia"" and the Chinese genus ""Handeliodendron"" are also sometimes"
"Heracleum sphondylium Heracleum sphondylium, commonly known as hogweed, common hogweed or cow parsnip, is a herbaceous perennial or biennial plant, in the umbelliferous family Apiaceae that includes fennel, cow parsley, ground elder and giant hogweed. It is native to Europe and Asia. The common name eltrot may also be applied, but is not specific to this species. Umbelliferous plants are so named because of the umbrella-like arrangement of flowers they produce. The North American species ""Heracleum maximum"" (also called cow parsnip) is sometimes included as a subspecies of ""H. sphondylium"". The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators."
"Heracleum (plant) Heracleum is a genus of about 60 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of biennial and perennial herbs in the carrot family Apiaceae. They are found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in high mountains as far south as Ethiopia. Common names for the genus or its species include hogweed and cow parsnip. The genus name ""Heracleum"" was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The word ""heracleum"" derives from the Greek ""herákleion"" and refers to the mythologic hero Heracles. Major species include: The various species of the ""Heracleum"" genus are similar in appearance with only minor differences. An outlier"
"Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Aesculus flava Aesculus flava, the yellow buckeye, common buckeye, or sweet buckeye, is a species of deciduous tree. It is native to the Ohio Valley and Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States. It grows in mesophytic forest or floodplains, generally in acid to circumneutral soil, reaching a height of 20m to 48m (65 ft to 154 ft). The leaves are palmately compound with five (rarely seven) leaflets, 10–25 cm long and broad. The flowers are produced in panicles in spring, yellow to yellow-green, each flower 2–3 cm long with the stamens shorter than"
"this tribe, particularly ""Disocactus"", ""Pseudorhipsalis"" and ""Selenicereus"", less often ""Epiphyllum"", in spite of the common name. The International Cactaceae Systematics Group classification recognizes six genera within the tribe: ""Disocactus"" × ""Epiphyllum"" hybrids have been called ×""Disophyllum or ×""Aporophyllum. Hylocereeae The Hylocereeae are a tribe of cacti. Found in the tropical forests of Central America, they are climbers or epiphytes, unlike most cacti. In the classification of the International Cactaceae Systematics Group of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study, the tribe has six genera. Members of the Hylocereeae have leafless (or apparently leafless) flattened stems which act as the plant's"
"Hippeastrum Hippeastrum () is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. ""Hippeastrum"" is a genus in the family Amaryllidaceae (subfamily Amaryllidoideae, tribe Hippeastreae, and subtribe Hippeastrineae). The name ""Hippeastrum"", given to it by William Herbert, means ""Knight's-star-lily"", although precisely what Herbert meant by the name is not certain. For many years there was confusion among botanists over the generic names ""Amaryllis"" and ""Hippeastrum"", one result of which is that the common name"
"""Hippeastrum"" is now a ""nomen conservandum"" (conserved name), ""i.e."" the correct name regardless of the fact that it does not have priority over ""Leopoldia"". While interspecific hybrids of ""Hippeastrum"" are relatively common, hybridization with other genera of Amaryllidaceae are more rare. The most conspicuous exception is the hybrid obtained through crossbreeding with the Mexican ""Sprekelia formosissima"" Herb. (St James's lily, Aztec lily, Jacobean lily), another member of the tribe Hippeastreae, originally called ""Amaryllis formosissima"", which is apomictic. ""× Hippeastrelia"" is the name given to this cross. A number of subgenera have been proposed over the years. For instance in the"
"Apiastrum Apiastrum is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, containing the single species Apiastrum angustifolium, which is known by the common name mock parsley. It is native to California and Baja California, where it is resident in many types of habitat. This is an annual herb producing a branching stem up to half a meter tall from a taproot. Leaves are plentiful along the stem, each up to about 5 centimeters long and split into many narrow lobes. Several inflorescences arise from the stem, often but not always from leaf axils. The inflorescence is a compound umbel"
"and named it ""Celastrus buxifolius"". Since then it has been named ""ellipticus, heterophyllus, spathephyllus, empleurifolius, rhombifolius, parvifolius and buxifolioides"" - it would seem that the epithet ""heterophylla"" is appropriate. It makes a very effective, fast-growing security hedge. The wood is hard and durable, suitable for carving, though large pieces are not often available. Gymnosporia heterophylla Gymnosporia heterophylla, the common spike-thorn, is a small, hardy, deciduous African tree up to 5m tall, occurring in rocky places with a wide distribution from Ethiopia, the Sudan and the Congo, south to the Cape Province and west to Angola and Namibia, as well as"
"an unpleasant odour. Heracleum sphondylium Heracleum sphondylium, commonly known as hogweed, common hogweed or cow parsnip, is a herbaceous perennial or biennial plant, in the umbelliferous family Apiaceae that includes fennel, cow parsley, ground elder and giant hogweed. It is native to Europe and Asia. The common name eltrot may also be applied, but is not specific to this species. Umbelliferous plants are so named because of the umbrella-like arrangement of flowers they produce. The North American species ""Heracleum maximum"" (also called cow parsnip) is sometimes included as a subspecies of ""H. sphondylium"". The plant provides a great deal of"
"Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium hysterophorus is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is native to the American tropics. Common names include Santa-Maria, Santa Maria feverfew, whitetop weed, famine weed. In India, it is locally known as carrot grass, congress grass or Gajar Ghans. It is a common invasive species in India, Australia, and parts of Africa. ""Parthenium hysterophorus"" invades disturbed land, including roadsides. It infests pastures and farmland, causing often disastrous loss of yield, as reflected in common names such as ""famine weed"". In some areas, heavy outbreaks have been ubiquitous, affecting livestock and crop production,"
"cm long. The broad-leaved epiphyllum (""Epiphyllum oxypetalum"") is particularly well-known. It bears large, strongly fragrant flowers that bloom for a single night only. The plants known as epiphyllum hybrids, epiphyllums or just epis, which are widely grown for their flowers, are artificial hybrids of species within the tribe Hylocereeae, particularly species of ""Disocactus"", ""Pseudorhipsalis"" and ""Selenicereus"". In spite of the common name, ""Epiphyllum"" species are less often involved as parents of Epiphyllum hybrids. Epiphyllum Epiphyllum (; ""upon the leaf"" in Greek) is a genus of 19 species of epiphytic plants in the cactus family (Cactaceae), native to Central America. Common"
"dispersal. Most of these are rarely collected or are not recognised. Moreover, the monophyly of ""G. americanus"" remains unclear; the African species ""G. angustifolius"" and ""G. hababensis"" may lie within it. Gyrocarpus americanus Gyrocarpus americanus is a flowering plant in the ""Hernandiaceae"" family, with a wide pantropical distribution. Its common names include the helicopter tree, propeller tree, whirly whirly tree, stinkwood or shitwood. ""Gyrocarpus americanus"" is a slender, deciduous tree with smooth, grey bark. The tree grows to about 12 m in height. The leaves are spirally arranged, crowded near the ends of the branches, and grow up to 150"
"Acer saccharinum Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple—is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada. It is one of the most common trees in the United States. Although the silver maple‘s Latin name is similar, it should not be confused with ""Acer saccharum"", the sugar maple. The silver maple tree is a relatively fast-growing deciduous tree, commonly reaching a height of , exceptionally . Its spread will generally be wide. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about"
"hickories (""Carya"" spp.), red maple (""Acer rubrum""), sugar maple (""Acer saccharum""), white ash (""Fraxinus americana""), tulip tree (""Liriodendron tulipifera""), American beech (""Fagus grandifolia""), black cherry (""Prunus serotina""), black birch (""Betula lenta""), black tupelo (""Nyssa sylvatica""), and American elm (""Ulmus americana""). Flowering dogwood (""Cornus florida"") is a common understory tree. Central Appalachian pine-oak rocky woodlands occur on lower-elevation hilltops, outcrops, and rocky slopes and have a patchy or open aspect. Pitch pine (""Pinus rigida"") and Virginia pine (""Pinus virginiana"") are common within their respective ranges. These pines are often mixed with dry-site oaks such as chestnut oak (""Quercus prinus""), bear oak"
"Aesculus flava Aesculus flava, the yellow buckeye, common buckeye, or sweet buckeye, is a species of deciduous tree. It is native to the Ohio Valley and Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States. It grows in mesophytic forest or floodplains, generally in acid to circumneutral soil, reaching a height of 20m to 48m (65 ft to 154 ft). The leaves are palmately compound with five (rarely seven) leaflets, 10–25 cm long and broad. The flowers are produced in panicles in spring, yellow to yellow-green, each flower 2–3 cm long with the stamens shorter than the petals (unlike the related ""A."
"maple is the favored host of the parasitic cottony maple scale and the maple bladder gall mite ""Vasates quadripedes"". Acer saccharinum Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple—is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada. It is one of the most common trees in the United States. Although the silver maple‘s Latin name is similar, it should not be confused with ""Acer saccharum"", the sugar maple. The silver maple tree is a relatively fast-growing deciduous tree, commonly"
"a taller, spreading shade tree. This plant prefers a full sun exposure, but can grow on a wide range of dry soils (sand dunes, clay, alkaline and chalky soils, etc.), at an altitude of above sea level. Parkinsonia aculeata Parkinsonia aculeata is a species of perennial flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. Common names include palo verde, Mexican palo verde, Parkinsonia, Jerusalem thorn, and jelly bean tree. The genus name ""Parkinsonia"" honors the English botanist John Parkinson (1567–1650), while the species Latin name ""aculeata"" refers to the thorny stem of this plant. ""Parkinsonia aculeata"" may be a spiny shrub"
"caused by Huntington's disease. The leaves represent the protection, purpose, growth and development of the Huntington's community worldwide in its search for a cure and treatment. Hippeastrum Hippeastrum () is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. ""Hippeastrum"" is a genus in the family Amaryllidaceae (subfamily Amaryllidoideae, tribe Hippeastreae, and subtribe Hippeastrineae). The name ""Hippeastrum"", given to it by William Herbert, means ""Knight's-star-lily"", although precisely what Herbert meant by the name is"
"Hieracium lachenalii Hieracium lachenalii also known as common hawkweed or yellow hawkweed is a species of plants in the dandelion tribe within the sunflower family. It is native to Europe but has become established as a weed in Australia and parts of North America. The species was widely known for many years as ""H. vulgatum"" but more recent studies indicated that the two names represented the same species. The name ""H. lachenalii"" was coined in 1802, ""H. vulgatum"" in 1819, so the older name is to be used. This common weed can grow and produce flowers on plants that range"
"griseum"", ""Acer platanoides"", ""Acer rubrum"", ""Acer saccharum"", ""Aesculus glabra"", ""Aesculus x carnea"", ""Alnus glutinosa"", ""Amelanchier arborea"", ""Aralia spinosa"", ""Betula alleghaniensis"", ""Betula nigra"", ""Betula populifolia"", ""Broussonetia papyrifera"", ""Carpinus caroliniana"", ""Carya illinoensis"", ""Castanea mollissima"", ""Catalpa speciosa"", ""Celtis occidentalis"", ""Cercidiphyllum japonicum"", ""Cercis canadensis"", ""Cladrastis kentukea"", ""Cornus mas"", ""Cotinus obovatus"", ""Crataegus crusgalli"", ""Crataegus mollis"", ""Crataegus monogyna"", ""Diospyros virginiana"", ""Eucommia ulmoides"", ""Fagus sylvatica"", ""Fraxinus americana"", ""Fraxinus pennsylvanica"", ""Ginkgo biloba"", ""Gleditsia triacanthos"", ""Gymnocladus dioicus"", ""Halesia carolina"", ""Juglans nigra"", ""Juniperus virginiana"", ""Larix decidua"", ""Liquidambar styraciflua"", ""Liriodendron tulipifera"", ""Magnolia acuminata"", ""Magnolia stellata"", ""Magnolia x soulangiana"", ""Malus coronaria"", ""Malus cultivar"", ""Malus ioensis"", ""Malus sargentii"", ""Morus alba"", ""Nyssa sylvatica"", ""Phellodendron"
"Disocactus × hybridus Disocactus"" × ""hybridus is a hybrid between ""Disocactus phyllanthoides"" and ""Disocactus speciosus"". It is perhaps the most commonly grown orchid cactus and seems to survive and flower under most conditions. It has a very complex taxonomic history and has been mistaken for ""Disocactus ackermannii"" for a long time. The name ""Cactus jenkinsonii"" McIntosh (1829) might be an older name, but there is no combination under ""Disocactus"". In 1824, George Ackermann brought a part of a stem with him from Mexico and gave that to Tate who succeeded in flowering the specimen. Another specimen raised from Mexican seeds"
"of tiny flowers each with five pointed white petals. Apiastrum Apiastrum is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, containing the single species Apiastrum angustifolium, which is known by the common name mock parsley. It is native to California and Baja California, where it is resident in many types of habitat. This is an annual herb producing a branching stem up to half a meter tall from a taproot. Leaves are plentiful along the stem, each up to about 5 centimeters long and split into many narrow lobes. Several inflorescences arise from the stem, often but not always"
"Celastrus paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus is a woody liana commonly known as black oil plant, climbing staff tree, and intellect tree (Sanskrit: ""jyotishmati"" ज्योतीष्मती, Hindi: ""mal-kangani"" माल-कांगनी, Chinese: ""deng you teng"" 灯油藤). This climbing shrub grows throughout India at elevations up to . ""C. paniculatus"" is a deciduous vine with stems up to in diameter and long with rough, pale brown exfoliating bark covered densely with small, elongated lenticles. The leaves are simple, broad, and oval, obovate or elliptic in shape, with toothed margins. Oil from the seeds is used as a traditional medicine in Indian Unani and Ayurvedic medicine. ""Celastrus"
"Cyperus papyrus, Echinops ritro, Ficus carica, Foeniculum vulgare, Gossypium herbaceum, Hedera helix, Hordeum vulgare, Hyoscyamus spp., Hyoscyamus aureus, Hyssopus officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula stoechas, Lawsonia inermis, Lens culinaris, Lilium candidum, Linum usitatissimum, Lolium temulentum, Lycium chinense, Majorana syriaca, Mentha longifolia, Micromeria fruticosa, Morus nigra, Myrtus communis, Nerium oleander, Nicotiana glauca, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Ornithogalum spp., Phoenix dactylifera, Phragmites australis, Pinus densiflora, Populus nigra var. Italica, Prunus dulcis, Punica granatum, Quercus calliprinos, Quercus glauca, Ricinus communis, Rosa canina, Rosa hybrida, Rosa phoenicia, Rubia tinctorum, Ruta chalepensis, Salvia fruticosa, Salvia hierosolymitana, Silybum marianum, Sternbergia clusiana, Trachycarpus fortunei, Triticum aestivum, Urtica urens,"
"mountain laurel), ""Platanus occidentalis"" (American sycamore), ""Sapindus saponaria"" (Western soapberry), ""Juniperus ashei"" (Ashe juniper), ""Taxodium distichum"" (Bald cypress), ""Cercis canadensis"" (Eastern Redbud), ""Eriobotrya japonica"" (Loquat), ""Magnolia grandiflora"" (Southern Magnolia), ""Triadica sebifera"" (Chinese Tallow), ""Punica granatum"" (Pomegranate), ""Quercus stellata"" (Post Oak), ""Quercus muehlenbergii"" (Chinkapin Oak), ""Albizia julibrissin"" (Persian Silk Tree), ""Morus rubra"" (Red Mulberry), ""Ulmus americana"" (American Elm), ""Ailanthus altissima"" (Tree of Heaven), ""Morus alba"" (White Mulberry), ""Quercus phellos"" (Willow Oak), ""Cordia boissieri"" (Texas Wild Olive), ""Prunus mexicana"" (Mexican Plum), ""Quercus falcata"" (Southern Red Oak), ""Diospyros texana"" (Texas Persimmon), and ""Quercus shumardii"" (Shumard's Oak). Shrubs, bushes and small trees include ""Vachellia"
"unguiculata"". ""Genipa americana"" - ""Calycophyllum spruceanum"" - ""Ruta graveolens"" - ""Cephaelis"" - ""Coffea arabica"" - ""Uncaria tomentosa""*. ""Viscum cruciatum"" ""Rosmarinus officinalis"" - ""Ocimum basilicum"". ""Solanum lycocarpum"" - ""Solanum nigrum"" - ""Melissa officinalis"" - ""Datura suaveolens"". ""Cecropia"". ""Momordica"". ""Coronopus didymus"". ""Ficus doliaria"" - ""Ficus gomelleira"" - ""Ficus clusiifolia"". ""Bromeliaceae pinguim"" - ""Ananas"". ""Furcraea foetida"" ""Eugenia uniflora"" - ""Psidium guajava""- ""Psidium cattleianum"" - ""Plinia trunciflora"" - ""Campomanesia corymbosa"". ""Zizyphus joazeiro"". ""Petiveria tetrandra"" ""Tabebuia spp"" - ""Crescentia cujete"" - ""Tabebuia"" - ""Tabebuia aurea"" - ""Jacaranda mimosaefolia"". ""Amomum cardamom""* ""Schinopsis brasiliensis"" - ""Mangifera"". ""Bixa orellana"". ""Euphorbia pulcherrima"" - ""Alchornea triplinervia"" - ""Ricinus communis"" -"
"Pereskia aculeata Pereskia aculeata is a scrambling shrub in the family Cactaceae. Common names include Barbados gooseberry, blade-apple cactus, leaf cactus, rose cactus, and lemonvine. It is native to tropical America. The leaves and fruits are edible, containing high quantities of protein, iron and other nutrients, and it is a popular vegetable in parts of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais under the name of . Like other members of the genus ""Pereskia"", these plants are unusual cacti with spiny non-succulent stems and large leaves. It is a scrambling vine growing to tall in trees, with stems thick. Younger stems"
"and textiles including the manufacture of dilly bags (carrying bags), fine mats or ""‘ie toga""; sails, food, medication, decorations, fishing, and religious uses. Note: several species previously placed in ""Pandanus"" subgenus ""Acrostigma"" are now in the distinct genus ""Benstonea"". Pandanus Pandanus is a genus of monocots with some 750 accepted species. They are palm-like, dioecious trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. Common names include pandan (), screw palm, and screw pine. They are classified in the order Pandanales, family Pandanaceae. Often called pandanus palms, these plants are not closely related to palm trees. The species"
"Diospyros mespiliformis Diospyros mespiliformis, the jackalberry (also known as African ebony and by its Afrikaans name jakkalsbessie), is a large dioecious evergreen tree found mostly in the savannas of Africa. Jackals are fond of the fruit, hence the common names. It is a member of the family Ebenaceae, and is related to the true ebony (""D. ebenum"") and edible persimmon (""D. kaki""). Mature trees have dark gray fissured bark. An adult tree reaches an average of 4 to 6 metres in height, though occasionally trees reach 25 metres. The foliage is dense and dark green with elliptical leaves, which are"
"Zanthoxylum americanum Zanthoxylum americanum, the common prickly-ash, common pricklyash, common prickly ash or northern prickly-ash (also sometimes called toothache tree, yellow wood, or suterberry), is an aromatic shrub or small tree native to central and eastern portions of the United States and Canada. It is the northernmost New World species in the citrus (Rutaceae) family, and is the type species in its genus, which includes sichuan pepper. It can grow to tall with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of . It produces membranous leaflets and axillary flower clusters. The wood is not commercially valuable, but oil extracts from the"