"Erythrolitmin Erythrolitmin (also called erythrolein) is the active ingredient extracted from the Litmus lichen, used in chemistry as a pH indicator. The erythrolitmin molecule is related to the orceins, and consists essentially of several phenoxazone and orcinol residues. The intense coloring of the molecule is generated by the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by the pi bonds. These bonds are ordinarily excited by light in the orange region of the spectrum, causing the molecule to appear blue. When the molecule interacts with protons from an acid the bonds become harder to excite and thus absorb green light which has"
"has the CAS number 1393-92-6 and contains 10 to 15 different dyes. All of the chemical components of litmus are likely to be the same as those of the related mixture known as orcein, but in different proportions. In contrast with orcein, the principal constituent of litmus has an average molecular mass of 3300. Acid-base indicators on litmus owe their properties to a 7-hydroxyphenoxazone chromophore. Some fractions of litmus were given specific names including erythrolitmin (or erythrolein), azolitmin, spaniolitmin, leucoorcein, and leucazolitmin. Azolitmin shows nearly the same effect as litmus. Red litmus contains a weak diprotic acid. When it is"
"""Lecanora tartarea"" (Norway, Sweden), ""Variolaria dealbata"", ""Ochrolechia parella"", ""Parmotrema tinctorum"", and ""Parmelia"". Currently, the main sources are ""Roccella montagnei"" (Mozambique) and ""Dendrographa leucophoea"" (California). The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic. Wet litmus paper can also be used to test for water-soluble gases that affect acidity or alkalinity; the gas dissolves in the water and the resulting solution colors the litmus paper. For instance, ammonia gas, which is alkaline, turn the red litmus paper blue. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or"
"alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at . Neutral litmus paper is purple. Litmus can also be prepared as an aqueous solution that functions similarly. Under acidic conditions, the solution is red, and under alkaline conditions, the solution is blue. Chemical reactions other than acid-base can also cause a color change to litmus paper. For instance, chlorine gas turns blue litmus paper white – the litmus dye is bleached, because of presence of hypochlorite ions. This reaction is irreversible, so the litmus is not acting as an indicator in this situation. The litmus mixture"
"textiles, dried safflower flowers are used as a natural dye source for the orange-red pigment carthamin. Carthamin is also known, in the dye industry, as Carthamus Red or Natural Red 26. In preliminary research where high-linoleic safflower oil replaced animal fats in the diets of people with heart disease, the group receiving safflower oil in place of animal fats had a significantly higher risk of death from all causes, including cardiovascular diseases. Safflower Safflower (""Carthamus tinctorius"") is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds. Plants are tall with globular"
"liquid phase in equilibrium with the titrated phase, the indicator is described as extraction indicator. Some complexometric indicators are sensitive to air and are destroyed. When such solution loses color during titration, a drop or two of fresh indicator may have to be added. Complexometric indicators are water-soluble organic molecules. Some examples are: In some settings, when the titrated system is a redox system whose equilibrium is influenced by the removal of the metal ions, a redox indicator can function as a complexometric indicator. Complexometric indicator A complexometric indicator is an ionochromic dye that undergoes a definite color change in"
"their carcinogenic activity. It is prepared by azo coupling of the bis(diazonium) derivative of benzidine with naphthionic acid. Due to a color change from blue to red at pH 3.0–5.2, Congo red can be used as a pH indicator. Since this color change is an approximate inverse of that of litmus, it can be used with litmus paper in a simple parlor trick: add a drop or two of Congo red to both an acid solution and a base solution. Dipping red litmus paper in the red solution will turn it blue, while dipping blue litmus paper in the blue"
"Lutein Lutein (; from Latin ""luteus"" meaning ""yellow"") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at very high light levels, during photosynthesis. See xanthophyll cycle for this topic. Lutein is obtained by animals by ingesting plants. In the human retina, lutein is"
"""Cyathus"" species have been used by native peoples as an aphrodisiac, or to stimulate fertility: ""C. limbatus"" in Colombia, and ""C. microsporus"" in Guadeloupe. Whether these species have any actual effect on human physiology is unknown. Lignin is a complex polymeric chemical compound that is a major constituent of wood. Resistant to biological decomposition, its presence in paper makes it weaker and more liable to discolor when exposed to light. The species ""C. bulleri"" contains three lignin-degrading enzymes: lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase. These enzymes have potential applications not only in the pulp and paper industry, but also to"
"Carthamin Carthamin is a natural red pigment derived from safflower (""Carthamus tinctorius""), earlier known as carthamine. It is used as a dye and a food coloring. As a food additive, it is known as Natural Red 26. Safflower has been cultivated since ancient times, and carthamin was used as a dye in ancient Egypt. It was used extensively in the past for dyeing wool for the carpet industry in European countries and to create cosmetics for stylish women, geisha and kabuki artists in Japan, where the color is called ""beni"" (紅). It competed with the early synthetic dye fuchsine as"
"dye. Also a synthetic dye was named ""amaranth"" for its similarity in color to the natural amaranth pigments known as betalains. This synthetic dye is also known as Red No. 2 in North America and E123 in the European Union. The genus also contains several well-known ornamental plants, such as ""Amaranthus caudatus"" (love-lies-bleeding), a vigorous, hardy annual with dark purplish flowers crowded in handsome drooping spikes. Another Indian annual, ""A. hypochondriacus"" (prince's feather), has deeply veined, lance-shaped leaves, purple on the under face, and deep crimson flowers densely packed on erect spikes. Amaranths are recorded as food plants for some"
"Atramentum Atramentum or atrament, generally means a very black, usually liquid, substance. For example, an octopus may emit a puff of atrament (see cephalopod ink). In ancient Rome, the term ""atramentum"" signified any black colouring substance used for any purpose. The Romans distinguished three principal kinds of atramentum, one called ""librarium"" (or ""scriptorium""), another called ""sutorium"", the third ""tectorium"". Atramentum librarium was the writing ink of Roman times, atramentum sutorium was used by shoemakers for dyeing leather, atramentum tectorium (or pidorium) was used by painters for some purposes, apparently as a sort of varnish. ""Atramentous"" is a related adjective which"
"Thymus citriodorus Thymus citriodorus, the lemon thyme or citrus thyme, is a lemon-scented evergreen mat-forming perennial. There has been a great deal of confusion over the plant's correct name and origin. Recent DNA analysis suggests that it is not a hybrid or cross, but a distinct species as it was first described in 1811. ""T. citriodorus"" is an evergreen sub-shrub, growing to in height by in spread. It prefers full sun and well draining soil. The bloom period is mid to late summer, with pink to lavender flowers that are a nectar source for bees and butterflies. ""Thymus citriodorus"" and"
"reactions occur in the soil that make aluminium available to these plants, turning the flowers blue. In alkaline soils, these reactions cannot occur and therefore aluminium is not taken up by the plant. As a result, the flowers remain pink. PH indicator A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually. Hence, a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (HO) or hydrogen ions (H) in the Arrhenius model. Normally, the indicator causes the color of the solution to"
"Lignum nephriticum Lignum nephriticum (Latin for ""kidney wood"") is a traditional diuretic that was derived from the wood of two tree species, the narra (""Pterocarpus indicus"") and the Mexican kidneywood (""Eysenhardtia polystachya ""). The wood is capable of turning the color of water it comes in contact with into beautiful opalescent hues that change depending on light and angle, the earliest known record of the phenomenon of fluorescence. Due to this strange property, it became well known in Europe from the 16th to the early 18th-century Europe. Cups made from ""lignum nephriticum"" were given as gifts to royalty. Water drunk"
"Lime (color) Lime, also called lime green, lime-green, or bitter lime, is a color that is a shade of green, so named because it is a representation of the color of the citrus fruit called limes. It is the color that is in between the web color chartreuse and yellow on the color wheel. The first recorded use of ""lime green"" as a colour name in English was in 1890. Lime (color hex code #BFFF00) is a pure spectral color at approximately 564 nanometers on the visible spectrum when plotted on the CIE chromaticity diagram. Lemon-Lime is a fluorescent chartreuse"
"Complexometric indicator A complexometric indicator is an ionochromic dye that undergoes a definite color change in presence of specific metal ions. It forms a weak complex with the ions present in the solution, which has a significantly different color from the form existing outside the complex. Complexometric indicators are also known as pM indicators. In analytical chemistry, complexometric indicators are used in complexometric titration to indicate the exact moment when all the metal ions in the solution are sequestered by a chelating agent (most usually EDTA). Such indicators are also called metallochromic indicators. The indicator may be present in another"
"Amaranth Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth, is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants. Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Most of the ""Amaranthus"" species are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweed. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or autumn. Approximately 60 species are recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple, through red and green to gold. Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus ""Celosia"". ""Amaranth"" derives from Greek (), ""unfading"", with the Greek word"
"In North America the most significant lichen dye is ""Letharia vulpina"". Indigenous people through most of this lichen's range in North America traditionally make a yellow dye from this lichen by boiling it in water. Many of the traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands were made from lichens including red dyes from the cudbear lichen, ""Lecanora tartarea"", the common orange lichen, ""Xanthoria parietina"", and several species of leafy ""Parmelia"" lichens. Brown or yellow lichen dyes (called crottle or crotal), made from ""Parmelia saxatilis"" scraped off rocks, and red lichen dyes (called corkir) were used extensively to produce tartans. Purple dyes"
"is not definite, therefore an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used. Analysis of wines for sulfur dioxide requires iodine as an oxidizing agent. In this case, starch is used as an indicator; a blue starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of excess iodine, signalling the endpoint. Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the intense color of the constituents. For instance, in permanganometry a slight persisting pink color signals the endpoint of the titration because of the color of the excess oxidizing agent potassium permanganate. In iodometry, at sufficiently large concentrations, the disappearance of the"
"yellow or green flowers that grow in florets. Its fruit is reddish and is used to produce a yellow dye. Indigo dye is extracted from the True indigo plant ""Indigofera tinctoria"" that is native to Asia. In Central and South America dyes are produced from two species related to this species, indigo from ""Indigofera suffruticosa"" and Natal indigo from ""Indigofera arrecta"". A yellow dye is extracted from ""Butea monosperma"" commonly called as flame of the forest. Legumes have been used as ornamental plants throughout the world for many centuries. Their vast diversity of heights, shapes, foliage and flower colour means"
"Indicaxanthin Indicaxanthin is a type of betaxanthin, a plant pigment present in beets, in ""Mirabilis jalapa"" flowers, in cacti such as prickly pears (""Opuntia sp."") or the red dragonfruit (""Hylocereus costaricensis""). It is a powerful antioxidant. It has been shown in a spectrophotometric study for patients with thalassemia, that indicaxanthin can reduce perferryl-Hb generated in solution from met-Hb and hydrogen peroxide, more effectively than either trolox (a vitamin E derivative) or vitamin C, possibly interfering with perferryl-Hb, a reactive intermediate in the hydroperoxide-dependent Hb degradation. Indicaxanthin in antioxidant studies was more effective than Trolox at scavenging the ABTS cation radical."
"Indicaxanthin Indicaxanthin is a type of betaxanthin, a plant pigment present in beets, in ""Mirabilis jalapa"" flowers, in cacti such as prickly pears (""Opuntia sp."") or the red dragonfruit (""Hylocereus costaricensis""). It is a powerful antioxidant. It has been shown in a spectrophotometric study for patients with thalassemia, that indicaxanthin can reduce perferryl-Hb generated in solution from met-Hb and hydrogen peroxide, more effectively than either trolox (a vitamin E derivative) or vitamin C, possibly interfering with perferryl-Hb, a reactive intermediate in the hydroperoxide-dependent Hb degradation. Indicaxanthin in antioxidant studies was more effective than Trolox at scavenging the ABTS cation radical."
"up heavy metals through its roots and is featured in many AS Level Biology practicals as its ability to grow in low pH levels makes it a useful indicator. Iris pseudacorus Iris pseudacorus (yellow flag, yellow iris, water flag) is a species of flowering plant of the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet, meaning ""false acorus"", refers to the similarity of its leaves to those of ""Acorus calamus"" (sweet flag) as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, they are not closely related. The plant was rated in"
"extracts. Under the name ""cutch"", it is a brown dye used for tanning and dyeing and for preserving fishing nets and sails. Cutch will dye wool, silk, and cotton a yellowish-brown. Cutch gives gray-browns with an iron mordant and olive-browns with a copper mordant. Black catechu has recently also been utilized by Blavod Drinks Ltd. to dye their vodka black. White cutch, also known as gambier, gambeer, or gambir, which is extracted from ""Uncaria gambir"" has the same uses. Palm-Catechu is extracted from the seeds of ""Areca catechu"". The catechu extract gave its name to the catechin and catechol chemical"
"olive drab or OD green, are frequently used for camouflage, or by the military in general. The complementary color of olive is light blue. The color kombu green is displayed at right. The color ""kombu green"" is a representation of the color of kombu, edible kelp from the family Laminariaceae widely eaten in East Asia. The source of this color is the ""Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)"" color list, color #19-0417 TPX—Kombu Green. If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, chartreuse (additive tertiary) appears midway between yellow and green: Chartreuse (color) Chartreuse (, ; ) is"
"of the mature fruit bodies have been identified as carotenes, predominantly lycopene and ""beta""-carotene—the same compounds responsible for the red and orange colors of tomatoes and carrots, respectively. Lycopene is also the main pigment in the closely related fungus ""Clathrus archeri"", while ""beta""-carotene is the predominant pigment in the Phallaceae species ""Mutinus caninus"", ""M. ravenelii"", and ""M. elegans"". Clathrus ruber Clathrus ruber is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family, and the type species of the genus ""Clathrus"". It is commonly known as the latticed stinkhorn, the basket stinkhorn, or the red cage, alluding to the striking fruit bodies"
"in the chemical reaction, not understood in the Middle Ages, that is most familiar in the Litmus test. ""Folium"" (""leaf""), was actually derived from the three-lobed fruit (""illustration""), not the leaves. In the early fifteenth century, Cennino Cennini, in his ""Libro dell' Arte"" gives a recipe ""XVIII: How you should tint paper turnsole color"" and ""LXXVI To paint a purple or turnsole drapery in fresco."" (though neither of these recipes use or describe turnsole). Textiles soaked in the dye vat would be left in a close damp cellar in an atmosphere produced by pans of urine. It was not realized"
"has also been used to detect the presence of rare earth metals. Eriochrome Black T Eriochrome Black T is a complexometric indicator that is used in complexometric titrations, e.g. in the water hardness determination process. It is an azo dye. Eriochrome is a trademark of Huntsman Petrochemical, LLC. In its protonated form, Eriochrome Black T is blue. It turns red when it forms a complex with calcium, magnesium, or other metal ions. When used as an indicator in an EDTA titration, the characteristic blue end-point is reached when sufficient EDTA is added and the metal ions bound to the indicator"
"Catechu Catechu ( or ) is an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye. It is extracted from several species of ""Acacia"", but especially ""Senegalia catechu"" (""Acacia catechu""), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew. It is also known as cutch, black cutch, cachou, cashoo, khoyer, terra Japonica, or Japan earth, and also katha in Hindi, kaath in Marathi, khoyer in Assamese and Bengali, and kachu in Malay (hence the Latinized ""Acacia catechu"" chosen as the Linnaean taxonomy name of the type-species Acacia plant which provides the extract). As"
"they are found. Certain plants that concentrate these elements act as indicator species for likely ore body locations. Mapping these plants provides information about areas in which further prospecting should be done. For example, in areas such as the Colorado Plateau, various species of ""Astragalus"" are selenium concentrators (""A. pattersoni, A. preussi, A. thompsonae""). Other indicator plants for sulfur and calcium, such as ""Eriogonum inflatum"" and ""Oenothera caespitosa"" help to identify likely areas also, especially in conjunction with the selenium indicators. In areas outside the Colorado Plateau, such as in South Australia or Saskatchewan, Canada, other plants would naturally be"
"been reached. Therefore, the most suitable pH indicator has an effective pH range, where the change in color is apparent, that encompasses the pH of the equivalence point of the solution being titrated. Many plants or plant parts contain chemicals from the naturally colored anthocyanin family of compounds. They are red in acidic solutions and blue in basic. Anthocyanins can be extracted with water or other solvents from a multitude of colored plants or plant parts, including from leaves (red cabbage); flowers (geranium, poppy, or rose petals); berries (blueberries, blackcurrant); and stems (rhubarb). Extracting anthocyanins from household plants, especially red"
"Linanthus Linanthus is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the phlox family Polemoniaceae. The species are found in western North America and in Chile, with the greatest diversity in California. The stems are erect, with multiple branches arising directly from the base, and grow 2–15 cm tall. The leaves are stem-like (""cauline"") and opposite, with shapes ranging from entire to palmately lobed, the 3-9 lobes being linear to lanceolate or spatulate. Flowers have a tubular calyx, and the corolla may be funnel- or bell-shaped, or salverform. The genus name is from the Greek for ""flax flower"", the flowers"