"transamination using alanine:5-keto-octanal aminotransferase. The amine then spontaneously cyclizes and is dehydrated to form the coniine precursor γ–coniceine. This is then reduced using NADPH dependent y-coniceine reductase to form coniine. Coniine is the murder weapon in Agatha Christie's mystery novel ""Five Little Pigs"". Coniine Coniine refers to a poisonous chemical compound, an alkaloid present in and isolable from poison hemlock (""Conium maculatum""), where its presence has been a source of significant economic, medical, and historico-cultural interest; coniine is also produced by the yellow pitcher plant (""Sarracenia flava""), and fool's parsley (""Aethusa cynapium""). Its ingestion and extended exposure are toxic to"
"mg (0.1 gram) of coniine (about six to eight fresh leaves, or a smaller dose of the seeds or root) may be fatal. It has been observed that poisoned animals tend to return to feed on the plant. Chronic toxicity affects only pregnant animals; when they are poisoned by ""C. maculatum"" during the fetus' organ-formation period, the offspring is born with malformations, mainly palatoschisis and multiple congenital contractures (arthrogryposis). Chronic toxicity is irreversible; though arthrogryposis may be surgically corrected in some cases, most of the malformed animals die. Such losses may be underestimated, at least in some regions, because of"
"contain the hallucinogenic compounds psilocin and psilocybin are ""C. kuehneriana"", ""C. siligineoides"", ""C. cyanopus"", and ""C. smithii"". ""Conocybe siligineoides"" was used for shamanic purposes by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca. ""Conocybe filaris"" is a common lawn mushroom that contains the same deadly toxins as the death cap. ""Conocybe"" comes from the Greek ""cono"" meaning ""cone"" and ""cybe"" meaning ""head"". Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing Conocybe"" spp. (and Psilocybe"" spp.) is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159. Conocybe Conocybe is a genus of mushrooms with ""Conocybe tenera"" as the type species and at least 243 other species. There are"
"(or g-coniceïne), which is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids. Coniine has a chemical structure and pharmacological properties similar to that of nicotine. Coniine acts directly on the central nervous system through inhibitory action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In high enough concentrations, coniine can be dangerous to humans and livestock. With its high potency, the ingestion of seemingly small doses can easily result in respiratory collapse and death. Coniine also has significant toxic effects on the kidneys. The presence of rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis has been shown in patients who died from hemlock poisoning. A fraction of these"
"on the plant. Fungi in the genus ""Cercospora"" produce the plant toxin cercosporin, which causes the leaf spot appearance. Cercosporin is a photosensitizing perylenequione plant toxin that absorbs light energy and converts it into a highly activated state. This activated state then reacts with molecular oxygen to form activated oxygen, which in turn reacts with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids causing damage or cell death.The fungal spores are not harmed by the production of this toxin because they produce pyridoxine which neutralizes the reaction. While the toxin damages the host cells, conidia is produced and is able to infect the"
"to some botanists, poison sumac is the most toxic plant species in the United States (Frankel, 1991). The differences in toxicity in poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are due to differences in the side chains of the chemicals in these plants. In general, poison ivy has a C side chain, poison oak has a C side chain and poison sumac has a C side chain. The dermatitis shows itself in painful and long continued swellings and eruptions. In the worst case, smoke inhaled by burning poison sumac leads to life-threatening pulmonary edema whereby fluid enters the alveoli. Toxicodendron"
"parts of the plant are rich in the potent neurotoxin glabrin, causing convulsions in most animals, and leading to its use as a fish poison. Extracts from the leaves are used for treating skin diseases. The protein methionine sulfoximine is common in the family Connaraceae and other toxic compounds have yet to be identified. The roots of some ""Connarus"" species are known to contain the glycosides rapanon, embelin and bergenin. Cnestis polyphylla Cnestis polyphylla, or itch pod, is a liane or scrambling shrub belonging to the family Connaraceae and occurring south from Kenya in East Tropical Africa through Mozambique and"
"is poisoned by gelsemine. Gelsemine Gelsemine (CHNO) is an indole alkaloid isolated from flowering plants of the genus ""Gelsemium"", a plant native to the subtropical and tropical Americas, and southeast Asia, and is a highly toxic compound that acts as a paralytic, exposure to which can result in death. It has generally potent activity as an agonist of the mammalian glycine receptor, the activation of which leads to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in neurons following chloride ion influx, and systemically, to muscle relaxation of varying intensity and deleterious effect. Despite its danger and toxicity, recent pharmacological research has suggested that"
"have arisen due to the presence of this drug. Its leaves, corm and seeds are poisonous. Murderer Catherine Wilson is thought to have used it to poison a number of victims in the 19th Century. The species known to contain the most lethal amount of colchicine is ""C. autumnale"". The following are the species included under ""Colchicum"". Many species previously classified under ""Androcymbium"", ""Bulbocodium"" and ""Merendera"" were synonymized under ""Colchicum"" based on molecular genetic evidence. ""Androcymbium"" is currently considered a separate genus by some. Colchicum Colchicum ( or ) is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species"
"to its preference for growing in lawns. ""C. molybdites"" causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous. A few poisonings are the result of misidentification while attempting to collect hallucinogenic mushrooms for recreational use. In 1981, one fatality and two hospitalizations occurred following consumption of ""Galerina autumnalis"", mistaken for a ""Psilocybe"" species. ""Galerina"" and ""Psilocybe"" species are both small, brown, and sticky, and can be found growing together. However, ""Galerina"" contains amatoxins, the same poison found in the deadly ""Amanita"" species. Another case reports kidney failure following ingestion of ""Cortinarius orellanus"", a mushroom containing orellanine. It is natural"
"Zygacine Zygacine is a steroidal alkaloid of the Melanthiaceae family and of the ""Toxicoscordion"", ""Zigadenus"", ""Stenanthium"" and ""Anticlea"" genera. These plants are commonly known and generally referred to as death camas. Death camas is prevalent throughout North Ameica and is frequently the source of poisoning for outdoorsmen and livestock due to its resemblance to other edible plants such as the wild onion. Despite this resemblance, the death camas plant lacks the distinct onion odor and is bitter to taste. The effects of zygacine consumption are lethal. Symptoms in humans include nausea, vomiting, slowed heart rate, low blood pressure and ataxia."
"every other continent excluding Antarctica. The coniine alkaloid is found in ""Sarracenia flava"", the yellow pitcher plant. The yellow pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant found exclusively in the southeastern United States. The plant uses a mixture of sugar and coniine to simultaneously attract and poison insects, which then fall into a digestive tube. The naming of the plant arises from the shape of the opening to these tubes, which resembles a pitcher, which can grow up to three feet tall. The pitcher has a leaf above it that functions to prevent rain from diluting the digestive fluids deep in"
"were used by the settlers, describing the effect on cattle allowed to graze on them. This affliction of the introduced mammal, the result of ingesting the leaves, began with paralysis of the rear quarters and resulted in their death, leading the settlers to attempt eradication of the species where they grazed. The toxins contained in the cone and other parts of the plant, macrozamin and cycasin, are produced in coralloid roots by nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The ripe and unprepared seed of ""M. riedlei"" is known as ""pauyin"", this is able to be harvested toward the end of March, after the austral"
"the more toxic it is. Summer lupine is one of three piperidine alkaloid containing plants that have poisonous effects on livestock. It, along with poison hemlock (""Conium maculatum"") and tree tobacco (""Nicotiana glauca""), induced ""multiple congenital contractures (MCC) and palatoschisis in goat kids when their dams were gavaged with the plant during gestation."" The skeletal abnormalities included fixed extension of the carpal, tarsal and fetlock joints, scoliosis, lordosis, torticollis and rib cage problems. The clinical signs of toxicity in sheep, cattle and pigs included, ataxia, incoordination, muscular weakness, prostration and death. It inhabits areas of dry slopes beneath pine trees,"
"Candicine Candicine is a naturally occurring organic compound that is a quaternary ammonium salt with a phenethylamine skeleton. It is the N,N,N-trimethyl derivative of the well-known biogenic amine tyramine, and, being a natural product with a positively charged nitrogen atom in its molecular structure, it is classed as an alkaloid. Although it is found in a variety of plants, including barley, its properties have not been extensively studied with modern techniques. Candicine is toxic after parenteral administration, producing symptoms of neuromuscular blockade; further details are given in the ""Pharmacology"" section below. Candicine occurs in a variety of plants, notably the"
"In the Southeastern United States, sheep and cattle straying into woodland and grazing ""Kalmia latifolia"" have been known to suffer from its toxic effects. Bane (plant) The term bane (from , meaning ""thing causing death, poison""), in botany, is an archaic element in the common names of plants known to be toxic or poisonous. In the Middle Ages, several poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum were thought to have or prophylactic qualities, repelling and protecting against that which they were ""banes"" to (e.g. ""Henbane"", ""Wolfsbane""). There is no single species, genus, or family of poisonous plant exclusively referred to as"
"and ""Serratia marcescens"". Clausenol is active against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, such as ""Alternaria alternata"", ""Aspergillus parasiticus"", ""Geotrichum candidum"", ""Phytophthora palmivora"" and ""Penicillium citrinum"". Leaf extracts strongly affect the fungi causing oral candidiasis and skin infections - ""Candida albicans"", ""Candida glabrata"", ""Candida tropicalis"", ""Candida parapsilosis"", ""Candida krusei"" and ""Cryptococcus neoformans"". A methanolic extract from the roots shows molluscicidal results in ""Bulinus globosus"", the intermediate host in schistosomiasis. The coumarins heliettin and imperatorin are toxic to snails - imperatorin also shows anticonvulsant activity. Essential oils from the leaves also show moderate antioxidant activity in vitro, while"
"Gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ""Arundo donax"",""Acer saccharinum"" (Silver Maple), ""Hordeum"", (a grass genus that includes barley) and ""Phalaris""(another grass genus). Gramine has been found to act as an agonist of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). The LD50 of gramine is 44.6 mg/ kg iv in mice and 62.9 mg/ kg iv in rats. Numerous studies have been done on the toxicity in insects harmful"
"399 BC, and his trial resulted in a death sentence. Although Socrates could have avoided death, he decided to take a potent infusion of the hemlock plant. Plato described Socrates' death in the ""Phaedo"": Although many have questioned whether this is a factual account, it is the perspective of Bloch that careful attention to Plato's words, modern and ancient medicine and other ancient Greek sources point to this account being consistent with ""Conium"" poisoning. Conium maculatum Conium maculatum, the hemlock or poison hemlock, is a highly poisonous biennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, native to Europe and"
"Gelsemine Gelsemine (CHNO) is an indole alkaloid isolated from flowering plants of the genus ""Gelsemium"", a plant native to the subtropical and tropical Americas, and southeast Asia, and is a highly toxic compound that acts as a paralytic, exposure to which can result in death. It has generally potent activity as an agonist of the mammalian glycine receptor, the activation of which leads to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in neurons following chloride ion influx, and systemically, to muscle relaxation of varying intensity and deleterious effect. Despite its danger and toxicity, recent pharmacological research has suggested that the biological activities of"
"These Eastern European noxious weeds have spread through the western and West Coast states. Experiments show that 8-hydroxyquinoline, a chemical produced at the root of ""C. diffusa"", has a negative effect only on plants that have not co-evolved with it. Such co-evolved native plants have also evolved defenses. ""C. diffusa"" and ""C. solstitialis"" do not appear in their native habitats to be overwhelmingly successful competitors. Success or lack of success in one habitat does not necessarily imply success in others. Conversely, examining habitats in which a species is less successful can reveal novel weapons to defeat invasiveness. Changes in fire"
"be used to control Convolvulaceae (morning glory) and Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass). Arsenic is classified as a Group-A carcinogen. The EPA states that: The EPA also states that, while contaminated soil poses a serious risk to health, arsenic frequently mobilizes from soils and other sources, ending up in water where it is even more of a toxicity issue. Trade names include: Monosodium methyl arsonate Monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) is an arsenic-based herbicide. It is an organo-arsenate; less toxic than the inorganic form of arsenates. However, the EPA states that all forms of arsenic are a serious risk to human health and"
"hallucinogenic compound, myristicin, comes from the spice nutmeg. As with safrole, ingestion of nutmeg in quantities can lead to hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting, with symptoms lasting several days. A more severe reaction comes from poisoning by rodiasine and demethylrodiasine, the active ingredients in fruit extract from ""Chlorocardium venenosum"". These chemicals paralyze muscles and nerves, resulting in tetanus-like reactions in animals. The Cofán peoples of westernmost Amazon in Colombia and Ecuador use the compound as a poison to tip their arrows in hunting. Not all the effects of chemical compounds in the magnoliids are detrimental. In previous centuries, sailors would use"
"is lack of oxygen to the brain and heart as a consequence of respiratory paralysis, so that a poisoned person may recover if artificial ventilation can be maintained until the toxin is removed from the victim's system. The LD values (in mouse, i.v. administered) for the ""R""-(−) and ""S""-(+) enantiomers, and the racemate, are approximately 7 and 12, and 8 milligrams per kilogram, respectively. (+/–)-Coniine was first isolated by Giesecke, but the formula was suggested by Blyth and definitely established by Hoffmann. -(""S"")-Coniine has since been determined to be a colorless alkaline liquid, with a penetrating odour and a burning"
"to crops for use as a possible insecticide. Gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ""Arundo donax"",""Acer saccharinum"" (Silver Maple), ""Hordeum"", (a grass genus that includes barley) and ""Phalaris""(another grass genus). Gramine has been found to act as an agonist of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). The LD50 of gramine is 44.6 mg/ kg iv in mice and 62.9 mg/ kg iv in rats. Numerous studies have"
"Bane (plant) The term bane (from , meaning ""thing causing death, poison""), in botany, is an archaic element in the common names of plants known to be toxic or poisonous. In the Middle Ages, several poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum were thought to have or prophylactic qualities, repelling and protecting against that which they were ""banes"" to (e.g. ""Henbane"", ""Wolfsbane""). There is no single species, genus, or family of poisonous plant exclusively referred to as ""banes"". Several unrelated plants bear the name. In medieval Europe, the toxic entheogen Aconitine was believed to prevent werewolves from undergoing their dire transformations."
"Colchicaceae, this plant contains high levels of colchicine, a toxic alkaloid. It also contains the alkaloid gloriocine. Within a few hours of the ingestion of a toxic amount of plant material, a victim may experience nausea, vomiting, numbness, and tingling around the mouth, burning in the throat, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea, which leads to dehydration. As the toxic syndrome progresses, rhabdomyolysis, ileus, respiratory depression, hypotension, coagulopathy, haematuria, altered mental status, seizures, coma, and ascending polyneuropathy may occur. Longer-term effects include peeling of the skin and prolonged vaginal bleeding in women. Colchicine is known to cause alopecia. One case report"
"Strychnine Strychnine ( ; also or ) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine, when inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the eyes or mouth, causes poisoning which results in muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia. While it has no known medicinal effects, in the past the convulsant effect was believed to be beneficial in small doses. The most common source is from the seeds of the ""Strychnos nux-vomica"" tree. Strychnine is a terpene indole alkaloid belonging to the ""Strychnos"" family of ""Corynanthe"" alkaloids,"
"be similar in structure and in effects to the alkaloid cytisine, but less potent. It has a bittersweet taste. As with the cytisine containing ""Laburnum"", its leaves are sometimes taken as a tobacco substitute. Canavanine is a common α-amino-acid constituent found in the seeds of all species of ""Wisteria"". It serves as a defense compound against herbivores and provides a vital source of nitrogen for the growing plant embryo. The toxicity of canavanine is due to its extreme structural similarity to L-arginine, which may result in an organism's incorporation of it into proteins in place of L-arginine. This causes aberrant"
"the conidial wall. As well ""Blumeria"" is considered to be phylogenetically distinct from ""Erisiphe"" as it is a plant pathogen that hosts solely on the true grasses of ""Poaceae. "" Eight special forms or ""formae speciales"" (ff.spp.) of ""B. graminis"" have been distinguished, each of which is parasitic on a particular genus of grasses. Those that infect crop plants are ""B. graminis"" f.sp. ""tritici"", which causes powdery mildew of wheat and infects other grasses in the genera ""Triticum"" and ""Aegilops"", f.sp. ""hordei"" on barley, f.sp. ""avenae"" on oats and f.sp. ""secalis"" on rye. Other ""formae speciales"" are pathogenic on wild"
"Gorinsky was one of several who isolated a potent chemical from certain plants that the tribe used for fishing. The natives called the plant ""cunani"", after which Gorinsky called the chemical ""cuaniol"". Being a potent neurotoxin, fish in the surrounding area become disoriented and could easily be caught. Gorinsky patented the use of cunaniol for the treatment of heart disease. The chemical, also known as ichthyothereol, is a potent toxin. Conrad Gorinsky Dr. Conrad Gorinsky is a Guyana-born chemist who studied in the UK. He spent months with the Amazonian Wapishana tribe and later obtained US patents for tipir and"
"systematic review and economic evaluation concluded that cytisine was more likely to be cost-effective for smoking cessation than varenicline. Plants containing cytisine, including the scotch broom and mescalbean, have also been used recreationally. Positive effects are reported to include a nicotine-like intoxication. However, this practice is not recommended, since negative side effects can include nausea, vomiting, convulsions, heart pain, headache and, in larger doses, even death via respiratory failure. (-)-Cytisine extracted from ""Laburnum anagyroides"" seeds was used as a starting material for the preparation of ""(+)-sparteine surrogate,"" for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched lithium anions of opposite stereochemistry to those"
"with materials from the neem tree (""Azadirachta indica"") but change to quinine-rich leaves of the Krishnachua tree (""Caesalpinia pulcherrima"") during an outbreak of malaria; quinine controls the symptoms of malaria. Zoopharmacognosy is not always exhibited in a way that benefits the individual. Sometimes the target of the medication is the group or the colony. Wood ants (""Formica paralugubris"") often incorporate large quantities of solidified conifer resin into their nests. Laboratory studies have shown this resin inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi in a context mimicking natural conditions. The ants show a strong preference for resin over twigs and stones,"