"either vinegar or the white wine from the Île-de-France. Wine had been introduced to Paris by the Romans, and it was the principal beverage they drank during the Middle Ages. Most of the inexpensive wine came from vineyards neighboring the city: from Belleville, Montmartre, Issy, Vanves. Wine merchants were regulated and taxed by the royal government beginning in 1121. Better-quality wines arrived in the city between September through November from Champagne, Burgundy, and Orléans. The narrow medieval streets of Paris were extremely noisy, with crowds of people and animals moving along between three- and four-story-high houses. The chief form of"
"""ginguet"", such as found around Paris."" A ""Goguette"" was a similar kind of establishment. During the 18th century, a consumer revolution led once isolated villages and hamlets outside Paris to be swept up in a booming material culture. Commodities, and particularly alcohol, consumed outside the customs barrier of the city were considerably cheaper, being exempt from state taxes. This encouraged the growth of an entertainment industry just beyond the taxman's reach and a network of drinking establishments was established. They were especially popular on Sundays and holidays, when Parisians would visit to enjoy themselves and to get drunk cheaply. Today,"
"occupied Paris in 1814. As the most exotic of the Russian troops seen in France, Cossacks drew a great deal of attention and notoriety for their alleged purity during Napoleon's wars. Bistrots appeared after the Cossack occupation of Paris. Stendhal had, that ""Cossacks were pure as children and great as Gods"". The Don Cossack Host (, ""Vsevelikoye Voysko Donskoye"") was either an independent or an autonomous democratic republic in the present day Southern Russia from the end of the 16th century until the early 20th century. In the year of 948 Byzantine Emperor Constantine mentioned of trade of goods, between"
"considered to be so talented that their owners emancipated them. Romani choruses of Moscow and Saint-Petersburg were very popular during the 19th century. Russian noblemen sometimes married Romani chorus girls. In Russia, Ruska Roma were mostly nomadic horse traders and singers. They traveled during the summer and stayed in cottages of Russian peasants during the winter. They paid for their lodging with money or with work on the horses. Ruska Roma were very popular among peasants who liked their music and dances and considered Roma to be beautiful. In 1812, when Napoleon I invaded Russia, the Romani diaspora of Moscow"
"the Vorontsov Palace and its surrounding park complex were frequently featured in Ukrainian and Soviet cinema productions such as: ""An Ordinary Miracle"" (1964), ""Nebesnye lastochki"" (1976), ""Crazy Day or The Marriage of Figaro"" (2004), and ""Sappho"" (2008). Russian poet Ivan Bunin visited the palace in 1900 and wrote a short poem entitled """"Long alley leading down to the shore ..."""" (). In the period following the Napoleonic wars, the new city of Odessa emerged as Russia's southern capital with a vibrant cosmopolitan society centred on a handful of Russian aristocrats and Polish ladies such as Zofia Potocka and Karolina Rzewuska."
"Paris in the 18th century Paris in the 18th century was the second-largest city in Europe, after London, with a population of about 600,000 people. The century saw the construction of Place Vendôme, the Place de la Concorde, the Champs-Élysées, the church of Les Invalides, and the Panthéon, and the founding of the Louvre Museum. Paris witnessed the end of the reign of Louis XIV, was the center stage of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, saw the first manned flight, and was the birthplace of high fashion and the modern restaurant. Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians; when he was"
"but a rather high proportion of older people (in the 45-64 age bracket). Moscou, Ghent Moscou is a densely populated neighbourhood of the Belgian city of Ghent, which owes its peculiar name to the presence of the Russian army in 1814-1815. On February 2, 1814, the French city administration of Ghent loyal to Napoleon Bonaparte fled the town for the approaching Russian army. On February 4, the Russian army, including Cossacks but also some Prussian hussars and commanded by colonel Novosinovits-Menshikov (who took up residence on the Ghent Kouter) entered the town as liberators. Local enthusiasm turned into concern as"
"in the gardens of the Oranienbaum Palace near St. Petersburg, with a pavilion next to it for drinking tea after the sliding. ""Russian mountains"" remains the term for roller coasters in many languages, such as Spanish (""""), Italian (""""), and French (""""). Ironically, the Russian term for roller coaster, """" (amerikanskie gorki), translates literally as ""American mountains."" Russian soldiers occupying Paris from 1815 through 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, may have introduced the Russian amusement of sledding down steep hills. In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on"
"houses were being constructed. As the boulevards attracted crowds, they also attracted street entertainers; acrobats, musicians, dancers, and every kind of trained animal performed on the sidewalks. The end of the 18th century saw the opening of the pleasure gardens of Ranelegh, Vauxhall, and Tivoli. These were large private gardens where, in summer, Parisians paid an admission charge and found food, music, dancing, and other entertainment, from pantomime to magic lantern shows and fireworks. The admission fee was relatively high; the owners of the gardens wanted to attract a more upper class clientele, and to keep out the more boisterous"
"Almost completely destroyed by the great fire of 1812 associated with Napoleon's occupation of Moscow, the street required rebuilding. In the 19th and early 20th centuries it became known as the a place where petty nobility, artists, and academics lived. In the Soviet period, it housed many high-ranking government officials. , the street and its surroundings are undergoing gentrification, and it is considered a desirable place to live. Because of the many historic buildings, and due to the numerous artists who have lived and worked in the street, the Arbat has also become an important tourist attraction. The Arbat is"
"in place. A fossil tooth found in one of these mines was identified by Georges Cuvier as an extinct equine, which he dubbed ""Palaeotherium"", the ""ancient animal"". His sketch of the entire animal in 1825 was matched by a skeleton discovered later. Russian soldiers occupied Montmartre during the battle of Paris in 1814. They used the altitude of the hill for artillery bombardment of the city. Montmartre remained outside of the city limits of Paris until January 1, 1860, when it was annexed to the city along with other communities (""faubourgs"") surrounding Paris, and became part of the 18th arrondissement"
"from the ""Académie royale de musique"" to the ""Théátre de l'Opéra"" (1791), ""Théátre des Arts"" (1791), ""Théátre de la République et des Arts"" (1797), ""Théâtre de l'Opéra"" again in 1802, then, under Napoleon, to the ""Académie impériale"" (1804). During the late 18th century, and particularly after the end of the Reign of Terror, Parisians of all classes were in constant search for entertainment. The end of the century saw the opening of the pleasure gardens of Ranelegh, Vauxhall, and Tivoli. These were large private gardens where, in summer, Parisians paid an admission charge and found food, music, dancing, and other"
"of Paris at the beginning of the 18th century was gloomy; the court was at Versailles, and frivolity was officially frowned upon by Louis XIV and his second wife, the ""Marquise de Maintenon"", and the religious party at court. The King's favorite composer, Lully, fell into disgrace because of his unorthodox lifestyle. Musical satires and farces continued to be sung on stages at the fairs, but they were constantly under attack from the Royal Academy of Music, which claimed a monopoly on singing performances. The ""Théâtre-Italien"" troupe was forced to leave Paris because of accusations that they made fun of"
"was a type of tavern located just outside the city limits, where wine and other drinks were much cheaper and taxed less. They were open Sundays and holidays, usually had musicians for dancing, and attracted large crowds of working-class Parisians eager for rest and recreation after the work week. As time went on, ""guinguettes"" also attracted middle class Parisians with their families. During the reign of Napoléon Bonaparte as First Consul and then Emperor, music in Paris was used to celebrate his victories and glory. Napoleon installed his brother Lucien as chief censor in 1800, and all musical and theater"
"below) and cafes, the sidewalks of the boulevards offered a variety of street theater; puppet shows, dogs dancing to music, and magicians performing. Pleasure gardens were a popular form of entertainment for the middle and upper classes, where, for an admission charge of twenty sous, visitors could sample ice creams, see pantomimes, acrobatics and jugglers, listen to music, dance, or watch fireworks. The most famous was Tivoli, which opened in 1806 between 66 and 106 on rue Saint-Lazare, where the entrance charge was twenty sous. The Tivoli orchestra helped introduce the waltz, a new dance imported from Germany, to the"
"brought an end to the Paris music hall. However, a few still flourish, with tourists as their primary audience. Major music halls include the Folies-Bergere, Crazy Horse Saloon, Casino de Paris, Olympia, and Moulin Rouge. The musical forms most associated with music hall evolved in part from traditional folk song and songs written for popular drama, becoming by the 1850s a distinct musical style. Subject matter became more contemporary and humorous, and accompaniment was provided by larger house-orchestras as increasing affluence gave the lower classes more access to commercial entertainment and to a wider range of musical instruments, including the"
"Prospect. Yar (restaurant) The Yar (, from French """"yard"""") was a restaurant and theatre in 19th Century Moscow frequented by Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov and Maxim Gorky. It was famous for its Sokolovsky gypsy choir. The Yar ran from 1826 to 1925 on the street known as Kuznetsky Most. The second Yar was opened on the St. Petersburg chaussée built by Adolf Erichson 1909-1913. The restaurant became popular among Russian elite. It was visited by Leonid Andreev, Konstantin Balmont, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Alexander Kuprin, Savva Morozov, Grigory Rasputin, and Fyodor Shalyapin. The current Yar is in the Sovietsky Hotel on"
"Peterhof Palace The Peterhof Palace (, German for ""Peter's Court"") is a series of palaces and gardens located in Petergof, Saint Petersburg, Russia, commissioned by Peter the Great as a direct response to the Palace of Versailles by Louis XIV of France. Originally intended in 1709 for country habitation, Peter the Great sought to expand the property as a result of his visit to the French royal court in 1717, inspiring the nickname used by tourists ""The Russian Versailles"". In the period between 1714 and 1728, the architecture was designed by Domenico Trezzini, and the style he employed became the"
"but from romantic painting. The Garden à la francaise was often used as a setting for plays, spectacles, concerts, and displays of fireworks. In 1664, Louis XIV celebrated a six-day festival in the gardens, with cavalcades, comedies, ballets, and fireworks. Gardens of Versailles included a theatre of water, decorated with fountains and statues of the infancy of the gods (destroyed between 1770 and 1780). Full-size ships were constructed for sailing on the Grand Canal, and the garden had an open-air ballroom, surrounded by trees; a water organ, a labyrinth, and a grotto. The architects of the garden à la française"
"street of Taganrog. City bar in Taganrog City bar or Schlagbaum in Taganrog () was constructed in 1812–1814 in the outskirts of Taganrog (in the end of ""Petrovskaya"" street), symbolizing the city limits and also marking the Russian victory over the French army in the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года). Beyond the bar or ""schlagbaum"" was endless steppe. Originally there were two columns featuring the coat of arms of the city and the Russian two-headed eagle. In 1968, one of the pillars was removed because of the street car line and a large amount of car traffic"
"orchestra with serf actors. The estate was visited by Empress Catherine II in 1775; an obelisk in the park marks the event. By the end of the 18th century, the estate went into a decline. It was badly damaged during the French invasion in 1812. In the 1830s, the serf theater was torn down. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, parcels of land were divided up and rented out. In the 19th century much of the furniture was moved to the city residences of the Shermetevs in Moscow and St. Petersburg. After the 1917 Revolution, the estate was nationalized."
"and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers. A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Its name is said to have come in 1814 from the Russian soldiers who occupied the city; ""bistro"" means ""quickly"" in Russian, and they wanted their meals served rapidly so they could get back their encampment. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic"
"Yar (restaurant) The Yar (, from French """"yard"""") was a restaurant and theatre in 19th Century Moscow frequented by Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov and Maxim Gorky. It was famous for its Sokolovsky gypsy choir. The Yar ran from 1826 to 1925 on the street known as Kuznetsky Most. The second Yar was opened on the St. Petersburg chaussée built by Adolf Erichson 1909-1913. The restaurant became popular among Russian elite. It was visited by Leonid Andreev, Konstantin Balmont, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Alexander Kuprin, Savva Morozov, Grigory Rasputin, and Fyodor Shalyapin. The current Yar is in the Sovietsky Hotel on Leningradsky"
"as everyone approaching the capital from the west was expected to do homage here. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, it was the spot where Napoleon in vain expected the keys to the Kremlin to be brought to him by Russians. In the 1960s, the Soviet authorities decided to put the area to use as an open-air museum dedicated to the Russian victory over Napoleon. The New Triumphal Arch, erected in wood in 1814 and in marble in 1827 to a design by Osip Bove, was relocated and reconstructed here in 1968. A loghouse, where Kutuzov which decided"
"meet prostitutes; as the evening advanced, they filled the galleries. Between 1816 and 1825, the merchants of the Palais-Royal complained about the number of prostitutes, and asked that they not be allowed to do business between December 15 and January 15, when Parisians did their holiday shopping. In 1829, the Prefect of Police finally closed the Palais to prostitutes. The Amusement park, or ""Parc d'Attractions"", had appeared in Paris in the 1860s and continued to be popular through the Restoration. They were gardens which, in summer, had cafes, orchestras, dancing, fireworks and other entertainments. The most famous was the Tivoli,"
"a museum open to public tours. The courtyard where Rasputin attempted to flee from his killers is now occupied by a kindergarten playground adjacent to the main building. Moika Palace The Moika Palace or Yusupov Palace (, literally the Palace of the Yusupovs on the Moika) was once the primary residence in St. Petersburg, Russia of the House of Yusupov. The building was the site of Grigori Rasputin's murder in the early morning of December 17, 1916. The palace was first built around 1776 by the French architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe. Over the years a number of architects"
"cities and in remote areas. Sakha Republic proposes to use former forced labour camps as a tourist attraction. Poles visit places of Communist crimes, e.g. of the Katyn massacre and Solovetsky Islands. Russia enjoys a rich cultural heritage and is home to many museums. The most notable include the Tretyakov Gallery, the Kremlin Armoury and the State Historical Museum in Moscow, the Hermitage Museum, and the Russian Museum in St Petersburg, the Kazan Kremlin in Kazan, etc. Russia is also famous for having many museums related to its literary and classical music heritage, such as Yasnaya Polyana associated with Leo"
"of Teshilov (see), earthworks of which can be seen today. At the end of the 18th Century a prominent country house was established overlooking the water at Pushchino, which for a time became the home of Alexander Alyabyev (1787–1851), an acclaimed composer. During World War II Axis tank divisions reached 20 km from Pushchino, and until 1970 the mansion served as a hospital. The mansion was the setting for the director N. Mikhalkov’s 1974 film ‘An Unfinished Play for Mechanical Piano'. The Pushchino mansion is now in disrepair and the ruins are still an important tourist site. The President of"
"during the 1704 Battle of Narva noticed the great poverty of the rural population. The Narva-Jõesuu Lighthouse was erected in 1808. Thanks to its eight-kilometre-long white sand beach lined with pine trees – one of the best in Estonia – Narva-Jõesuu has long been a popular summer destination. In the late 19th and early 20th century it was a spa town frequented by the nobility from Saint Petersburg, which is less than to the east, and from Moscow. During the Soviet period it was visited in large numbers by residents of the renamed Leningrad, particularly the Russian intelligentsia, many of"
"had been started. ""Lilac Park"", founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium.Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction. Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called ""the graveyard of fallen monuments"" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union"
"Later it was the setting for celebrations to mark Russia's victory in the Great Northern War and the field was renamed the Amusement Field (Poteshnoe Pole). In the 1740s the Amusement Field was turned for a short while into a walking park with paths, lawn and flowers. Its next name – Tsarina’s Meadow – appears after the royal family commissioned Rastrelli to build the Summer Palace for Empress Elizabeth. But towards the end of the 18th century Tsarina’s Meadow became a military drill ground where they erected monuments commemorating the victories of the Russian Army and where parades and military"
"Russian victory over Napoleon, for example, was commemorated by the Narva Triumphal Gate (1827–1834), and the victory in the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 — by the Moscow Triumphal Gates (1834–1838). The Piskarevskoye Cemetery was opened in 1960 as a monument to the victims of the 900-Day Siege. St. Petersburg is surrounded by imperial residences, some of which are inscribed in the World Heritage list. These include: Peterhof, with the Grand Peterhof Palace and fountain cascades; Tsarskoe Selo, with the baroque Catherine Palace and the neoclassical Alexander Palace; and Pavlovsk Palace, which contains a domed palace of Emperor Paul (1782–1786) and a"
"which appeared in the neighborhood between the Grand boulevards and the Palais-Royal. The most famous was the Tivoli, located on rue Saint-Lazare, it had belonged to an aristocrat named Boutin, who was guillotined during the reign of terror. It was enormous, forty ""arpents"" in size, and could hold as many as ten thousand persons. It had alleys filled with promenaders, greenhouses, illuminations, an orchestra, dancing, a café and fireworks. Other new gardens competed by adding spectacles and pageants. The Élysée offered a pageant of costumed soldiers on horseback performing elaborate maneuvers and firing weapons. The Mouceaux had performers dressed as"