"it could become a commercial reality. In 1989, Magellan Navigation Inc. unveiled its Magellan NAV 1000, the world’s first commercial handheld GPS receiver. These units initially sold for approximately US$2,900 each. In 2000, the Clinton administration removed the military use signal restrictions, thus providing full commercial access to the US GPS satellite system. In 1990, Mazda's Eunos Cosmo was the first production car in the world with a built-in GPS navigation system. In 1991, Mitsubishi introduced GPS car navigation on the Mitsubishi Debonair (MMCS: Mitsubishi Multi Communication System). In 1997, a navigation system using Differential GPS was developed as a"
"factory-installed option on the Toyota Prius. As GPS navigation systems became more and more widespread and popular, the pricing of such systems began to fall, and their widespread availability steadily increased. Also, several additional manufacturers of these systems, such as Garmin (1991), Benefon (1999), Mio (2002) and TomTom (2002) entered the market. Mitac Mio 168 was the first PocketPC to contain a built-in GPS receiver. Benefon's 1999 entry into the market also presented users with the world's first phone based GPS navigation system. Later, as smartphone technology developed, a GPS chip eventually became standard equipment for most smartphones. To date,"
"also one of the first cars in the world to feature factory GPS automotive navigation system via CD-ROM. This generation Soarer was considered an expensive and extravagant luxury car in Japan. It was longer and wider than a Crown, while comfortably accommodating two passengers, with only modest space available for rear seat passengers. It did not comply with Japanese Government dimension regulations which made buyers liable for yearly taxes due to its size. The larger engines also obliged Japanese buyers to pay more annual road tax. From launch in 1991 until 2000 all models were available with a 4-speed automatic"
"with passenger front airbag), an external temperature gauge, digital odometer, seat belt pretensioners, and chlorofluorocarbon-free refrigerant were added. In 1992, the Celsior introduced the world first GPS navigation system with voice instructions, supplied by Aisin. By 1994, the LS 400's U.S. base price exceeded , a figure that had steadily risen since the vehicle's introduction. Customer demand for the vehicle and shifts in foreign exchange rates contributed to the increase in price. The growing popularity of the LS internationally was an asset to Toyota, as Japan had entered into an economic recession in 1991, that later became what was called"
"1990s, and were standard on some luxury vehicles at times, including some models made by Cadillac, Chrysler and Lincoln. They included not only a speedometer with a digital readout, but also a trip computer that displayed factors like the outdoor temperature, travel direction, fuel economy and distance to empty (DTE). In 1983, the Renault 11 Electronic was the first European hatchback to have a digital dashboard. Many vehicles made today have an analog speedometer paired with the latter in digital form. In the late 1980s into the early 1990s, General Motors had touch-screen CRTs with features such as date books"
"turbocharged engine, which could only be ordered with the manual transmission until 1991 models debuted. 1990: the Plymouth Laser was released in January 1989 as a 1990 model. Three models were initially offered: base, RS, and RS Turbo. The similar Mitsubishi Eclipse was also released in 1989, and the Eagle Talon soon followed. The RS models, among other options could be equipped with a factory installed CD player, a first such option on any Plymouth. 1991: the Laser received anti-lock brakes (ABS), and the turbocharged engine could now be ordered with an automatic transmission instead of a manual. The Laser"
"the final Chevrolet Caprice 9C1 (police package) cars manufactured in 1995 and 1996. They also shared many mechanical similarities to the GMT 325/330 midsize S/T pickups and utility vehicles. In 1990 a new all-wheel drive (AWD) system (the first U.S.-built minivan to do so), designed and developed by FF Developments (FFD), was made optional. The AWD models had a lower fuel economy: 17 miles per gallon highway versus 20 to 21 miles per gallon for rear-wheel drive vans. AWD Astros used a Borg Warner 4472 transfer case. Also in 1990, a new dashboard was introduced along with the availability of"
"mainstream. Electric power steering systems appeared on the Honda NSX in 1990, the FIAT Punto Mk2 in 1999, the Honda S2000 in 1999, Toyota Prius in 2000[15], the BMW Z4 in 2002, and the Mazda RX-8 in 2003. The first electric power steering system appeared on the Suzuki Cervo in 1988. The system has been applied by various automobile manufacturers. In 2000, the Honda S2000 Type V featured the first electric power variable gear ratio steering (VGS) system. In 2002, Toyota introduced the ""Variable Gear Ratio Steering"" (VGRS) system on the Lexus LX 470 and Landcruiser Cygnus, and also incorporated"
"Garmin AMB (Canada), Belanor (Norway), Trepat (Spain), and Garmin-Cluj (Romania). The company's first product was the GPS 100, a panel-mounted GPS receiver aimed at the marine market, priced at $2,500. It made its debut at the 1990 International Marine Technology Exposition in Chicago. Another early product, a handheld GPS receiver, was sold to military personnel serving in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia during the 1991 Gulf War. In the early 2000s (decade), Garmin launched a series of personal GPS devices aimed at recreational runners called the Forerunner. The Garmin Foretrex is a similar wrist-worn GPS device with two-dimensional GPS tracking and"
"system which used a coded electronic pellet embedded into the ignition key. Other new features for 1990 included a non-illuminated vanity mirror on the driver's visor (a passenger side visor mirror had been standard equipment for decades now), door edge guards (previously optional), ""clam shell"" front center armrest with storage, and manual seat-back recliners for driver and passenger. While Lincoln's Continental did not fare well against DeVille, a new sales threat—aimed directly at Cadillac—came from the 1990 debut of Toyota's Lexus LS400 and the Infiniti Q45 from Nissan. Additionally, the Acura Legend—Honda's high-end label—had been gaining momentum in the luxury"
"Japanese automakers Toyota and Nissan to launch their own luxury brands, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively. The 1990 launch of the NSX, a mid-engine exotic sports car, offered a reliable and practical alternative to exotic European sports cars, and introduced Honda's VTEC variable valve timing system to the North American market. The 1993 Legend coupé featured Honda's first use of a six-speed manual transmission, mated to a Type II engine. In the late 1990s, Acura produced a Type R version of its compact Integra coupé, which featured a reduced curb weight, a stiffer and lower suspension, and a high-output VTEC engine."
"for the 1997 model year, and in Australia from March 1997. The new name coincided with an improved air conditioning system. All US cars were equipped with an electronically controlled Aisin AW-series automatic transmission. Beginning in the 1995 model year, European cars with the 2.5 L engines were also available with a manual transmission, the so-called M90, a strong new design that was derived from the Volvo 850's transmission. With the demise of the 2.5 L engine, the M90 was paired with a detuned version () of the 3.0 L engine. Production of the 960 and its S90 and V90"
"Japanese built, series production twin sequential turbo systems to be offered for sale on a rotary engined car. The internationally known FD series RX-7 didn't receive the twin turbo 13B-REW engine until early 1992. The Eunos Cosmo was the first production car to have a built-in GPS navigation system, and the first in Japan to use the ""Palmnet"" serial data communication system for ECU-to-ECAT operation. This 4th generation Cosmo was ahead of its time electronically as well by being offered with ""Car Control System"", a CRT colour touch-screen controlling climate control, mobile phone, GPS car navigation, NTSC TV, radio and"
"chance of an accident occurring and enhances vehicle acceleration, with Aston Martin and Rolls-Royce Limited being two of the first car manufacturers to use the system. With the US government's decision to turn off GPS selective availability in 2001, GPS signal accuracy went from 100m to 3m overnight. Using the effectiveness and flexibility now offered by GPS technology, and the opportunity for high speed, high accuracy GPS devices within the vehicle testing market, Recelogic launched its first Velocity Box (a.k.a. VBOX) in 2001. In 2008 it launched its first video VBOX, a product that combined multi-camera video with GPS data"
"""Garmin Edge"" and certain models of ""Garmin Forerunner"" are a suite of GPS-enabled devices for use while running or cycling. Garmin offers integrated cockpits, panel mount displays, multi-function displays (MFD), transponders, radar and other avionics. Garmin entered this market in 1991 with the ""GPS-100AVD"" panel-mounted receiver. Its first portable unit, the ""GPS-95"", was introduced in 1993. In 1994, the ""GPS-155"" panel-mounted unit was the first GPS receiver on the market to receive full FAA certification for instrument approaches. In 1998, Garmin introduced the ""GNS-430"", an integrated GPS navigation receiver/communications transceiver. in 1998 rolled out its first integrated GPS, COM, VOR,"
"installed in a Japanese car, the Honda Legend, in 1987. In 1988, Chrysler was the first United States company to install standard driver's side air bags, in six of its passenger models. In 1989, Chrysler became the first U.S. auto manufacturer to install driver-side air bags in all its domestic-built automobiles. In 1995, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) began frontal offset crash tests. Also in the same year, Volvo introduced the world's first car with side airbags: the 850. In 1996, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) was established to test new vehicles' safety performance and"
"well as diagnostic access to the vehicle's electronic systems and sensors. Later models were equipped with conventional push button stereo and climate controls. The new system eliminated trip computer functionality and the climate control buttons could access diagnostic information, replacing diagnostic scanner capability formerly provided by the touchscreen. In 1990, the interior was redesigned, adding a driver's airbag and an optional CD player. In 1991, the ""L27"" 3800 engine and 4T60-E transmission replaced the ""LN3"" and hydraulic 4T60 units and the Reatta received a new ABS system, new 16"" wheels, automatic headlamps and a cup holder built into the armrest."
"Alfa Romeo Alfa 6 (all models 1979/1987), BMW M535, Early 635CSi (non-US) and (non-US) M3 E30, BMW 2002 Tii and Turbo, Fiat Dino 2.4 (ZF Box), Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.3-16 and 2.5-16, Mercedes-Benz 300 CE-24, Mercedes-Benz CW311, Ferrari 308/328/348, Ferrari Testarossa, Porsche 914, early 911, 924 Turbo (all featuring Getrag gearboxes), Cosworth Vega, Porsche 928, Talbot Sunbeam Lotus, Vauxhall Firenza HPF, Lancia Fulvia, Lancia Stratos, Lamborghini Countach, Maserati Biturbo, De Tomaso Pantera, and Aston Martin V12 Vantage. Despite the performance benefits, non-performance-oriented cars available with the dog-leg shift pattern were produced. Examples include the Ford Model A, Subaru 360, Datsun 140Y"
"the United States from 1990 to 2002, with a two-year hiatus for model years 1997 and 1998, in which the Infiniti I30 became their entry-level car. It was a rebadged version of the Nissan Primera sedan, primarily designed for the European market. It was launched in September 1990 as Infiniti's first small car as an entry-level alternative to the Q45; later advertisements in 1998 for the second-generation G20 emphasized its European heritage with the tag line ""Born in Japan. Educated in Europe. Now Available in America."" Two generations of the G20 exist in the United States, the HP10 (P10), built"
"that of the contemporary Chevrolet Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire. A four-door sedan followed in 1990 – imported from Japan. For Swifts in North America, the 1.0 liter three-cylinder was only available in Canada where it was sold from 1992 to 1994. In 1990, the GLX was dropped; an inexpensive GA 3-door was added as were GA, GL and GS four-door sedan. At the same time, the GTi name was changed to GT because of an out-of-court settlement with Volkswagen of America over their similarly named GTI. The Swift nameplate moved on to separate from the Cultus, eventually being placed on"
"rain-detecting wipers and side curtain airbags. Standard electronics include: CD, 8 Bose speakers, trip computer, RearView Monitor parking camera system, and a voice-activated navigation system. The 2002 Q45 was the first vehicle to ever offer voice-activated navigation controls and a reverse parking camera outside Japan, following the JDM 1991 Toyota Soarer. The car seated five and had a base price of US$56,200. The Q45 was no longer exported to the USA after 2006, being unintentionally replaced by a newly redesigned M35 and M45. While the M45 has a shorter length than the Q45, it boasts more interior room, greater performance,"
"""EP-S"" (electronic pneumatic-suspension), was only available on the AWD equipped VZ wagon with an automatic transmission. In 1990, the DOHC 2.0-liter turbocharged Legacy ""GT"" sedan/extended roof wagon was introduced, with a 4-speed computer-controlled automatic transmission only on the GT sedan and a choice of automatic or manual transmission on the wagon, as well as the slightly more affordable ""RS type R"" turbocharged sedan. The GT sedan/wagon, the RS, and RS type R came with 15-inch alloy wheels and 205/60R15 tires, dual piston brake calipers front and single piston rear, and a sport-tuned suspension over the standard wheel size of 14-inch"
"braces to performance models as standard or optional equipment, including the Acura CL Type-S, Acura TSX, Audi S3 8l (2000-2003), BMW M3, BMW 3 Series, Buick Regal, Ford Mustang Bullitt, Holden VY II Commodore, Honda Crosstour, Honda CR-V, Honda Integra Type R, Hyundai Genesis Coupe, Mazda Protege 5, Mazda RX-8, Mitsubishi Colt Ralliart, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, Mitsubishi Outlander, Mitsubishi Eclipse, Nissan Altima, Nissan Skyline, Nissan 350Z, Pontiac GTO, Pontiac Bonneville GXP, Saab 900 NG, Toyota MR2, Toyota Solara, Toyota Camry SE, Volvo S60 and the Subaru Legacy Many GM front wheel drive vehicles in the 1990s and later came factory"
"1988, only producing the GSi version after 1986 (it was sold as the GT/E in the UK). Its successor, the Calibra - sold as a Vauxhall in Britain, and as an Opel everywhere else - was launched in 1989. General Motors had decided in 1986 to develop a direct replacement for the Manta, despite a dip in popularity for affordable coupes and sports cars (possibly due to the rising popularity of ""hot hatchbacks"" like the Volkswagen Golf GTI) which even resulted in Ford deciding not to directly replace the once hugely popular Capri on its demise that year. However, Japanese"
"for the rest of their range, which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit. Since 1987 ABS has been standard equipment on all Mercedes Benz automobiles. In 1988, BMW introduced the first motorcycle with an electronic-hydraulic ABS: the BMW K100. Yamaha Introduced the FJ1200 model with optional ABS in 1991. Honda followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the ST1100 Pan European. In 2007, Suzuki launched its GSF1200SA (Bandit) with an ABS. In 2005, Harley-Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes. In 1993, Lincoln became one of the first automobile companies to provide"
"in 1997. The first OPC car was an Astra G launched in 1999. Prior to OPC models, Opel used the ""Grand Sport Injection"" (""GSi"") designation in the mid 1980s and the end of the 1990s for its high performance and hot hatch derivatives. Opel has offered many GSi models, e.g. the Manta B GSi, Kadett E GSi or Astra F GSi. The last vehicle with the GSi moniker was the Corsa C GSi, which was offered in the Opel model range until 2004. After three years, Opel decided to use the GSi moniker for the Corsa D in 2007. The"
"mid-size. The Cressida was an upper-level mid-size rear-wheel drive car with a straight-six engine, as the mid-market second-generation Camry was still classified as a compact car in the early 1990s. The Lexus GS, introduced in 1993 – one year after the Cressida's discontinuation – could also be considered a spiritual successor to the Cressida, as a midsize rear-wheel drive Toyota luxury vehicle with a strong kinship to the Toyota Supra and also derived from a shortened version of the Toyota Crown platform. A redesigned Mark II was released in October 1992, called the X90-series. It received a new front bumper"
"and continuing throughout the 90s. Stock and aftermarket compact disc players began appearing in the late 1980s, competing with the cassette. The first car with an OEM CD player was the 1987 Lincoln Town Car, and the last new cars in the American market to be factory-equipped with a cassette deck in the dashboard was the 2010 Lexus SC430, and the Ford Crown Victoria. From 1974 to 2005 the Autofahrer-Rundfunk-Informationssystem was used by the German ARD network. Developed jointly by the Institut für Rundfunktechnik and Blaupunkt, it indicated the presence of traffic announcements through manipulation of the 57kHz subcarrier of"
"Infiniti J30 The Infiniti J30, or Nissan Leopard J Ferie in Japan, was a rear wheel drive luxury car. The J30 went into production on April 7, 1992 as a 1993 model to replace the M30 (which was a coupe), and was launched in the United States after its competitor, the Lexus GS. The car was designed to slot between the smaller G20 and the larger Q45, as Infiniti's first mid-size sedan to compete directly with the Acura Legend. Also, it was fairly small but featured rounded styling uncharacteristic of the crowded executive car class, that is now reminiscent of"
"brand image, and the humble Beetle clashed with this identity, as seen in the Touareg and Passat luxury vehicles. In the late 1990s consumers strongly preferred more modern cars such as the Mexican Chevy, the Nissan Tsuru, and the Volkswagen Pointer and Lupo. However, demand for the Beetle was relatively high, especially in the 1990s, with the workforce increasing at the start of the decade. The price of the base model (without even a radio) was pegged with the official minimum wage, by an agreement between the company and the government. In 1990 it cost US$5,300. Official importation of the"
"cars and superminis grew in the 1990s to the 2000s, so did city cars. After some new superminis grew to be over long (like the Ford Fiesta, Opel Corsa, the SEAT Ibiza and the Volkswagen Polo), some automakers developed city car models more than long. The first of these models was the Nissan Micra (2002), which is long and smaller than many superminis of the late 1990s. Other cars are the Citroën C2, Suzuki Swift, Smart Forfour, Tata Indica, and Peugeot 1007 (the last one which can also be labelled as a mini MPV). Fiat launched their new Fiat 500"
"year. VW ended Autostick production with the 1976 model year. The Dodge Intrepid ES and Eagle Vision TSi were the first automobile models in North America that came equipped with the Autostick system as an option, later standard equipment on the 1997 Plymouth Prowler and 1999 Chrysler 300M. It was added to the JA cars on the 1997 Stratus. This system was standard on 1999 to 2003 model year Dodge Grand Caravan ES, but only the front-wheel drive models since the AWD used a different TCM. Many Chrysler models today come with this system, including the 300, 300C, Charger, Challenger,"
"before the model was available to the public. Chevrolet signed a deal with Disney-MGM Studios to make the 1990 Lumina the company's Official Car. Starting in 1990, Chevrolet offered a high performance version of the Lumina, the Lumina Z34. It came standard with the FE3 sport suspension package, the 210 hp LQ1 V6 engine shared with the Lumina Euro 3.4 (sedan), the five-speed Getrag 284 manual transmission, dual exhaust, and four-wheel anti-lock brakes. The Z34 also featured cosmetic changes to go along with the performance enhancements such as unique front and rear fascias, side skirts, a rear spoiler, a louvered"