"Group 12 element Group 12, by modern IUPAC numbering, is a group of chemical elements in the periodic table. It includes zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). The further inclusion of copernicium (Cn) in group 12 is supported by recent experiments on individual copernicium atoms. Formerly this group was named ""IIB"" (pronounced as ""group two B"", as the ""II"" is a Roman numeral) by CAS and old IUPAC system. The three group 12 elements that occur naturally are zinc, cadmium and mercury. They are all widely used in electric and electronic applications, as well as in various alloys. The"
"Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from ) and atomic number 50. It is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number"
"Compounds of zinc Compounds of zinc are chemical compounds containing the element zinc which is a member of the group 12 of the periodic table. The oxidation state of most compounds is the group oxidation state of +2. Zinc may be classified as a post-transition main group element with zinc(II). Zinc compounds are noteworthy for their nondescript behavior, they are generally colorless, do not readily engage in redox reactions, and generally adopt symmetrical structures. In its compounds, Zn ions have an electronic configuration [Ar]3d. As such, its complexes tend to be symmetrical, ZnO and zinc sulfide, ZnS, (zincblende) in which"
"Zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name ""zirconium"" is taken from the name of the mineral zircon (the word is related to Persian ""zargun"" (zircon;""zar-gun"", ""gold-like"" or ""as gold"")), the most important source of zirconium. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene"
"Isotopes of zinc Naturally occurring zinc (Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes Zn, Zn, Zn, Zn, and Zn with Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-five radioisotopes have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 10 meta states. Zinc has been proposed as a ""salting"" material for nuclear"
"Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so"
"weapons. A jacket of isotopically enriched Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope Zn with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 1.115 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. }} Isotopes of zinc Naturally occurring zinc (Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes Zn, Zn, Zn, Zn, and Zn with Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-five radioisotopes have been characterised"
"the most common. It is released as a product of U, mainly in nuclear plants and during nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. It has a very long half-life (1.53 million years), its decay emits only low energy radiations, and it is not considered as highly hazardous. Zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name ""zirconium"" is taken from the name of the mineral zircon (the word is related to Persian ""zargun"" (zircon;""zar-gun"", ""gold-like"" or ""as gold"")), the most important source of zirconium. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal"
"which produces an isotope of gallium. Zinc has an electron configuration of [Ar]3d4s and is a member of the group 12 of the periodic table. It is a moderately reactive metal and strong reducing agent. The surface of the pure metal tarnishes quickly, eventually forming a protective passivating layer of the basic zinc carbonate, , by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. This layer helps prevent further reaction with air and water. Zinc burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of zinc oxide. Zinc reacts readily with acids, alkalis and other non-metals. Extremely pure zinc reacts only"
"mg/m over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 mg/m, tin is immediately dangerous to life and health. Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from ) and atomic number 50. It is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with"
"blood cells in the body. Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for ) and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as tin dioxide, SnO. This silvery, malleable"
"is instead used in many languages, such as French, Russian, and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds. Nitrogen is the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. The name comes from the Greek πνίγειν ""to choke"", directly referencing nitrogen's asphyxiating properties. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dinitrogen, a colourless and odorless"
"was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number ""Z"" was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei. The conventional symbol ""Z"" possibly comes from the German word (atomic number). However, prior to 1915, the word ""Zahl"" (simply ""number"") was used for an element's assigned number in the periodic table. Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the"
"Neptunium Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus. A neptunium atom has 93 protons and 93 electrons, of which seven are valence electrons. Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. The element occurs in three allotropic forms and it normally exhibits five oxidation states, ranging from +3 to +7. It is radioactive, poisonous, pyrophoric, and can"
"with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and sodium. Although neither zinc nor zirconium are ferromagnetic, their alloy exhibits ferromagnetism below 35 K. A bar of zinc generates a characteristic sound when bent, similar to tin cry. Zinc makes up about 75 ppm (0.0075%) of Earth's crust, making it the 24th most abundant element. Soil contains zinc in 5–770 ppm with an average 64 ppm. Seawater has only 30 ppb and the atmosphere, 0.1–4 µg/m. The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead"
"is too long to have been observed. See list of nuclides for a tabulation. Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 78.41 hours. It is produced by proton irradiation of natural yttrium-89. Its most prominent gamma photon has an energy of 909 keV. Zirconium-89 is employed in specialized diagnostic applications using positron emission tomography imaging, for example, with zirconium-89 labeled antibodies (immuno-PET). For a decay table, see Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 1.53 million years, decaying with a low-energy beta particle to niobium-93, which decays with a halflife of 14 years and"
"inert. It is one of the so-called ""noble gases"". Neon is a trace component of the atmosphere without any biological role. Period 2 element A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, creating columns of elements with similar properties. The second period contains the elements lithium, beryllium, boron,"
"the proton (atomic) number of an element, such as ""Z""=3 (Lithium). On German typewriter- and computer keyboards (in comparison to those used in the UK/US), the positions of the letters Z and Y are swapped. (In German, Y is only used in loanwords and names.) Z Z (named ""zed"" or ""zee"" ) is the 26th and final letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In most English-speaking countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Zambia and Australia, the letter's name is ""zed"" , reflecting its derivation from the Greek ""zeta"" (this dates"
"Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe. It is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernovas, much of"
"Pnictogen A pnictogen is one of the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the nitrogen family. It consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and perhaps the chemically uncharacterized synthetic element moscovium (Mc). In modern IUPAC notation, it is called Group 15. In CAS and the old IUPAC systems it was called Group V and Group V respectively (pronounced ""group five A"" and ""group five B"", ""V"" for the Roman numeral 5). In the field of semiconductor physics, it is still usually called Group"
"doses and does not play any natural role inside the human body. Zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention. OSHA recommendations for zirconium are 5 mg/m time weighted average limit and a 10 mg/m short-term exposure limit. Only limited data exists on the toxicology of hafnium. Group 4 element Group 4 is a group of elements in the periodic table. It contains the elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf) and rutherfordium (Rf). This group lies in the d-block of the periodic table. The group itself has not acquired a trivial name; it"
"Period 6 element A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or ""period"") of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The sixth period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 7, beginning with caesium and ending with radon. Lead is currently"
"in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century. The conventional symbol ""Z"" comes from the German word meaning ""number"", which, before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this ""Z"" number was also the nuclear"
"Period 2 element A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, creating columns of elements with similar properties. The second period contains the elements lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and neon. This situation can be explained by modern theories of atomic structure. In a quantum mechanical"
"radioactive, and therefore present radioactive hazards. Period 6 element A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or ""period"") of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The sixth period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 7, beginning with caesium and"
"Znucalite Znucalite or CaZn(UO)(CO)(OH)·4(HO) is a rare, radioactive, white to pale cream colored uranium-containing carbonate mineral, hydrated calcium zinc uranyl carbonate hydroxide. Znucalite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, often forming aggregates or crusts, and is found as a rare secondary species in carbonate-hosted (meaning it is mined from carbonate containing formations such as limestone) polymetallic veins, and nearby oxidizing uranium veins; on dump material and coating mine walls, apparently of post-mine origin. It fluoresces yellow-green under UV light. It was first described in 1989, after being discovered in Lill Mine, Černojamské deposit (Black pits deposit) in the Czech Republic. It"
"Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed ""protium"" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons. The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless,"
"Zinc nitride Zinc nitride (ZnN) is an inorganic compound of zinc and nitrogen, usually obtained as (blue)grey crystals. It is a semiconductor. In pure form, it has the anti-bixbyite structure. Zinc nitride can be obtained by thermally decomposing zincamide (zinc diamine) in an anaerobic environment, at temperatures in excess of 200 °C. The by-product of the reaction is ammonia. 3Zn(NH) → ZnN + 4NH It can also be formed by heating zinc to 600 °C in a current of ammonia; the by-product is hydrogen gas. 3Zn + 2NH → ZnN + 3H The decomposition of Zinc Nitride into the elements"
"Period 3 element A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when the periodic table skips a row and a chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns. The third period contains eight elements: sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon. The first"
"a nervous malady called metal fume fever. For this reason, typically galvanized steel is not welded, or the zinc is removed first. Zinc oxide Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. ZnO is a white powder that is insoluble in water, and it is widely used as an additive in numerous materials and products including rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, and first-aid tapes. Although it occurs naturally as the mineral zincite, most zinc oxide is produced synthetically. ZnO is a wide-bandgap semiconductor of the II-VI semiconductor"
"lighter transition metals) are the most abundant elements on earth, in the solar system, and in the universe. They are sometimes also called the representative elements. Group 12 elements are often considered to be transition metals; however, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) share some properties of both groups, and many scientists believe they should be included in the main group. Occasionally, even the group 3 elements as well as the lanthanides and actinides have been included, because especially the group 3 elements and lanthanides are electropositive elements with only one main oxidation state like the group 1 and"
"gas. Zinc reacts with alkalis as with acids. With oxidants such as chalcogens and halogens, Zn forms binary compounds such as ZnS and ZnCl. Zinc oxide, ZnO, is the most important manufactured compound of zinc, with a wide variety of uses. It crystallizes with the Wurtzite structure. It is amphoteric, dissolving in acids to give the aqueous Zn ion and in alkali to give the zincate (a.k.a. tetrahydroxozincate) ion, [Zn(OH)]. Zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH) is also amphoteric. Zinc sulfide, ZnS, crystallizes in two closely related structures, the zincblende crystal structure and the Wurtzite crystal structure, which are common structures of compounds"
"terms of HSAB theory Zn is a hard acid. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(HO)] is the predominant species. Aqueous solutions of zinc salts are mildly acidic because the aqua-ion is subject to hydrolysis with a p""K""of around 9, depending on conditions. Hydrolysis explains why basic salts such as basic zinc acetate and basic zinc carbonate, Zn(OH)(CO)•HO are easy to obtain. The reason for the hydrolysis is the high electrical charge density on the zinc ion, which pulls electrons away from an OH bond of a coordinated water molecule and releases a hydrogen ion. The polarizing effect of Zn"