"Homage to Catalonia Homage to Catalonia is George Orwell's personal account of his experiences and observations fighting for the Republican army during the Spanish Civil War. The war was one of the shaping events on his political outlook and a significant part of what led him to write, in 1946, ""Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for Democratic Socialism, as I understand it."" The first edition was published in the United Kingdom in 1938. The book was not published in the United States until February 1952,"
"Russian Trotskyist trials and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press."" Orwell's experiences in the Spanish Civil War gave rise to ""Homage to Catalonia"" (1938). Orwell returned to England in June 1937, and stayed at the O'Shaughnessy home at Greenwich. He found his views on the Spanish Civil War out of favour. Kingsley Martin rejected two of his works and Gollancz was equally cautious. At the same time, the communist ""Daily Worker"" was running an attack on ""The Road to Wigan Pier"", taking out of context Orwell writing that ""the"
"and was believed to have been destined for Spain. Among those who went to Spain was Eric Blair (better known as George Orwell) and it is known that Brockway wrote a letter of recommendation for Blair to present to the ILP representatives in Barcelona. Following the Spanish Civil War, he advocated public understanding of the conflict. He wrote a number of articles about the conflict and was influential in getting Orwell's ""Homage to Catalonia"" published. Notwithstanding his support for British participation in the Second World War, he served as Chair of the Central Board for Conscientious Objectors throughout the war,"
"Catalan literature is maintained despite the repression against the Catalan language, being often produced in exile. The most outstanding authors of this period are Salvador Espriu, Josep Pla, Josep Maria de Sagarra (the latter three being considered as the main responsible of the renewal of Catalan prose), Mercè Rodoreda, Joan Oliver Sallarès or ""Pere Quart"", Pere Calders, Gabriel Ferrater, Manuel de Pedrolo, Agustí Bartra or Miquel Martí i Pol. In addition, several foreign writers who fought in the framework of the International Brigades then recount their experiences of fighting in their works, historical or fictional, with for example ""Homage to"
"and ""Homage to Catalonia"" (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, are widely acclaimed, as are his essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, ""The Times"" ranked him second on a list of ""The 50 greatest British writers since 1945"". Orwell's work continues to influence popular and political culture and the term ""Orwellian""—descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices—has entered the language together with many of his neologisms, including ""Big Brother"", ""Thought Police"", ""Room 101"", ""memory hole"", ""newspeak"", ""doublethink"", ""proles"", ""unperson"" and ""thoughtcrime"". Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903 in Motihari,"
"his experiences tramping and teaching in those two cities. ""The Road to Wigan Pier"" is initially a study of poverty in the North of England, but ends with an extended autobiographical essay describing some of Orwell's experiences with poverty. ""Homage to Catalonia"" recounts his experiences as a volunteer fighting fascism with the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification in anarchist Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War. Orwell wrote hundreds of essays, book reviews and editorials. His insights into linguistics, literature and politics—in particular anti-fascism, anti-communism, and democratic socialism—continued to be influential decades after his death. Over a dozen of these were"
"genocide of the people of Scotland. James Michie James Michie (1927–2007) was a British poet and translator of Latin poets, including The Odes of Horace, The Poems of Catullus, and The Epigrams of Martial. He was director of the Bodley Head Ltd., a British publishing company, and lecturer at London University. His ""Collected Poems"" won the 1995 Hawthornden Prize. He caused controversy in 2004 when his poem, ""Friendly Fire"", was published in The Spectator (under then editor Boris Johnson). The poem, purporting to be satirical, was a scathing attack on Scotland and the Scottish people from the perspective of an"
"a Nightingale,' 'Ode on a Grecian Urn,' and 'To Autumn' as three of the most anthologized lyric poems of tragic vision in English."" To Autumn ""To Autumn"" is a poem by English Romantic poet John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821). The work was composed on 19 September 1819 and published in 1820 in a volume of Keats's poetry that included ""Lamia"" and ""The Eve of St. Agnes"". ""To Autumn"" is the final work in a group of poems known as Keats's ""1819 odes"". Although personal problems left him little time to devote to poetry in 1819, he"
"In Catalonia, the work went almost unnoticed. Mort de dama Mort de dama (in Catalan: ""Death of a lady"") is the first novel of the Majorcan writer Llorenç Villalonga written in 1931. It is considered one of the first modern novels written in Catalan language from the Balearic Islands. It's a psychological and satirical novel, in which the author carries out a criticism of almost all social estates of that time, except for the Church. At that point, his criticism caused a great controversy among the readers, who made a negative review of the book. Villalonga himself dedicated it to"
"He was admitted to Preston Hall Sanatorium at Aylesford, Kent, a British Legion hospital for ex-servicemen to which his brother-in-law Laurence O'Shaughnessy was attached. He was thought initially to be suffering from tuberculosis and stayed in the sanatorium until September. A stream of visitors came to see him, including Common, Heppenstall, Plowman and Cyril Connolly. Connolly brought with him Stephen Spender, a cause of some embarrassment as Orwell had referred to Spender as a ""pansy friend"" some time earlier. ""Homage to Catalonia"" was published by Secker & Warburg and was a commercial flop. In the latter part of his stay"
"book ""Homage to Catalonia"" to Secker & Warburg, who published it in 1938. They also published, after 18 months of rejections and setbacks, ""Animal Farm"" (1945), and Orwell's subsequent books. Orwell and Warburg later became intimate friends. Secker & Warburg published other books by key figures of the anti-Stalinist left, such as Minty Alley, World Revolution, and The Black Jacobins by C. L. R. James, Rudolf Rocker and Boris Souvarine, as well as works by Lewis Mumford. In February 1941 the company launched a series of ""long pamphlets"" or ""short books"" called Searchlight Books, edited by George Orwell and T."
"Mort de dama Mort de dama (in Catalan: ""Death of a lady"") is the first novel of the Majorcan writer Llorenç Villalonga written in 1931. It is considered one of the first modern novels written in Catalan language from the Balearic Islands. It's a psychological and satirical novel, in which the author carries out a criticism of almost all social estates of that time, except for the Church. At that point, his criticism caused a great controversy among the readers, who made a negative review of the book. Villalonga himself dedicated it to «all those who do not get angry»."
"Gerald Hamilton Gerald Bernard Francis Hamilton (1 November 1890 – 1970) was a British memoirist, critic and internationalist known as ""the wickedest man in Europe"". Born Gerald Frank Hamilton Souter in Shanghai on 1 November 1890, but educated at Lambrook preparatory and Rugby School in England, he counted among his friends Winston Churchill, Robin Maugham, Tallulah Bankhead and Christopher Isherwood, who wrote of Hamilton's remarkable personality and frequently shady dealings in his literary memoir ""Christopher and His Kind"". Hamilton's father was a businessman of Scottish descent with commercial interests in China, his mother was English. Hamilton converted to Roman Catholicism."
"the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), were a particularly militant group. Thousands of people from many countries went to Spain in support of the anti-fascist cause, joining units such as the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, the British Battalion, the Dabrowski Battalion, the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion, the Naftali Botwin Company and the Thälmann Battalion, including Winston Churchill's nephew, Esmond Romilly. Notable anti-fascists who worked internationally against Franco included: George Orwell (who fought in the POUM militia and wrote ""Homage to Catalonia"" about this experience), Ernest Hemingway (a supporter of the International Brigades who wrote ""For Whom the Bell Tolls"" about this experience), and radical"
"of the last stanza of ""To Althea, From Prison"": and the end of ""To Lucasta. Going to the Warres"": Richard Lovelace Richard Lovelace (pronounced , homophone of ""loveless"") (9 December 1617 – 1657) was an English poet in the seventeenth century. He was a cavalier poet who fought on behalf of the king during the Civil War. His best known works are ""To Althea, from Prison"", and ""To Lucasta, Going to the Warres"". Richard Lovelace was born on 9 December 1617. His exact birthplace is unknown, and may have been Woolwich, Kent, or Holland. He was the oldest son of"
"Contingent. While not supported officially, many American volunteers such as the Abraham Lincoln Brigade fought for the Republicans. 'Spain' became the cause célèbre for the left-leaning intelligentsia across the Western world, and many prominent artists and writers entered the Republic's service. As well, it attracted a large number of foreign left-wing working class men, for whom the war offered not only idealistic adventure but also an escape from post-Depression unemployment. Among the more famous foreigners participating on the Republic's side was George Orwell, who went on to write about his experiences in ""Homage to Catalonia"". Orwell's novel ""Animal Farm"" was"
"spate of bad literature. ""Homage to Catalonia"" is one of the few exceptions and the reason is simple. Orwell was determined to set down the truth as he saw it. This was something that many writers of the Left in 1936–39 could not bring themselves to do. Orwell comes back time and time again in his writings on Spain to those political conditions in the late thirties which fostered intellectual dishonesty: the subservience of the intellectuals of the European Left to the Communist 'line', especially in the case of the Popular Front in Spain where, in his view, the party"
"his preface to the Serious ""Reflections"", the final sequel to Robinson Crusoe. He died in London on 1 January 1724. Charles Gildon Charles Gildon (c. 1665 – 1 January 1724), was an English hack writer who was, by turns, a translator, biographer, essayist, playwright, poet, author of fictional letters, fabulist, short story author, and critic. He provided the source for many lives of Restoration figures, although he appears to have propagated or invented numerous errors with them. He is remembered best as a target of Alexander Pope's in both ""Dunciad"" and the ""Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot"" and an enemy of"
"Hamilton became friends with John Symonds, author and editor, who wrote ""Conversations with Gerald"" about their acquaintance. There is a classic account of Hamilton in later life in Robin Maugham's second volume of autobiography, ""Search for Nirvana"" (1979). Hamilton was portrayed by Toby Jones in the BBC production ""Christopher and His Kind"" (2011). Gerald Hamilton Gerald Bernard Francis Hamilton (1 November 1890 – 1970) was a British memoirist, critic and internationalist known as ""the wickedest man in Europe"". Born Gerald Frank Hamilton Souter in Shanghai on 1 November 1890, but educated at Lambrook preparatory and Rugby School in England, he"
"Catalonia"" of the British George Orwell in 1938 or ""Le Palace"" in 1962 and ""The Georgics"" in 1981 by Frenchman Claude Simon. After the transition to democracy (1975–1978) and the restoration of the Generalitat (1977), literary life and the editorial market have returned to normality and literary production in Catalan is being bolstered with a number of language policies intended to protect Catalan culture. Besides the aforementioned authors, other relevant 20th-century writers of the Francoist and democracy periods include Joan Brossa, Agustí Bartra, Manuel de Pedrolo, Pere Calders or Quim Monzó. Ana María Matute, Jaime Gil de Biedma, Manuel Vázquez"
"The British communist journalist, Claud Cockburn, who met Koltsov in Spain, described him as ""a stocky little Jew with a huge head and one of the most expressive faces of any man I ever met...He unquestionably and positively enjoyed the sense of danger and sometime - by his political indiscretions, for instance, or still more wildly indiscreet love affairs - deliberately created dangers which need not have existed."" George Orwell in Homage to Catalonia (1938) accused Cockburn of cooperating with Koltsov to produce false stories that favored Soviet objectives in Spain. Ernest Hemingway, in his novel For Whom the Bell"
"ILP Contingent The British Independent Labour Party sent a small contingent to fight in the Spanish Civil War. The contingent fought alongside the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) and included George Orwell, who subsequently wrote about his experiences in his personal account ""Homage to Catalonia"". The main body of the ILP contingent consisting of about 25 men departed from England on 1 January 1937, under the leadership of Bob Edwards, later a Member of Parliament for the Labour Party. The ILP had begun organising volunteers in November 1936 following the return to Britain of Bob Edwards from delivering an"
"posters, books, radio programs, and leaflets are a few examples of this media art that was so influential during the war. Produced by both nationalists and republicans, propaganda allowed Spaniards a way to spread awareness about their war all over the world. A film co-produced by famous early-twentieth century authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Lillian Hellman was used as a way to advertise Spain's need for military and monetary aid. This film, ""The Spanish Earth"", premiered in America in July 1937. In 1938, George Orwell's ""Homage to Catalonia"", a personal account of his experiences and observations in the war,"
"Critical Essays"", ""William Carlos Williams: A Critical Anthology"", ""George Oppen: Selected Poems"", ""Eros English'd: Classical Erotic Poetry in Translation from Golding to Hardy"", and ""John Dryden: Poems"". His poetry has been translated into Spanish by Jordi Doce and Octavio Paz, into Italian by Silvano Sabbadini, Edoardo Zuccato, and others, into French by Michele Duclos, and into Greek by Yannis Livadas. Charles Tomlinson Alfred Charles Tomlinson, CBE (8 January 1927 – 22 August 2015) was a British poet, translator, academic and illustrator. He was born in Penkhull, and grew up in Basford, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. After attending Longton High School, Tomlinson read"
"John Abraham Heraud John Abraham Heraud (1799–1887) was an English journalist and poet. He published two extravagant epic poems, ""The Descent into Hell"" (1830), and ""The Judgment of the Flood"" (1834). He also wrote plays, and travel books. He was born in the parish of St Andrew's, Holborn, London, on 5 July 1799. His father, James Abraham Heraud, of Huguenot descent, was a law stationer, and died at Tottenham, Middlesex, on 6 May 1846, having married Jane, daughter of John and Elizabeth Hicks; she died 2 August 1850. John Abraham, the son, was privately educated, and originally destined for business,"
"(translated as ""Belarmino and Apolonio""), ""Tiger Juan"" (1926) and ""El curandero de su honra"" (""The Healer of his Honour"") (1927). ""La paz del sendero"" (""The Peace of the Path"") (1903), ""El sendero innumerable"" (1916), and ""El sendero andante"" (1921), his major poetic works, show the influence of French symbolism. He also wrote satiric essays and dramatic criticism. Ramón Pérez de Ayala Ramón Pérez de Ayala (9 August 1880, in Oviedo – 5 August 1962, in Madrid) was a Spanish writer. He was the Spanish ambassador to England in London (1931-1936) and voluntarily exiled himself to Argentina via France because of"
"""The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich"" (1848) and ""Poems"" (1841–1844–1849–1852). Attribution: Arthur Hugh Clough Arthur Hugh Clough ( ; 1 January 181913 November 1861) was an English poet, an educationalist, and the devoted assistant to Florence Nightingale. He was the brother of suffragist Anne Clough and father to Blanche Athena Clough who both became principals of Newnham College, Cambridge. Arthur Clough was born in Liverpool to James Butler Clough, a cotton merchant of Welsh descent, and Anne Perfect, from Pontefract in Yorkshire. In 1822 the family moved to the United States, and Clough's early childhood was spent mainly in Charleston, South Carolina."
"Richard Lovelace Richard Lovelace (pronounced , homophone of ""loveless"") (9 December 1617 – 1657) was an English poet in the seventeenth century. He was a cavalier poet who fought on behalf of the king during the Civil War. His best known works are ""To Althea, from Prison"", and ""To Lucasta, Going to the Warres"". Richard Lovelace was born on 9 December 1617. His exact birthplace is unknown, and may have been Woolwich, Kent, or Holland. He was the oldest son of Sir William Lovelace and Anne Barne Lovelace. He had four brothers and three sisters. His father was from a"
"or gestures alone."" According to the historian Antony Beevor, the publication of the book in 1938, ""which described the nationalist terror on Majorca, greatly strengthened the liberal Catholic reaction against the Church's official support for Franco."" Writing in 1938, Richard Rees named it, along with George Orwell's ""Homage to Catalonia"" and Elliot Paul's ""Life and Death of a Spanish Town"", amongst, ""the only books about Spain that can be said to be written by people with free (i.e. fundamentally honest, if often mistaken) minds."" Les grands cimetières sous la lune Les Grands Cimetières sous la Lune (1938; English: literally, ""The"
"and Edith Heraud, an actress. John Abraham Heraud John Abraham Heraud (1799–1887) was an English journalist and poet. He published two extravagant epic poems, ""The Descent into Hell"" (1830), and ""The Judgment of the Flood"" (1834). He also wrote plays, and travel books. He was born in the parish of St Andrew's, Holborn, London, on 5 July 1799. His father, James Abraham Heraud, of Huguenot descent, was a law stationer, and died at Tottenham, Middlesex, on 6 May 1846, having married Jane, daughter of John and Elizabeth Hicks; she died 2 August 1850. John Abraham, the son, was privately educated,"
"Philip Toynbee Theodore Philip Toynbee (25 June 1916 – 15 June 1981) was a British writer and communist. He wrote experimental novels, and distinctive verse novels, one of which was an epic called ""Pantaloon"", a work in several volumes, only some of which are published. He also wrote memoirs of the 1930s, and reviews and literary criticism, the latter mainly via his employment with ""The Observer"" newspaper. He was born in Oxford; his father was the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, and his maternal grandfather was Gilbert Murray. He was educated at Rugby School, where he became rebellious, reacting against the"
"labourers, and parts of the middle class. The conservative, strongly Catholic Basque country, along with Catholic Galicia and the more left-leaning Catalonia, sought autonomy or independence from the central government of Madrid. The Republican government allowed for the possibility of self-government for the two regions, whose forces were gathered under the People's Republican Army (""Ejército Popular Republicano"", or EPR), which was reorganized into mixed brigades after October 1936. A few well-known people fought on the Republican side, such as English novelist George Orwell (who wrote ""Homage to Catalonia"" (1938), an account of his experiences in the war) and Canadian thoracic"
"Charles Gildon Charles Gildon (c. 1665 – 1 January 1724), was an English hack writer who was, by turns, a translator, biographer, essayist, playwright, poet, author of fictional letters, fabulist, short story author, and critic. He provided the source for many lives of Restoration figures, although he appears to have propagated or invented numerous errors with them. He is remembered best as a target of Alexander Pope's in both ""Dunciad"" and the ""Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot"" and an enemy of Jonathan Swift's. Gildon's biographies are, in many cases, the only biographies available, but they have nearly without exception been shown"