"""Tablet of Shamash"" (c. 888–855 BC) can be superimposed with two orders of golden rectangles. Various attempts have been made to link other ancient objects to the golden ratio, but many of these claims lack specificity or evidence to back them. Though ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras (c. 570 BC–c. 495 BC) left behind no writing, he is generally credited with knowledge of the golden ratio and the related dodecahedron, and imparting this knowledge to ; their symbol was the pentagram. According to one story, the 5th-century Pythagorean Hippasus discovered that the golden ratio was an irrational number, surprising other Pythagoreans."
"of all kinds of animal food except the flesh of oxen used for ploughing, and rams. According to Heraclides Ponticus, Pythagoras ate the meat from sacrifices and established a diet for athletes dependent on meat. Within his own lifetime, Pythagoras was already the subject of elaborate hagiographic legends. Aristotle described Pythagoras as a wonder-worker and somewhat of a supernatural figure. In a fragment, Aristotle writes that Pythagoras had a golden thigh, which he publicly exhibited at the Olympic Games and showed to Abaris the Hyperborean as proof of his identity as the ""Hyperborean Apollo"". Supposedly, the priest of Apollo gave"
"(600a), it is said that it ""befits a wise man"" to have ""many inventions and useful devices in the crafts or sciences"" attributed to him, citing Thales and Anacharsis the Scythian as examples. According to a number of moralistic stories, there was a golden tripod (or, in some versions of the story, a bowl or cup) which was to be given to the wisest. Allegedly, it passed in turn from one of the seven sages to another, beginning with Thales, until one of them (either Thales or Solon, depending on the story) finally dedicated it to Apollo who was held"
"of the most renowned Western philosophers of all time. Chief among these were Socrates, whose ideas exist primarily in a series of dialogues by his student Plato, who mixed them with his own; Plato; and Plato's student, Aristotle. Other notable philosophers of the Golden Age included Anaxagoras; Democritus (who first inquired as to what substance lies within all matter, the earliest known proposal of what is now called the atom or its sub-units); Empedocles; Hippias; Isocrates; Parmenides; Heraclitus; and Protagoras. In the second half of the 5th century BC the name of sophist (from the Greek ""sophistês"", expert, teacher, man"
"Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca The Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca is an ancient Roman statue from the first half of the third century AD. The herm depicts the Greek philosopher Socrates on one side, and the Roman Stoic Seneca the Younger on the other. It currently belongs to the Antikensammlung Berlin, found in the Pergamonmuseum. The two philosophers are joined together at the back of the head; their chests are in the shape of a herm. Both men have the usual cloak of a philosopher or orator above their left shoulder, although Socrates also wears an undershirt."
"and lack of reliability serves as the modern basis of criticism—that it is nearly impossible to know the real Socrates. Some controversy also exists about Socrates's attitude towards homosexuality and as to whether or not he believed in the Olympian gods, was monotheistic, or held some other religious viewpoint. However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic. Socrates Socrates (; , ; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the"
"depicting him as ""frail with all the glosses"". His contemporary Posidippus wrote that Philadelphus commissioned a bronze of Philitas in old age from the sculptor Hecataeus, which ""included nothing from the physique of heroes. No, ... he cast the old man full of cares."" The 3rd century AD Roman author Aelian skeptically passed along a story that Philitas was so thin that he put lead weights in the soles of his shoes to avoid being blown away by a stiff wind. A 2nd century AD Greek author, Athenaeus of Naucratis, wrote that Philitas studied false arguments and erroneous word-usage so"
"Socrates Socrates (; , ; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, he made no writings, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers writing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. Other sources include the contemporaneous Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Aeschines of Sphettos. Aristophanes, a playwright, is the only source to have written during his lifetime. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive"
"Plato Plato (; ""Plátōn"", in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the development of Western philosophy. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: ""the safest general characterization of"
"idea, as shown by the wooden toe found on a body from the New Kingdom. Roman bronze crowns have also been found, but their use could have been more aesthetic than medical. An early mention of a prosthetic comes from the Greek historian Herodotus, who tells the story of Hegesistratus, a Greek diviner who cut off his own foot to escape his Spartan captors and replaced it with a wooden one. Pliny the Elder also recorded the tale of a Roman general, Marcus Sergius, whose right hand was cut off while campaigning and had an iron hand made to hold"
"middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek Polis. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (Pre-Socratic philosophy). Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Diogenes of Apollonia were among of the renowned Milesian school philosophers. Heraclitus lived in Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/;[1] Greek: Ἔφεσος Ephesos; Turkish: Efes) another ancient Greek city and Anaxagoras was from Clazomenae, a city on the coast of Ionia and a member of the Ionian League. All Ancient Greek dialects were spoken in Anatolia depending on the"
"Iccus of Taranto Iccus of Taranto () (5th century BC) was a Magna Grecia Olympic athlete, a victor during the 84th Games (444 BC) or 70th Games (470 BC) according to older sources. He is considered the father of athletic dietology. He prepared himself physically before competing according to ethical-religious Pythagorean concepts by abstaining from sexual intercourse and a frugal diet specially prepared. He also taught these principles. Pausanias calls him the best gymnast of his age, and Plato also mentions him with great praise. Iamblichus calls him a Pythagorean, and, according to Themistius, Plato reckoned him among the sophists."
"Iccus of Taranto Iccus of Taranto () (5th century BC) was a Magna Grecia Olympic athlete, a victor during the 84th Games (444 BC) or 70th Games (470 BC) according to older sources. He is considered the father of athletic dietology. He prepared himself physically before competing according to ethical-religious Pythagorean concepts by abstaining from sexual intercourse and a frugal diet specially prepared. He also taught these principles. Pausanias calls him the best gymnast of his age, and Plato also mentions him with great praise. Iamblichus calls him a Pythagorean, and, according to Themistius, Plato reckoned him among the sophists."
"Democrates Democrates (; ) was a Pythagorean philosopher about whom little is known. Apollonius of Tyana wrote at least one letter to a Democrates, ""Epistle 88"". A collection of moral maxims, called the ""Golden Sentences"" () has come down to us under his name. However, many scholars argue that these maxims all originate from an original collection of sayings of Democritus, though others believe that there was a different little-known Democrates whose name became confused with the much better-known Democritus. The maxims are written in the Ionic dialect, from which some scholars have inferred, that they were written at a"
"verse""). Additionally, although they are not described as his students, Gorgias is widely thought to have influenced the styles of the historian Thucydides, the tragic playwright Agathon, the doctor Hippocrates, the rhetorician Alcidamas, and the poet and commentator Lycophron. Gorgias is reputed to have lived to be one hundred and eight years old (Matsen, Rollinson and Sousa, 33). He won admiration for his ability to speak on any subject (Matsen, Rollinson and Sousa, 33). He accumulated considerable wealth; enough to commission a gold statue of himself for a public temple. After his Pythian Oration, the Greeks installed a solid gold"
"suggest that this might explain Plato's choice of Thrasymachus as the ""combative and bombastic propounder of the 'might is right' theory"" for his ""Republic"". Against this theory, however, scholar Angie Hobbs suggests that Thrasymachus's intention may be ""simply to expose current hypocrisies, rather than to applaud their manipulation"". Plato mentions Thrasymachus as a successful rhetorician in his ""Phaedrus"", but attributes nothing significant to him. The Byzantine Suda gives a brief description of Thrasymachus affirming his position as a rhetorical theorist. ""A Chalcedonian sophist, from the Chalcedon in Bithynia. He was the first to discover period and colon, and he introduced"
"Sophists include Protagoras (490-420 BC) from Abdera in Thrace, Gorgias (487-376 BC) from Leontini in Sicily, Hippias (485-415 BC) from Elis in the Peloponnesos, Prodicus (465-390 BC) from the island of Ceos, and Thrasymachus (459-400 BC) from Chalcedon on the Bosphorus. This list includes several men, particularly the Seven Sages, who appear to have been practical politicians and sources of epigrammatic wisdom, rather than speculative thinkers or philosophers in the modern sense. Pre-Socratic philosophy A number of early Greek philosophers active before and during the time of Socrates are collectively known as the pre-Socratics. Their inquiries spanned the workings of"
"The Thinker The Thinker () is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a nude male figure of over life-size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought, often used as an image to represent philosophy. There are about 28 full-sized castings, in which the figure is about 186cm high, though not all were made during Rodin's lifetime and under his supervision. There are various other versions, as well, several in plaster, and studies and posthumous castings exist in a range of sizes. Rodin"
"Thales of Miletus Thales of Miletus (; , ""Thalēs""; 624 – c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer from Miletus in Asia Minor (present-day Milet in Turkey). He was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regarded him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, and he is otherwise historically recognized as the first individual in Western civilization known to have entertained and engaged in scientific philosophy. Thales is recognized for breaking from the use of mythology to explain the world and the universe, and instead explaining natural objects and phenomena"
"sources claim that famous figures like Lycurgus, Democritus, and Pyrrho may have met them. They are mentioned by authors such as Philo, Lucian, Clement, Philostratus, and Heliodorus and are thought to have served as models to Cynics as well as Christian ascetics. Many authors have discussed the purported questions by Alexander and answers by the Gymnosophists. The term was used by Plutarch (c. CE 46 – CE 120) in the 1st century CE, when describing an encounter by Alexander the Great with ten gymnosophists near the banks of the Indus river in what is now Pakistan. Diogenes Laertius (fl. 3rd"
"a written verse in the Bible. 1 Samuel 17:6 describes Goliath, a Philistine champion from Gath, who wore a bronze helmet, coat of mail, and bronze leggings. The Book of Samuel is commonly accepted to be written by Prophets Samuel, Nathan, and Gad between 960 and 700 B.C. Later, more concrete, examples of the shin guard concept resurfaced in the Middle Ages. All studies and evidence show greaves were improved to cover the entire lower leg, front and back, from the feet to the knees, and were mostly made of cloth, leather, or iron. As time progressed into the 19th"
"from ritual pollution. Sappho's contemporary Alcman of Sparta praised golden hair as one of the most desirable qualities of a beautiful woman, describing in various poems ""the girl with the yellow hair"" and a girl ""with the hair like purest gold."" In the fifth century BC, the sculptor Pheidias may have depicted the Greek goddess of wisdom Athena's hair using gold in his famous statue of ""Athena Parthenos"", which was displayed inside the Parthenon. The Greeks thought of the Thracians who lived to the north as having reddish-blond hair. Because many Greek slaves were captured from Thrace, slaves were stereotyped"
"very early period. Others think it more probable that they are the production of the age of Julius Caesar. But nothing can be said with certainty, for want of both external and internal evidence. Some of these sentences are quoted by Stobaeus, and are found in some manuscripts under the name of Democritus. Democrates Democrates (; ) was a Pythagorean philosopher about whom little is known. Apollonius of Tyana wrote at least one letter to a Democrates, ""Epistle 88"". A collection of moral maxims, called the ""Golden Sentences"" () has come down to us under his name. However, many scholars"
"in the temple of Apollo at Branchidae. Hermotimus of Clazomenae Hermotimus of Clazomenae (; c. 6th century BCE), called by Lucian a Pythagorean, was a philosopher who first proposed, before Anaxagoras (according to Aristotle) the idea of mind being fundamental in the cause of change. He proposed that physical entities are static, while reason causes the change. Sextus Empiricus places him with Hesiod, Parmenides, and Empedocles, as belonging to the class of philosophers who held a dualistic theory of a material and an active principle being together the origin of the universe. Tertullian relates a story about Hermotimus (which he"
"Acragas, Heraclitus, Xenophanes, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, writer and general Xenophon, physician Hippocrates, sculptor Phidias, statesman Pericles, generals Alcibiades and Themistocles and many more lived during this period. The Golden Age, according to the poet Shelley, ""is undoubtedly...the most memorable in the history of the world"" for the accomplishments and advancements made by the people of that time. Herodotus considered his own age as lacking in many ways and looked back to a more ancient past for a paradigm of a true greatness. The writer Hesiod, an 8th-century BCE contemporary of Homer, claimed precisely the same thing about the age"
"to Mark Golden, his fifth victory may have the diaulos in 256 BC. Besides the Olympic games he had a total of 11 wins in the Isthmian games, four wins at the Pythian games, and another four wins at the Nemean games. In total he was victorious 24 times. He appears in a poem by Theocritus, and is also mentioned by the geographer Pausanias and Eusebius. Philinus of Cos (athlete) Philinus of Cos (; 3rd century BC), son of Hegepolis, was an ancient Greek athlete and five times Olympic winner. He was a five-times Olympic winner in the stadion and"
"as arising from both mind and water. A medieval scholium on Aristophanes' ""The Clouds"" attributes to Hippo the view that the heavens were like the dome () of an oven covering the Earth. Hippo (philosopher) Hippo (; , ""Hippon""; fl. 5th century BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is variously described as coming from Rhegium, Metapontum, Samos, and Croton, and it is possible that there was more than one philosopher with this name. Although he was a natural philosopher, Aristotle refused to place him among the other great Pre-Socratic philosophers ""because of the paltriness of his thought."" At some"
"Posidonius Posidonius (, ""Poseidonios"", meaning ""of Poseidon"") ""of Apameia"" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or ""of Rhodes"" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (c. 135 BCE – c. 51 BCE), was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, Syria. He was acclaimed as the greatest polymath of his age. His vast body of work exists today only in fragments. Writers such as Strabo and Seneca provide most of the information, from history, about his life. Posidonius, nicknamed ""the Athlete"", was born to a Greek family in Apamea, a Hellenistic city on the river Orontes in northern Syria. Posidonius completed his higher"
"Plotinus Plotinus (; , ""Plōtinos""; – 270) was a major Greek-speaking philosopher of the ancient world. In his philosophy, described in the ""Enneads"", there are three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition. Historians of the 19th century invented the term Neoplatonism and applied it to him and his philosophy which was influential in Late Antiquity. Much of the biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry's preface to his edition of Plotinus' ""Enneads"". His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Islamic, Jewish, Christian, and Gnostic metaphysicians"
"snatched golden earrings from Polemarchus' wife. After Polemarchus' death, the Thirty forbade his family from holding a funeral in any of their houses. Plato's ""Republic"" is set at Polemarchus' house in the Piraeus, which was located next to their shield manufacturing store that employed 120 skilled slaves. Polemarchus himself speaks briefly in Book 1 of the ""Republic"". Polemarchus Polemarchus or Polemarch (; ; 5th century – 404 BCE) was an ancient Athenian philosopher from the Piraeus. The son of Cephalus of Syracuse, Polemarchus had two brothers, the famous orator Lysias and Euthydemus, and a sister who married Brachyllus. Polemarchus and"
"Beautiful Wife"", ""The Falling Man"", and ""The Prodigal Son"". ""The Thinker"" (originally titled ""The Poet"", after Dante) was to become one of the most well-known sculptures in the world. The original was a high bronze piece created between 1879 and 1889, designed for the ""Gates""<nowiki>'</nowiki> lintel, from which the figure would gaze down upon Hell. While ""The Thinker"" most obviously characterizes Dante, aspects of the Biblical Adam, the mythological Prometheus, and Rodin himself have been ascribed to him. Other observers de-emphasize the apparent intellectual theme of ""The Thinker"", stressing the figure's rough physicality and the emotional tension emanating from it."
"who has left behind the shuttles of the loom?"" she replied ""Attribution:"" Theodorus the Atheist Theodorus the Atheist (; c. 340 – c. 250 BC), of Cyrene, was a philosopher of the Cyrenaic school. He lived in both Greece and Alexandria, before ending his days in his native city of Cyrene. As a Cyrenaic philosopher, he taught that the goal of life was to obtain joy and avoid grief, and that the former resulted from knowledge, and the latter from ignorance. But his principal claim to fame was his alleged atheism. He was usually designated by ancient writers ""ho atheos"""
"philosophers such as Martin Heidigger, Jacques Derrida, Ludwig Wittgenstein, A. J. Ayer, Amélie Rorty, and Stanley Fish. Nonetheless, many academic philosophers still ridicule any efforts to portray Gorgias as a serious thinker. Gorgias Gorgias ( 485 – 380 BC) was an ancient Greek sophist, pre-Socratic philosopher, and rhetorician who was a native of Leontinoi in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. ""Like other Sophists, he was an itinerant that practiced in various cities and giving"