"found in other languages, such German and Dutch ""kynologie"", and the Russian ""кинология"", from the Proto-Indo-European , which is the source of ""hound"". κυν is also the source of the English word ""cynic"", and is directly related to ""canine"" and ""hound"". The suffix '-logy' in English words refers to a study, or an academic discipline, or field of scientific study. English Classical compound words of this type may confer an impression of scientific rigor on a non-scientific occupation or profession. Usage in English of the word cynology is rare, and occasionally found in the names of dog training academies, with"
"depicting bonobo copulation than to non-sexual stimuli. Zoophilia has been partly discussed by several sciences: Psychology (the study of the human mind), sexology (a relatively new discipline primarily studying human sexuality), ethology (the study of animal behavior), and anthrozoology (the study of human-animal interactions and bonds). The nature of animal minds, animal mental processes and structures, and animal self-awareness, perception, emotion in animals, and ""map of the world"", are studied within animal cognition and also explored within various specialized branches of neuroscience such as neuroethology. In the fifth edition of the ""Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"" (DSM-5), zoophilia"
"Arachnology Arachnology is the scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen, collectively called arachnids. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. The word ""arachnology"" derives from Greek , ""arachnē"", ""spider""; and , ""-logia"". Arachnologists are primarily responsible for classifying arachnids and studying aspects of their biology. In the popular imagination they are sometimes referred to as 'spider experts'. Disciplines within arachnology include naming species and determining their evolutionary relationships to one another (taxonomy and systematics), studying how they interact with other members of their species and/or their environment (behavioural ecology), or how"
"Ethnocynology Ethnocynology, is a neologism coined by anthropologist Bryan Cummins in his book ""First Nations, First Dogs: Canadian Aboriginal Ethnocynology"" (2002). It refers to the study of dogs within their cultural contexts. The term is not in general use. Cummins states that the domestic dog, despite being found in virtually all human societies, has been ignored by anthropologists. This, he says, is because the dog is neither fully of ""culture"" (being essentially a domesticated wolf), nor of ""nature"", by virtue of that same domestication and having been molded into over 400 breeds. Nonetheless, Cummins leans towards the view that, being"
"articles and advice on these subjects. Arachnology Arachnology is the scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen, collectively called arachnids. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. The word ""arachnology"" derives from Greek , ""arachnē"", ""spider""; and , ""-logia"". Arachnologists are primarily responsible for classifying arachnids and studying aspects of their biology. In the popular imagination they are sometimes referred to as 'spider experts'. Disciplines within arachnology include naming species and determining their evolutionary relationships to one another (taxonomy and systematics), studying how they interact with other members of their species and/or"
"Ethology Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioural responses in a laboratory context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity. Many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour throughout history. Ethology has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century,"
"proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined. The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The classification, taxonomy, and nomenclature of zoological organisms is administered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature, but has yet to be formally adopted. Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior under natural conditions, as opposed to behaviourism, which focuses on"
"Animal cognition Animal cognition describes the mental capacities of non-human animals and the study of those capacities. The field developed from comparative psychology, including the study of animal conditioning and learning. It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology, and hence the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used. Many behaviors associated with the term ""animal intelligence"" are also subsumed within animal cognition. Researchers have examined animal cognition in mammals (especially primates, cetaceans, elephants, dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cattle, raccoons and rodents), birds (including parrots, fowl, corvids and pigeons), reptiles (lizards and snakes),"
"into other taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as primatology (study of primates), and cetology (study of cetaceans). Like other studies, mammalogy is also a part of zoology which is also a part of biology. This is a list of scientific journals broadly serving mammalogists. In addition, many other more general zoology, ecology and evolution, or conservation journals also deal with mammals, and several journals are specific to only certain taxonomic groups of mammals. Mammalogy In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. Mammalogy has"
"Cognitive ethology Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology concerned with the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behaviour of an animal. Donald Griffin, a zoology professor in the United States, set up the foundations for researches in the cognitive awareness of animals within their habitats. The fusion of cognitive science and classical ethology into cognitive ethology ""emphasizes observing animals under more-or-less natural conditions, with the objective of understanding the evolution, adaptation (function), causation, and development of the species-specific behavioral repertoire"" (Niko Tinbergen 1963). According to Jamieson & Bekoff (1993), ""Tinbergen's four questions about the evolution, adaptation, causation"
"Carcinology Carcinology is a branch of zoology that consists of the study of crustaceans, a group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles and crabs. Other names for carcinology are malacostracology, crustaceology, and crustalogy, and a person who studies crustaceans is a ""carcinologist"" or occasionally a ""malacostracologist"", a ""crustaceologist"", or a ""crustalogist"". The word ""carcinology"" derives from Greek , ""karkínos"", ""crab""; and , ""-logia"". Carcinology is a subdivision of arthropodology, the study of arthropods which includes arachnids, insects, and myriapods. Carcinology branches off into taxonomically oriented disciplines such as: Scientific journals devoted to the study of crustaceans include:"
"Carcinology Carcinology is a branch of zoology that consists of the study of crustaceans, a group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles and crabs. Other names for carcinology are malacostracology, crustaceology, and crustalogy, and a person who studies crustaceans is a ""carcinologist"" or occasionally a ""malacostracologist"", a ""crustaceologist"", or a ""crustalogist"". The word ""carcinology"" derives from Greek , ""karkínos"", ""crab""; and , ""-logia"". Carcinology is a subdivision of arthropodology, the study of arthropods which includes arachnids, insects, and myriapods. Carcinology branches off into taxonomically oriented disciplines such as: Scientific journals devoted to the study of crustaceans include:"
"divisions are sometimes further divided into more specific specialties. For example, within arachnology, acarology is the study of mites and ticks; within entomology, lepidoptery is the study of butterflies and moths, myrmecology is the study of ants and so on. In the period starting in the late 16th century, invertebrate zoology saw growth in the number of publications made and improvement in the experimental practices associated with the field. One of the major works to be published in the area of zoology was Conrad Gessner's Historia animalium, which was published in numerous editions from 1551 to 1587. Though it was"
"Cetology Cetology (from Greek , ""kētos"", ""whale""; and , ""-logia"") or Whalelore is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. Cetologists, or those who practice cetology, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics. Observations about Cetacea have been recorded since at least classical times. Ancient Greek fishermen created an artificial notch on the dorsal fin of dolphins entangled in nets so that they could tell them apart years later. Approximately 2,300 years ago, Aristotle carefully took notes"
"Zoology Zoology () or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, ""zōion"", i.e. ""animal"" and λόγος, ""logos"", i.e. ""knowledge, study"". The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of ""zoology"" as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle"
"specific study of the origin and life of humans is anthropology, particularly paleoanthropology which focuses on the study of human prehistory. The closest living relatives of humans are bonobos and chimpanzees (both genus ""Pan"") and gorillas (genus ""Gorilla""). With the sequencing of both the human and chimpanzee genome, estimates of the similarity between their DNA sequences range between 95% and 99%. By using the technique called the molecular clock which estimates the time required for the number of divergent mutations to accumulate between two lineages, the approximate date for the split between lineages can be calculated. The gibbons (family Hylobatidae)"
"Animal studies Animal studies is a recently recognized field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways. Scholars who engage in animal studies may be formally trained in a number of diverse fields, including geography, art history, anthropology, biology, film studies, geography, history, psychology, literary studies, museology, philosophy, communication, and sociology. They may engage with questions about literal animals, or about notions of ""animality"" or ""brutality,"" employing various theoretical perspectives, including feminism, Marxist theory, and queer theory. Using these perspectives, those who engage in animal studies seek to understand both human-animal relations now and in the past,"
"Cynophobia Cynophobia (from the ""kýōn"" ""dog"" and ""phóbos"" ""fear"") is the fear of dogs. Cynophobia is classified as a specific phobia, under the subtype ""animal phobias"". According to Dr. Timothy O. Rentz of the Laboratory for the Study of Anxiety Disorders at the University of Texas, animal phobias are among the most common of the specific phobias and 36% of patients who seek treatment report being afraid of dogs or cats. Although snakes and spiders are more common animal phobias, cynophobia is especially debilitating because of the high prevalence of dogs (for example, there are an estimated 25 million stray"
"is even possible. Slayers deny any possibility of success in cognitive ethology, proponents keep an open mind about animal cognition and the utility of cognitive ethological investigation, and skeptics stand somewhere in between. Cognitive ethology Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology concerned with the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behaviour of an animal. Donald Griffin, a zoology professor in the United States, set up the foundations for researches in the cognitive awareness of animals within their habitats. The fusion of cognitive science and classical ethology into cognitive ethology ""emphasizes observing animals under more-or-less natural conditions, with"
"is more frequently used in the case of diseases, viruses, and microbes, while the term population ecology is more commonly applied to the study of plants and animals. Ecology draws on many subdisciplines. Ethology is the study of animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, ""The Expression of the Emotions in Man"
"Cynodont The cynodonts (""dog teeth"") (clade Cynodontia) are therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian (approximately 260 Ma). The group includes modern mammals (including humans) as well as their extinct ancestors and close relatives. Nonmammalian cynodonts spread throughout southern Gondwana and are represented by fossils from South America, Africa, India, and Antarctica. In the northern continents, fossils have been found in eastern North America as well as in Belgium and northwestern France. Cynodontia is one of the most diverse groups of therapsids. Richard Owen named Cynodontia in 1861, which he assigned to Anomodontia as a family. Robert Broom (1913)"
"Primatology Primatology is the scientific study of primates. It is a diverse discipline at the boundary between mammalogy and anthropology, and researchers can be found in academic departments of anatomy, anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary sciences and zoology, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos. Primatologists study both living and extinct primates in their natural habitats and in laboratories by conducting field studies and experiments in order to understand aspects of their evolution and behaviour. As a science, primatology has many different sub-disciplines which vary in terms of theoretical and methodological approaches to the subject"
"Mammalogy In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. Mammalogy has also been known as ""mastology,"" ""theriology,"" and ""therology."" There are about 4,200 different species of mammals. The major branches of mammalogy include natural history, taxonomy and systematics, anatomy and physiology, ethology, ecology, and management and control. The approximate salary of a mammalogist varies from $20,000 to $60,000 a year, depending on their experience. Mammalogists are typically involved in activities such as conducting research, managing personnel, and writing proposals. Mammalogy branches off"
"domestic animals, they are more ""of culture"" than ""of nature"", and culture is the domain of the anthropologist. Furthermore, different human societies have shaped the dog into precisely whatever roles people might have for the dog. Therefore, the domestic dog is worthy of anthropological attention; hence ethnocynology. Ethnocynology Ethnocynology, is a neologism coined by anthropologist Bryan Cummins in his book ""First Nations, First Dogs: Canadian Aboriginal Ethnocynology"" (2002). It refers to the study of dogs within their cultural contexts. The term is not in general use. Cummins states that the domestic dog, despite being found in virtually all human societies,"
"19th century. Similar to Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast to the previous format of lectures only. Gradually zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines: Related fields: Zoology Zoology () or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, ""zōion"", i.e. ""animal"" and λόγος, ""logos"", i.e. ""knowledge, study"". The history of zoology traces the"
"other attitude is one of self-disgust and misanthropy. This is found in the works of the Earl of Rochester and Jonathan Swift. Scatology In medicine and biology, scatology or coprology is the study of feces. Scatological studies allow one to determine a wide range of biological information about a creature, including its diet (and thus where it has been), health and diseases such as tapeworms. The word derives from the Greek ( ) meaning ""dung, feces""; ""coprology"" derives from the Greek of similar meaning. A comprehensive study of scatology was documented by John Gregory Bourke under the title "" Rites"
"psychology. The study of which animals are capable of attributing knowledge and mental states to others, as well as the development of this ability in human ontogeny and phylogeny, has identified several behavioral precursors to theory of mind. Understanding attention, understanding of others' intentions, and imitative experience with other people are hallmarks of a theory of mind that may be observed early in the development of what later becomes a full-fledged theory. In studies with non-human animals and pre-verbal humans, in particular, researchers look to these behaviors preferentially in making inferences about mind. Simon Baron-Cohen identified the infant's understanding of"
"of their research results. Opinion Polls Regarding the Use of Chimpanzees in Research<br> Faunalytics Faunalytics is a nonprofit organization that provides animal advocates with access to the research and analysis of various animal issues, including factory farming, veganism and vegetarianism, the overpopulation in companion animals, animal testing, hunting, animal trapping, and the use of animals for entertainment purposes (zoos, circuses, racing, fights, etc.). Faunalytics is a non-profit organization based in Olympia, Washington, funded through consulting fees, grants, and donations. Founded by Che Green, a former analyst and research manager, Faunalytics utilizes contributions of time and expertise from committed professionals in"
"Guinea singing dog. Zoological nomenclature is a system of naming animals. In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his ""Systema Naturae"" the binomial nomenclature - or the two-word naming - of species. ""Canis"" is the Latin word meaning ""dog"", and under this genus he listed the dog-like carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as ""Canis familiaris"", and on the next page he classified the wolf as ""Canis lupus"". The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) advises on the ""correct use of the scientific names of animals"". A name entered onto"
"Zoomusicology Zoomusicology is a field of musicology and zoology or more specifically, zoosemiotics. Zoomusicology is the study of the music of animals, or rather the musical aspects of sound or communication produced and received by animals. Zoomusicology is a separate field from ethnomusicology, the study of human music. Snowden and Teie created species-specific music and tested it on cotton-top tamarins, ""Saguinus oedipus"" at the University of Wisconsin. The results of this study, indicated that species-specific music was the most effective music to elicit a response. There have also been cases where composers have performed with animals for example, David Rothenberg,"
"a few of the notable ones. Cheloniology Cheloniology (), less commonly known as testudinology (), is the scientific study of turtles. It is a specific branch of herpetology. The word cheloniology comes from the Greek ""chelone"", ""turtle"" and ""logos"", ""knowledge"". Testudinology, on the other hand, comes from the Latin ""testudo"", ""tortoise"" and the Greek ""logos"", meaning ""knowledge"". An individual who studies turtles is known as a cheloniologist or a testudinologist. Cheloniologists study turtles, which are members of the order ""Testudines"" (also called ""Chelonii""). This includes freshwater turtles, sea turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. Professionally, members of this order are commonly called"
"in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals. The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and"
"Anthrozoology Anthrozoology (also known as human–non-human-animal studies, or HAS) is the subset of ethnobiology that deals with interactions between humans and other animals. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with other disciplines including anthropology, ethnology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from fields such as anthropology, sociology, biology, history and philosophy. Anthrozoology scholars, such as Pauleen Bennett recognize the lack of scholarly attention given to non-human animals in the past, and"