"effectiveness to predict personality and job performance. Recent studies testing the validity of using handwriting for predicting personality traits and job performance have been consistently negative. In a 1987 study, graphologists were unable to predict scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire using writing samples from the same people. In a 1988 study, graphologists were unable to predict scores on the Myers-Briggs test using writing samples from the same people. A 1982 meta-analysis drawn from over 200 studies concludes that graphologists were generally unable to predict any kind of personality trait on any personality test. Measures of job performance appear similarly"
"Graphology Graphology (or graphoanalysis, but not ""graphanalysis"") is the analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting claiming to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics. It is generally considered a pseudoscience. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to forensic document examination, due to the fact that aspects of the latter dealing with the examination of handwritten documents are occasionally referred to as ""graphanalysis"". Graphology has been controversial for more than a century. Although supporters point to the anecdotal evidence of positive testimonials as a reason"
"a series of exercises which are similar to those taught in basic calligraphy courses, sometimes in conjunction with music or positive self-talk. Graphology Graphology (or graphoanalysis, but not ""graphanalysis"") is the analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting claiming to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics. It is generally considered a pseudoscience. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to forensic document examination, due to the fact that aspects of the latter dealing with the examination of handwritten documents are occasionally referred to as ""graphanalysis""."
"unrelated to the handwriting metrics of graphologists. Professional graphologists using handwriting analysis were just as ineffective as lay people at predicting performance in a 1989 study. A broad literature screen done by King and Koehler confirmed dozens of studies showing the geometric aspects of graphology (slant, slope, ""etc."") are essentially worthless predictors of job performance. Rowan Bayne, a British psychologist who has written several studies on graphology, summarized his view of the appeal of graphology: ""[i]t's very seductive because at a very crude level someone who is neat and well behaved tends to have neat handwriting"", adding that the practice"
"Graphemics Graphemics or graphematics is the linguistic study of writing systems and their basic components, i.e. graphemes. At the beginning of the development of this area of linguistics, Ignace Gelb coined the term ""grammatology"" for this discipline; later some scholars suggested calling it ""graphology"" to match ""phonology"", but that name is traditionally used for a pseudo-science. Others therefore suggested renaming the study of language-dependent pronunciation ""phonemics"" or ""phonematics"" instead, but this did not gain widespread acceptance either, so the terms ""graphemics"" and ""graphematics"" became more frequent. Graphemics examines the specifics of written texts in a certain language and their correspondence"
"clues to their unique psychological make-up Graphology is the pseudoscientific analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting purporting to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics. Graphology has been controversial for more than a century. Although supporters point to the anecdotal evidence of positive testimonials as a reason to use it for personality evaluation, most empirical studies fail to show the validity claimed by its supporters. From the perspective of statistical validity, psychometrics and positivism, criticisms of projective tests, and depth psychology tests, usually include the well-known"
"Graphlets Graphlets are small connected non-isomorphic ""induced"" subgraphs of a large network. Graphlets differ from network motifs, since they must be ""induced"" subgraphs, whereas motifs are ""partial"" subgraphs. An induced subgraph must contain all edges between its nodes that are present in the large network, while a partial subgraph may contain only some of these edges. Moreover, graphlets do not need to be over-represented in the data when compared with randomized networks, while motifs do. Graphlets were first introduced by Nataša Pržulj, when they were used as a basis for designing two new highly sensitive measures of network local structural"
"Graphoid A graphoid is a set of statements of the form, """"X"" is irrelevant to ""Y"" given that we know ""Z"""" where ""X"", ""Y"" and ""Z"" are sets of variables. The notion of ""irrelevance"" and ""given that we know"" may obtain different interpretations, including probabilistic, relational and correlational, depending on the application. These interpretations share common properties that can be captured by paths in graphs (hence the name ""graphoid""). The theory of graphoids characterizes these properties in a finite set of axioms that are common to informational irrelevance and its graphical representations. Judea Pearl and Azaria Paz coined the term"
"Graphonomics Graphonomics is the interdisciplinary field directed towards the scientific analysis of the handwriting process, product, and other graphic skills. Researchers in handwriting recognition, forensic handwriting examination, kinesiology, psychology, computer science, artificial intelligence, paleography and neuroscience cooperate in order to achieve a better understanding of the human skill of handwriting. Research in graphonomics generally involves handwriting movement analysis in one form or another. The first international conference relating to graphonomics was held in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in July 1982. The term 'graphonomics' was used there for the first time. The second conference was held in July 1985 in Hong Kong"
"to refer to the variable-length spacing between words. Graphemics Graphemics or graphematics is the linguistic study of writing systems and their basic components, i.e. graphemes. At the beginning of the development of this area of linguistics, Ignace Gelb coined the term ""grammatology"" for this discipline; later some scholars suggested calling it ""graphology"" to match ""phonology"", but that name is traditionally used for a pseudo-science. Others therefore suggested renaming the study of language-dependent pronunciation ""phonemics"" or ""phonematics"" instead, but this did not gain widespread acceptance either, so the terms ""graphemics"" and ""graphematics"" became more frequent. Graphemics examines the specifics of written"
"Stuff"" which interviews graphologists along with their critics. He was a vocal critic of graphology which he identifies as pseudoscience similar to phrenology. According to friend and BC Skeptic co-founder Lee Muller, ""... he and his brother all but eliminated graphology from the B.C. landscape"". Lecturing at the Skeptic's Toolbox, Beyerstein stated that graphology is more popular in Europe than in America, job applicants are discouraged to turn in a non-handwritten application. After extensive investigation, graphology ""seems to rest on the notion of pareidolia'"". As a discipline, graphology ""lacks standardization in training; lack of commitment to research; absence of links"
"International Symposium on Graph Drawing The International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD) is an annual academic conference in which researchers present peer reviewed papers on graph drawing, information visualization of network information, geometric graph theory, and related topics. The Graph Drawing symposia have been central to the growth and development of graph drawing as a research area: as Herman et al. write, ""the Graph Drawing community grew around the yearly Symposia."" Nguyen lists Graph Drawing as one of ""several good conferences which directly or indirectly concern with information visualization"", and Wong et al. report that its proceedings ""provide a wealth"
"Geometric graph theory Geometric graph theory in the broader sense is a large and amorph subfield of graph theory, concerned with graphs defined by geometric means. In a stricter sense, geometric graph theory studies combinatorial and geometric properties of geometric graphs, meaning graphs drawn in the Euclidean plane with possibly intersecting straight-line edges, and topological graphs, where the edges are allowed to be arbitrary continuous curves connecting the vertices, thus it is ""the theory of geometric and topological graphs"" (Pach 2013). A ""planar straight line graph"" is a graph in which the vertices are embedded as points in the Euclidean"
"cartography and place names. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of the geographical approach depends on an attentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and its spatial patterns. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main subsidiary fields:"
"Interest graph An interest graph is an online representation of the specific things in which an individual is interested. Interest graphs have perceived utility and value because of the premise that people’s interests are a major aspect of who they are, forming part of their personal identity, and can be used as indicators of such things as what they might want to do or buy, where they might want to go, or who they might want to meet, follow or vote for. Interest graphs and social graphs are closely related, but they are not the same thing. Interest graphs are"
"International Graphoanalysis Society (IGAS) were expelled between 1970 and 1980. Regarding a proposed correlation between gender and handwriting style, a paper by published by James Hartley in 1989 concluded that there was some evidence in support of this hypothesis. Although graphology had some support in the scientific community before the mid-twentieth century, more recent research rejects the validity of graphology as a tool to assess personality and job performance. Today it is considered to be a pseudoscience. Graphology is primarily used as a recruiting tool to screen candidates during the evaluation process. Many studies have been conducted to assess its"
"Geologist A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes the Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study geology, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and other sciences are also useful. Field work is an important component of geology, although many subdisciplines incorporate laboratory work. Geologists work in the energy and mining sectors searching for natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, and precious metals. They are also in the forefront of preventing and mitigating damage from natural hazards and disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes,"
"analysis and various measures of job performance. The use of graphology in the hiring process has been criticized on ethical grounds and on legal grounds in the United States. Graphology has been used clinically by European counselors and psychotherapists. When it is used, it is generally used alongside other projective personality assessment tools, and not in isolation. It is often used within individual psychotherapy, marital counseling, or vocational counseling. In its simplest form only sexual expression and sexual response are examined. At its most complex, every aspect of an individual is examined for how it affects the other individual(s) within"
"Geomorphology Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek: γῆ, ""gê"", ""earth""; μορφή, ""morphḗ"", ""form""; and λόγος, ""lógos"", ""study"") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near the Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphologists work within disciplines such as physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology, climatology and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many"
"and Graphologists. A clause that was responsible for the expulsion of hundreds of members of IGAS between 1970 and 1990 was: ""Further, I will not affiliate with any group of handwriting analysts not sanctioned by the International Graphoanalysis Society, Inc."", the last clause of the 1980 Code of Ethics of IGAS.' In 1957, Charlie Cole set up a series of graphology lectures, which evolved into ""The American Handwriting Analysis Foundation"". The lectures were intended for graduates of the MGA program only. Klara G. Roman gave the first series of lectures. Later lectures were given by other Holistic Graphologers. As a"
"Vexillology Vexillology () is the study of the history, symbolism and usage of flags or, by extension, any interest in flags in general. The word is a synthesis of the Latin word ""vexillum"" (""flag"") and the Greek suffix ""-logia"" (""study""). A person who studies flags is a vexillologist, one who designs flags is a vexillographer, and the art of flag-designing is called vexillography. One who is a hobbyist or general admirer of flags is a vexillophile. The study of flags, or vexillology, was formalized by the U.S. scholar and student of flags Whitney Smith in 1961 with the publication of"
"Graph theory In mathematics, graph theory is the study of ""graphs"", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of ""vertices"", ""nodes"", or ""points"" which are connected by ""edges"", ""arcs"", or ""lines"". A graph may be ""undirected"", meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be ""directed"" from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime"
"to use it for personality evaluation, empirical studies fail to show the validity claimed by its supporters. The word ""graphology"" is derived from ""grapho-"" (from the Greek γραφή, ""writing"") and ""logos"" (from the Greek λόγος, which relates to discussion or theory). Jean-Charles Gille-Maisani stated in 1991 that Juan Huarte de San Juan's 1575 ""Examen de ingenios para las ciencias"" was the first book on handwriting analysis. In American graphology, Camillo Baldi's ""Trattato come da una lettera missiva si conoscano la natura e qualita dello scrittore"" from 1622 is considered to be the first book. Around 1830 Jean-Hippolyte Michon became interested"
"Graphetics Graphetics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the analysis of the physical properties of shapes used in writing. It is an etic study, meaning that it has an outsider's perspective and is not concerned with any particular writing system. It is contrasted with the related emic field of graphemics, the study of the relation between different shapes in particular writing systems. Graphetics is analogous to phonetics; graphetics is to the study of writing as phonetics is to the study of spoken language. As such, it can be divided into two areas, ""visual graphetics"" and ""mechanical graphetics"", which are"
"edges touch each other (without crossing). A topological graph is also called a ""drawing"" of a graph. An important special class of topological graphs is the class of ""geometric graphs"", where the edges are represented by ""line segments"". (The term ""geometric graph"" is sometimes used in a broader, somewhat vague sense.) The theory of topological graphs is an area of graph theory, mainly concerned with combinatorial properties of topological graphs, in particular, with the crossing patterns of their edges. It is closely related to graph drawing, a field which is more application oriented, and topological graph theory, which focuses on"
"Geographer A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society. The Greek prefix, ""geo,"" means ""earth"" and the Greek suffix, ""graphy,"" meaning ""description,"" so a geographer is someone who studies the earth. The word ""geography"" is a Middle French word that is believed to have been first used in 1540. Although geographers are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. Geographers do not study only the details of the natural environment or human society, but"
"Graph drawing Graph drawing is an area of mathematics and computer science combining methods from geometric graph theory and information visualization to derive two-dimensional depictions of graphs arising from applications such as social network analysis, cartography, linguistics, and bioinformatics. A drawing of a graph or network diagram is a pictorial representation of the vertices and edges of a graph. This drawing should not be confused with the graph itself: very different layouts can correspond to the same graph. In the abstract, all that matters is which pairs of vertices are connected by edges. In the concrete, however, the arrangement of"
"and more graphics than fine art exhibitions do. The topics of interpretive graphics cover a wide range including archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, history, science, technology and natural history. Commercial exhibitions, generally called trade fairs, trade shows or expos, are usually organized so that organizations in a specific interest or industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products, service, study activities of rivals and examine recent trends and opportunities. Some trade fairs are open to the public, while others can only be attended by company representatives (members of the trade) and members of the press. Changes in scholarly communication and the rise"
"Graphon In graph theory and statistics, a graphon is a symmetric measurable function formula_1, that is important in the study of dense graphs. Graphons arise as the fundamental objects in two areas: as the defining objects of exchangeable random graph models and as a natural notion of limit for sequences of dense graphs. Graphons are tied to dense graphs by the following pair of observations: the random graph models defined by graphons give rise to dense graphs almost surely, and, by the regularity lemma, graphons capture the structure of arbitrary large dense graphs. Graphons are sometimes referred to as “continuous"
"different circuits represented by a topology diminishes and in many cases the circuit is easily recognisable from the topology even when specific components are not identified. With more complex circuits the description may proceed by specification of a transfer function between the ports of the network rather than the topology of the components. Graph theory is the branch of mathematics dealing with graphs. In network analysis, graphs are used extensively to represent a network being analysed. The graph of a network captures only certain aspects of a network; those aspects related to its connectivity, or, in other words, its topology."
"may be applied to product development by using customer interests to help determine which new features or capabilities to provide in future versions of a product. Interest graphs have many other uses as well including simulation, research and other content discovery and filtering tasks, as input to recommendation engines for films, books, music, etc., and for learning and education. Interest graph An interest graph is an online representation of the specific things in which an individual is interested. Interest graphs have perceived utility and value because of the premise that people’s interests are a major aspect of who they are,"
"sedimentology, stratigraphy, mineralogy, palaeontology, physical geography and structural geology are among the many required areas of study. Most geologists also need skills in GIS and other mapping techniques. Geology students often spend portions of the year, especially the summer though sometimes during a January term, living and working under field conditions with faculty members (often referred to as ""field camp""). Many non-geologists often take geology courses or have expertise in geology that they find valuable to their fields; this is common in the fields of geography, engineering, chemistry, urban planning, environmental studies, among others. Geologists may concentrate their studies or"
"it may be confused with graphology. Likewise a forensic document examiner (FDE) is not to be confused with a graphologist, and vice versa. Many FDEs receive extensive training in all of the aspects of the discipline. As a result, they are competent to address a wide variety of questions about document evidence. However, this ""broad specialization"" approach has not been universally adopted. In some locales, a clear distinction is made between the terms 'forensic document examiner' and a 'forensic handwriting expert/examiner'. In such cases, the former term refers to examiners who focus on non-handwriting examination types while the latter refers"