"the result would be musical cacophony. This modification also made it much harder to make the glass ""speak"", and muffled the sound. In 1975, an original armonica was acquired by the Bakken Museum in Minneapolis and put on display, albeit without its original glass bowls (they were destroyed during shipment). It was purchased through a musical instrument dealer in France, from the descendants of Mme. Brillon de Jouy, a neighbor of Benjamin Franklin's from 1777 to 1785, when he lived in the Paris suburb of Passy. Some 18th- and 19th-century specimens of the armonica have survived into the 21st century."
"instrument on display, which is occasionally used for public performances and recordings. Composers including J. G. Naumann, Padre Martini, Johann Adolph Hasse, Baldassare Galuppi, and Niccolò Jommelli, and more than 100 others composed works for the glass harmonica; some pieces survive in the repertoire through transcriptions for more conventional instruments. European monarchs indulged in playing it, and even Marie Antoinette took lessons as a child from Franz Anton Mesmer. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his 1791 K. 617 and K.356 (K.617a) for the glass harmonica. Ludwig van Beethoven used the instrument in an 1814 melodrama ""Leonore Prohaska"". Gaetano Donizetti used the"
"Glass harmonica The glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, glass harmonium, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica or harmonica (derived from , ""harmonia"", the Greek word for harmony), is a type of musical instrument that uses a series of glass bowls or goblets graduated in size to produce musical tones by means of friction (instruments of this type are known as friction idiophones). The name ""glass harmonica"" (also ""glass armonica"", ""glassharmonica""; ""harmonica de verre"", ""harmonica de Franklin"", ""armonica de verre"", or just ""harmonica"" in French; ""Glasharmonika"" in German; ""harmonica"" in Dutch) refers today to any instrument played"
"He would never attempt to modernize the feeling of the period by creating a score that would clash."""", says Mintun. James plays the Franklin glass armonica and has collected other vitreous music instruments including several Francis Hopkinson Smith's 19th century Grand Harmonicons, one of the few surviving Beyer Glass-cords from 1786, and modern glass instruments such as verrophone, the cristal d' Baschet, along with a wide variety of glass flutes and glass bells. He is currently constructing an expanded version of the French Bouteillophone creating a touring continuo instrument for 18th c. ensemble repertoire. James played his glass instruments on"
"with instruments such as the nail violin and Aeolian harp, of ""Empfindsamkeit"", but ""the instrument fell into oblivion,"" around 1830. Since the armonica's performance revival during the 1980s, composers have again written for it (solo, chamber music, opera, electronic music, popular music) including Jan Erik Mikalsen, Regis Campo, Etienne Rolin, Philippe Sarde, Damon Albarn, Tom Waits, Michel Redolfi, Cyril Morin, Stefano Giannotti, Thomas Bloch, Jörg Widmann (""Armonica"" 2006), and Guillaume Connesson. The music for the 1997 ballet ""Othello"" by American composer Elliot Goldenthal opens and closes with the glass harmonica. The ballet was performed at San Francisco Ballet, the American"
"darker, heavier sound, that extends down into the subsonic range. The technique for playing the hydraulophone is similar to that used for playing the armonica. Glass harmonica The glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, glass harmonium, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica or harmonica (derived from , ""harmonia"", the Greek word for harmony), is a type of musical instrument that uses a series of glass bowls or goblets graduated in size to produce musical tones by means of friction (instruments of this type are known as friction idiophones). The name ""glass harmonica"" (also ""glass armonica"", ""glassharmonica""; ""harmonica"
"his glass harmonica in 1763 after attending a recital performed on musical glasses in London in 1761. Crystallophone A crystallophone is a musical instrument that produces sound from glass. One of the best known crystallophones is the glass harmonica, a set of rotating glass bowls which produce eerie, clear tones when rubbed with a wet finger. Musical glasses, the glass harp, where documented in Persia in the 14th century. The ""ethereal"" quality of instruments such as the glass harmonica exemplified the ""Empfindsamkeit"" and for a while, ""the instrument was extraordinarily popular...[but] About 1830 the instrument fell into oblivion."" The glasschord"
"Mozart, Hasse, Beethoven, Naumann, and other masters wrote."" A catalogue of the British Museum notes volume 1 of a title, ""Miscellaneous works"", 1755 at Dublin, attributed to ""Poekrich (Richard) ""esqr."""" Richard Pockrich (inventor) Richard Pockrich, Poekrich (c.1695 – 1759), or Puckeridge, was an Irish musician, and was the inventor of the glass harp (also known as the ""Angelic organ"") in 1741. He was born at his family's estate Derrylusk at Aghnamallagh, County Monaghan, Ireland. His father, also named Richard (c.1666–1719), was the member of Parliament for Monaghan and had commanded troops in the Williamite battles. The paternal descent was of"
"in his 1919 opera ""Die Frau ohne Schatten""), when German virtuoso Bruno Hoffmann began revitalizing interest in his individual goblet instrument version that he named the glass harp for his stunning performances. Playing his ""glass harp"" (with Eisch manufactured custom designed glasses mounted in a case designed with underlying resonance chamber) he transcribed or rearranged much of the literature written for the mechanized instrument, and commissioned contemporary composers to write new pieces for his goblet version. Franklin's glass armonica design was reworked yet again without patent credit by master glassblower and musician, Gerhard B. Finkenbeiner (1930–1999) in 1984. After thirty"
"Karlsruhe, and Therese was a singer and keyboard player. Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart commented on Schmittbaur that ""He is one of the finest composers of our land, and we only now see what the world long ago had in him."" Schmittbaur was in demand as an organ expert, he also produced replicas of the glass harmonica that Benjamin Franklin had invented in 1762 and improved on them, including one for one of his most famous pupils, the blind Marianne Kirchgessner. Despite the fact that his works were preclassical in style, he was highly regarded as a composer in the 1780s,"
"Richard Pockrich (inventor) Richard Pockrich, Poekrich (c.1695 – 1759), or Puckeridge, was an Irish musician, and was the inventor of the glass harp (also known as the ""Angelic organ"") in 1741. He was born at his family's estate Derrylusk at Aghnamallagh, County Monaghan, Ireland. His father, also named Richard (c.1666–1719), was the member of Parliament for Monaghan and had commanded troops in the Williamite battles. The paternal descent was of an English family from Surrey. Some notices indicate that Poekrich was the name of the family, and this was the spelling he gave on his works. He is reported to"
"Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann (17 June 1805 – 1 October 1864) was a German musical instrument maker, often credited with inventing the harmonica and also the accordion. Buschmann was born in Friedrichroda, Thuringia. His father, Johann Buschmann, was a passementier, who later started to fix musical Instruments and in 1816 developed the uranion later called terpodion, a friction instrument played with a piano-like keyboard, based on the same principle as the glass harmonica. From 1819 Johann took Friedrich with him on his frequent journeys. In the first half of 1821 Johann Buschmann travelled to London, accompanied"
"his own castles, built sublime in air, Quitting his geese and bogs and glassy care, With blood infused, and, like a meteor bright, On his own pinions, Pock has winged his flight. W. H. Grattan Flood asserted Richard Pockrich's importance and influence in his ""A History of Irish Music"", crediting him as the inventor in 1741, and summarising his legacy with a quote from the ""Vicar of Wakefield"" (1761), ""... the ladies from London could talk of nothing but 'pictures, taste, Shakespeare, and the musical glasses.'"" [and] ""Benjamin Franklin improved the instrument, and called it the ""Armonica""; and for it"
"is known as the first virtuoso of the musical glasses. Pockrich called his instrument the ""angelic organ"" and it was played with sticks, rather than by rubbing the glasses with a moistened finger. It was reported in 1760 that, ""Pockrich played Handel's ""Water Music"" on the glasses."" His successful concert career was brought to a premature end by a fire in which both the inventor and instrument perished in 1759. The composer Christoph Willibald Gluck played the musical glasses. He performed in London in 1746, and Copenhagen. His instrument consisted of 26 goblets, ""filled with spring water."" The instrument was"
"with the player's fingers held steady, instead of the other way around. He worked with the London glassblower Charles James to create it, and instruments based on his mechanical version soon found their way to other parts of Europe. Joesph Haydn (a fan of Franklin's enlightened ideas) had a glass harmonica in his instrument collection. Beethoven wrote a sonata for the glass harmonica. Franklin was an avid chess player. He was playing chess by around 1733, making him the first chess player known by name in the American colonies. His essay on ""The Morals of Chess"" in ""Columbian"" magazine in"
"the glass harmonica and some other glass instruments and generally has a range from G3 to F6 (which can be extended in the higher register with wine glasses, giving it a range up to D7). Every piece composed originally for glass harmonica can be played on the verrophone. The term ""verrophone"" originally referred to a glass harp. Previous glass instruments include the glass harmonica and arrangements of ordinary drinking glasses (approximately glass tubes closed at one end). The verrophone is capable of louder dynamics than the glass harp due to its larger radiating surfaces. Modern artists such as Barry Prophet"
"playing classical music. The harmonica first appeared in Vienna, where harmonicas with chambers were sold before 1824 (see also Anton Reinlein and Anton Haeckl). Richter tuning, invented by Joseph Richter (who also is credited with inventing the blow and draw mechanism), was created in 1826 and was eventually adopted nearly universally. In Germany, violin manufacturer Mr. Meisel from Klingenthal bought a harmonica with chambers (Kanzellen) at the Exhibition in Braunschweig in 1824. He and the ironworker Langhammer copied the instruments in the Graslitz three miles away; by 1827 they had produced hundreds of harmonicas. Many others followed in Germany and"
"about a century after the first mechanical clocks appeared. From the beginning in the 15th century through the 17th century, clockmaking was considered the ""leading edge"", most technically advanced trade existing. Historically, the best clockmakers often also built scientific instruments, as for a long time they were the only craftsmen around trained in designing precision mechanical apparatus. In one example, the harmonica was invented by a young German clockmaker, which was then mass-produced by another clockmaker, Matthias Hohner. Prior to 1800 clocks were entirely handmade, including all their parts, in a single shop under a master clockmaker. Examples of these"
"Marianne Davies Marianne Davies (1743 or 1744, England – c. 1818) was an English musician, and the sister of the classical soprano Cecilia Davies. She was a singer who also played flute and harpsichord. In 1762 she became the first person to publicly perform on the glass harmonica (also known as the armonica), an instrument consisting of variously sized and tuned glass bowls that rotate on a common shaft, played by touching the spinning glass with wet fingers. She toured in concerts with her sister, performing in Dublin (1763), London, and on the Continent where the two girls became acquainted"
"Adagio and Rondo for glass harmonica, flute, oboe, viola and cello The Adagio and Rondo, K. 617, is a quintet composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for glass harmonica, flute, oboe, viola and cello. Completed on May 23, 1791 (the date indicated in Mozart's own list of his works), it was written for Marianne Kirchgessner, a blind glass harmonica virtuoso, who played the first performance in the Burgtheater Akademie on June 10, 1791, and subsequently performed it at the Kärtnertortheater on August 19, 1791. The autograph manuscript is in the British Library as part of the Stefan Zweig Collection. It was"
"Glass harp A glass harp (also called musical glasses, singing glasses, angelic organ, verrilion or ghost fiddle) is a musical instrument made of upright wine glasses. It is played by running moistened or chalked fingers around the rim of the glasses. Each glass is tuned to a different pitch, either by grinding each goblet to the specified pitch, in which case the tuning is invariable, or by filling the glass with water until the desired pitch is achieved. Musical glasses were documented in Persia in the 14th century. The glass harp was created in 1741 by Irishman Richard Pockrich, who"
"such instrument, made by ""Busson Brevete"" (Paris) in 1880, can be seen in the Vienna Technical Museum (ref. Inv. Nr. 15.289). Anton Haeckl Anton Haeckl was a musical instrument builder in Vienna, who built the first physharmonica in 1818. Two of his instruments from 1825 (refs. Inv. Nr. 19.480 (20 white keys) and Inv. Nr. 38.956) can be seen in the Vienna Technical Museum. The physharmonica looked similar to the hand harmonium still in use in India today, with a piano-style keyboard. Smaller examples of this type of instrument rested on the left arm, and were played with the right"
"popular in the 18th century. Pockrich's contemporary, Ford, published ""Instructions for the Playing of the Musical Glasses"" while Bartl published a German version. In 1929 Bruno Hoffmann invented a glass harp consisting, ""of 46 individually tuned glasses fixed on a resonant table."" On March 9, 1938, Bruno Hoffmann performed on the glass harp at the London Museum in a program including Mozart's Adagio (K. 356) and Quintet for harmonica, flute, viola, oboe, and cello (K. 617), accompanied by Geoffrey Gilbert, Leon Goossens, Frederick Riddle, and James Whitehead. It was an ""exquisite performance, in which the flute and viola in their"
"in both pistol and rifle models, as well as single-action and double-action. The earliest example of a harmonica gun is probably the one by the Swiss inventor Welten constructed in 1742. The most famous maker of harmonica guns was Jonathan Browning, father of John Moses Browning. Commencing in 1834 in Quincy, Illinois, he began to make harmonica guns and more conventional revolving rifles. He continued to improve on the principle after he became a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and emigrated to Nauvoo, Illinois, and finally Ogden, Utah. Harmonica gun A harmonica gun or slide"
"physharmonica was invented in 1818 by Anton Haeckl, of Vienna; in the original instrument the bellows were placed right and left immediately under the shallow wind-chest, and were worked by means of pedals connected by stout wire. A specimen, having a compass of four octaves and a very sweet tone, is preserved in the collection of Paul de Wit, formerly in Leipzig, now transferred to Cologne. A patent for improvements to this type of instrument was granted to Anton Reinlein 1824. Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann also built similar instruments at least by 1828. There were also others who produced these"
"produce a clear tone. Some attempted improvements on the armonica included adding keyboards, placing pads between the bowls to reduce sympathetic vibrations, and using violin bows. Another supposed improvement claimed in ill-informed post-period observations of non-playing instruments was to have the glasses rotate into a trough of water. However, William Zeitler put this idea to the test by rotating an armonica cup into a basin of water; the water has the same effect as putting water in a wine glass – it changes the pitch. With several dozen glasses, each a different diameter and thus rotating with a different depth,"
"on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Joseph Funk Joseph Funk (1778–1862) was a pioneer American music teacher, publisher, and an early American composer. He invented a shape note system in 1851 for the Harmonia Sacra. Funk was born April 6, 1778 (though his gravestone states March 9, 1777), in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, the son of Henry and Barbara (Showalter) Funk, and a grandson of Bishop Heinrich Funck, a German Palatine settler of Bernese Swiss descent. Bishop Funck came to America in 1719, and was the first Mennonite bishop in America. As a boy, Joseph moved with his"
"between the harmonica factories in Trossingen and Klingenthal, machines were invented to punch the covers for the reeds. In 1857, Matthias Hohner, a clockmaker from Trossingen, started producing harmonicas. Eventually he became the first to mass-produce them. He used a mass-produced wooden comb that he had made by machine-cutting firms. By 1868, he began supplying the United States. By the 1920s, the diatonic harmonica had largely reached its modern form. Other types followed soon thereafter, including the various tremolo and octave harmonicas. By the late 19th century, harmonica production was a big business, having evolved into mass production. New designs"
"Harmonica The harmonica, also known as a French harp or mouth organ, is a free reed wind instrument used worldwide in many musical genres, notably in blues, American folk music, classical music, jazz, country, and rock and roll. There are many types of harmonica, including diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the mouth (lips and tongue) to direct air into or out of one or more holes along a mouthpiece. Behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one reed. A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of"
"(and the accordion) but this cannot be substantiated. Buschmann states in a letter of 1828 that he had just invented a new instrument, but the manufacture of harmonicas had begun some years previously in Vienna: ""There is documentary evidence that harmonicas were being sold in Vienna in 1825..."" Nor, in his impressively well-documented family history, was Buschmann able to confirm the story (see ""Sources""). Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann (17 June 1805 – 1 October 1864) was a German musical instrument maker, often credited with inventing the harmonica and also the accordion. Buschmann was born in Friedrichroda,"
"the octave or twelfth. Sometimes when chords were played the touch became so heavy that two performers were required, as in the early medieval organistrum, the prototype of the harmonichord. Carl Maria von Weber must have had some opinion of the possibilities of the harmonichord, which in tone resembled the glass harmonica, since he composed a concerto with orchestral accompaniment for the instrument. Harmonichord The harmonichord, one of the many attempts to fuse the piano and violin, was invented by Johann Gottfried Kaufmann and Johann Friedrich Kaufmann (father and son) in Saxony at the beginning of the 19th century, when"
"for the orphica which Beethoven composed for my wife'). This refers to the two pieces of 1798, WoO. 51, formerly erroneously titled ""Leichte Klaviersonate"". Orphica The orphica is a portable piano invented by Carl Leopold Röllig in the late 18th century. Like a guitar, the orphica could be held on a shoulder strap, thus being an early forerunner of the modern keytar. Only a few orphicas were made in Vienna from 1795 to 1810; about 30 orphicas are still in existence today. Among the few composers writing for the orphica was Ludwig van Beethoven. According to a letter of Beethoven's"
"the development of a clavecins oculaire. The invention of the gas light in the nineteenth century created new technical possibilities for the color organ. In England between 1869 and 1873, the inventor Frederick Kastner developed an organ that he named a Pyrophone. The British inventor Alexander Rimington, a professor in fine arts in London, documented the phrase ‘Colour-Organ’ for the first time in a patent application in 1893. Inspired by Newton’s idea that music and color are both grounded in vibrations, he divided the color spectrum into intervals analogous to musical octaves and attributed colors to notes. The same notes"