"of commendation to the king from the Duke of Sessa. On the morning of 26 September, as the ""Sol"" approached the Catalan coast, it was attacked by Ottoman pirates and he was taken to Algiers, which had become one of the main and most cosmopolitan cities of the Ottoman Empire, and was kept there in captivity between the years of 1575 and 1580. After five years as a slave in Algiers, and four unsuccessful escape attempts, he was ransomed by his parents and the Trinitarians and returned to his family in Madrid. Not surprisingly, this traumatic period of Cervantes' life"
"Louis Lamour, ""Doctor Dolittle"" by Hugh Lofting, ""Corsair"" by Clive Cussler and ""Angélique in Barbary"" by Anne Golon. Miguel de Cervantes, the Spanish author, was captive for five years as a slave in the ""bagnio"" of Algiers, and reflected his experience in some of his fictional (but not directly autobiographical) writings, including the Captive's tale in ""Don Quixote"", his two plays set in Algiers, ""El Trato de Argel"" (The Treaty of Algiers) and ""Los Baños de Argel"" (The Baths of Algiers), and episodes in a number of other works. In Mozart's opera ""Die Entführung aus dem Serail"" (a Singspiel), two"
"published at Seville (1895). Gutierre de Cetina Gutierre de Cetina (1519–1554) was a Spanish poet and soldier. Cetina was born at Seville. He was the brother of Beltrán and Gregorio de Cetina, lesser known conquistadors. He served under Charles V in Italy and Germany, but retired from the army in 1545 to settle in Seville. Soon afterwards, however, he sailed for Mexico, where he resided for some time, and later returned to Mexico, where he fell victim some date previous to 1560 in Puebla to a ""morte galante"". A follower of Juan Boscán and Garcilaso de la Vega, a friend"
"was captive in Algiers almost five years, and who wrote two plays set in Algiers of the period. The primary source for knowledge of Algiers of this period, since there are no contemporary local sources, is the ""Topografía e historia general de Argel"" (1612, but written earlier), published by Diego de Haedo, but whose authorship is disputed. This work describes in detail the city, the behavior of its inhabitants, and its military defenses, with the unsuccessful hope of facilitating an attack by Spain so as to end the piracy. A significant number of renegades lived in Algiers at the time,"
"least 900 years to a Spain invaded with Muslims. The ""Morisma"" is based on the Battle of Lepanto, in which Christian forces under John of Austria defeated the Turkish (Ottoman) navy in 1571, thereby impeding Muslim expansion into Europe. Don Quixote author, Miguel de Cervantes, participated in the battle and later wrote an account on it, from which the Los Haro libretto is drawn. A key feature that sets apart the Los Haro Morisma from the larger version performed at Bracho, Zacatecas, is the presence of mounted cavalry. Even though the Battle of Lepanto itself was a naval engagement off"
"of the Christian forces, Don Juan of Austria. It closes with verses linking Miguel de Cervantes, who fought in the battle, with the ""lean and foolish knight"" he would later immortalize in ""Don Quixote"". Miguel de Cervantes lost the use of an arm in this battle and therefore he is known as ""el manco de Lepanto"" (the one-armed man of Lepanto) in the Hispanic world. Emilio Salgari devoted two of his historical novels, ""Capitan Tempesta"" (""Captain Tempest"", 1905) and ""Il Leone di Damasco"" (""The Lion of Damascus"", 1910), to the siege of Famagusta and the Battle of Lepanto. The novels"
"responsible for the defense and security forces of naval bases and facilities, naval schools and training units, and all facilities that support the Marines themselves. The most famous Spanish Marine is without a doubt Miguel de Cervantes, author of the novel Don Quixote, who was wounded in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Another famous writer, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, also served with the marines. The ""Infantería de Armada"" (Navy Infantry) was created by Charles V in 1537, when he permanently assigned the ""Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles"" (Naples Sea Old Companies) to the ""Escuadras de Galeras del"
"supplied subject matter for several of his literary works, notably the Captive's tale in ""Don Quixote"" and the two plays set in Algiers""El trato de Argel"" (""Life in Algiers"") and ""Los baños de Argel"" (""The Dungeons of Algiers"")as well as episodes in a number of other writings, although never in straight autobiographical form. Cervantes led a middle-class life after his return to Spain. Like almost all authors of his day, he was unable to support himself through his writings. Two periods of his life that are very well documented are his years of work in Andalucía as a purchasing agent"
"in Flanders and elsewhere. He was a prisoner of pirates at Argel and a soldier in Italy after being liberated, and returned to Spain about 1584. Afterwards, he moved to Madrid and took holy orders in 1589. Four years later he became chaplain at Ronda, but absented himself from his living. Still, his musical skill obtained for him the post of choirmaster at Plasencia. His (""Assorted Rhymes""), produced in 1591, showed a caustic wit. Later, in 1618, the printer Juan de la Cuesta published Espinel's picaresque novel , for which he is best known. This book, with several autobiographical details,"
"written in captivity. These are: Though he was released, he remained under strict vigilance in a state of house arrest (""libertad vigilada""), and lived in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, occupying a minor bureaucratic post. Later publications include ""Día de alondras"" (1951), ""La esperanza me mantiene"" (1959), ""Entre cuatro paredes"" (1968), ""Vuelta à la isla"" (1968), ""Hora punta del hombre"" (1970), ""Las islas en que vivo"" (1971), ""Elegías muertas de hambre"" (1975), ""Ojos que no ven"" (1977) and ""Hacia la libertad"" (1978). From 10 to 14 October 2005, an international academic conference, with the support of the University"
"with pride: he believed he had taken part in an event that shaped the course of European history. After the Battle of Lepanto, Cervantes remained in hospital in Messina, Italy, for about six months, before his wounds healed enough to allow his joining the colours again. From 1572 to 1575, based mainly in Naples, he continued his soldier's life: he participated in expeditions to Corfu and Navarino, and saw the fall of Tunis and La Goulette to the Turks in 1574. On 6 or 7 September 1575, Cervantes set sail on the galley ""Sol"" from Naples to Barcelona, with letters"
"and is noted by J.B. Trend as being still preserved in the National Library at Madrid. Alonso de Contreras Alonso de Contreras (Madrid, Spain, 6 January 1582 - 1641), was a Spanish sailor (captain of a frigate), soldier (captain of infantry and then of cavalry), privateer, adventurer and writer, best known as the author of his autobiography; one of the very few autobiographies of Spanish soldiers under the Spanish Habsburgs and possibly one of the finest, together with the ""True History of the Conquest of New Spain"" (""Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España"") by Bernal Diaz del"
"The year 1571 saw the last great battle between galleys, when more than 400 Turkish and Christian vessels engaged each other on the Gulf of Patras. The Battle of Lepanto as it was called, saw some 38,000 men perish. Miguel de Cervantes, author of ""Don Quixote"", was wounded during the battle. In April 1587, Sir Francis Drake burned 37 Spanish ships in the harbor at Cádiz, in southern Spain. The publication of Jan Huygen van Linschoten's book ""Voyages"" provided a significant turning point in Europe's maritime history. Before the publication of this book, knowledge of the sea route to the"
"1575, leaving his library to the king. His ""Guerra de Granada"" (concerning the 1568 Morisco Revolt in the Alpujarras) was published in Madrid in 1610 and in Lisbon by Luis Tribaldos de Toledo in 1627; the delay was doubtless due to Mendoza's severe criticism of contemporaries who survived him. A complete edition was not published until 1730. In some passages the author deliberately imitates Sallust and Tacitus; his style is, on the whole, vivid and trenchant, his information is exact, and in critical insight he is not inferior to Juan de Mariana. The attribution to Mendoza of Lazarillo de Tormes"
"writer, but after three years spent working as a bookkeeper in a tailor's shop he takes passage on a ship which lands him in Cádiz, Spain. Unable to speak the language, and in possession of a book by Voltaire, he is arrested as a suspected revolutionary. Held captive for two years, he learns Spanish from his fellow prisoners and determines to travel to one of the liberated American colonies he has learned of, where the possibility exists to establish a new world ""free from the oppression and injustice of the old world"". Freed in an amnesty following the death of"
"in Madrid. In 1585, Cervantes published ""La Galatea"", a pastoral novel. He worked as a purchasing agent for the Spanish Armada and later as a tax collector for the government. In 1597, discrepancies in his accounts for three years previous landed him in the Crown Jail of Seville. In 1605, Cervantes was in Valladolid when the immediate success of the first part of his ""Don Quixote"", published in Madrid, signalled his return to the literary world. In 1607, he settled in Madrid, where he lived and worked until his death. During the last nine years of his life, Cervantes solidified"
"and a few altars were also uncovered. The sacred site, named ""Nuestra Señora de los Dolores"" (Our Lady of Sorrows), was used by the captives and redeemers like their relatives or Spanish Franciscans and Portuguese Jesuits who used to make frequent visits to negotiate the Christian captives' freedom. Miguel De Cervantes, himself a captive in Algiers, Algeria between 1575–80, refers to ""Mazmorras"" in """" (The Divorce Judge) where the protagonist compares his marriage to ""captivity in Tetouan’s caves."" He also did it in ""Don Quixote"", in addition to talking about Tétouan in """", """" and ""La ilustre fregona"". It is"
"after his superior's orders, he was jailed in Toledo, and later freed. His two most important poems are: He also wrote three treatises on mystical theology and the ""Ascent of Mount Carmel"", a more systematic study of the ascetical effort of a soul looking for perfect union with God. Santa Teresa de Jesús (Ávila, 1515 - 1582) was a Carmelite nun. She entered the monastery leaving her parents' home secretly. She experienced periods of spiritual ecstasy through the use of the devotional book. Various friends suggested that her knowledge was diabolical, not divine, but her confessor reassured her of the"
"Gutierre de Cetina Gutierre de Cetina (1519–1554) was a Spanish poet and soldier. Cetina was born at Seville. He was the brother of Beltrán and Gregorio de Cetina, lesser known conquistadors. He served under Charles V in Italy and Germany, but retired from the army in 1545 to settle in Seville. Soon afterwards, however, he sailed for Mexico, where he resided for some time, and later returned to Mexico, where he fell victim some date previous to 1560 in Puebla to a ""morte galante"". A follower of Juan Boscán and Garcilaso de la Vega, a friend of Jerónimo Jiménez de"
"Alan Hillgarth Captain Alan Hugh Hillgarth, CMG, OBE (1899–1978) was a British adventure novelist and member of the intelligence services, perhaps best known for his activities in Spain during and following the Spanish Civil War. Hillgarth appears as one of the actual historical figures in C. J. Sansom's 2006 novel, ""Winter in Madrid"", and also in María Dueñas's 2009 novel, ""El tiempo entre costuras"" (English translation 2011, ""The Time in Between"" (US), ""The Seamstress"" (UK)). In the book ""Roosevelt & Churchill: Men of Secrets"", the historian David Stafford gives an account of Hillgarth's links with Winston Churchill in prewar Majorca,"
"this less picturesque second part has never enjoyed the vogue or influence of the first. The exact date of Pérez de Hita's death is unknown. His blank verse rendering of the ""Crónica Troyana"", written in 1596, exists in manuscript. Ginés Pérez de Hita Ginés Pérez de Hita (1544? – 1619?) was a Spanish novelist and poet, born at Mula (Murcia) about the middle of the 16th century. It is likely that he joined the campaign against the ""Moriscos"" in the Alpujarra in 1560. He owes his wide celebrity to the ""Historia de los bandos de los Zegríes y Abencerrajes"" (1595–1619),"
"Gerald Brenan Edward FitzGerald ""Gerald"" Brenan, CBE (7 April 1894 – 19 January 1987) was a British writer and Hispanist who spent much of his life in Spain. He is best known for ""The Spanish Labyrinth"", a historical work on the background to the Spanish Civil War, and for ""South from Granada: Seven Years in an Andalusian Village"". He was awarded a CBE in the Diplomatic Service and Overseas List in 1982. Brenan was born in Malta into a well-off Anglo-Irish family, while his father was serving there in the British Army. He was educated at Radley, a boarding school"
"soldier from the town of Alghero). He also reported to have been unjustly charged with murder for the love of a young lady from Alghero, for which he was locked up in jail and was later forced to leave Sardinia. Lo Frasso took then refuge in Barcelona between 1565 and 1571. He published there his first book in 1571, with the title of ""Los mil y dozientos consejos y avisos discretos sobre los siete grados y estamentos de nuestra humana vida"", subsequently published ""El verdadero discurso de la victoria"", focused on his glorious vicissitudes during the Battle of Lepanto. However,"
"to be condemned to death. The French invasion of the peninsula saved his life for a few years. He was released, and joined the Liberal Party Spanish in Sevilla. He took refuge in Cadiz, protected by the English fleet, until the restoration of King Ferdinand VII of Spain. He could not escape more. He was shot in Seville in 1814. Francisco Cabello y Mesa Francisco Antonio de Cabello y Mesa (1764 -1814) was a Spanish soldier and writer. He edited the first newspapers of the current nations of Peru, Argentina and Uruguay and founded ""El telégrafo Mercantil"" in Buenos Aires"
"had to go to Spain to take an oath of obedience to Ferdinand of Aragon. The islet was captured in 1529 by Hayreddin Barbarossa during the Capture of Algiers. Barbarossa dismantled the fortifications, ending the Spanish presence in the area. Peñón of Algiers Peñón of Algiers () was a small islet off the coast of Algiers, fortified by the Kingdom of Spain during the 16th century. The islet was connected to the African continent to form a seawall and the harbour of Algiers. In 1510 the Spaniards settled on a small island, the Peñón, north of Algiers (in modern Algeria)."
"poem in 1662. From 1671 to 1701 (posthumous) he published a yearly almanac. A. Margarita Peraza-Rugeley has studied the surviving almanacs in her 2013 book. In 1690 Sigüenza published a pirate captivity narrative which has been considered Latin America's first novel, ""Los infortunios de Alonso Ramírez"". However, new archival evidence discovered by Fabio López Lázaro (2007, 2011), José F. Buscaglia-Salgado (2009, 2011), and A. Margarita Peraza-Rugeley (2013) proves that this incredible story of a Puerto Rican taken captive by English pirates off the Philippine Islands is a historical account, not a fictional one. The archival documents contain dozens of eyewitness"
"Alonso de Contreras Alonso de Contreras (Madrid, Spain, 6 January 1582 - 1641), was a Spanish sailor (captain of a frigate), soldier (captain of infantry and then of cavalry), privateer, adventurer and writer, best known as the author of his autobiography; one of the very few autobiographies of Spanish soldiers under the Spanish Habsburgs and possibly one of the finest, together with the ""True History of the Conquest of New Spain"" (""Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España"") by Bernal Diaz del Castillo. Born to a very poor family he enrolled in the army at the young age"
"In 1571, he was named governor of the Portuguese fortification at Tangiers in Morocco. Nonetheless, little is known of his life until 1578. In that year, he accompanied King Sebastian of Portugal (1557–1578) in his invasion of Morocco, and he was taken prisoner by the Moors at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the same battle where the young king was slain. António is said to have secured his release on easy terms by concocting a fiction. He was asked the meaning of the cross of St. John that he wore on his doublet, and he replied that it was the"
"sent by the governors of Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis, giving a combined strength of about 100,000. The army attacked Tunis and La Goleta; the ""presidio"" of La Goleta, defended by 7,000 men, fell on 24 August 1574. The last Christian troops in a small fort opposite Tunis surrendered on 3 September 1574. John of Austria attempted to relieve the siege with a fleet of galleys from Naples and Sicily but failed due to storms. The Spanish crown, being heavily involved in the Netherlands and short of funds was unable to help significantly. Cervantes participated in these events as a soldier,"
"to have been fakes. Alan Hillgarth Captain Alan Hugh Hillgarth, CMG, OBE (1899–1978) was a British adventure novelist and member of the intelligence services, perhaps best known for his activities in Spain during and following the Spanish Civil War. Hillgarth appears as one of the actual historical figures in C. J. Sansom's 2006 novel, ""Winter in Madrid"", and also in María Dueñas's 2009 novel, ""El tiempo entre costuras"" (English translation 2011, ""The Time in Between"" (US), ""The Seamstress"" (UK)). In the book ""Roosevelt & Churchill: Men of Secrets"", the historian David Stafford gives an account of Hillgarth's links with Winston"
"Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa and Mario Benedetti – signed open letters addressed to the military government of Uruguay. As soon as he was released, Onetti fled to Spain with his wife, the violin player Dorothea Muhr. There he continued his career as a writer, being awarded the most prestigious literary prize in the Spanish-speaking world, the Premio Cervantes. He remained in Madrid until his death in 1994. He is interred in the Cementerio de la Almudena in Madrid. Uruguayan director Alvaro Brechner adapted ""Jacob y el Otro"" for his 2009 film Bad day to go fishing (""Mal día"
"Antonio de Villegas Antonio de Villegas (Medina del Campo, Valladolid, España, c. 1522 - c. 1551) was a Spanish writer. Together with Gregorio Silvestre and other disciples of Cristóbal de Castillejo, he stood against the Italianating tendencies of the poetry of his time. He wrote works in prose and verse, gathered in a compilation titled ""Inventario"" (Inventory, 1565), which includes the story ""Historia del Abencerraje y la hermosa Jarifa"", written in 1551 and considered the first Moorish novel. It tells how a Muslim, prisoner to a Christian named Rodrigo de Narváez, recovers his freedom by keeping his word and returning"
"Ginés Pérez de Hita Ginés Pérez de Hita (1544? – 1619?) was a Spanish novelist and poet, born at Mula (Murcia) about the middle of the 16th century. It is likely that he joined the campaign against the ""Moriscos"" in the Alpujarra in 1560. He owes his wide celebrity to the ""Historia de los bandos de los Zegríes y Abencerrajes"" (1595–1619), better known as the ""Guerras civiles de Granada"", which purports to be a chronicle based on an Arabic original ascribed to a certain Aben-Hamin. Abed-Hamin is a fictitious character, and the ""Wars of Granada"" is, in reality, a historical"