"especially 25I-NBOMe, had become common at raves in Europe. The drug organization Norconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as ""Ecstasy"" include harmaline; piperazines (e.g., BZP and TFMPP); PMA/PMMA; mephedrone (generally used outside the US) and MDPV. Though far less common than other ""club drugs"" like MDMA, ketamine, or LSD, heroin can be found in some of New York City's clubs. Marijuana and related cannabis products are used by some clubgoers; for example, some Rohypnol and ketamine users mix the powdered drug with marijuana and smoke it. Although each club drug has different effects,"
"took amphetamines to stay up all night. In the 1970s disco scene, the club drugs of choice shifted to the stimulant cocaine and the depressant Quaaludes. Quaaludes were so common at disco clubs that the drug was nicknamed ""disco biscuits"". In the 1990s and 2000s, methamphetamines and MDMA are sold and used in many clubs. ""Club drugs"" vary by country and region; in some regions, even opiates such as heroin and morphine have been sold at clubs, though this practice is relatively uncommon. Narconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as ""Ecstasy"" include harmaline;"
"piperazines (e.g., BZP and TFMPP); PMA/PMMA; mephedrone (generally used outside the US) and MDPV. The legal status of club drugs varies according to the region and the drug. Some drugs are legal in some jurisdictions, such as ""poppers"" (which are often sold as ""room deodorizer"" or ""leather polish"" to get around drug laws) and nitrous oxide (which is legal when used from a whipped cream can). Other club drugs, such as amphetamine or MDMA are generally illegal, unless the individual has a lawful prescription from a doctor. Some club drugs are almost always illegal, such as cocaine. There are a"
"been used for many years in dogs and cats for post-operative analgesia. This is usually done with off-label fentanyl patches manufactured for humans with chronic pain. In 2012 a highly concentrated (50 mg/ml) transdermal solution, trade name ""Recuvyra"", has become commercially available for dogs only. It is FDA approved to provide four days of analgesia after a single application prior to surgery. It is not approved for multiple doses or other species. The drug is also approved in Europe. Fentanyl Fentanyl (also spelled fentanil) is an opioid used as a pain medication and together with other medications for anesthesia. Fentanyl"
"This group of drugs are also called ""designer drugs"", as most are synthesized in a chemical lab (e.g., MDMA, ketamine, LSD) rather than being sourced from plants (as with marijuana, which comes from the cannabis plant). Club drugs range from entactogens such as MDMA (""ecstasy""), 2C-B (""nexus"") and inhalants (e.g., nitrous oxide and poppers) to stimulants (e.g., amphetamine and cocaine), depressants/sedatives (Quaaludes, GHB, Rohypnol) and psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs (LSD, magic mushrooms and DMT). Dancers at all-night parties and dance events have used some of these drugs for their stimulating properties since the 1960s Mod subculture in U.K., whose members"
"Its emergence as a club drug differs from other club drugs (e.g., MDMA), however, due to its anesthetic properties (e.g., slurred speech, immobilization) at higher doses; in addition, reports of ketamine being sold as ""ecstasy"" are common. In the 1993 book ""E for Ecstasy"" (about the uses of the street drug Ecstasy in the UK), the writer, activist, and Ecstasy advocate Nicholas Saunders highlighted test results showing that certain consignments of the drug also contained ketamine. Consignments of Ecstasy known as ""Strawberry"" contained what Saunders described as a ""potentially dangerous combination of ketamine, ephedrine, and selegiline"", as did a consignment"
"was believed that Nick had purchased the drug inside club from a dealer, largely due to testimony of his friends, and this led to police and media fears of a ""bad"" batch of ecstasy, possibly laced with PMA. However, in subsequent court proceedings, the friends admitted to having invented this story to cover that they had brought the drug into the club themselves. The fall out from the death led to further calls for the club's license to be reviewed, and in the following days further hospital statements contributed to media reporting that the club itself had become an unacceptable"
"of psychoactive substances, including LSD, heroin, marijuana, cocaine, PCP, mescaline, and ether. Project BLUEBIRD researchers dosed over 7,000 U.S. military personnel with LSD, without their knowledge or consent, at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. Years after these experiments, more than 1,000 of these soldiers suffered from several illnesses, including depression and epilepsy. Many of them tried to commit suicide. In 1952, professional tennis player Harold Blauer died when injected by Dr. James Cattell with a fatal dose of a mescaline derivative at the New York State Psychiatric Institute of Columbia University. The United States Department of Defense, which sponsored the"
"name Equipoise. The medication has been used much more widely in veterinary medicine, in which it has been used mainly in horses, and remains in use today. ""Boldenone undecylenate"" is the generic name of the drug and its , while ""boldenone undecenoate"" is its . Boldenone undecylenate is or has been marketed under a number of brand names including Boldane, Equipoise, Parenabol, and Vebonol among others. Boldenone undecylenate remains marketed for veterinary use in Australia and the United States. There are many known cases of doping in sports with boldenone undecylenate by professional athletes. Boldenone undecylenate Boldenone undecylenate, or boldenone"
"use in 1961 and in the United States in 1964. ""Ethylestrenol"" is the generic name of the drug and its , , and , while ""éthylestrénol"" is its and ""ethylnandrol"" is its . The was formerly ""ethyloestrenol"", but it was eventually changed. Ethylestrenol is or has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Durabolin O, Duraboral, Fertabolin, Maxibolin, Maxibolin Elixir, Orabolin, Orgabolin, Orgaboral, and Virastine. The brand name Durabolin O is a contraction of ""Durabolin Oral"", Durabolin being a brand name of the nandrolone ester nandrolone phenylpropionate. Ethylestrenol is or has also been marketed for veterinary use under"
"Alfaxalone Alfaxalone, also known as alphaxalone or alphaxolone and sold under the brand name Alfaxan, is a neuroactive steroid and general anesthetic which is used in veterinary practice as an induction agent for anesthesia and as an injectable anesthetic. Though it is more expensive than other induction agents, it often preferred due to the lack of depressive effects on the cardiovascular system. The most common side effect is respiratory depression; when premedications aren't given, patients also become agitated and hypersensitive when waking up. Alfaxalone works as a positive allosteric modulator on GABA receptors and, at high concentrations, as a direct"
"and also as a thymoleptic before being phased out by the appearance of newer agents in the 1950s. Everton, one of the top clubs in the English football league, were champions of the 1962–63 season. And it was done, according to a national newspaper investigation, with the help of Benzedrine. Word spread after Everton's win that the drug had been involved. The newspaper investigated, cited where the reporter believed it had come from, and quoted the goalkeeper, Albert Dunlop, as saying: The club agreed that drugs had been used but that they ""could not possibly have had any harmful effect."""
", experiments were conducted to determine the drugs pharmacology but the mechanism of drug induced liver injury remained unclear. Cinchophen was considered to be too dangerous for human use in most countries but has applications in veterinary medicine as a treatment for osteoarthritis in dogs. Cinchophen can be administered orally in tablet form or intravenously in liquid form . Cinchophen toxicity may present 6 to 12 hours after administration. Symptoms can include hyperventilation, hyperthermia (fever), gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhoea, hives, vomiting, delirium, hepatitis , jaundice, anorexia, convulsions, coma and death . Fatty degeneration of the heart and kidneys, necrosis of hepatic"
"Carprofen Carprofen, marketed under many brand names worldwide, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that veterinarians prescribe as a supportive treatment for various conditions in animals. It provides day-to-day treatment for pain and inflammation from various kinds of joint pain as well as post-operative pain. Carprofen reduces inflammation by inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2; its specificity for COX-2 varies from species to species. Most dogs respond well to carprofen use, but like all NSAIDs, it may cause gastrointestinal, liver and kidney problems in some patients. After introduction, significant anecdotal reports of sudden animal deaths from its use arose. To date"
"in veterinary medicine. The next neurosteroid anaesthetic introduced into human medicine was the newer drug minaxolone, which is around three times more potent than althesin and retains the favourable safety profile, without the toxicity problems seen with althesin. However this drug was also ultimately withdrawn, not because of problems in clinical use, but because animal studies suggested potential carcinogenicity and since alternative agents were available it was felt that the possible risk outweighed the benefit of keeping the drug on the market. The neurosteroid ganaxolone, an analog of the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone, has been extensively investigated in animal models and"
"an early development project of Roussel Uclaf, a French pharmaceutical company, and by the early 1970s, it was being sold as an injectable. Despite trenbolone acetate's official classification as a veterinary AAS, it is considered to be one of the most effective AAS used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes in humans, particularly in bodybuilding. There are a number of trenbolone esters but trenbolone acetate is the only one known to be produced in veterinary AAS manufacturers. Trenbolone acetate became popular among bodybuilders and athletes during the early 1980s. During this period, the AAS was transported illegally from Europe in large"
"advocates at the prison during the execution and later at the Nebraska capitol building. Fentanyl in injectable formulation is commonly used for analgesia and as a component of balanced sedation and general anesthesia in small animal patients. Its potency and short duration of action make it particularly useful in critically ill patients. In addition, it tends to cause less vomiting and regurgitation than other pure-opiate (codeine, morphine) and synthetic pure-opioid agonists (oxycodone, hydromorphone) when given as a continuous post-operative infusion. As with other pure-opioid agonists, fentanyl can be associated with dysphoria in both dogs and cats. Transdermal fentanyl has also"
"stanozolol, testosterone, methasterone, androstenedione, norandrostenedione, methandienone, etiocholanolone, and trenbolone. Boldenone is an injectable anabolic steroid. It is only available legally at a veterinarian clinic, mostly for the treatment for horses. A popular brand for boldenone is Equipoise. Side effects with anabolic agents are very serious and are not to be ignored. Side effects include: acne, nervous tension, aggressiveness, cramping, headaches, dizziness, high blood pressure, testicular or scrotal pain, premature male baldness, deepening in voice, jaundice, and liver damage. Alcohol, more precisely ethanol, is a colorless flammable liquid that is the intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquors. Beta blockers are"
"Manhattan called ""juice bars"" that only served non-alcoholic drinks that catered to people who liked to dance on methaqualone. Purported methaqualone is in a significant minority of cases found to be inert, or contain diphenhydramine or benzodiazepines. Methaqualone is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in South Africa. It is also popular elsewhere in Africa and in India. Commonly known as Mandrax, M-pills, buttons, or smarties, a mixture of crushed mandrax and cannabis is smoked, usually through a smoking pipe made from the neck of a broken bottle. The depressant GHB (also used by assailants as a date"
"Nicotine is addictive and dependence forming. The most common source of nicotine, tobacco's, overall harm to user and self score as determined by a multi-criteria decision analysis was determined at 3 percent below cocaine, and 13 percent above amphetamines, ranking 6th most harmful of the 20 drugs assessed. Phenylpropanolamine (PPA; Accutrim; β-hydroxyamphetamine), also known as the stereoisomers norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes that is used as a stimulant, decongestant, and anorectic agent. It is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations. In veterinary medicine, it is used to"
"of diagnosis. Greyhound dogs often get valley fever as well, and their treatment regimen involves 6–12 months of ketoconazole, to be taken with food. Conventional ""amphotericin B desoxycholate"" (AmB: used since the 1950s as a primary agent) is known to be associated with increased drug-induced nephrotoxicity (kidney toxicity) impairing kidney function. Other formulations have been developed such as lipid soluble formulations to mitigate such side-effects as direct proximal and distal tubular cytotoxicity. These include liposomal amphotericin B, ""amphotericin B lipid complex"" such as Abelcet (brand) ""amphotericin B phospholipid complex"" also as ""AmBisome Intravenous"", or ""Amphotec Intravenous"" (Generic; Amphotericin B Cholesteryl"
"the 1950s and 1960s. One of these was boldenone undecylenate, which was introduced for clinical use under the brand name Parenabol and saw some use in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, it was discontinued before the end of the 1970s. Subsequently, boldenone undecylenate was introduced by Squibb under the brand name Equipose for veterinary use, most commonly in horses. ""Boldenone"" is the generic name of the drug and its and . Boldenone is marketed as veterinary drug as boldenone undecylenate (a derivative of boldenone) under the following brand names: Boldebal H, Equipoise, and Sybolin. It is marketed as"
"of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically. Types C–G are less common; types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. Type H is considered the deadliest substance in the world an injection of only 2 ng can cause death to an adult. Botulinum toxin types A and B are used in medicine to treat various muscle spasms and diseases characterized by overactive muscle. Commercial forms are marketed under the brand names Botox and Dysport, among others. Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of"
"first used in the 1930s as a drug to treat various medical conditions such as narcolepsy and depression. However, during World War II, amphetamine was given to soldiers to keep them awake and alert. Soon, it leads to athletes abusing it to gain an advance. Usage of stimulants, such as amphetamine, can lead to death. In 1960, Danish cyclist Kurt Enemar Jensen died from amphetamine use during the Summer Olympics, and British cyclist Tommy Simpson died during the 1967 Tour de France with alcohol and amphetamines in his system. Amphetamines manipulate the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the central nervous"
"to a friend. Fatal overdoses of this slow-acting hypnotic were not uncommon. Pioneering aviator Arthur Whitten Brown (of ""Alcock and Brown"" fame) died of an accidental overdose. Japanese writer Ryūnosuke Akutagawa deliberately overdosed on the drug in 1927. Solutions of sodium barbital have also been used as pH buffers for biological research, e.g., in immunoelectrophoresis or in fixative solutions. As barbital is a controlled substance, barbital-based buffers have largely been replaced by other substances. Barbital Barbital (or barbitone), marketed under the brand names Veronal for the pure acid and Medinal for the sodium salt, was the first commercially available barbiturate."
"pharmaceuticals) and is the only injectable form of pentobarbital approved for sale in the United States. In high doses, pentobarbital causes death by respiratory arrest. In the United States, the drug has been used for executions of convicted criminals. Lundbeck (one of many manufacturers) does not permit its sale to prisons or corrections departments to carry out the death penalty. Typical applications for pentobarbital are sedative, hypnotic for short term, preanesthetic and control of convulsions in emergencies. Nembutal in capsule form, once manufactured by Abbott Pharmaceutical was discontinued in 1999. It is also used as a veterinary anesthetic agent. Pentobarbital"
"the veterinary community how a particular anesthetic agent, specifically ketamine, has been listed as causing ill effects when this has not been found to be accurate. It is possible this comes from a misunderstanding of the drug and its common effects, since ketamine is an anesthetic that cannot be used alone. Ketamine has been proven safe, when used in servals, together with medetomidine (Domitor, Dorbene, Dormilan, Medetor, Sedastart, Sedator, Sededorm) and butorphanol (Alvegesic, Dolorex, Torbugesic, Torbutrol, Torphasol) with the antagonist atipamezole (Alzane, Antisedan, Atipam, Revertor, Sedastop). In the United States, rabies vaccines are recommended but not approved for non-domestic cats."
"gap, including acetylcholine. Bites are usually not fatal, but do cause a significant amount of pain in addition to muscle spasms. The venom is the most damaging to nerve endings, but the introduction of ""d""-tubocurarine chloride blocks the nAChr, alleviating pain and muscle spasms while an antivenom can be administered. An individual administered tubocurarine chloride will be unable to move any voluntary muscles, including the diaphragm. A large enough dose will therefore result in death from respiratory failure unless artificial ventilation is initiated. The LD for mice and rabbits are 0.13 mg/kg and 0.146 mg/kg intravenously, respectively. It releases histamine"
"Dimethylthiambutene Dimethylthiambutene (""N"",""N""-Dimethyl-1-methyl-3,3-di-2-thienylallylamine, DMTB, trade names Ohton, Aminobutene, Dimethibutin, Kobaton, Takaton, Dimethibutin) is an opioid analgesic drug, most often used in veterinary medicine in Japan and to a lesser extent in other countries in the region and around the world. It is the most prominent and widely used of the thiambutenes, a series of open-chain opioids structurally related to methadone which are also called the thienyl derivative opioids which also includes diethylthiambutene and ethylmethylthiambutene, as well as the non-opioid cough suppressant tipepidine. Dimethylthiambutene was developed in the United Kingdom in the late 1940s and introduced to the market by Burroughs-Wellcome"
"effective as aspirin in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in dogs. A paracetamol-codeine product (trade name Pardale-V) licensed for use in dogs is available for purchase under supervision of a vet, pharmacist or other qualified person. It should be administered to dogs only on veterinary advice and with extreme caution. The main effect of toxicity in dogs is liver damage, and GI ulceration has been reported.<ref name=""doi10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x""></ref> N-acetylcysteine treatment is efficacious in dogs when administered within two hours of paracetamol ingestion. Paracetamol is lethal to snakes, and has been suggested as a chemical control program for the invasive brown tree"
"Club drug Club drugs, also called rave drugs, or party drugs are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and nightclubs, dance clubs, electronic dance music parties, and raves in the 1980s to the 2010s. Unlike many other categories, such as opiates, which are established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties, club drugs are a ""category of convenience"", in which drugs are included due to the locations they are consumed and/or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs. Club drugs are generally used by teens and young adults."
"precisely the kind sought in mediation. However, disco dancers and ravers preferred different drugs. Whereas 1970s disco scene members preferred cocaine and the depressant/sedative Quaaludes, ravers preferred MDMA, 2C-B, amphetamine, morphine and other pills. According to the FBI, raves are one of the most popular venues where club drugs are distributed, and as such feature a prominent drug subculture. Club drugs include MDMA (more commonly known as ""ecstasy"", ""E"" or ""molly""), 2C-B (more commonly known as ""nexus""), amphetamine (commonly referred to as ""speed""), morphine (commonly known as ""morphy"" or ""M"" ), GHB (commonly referred to as ""fantasy"" or ""liquid E""),"
"strokes. Bayer lost its trademark for Aspirin in the United States in 1918 because it had failed to use the name for its own product and had for years allowed the use of ""Aspirin"" by other manufacturers . Today, aspirin is a generic trademark in many countries. Aspirin, with a capital ""A"", remains a registered trademark of Bayer in Germany, Canada, Mexico, and in over 80 other countries, for acetylsalicylic acid in all markets, but using different packaging and physical aspects for each. Aspirin is sometimes used in veterinary medicine as an anticoagulant or to relieve pain associated with musculoskeletal"