"as are sorrel and umbellifers like parsley. Rhubarb leaves contain about 0.5% oxalic acid, and jack-in-the-pulpit (""Arisaema triphyllum"") contains calcium oxalate crystals. Similarly, the Virginia creeper, a common decorative vine, produces oxalic acid in its berries as well as oxalate crystals in the sap, in the form of raphides. Bacteria produce oxalates from oxidation of carbohydrates. Plants of the genus ""Fenestraria"" produce optical fibers made from crystalline oxalic acid to transmit light to subterranean photosynthetic sites. Carambola, also known as starfruit, also contains oxalic acid along with caramboxin. The formation of naturally occurring calcium oxalate patinas on certain limestone and"
"has a salty taste. Other salt forms such as calcium GHB and magnesium GHB have also been reported, but the sodium salt is by far the most common. Some prodrugs convert to GHB in the stomach and blood stream, such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL). Other prodrugs, such as 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B), also have their own toxicity concerns. GBL and 1,4-B are normally found as pure liquids, but they may be mixed with other more harmful solvents when intended for industrial use, e.g., as paint stripper or varnish thinner. GHB can be manufactured with little knowledge of chemistry, as it involves the mixing"
"Abrin Abrin is an extremely toxic toxalbumin found in the seeds of the rosary pea (or jequirity pea), ""Abrus precatorius"". It has a median toxic dose of 0.7 micrograms per kilogram of body mass when given to mice intravenously (approximately 31.4 times more toxic than ricin, being 22 micrograms per kilogram). The median toxic dose for humans ranges from 10 to 1000 micrograms per kilogram when ingested and is 3.3 micrograms per kilogram when inhaled. Abrin is a ribosome inhibiting protein like ricin, a toxin which can be found in the seeds of the castor oil plant and pulchellin, a"
"Abrin Abrin is an extremely toxic toxalbumin found in the seeds of the rosary pea (or jequirity pea), ""Abrus precatorius"". It has a median toxic dose of 0.7 micrograms per kilogram of body mass when given to mice intravenously (approximately 31.4 times more toxic than ricin, being 22 micrograms per kilogram). The median toxic dose for humans ranges from 10 to 1000 micrograms per kilogram when ingested and is 3.3 micrograms per kilogram when inhaled. Abrin is a ribosome inhibiting protein like ricin, a toxin which can be found in the seeds of the castor oil plant and pulchellin, a"
"the salt(s) ""Malat(e)"". Malic acid is the main acid in many fruits, including apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, mirabelles, peaches, pears, plums, and quince and is present in lower concentrations in other fruits, such as citrus. It contributes to the sourness of green (unripe) apples. It is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/l. It confers a tart taste to wine, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. The taste of malic acid is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which it is the primary flavor. It is"
"leaves, the leaflets of which are oblong, about 12 in. long and 1 in. broad, and somewhat truncate at the apex. The flowers are papilionaceous, of a purple color and arranged in panicles. The Goa powder or araroba is contained in the trunk, filling crevices in the heartwood. It is a morbid product in the tree, and yields to hot chloroform 50% of a substance known officially as chrysarobin. It occurs as a micro-crystalline, odorless, tasteless powder, very slightly soluble in either water or alcohol; it also occurs in rhubarb root. This complex mixture contains pure chrysarobin, di-chrysarobin methylether, di-chrysarobin."
"brand name. The salt is synthesized by treating sodium chloroacetate with potassium fluoride. Potassium fluoroacetate (as opposed to the commercially manufactured sodium salt) occurs naturally in at least 40 plant species in Australia, Brazil, and Africa. It was first identified in ""Dichapetalum cymosum"", commonly known as gifblaar (Afrikaans) or poison leaf, by Marais in 1944. As early as 1904, colonists in Sierra Leone used extracts of ""Chailletia toxicaria"", which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts, to poison rats. Several native Australian plant genera contain the toxin, including ""Gastrolobium"", ""Gompholobium"", ""Oxylobium"", ""Nemcia"", and ""Acacia"". ""Gastrolobium"" is a genus of flowering"
"and only the more important compounds will be discussed herein. These are generally mustard oils, which are characterized by a burning taste; their principal occurrence is in mustard and ""Tropaeolum"" seeds. Sinigrin, or the potassium salt of inyronic acid not only occurs in mustard seed, but also in black pepper and in horseradish root. Hydrolysis with baryta, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid. Jalapin or scammonin occurs in scammony; it"
"chronic congestive heart failure. Rhein (molecule) Rhein, also known as cassic acid, is a substance in the anthraquinone group obtained from rhubarb. Like all such substances, rhein is a cathartic. Rhein is commonly found as a glycoside such as rhein-8-glucoside or glucorhein. Rhein was first isolated in 1895. It is found in rhubarb species like ""Rheum undulatum"" and ""Rheum palmatum"" as well as in ""Cassia reticulata"". Originally the rhubarb plant which contains rhein was used as a laxative. It was believed that rhein along with other anthraquinone glycosides imparted this activity. Rhein has been reevaluated as an antibacterial agent against"
"hydrolyses to rhamnose and naringenin, the phioroglucin ester of para-oxycinnamic acid, and hesperidin, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and hesperetin, the phloroglucin ester of meta-oxy-para-methoxycinnamic acid or isoferulic acid, CHO. These are generally substituted anthraquinones; many have medicinal applications, being used as purgatives, while one, ruberythric acid, yields the valuable dyestuff madder, the base of which is alizarin. Chrysophanic acid, a dioxymethylanthraquinone, occurs in rhubarb, which also contains emodin, a trioxymethylanthraquinone; this substance occurs in combination with rhamnose in ""Frangula"" bark. The most important cyanogenetic glucoside is amygdalin, which occurs in bitter almonds. The enzyme maltase decomposes it into glucose and"
"Rhein (molecule) Rhein, also known as cassic acid, is a substance in the anthraquinone group obtained from rhubarb. Like all such substances, rhein is a cathartic. Rhein is commonly found as a glycoside such as rhein-8-glucoside or glucorhein. Rhein was first isolated in 1895. It is found in rhubarb species like ""Rheum undulatum"" and ""Rheum palmatum"" as well as in ""Cassia reticulata"". Originally the rhubarb plant which contains rhein was used as a laxative. It was believed that rhein along with other anthraquinone glycosides imparted this activity. Rhein has been reevaluated as an antibacterial agent against ""Staphylococcus aureus"" in 2008."
"and vitamin B. The compound annonacin, which is contained in the seeds of soursop, is a neurotoxin identified in preliminary research. The leaves of ""Annona muricata"" contain annonamine, which is an aporphine-class alkaloid featuring a quaternary ammonium group. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions, ""alkaloids extracted from graviola may cause neuronal dysfunction"". The compound annonacin, which is contained in the fruit and seeds of soursop, is a potent neurotoxin associated with neurodegenerative disease, and research has suggested that a connection between consumption of soursop and atypical forms of Parkinson's disease due to high concentrations of annonacin is conceivable. The of"
"'SR' of Gibbs SR toothpaste, the first product to be advertised on British TV (in 1955) Sodium ricinoleate Sodium ricinoleate is the sodium salt of ricinoleic acid, the principal fatty acid derived from castor oil. It is used in making soap, where its molecular structure causes it to lather more easily than comparable sodium soaps derived from fatty acids. It is a bactericide. It exhibits several polymorphic structural phases. As a surfactant, sodium ricinoleate is an irritant to human skin and mucous membranes, causing hypersensitivity responses. These are due to castor bean constituents, which can be removed in order to"
"Chinese medicine. However, in the abstract to his 1947 paper, Ivanovics noted that because raphanin is highly toxic, it did not ""hold the promise of a useful therapeutic agent"". Raphanin Raphanin is the main sulfur component found in radish seeds of ""Raphanus sativus"" and is also found in broccoli and red cabbage. It was first described by G. Ivanovics and S. Horvath in 1947. Raphanin inhibits activity of viruses, some fungi and various bacteria including ""Staphylococcus"", ""Streptococcus"", ""Pneumococcus"" and ""Escherichia coli"" (see table). The effect is stronger against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria and against DNA than RNA viruses; it is"
"Ricinoleic acid Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-""cis""-octadecenoic acid is a fatty acid. It is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and a hydroxy acid. It is a major component of the seed oil obtained from mature Castor plant (""Ricinus communis"" L., Euphorbiaceae) seeds or in sclerotium of ergot (""Claviceps purpurea"" Tul., Clavicipitaceae). About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the triglyceride formed from ricinoleic acid. Ricinoleic acid is manufactured for industries by saponification or fractional distillation of hydrolyzed castor oil. The zinc salt is used in personal care products, such as deodorants. The first attempts to prepare"
"leaves, cabbage leaves, chickory, collard greens, dandelion leaves, endives, escarole, kelp, mustard leaves, seaweeds, spirulina, water cress. Only occasionally and sporadically; Amaranth leaves, beet leaves, starfruit, chards, parsley, spinach & turnip leaves. All of these feature high oxalic acid contents that induces production of calcium oxalates (crystals/stones) by binding calcium & other trace minerals present in foods & goods with which they are ingested. Possibly leading to calcium deficiencies &/or hypocalcemia in minor cases. Liver and/or other internal organs' damage or failure in more severe cases. Wild harvested greens and weeds: Bromus, chick weeds, cock's foot or dactylis (orchard grasses),"
"second, phenobarbital was first marketed in 1912. Barbituric acid is one of four ingredients used to make riboflavin (vitamin B). Overdose of barbiturate drugs can cause respiratory problems and death. Barbituric acid derivatives are considered DEA Schedule III controlled substances.[15] 15. Title 21, Subchapter I, Part B §812. Schedules of controlled substances https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm Barbituric acid Barbituric acid or malonylurea or 6-hydroxyuracil is an organic compound based on a pyrimidine heterocyclic skeleton. It is an odorless powder soluble in water. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although barbituric acid itself is not pharmacologically active. The compound was first"
"Rubidium azide Rubidium azide is an inorganic compound with the formula RbN. It is the rubidium salt of the azide ion (). Like most azides, it is explosive. Rubidium azide can be created by the reaction between rubidium sulfate and barium azide which results in formation of easily separated insoluble barium sulfate: <chem>Rb2SO4 + Ba(N3)2 -> 2RbN3 + BaSO4</chem> In at least one study, rubidium azide was produced by the reaction between butyl nitrite, hydrazine monohydrate, and rubidium hydroxide: <chem>C4H9ONO + N2H4*H2O + RbOH ->[C2H5OH] RbN3 + C4H9OH + 3H2O</chem> This formula is typically used to synthesize potassium azide from"
"them to have the following composition: moisture 94.53%; ash 0.323%; dietary fiber 3.024%; fat 0.368%; and protein 1.581%. The free fatty acid content of dried fruit bodies was 4.5%, slightly more than the common button mushroom (""Agaricus bisporus""), which had 3.5%. The majority of this total was oleic acid (1.95%), followed by linoleic acid (1.68%) and palmitic acid (1.69%). Other red-capped boletes include the poisonous ""B. flammans"" and ""B. rubroflammeus""; the former grows most commonly under conifers, the latter in association with hardwoods in eastern North America and southern Arizona. Often confused with ""E. frostii"" are ""E. permagnificus"" and ""B."
"Homoeriodictyol Homoeriodictyol is a bitter-masking flavanone extracted from Yerba Santa (""Eriodictyon californicum"") a plant growing in America. Homoeriodictyol (3`-methoxy-4`,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the 4 flavanones identified by Symrise in this plant eliciting taste-modifying property: homoeriodictyol sodium salt, eriodictyol and sterubin. Homoeriodictyol Sodium salt elicited the most potent bitter-masking activity by reducing from 10 to 40% the bitterness of salicin, amarogentin, paracetamol and quinine. However no bitter-masking activity was detected with bitter linoleic acid emulsions. According to Symrise's scientists homoeriodictyol sodium salt seems to be a taste-modifier with large potential in food applications and pharmaceuticals. Structural relatives investigation based on eriodictyol"
"and homoeriodictyol, found 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide to elicits bitter-masking activity. At 0.1g/L, this vanillin derivative, was able to reduce the bitterness of a 0.5g/L caffeine solution by about 30%. Homoeriodictyol Homoeriodictyol is a bitter-masking flavanone extracted from Yerba Santa (""Eriodictyon californicum"") a plant growing in America. Homoeriodictyol (3`-methoxy-4`,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the 4 flavanones identified by Symrise in this plant eliciting taste-modifying property: homoeriodictyol sodium salt, eriodictyol and sterubin. Homoeriodictyol Sodium salt elicited the most potent bitter-masking activity by reducing from 10 to 40% the bitterness of salicin, amarogentin, paracetamol and quinine. However no bitter-masking activity was detected with bitter"
"Rathayibacter toxicus Rathayibacter toxicus is a phytopathogenic bacterium known for causing annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) commonly found in South and Western Australia. The genus ""Rathayibacter"" is an homage to E. Rathay, the plant pathologist who first isolated strains of the genus combined with the suffix -bacter meaning ""rod"" in Latin. The species name, ""toxicus"", stems from the Latin word meaning ""poison"", due to ""Rathayibacter toxicus""'s ability to produce corynetoxins. ""Rathayibacter toxicus"" has been previously classified as “""Corynebacterium"" sp.”, “""Corynebacterium rathayi""”, “""Clavibacter"" sp.”, “""Clavibacter rathayi""”, and “""Clavibacter toxicus.""” The organism is a member of the ""Microbacteriaceae"" family. ""Microbacteriaceae"" contains twenty-eight other"
"a pale yellow non-edible oil, called ""argemone oil"" or ""katkar oil"", which contains the toxic alkaloids sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. Four quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine, have been isolated from the whole plant of ""Argemone mexicana"". The seed pods secrete a pale yellow latex when cut open. This argemone resin contains berberine and protopine. The seeds resemble the seeds of ""Brassica nigra"" (mustard). As a result, mustard can be adulterated by argemone seeds, rendering it poisonous. Several significant instances of katkar poisoning have been reported in India, Fiji, South Africa and other countries. The last major outbreak in"
"in the U.K. by Cornish plant collector William Lobb for Veitch Nurseries of Exeter in the year 1848. The plant is somewhat poisonous, its toxicity referable to its containing cucurbitacins, a class of cytotoxic triterpenoids named for their frequent occurrence in genera of the cucumber and gourd family Cucurbitaceae, such as Bryonia. Contact with the sap of plants containing high levels of cucurbitacins can lead to skin inflammation and blistering, while consumption of plant material containing such compounds can lead to gastrointestinal irritation with vomiting and bloody diarrhoea, tachycardia and damage to the liver (hepatotoxicity) and kidneys (among other symptoms),"
"These herbs are described as ""noble"" or ""upper herbs"" (上品). The second volume is devoted to 120 therapeutic substances intended to treat the sick, but have toxic, or potentially toxic properties of varying degrees. In this category, we find the ginger, peonies and cucumber. The substances of this group are described as ""human,"" ""commoner,"" or ""middle herbs"" (中品). In the last volume there are 125 entries corresponding to substances which have a strong or violent action on physiological functions and are often poisonous. Rhubarb, different pitted fruits and peaches are among those featured. These herbs are referred to as ""low"
"Ricin Ricin ( ), a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, ""Ricinus communis"", is a highly potent toxin. A dose of purified ricin powder the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human. The median lethal dose (LD) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram of body weight if the exposure is from injection or inhalation (1.78 milligrams for an average adult). Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic as some of the poison is inactivated in the stomach. An estimated lethal oral dose in humans"
"with alcohol in all proportions, is readily soluble in ether and most organic solvents. Coniine dissolves in carbon disulfide, forming a complex thiocarbamate. Coniine solidifies into a soft crystalline mass at −2 °C. It slowly oxidizes in the air. The salts crystallize well and are soluble in water or alcohol. The hydrochloride, B•HCl, crystallizes from water in rhombs, mp. 220 °C, [α] +10.1°; the hydrobromide, in needles, mp. 211 °C, and the -acid tartrate, B•CHO•2 HO, in rhombic crystals, mp. 54 °C. The platinichloride, (B•HCl)•PtCl•HO, separates from concentrated solution as an oil, which solidifies to a mass of orange-yellow crystals,"
"ratio found in 2003 that the net effects of lauric acid on coronary artery disease outcomes remained uncertain. A 2016 review of coconut oil (which is nearly half lauric acid) was similarly inconclusive about the effects on cardiovascular disease risk. Lauric acid Lauric acid or systematically, dodecanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon atom chain, thus having many properties of medium-chain fatty acids, is a bright white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil or soap. The salts and esters of lauric acid are known as laurates. Lauric acid, as a component of triglycerides, comprises"
"and sulfonyl urea herbicides are most effective in eradication; herbicides should be applied at first sight of flowering because at this stage the bulbs will be exhausted. Members of the ""Oxalis"" genus produce the toxin oxalic acid. In low amounts, this toxin is harmless and is even found in common produce, such as broccoli, spinach and brussel sprouts. In higher amounts the toxin can have damaging effects that lead to hypocalcemia; this is a concern among farmers who tend grazing livestock. The leaves of the plant are edible, and will yield a sour taste due to production of oxalic acid."
"Gastrolobium bilobum Gastrolobium bilobum, commonly known as heart-leaved poison, is a bushy shrub which is endemic to south west Western Australia. The species is a member of the family Fabaceae and is probably the most toxic species in the genus ""Gastrolobium"", containing high levels of monofluroacetic acid The species grows to a height of up to 4 metres. Between late winter and early summer (August to December in Australia) it produces yellow-orange pea-flowers with a central yellow area encircled by a band of red, and a maroon keel. The leaves are cuneiform, obovate or elliptic. The species was first formally"
"Paraquat Paraquat (trivial name; ) or ""N"",""N""′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name) is an organic compound with the chemical formula [(CHN)]Cl. It is classified as a viologen, a family of redox-active heterocycles of similar structure. Paraquat was manufactured by Chevron. This salt is one of the most widely used herbicides. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic to human beings and animals due to its redox activity, which produces superoxide anions. It has been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease and is banned in several countries. Paraquat may be in the form of"
"moderation. 'The levels of toxic metals found in the fish were as follows... Liver: between 2.37 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg of mercury found Skin: between 0.36 mg/kg and 0.59 mg/kg of mercury found. 0.11 mg/kg of cadmium found. Muscles: 0.9 mg/kg mercury found. 0.09 mg/kg maximum candmium levels found. In every sample, the lead found was less than 0.10 mg/kg. Black scabbardfish are known hosts to ""Anisakis"". Eating raw or undercooked black scabbardfish could result in a parasitic infection known as anisakiasis, and the only way this condition can be treated is by removal of the nematodes through endoscopy, or"
"the reed to remain in an overall consistent environment. Even though salival pH decreases the hemicelluloses coating on reeds, it has little effect on the reed matrix compared to the contaminants found in saliva. Amines and glycoproteins have been found in the reed matrix: salivary mucosins, Proline-rich Glycoproteins, alpha-amylases, peroxidase, Carbonic Anhydrase, Fucose-rich glycoproteins, Immunoglobulin, Kallikrein, Lactoferrin, and Fibronectrin. Oral bacterium already in one's mouth removes the sugar containing components from glycoproteins in saliva. This removal of sugar forms a precipitate or a non-soluble by-product. The protein precipitate formed in saliva is normally rich in calcium and low in solubility."