"Words, Words, Words Words, Words, Words is a one-act play written by David Ives for his collection of six one-act plays, ""All in the Timing"". The play is about Kafka, Milton, and Swift, three intelligent chimpanzees who are put in a cage together under the experimenting eye of a never seen Dr. Rosenbaum, a scientist testing the hypothesis that three apes hitting keys at random on typewriters for an infinite amount of time will almost surely produce Shakespeare's play ""Hamlet"" (a variation on the infinite monkey theorem). The show's title is a phrase quoted from ""Hamlet"". The performance comprises the"
"in the introduction to a 2001 paper, ""Monkeys, Typewriters and Networks: The Internet in the Light of the Theory of Accidental Excellence"". In 2002, an article in ""The Washington Post"" said, ""Plenty of people have had fun with the famous notion that an infinite number of monkeys with an infinite number of typewriters and an infinite amount of time could eventually write the works of Shakespeare"". In 2003, the previously mentioned Arts Council funded experiment involving real monkeys and a computer keyboard received widespread press coverage. In 2007, the theorem was listed by ""Wired"" magazine in a list of eight"
"author; or that Shakespeare is the author, the monkey his agent, and the finder merely a user of the text. These solutions have their own difficulties, in that the text appears to have a meaning separate from the other agents: what if the monkey operates before Shakespeare is born, or if Shakespeare is never born, or if no one ever finds the monkey's typescript? The theorem concerns a thought experiment which cannot be fully carried out in practice, since it is predicted to require prohibitive amounts of time and resources. Nonetheless, it has inspired efforts in finite random text generation."
"for physically meaningful numbers of monkeys typing for physically meaningful lengths of time the results are reversed. If there were as many monkeys as there are atoms in the observable universe typing extremely fast for trillions of times the life of the universe, the probability of the monkeys replicating even a ""single page"" of Shakespeare is unfathomably small. Ignoring punctuation, spacing, and capitalization, a monkey typing letters uniformly at random has a chance of one in 26 of correctly typing the first letter of ""Hamlet."" It has a chance of one in 676 (26 × 26) of typing the first"
"field whose statistical foundations motivated the first known expositions of typing monkeys, ""The probability of ""Hamlet"" is therefore zero in any operational sense of an event..."", and the statement that the monkeys must eventually succeed ""gives a misleading conclusion about very, very large numbers."" In fact there is less than a one in a trillion chance of success that such a universe made of monkeys could type any particular document a mere 79 characters long. The probability that an infinite randomly generated string of text will contain a particular finite substring is 1. However, this does not mean the substring's"
"as all of the digits of pi in order, on a 90-key keyboard is (1/90) which equals (1/∞) which is essentially 0. At the same time, the probability that the sequence ""contains"" a particular subsequence (such as the word MONKEY, or the 12th through 999th digits of pi, or a version of the King James Bible) increases as the total string increases. This probability approaches 1 as the total string approaches infinity, and thus the original theorem is correct. In a simplification of the thought experiment, the monkey could have a typewriter with just two keys: 1 and 0. The"
"probability, widely known to the general public because of its transmission through popular culture rather than through formal education. This is helped by the innate humor stemming from the image of literal monkeys rattling away on a set of typewriters, and is a popular visual gag. In ""The Simpsons"" episode ""Last Exit to Springfield"", Mr. Burns shows Homer ""a room with a thousand monkeys on a thousand typewriters. Soon they will have written the greatest novel known to man!"" Burns then chastises one monkey for typing, ""It was the best of times, it was the ""blurst"" of times!"". In his"
"are impossible to overcome. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins employs the typing monkey concept in his book ""The Blind Watchmaker"" to demonstrate the ability of natural selection to produce biological complexity out of random mutations. In a simulation experiment Dawkins has his weasel program produce the Hamlet phrase ""METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL"", starting from a randomly typed parent, by ""breeding"" subsequent generations and always choosing the closest match from progeny that are copies of the parent, with random mutations. The chance of the target phrase appearing in a single step is extremely small, yet Dawkins showed that it could"
"large population of monkeys typing randomly, with the stated intention of seeing how long it takes the virtual monkeys to produce a complete Shakespearean play from beginning to end. For example, it produced this partial line from ""Henry IV, Part 2"", reporting that it took ""2,737,850 million billion billion billion monkey-years"" to reach 24 matching characters: Due to processing power limitations, the program used a probabilistic model (by using a random number generator or RNG) instead of actually generating random text and comparing it to Shakespeare. When the simulator ""detected a match"" (that is, the RNG generated a certain value"
"is nothing special about such a monotonous sequence except that it is easy to describe; the same fact applies to any nameable specific sequence, such as ""RGRGRG"" repeated forever, or ""a-b-aa-bb-aaa-bbb-..."", or ""Three, Six, Nine, Twelve…"". If the hypothetical monkey has a typewriter with 90 equally likely keys that include numerals and punctuation, then the first typed keys might be ""3.14"" (the first three digits of pi) with a probability of (1/90), which is 1/65,610,000. Equally probable is any other string of four characters allowed by the typewriter, such as ""GGGG"", ""mATh"", or ""q%8e"". The probability that 100 randomly typed"
"Automatic writing Automatic writing or psychography is a claimed psychic ability allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing. The words purportedly arise from a subconscious, spiritual or supernatural source. Scientists and skeptics consider automatic writing to be the result of the ideomotor effect and even proponents of automatic writing admit it has been the source of innumerable cases of self-delusion. Automatic writing is not the same thing as free writing. An early example of the practice is the 16th century Enochian language, allegedly dictated to John Dee and Edward Kelley by Enochian angels and integral to the"
"which the monkey can choose; a 90-key keyboard can be seen as a generator of numbers written in base 90. In one of the forms in which probabilists now know this theorem, with its ""dactylographic"" [i.e., typewriting] monkeys (; the French word ""singe"" covers both the monkeys and the apes), appeared in Émile Borel's 1913 article """"Mécanique Statistique et Irréversibilité"""" (""Statistical mechanics and irreversibility""), and in his book ""Le Hasard"" in 1914. His ""monkeys"" are not actual monkeys; rather, they are a metaphor for an imaginary way to produce a large, random sequence of letters. Borel said that if a"
"Typewriter A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for writing characters similar to those produced by printer's movable type. Typically, a typewriter has an array of keys, and pressing one causes a different single character to be produced on the paper, by causing a ribbon with dried ink to be struck against the paper by a type element similar to the sorts used in movable type letterpress printing. Commonly a separate type element (called a typebar) corresponds to each key, but the mechanism may also use a single type element (such as a typeball) with a different portion of"
"""Romeo and Juliet"" could be produced relatively quickly if placed under the constraints of a nonrandom, Darwinian-type selection because the fitness function will tend to preserve in place any letters that happen to match the target text, improving each successive generation of typing monkeys. A different avenue for exploring the analogy between evolution and an unconstrained monkey lies in the problem that the monkey types only one letter at a time, independently of the other letters. Hugh Petrie argues that a more sophisticated setup is required, in his case not for biological evolution but the evolution of ideas: James W."
"Sturmian word In mathematics, a Sturmian word (Sturmian sequence or billiard sequence), named after Jacques Charles François Sturm, is a certain kind of infinitely long sequence of characters. Such a sequence can be generated by considering a game of English billiards on a square table. The struck ball will successively hit the vertical and horizontal edges labelled 0 and 1 generating a sequence of letters. This sequence is a Sturmian word. Sturmian sequences can be defined strictly in terms of their combinatoric properties or geometrically as cutting sequences for lines of irrational slope or codings for irrational rotations. They are"
"Typewriter mystery game A typewriter mystery game was a specific type of typewriter art popular in the mid-20th century. A typewriter owner would be presented with a set of instructions: press a key this many times, press another key, move on to the next line. Upon finishing the typing, a picture would emerge on the page. First lines of a simple typewriter mystery could look like this: Typewriter mystery games were published in magazines (such as Woman's Realm and The Journal of Business Education), and collected in separate books. The “mystery” in the name refers to the fact that a"
"Predictive text Predictive text is an input technology used where one key or button represents many letters, such as on the numeric keypads of mobile phones and in accessibility technologies. Each key press results in a ""prediction"" rather than repeatedly sequencing through the same group of ""letters"" it represents, in the same, invariable order. Predictive text could allow for an entire ""word"" to be input by single keypress. Predictive text makes efficient use of fewer device keys to input writing into a text message, an e-mail, an address book, a calendar, and the like. The most widely used, general, predictive"
"the keyboard with a stone, and the monkeys followed by soiling it. Mike Phillips, director of the university's Institute of Digital Arts and Technology (i-DAT), said that the artist-funded project was primarily performance art, and they had learned ""an awful lot"" from it. He concluded that monkeys ""are not random generators. They're more complex than that. ... They were quite interested in the screen, and they saw that when they typed a letter, something happened. There was a level of intention there."" The full text created by the monkeys is available to read at . In his 1931 book ""The"
"Typing Typing is the process of writing or inputting text by pressing keys on a typewriter, computer keyboard, cell phone, or calculator. It can be distinguished from other means of text input, such as handwriting and speech recognition. Text can be in the form of letters, numbers and other symbols. The world's first typist was Lillian Sholes from Wisconsin, the daughter of Christopher Sholes, who invented the first practical typewriter. User interface features such as spell checker and autocomplete serve to facilitate and speed up typing and to prevent or correct errors the typist may make. The basic technique stands"
"1978 radio play, ""The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"", Douglas Adams invoked the theorem to illustrate the power of the 'Infinite Improbability Drive' that powered a spaceship. From Episode 2: ""Ford, there's an infinite number of monkeys outside who want to talk to us about this script for Hamlet they've worked out."" A quotation attributed to a 1996 speech by Robert Wilensky stated, ""We've heard that a million monkeys at a million keyboards could produce the complete works of Shakespeare; now, thanks to the Internet, we know that is not true."" The enduring, widespread popularity of the theorem was noted"
"Typeahead Typeahead is a feature of computers and software (and some typewriters) that enables users to continue typing regardless of program or computer operation—the user may type in whatever speed is desired, and if the receiving software is busy at the time it will be called to handle this later. Often this means that keystrokes entered will not be displayed on the screen immediately. This programming technique for handling uses what is known as a keyboard buffer. Typeahead has its roots in the age of typewriters. The IBM Selectric typewriter, first released in 1961, had a mechanical key lockout feature"
"gibberish letters, assuming that the selection of each letter in a sequence of 28 characters will be random. The number of possible combinations in this random sequence is 27, or about 10, so the probability that the monkey will produce a given sequence is extremely low. Any particular sequence of 28 characters could be selected as a ""target"" phrase, all equally as improbable as Dawkins's chosen target, ""METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL"". A computer program could be written to carry out the actions of Dawkins's hypothetical monkey, continuously generating combinations of 26 letters and spaces at high speed. Even"
"keys will consist of the first 99 digits of pi (including the separator key), or any other ""particular"" sequence of that length, is much lower: (1/90). If the monkey's allotted length of text is infinite, the chance of typing only the digits of pi is 0, which is just as ""possible"" (mathematically probable) as typing nothing but Gs (also probability 0). The same applies to the event of typing a particular version of ""Hamlet"" followed by endless copies of itself; or ""Hamlet"" immediately followed by all the digits of pi; these specific strings are equally infinite in length, they are"
"cost of attendance, but also joked that ""I know that iOS is a pretty good software, but reaching tenure has never been this close."" Autocomplete Autocomplete, or word completion, is a feature in which an application predicts the rest of a word a user is typing. In graphical user interfaces, users can typically press the tab key to accept a suggestion or the down arrow key to accept one of several. Autocomplete speeds up human-computer interactions when it correctly predicts the word a user intends to enter after only a few characters have been typed into a text input field."
"works of William Shakespeare. Some others believe that the name comes from the classic Mac OS application ""The Monkey"" developed by Steve Capps prior to 1983. It used journaling hooks to feed random events into Mac programs, and was used to test for bugs in MacPaint. Monkey Testing is also included in Android Studio as part of the standard testing tools for stress testing. Monkey testing can be categorized into smart monkey tests or dumb monkey tests. Smart monkeys are usually identified by the following characteristics: Some smart monkeys are also referred to as brilliant monkeys, which perform testing as"
"correspond to the irrational numbers. These can be sorted into two uncountably infinite subsets: those which contain ""Hamlet"" and those which do not. However, the ""largest"" subset of all the real numbers are those which not only contain ""Hamlet"", but which contain every other possible string of any length, and with equal distribution of such strings. These irrational numbers are called normal. Because almost all numbers are normal, almost all possible strings contain all possible finite substrings. Hence, the probability of the monkey typing a normal number is 1. The same principles apply regardless of the number of keys from"
"by Shakespeare. The similarity of these objects is given by the NCD. For simplicity we take it that all meaning of the object is represented by the literal object itself. Objects can also be given by name, like 'the four-letter genome of a mouse,' or 'the text of Macbeth by Shakespeare.' There are also objects that cannot be given literally, but only by name, and that acquire their meaning from their contexts in background common knowledge in humankind, like 'home"" or ""red."" The similarity between names for objects is given by the NGD. The probabilities of Google search terms, conceived"
"of keyboard may force hunt and peck users to type without looking, similar to Braille keyboards used by the visually impaired. Touch typing Touch typing (also called touch type or touch keyboarding) is a style of typing. Although the phrase refers to typing without using the sense of sight to find the keys - specifically, a touch typist will know their location on the keyboard through muscle memory - the term is often used to refer to a specific form of touch typing that involves placing the eight fingers in a horizontal row along the middle of the keyboard (the"
"the correction with no increase in time between keystrokes. Hunt and peck (""two-fingered typing""), also known as Eagle Finger, is a common form of typing in which the typist presses each key individually. Instead of relying on the memorized position of keys, the typist must find each key by sight. Use of this method may also prevent the typist from being able to see what has been typed without glancing away from the keys. Although good accuracy may be achieved, any typing errors that are made may not be noticed immediately due to the user not looking at the screen."
"theorem. There is no reference to monkeys or typewriters in ""The Library of Babel"", although Borges had mentioned that analogy in ""The Total Library"": ""[A] half-dozen monkeys provided with typewriters would, in a few eternities, produce all the books in the British Museum."" In this story, the closest equivalent is the line, ""A blasphemous sect suggested [...] that all men should juggle letters and symbols until they constructed, by an improbable gift of chance, these canonical books."" Borges would examine a similar idea in his 1975 story, ""The Book of Sand"" in which there is an infinite book (or book"
"not prohibited by the terms of the thought problem, and they each have a prior probability of 0. In fact, ""any"" particular infinite sequence the immortal monkey types will have ""had"" a prior probability of 0, even though the monkey must type something. This is an extension of the principle that a finite string of random text has a lower and lower probability of ""being"" a particular string the longer it is (though all specific strings are equally unlikely). This probability approaches 0 as the string approaches infinity. Thus, the probability of the monkey typing an endlessly long string, such"
"ShapeWriter ShapeWriter (previously known as Shorthand-Aided Rapid Keyboarding (SHARK)) was a keyboard text input method for tablet, handheld PCs, and mobile phones invented by Shumin Zhai and Per Ola Kristensson at IBM Almaden Research Center and the Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University. Using ShapeWriter text entry software, a user draws words on a graphical keyboard using a pen. Instead of tapping the keys, the user draws a pen gesture that connects all the letters in the desired word. After some usage the user learns the movement pattern for the commonly used words and can write them"
"Autocomplete Autocomplete, or word completion, is a feature in which an application predicts the rest of a word a user is typing. In graphical user interfaces, users can typically press the tab key to accept a suggestion or the down arrow key to accept one of several. Autocomplete speeds up human-computer interactions when it correctly predicts the word a user intends to enter after only a few characters have been typed into a text input field. It works best in domains with a limited number of possible words (such as in command line interpreters), when some words are much more"