"F1 stock cars, tend to use Rover V8 engines of approximately 3.5 litre capacity, which in turn originally were based on the American 215 Buick V8 engine. V8 engine A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets (or banks) of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at a right angle (90°) to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°, and 72° most common. In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft."
"Flat-four engine A flat-four or horizontally opposed-four is a flat engine with four cylinders arranged in two horizontal banks of two, each bank lying opposite the other, a crankcase between them. The pistons are usually mounted on the crankshaft so that opposing pistons move back and forth in opposite directions at the same time, somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before a fight, which has led to it being referred to as a ""boxer"" engine. The design is rarely seen with shared crank throws (See Coventry Climax FWMW for such a non-boxer flat engine), so ""flat-four"" and ""boxer-four"""
"Inline-four engine The inline-four engine or straight-four engine is a type of inline internal combustion four-cylinder engine with all four cylinders mounted in a straight line, or plane along the crankcase. The single bank of cylinders may be oriented in either a vertical or an inclined plane with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. Where it is inclined, it is sometimes called a slant-four. In a specification chart or when an abbreviation is used, an inline-four engine is listed either as I4 or L4 (for ""longitudinal"", to avoid confusion between the digit 1 and the letter I). The inline-four"
"and the D-Motor LF26. Flat-four engine A flat-four or horizontally opposed-four is a flat engine with four cylinders arranged in two horizontal banks of two, each bank lying opposite the other, a crankcase between them. The pistons are usually mounted on the crankshaft so that opposing pistons move back and forth in opposite directions at the same time, somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before a fight, which has led to it being referred to as a ""boxer"" engine. The design is rarely seen with shared crank throws (See Coventry Climax FWMW for such a non-boxer flat engine),"
"Cylinder bank Internal combustion piston engines (those with more than one cylinder) are usually arranged so that the cylinders are in lines parallel to the crankshaft. Where they are in a single line, this is referred to as an inline or straight engine. Where engines have a large number of cylinders, the cylinders are commonly arranged in two lines, placed at an angle to each other as a V engine. Each line is referred to as a cylinder bank. The angle between cylinder banks is described as the ""bank angle"". Engines with six cylinders are equally common as either straight"
"producing , or more. V4 engine A V4 engine is a four-cylinder engine with its cylinders arranged in a ""V"" configuration. The V4 configuration has seen use in automobiles, motorcycles, marine propulsion, and for industrial/commercial applications. Conceptually, a V4 is a pair of V-twin engines mounted end-to-end. Most V4 designs support the crankshaft with three main bearings and have two crankpins that are shared by opposing cylinders. Odd-numbered cylinders are usually in one bank and even-numbered cylinders in the opposite bank. An exception is the V4 in Honda's VFR1200 motorcycle, which has cylinders 1 and 4 in one bank and"
"X engine An X engine is a piston engine comprising twinned V-block engines horizontally opposed to each other. Thus, the cylinders are arranged in four banks, driving a common crankshaft. Viewed head-on, this would appear as an X. X engines were often coupled engines derived from existing powerplants. This configuration is extremely uncommon, primarily due its weight and complexity as compared to a radial engine. It was more compact (per number of cylinders) than a V-engine, however. Shorter crankshafts relative to an inline or V design also appealed to early 20th-century engineers like Henry Ford, given the less developed metallurgical"
"V4 engine A V4 engine is a four-cylinder engine with its cylinders arranged in a ""V"" configuration. The V4 configuration has seen use in automobiles, motorcycles, marine propulsion, and for industrial/commercial applications. Conceptually, a V4 is a pair of V-twin engines mounted end-to-end. Most V4 designs support the crankshaft with three main bearings and have two crankpins that are shared by opposing cylinders. Odd-numbered cylinders are usually in one bank and even-numbered cylinders in the opposite bank. An exception is the V4 in Honda's VFR1200 motorcycle, which has cylinders 1 and 4 in one bank and 2 and 3 in"
"design has since been called the ""boxer"" engine because each pair of pistons moves in and out together, rather like the gloves of a boxer. The boxer engine has pairs of pistons reaching TDC simultaneously. The boxer configuration is the only configuration in common use that does not have unbalanced forces with a four-stroke cycle regardless of the number of cylinders, as long as both banks have the same number of cylinders. These engines do not require a balance shaft or counterweights on the crankshaft to balance the weight of the reciprocating parts, which are required in most other engine"
"mounted in line with the frame. A two-cylinder straight engine mounted across the frame is sometimes called a parallel twin. Other times, motorcycling experts treat the terms parallel, straight, and inline as equivalent, and use them interchangeably. Straight engine The straight or inline engine is an internal-combustion engine with all cylinders aligned in one row and having no offset. Usually found in four, six and eight cylinder configurations, they have been used in automobiles, locomotives and aircraft, although the term in-line has a broader meaning when applied to aircraft engines, see Inline engine (aviation). A straight engine is considerably easier"
"U engine A U engine is a piston engine made up of two separate straight engines (complete with separate crankshafts) joined by gears or chains. It is similar to the H engine which couples two flat engines. The design is also sometimes described as a ""twin bank"" or ""double bank"" engine, although these terms are sometimes used also to describe V engines. This configuration is uncommon, as it is heavier than a V design. The main interest in this design is its ability to share common parts with straight engines. However, V engines with offset banks can also share straight"
"run smoothly if the two crankshafts rotate in opposite directions. This is a weight advantage over the I4 engine, which will need a balance shaft. Examples of this type of W4 engine drive the Yamaha YZR500 and the Cagiva GP500 motorcycles. W engine A W engine is a type of reciprocating engine arranged with its cylinders in a configuration in which the cylinder banks resemble the letter W, in the same way those of a V engine resemble the letter V. Four different configurations have been called ""W engines"": The classical W engine uses three banks of cylinders, all connected"
"models. A two-cylinder engine with its cylinders aligned in two banks radiating out from the crankshaft, forming a V angle, is called a V-twin. The Ducati V-twin has the V tilted forward so the front cylinder is nearly parallel to the ground, hence the term L-twin. Ducati engineer, Fabio Taglioni, once said that when they started building the plain bearing crank, belt driven camshaft engines, instead of the old ball bearing crank, bevel geared shaft drive camshaft engines, he had gone from making complex engines to making simple ones. From 1987 there have also been Ducati multivalve motorcycles. On March"
"also have odd numbers of cylinders in each row and stagger these between successive rows, for better cooling. A few rare radial engines, such as the Armstrong Siddeley Deerhound and the Zvezda M503 (""illustrated"") have arranged their multiple rows so as to align their cylinders into banks. Cylinder bank Internal combustion piston engines (those with more than one cylinder) are usually arranged so that the cylinders are in lines parallel to the crankshaft. Where they are in a single line, this is referred to as an inline or straight engine. Where engines have a large number of cylinders, the cylinders"
"such as the Lancia V4 and the Volkswagen VR6, have such a narrow bank angle that their cylinders are combined into a single cylinder block. These are still described as vee engines, although they may be described as having either two (as for other engines) or (more commonly in these cases) one cylinder bank. In a radial engine, cylinders are arranged radially in a circle. Simple radials use one row (i.e. one circle) of cylinders. Larger radials use two rows, or even four. Most radials are air-cooled with separate cylinders and so there are no banks as such. Most radials"
"share a crank pin in a four-stroke engine. The Ford V4s use split-pin crankshafts, like many 60° V6s. Just as with a boxer-four, piston pairs from opposite banks reach top-dead-centre at the same time, but with a crankpin split of only 60° instead of 180°, potentially giving a shorter and stronger or stiffer crankshaft. For 60° V6s, the crankpins are usually split the other way causing the paired pistons to reach top-dead-centre 120° apart. A four-cylinder engine with a regular firing interval is sometimes referred to as a screamer. A long bang fires both pairs of cylinders in quick succession;"
"to one side on sharp acceleration or when opening the throttle in neutral and in the opposite direction on sharp deceleration. Many modern motorcycle manufacturers correct for this effect by rotating flywheels or alternators in the opposite direction to that of the crankshaft. Another disadvantage of this layout is that the engine has to be high enough in the frame to provide the cylinder heads with banking clearance in turns, which raises the flat-twin engine's otherwise low center of gravity. The Lanchester Engine Company used their twin-crank flat-twin engines from 1897 until 1904 when they were re-incorporated as the Lanchester"
"Four-stroke engine A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed: These four strokes can be remembered by the colloquial phrase, ""Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow"". Nikolaus August Otto as a young man was a traveling salesman for a grocery concern. In his travels, he encountered the internal combustion engine built in Paris by Belgian expatriate Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir. In 1860, Lenoir successfully created"
"Engine configuration Engine configuration is an engineering term for the layout of the major components of a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine. These components are the cylinders and crankshafts in particular but also, sometimes, the camshaft(s). Many apparently 'standard' names for configurations are historic, arbitrary, or overlapping. For example, the 180° V engine is so named because the crankshaft is related to a V engine more closely than it is related to other opposed-piston engines such as the boxer. Others would consider it a flat engine because of its shape. The names ""W engine"" and ""rotary engine"" have each been"
"engine's crankshaft), but which is ""unlocked"" for running (and during which it is powered by the engine's exhaust gases flowing through the turbine). For the purpose of this discussion, it is convenient to think in motorcycle terms, where the exhaust pipe faces into the cooling air stream, and the crankshaft commonly spins in the same axis and direction as do the wheels i.e. ""forward"". Some of the considerations discussed here apply to four-stroke engines (which cannot reverse their direction of rotation without considerable modification), almost all of which spin forward, too. Regular gasoline two-stroke engines will run backwards for short"
"in which the cylinders point outward from a central crankshaft like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is called a ""star engine"" (German Sternmotor, French Moteur en étoile) in some languages. The radial configuration was very commonly used in aircraft engines before turbine engines became predominant. Crankshafts can be monolithic (made in a single piece) or assembled from several pieces. Monolithic crankshafts are most common, but some smaller and larger engines use assembled crankshafts. Crankshafts can be forged from a steel bar usually through roll forging or cast in ductile"
"Straight-twin engine A straight-twin engine, also known as straight-two, inline-twin, vertical-twin, or parallel-twin is a two-cylinder piston engine which has its cylinders arranged side by side and its pistons connected to a common crankshaft. Compared to V-twins and flat-twins, straight-twins are more compact, simpler, and usually cheaper to make, but may generate more vibration during operation. Straight-twin engines have been primarily used in motorcycles, but are also used in automobiles and in powersports applications. Automobiles with straight-twin engines are usually very small and include city cars and kei cars. Recent examples of cars with straight-twin engines include the Tata Nano"
"Axial engine Axial engines (sometimes known as barrel or Z-crank engines) are a type of reciprocating engine with pistons arranged around an output shaft with their axes parallel to the shaft. Barrel refers to the cylindrical shape of the cylinder group (result of the pistons being spaced evenly around the central crankshaft and aligned parallel to the crankshaft axis) whilst the Z-crank alludes to the shape of the crankshaft. The key advantage of the axial design is that the cylinders are arranged in parallel around the output/crank shaft in contrast to radial and inline engines, both types having cylinders at"
"valves total, with four overhead camshafts arranged in a double overhead camshaft (two overhead camshafts per cylinder bank) layout, and a bore-stroke ratio 1:1 (both bore and stroke are ). A very rare type of W engine is found in motorcycles of the MotoGP class. These are two-stroke, V engines with two banks of two cylinders and two separate crankshafts, one per bank of cylinders, thus constituting a sort of ""W"" form. The angle between the banks varies from 60 to 75 degrees. This type of engine should not be confused with the U engine, which also has two banks"
"to two crankshafts so lateral forces due to the angle of the connecting rods cancel each other out. This reduces piston-cylinder friction and therefore fuel consumption. The symmetrical arrangement reduces the requirement for counterweights, reducing overall mass and making it easier for the engine to accelerate and decelerate. It also eliminates engine rocking and torque effects. Several counter-rotating crankshaft arrangements have been patented, for example US2010/0263621. An early example of a counter-rotating crankshaft arrangement is the Lanchester flat-twin engine. Crankshaft A crankshaft—related to ""crank""—is a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating motion and rotational motion. In a"
"and also water-cooled. Since the advent of the Honda CB750 straight-four engine, straight-fours have dominated the non-cruiser street motorcycle segments. The German manufacturer Münch based their motorcycles on four-cylinder car engines. For example, the Mammut 2000 has a 2.0l with a turbo and cylinder heads by Cosworth. A flat-4 or horizontally opposed-4 is a flat engine with four cylinders arranged horizontally in two banks of two cylinders on each side of a central crankcase. The pistons are usually mounted on the crankshaft such that opposing pistons move back and forth in opposite directions at the same time, somewhat like a"
"Straight engine The straight or inline engine is an internal-combustion engine with all cylinders aligned in one row and having no offset. Usually found in four, six and eight cylinder configurations, they have been used in automobiles, locomotives and aircraft, although the term in-line has a broader meaning when applied to aircraft engines, see Inline engine (aviation). A straight engine is considerably easier to build than an otherwise equivalent horizontally opposed or V engine, because both the cylinder bank and crankshaft can be milled from a single metal casting, and it requires fewer cylinder heads and camshafts. In-line engines are"
"a transverse pair of crankshafts, but the cylinders arranged longitudinally, one in front of the other. The term ""parallel twin"" has also been used to refer specifically to a four-stroke straight-two engine with 360° crankshaft causing the pistons to travel parallel to each other. Elsewhere, ""parallel-twin"", ""inline-twin"" and the other variants have been used interchangeably and treated as equivalent. The first production motorcycle using a straight-twin motor was the Hildebrand & Wolfmuller of 1894, which was also the first motorcycle to be serially produced. Its cylinders lay flat and forward-facing, its pistons connected directly to the rear wheel with a"
"or vee engines. With more cylinders than this, the vee configuration is more common. Fewer cylinders are more usually arranged as an inline engine. There are exceptions to this: straight-8 engines were found on some pre-war luxury cars with the bonnet length to house them. A few V4 engines have also been produced, usually where an extra-compact engine was required, including some outboard motors with a vertical crankshaft. Although twin-cylinder engines are now rare for cars, they are still commonly used for motorcycles and the vee-twin and inline twin are both widely used. An obvious advantage to a multi-bank engine"
"the engine cylinder. A vertical cylinder stands vertically with its piston rod operating above (or below) it. A vertical inverted engine is defined as a vertical cylinder arrangement, with the crankshaft mounted directly below the cylinder(s). With an inclined or horizontal type, the cylinder and piston are positioned at an incline or horizontally. An inclined inverted cylinder is an inverted cylinder operating at an incline. These terms are all generally used in conjunction with the engine types above. Thus, one may have a horizontal direct-acting engine, or an inclined compound double acting engine, etc. Inclined and horizontal cylinders could be"
"Inline engine (aeronautics) In aviation, an inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six. ""Note:"" Fan engines with single cylinder banks, typically from Anzani, are usually regarded as variants of the Radial engine. ""Note:"" There is no theoretical limit to the number banks in an opposed piston engine, limitaions include cost, complexity and reliability. ""Note"" The BMW 803 is not only an inline radial engine but is also a coupled engine with two engines arranged back to"
"For a four-stroke engine, key parts of the engine include the crankshaft (purple), connecting rod (orange), one or more camshafts (red and blue), and valves. For a two-stroke engine, there may simply be an exhaust outlet and fuel inlet instead of a valve system. In both types of engines there are one or more cylinders (grey and green), and for each cylinder there is a spark plug (darker-grey, gasoline engines only), a piston (yellow), and a crankpin (purple). A single sweep of the cylinder by the piston in an upward or downward motion is known as a stroke. The downward"
"in the engine, and having the widest part of a multi-bank engine being closer to the midline of the fuselage, which is also generally wide. Citations Bibliography Inline engine (aeronautics) In aviation, an inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six. ""Note:"" Fan engines with single cylinder banks, typically from Anzani, are usually regarded as variants of the Radial engine. ""Note:"" There is no theoretical limit to the number banks in an opposed piston engine, limitaions include"