"pages to maps: Mercator did not use the term solely to describe a bound collection of maps. His choice of title was motivated by his respect for Atlas ""King of Mauretania"" Abraham Ortelius generally recognized as the creator of the world's first modern atlas, the ""Theatrum Orbis Terrarum"" (""Theatre of the World""). Ortelius's ""Theatrum Orbis Terrarum"" (1570) is considered the first true atlas in the modern sense: a collection of uniform map sheets and sustaining text bound to form a book for which copper printing plates were specifically engraved. It is sometimes referred to as the summary of sixteenth-century cartography."
"founders of modern cartography with his invention of Mercator projection. Mercator was the first to use the term 'atlas' (in a geographical context) to describe a bound collection of maps through his own collection entitled ""Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mvndi et fabricati figvra"" (1595). The hypothesis that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. Some notable scholars/historians of Netherlandish cartography and geography include Cornelis Koeman, Peter van der Krogt, Günter Schilder, Benjamin Schmidt, Elizabeth A. Sutton, Claudia Swan, and Kees Zandvliet. Gerardus Mercator, the German-Netherlandish cartographer and geographer with a vast output"
"Abraham Ortelius in 1570 marked the official beginning of the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s). In the (c. 1590s–1720s), the Dutch Republic's seafarers and explorers (including the VOC's navigators) became the first non-natives to undisputedly discover, explore and map coastlines of the Australian continent (including Mainland Australia, Tasmania, and their surrounding islands), New Zealand, Tonga, and Fiji. VOC World – networks of people, places, things, activities, and events associated with the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Governors-General of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Other notable trading companies in the Age of Sail Dutch East India Company The"
"available in German and English, and because he adduced geological support for the idea, Wegener is credited by most geologists as the first to recognize the possibility of continental drift. During the 1960s geophysical and geological evidence for seafloor spreading at mid-oceanic ridges became increasingly compelling to geologists (e.g. Hess, 1960) and finally established continental drift as an ongoing global mechanism. After more than three centuries, Ortelius's supposition of continental drift was proven correct. Abraham Ortelius Abraham Ortelius (; also ""Ortels"", ""Orthellius"", ""Wortels""; 14 April 1527 – 28 June 1598) was a Brabantian cartographer and geographer, conventionally recognized as the"
"that the map was expressly conceived for the use of marine navigation. The principal feature of the projection is that Rhumb lines, sailing courses at a constant bearing, are mapped to straight lines on the map. The development of the Mercator projection represented a major breakthrough in the nautical cartography of the 16th century although it was only slowly adopted by seafaring nations. The ""Theatrum Orbis Terrarum"" (or ""Theatre of the World"") is considered to be the first true modern atlas. Written by Abraham Ortelius and originally printed on May 20, 1570, in Antwerp, it consisted of a collection of"
"and has four sons: Duco, Bas, Sebastiaan and Michiel. From 1983 on Marcel van den Broecke studied historical maps and specialized in the life and work of the cartographer Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598). In 1996 he published ""Ortelius Atlas Maps"", (HeS uitgeverij, Houten, 307 pp.), with an extended second edition in 2009. In 1998 he wrote together with Peter van der Krogt and Peter Meurer ""Abraham Ortelius and the first atlas. Essays commemorating the Quadricentennial of his Death"", 1598–1998 (HeS uitgeverij), with also articles by himself.> Ortelius was the first cartographer who assembled a world atlas in 1570 which he published"
"on the world map. During the Golden Age of Dutch exploration (c. 1590s–1720s) and the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s), Dutch-speaking navigators, explorers, and cartographers were the undisputed firsts to chart/map many hitherto largely unknown regions of the earth and the sky. The Dutch came to dominate the map-making and map printing industry by virtue of their own travels, trade ventures, and widespread commercial networks. As Dutch ships reached into the unknown corners of the globe, Dutch cartographers incorporated new geographical discoveries into their work. Instead of using the information themselves secretly, they published it, so the maps"
"del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land. In 1564, Abraham Ortelius published his first map, ""Typus Orbis Terrarum"", an eight-leaved wall map of the world, on which he identified the ""Regio Patalis"" with ""Locach"" as a northward extension of the ""Terra Australis"", reaching as far as New Guinea. European geographers continued to connect the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes, and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic, south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of"
"The definitive work is ""Globi neerlandici: the production of globes in the Low Countries"" by Peter van der Krogt. Gerardus Mercator Gerardus Mercator (; 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a 16th-century German-Flemish cartographer, geographer and cosmographer. He was renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing (rhumb lines) as straight lines—an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts. Mercator was one of the founders of the Netherlandish school of cartography and is widely considered as the most notable figure of the school in its golden"
"the “heart-shaped form of the map had already been used by earlier European cartographers”. The map is ""heart-shaped"" and is constructed by a cordioform projection developed by 16th century cartographers and mathematicians including Johannes Werner (1468-1522), a German mathematician and geographer. The map has been tentatively linked to several other geographers, including Giovanni Battista Ramusio (1485-1557). It has also been argued that it shares similarities with a map by the French cartographer Orontius (1494-1555), published in 1534. Ahmet claimed the map was made for Ottoman princes, and some of the sons of Suleyman the Magnificent were interested in maps of"
"Earth. In 1507, Martin Waldseemüller produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map (""Universalis Cosmographia"") bearing the first use of the name ""America"". Portuguese cartographer Diego Ribero was the author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527). Italian cartographer Battista Agnese produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of sea charts. Johannes Werner refined and promoted the Werner projection. This was an equal-area, heart-shaped world map projection (generally called a cordiform projection) which was used in the 16th and 17th centuries. Over time, other iterations of this map type arose; most notable are the"
"of barbarian invaders and knowledge of geography took a backward step. In the seventh century, Isidore of Seville produced a ""wheel map"" in which Asia, Africa and Europe were arranged like segments in an orange, separated by the ""Mare Mediterranean"", ""Nilus"" and ""Tanais"" and surrounded by ""Oceanus"". It was not until the fifteenth century that Ptolemy's maps were used again and Henry the Navigator of Portugal initiated ocean exploration and maritime research. Encouraged by him, Portuguese navigators explored, mapped and charted the west coast of Africa and the Eastern Atlantic and this knowledge prepared the way for the great voyages"
"Petrus Apianus's 1524 globular projection. The projection reached a wide audience via the surpassingly popular Typus Orbis Terrarum of Abraham Ortelius beginning in 1570. The projection (and indeed Ortelius's maps) were widely copied by other mapmakers such as Giovanni Pietro Maffei, Fernando de Solis, and Matteo Ricci. Given a radius of sphere ""R"", central meridian ""λ"" and a point with geographical latitude ""φ"" and longitude ""λ"", plane coordinates ""x"" and ""y"" can be computed using the following formulas when ""λ"" ≤ : For the outer hemisphere use the same formula for ""y"", but: In these formulas, ""x"" should take the"
"and the Abraham Ortelius ""Theatrum"" of 1570,” because it included regional maps of the Americas. Yet Gastaldi’s detailed attention to the new world was not his only contribution to the development of map production. The Ptolemy edition of 1548 was also an innovation in that Gastaldi and his publisher reduced the size of the volume, thereby making the first ‘pocket’ atlas. Finally, Gastaldi’s work also indicated a shift in cartographical technique via its use of the copper engraving. Prior to this period, most maps had been printed from woodcuts; by using a copper plate rather than a woodblock to print,"
"but lack the standards or criteria. The Flemish cartographer and geographer Abraham Ortelius is believed to have been the first person to imagine that the continents were joined together before drifting to their present positions. In the 1596 edition of his ""Thesaurus Geographicus"" he wrote: ""Unless it be a fable, the island of Gadir or Gades will be the remaining part of the island of Atlantis or America, which was not sunk (as Plato reports in the ""Timaeus"") so much as torn away from Europe and Africa by earthquakes and flood... The traces of the ruptures are shown by the"
"map subsequently appeared in reduced form in the ""Terrarum"" (the only extant copy is in now at Basel University Library). He also published a two-sheet map of Egypt in 1565, a plan of the Brittenburg castle on the coast of the Netherlands in 1568, an eight-sheet map of Asia in 1567, and a six-sheet map of Spain before the appearance of his atlas. In England Ortelius's contacts included William Camden, Richard Hakluyt, Thomas Penny, puritan controversialist William Charke, and Humphrey Llwyd, who would contribute the map of England and Wales to Ortelius's 1573 edition of the ""Theatrum"". In 1578 he"
"is ""Tabula Nova Heremi Helvetiorum"", published in the 1513 Strasbourg edition of Ptolemy. Numerous maps followed in the 16th century, notably those by Aegidius Tschudi (1538, 1560), Johannes Stumpf (1548), Sebastian Münster (c. 1550) and Abraham Ortelius (1570). Most of these early maps were oriented towards either the south or the east. The convention of orienting maps towards the north was gradually introduced beginning in the mid 16th-century (an early example being the 1555 map by Antonio Salamanca), but remained in use alongside the earlier conventions well into the 17th century. Tschudi gave his scale in the ""miliaria Helvetica"" (""Helvetic"
"time. The Ottoman admiral Piri Reis (c. 1470–1553) made a map of the New World and West Africa in 1513. He made use of maps from Greece, Portugal, Muslim sources, and perhaps one made by Christopher Columbus. He was part of a major tradition of Ottoman cartography. Islamic mathematicians gathered, organised and clarified the mathematics they inherited from ancient Egypt, Greece, India, Mesopotamia and Persia, and went on to make innovations of their own. Islamic mathematics can be divided into algebra, geometry and arithmetic. Algebra was mainly used for recreation: it had few practical applications at that time. Geometry was"
"this, Wright created a new world map, the first map of the globe to be produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since Gerardus Mercator's 1569 original. Based on Molyneux's terrestrial globe, it corrected a number of errors in the earlier work by Mercator. The map, often called the Wright–Molyneux Map, first appeared in the second volume of Richard Hakluyt's ""The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation"" (1599). Unlike many contemporary maps and charts which contained fantastic speculations about unexplored lands, Wright's map has a minimum of detail and blank areas wherever"
"name the author whose map Ortelius adapted. In the preface Ortelius credits Franciscus Hogenberg with engraving nearly all the maps. The 1573 ""Additamentum"" to the atlas is notable for containing Humphrey Llwyd's ""Cambriae Typus"", the first map to show Wales on its own. From the 1630s, the Blaeu family issued their work under a similar title, ""Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus"". All those editions had the same structure. They started with an allegorical title page, on which the five known continents, were presented by allegorical women, with Europe as the Queen. Then a command to Philip II, King of"
"Gerardus Mercator Gerardus Mercator (; 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a 16th-century German-Flemish cartographer, geographer and cosmographer. He was renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing (rhumb lines) as straight lines—an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts. Mercator was one of the founders of the Netherlandish school of cartography and is widely considered as the most notable figure of the school in its golden age (approximately 1570s–1670s). In his own day he was the world's most famous geographer but, in addition, he had"
"1580, both terrestrial and celestial. A 1586 pair survives, the celestial globe based on astronomical data provided by Rudolf Snellius father of Willebrord Snellius, while Petrus Plancius collaborated on the 1589 edition. In 1592, the States General granted the Van Langren family a monopoly in the production of globes, which led to quarrels with Jodocus Hondius. Arnold and Henricus produced maps as well. Their world maps of the mid 1590s usually were drawn after maps by Plancius or Ortelius, but sometimes contained novelties based on recent discoveries such as depicting Nova Zembla as an island or Korea as a peninsula."
"as an expert on the shipping routes to India. He strongly believed in the idea of a Northeast Passage until the failure of Willem Barentsz's third voyage in 1597 seemed to preclude the possibility of such a route. For his pioneering contributions in the history of celestial cartography, Plancius is considered to be one of the notable figures in the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s). In 1592 Plancius published his best known world map titled ""Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica"". Apart from maps, he published journals and navigational guides and developed a new method for"
"which have 8 maps derived from the Theatrum. For the map of Europe, ""wall map"" (1554). of the Mercator ""map of Scandinavia"" (1539) by Olaus Magnus, map of Asia was derived from his own ""Asia-map"" from 1567, which in turn was inspired by that of Gastaldi (1559). Also for the Africa map he referred to Gastaldi. This work by Ortelius, consisted of a collection of the best maps, refined by himself, combined into one map or split across multiple, and on the same size (folios of approximately 35 x 50 cm). The naming and location coordinates were not normalized. After"
"Janszoon Visscher, and Frederik de Wit. During the Golden Age of Dutch exploration (c. 1590s–1720s) and the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s), Dutch-speaking navigators, explorers, and cartographers were the firsts to chart/map many hitherto largely unknown regions of the earth and the sky. During roughly a century, Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartographers made important contributions to the science and art of mapmaking. Their publications are remarkable milestones in the history of cartography, the extant editions are not only valuable sources of contemporary geographic knowledge but also fine works of art. The main role in this was played by"
"works, but he declares (Legend 3) that he was also greatly indebted to many new charts prepared by Portuguese and Spanish sailors in the portolan tradition. Earlier cartographers of world maps had largely ignored the more accurate practical charts of sailors, and vice versa, but the age of discovery, from the closing decade of the fifteenth century, stimulated the integration of these two mapping traditions: Mercator's world map is one of the earliest fruits of this merger. Mercator's 1569 map was a large planisphere, i.e. a projection of the spherical Earth onto the plane. It was printed in eighteen separate"
"he was followed by Oronce Fine, whose mappemonde of 1531 shows the large promontory on the continent of . The is shown on the globe in an armillary clock made by Jean Naze of Lyon in 1560, in a fashion similar to that on Schoener’s globe of 1523 and on Fine’s map of 1531. It is also shown on the Nancy Globe, made c.1535. The world maps of the school of cartographers centred in and around the Norman port of Dieppe (the Dieppe Maps, include the Harleian, so-called after its former owner, Edward Harley, made by an unknown cartographer in"
"as Claudius Ptolemaeus, better known as Ptolemy, whose eight-volume work entitled ""Geography"" played a large role in the development of cartography once it was translated into Latin in 1406. Ptolemy projected two different types of maps in his text. The first, known as a conic projection, dealt with the latitude parallels consisting of round arcs. The second, known as a pseudoconic projection, consisted of longitude lines being round. Ptolemy's work were heavily influential in Islamic science as well, whose maps were quite similar to the Portolan charts and were partly influential on the Catalan map by Abraham Cresques. In the"
"map of Haarlem to be made, which he refused, because of the low price. He then returned to Ipswich, where he worked as a trader again. Some records of shiploads and a few court cases of ill-handed transports of goods proof that he had his own trading company. It is not known when exactly he became involved in making the first atlas of England and Wales, also known by the names of ""Elisabeth Atlas"" and ""Saxton Atlas"" (Christophorus Saxtonius, Descriptio Angliae 1579), for which he incised the first map of Norfolk, “Norfolciae comitatus...” in the year 1574. The map could"
"in one book. In the bibliography, the section Catalogue Auctorum, not only were the 33 cartographers mentioned, whose work in the Theatrum was recorded (at that time not yet the habit), but also the total of 87 cartographers of the 16th century that Ortelius knew. This list grew in every Latin Edition, and included no less than 183 names in 1601. Among the sources are mentioned among other things the following: for the world map the ""World Map"" (1561) by Giacomo Gastaldi, the ""porto Avenue of the Atlantic coast"" (1562) by Diego Gutierrez, the ""world map"" (1569) of Gerardus Mercator,"
"Ferraris map The Ferraris map or map of the Austrian Netherlands is a historical map created between 1770 and 1778 by the count Joseph de Ferraris in response to a request by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. It is the first systematic, large scale mapping in Belgium and Western Europe. There are three original versions of the map. The Royal Library of Belgium, the Austrian National Library and National Library of the Netherlands each have one. The topographic survey was performed on a territory corresponding to today's Belgium and Luxembourg as well as some territories now belonging to Germany and"
"Early world maps The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm. World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The developments of Greek geography during this time, notably by Eratosthenes and Posidonius culminated in the Roman era, with Ptolemy's world map (2nd century CE), which would remain authoritative throughout the Middle Ages. Since Ptolemy, knowledge of the approximate size of the globe allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge, and to indicate parts of the"
"the greatly expanded version of his book ""The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation"" (1599), Hakluyt published what is known today as the Wright–Molyneux Map. Created by Edward Wright and based on Molyneux's terrestrial globe, it was the first map to use Wright's improvements on Mercator's projection. Having, it is believed, purchased the plates of Molyneux's globes, Jodocus Hondius was granted a ten-year privilege on 1 April 1597 to make and publish a terrestrial globe. In that year, he produced in Amsterdam a Dutch translation of Hues' ""Tractatus de Globis"". On 31 October 1598, despite a"