"abdominal disorders that had previously been variously diagnosed and showed that they all involved a diseased appendix. He also introduced the term appendicitis. Dozens of names had previously been used for what had been thought to be a variety of diseases. He also served as physician to the Boston Dispensary in 1871–1882 and to the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1887 to 1908. In 1894, he was president of the Association of American Physicians. He died in 1913. Reginald Heber Fitz Reginald Heber Fitz (1843–1913) was an American physician. Reginald Heber Fitz was born in 1843 in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He graduated"
"in certain cases of non-ruptured appendicitis. It is one of the most common and significant causes of severe abdominal pain that comes on quickly. In 2015 about 11.6 million cases of appendicitis occurred which resulted in about 50,100 deaths. In the United States, appendicitis is the most common cause of sudden abdominal pain requiring surgery. Each year in the United States, more than 300,000 people with appendicitis have their appendix surgically removed. Reginald Fitz is credited with being the first person to describe the condition in 1886. The presentation of acute appendicitis includes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. As"
"Cogan syndrome Cogan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent inflammation of the front of the eye (the cornea) and often fever, fatigue, and weight loss, episodes of vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and hearing loss. It can lead to deafness or blindness if untreated. The classic form of the disease was first described by D.G. Cogan in 1945. Cogan syndrome is a rare, rheumatic disease characterized by inflammation of the ears and eyes. Cogan syndrome can lead to vision difficulty, hearing loss and dizziness. The condition may also be associated with blood-vessel inflammation (called vasculitis) in"
"required. The medication C1 inhibitor can be used for both prevention and treatment. Ecallantide and icatibant can be used to treat acute attacks. This disorder affects approximately one in 50,000 people. The condition is typically first noticed in childhood. Type I and II affected females and males equally. Type III affects females more often than males. When the airway is involved, without treatment, death occurs in about 25%. With treatment outcomes are generally good. The condition was first described in 1888 by William Osler. Symptoms generally begin around puberty but can occur earlier. These individuals have recurrent swelling in the"
"later bear his name. In 1963, the atypical form of Cogan syndrome, also known as ""Logan Syndrome"" was first described. Cogan syndrome Cogan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent inflammation of the front of the eye (the cornea) and often fever, fatigue, and weight loss, episodes of vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and hearing loss. It can lead to deafness or blindness if untreated. The classic form of the disease was first described by D.G. Cogan in 1945. Cogan syndrome is a rare, rheumatic disease characterized by inflammation of the ears and eyes. Cogan syndrome can"
"Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome is a rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) involving liver capsule inflammation leading to the creation of adhesions. The condition is named after the two physicians, Thomas Fitz-Hugh, Jr and Arthur Hale Curtis who first reported this condition in 1934 and 1930 respectively. The major symptom and signs include an acute onset of right upper quadrant (RUQ) abdominal pain aggravated by breathing, coughing or laughing, which may be referred to the right shoulder. There is usually also tenderness on palpation of the right upper abdomen and tenderness to percussion of the lower ribs which protect"
"airway of a patient with acute glottic edema, progressively introducing sizes 3 through 11 of ""Schrotter's graduated triangular vulcanite bougies"" into the larynx. In 1880, the Scottish surgeon William Macewen (1848–1924) reported on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy to allow a patient with glottic edema to breathe, as well as in the setting of general anesthesia with chloroform. All previous observations of the glottis and larynx (including those of García, Hack and Macewen) had been performed under indirect vision (using mirrors) until 23 April 1895, when Alfred Kirstein (1863–1922) of Germany first described direct visualization"
"take place in infancy or childhood. Ladd's bands and the Ladd procedure are named after American pediatrician William Edwards Ladd (1880–1967). Ladd's bands Ladd's bands, sometimes called bands of Ladd, are fibrous stalks of peritoneal tissue that attach the cecum to the retroperitoneum in the right lower quadrant (RLQ). Obstructing Ladd's Bands are associated with malrotation of the intestine, a developmental disorder in which the cecum is found in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), instead of its normal anatomical position in the RLQ. Ladd's bands then pass over the second part of the duodenum, causing extrinsic compression and obstruction. This"
"Laparoscopy for lysis of adhesions may be performed for refractory pain. Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome is a rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) involving liver capsule inflammation leading to the creation of adhesions. The condition is named after the two physicians, Thomas Fitz-Hugh, Jr and Arthur Hale Curtis who first reported this condition in 1934 and 1930 respectively. The major symptom and signs include an acute onset of right upper quadrant (RUQ) abdominal pain aggravated by breathing, coughing or laughing, which may be referred to the right shoulder. There is usually also tenderness on palpation of the right upper"
"mutations lead to inactivation of the enzyme, in MCD type II, inactivation is caused by large deletions and/or replacements in the gene. Corneal transplantation is often required. Macular corneal dystrophy Macular corneal dystrophy, also known as Fehr corneal dystrophy named for German ophthalmologist Oskar Fehr (1871-1959), is a rare pathological condition affecting the stroma of cornea. The first signs are usually noticed in the first decade of life, and progress afterwards, with opacities developing in the cornea and attacks of pain. The condition was first described by Arthur Groenouw in 1890. Onset occurs in the first decade, usually between ages"
"doctors diagnosed perichondritis, an infection of the throat membrane. Frederick again became unable to speak, and suffered violent headaches and insomnia. On 29 January, Mackenzie returned to San Remo from a trip to Spain, and after examining his patient recommended an immediate tracheotomy. The operation was conducted at 4 p.m. on 8 February, by which time Frederick was continually suffering from insomnia and ""embarrassing bouts of suffocation."" A cannula was fitted to allow Frederick to breathe; for the remainder of his life he was unable to speak and often communicated through writing. During the operation, Dr. Bergmann almost killed him"
"by which a perverted state of blood declares itself is not in the production of positive delusion or incoherence of thought, but in a modification of mental tone"", then perhaps ""a chronic delusion of some kind"", though ""its more acute action is to produce more or less active delirium and general incoherence of thought"". Famed British surgeon William Hunter incriminated ""oral sepsis"" in 1900, and lectured to a Canadian medical faculty in Montreal in 1910. Two years later, Chicago physician Frank Billings termed it ""focal infection"". Within the English-speaking world, the lectures of Hunter and of Billings ""ignited the fires"
"through the abdomen and into the stomach or intestines) include leakage of gastric contents (containing hydrochloric acid) around the tube into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity resulting in peritonitis, a serious complication which will cause death if it is not properly treated. Septic shock is another possible complication. Minor leakage may cause irritation of the skin around the gastrostomy site or stoma. Barrier creams, to protect the skin from the corrosive acid, are used to manage this. A phenomenon called ""tube dependency"" has been discussed in the medical literature, in which a child refuses to eat after being on a feeding"
"the gut in patients with typhlitis. The condition can also cause the cecum to become distended and can cut off its blood supply. This and other factors can result in necrosis and perforation of the bowel, which can cause peritonitis and sepsis. Historically, the mortality rate for typhlitis was as high as 50%, mostly because it is frequently associated with bowel perforation. More recent studies have demonstrated better outcomes with prompt medical management, generally with resolution of symptoms with neutrophil recovery without death Neutropenic enterocolitis Neutropenic enterocolitis, also known as typhlitis or typhlenteritis, and less commonly called caecitis or cecitis,"
"as MRI or CT scan. CES is generally treated surgically via laminectomy. Permanent bladder problems, sexual dysfunction or numbness may occur despite surgery. A poor outcome occurs in about 20% of people despite treatment. About 1 in 70,000 people is affected every year. It was first described in 1934. Severe back pain, saddle anesthesia, incontinence and sexual dysfunction are considered ""red flags"", i.e. features which require urgent investigation. After the conus medullaris, the canal contains a mass of nerves (the cauda equina or ""horse-tail"") that branches off the lower end of the spinal cord and contains the nerve roots from"
"Eye be grown more solid and hard, then naturally it should be..."". Angle-closure glaucoma was treated with cataract extraction by John Collins Warren in Boston as early as 1806. The invention of the ophthalmoscope by Hermann Helmholtz in 1851 enabled ophthalmologists for the first time to identify the pathological hallmark of glaucoma, the excavation of the optic nerve head due to retinal ganglion cell loss. The first reliable instrument to measure intraocular pressure was invented by Norwegian ophthalmologist Hjalmar August Schiøtz in 1905. About half a century later, Hans Goldmann in Berne, Switzerland, developed his applanation tonometer which still today"
"is severely twisted or the blood supply is cut off, immediate surgery is required. In a cecal volvulus, often part of the bowel needs to be surgically removed. If the cecum is still healthy, it may occasionally be returned to a normal position and sutured in place. Cases of volvulus were described in ancient Egypt as early as 1550 BC. It occurs most frequently in Africa, the Middle East, and India. Rates of volvulus in the United States are about 2–3 per 100,000 people per year. Sigmoid and cecal volvulus typically occurs between the ages of 30 and 70. Outcomes"
"British physician Hubert Airy coined the term ""scintillating scotoma"" for it by 1870; he derived it from the Latin ""scintilla"" ""spark"" and the Ancient Greek ""skotos"" ""darkness"". Other terms for the condition include ""flittering scotoma"", ""fortification figure"", ""fortification of Vauban"", ""geometrical spectrum"", ""herringbone"", ""Norman arch"", ""teichopsia"", and ""telehopsia"". Scintillating scotoma Scintillating scotoma, also called visual migraine, is a common visual aura preceding migraine and was first described by 19th-century physician Hubert Airy (1838–1903). It may precede a migraine headache, but can also occur acephalgically (without headache). It is often confused with retinal migraine, which originates in the eyeball or socket."
"time to heal. The first patient to undergo Young's operation specifically to treat Atrophic Rhinitis was in Sheffield in 1963, by Austen Young, when both nostrils were closed. The patient had a chronic condition causing social ostracism due to the strong odour. Both nostrils were re-opened in 1965 and the patient has had no problem since then. However, the patient has no sense of smell and inhibited taste (i.e. cannot taste spices/herbs). Young's operation Young's operation is a surgery designed for the treatment of atrophic rhinitis, first described by Austen Young in 1967. The surgical procedure involves closure of the"
"in lecturing he was afflicted with a stutter, he frequently used it with humorous effect and emphasis. From 1843 to 1849 he was editor of ""Guy's Hospital Reports"", which contain many of his papers, particularly on urethral stenosis, puncture of the bladder, injuries to the head, and hernia. He was the first English surgeon to perform pharyngotomy with success, and also one of the first to succeed in trephining for middle meningeal haemorrhage; but the operation by which his name is known is that of opening the urethra through the perineum, described in 1866. He died at Kingston in 1892."
"by sequencing of the EPG5. This includes Ataxia-telegiectasia, Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, Griscelli syndrome and Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome. There is no known curative treatment presently. Hearing aids and cataract surgery may be of use. Control of seizures, heart failure and treatment of infection is important. Tube feeding may be needed. Vici syndrome was first described by Carlo Dionisi-Vici et al. (Rome, Italy) in an article from 1988 about two brothers with a previously unreported disorder. Since then, a few articles have reported the same disorder, which subsequently obtained the name ""Vici syndrome"". About 10 years later, del Campo et al. described"
"as several apparatuses for the administration of volatile anesthetic agents. The Magill curve of an endotracheal tube is also named for Magill. The first hospital anesthesia department was established at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1936, under the leadership of Henry K. Beecher (1904–1976). Beecher, who received his training in surgery, had no previous experience in anesthesia. Sir Robert Reynolds Macintosh (1897–1989) achieved significant advances in techniques for tracheal intubation when he introduced his new curved laryngoscope blade in 1943. The Macintosh blade remains to this day the most widely used laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation. In 1949, Macintosh published"
"1886. The vinyl tube used today was introduced by Beverley Armstrong in 1954. There are numerous indications for tympanostomy in the pediatric age group, the most frequent including chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) which is unresponsive to antibiotics, and recurrent otitis media. Adult indications differ somewhat and include Eustachian tube dysfunction with recurrent signs and symptoms, including fluctuating hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus, and a severe retraction pocket in the tympanic membrane. Recurrent episodes of barotrauma, especially with flying, diving, or hyperbaric chamber treatment, may merit consideration. Myringotomy is usually performed as an outpatient procedure. General anesthesia is preferred in"
"of presentation was common prior to development of antibiotic treatments, and is now a rare complication. In persons with longstanding ear infection and typical symptoms, medical imaging such as CT or MRI of the head may show changes that confirm disease involvement of the petrous apex of temporal bone. The medical treatment is done with antibiotics: ceftriaxone plus metronidazole (which covers anaerobic bacteria). In more severe cases, a paracentesis (aspiration of fluids) or mastoidectomy may be needed. It is named after Count Giuseppe Gradenigo, an Italian Otolaryngologist, and Maurice Lannois. Gradenigo's syndrome Gradenigo's syndrome, also called Gradenigo-Lannois syndrome, is a"
"Sir Morell Mackenzie (1837–1892) published a book discussing the indications for tracheotomy. In the early 20th century, tracheotomy became a life-saving treatment for patients afflicted with paralytic poliomyelitis who required mechanical ventilation. In 1909, Philadelphia laryngologist Chevalier Jackson (1865–1958) described a technique for tracheotomy that is used to this day. In 1854, a Spanish singing teacher named Manuel García (1805–1906) became the first man to view the functioning glottis in a living human. In 1858, French pediatrician Eugène Bouchut (1818–1891) developed a new technique for non-surgical orotracheal intubation to bypass laryngeal obstruction resulting from a diphtheria-related pseudomembrane. In 1880, Scottish"
"at the time of hospital admission. SBP was first described in 1964 by Harold O. Conn. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the development of a bacterial infection in the peritoneum, despite the absence of an obvious source for the infection. It is specifically an infection of the ascitic fluid – an increased volume of peritoneal fluid. Ascites is most commonly a complication of cirrhosis of the liver. It can also occur in patients with nephrotic syndrome. SBP has a high mortality rate. The diagnosis of SBP requires paracentesis, a sampling of the peritoneal fluid taken from the"
"incorporated a component that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endotracheal tube or bronchoscope. Also in 1913, New York surgeon Henry H. Janeway (1873–1921) published results he had achieved using a laryngoscope he had recently developed. Another pioneer in this field was Sir Ivan Whiteside Magill (1888–1986), who developed the technique of awake blind nasotracheal intubation, the Magill forceps, the Magill laryngoscope blade, and several apparati for the administration of volatile anesthetic agents. The Magill curve of an endotracheal tube is also named for Magill. Sir Robert Reynolds Macintosh (1897–1989) introduced a curved laryngoscope"
"November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J."
"nearby structures. Spread of infection to the nearby internal jugular vein provides a gateway for the spread of bacteria through the bloodstream. The inflammation surrounding the vein and compression of the vein may lead to blood clot formation. Pieces of the potentially infected clot can break off and travel through the right heart into the lungs as emboli, blocking branches of the pulmonary artery that carry blood with little oxygen from the right side of the heart to the lungs. Sepsis following a throat infection was described by Schottmuller in 1918. However, it was André Lemierre, in 1936, who published"
"attachment of the appendix comes to lie on the medial side. The term cecum comes from the Latin ""(intestinum) caecum"", literally ""blind intestine"", here in the sense ""blind gut"" or ""cul de sac"".. It is a direct translation from Ancient Greek τυφλὸν (ἔντερον) - typhlòn (énteron). Thus the inflammation of the cecum is called typhlitis. In dissections by the Greek philosophers, the connection between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum was not fully understood. Most of the studies of the digestive tract were done on animals and the results were compared to human structures. The junction between"
"infection was described by Scottmuller in 1918. However, it was Andre Lemierre, in 1936, who published a series of 20 cases where throat infections were followed by identified anaerobic sepsis, of whom 18 patients died. Lemierre's syndrome Lemierre's syndrome refers to infectious thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. It most often develops as a complication of a bacterial sore throat infection in young, otherwise healthy adults. The thrombophlebitis is a serious condition and may lead to further systemic complications such as bacteria in the blood or septic emboli. Lemierre's syndrome occurs most often when a bacterial (e.g., ""Fusobacterium necrophorum"") throat"
"been documented in which the condition even reverses itself. However, once total retinal detachment occurs, sight loss is permanent in most cases. Removal of the eye (enucleation) is an option if pain or further complications arise. Coats' disease is named after George Coats. Coats' disease Coats' disease, (also known as exudative retinitis or retinal telangiectasis, sometimes spelled Coates' disease), is a rare congenital, nonhereditary eye disorder, causing full or partial blindness, characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the retina. Coats' disease can also fall under glaucoma. It can have a similar presentation to that of retinoblastoma. The most"
"disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed in 1874 using a sphygmograph. The concept of hypertensive disease as a generalized circulatory disease was taken up by Sir Clifford Allbutt, who termed the condition ""hyperpiesia"". However hypertension as a medical entity really came into being in 1896 with the invention of the cuff-based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896, which allowed blood pressure to be measured in the clinic. In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculated with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. The term essential"