"theory and/or econometric techniques to the study of economic history. The term cliometrics was originally coined by Jonathan R. T. Hughes and Stanley Reiter in 1960 and refers to Clio, who was the muse of history and heroic poetry in Greek mythology. Cliometricians argue their approach is necessary because the application of theory is crucial in writing solid economic history, while historians generally oppose this view warning against the risk of generating anachronisms. Early cliometrics was a type of counterfactual history. However, counterfactualism is no longer its distinctive feature. Some have argued that cliometrics had its heyday in the 1960s"
"Muses In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses (Ancient Greek: Μοῦσαι, ""Moũsai"") are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They are considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs, and myths that were related orally for centuries in these ancient cultures. In current English usage, ""muse"" can refer in general to a person who inspires an artist, musician, or writer. The word ""Muses"" (, ""Moũsai"") perhaps came from the o-grade of the Proto-Indo-European root *""men-"" (""to think"") or from root *""men-"" (""to tower, mountain"") since all the most important cult-centres of the"
"Clio In Greek mythology, Clio (, ; , ""Kleiṓ""; ""made famous"" or ""to make famous""), also spelled Kleio, is the muse of history, or in a few mythological accounts, the muse of lyre playing. Clio, sometimes referred to as ""the Proclaimer"", is often represented with an open parchment scroll, a book, or a set of tablets. The name is etymologically derived from the Greek root κλέω/κλείω (meaning ""to recount,"" ""to make famous,"" or ""to celebrate""). Like all the muses, she is a daughter of Zeus and the Titaness Mnemosyne, goddess of memory. Along with her sister Muses, she is considered"
"Euterpe In Greek mythology, Euterpe (/juːˈtɜːrpiː/; Greek: Eὐτέρπη, Ancient Greek: [eu̯térpɛː]; ""rejoicing well"" or ""delight"" from Ancient Greek εὖ 'well' + τέρπειν terpein 'to please') was the one of the Muses, presiding over music. In late Classical times, she was named muse of lyric poetry. She has been called “Giver of delight” by ancient poets. Euterpe was born as one of the daughters of Mnemosyne, Titan goddess of memory, and fathered by Zeus, god of the gods. Her sisters include Calliope (muse of epic poetry), Clio (muse of history), Melpomene (muse of tragedy), Terpsichore (muse of dancing), Erato (muse of"
"Musaeus of Athens Musaeus of Athens (, ""Mousaios"") was a legendary polymath, philosopher, historian, prophet, seer, priest, poet, and musician, said to have been the founder of priestly poetry in Attica. He composed dedicatory and purificatory hymns and prose treatises, and oracular responses. Herodotus reports that, during the reign of Peisistratus at Athens, the scholar Onomacritus collected and arranged the oracles of Musaeus but inserted forgeries of his own devising, later detected by Lasus of Hermione. The mystic and oracular verses and customs of Attica, especially of Eleusis, are connected with his name. A ""Titanomachia"" and ""Theogonia"" are also attributed"
"though most mythographers credit Marsyas or Athena with its invention. Some say she also invented other wind instruments. Euterpe is often depicted holding a flute in artistic renditions of her. Euterpe In Greek mythology, Euterpe (/juːˈtɜːrpiː/; Greek: Eὐτέρπη, Ancient Greek: [eu̯térpɛː]; ""rejoicing well"" or ""delight"" from Ancient Greek εὖ 'well' + τέρπειν terpein 'to please') was the one of the Muses, presiding over music. In late Classical times, she was named muse of lyric poetry. She has been called “Giver of delight” by ancient poets. Euterpe was born as one of the daughters of Mnemosyne, Titan goddess of memory, and"
"and Europe, teaching the arts of cultivation wherever he went. According to Hesiod's account (c. 600 BC), generally followed by the writers of antiquity, the Nine Muses were the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (i.e., ""Memory"" personified), figuring as personifications of knowledge and the arts, especially literature, dance and music. The Roman scholar Varro (116–27 BC) relates that there are only three Muses: one born from the movement of water, another who makes sound by striking the air, and a third who is embodied only in the human voice. They were called Melete or ""Practice"", Mneme or ""Memory"" and"
"Sappho, were from Lesbos. Phanias wrote history. The seminal artistic creativity of those times brings to mind the myth of Orpheus to whom Apollo gave a lyre and the Muses taught to play and sing. When Orpheus incurred the wrath of the god Dionysus he was dismembered by the Maenads and of his body parts his head and his lyre found their way to Lesbos where they have ""remained"" ever since. Pittacus was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. In classical times Hellanicus advanced historiography, Theophrastus, the father of botany, succeeded Aristotle as the head of the Lyceum. Aristotle"
"Calliope In Greek mythology, Calliope ( ; , ""Kalliopē"" ""beautiful-voiced"") is the muse who presides over eloquence and epic poetry; so called from the ecstatic harmony of her voice. Hesiod and Ovid called her the ""Chief of all Muses"". One account says Calliope was the lover of the war god Ares, and bore him several sons: Mygdon, Edonus, Biston, and Odomantus (or Odomas), respectively the founders of Thracian tribes known as the Mygdones, Edones, Bistones, and Odomantes. Otherwise these children were attributed to her namesake Calliope, daughter of river-god Nestus. Calliope also had two famous sons, Orpheus and Linus, by"
"the Acropolis, where there was a statue dedicated to a Syrian. For this and other reasons, Artapanus of Alexandria, Alexander Polyhistor, Numenius of Apamea, and Eusebius identify Musaeus with Moses the Jewish lawbringer. Musaeus is singled out in Book 6 of ""The Aeneid"", as someone who the souls of Elysium particularly looked up to. Musaeus of Athens Musaeus of Athens (, ""Mousaios"") was a legendary polymath, philosopher, historian, prophet, seer, priest, poet, and musician, said to have been the founder of priestly poetry in Attica. He composed dedicatory and purificatory hymns and prose treatises, and oracular responses. Herodotus reports that,"
"common account of the creation of the art of memory centers around the story of Simonides of Ceos, a famous Greek poet, who was invited to chant a lyric poem in honor of his host, a nobleman of Thessaly. While praising his host, Simonides also mentioned the twin gods Castor and Pollux. When the recital was complete, the nobleman selfishly told Simonides that he would only pay him half of the agreed upon payment for the panegyric, and that he would have to get the balance of the payment from the two gods he had mentioned. A short time later,"
"Melete In Greek mythology, Melete (Μελέτη) was one of the three original (Boeotian) muses before the Nine Olympian Muses were founded. Her sisters were Aoide and Mneme. She was the muse of thought and meditation. Melete literally means ""ponder"" and ""contemplation"" in Greek. According to Pausanias in the later 2nd century AD, there were three original Muses: Aoidē (""song"" or ""voice""), Meletē (""practice"" or ""occasion""), and Mnēmē (""memory""). Together, these three form the complete picture of the preconditions of poetic art in cult practice. In Delphi three Muses were worshipped as well, but with other names: Nētē, Mesē, and Hypatē,"
"of Abdera, and Ephorus, however, Euhemerus is credited as having developed the theory in application to all myths, considering mythology to be ""history in disguise"". Euhemerus Euhemerus (; also spelled Euemeros or Evemerus; ""Euhēmeros"", ""happy; prosperous""; late fourth century BC), was a Greek mythographer at the court of Cassander, the king of Macedon. Euhemerus' birthplace is disputed, with Messina in Sicily as the most probable location, while others suggest Chios or Tegea. The philosophy attributed to and named for Euhemerus, euhemerism, holds that many mythological tales can be attributed to historical persons and events, the accounts of which have become"
"is composed of ""clio-"" and ""-dynamics"". In Greek mythology, Clio is the muse of history. Dynamics, most broadly, is the study of how and why phenomena change with time. The term was originally coined by Peter Turchin in 2003, and can be traced to the work of such figures as Ibn Khaldun Alexandre Deulofeu, Jack Goldstone, Sergey Kapitsa, Randall Collins, John Komlos, and Andrey Korotayev. Many historical processes are dynamic (a dynamic process is one that changes with time). Populations increase and decline, economies expand and contract, states grow and collapse. A very common approach, which has proved its worth"
"through myth and visual representations, which are culture-dependent. According to Herodotus (484–425 BCE), Homer and Hesiod (between 750 and 650 BC) taught the Greek the knowledge of the Divine bodies of the Gods. The ancient Greek poet Hesiod (between 750 and 650 BC) describes in his ""Theogony"" the birth of the gods and creation of the world, which became an ""ur-text for programmatic, first-person epiphanic narratives in Greek literature,"" but also ""explores the necessary limitations placed on human access to the divine."" According to Platt, the statement of the Muses who grant Hesiod knowledge of the Gods ""actually accords better"
"Ephorus Ephorus of Cyme (; , ""Ephoros ho Kymaios""; c. 400 – 330 BC) was an ancient Greek historian known for his universal history. Information on his biography is limited. He was born in Cyme, Aeolia and, together with the historian Theopompus, was a pupil of Isocrates, in rhetoric. He does not seem to have made much progress as a speaker and at the suggestion of Isocrates himself that he took up literary composition and the study of history. According to Plutarch, Ephorus declined Alexander the Great's offer to join him on his Persian campaign as the official historiographer. His"
"and Avestan ""Mazda"". The Muses, therefore, were both the embodiments and sponsors of performed metrical speech: ""mousike"" (whence the English term ""music"") was just ""one of the arts of the Muses"". Others included Science, Geography, Mathematics, Philosophy, and especially Art, Drama, and inspiration. In the archaic period, before the widespread availability of books (scrolls), this included nearly all of learning. The first Greek book on astronomy, by Thales, took the form of dactylic hexameters, as did many works of pre-Socratic philosophy. Both Plato and the Pythagoreans explicitly included philosophy as a sub-species of ""mousike"". The ""Histories"" of Herodotus, whose primary"
"Walt Disney animated film ""Hercules"" (1997). The Muses narrate the film in gospel-inspired song and dance. In New Orleans, Louisiana, there are streets named for all nine Muses. It is commonly held that the local pronunciation of the names has been colorfully anglicized in an unusual manner by the ""Yat"" dialect. The pronunciations are actually in line with the French, Spanish and Creole roots of the city. Muses In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses (Ancient Greek: Μοῦσαι, ""Moũsai"") are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They are considered the source of the knowledge embodied in"
"said to be the Mother of sirens. Calliope is usually seen with a writing tablet in her hand. At times, she is depicted carrying a roll of paper or a book or wearing a gold crown. She would also be seen with her children. The Italian poet, Dante Alighieri, in his ""Divine Comedy"", refers to Calliope: Calliope In Greek mythology, Calliope ( ; , ""Kalliopē"" ""beautiful-voiced"") is the muse who presides over eloquence and epic poetry; so called from the ecstatic harmony of her voice. Hesiod and Ovid called her the ""Chief of all Muses"". One account says Calliope was"
"the modern usage of the word ""museum"". The Musaeum was an institution founded, according to Johannes Tzetzes, by Ptolemy I Soter (c. 367 BC – c. 283 BC) or, perhaps more likely, by Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309–246 BC) at Alexandria. The ""Mouseion"" remained supported by the patronage of the royal family of the Ptolemies. Such a Greek ""Mouseion"" was the home of music or poetry, a philosophical school and library such as Plato's Academy, also a storehouse of texts. ""Mouseion"", connoting an assemblage gathered together under the protection of the Muses, was the title given to a collection of stories"
"Aesop Aesop ( ; , """"; c. 620 – 564 BCE) was a Greek fabulist and storyteller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as ""Aesop's Fables"". Although his existence remains unclear and no writings by him survive, numerous tales credited to him were gathered across the centuries and in many languages in a storytelling tradition that continues to this day. Many of the tales are characterized by animals and inanimate objects that speak, solve problems, and generally have human characteristics. Scattered details of Aesop's life can be found in ancient sources, including Aristotle, Herodotus, and Plutarch. An"
"of comedies to have any substantial body of work survive is Menander, whose style is known as New Comedy. Two historians flourished during Greece's classical age: Herodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus is commonly called the father of history, and his ""History"" contains the first truly literary use of prose in Western literature. Of the two, Thucydides was the more careful historian. His critical use of sources, inclusion of documents, and laborious research made his History of the Peloponnesian War a significant influence on later generations of historians. The greatest achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy. There were many Greek"
"city, and the departure of the Greeks pursued by the anger of Athena at the rape of Cassandra by Ajax the Lesser. The ""Little Iliad"", usually ascribed to Lesches, bridged the gap in the story-line between ""Aethiopis"" and the ""Sack of Troy"". Arctinus of Miletus Arctinus of Miletus or Arctinus Milesius () was a Greek epic poet whose reputation is purely legendary, as none of his works survive. Traditionally dated between 775 BC and 741 BC, he was said to have been a pupil of Homer. Phaenias of Eresus placed him in the 7th century BC and claimed that he"
"resources of its predecessor. The mathematician Theon (ca. 335 – ca. 405), father of Hypatia, is described in the tenth century ""Suda"" as ""the man from the Mouseion."" It is not known what connection he actually had with the Musaeum. Zacharias Rhetor and Aeneas of Gaza both speak of a physical space known as the ""Mouseion"" in the later 5th century. This original Musaeum or Institution of the Muses was the source for the modern usage of the word ""museum"". In early modern France, it denoted as much a community of scholars brought together under one roof as it did"
"change in the direction of the poem. Erato In Greek mythology, Erato (; Ancient Greek: Ἐρατώ) is one of the Greek Muses. The name would mean ""desired"" or ""lovely"", if derived from the same root as Eros, as Apollonius of Rhodes playfully suggested in the invocation to Erato that begins Book III of his ""Argonautica"". Erato is the Muse of love poetry. In the Orphic hymn to the Muses, it is Erato who charms the sight. Since the Renaissance she has mostly been shown with a wreath of myrtle and roses, holding a lyre, or a small kithara, a musical"
"a gifted teacher: he systematizes subject matter, leaves out digressions that distract from the main theme, adds specific examples to illustrate abstract statements, formulates in catching phrases, and occasionally inserts a joke to keep the reader attentive. Eudemus of Rhodes Eudemus of Rhodes () was an ancient Greek philosopher, considered the first historian of science, who lived from c. 370 BC until c. 300 BC. He was one of Aristotle's most important pupils, editing his teacher's work and making it more easily accessible. Eudemus' nephew, Pasicles, was also credited with editing Aristotle's works. Eudemus was born on the isle of"
"nine Muses. Herodotus claims to have traveled extensively around the ancient world, conducting interviews and collecting stories for his book, almost all of which covers territories of the Persian Empire. At the beginning of ""The Histories"", Herodotus sets out his reasons for writing it: Histories (Herodotus) The Histories (; ; also known as The Histories) of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature. Written in 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, ""The Histories"" serves as a record of the ancient traditions, politics, geography, and clashes of various cultures that were known in Western"
"from which the Muses were born. Athena later tamed the horse and presented him to the Muses (compare the Roman inspiring nymphs of springs, the Camenae, the Völva of Norse Mythology and also the apsaras in the mythology of classical India). Classical writers set Apollo as their leader, ""Apollon Mousagetēs"" (""Apollo Muse-leader""). In one myth, the Muses judged a contest between Apollo and Marsyas. They also gathered the pieces of the dead body of Orpheus, son of Calliope, and buried them in Leivithra. In a later myth, Thamyris challenged them to a singing contest. They won and punished Thamyris by"
"their Greek predecessors, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Polybius, who became their guides and models. Sometimes a Byzantine chooses a classic writer to imitate in method and style. The majority, however, took as models several authors, a custom which gave rise to a peculiar mosaic style, quite characteristic of the Byzantines. While often the result of a real community of feeling, it effectively prevented development of an individual style. Had such a preëminent historian as Procopius modeled his work after Polybius rather than Thucydides, Byzantine histories may have followed a natural continuity in style and method with the Hellenic era. The"
"eventual defeat of the Titans. Hayk Hayk the Great (), , or The Great Hayk, also known as Hayk Nahapet (Հայկ Նահապետ, , Hayk the ""head of family"" or patriarch), is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. His story is told in the ""History of Armenia"" attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene (A.D.410 to 490). The name of the patriarch, ""Hayk"" is not exactly homophonous with the name for ""Armenia"", ""Hayk’"". Հայք ""Hayk’"" is the nominative plural in Classical Armenian of հայ (""hay""), the Armenian term for ""Armenian."" Some claim that the etymology of ""Hayk""'"
"Mnemosyne Mnemosyne (; , ) is the goddess of memory in Greek mythology. ""Mnemosyne"" is derived from the same source as the word ""mnemonic"", that being the Greek word ""mnēmē"", which means ""remembrance, memory"". Mnemosyne is the mother of the nine Muses. A Titanide, or Titaness, Mnemosyne was the daughter of the Titans Uranus and Gaia. Mnemosyne was the mother of the nine Muses, fathered by her nephew, Zeus: In Hesiod’s ""Theogony"", kings and poets receive their powers of authoritative speech from their possession of Mnemosyne and their special relationship with the Muses. Zeus, in a form of a mortal"
"with a staff to heaven, as the Muse of astronomy. Quintus Pomponius Musa Quintus Pomponius Musa was a magistrate, moneyer and banker during the Republican Period in Rome, around 66 BC. He was a member of the Pomponia gens. According to the National Museum of Scotland, moneyers commissioned designs, which often referred to famous ancestors, associations to favourite cults, or, as here, puns on their names. Musa created ten coin designs: one design for each of the nine Muses, a play on Musa's name; and one coin featuring the image of Hercules with the inscription ""HERCULES MUSARUM"" (Hercules of the"
"Mopsus Mopsus (; Ancient Greek: Μόψος, ""Mopsos"") was the name of one of two famous seers in Greek mythology; his rival being Calchas. A historical or legendary ""Mopsos"" or ""Mukšuš"" may have been the founder of a house in power at widespread sites in the coastal plains of Pamphylia and Cilicia (in today's Turkey) during the early Iron Age. The Christian chronicler Eusebius of Caesarea was as convinced of Mopsus' historicity as his pagan predecessors and contemporaries: in his parallel chronologies he entered under the year corresponding to 1184/83 ""Mopsus reigned in Cilicia"". In the early 16th century, German chronicler"