"Besarion Jughashvili Besarion Ivanes dze Jughashvili commonly known as Beso ( – 25 August 1909) was the father of Joseph Stalin. Born into a peasant family of serfs in Didi Lilo in Georgia, he moved to Tbilisi at a young age to be a shoemaker, working in a factory. He was invited to set up his own shop in Gori, where met and married Ekaterine Geladze, and had three sons; only the youngest, Ioseb, lived. Once known as an ""clever and ""proud"" man, Jughashvili's shop failed and he developed a serious drinking problem, so in 1884 he left his family"
"by many other Bolsheviks, including Lenin. The surname ""Jughashvili"" could possibly be of non-Georgian origin since the various peoples of the Caucasus region had moved around for centuries. Throughout his life, Stalin often heard rumours that his paternal grandfather was ethnically Ossetian. However, like many other parts of Stalin's early life, his ancestry is often mixed up with facts and rumours. According to theories advanced by Mihail Vayskopf, it is the Ossetian for ""herd of sheep""; the surname ""Jugayev"" is common among Ossetians, and before the revolution names in South Ossetia were traditionally written with the Georgian suffix, especially among"
"of Jugaani in Kakhetia, eastern Georgia. In Georgian, the suffix means ""child"" or ""son"". Neo-Nazi and other anti-Semitic sources have claimed that ""Dzhuga"" or ""Jugha"" means ""Jew"" in Georgian and hence ""Dzhugashvili"" literally means ""Jew-son"" or son of a Jew. This is incorrect as the word for ""Jew"" in Georgian is """" (). An article in the newspaper ""Pravda"" in 1988 claimed the word derives from the Old Georgian for ""steel"" which might be the reason for his adoption of the name Stalin. ("""") is derived from combining the Russian (""""), ""steel"", with the possessive suffix (""""), a formula used"
"steel"". Richard Barber suggests that the name's origins may have lain in pageantry, in that a tradition may have grown up in the 15th century of representing the prince in black armour. He points out that several chronicles refer to him as Edward the IV (the title he would have taken as King had he outlived his father): this name would obviously have become confusing when the actual Edward IV succeeded in 1461, and this may have been the period when an alternative had to be found. Edward's reputation for brutality in France is also well documented, and it is"
"The original Georgian name, pronounced ""Georgi Gongadze"" in Georgian, became Георгій Гонгадзе (""Heorhiy Honhadze"") and sometimes Георгій or Ґія Ґонґадзе (""Heorhiy"" or ""Giia Gongadze"") in Ukrainian, and Георгий Гонгадзе (""Georgiy Gongadze"") in Russian. Ukrainian officials often refer to him as ""Heorhiy Honhadze"", as per the pronunciation of the letter Г (H) in Ukrainian, but not of the letter Ґ (G). This pronunciation is also used in the common dialect of southern Russia. After a recent linguistic reform, Ukrainians have recovered the letter Ґ (Ghe with upturn) for G, a letter which had been banned during the Soviet Union. The letter"
"Georgian, he also a subject of the Russian Empire, so also had a Russified version of his name: Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (). Stalin's surname () is transliterated as according to the official romanization system of the Georgian government. An alternative transliteration is , per the ISO standard (9984:1996). His name was Russified to """", which is in turn transliterated into English as and . ""Besarionis dze"" means ""son of Besarion,"" and was Russified to ""Vissarionovich"" (""son of Vissarion"", the Russian version of ""Besarion""). There are several etymologies of the () root. In one version, the name derives from the village"
"Jughashvili was upset when he learned that Keke had enrolled Ioseb in school, instead hoping his son would follow his path and become a cobbler. This led to a major incident in January, 1890. Ioseb had been struck by a phaeton, severely injuring him. Jughashvili returned to Gori and brought his son to a Tiflis hospital, and after Ioseb healed he was apprenticed to the Adelkhanov factory. Keke was adamantly opposed to the idea, and used her connections with the church to bring Ioseb back to Gori, where he would continue his studies to become a priest. This marked the"
"and Shakespeare in translation, and could recite Walt Whitman. He also started writing Romantic poetry in Georgian. In 1895, at the age of 17, Jughashvili's work impressed the noted poet Ilia Chavchavadze, who published five of them in his journal, ""Iveria"", attributed to the pseudonym ""Soselo"". One of these poems, ""Morning"", begins: Once Jughashvili entered revolutionary politics, and became Stalin he stopped writing poetry – it took too much time, he told a friend – but in 1907 he still used his prestige as ""Soselo"" to obtain information from an admirer needed for a bank robbery. During the Great Purge,"
"her death (on October 3, 1930), he began to use the surname ""Hovaness"" in honor of his paternal grandfather, and changed it to ""Hovhaness"" around 1944. He stated the name change from the original Chakmakjian reflected the desire to simplify his name because ""nobody ever pronounced it right"". However, Hovhaness' daughter Jean Nandi has written in her book ""Unconventional Wisdom"", ""My father's name at the time of my birth was 'Hovaness', pronounced with accent on the first syllable. His original name was 'Chakmakjian', but in the 1930s he wanted to get rid of the Armenian connection and so changed his"
"not clear why he has a double-barreled first name. Gordon Wenham suggests that the name ""Cain"" means ""smith"" (which would anticipate the remarks about his metalworking skill), or that he is called ""Tubal Cain"" in order to distinguish him from the other Tubal, the son of Japheth. Richard Coggins suggests it ""may be a variant of the same tradition which lists Tubal in the table of nations"" at , as a land well known for metalwork. In the Book of Jasher, the name of Tubal-Cain is explained by Zillah, his mother: ""After I had withered away have I obtained him"
"village roles, so still owed taxes as a peasant from the region. It is not clear why Ioseb was arrested instead of his father, who still lived in Tiflis, but Kotkin suggests it was a police tactic to send a message to Ioseb, who had began his revolutionary activities. In August 1909 Jughashvili went to the Mikhailovsky Hospital in Tiflis, suffering from tuberculosis, colitis and chronic pneumonia. He died on 12 August 1909, with the cause of death listed as cirrhosis of the liver. Only one person, a fellow cobbler, attended his funeral, and he was buried in and unmarked"
"from the Old Georgian ""Krtskhinvali"" (), from earlier ""Krtskhilvani"" (), literally meaning ""the land of hornbeams"", which is the historical name of the city. See ცხინვალი for more. From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri (, ), which was compilation of Joseph Stalin's surname with Ossetian word ""Ir"" which means Ossetia. Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final ""i"", which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian name of the city is Chreba () which is only spread as a colloquial word. The area around the present-day Tskhinvali was first populated back"
"Jvari Pass to his hometown of Kazbegi (now renamed Stepantsminda), which also preserves his childhood home as a museum in his honor. His most famous work, the novel ""The Patricide"" is about a heroic Caucasian bandit named Koba, who, much like Robin Hood, is a defender of the poor. Koba has nothing but contempt for authority, a proclivity towards violence, and a firm belief in vengeance. Kazbegi's work was a major inspiration to Iosif Jughashvili, later known as Joseph Stalin, who used ""Koba"" as a revolutionary pseudonym. Alexander Kazbegi Alexander Kazbegi (, ) (1848–1893) was a Georgian writer, famous for"
"in a private letter to Maxim Gorky he referred to Stalin as the ""wonderful Georgian"". According to Montefiore, this was ""Stalin's most famous work"". The article was published in March 1913 under the pseudonym of ""K. Stalin"", a name he had been using since 1912. This name derived from the Russian language word for steel (""stal""), and has been translated as ""Man of Steel"". It was—according to Service—an ""unmistakably Russian name"". Montefiore suggested that Stalin stuck with this name for the rest of his life because it had been used on the article which established his reputation within the Bolshevik"
"by his Anglicized party name Joseph Stalin, was an ethnic Georgian intellectual and Marxist revolutionary affiliated with the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). Jugashvili regarded Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) as a role model and intellectual beacon, and the young activist was sometimes jokingly called ""Lenin's left foot"" by his Georgian comrades. Jugashvili did not just admire the exiled Lenin from afar through correspondence but had even met him personally, with the pair jointly attending the 1907 Congress of the RSDLP held in London as part of a 92-member Bolshevik delegation. From the time he"
"both Caucasian and Iranian Azeris. However unlike the former, Azeris in Iran do not generally use patronymics in ""oglu"" / ""qizi"". Azeri patronymics are not to be confused with Turkish surnames in ""-oğlu"" and Greek surnames in -ογλού (""-oglou""), which do not have specific female versions and do not reflect names of fathers. In Georgian, patronymics, when used, come with the addition of ""s"" to the end of the father's name, followed by ""dze"" for a man and ""asuli"" for a woman. For example, Joseph Stalin's actual name was Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili. ""s"" in Georgian is a possessive, and"
"Kutais Governorate, then part of Imperial Russia, and was baptised in the local church. His mother died of typhus when he was less than a year old. Until the age of 14, Dzhugashvili was raised by his aunts and grandmother in Tiflis. In 1921, Dzhugashvili's uncle Alexander Svanidze urged him to leave for Moscow to acquire a higher education. Dzhugashvili spoke only Georgian, so, after his arrival in Moscow, he commenced with learning the Russian language, aiming to apply for university studies. Dzhugashvili and his father, Stalin, never got along. Allegedly once Stalin referred to Dzhugashvili as a ""mere cobbler""."
"contraction of [Yehoshua`] to [Yeshua`], the vowel is instead fronted (perhaps due to the influence of the ""y"" in triliteral root ""y-š-ʕ""). During the post-Biblical period, the name was also adopted by Aramaic and Greek-speaking Jews. By the time the New Testament was written, the Septuagint had already transliterated ישוע [Yeshua`] into Koine Greek as closely as possible in the 3rd-century BCE, the result being [Iēsous]. Since Greek had no equivalent to the Semitic letter ""shin"" [sh], it was replaced with a σ ""sigma"" [s], and a masculine singular ending [-s] was added in the nominative case, in order to"
"his identity: the poet identifies himself as ""a certain Rustveli."" ""Rustveli"" is not a surname, but a territorial epithet that can be interpreted as ""of/from/holder of Rustavi"". Later Georgian authors from the 15th through 18th centuries are more informative; they are almost unanimous in identifying him as Shota Rustaveli, a name that is preserved on a fresco and a document from the formerly Georgian Monastery of the Holy Cross at Jerusalem. The fresco was described by the Georgian pilgrim Timote Gabashvili in 1757/58 and rediscovered by a team of Georgian scholars in 1960. The same Jerusalem document speaks of Shota"
"of Directors of Mechel OJSC (Chelyabinsk Steel Plant) from June 2001, and established the Mechel Group in 2003. Igor Zyuzin's most recent positions at Mechel included: Zyuzin first went into business for himself in the early 1990s. he established Uglemet (the company names combines Russian words for “coal” and “metal”) in 1994, which received substantial coal sale quotas. Zyuzin and his business partner Vladimir Yorikh traded coal produced by Kuzbass mines, and then began buying up stock in mining companies themselves. Yorikh was in charge of finance and sales, while Zyuzin was responsible for other business aspects. They bought Southern"
"is derived from the Sanskrit ""Bodhisattva"". The Sanskrit word was changed to ""Bodisav"" in Persian texts in the 6th or 7th century, then to ""Budhasaf"" or ""Yudasaf"" in an 8th-century Arabic document (possibly Arabic initial ""b"" ﺑ changed to ""y"" ﻳ by duplication of a dot in handwriting). This became ""Iodasaph"" in Georgia in the 10th century, and that name was adapted as ""Ioasaph"" in Greece in the 11th century, and then was assimilated to ""Iosaphat/Josaphat"" in Latin. Although Barlaam and Josaphat were never formally canonized, they were included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast day 27 November)"
"godfather Yakobi ""Koba"" Egnatashvili, who had helped support Stalin's mother financially and who was rumoured to be his biological father. Stalin was present for the birth of his son, whom he nicknamed ""Patsana"" (""Laddie""). ""After the birth of the baby, his love for wife and child became ten times more,"" Monoselidze wrote. Following the high-profile Tiflis bank robbery in June 1907, Stalin moved Kato and their son to Baku, where he had previously worked for Baron Alphonse de Rothschild's oil company. Kato resumed her work as a seamstress, while Stalin continued his role as a Bolshevik leader. In August 1907,"
"""good stock"") which gave the bearer more reason not to Hebraize it. For example, Horowitz (famous rabbinical dynasty), Rothschild (famous Jewish banking dynasty), Einstein (famous bearer), or Shaltiel (ancient Sephardic family tracing its origins to King David—and it is already Hebrew). Others kept their name but the name underwent some mutation because they contained sounds that do not exist in Hebrew. Examples include Lando (from ""Landau""), and Glober (from ""Glauber""). Other ""Diaspora"" Jewish names are Hebrew to begin with (such as Ashkenazi and Yerushalmi), corruptions of Hebrew words (such as Heifetz (from Chafetz)), Hebrew acronyms (such as Shalit (from """"Sheyihye"
"claimed that only Christian scholars referred to Rashi as Jarchi, and that this epithet was unknown to the Jews. Bernardo de Rossi, however, demonstrated that Hebrew scholars also referred to Rashi as Yarhi. In 1839, Leopold Zunz showed that the Hebrew usage of Jarchi was an erroneous propagation of the error by Christian writers, instead interpreting the abbreviation as it is understood today: Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki. The evolution of this term has been thoroughly traced. Rashi was an only child born at Troyes, Champagne, in northern France. His mother's brother was Simon the Elder, Rabbi of Mainz. Simon was a"
", and the name ""Yehoshua`"" is usually spelled the same but with a yod added at the beginning. ""Hoshea`"" certainly comes from the root , ""yasha"", yod-shin-`ayin (in the Hif'il form the yod becomes a waw), and not from the word Shúaʻ (Jewish Encyclopedia.) In the 1st century, Philo of Alexandria, in a Greek exposition, offered this understanding of Moses’s reason for the name change of the biblical hero Jehoshua/Joshua son of Nun from Hoshea [similar to hoshia` meaning ""He rescued""] to Yehoshua in commemoration of his salvation: ""And Ιησους refers to salvation of the Lord"" [Ιησους or Iesous being"
"This given name was of biblical origin, ultimately from the Hebrew male font name Matityahu, recorded in the Greek New Testament in the form Matthias. The name has numerous variant spellings which include MACHA, MACHAC, MACHAL, MACHAN, MACHON, MACHALA, MACHNICKI, MACHOCKI, MACHACEK and MACHOTKA. The modern state of Czechoslovakia is going through a transitional phase as a result of the fall of the Iron Curtain. Its various regions encompassed the medieval provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia. The first two of these, where the language properly called Czech is spoken, were heavily subject to German cultural and linguistic influence from"
"Soviet Union. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their county ""will always have need of a leader like Stalin"". In early 2010 a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhia, Ukraine; in December unknown persons cut off its head and in 2011 it was destroyed in an explosion. In a 2016 Kiev International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive (19% refused to answer). Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; 18 December 1878 –"
"the name of a railroad town and also for the name of my horse.” This distinguished chief was Mą́zamąnį́ga, ""Iron Walker."" The Hočągara, who have persisted in the area despite many attempts to eject them, call this town ""Mą́zamąnį́,"" dropping the suffix ""-ga"" (a definite article used to indicate a person's name). The first syllable of this name is pronounced as Brodhead indicated ('man') since the /ą/ is nasalized. The first element of the name is ""mąs"", ""iron, metal, ax,"" which before a consonant may be softened to ""mąza-"" or ""mąze-"", although the free standing form ""mąz"" is also known."
"a new name Toklikishvili. Mikheil's grandfather Adam returned in Kartli. His son Saba was registered as Adamashvili. Mikheil was also wearing this name in his youth but later he returned the family name of ancestors-Javakhishvili. He enrolled into the Yalta College of Horticulture and Viticulture, but a family tragedy forced him to abandon his studies: robbers killed his mother and sister, and his father died shortly thereafter. Returning to Georgia in 1901, he worked at a copper smeltery in Kakheti. His first story was published in 1903 under the penname of Javakhishvili, followed by a series of journalistic articles critical"
"but sometimes as ""beryl"" or as ""jasper""; onyx only started being mined after the Septuagint was written, so the Septuagint's term ""onyx"" probably does not mean onyx – onyx is originally an Assyrian word meaning ring, and so could refer to anything used for making rings. ""Yahalom"" is similar to a Hebrew word meaning hit hard, so some people think that it means diamond. The variation in possibilities of meaning for this sixth stone in the Hoshen is reflected in different translations of the Bible – the King James Version translates the sixth stone as ""diamond"", the New International Version"
"Javakhishvili The Javakhishvili () is a Georgian noble family, a branch of the Toreli (თორელი), known from the 10th century. The surname Javakhishvili, literally ""son of Javakh"", derives from the 14th-century nobleman Javakh (known as Svimon in priesthood), a participant of Georgia’s resistance to Timur’s attacks. Javakh and his household resettled from Javakheti to Inner Kartli, and received from the Crown a series of villages in hereditary possession. After the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, the Javakhishvili estates fell under the suzerainty of the Kings of Kartli, but the family was able to transform their"
"originally Dema, which is the diminutive of Demir, derived from the Turkish word for iron (). The other possibility is that his name is derived from the name of Osman Jegen Pasha (Jedjem — Djemo) who lived at the end of the 17th century. According to some scholars his name is derived from the name of Gjin Muzaka, a member of Muzaka noble family from Albania. Djemo the Mountaineer is mentioned as Gino Latinin () in the song 'Marriage of Stojan Popović'. Other forms of his name are Djino, Gino Arnauče, Dinče Arnauče and Gino Latinin (), all names of"
"would become a major center for textile goods. Later, in 1936, the TSFSR was dissolved and Georgia emerged as a union republic: the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Joseph Stalin, an ethnic Georgian born Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili (იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი) in Gori, was prominent among the Bolsheviks. Stalin was to rise to the highest position, leading the Soviet Union from 3 April 1922 until his death on 5 March 1953. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on an immediate course towards Caucasian oil fields and munitions factories. They never reached Georgia, however, and almost 700,000 Georgians fought"