"of a preceding consonant (for example, while means ""snow"", means ""profit""), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from Arabic. These are seen as variants of ""a"", ""i"", and ""u"" and are becoming quite rare in modern usage. In software development, the Turkish alphabet is known for requiring special logic, particularly due to the varieties of i and their lowercase and uppercase versions. This has been called the Turkish-I problem. Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have"
"Common Turkic Alphabet The terms Common Turkic Alphabet or Turkic concil Alphabet refer to two different systems using the Latin alphabet to write various Turkic languages. The old system was developed in the Soviet Union and used in the 1930s; the current system is an alphabet with 34 letters recognized by the Turkic Council. Its letters are as follows: The orthographies of Turkic languages are largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be determined from its spelling. For example, unlike English, Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation can almost always be determined by"
"Ankara with several linguists and professors from all over Turkey where he unveiled to them a plan of his to implement a new alphabet for the written Turkish language based on a modified Latin alphabet. The new Turkish alphabet would serve as a replacement for the old Arabic script and as a solution to the literacy problem in Turkey, as the Arabic script does not feature any vowels while the Turkish language has eight. When he asked them at how long it would take, in their professional opinion, to implement the new alphabet into the Turkish language, most of the"
"Turkic alphabets are sets of related alphabets with letters (formerly known as [[runes]]), used for writing mostly [[Turkic languages]]. Inscriptions in Turkic alphabets were found in [[Mongolia]]. Most of the preserved inscriptions were dated to between 8th and 10th centuries CE. The earliest positively dated and read Turkic inscriptions date from c. 150, and the alphabets were generally replaced by the [[Old Uyghur alphabet]] in the [[Central Asia]], Arabic script in the Middle and Western Asia, Greek-derived [[Cyrillic]] in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, and [[Latin alphabet]] in Central Europe. The latest recorded use of [[Turkic alphabets (disambiguation)|Turkic alphabet]]"
"script that could be used for Turkish phonemes. Some suggested that a better alternative might be to modify the Arabic script to introduce extra characters to better represent Turkish vowels. In 1926, however, the Turkic republics of the Soviet Union adopted the Latin script, giving a major boost to reformers in Turkey. Turkish-speaking Armenians used the Mesrobian script to write Holy Bibles and other books in Turkish for centuries. Many Armenian linguists, including Agop Dilâçar comprised the linguistic team which invented the modern Turkish alphabet, using and modifying Latin script. The current 29-letter Turkish alphabet was established as a personal"
"other 21 are consonants. The letters Q, W, and X of the ISO basic Latin alphabet do not occur in the Turkish alphabet (replacements for these letters are ""K"", ""V"" and ""KS""), while dotted and dotless I are distinct letters in Turkish such that ⟨i⟩ becomes ⟨İ⟩ when capitalized, ⟨I⟩ being the capital form of ⟨ı⟩. Turkish also adds a circumflex over the back vowels ⟨â⟩ and ⟨û⟩ following ⟨k⟩, ⟨g⟩, or ⟨l⟩ when these consonants represent , , and (instead of , , and ): In the case of length distinction, these letters are used for old Arabic and"
"Ottoman Turkish alphabet The Ottoman Turkish alphabet ( """") is a version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write Ottoman Turkish until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet. Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in this script, non-Muslim Ottoman subjects sometimes wrote it in other scripts, including the Armenian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew alphabets. The earliest known Turkic alphabet is the Orkhon script. The various Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets, including Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Latin, and some other Asiatic writing systems. The Ottoman Turkish alphabet is a Turkish form"
"simply transcribing the old Ottoman script into a new form. The current 29-letter Turkish alphabet was established. The script was founded by an Armenian, Hagop Martayan Dilaçar. Appreciating his contribution, Atatürk suggested him the surname Dilaçar (literally meaning language opener), which he gladly accepted. It was a key step in the cultural part of Atatürk's Reforms. The Language Commission (""Dil Encümeni"") consisting of the following members: Atatürk himself was personally involved with the commission and proclaimed an ""alphabet mobilisation"" to publicise the changes. In 1926 the Turkic republics of the Soviet Union adopted the Latin script, giving a major boost"
"in 1929. The change was formalized by the ""Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet"", passed on November 1, 1928, and effective on January 1, 1929. As with Arabic and Persian, texts in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet are written right to left. The appearance of a letter changes depending on its position in a word: Some letters cannot be joined to the left and so do not possess separate medial and initial forms. In medial position, the final form is used. In initial position, the isolated form is used. The orthography of Ottoman Turkish is complex, as"
"Longest word in Turkish As an agglutinative language, Turkish allows the construction of words by adding many suffixes to a word stem. The longest word in the Turkish language used in a text is """"muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine"""" which has 70 letters. It is derived from the noun """"muvaffakiyet"""" (success) and means ""As though you are from those whom we may not be able to easily make into a maker of unsuccessful ones"". It was used in a contrived story designed to use this word. Not considering suffixes, the longest Turkish dictionary words have 20 letters: These are ""kuyruksallayangiller"" (the biological genus Motacillidae),"
"""ye"", ""ze"" The letters ""h"" and ""k"" are sometimes named ""ha"" and ""ka"" (as in German), especially in acronyms such as CHP, KKTC and TSK. However, the Turkish Language Association advises against this usage. Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is usually identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker. The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script, also known as the Old Turkic alphabet, the first surviving evidence of which"
"its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords such as proper names. The letters representing vowel sounds in Turkic languages are, in alphabetical order, , and , , , , , , . The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s. The alphabet used letters from Jaꞑalif as it was also a part of the uniform alphabet. The uniform alphabet utilized Latin letters, excluding ""w"". Some additional letters were also introduced into the alphabet. Common Turkic Alphabet The terms Common Turkic Alphabet or Turkic concil Alphabet refer to two different systems"
"2,000 technical school students and officially 18,000 medrese students of whom 6,000 are claimed to be actual students and the rest who registered to be excluded from military service. The population of Turkey was at that moment some 13–14 million. On 1 November 1928 Law no 1353 introduced a new Latin-based alphabet was accepted. In 1931, the Turkish Association of History, and in 1932, the Turkish Language Association were established to protect Turkish from influences of foreign languages, improve it as science suggests and prevent misuse of the Turkish language. Until 1997 children in Turkey were obliged to take five"
"Yañalif Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif , Cyrillic: Яңалиф, ""new alphabet"") is the first Latin alphabet used during the Soviet epoch for the Turkic languages (also Iranian languages, North Caucasian languages, Mongolian languages, Finno-Ugric languages, Tungus-Manchu languages, Paleo-Asiatic languages; project for Russian is unaccepted in 1930) in the 1930s. It replaced the ""Yaña imlâ"" Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928 and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938-1940; several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif. There are 33 letters in Jaꞑalif; nine are"
"used only on the Internet. Yañalif Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif , Cyrillic: Яңалиф, ""new alphabet"") is the first Latin alphabet used during the Soviet epoch for the Turkic languages (also Iranian languages, North Caucasian languages, Mongolian languages, Finno-Ugric languages, Tungus-Manchu languages, Paleo-Asiatic languages; project for Russian is unaccepted in 1930) in the 1930s. It replaced the ""Yaña imlâ"" Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928 and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938-1940; several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif. There are 33"
"variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet. The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. The basic word order of Turkish is subject–object–verb. Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender. The language has a strong T–V distinction and usage of honorifics. Turkish uses second-person pronouns that distinguish varying levels of politeness, social"
"Turkish Braille Turkish Braille (""kabartma yazı"") is the braille alphabet of the Turkish language. Turkish Braille follows international usage. The vowels with diacritics, ""ö"" and ""ü"", have their French/German forms, whereas the consonants with diacritics, ""ç, ğ,"" and ""ş,"" have the forms of the nearest English approximations, ""ch, gh,"" and ""sh."" Dotless ""i"" is derived by shifting down. The accent point, , is used for ""â, î, û"". Point is used for capitals. Punctuation and arithmetical signs are as follows: For quotations, the dash — is used differently from inverted commas “...”, for example when transcribing short turns in dialog."
"""ademimerkeziyetçilik"" (decentralization) and ""elektroensefalografi"" (electroencephalography). In comparison, the word ""muvaffakiyet"" has 12 letters, so it should be possible to use various other suffixes to make an even longer word from these ones. There is no principled grammatical reason for not being able to make a Turkish word indefinitely long, as there are suffixes that can act recursively on a word stem. In practice, however, such words would become unintelligible after a few cycles of recursion. Turkish grammar is highly agglutinative, enabling the construction of words by stringing various morphemes. It is theoretically possible for some words to be inflected an"
"death. Up to 1928 the Arabic script was used in Turkey. However, the Turkish language has 8 vowels and the Arabic script remained incapable in reproducing the Turkish words. Nevertheless, being the script of Quran it was considered to be inalterable. But president Atatürk decided to adopt Latin alphabet (with small changes). Moreover, he insisted that the reform should be carried out immediately. In addition to adding the Latin alphabet to school curricula, short term courses for the adults called Nation's schools () were established. As the minister of National Education, Mustafa Necati was responsible for establishing these courses. The"
"Turkic scripts includes Turkic-Chinese bilingual inscriptions, contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in the Greek alphabet, literal translations into Slavic languages, and paper fragments with Turkic cursive writing from religion, Manichaeism, Buddhist, and legal subjects of the 8th to 10th centuries found in Xinjiang. The Unicode block for Old Turkic is U+10C00–U+10C4F. It was added to the Unicode standard in October 2009, with the release of version 5.2. It includes separate ""Orkhon"" and ""Yenisei"" variants of individual characters. Since Windows 8 Unicode Old Turkic writing support was added in the Segoe font. Old Turkic alphabet The Old Turkic script (also known as variously"
"versions of ""O"", ""U"" and ""I"", and the accented letters ""Ç"", ""Ş"" and ""Ğ"". In June 1928, Atatürk asked Mustafa Necati, the Minister of National Education to form a committee to adopt the Latin alphabet. On 9 August 1928, Atatürk announced that the Latin alphabet would replace the Arabic alphabet. On 1 November 1928, the parliament passed the law of the new Turkish alphabet as Act no 1353, and on 11 November 1928, the government decided to establish the ""nation’s school"". The project started on 24 November 1928. These schools were actually series of short courses for the adults. According"
"to reformers in Turkey. On 1 November 1928, the new Turkish alphabet was introduced by the ""Language Commission"" at the initiative of Atatürk, replacing the previously used Perso-Arabic script. The Language Commission proposed a five-year transition period; Atatürk saw this as far too long and reduced it to three months. The change was formalized by the Turkish Republic's law number 1353, the ""Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet"", passed on 1 November 1928. The law went into effect from 1 January 1929, making the use of the new alphabet compulsory in all public communications. The removal"
"form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly ""//k//"". The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, , , , , , , , . The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height. Vowels are classified [±back], [±round] and [±high]. The only diphthongs in the language are found in loanwords and may be categorised as falling diphthongs usually analyzed as a sequence of /j/ and a vowel. Turkish is"
"appendix to his work (e.g. ""alma agatsdan irak duschamas""—""An apple does not fall far from its tree""). Turkish now has an alphabet suited to the sounds of the language: the spelling is largely phonemic, with one letter corresponding to each phoneme. Most of the letters are used approximately as in English, the main exceptions being , which denotes ( being used for the found in Persian and European loans); and the undotted , representing . As in German, and represent and . The letter , in principle, denotes but has the property of lengthening the preceding vowel and assimilating any"
"Atatürk to replace the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, a version of Perso-Arabic alphabet. The Ottoman alphabet marked only three different vowels—long ""ā, ū"" and ""ī""—and included several redundant consonants, such as variants of ""z"" (which were distinguished in Arabic but not in Turkish). The omission of short vowels in the Arabic script was claimed to make it particularly unsuitable for Turkish, which has eight vowels. The reform of the script was an important step in the cultural reforms of the period. The task of preparing the new alphabet and selecting the necessary modifications for sounds specific to Turkish was entrusted to"
"read and write in Turkish with the Arabic script took roughly three years with rather strenuous methods at the elementary level. They used the Ottoman Language written in the Arabic script with Arabic and Persian loan vocabulary. The creation of the new Turkish alphabet as a variant of the Latin alphabet was undertaken by the ""Language Commission"" () with the initiative of Mustafa Kemal. The tutelage was received from an Ottoman-Armenian scientist Hagop Dilaçar. The first Turkish newspaper using the new alphabet was published on 15 December 1928. Mustafa Kemal himself travelled the countryside in order to teach citizens the"
"of Uniform Turkic alphabet among other peoples, forced the use of the ""Turkish-based alphabet"". In 2000 that alphabet was adopted by the Tatarstan government, but in 2002 it was abolished by the Russian Federation. The ""Internet-style"" alphabet named ""Inalif"" after ""Internet"" and ""älifba"" was convented in 2003 and partly it was inspired by Jaꞑalif. The main purpose of this alphabet was a standardization of texts, which are written only with English keyboard, without any diacritical marks. But this is not a simple transliteration of non-English symbols of Jaꞑalif or modern alphabet. Non-English letters are represented like digraphs, soft vowels are"
"the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially ""Türkiye Türkçesi"" (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were"
"""X"" are not used in Turkish and therefore do not appear in the set. Blanks may not represent these letters, meaning loanwords that may use them may not appear in the game at all. Tuvan-language Scrabble sets, which use Cyrillic letters, use these 125 tiles: The distribution lacks four letters used only in loanwords: Ф, Ц, Щ, and Ь. This version is made for educational purposes and is not an official edition by Mattel. An optimum Ukrainian-language Scrabble sets, which use Cyrillic letters, contain 104 tiles using this distribution: The apostrophe sign is also included, even though it is not"
"the Turkish alphabet in 2013. Some scholars have suggested to add minor additions to Bedirxan's Hawar alphabet to make it more user-friendly. The additions correspond to sounds that are represented in the Sorani Arabic alphabet, but not in the Hawar alphabet. These scholars suggest this extended alphabet be called the universal Kurdish Latin alphabet. The suggested additional characters are Ł, Ň, Ř and Ü. The velar Ł/ł is for non-initial positions only; in Kurdish velar Ł never comes in initial position. The initial position in any Kurdish word beginning with r is pronounced and written as a trill Ř/ř. The"
"dates from the 7th century. In general, Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets including Uyghur, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Latin, and some other Asiatic writing systems. Turkish was written using a Turkish form of the Arabic script for over 1,000 years. It was well suited to write Ottoman Turkish which incorporated a great deal of Arabic and Persian vocabulary. However, it was poorly suited to the Turkish part of the vocabulary. Whereas Arabic is rich in consonants but poor in vowels, Turkish is exactly the opposite. The script was thus inadequate at representing Turkish phonemes. Some"
"the Old Turkic alphabet. After the adoption of Islam, which began in the 10th century and lasted for several centuries, the Bashkirs began to use the Arabic alphabet. Since the mid-18th century begins the formation of the Bashkir national literature. In 1923, the approved Bashkir alphabet based on Arabic alphabet. In 1929 appears the Bashkir alphabet based on the Latin alphabet (yanalif). In 1940 introduced the alphabet based on Cyrillic alphabet. The modern Bashkir alphabet consists of 42 letters. The ethnic Bashkir population is estimated at roughly 2 million people (2009 SIL Ethnologue). The 2010 Russian census recorded 1,584,554 ethnic"
"the most common and the only standard in China, although other writing systems are used for auxiliary and historical purposes. Unlike most Arabic-derived scripts, the Uyghur Arabic alphabet has mandatory marking of all vowels due to modifications to the original Perso-Arabic script made in the 20th century. Two Latin and one Cyrillic alphabet are also used, though to a much lesser extent. The Arabic and Latin alphabets both have 32 characters. The Middle Turkic languages are the direct ancestor of the Karluk languages, including Uyghur and the Uzbek language. Kagan Arik wrote that Modern Uyghur is not descended from Old"