"The claim that Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope and the microscope dates back to the year 1655. During that time Dutch diplomat Willem Boreel conducted an investigation trying to figure out who invented the telescope. He had a local magistrate in Middelburg follow up on a 45 year old recollection of a spectacle maker named ""Hans"" who told a young Boreel in 1610 about inventing the telescope. In his investigation the magistrate was contacted by a then unknown claimant, Middelburg spectacle maker Johannes Zachariassen, the son of Zacharias Janssen, who testified under oath that his father invented the telescope and"
"and Jonas Gren, partners in the famous Stockholm organ builders Gren & Stråhle, and according to Abraham Abrahamsson Hülphers in his book ""Historisk Afhandling om Musik och Instrumenter"" published in 1773, Stråhle himself had studied mechanics (which has been assumed to have included mathematics) with Swedish Academy of Science founding member Christopher Polhem. He died in 1746 at Lövstabruk in northern Uppland. Stråhle published his construction as a ""new invention, to determine the ""Temperament"" in tuning, for the pitches of the clavichord and similar instruments"" in an article that appeared in the fourth volume of the proceedings of the newly"
"being a spectacle maker before 1615. Albert Van Helden, Sven Dupré, Rob Van Gent, and Huib Zuidervaart in their book ""Origins of the Telescope"" came to the conclusion that Janssen may not have become an optician until 1616 and that the claims surrounding him as the inventor of the telescope and the microscope were the fabrications of his own son, Johannes Zachariassen, who claimed it as a matter of fame and for possible financial gain. In the years 1613–1619, Janssen was tried several times for counterfeiting coins. Janssen grew up right next to the Middleburg mint where his brother-in-law worked."
"likely dates of birth would have made him 2-5 years old at the time) grandfather Hans Martens must have invented it. Other claims have come forward over the years. Physicist Jean Henri van Swinden's 1822-23 investigation reached the conclusion supporting Janssen and in 1841 a collector named Zacharias Snijder came forward with 4 iron tubes with lenses in them purported to be Janssen original telescopes. In historian Cornelis de Waard's 1906 book on the history of the telescope he recounted his discovery of note written in 1634 by the Dutch philosopher Isaac Beeckman in which Beeckman mentioned that Johannes Zachariassen"
"claims include that his father invented the telescope in 1590, that his father invented the telescope in 1604, that he and his father invented the telescope in 1618, and that Jacob Metius and Cornelis Drebbel bought a telescope from him and his father in 1620 and copied it. Johannes also seems to have lied about his own date of birth, maybe so he could stake his own claim as inventor of the telescope along with his father. The 1655 investigation by William Boreel (who may have been a childhood friend of Zacharias Zachariassen) added to the confusion over invention. The"
"that used this scale. In 1744, coincident with the death of Anders Celsius, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) reversed Celsius's scale. His custom-made ""linnaeus-thermometer"", for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time, whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, numerous physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale; among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop) and with"
"Heinrich Grenser Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Grenser (5 March 1764 – 12 December 1813) was a German musical instrument maker. From 1779 to 1786 he was apprenticed to his uncle, August Grenser, a Dresden instrument maker, and after his apprenticeship he continued to work in August's shop, taking it over himself in 1796. Heinrich Grenser invented an early form of bass clarinet in 1793, and may have been the inventor of the alto clarinet, beginning production in 1808. Grenser died in Dresden in 1813. A 1978 inventory lists 127 surviving instruments by Grenser, most of them bassoons and flutes, but also"
"Heliotrope (instrument) The heliotrope is an instrument that uses a mirror to reflect sunlight over great distances to mark the positions of participants in a land survey. The heliotrope was invented in 1821 by the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. The word ""heliotrope"" is taken from the Greek: ""helios"" (), meaning ""sun"", and ""tropos"" (), meaning ""turn"". It is a fitting name for an instrument which can be used to ""turn"" incoming sunlight (via reflection). Heliotropes were used in surveys from Gauss's survey in Germany in 1821 through the late 1980s, when GPS measurements replaced the use of the heliotrope"
"including basset horns, clarinets, oboes, fagottini, and one each of bass clarinet, cor anglais, oboe d'amore, bass horn, contrabassoon, hunting horn, and recorder. Heinrich Grenser Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Grenser (5 March 1764 – 12 December 1813) was a German musical instrument maker. From 1779 to 1786 he was apprenticed to his uncle, August Grenser, a Dresden instrument maker, and after his apprenticeship he continued to work in August's shop, taking it over himself in 1796. Heinrich Grenser invented an early form of bass clarinet in 1793, and may have been the inventor of the alto clarinet, beginning production in 1808."
"Eventually, the case was dismissed. Janssen returned to Middleburg in 1621. Janssen's life was documented by the many investigations on the subject before the Second World War. Many of the Middelburg archives were destroyed by a bombing of Middelburg on May 17, 1940, during the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands. Without these earlier studies, very little would be known of Janssen's life at all because all original files were lost in the fires following the bombardment. Zacharias Janssen Zacharias Janssen (also Zacharias Jansen or Sacharias Jansen) (1585 – pre-1632) was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg associated with the invention of"
"Organum Mathematicum The Organum Mathematicum was an information device or teaching machine that was invented by the Jesuit polymath and scholar Athanasius Kircher in the middle of the 17th century. The device was intended to aid in mathematical and other calculations, much as we now use digital computers and calculators. With proper instruction and use, the device was capable of assisting in a wide assortment of calculations, including arithmetic, cryptography, and music. Kircher adopted some of the ideas in the Organum from preexisting inventions like Napier's bones, almanacs, and his own Arca Musarithmica. Like other calculating devices of the period,"
"government's support. When Metius perceived that the States General was reluctant to review his claim, he prohibited anyone from seeing his telescope. The States General voted Jacob Metius a small award, although it ended up employing Lippershey to make binocular versions of the telescope. At his death, Metius’ tools were destroyed according to his wishes in order to prevent anyone from claiming the honor of inventing the telescope. There is a claim by Johannes Zachariassen, Zacharias Janssen's son, that Jacob Metius and Cornelis Drebbel bought a telescope from him and his father in 1620 and copied it, although this is"
"the leading manufacturer of optical, geodetical and nautical instruments in the Nordic countries. He collaborated with Rasmus Malling-Hansen on the development of the Writing Ball which he also manufactured. Jürgensen's instruments were noted for their precision. His customers included the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish army and navy, Østervold Observatory in Copenhagen and scientists both in Denmark and abroad. With the growing significance of electricity in lighting in the 1880s, Jürgensen changed the profile of his company which was responsible for many large installations. The company won a gold medal at the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris in 1991. Two"
"1620 with the earliest account being Dutch Ambassador Willem Boreel's 1619 visit to London where he saw a compound microscope in Drebbel's possession, described as an instrument about eighteen inches long, two inches in diameter, and supported on 3 brass dolphins. In 1621 Drebbel had a compound microscope with two convex lenses. Several of his contemporaries, including Christiaan Huygens, credited the invention of the compound microscope to Drebbel. The invention has many counter claims including Dutch spectacle-maker Johannes Zachariassen's claim that Drebbel stole the idea from him and his father, Zacharias Jansen, and claims that Galileo Galilei used his telescope"
"known as the first ""anemometer"". In 1607, Galileo Galilei constructed a thermoscope. In 1611, Johannes Kepler wrote the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: ""Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula (A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow)"". In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer. In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit created a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. In 1742, Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the ""centigrade"" temperature scale, the predecessor of the current Celsius scale. In 1783, the first hair hygrometer was demonstrated by"
"and secretly exported to other countries. Thus during the 17th century the Dutch Republic became more and more Europe's publishing house. Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) was a famous astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He invented the pendulum clock, which was a major step forward towards exact timekeeping. He contributed to the fields of optics. The most famous Dutch scientist in the area of optics is certainly Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who invented or greatly improved the microscope (opinions differ) and was the first to methodically study microscopic life, thus laying the foundations for the field of microbiology. Famous Dutch hydraulic engineer Jan Leeghwater"
"Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann (17 June 1805 – 1 October 1864) was a German musical instrument maker, often credited with inventing the harmonica and also the accordion. Buschmann was born in Friedrichroda, Thuringia. His father, Johann Buschmann, was a passementier, who later started to fix musical Instruments and in 1816 developed the uranion later called terpodion, a friction instrument played with a piano-like keyboard, based on the same principle as the glass harmonica. From 1819 Johann took Friedrich with him on his frequent journeys. In the first half of 1821 Johann Buschmann travelled to London, accompanied"
"of Linnaeus and Boerhaave. Also 18th-century models and scientific measuring instruments: models that demonstrate basic physics principles, and instruments: several antique thermometers, a barometer, a theodolite and several pyrometers. Also two antique globes (one showing the heavens, one earth) and two mirror telescopes. The room is conamed after the brothers van Mussenbroeck: Pieter a professor, credited with the invention of the first capacitor in 1746: the Leyden jar, and Jan a famous instrument maker, who shipped his hand crafted precision thermometers all over Europe. Over 30 antique microscopes are shown, most from the 18th century, in a large variety, with"
"reflecting surfaces. The inventor of the heliograph, a similar instrument specialized for signaling, was inspired by observing the use of heliotropes in the survey of India. Heliotrope (instrument) The heliotrope is an instrument that uses a mirror to reflect sunlight over great distances to mark the positions of participants in a land survey. The heliotrope was invented in 1821 by the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. The word ""heliotrope"" is taken from the Greek: ""helios"" (), meaning ""sun"", and ""tropos"" (), meaning ""turn"". It is a fitting name for an instrument which can be used to ""turn"" incoming sunlight (via"
"this instrument is by Michael Praetorius in 1619. A number of regional names for the instrument exist. In northern Germany the instrument is often called ""hummel"", meaning ""bumble bee"" (a reference to the humming sound of the drone strings—the same word was also used for the bagpipe). Other names include the Dutch ""noordse balk"", French ""bûche"" or ""bûche de Meuse"", Flemish ""vlier"" and Swiss German ""Hexenscheit"". In the Bavarian/Austrian region, the scheitholt can be traced back to the 14th century. Similar instruments are found in other parts of Northern Europe; in America, the scheitholt was probably brought to Pennsylvania by"
"Jesuits ""to count nearly 87,000 oscillations in a single day"". They served a crucial role in spreading and testing the scientific ideas of the period, and collaborated with contemporary scientists, such as Huygens. The invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century allowed portable clocks to be built, evolving into the first pocketwatches by the 17th century, but these were not very accurate until the balance spring was added to the balance wheel in the mid 17th century. Some dispute remains as to whether British scientist Robert Hooke (his was a straight spring) or Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens was"
"to distant lands, as precision gravimeters to measure the acceleration of gravity at different points on Earth, eventually resulting in accurate models of the shape of the Earth. In 1673, 17 years after he invented the pendulum clock, Christiaan Huygens published his theory of the pendulum, ""Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum"". Marin Mersenne and René Descartes had discovered around 1636 that the pendulum was not quite isochronous; its period increased somewhat with its amplitude. Huygens analyzed this problem by determining what curve an object must follow to descend by gravity to the same point in the same time interval,"
"(1611-1687) created the first world's great astronomical observatory equipped with telescopes. Hevelius was also a physicist because he discovered centuries old changes in magnetic declination. He was technician too, because he constructed Poland's first pendulum clock, conceived, designed and built the first world's periscope, as well as the first micrometer screw which belongs today to the Gdańsk City Council. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) was born in Gdańsk. He is mainly known for being the first to use mercury in temperature measuring devices (previously alcohol was used) and developed his own scale of 0 to 212 degrees. Hevelius and Fahrenheit, the"
"Terpodion The terpodion or uranion is a keyboard instrument which produces sound using the same friction principle as the glass harmonica. Instead of rotating glass bells a wooden cylinder is rotating. This cylinder is coated with a special mixture. Only 25 instruments were ever built by Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann, the son of Johann David Buschmann, the inventor of this instrument. Johann David Buschmann was first a passementier, then he started repairing key instruments. By 1817 the instrument spanned a range of 5 1/2 octaves. Examples of these instruments can be seen in museums all over Europe, including museums in"
"by the name ""canon"" from the Greek word κανών (""kanṓn""), which means ""rule"", ""principle"", and also ""mode"". The modern Greek folk instrument is called by its diminutive, ""kanonaki"". The instrument is usually small enough to be portable; its shape and range vary. From the 12th through the 15th centuries, psalteries are widely seen in manuscripts, paintings and sculpture throughout Europe . They vary widely in shape and the number of strings (which are often, like lutes, in courses of two or more strings). In the 19th century, several related zithers came into use, notably the guitar zither and the autoharp."
"greatly improved upon these designs the following year. Isaac Newton is credited with constructing the first functional reflecting telescope in 1668, his Newtonian reflector. The earliest known examples of compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens near the specimen with an eyepiece to view a real image, appeared in Europe around 1620. The design is very similar to the telescope and, like that device, its inventor is unknown. Again claims revolve around the spectacle making centers in the Netherlands including claims it was invented in 1590 by Zacharias Janssen and/or his father, Hans Martens, claims it was invented by rival"
"have been who he remembered. Boreel's conclusion that Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope a little ahead of another spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey, was adopted by Pierre Borel in his 1656 book ""De vero telescopii inventore"". Discrepancies in Boreel's investigation and Zachariassen's testimony (including Zachariassen misrepresenting his date of birth and role in the invention) has led some historians to consider this claim dubious. The ""Janssen"" claim would continue over the years and be added on to with Zacharias Snijder in 1841 presenting 4 iron tubes with lenses in them claimed to be 1590 examples of Janssen's telescope and historian Cornelis"
"of light. Today this principle is known as the Huygens–Fresnel principle. Huygens invented the pendulum clock in 1656, which he patented the following year. In addition to this invention, his research in horology resulted in an extensive analysis of the pendulum in his 1673 book ""Horologium Oscillatorium"", which is regarded as one of the most important 17th-century works in mechanics. While the first part of the book contains descriptions of clock designs, most of the book is an analysis of pendulum motion and a theory of curves. In 1655, Huygens began grinding lenses with his brother Constantijn in order to"
"1604 in his work ""Gründtliche Beschreibung deß Diensthafften und Nutzbahrn Instruments Viatorii oder Wegzählers, So zu Fuß, zu Pferdt unnd zu Fußen gebraucht werden kann, damit mit geringer mühe zu wissen, wie weit man gegangen, geritten, oder gefahren sey: als auch zu erfahren, ohne messen oder zehlen, wie weit von einem Orth zum andern. Daneben wird auch der grosse verborgene Wegweiser angezeiget und vermeldet"". In 1645, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented the ""pascaline"". Though not an odometer, the ""pascaline"" utilized gears to compute measurements. Each gear contained 10 teeth. The first gear advanced the next gear one position when"
"and typically stores the data where the instrument is located and often transmits the data at defined intervals to central data centers. In 1441, king Sejong's son, Prince Munjong, invented the first standardized rain gauge. These were sent throughout the Joseon Dynasty of Korea as an official tool to assess land taxes based upon a farmer's potential harvest. In 1450, Leone Battista Alberti developed a swinging-plate anemometer, and is known as the first ""anemometer"". In 1607, Galileo Galilei constructs a thermoscope. In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer. In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket"
"From birth Fromanteel was involved with the Dutch Reformed church, however he and his wife were rebaptised and formally transferred to the Baptist faith. In 1657 Ahasuerus's son John Fromanteel began studying pendulum clocks, invented by Christiaan Huygens (1656). Before the invention of the pendulum clock, timepieces were accurate to only within ten to fifteen minutes a day. The use of the pendulum made for near frictionless time keeping, ensuring that the mechanism lost measurement of only a few seconds a day: a sixty-fold improvement. It was termed a ""horological breakthrough"". This revolution in time keeping could be said to"
"the actual inventor of the balance spring. Huygens was clearly the first to use a spiral balance spring, the form used in virtually all watches to the present day. The addition of the balance spring made the balance wheel a harmonic oscillator like the pendulum in a pendulum clock, which oscillated at a fixed resonant frequency and resisted oscillating at other rates. This innovation increased watches' accuracy enormously, reducing error from perhaps several hours per day to perhaps 10 minutes per day, resulting in the addition of the minute hand to the watch face around 1680 in Britain and 1700"
"Hans Christoff would later continue his work. Over a hundred of his instruments are preserved today in various museums across the world, including the Museo Galileo and the Victoria and Albert Museum. A rare gilt brass astrolabe by Schissler was due to be auctioned with an £80,000-120,000 ($119,170-178,756) estimate at Bonhams London on May 19, 2015. Christoph Schissler Christoph Schissler (c 1531 - 14. September 1608) was a German builder of high precision scientific instruments. His professional life was largely spent in Augsburg where he made navigational instruments such as astrolabes, quadrants, and armillary spheres. He also invented a portable"