"Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (also known as ""anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia"", and ""Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome"") is one of about 150 types of ectodermal dysplasia in humans. Before birth, these disorders result in the abnormal development of structures including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. Most people with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia have a reduced ability to sweat (hypohidrosis) because they have fewer sweat glands than normal or their sweat glands do not function properly. Sweating is a major way that the body controls its temperature; as sweat evaporates from the skin, it cools the body. An inability to sweat"
"sometimes called ""atypical hyperplasia"". Tissues prone to dysplasia include cervical and respiratory epithelium, where it is strongly associated with the development of cancer; it may also be involved in the development of breast cancer. Although dysplasia is reversible, if stress persists, then dysplasia progresses to irreversible carcinoma. Cellular adaptation In cell biology and pathophysiology, cellular adaptation refers to changes made by a cell in response to adverse environmental changes. The adaptation may be physiologic(al) (normal) or pathologic(al) (abnormal). Five minor types of adaptation include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. If enough cells"
"corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case of an early, ""in-situ"" neoplasm. Dysplasia, in which cell maturation and differentiation are delayed, can be contrasted with metaplasia, in which cells of one mature, differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated type. Examples of dysplasia include epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia – a disorder commonly detected by an abnormal pap smear) consisting of an"
"cell, organ or tissue, after attaining its normal mature growth. In contrast, hypoplasia is the reduction in size of a cell, organ, or tissue that has not attained normal maturity. Atrophy is the general physiological process of reabsorption and breakdown of tissues, involving apoptosis. When it occurs as a result of disease or loss of trophic support due to other diseases, it is termed ""pathological atrophy"", although it can be a part of normal body development and homeostasis as well. Examples of atrophy as part of normal development include shrinking and the involution of the thymus in early childhood, and"
"dysplasia, so named because of its lethality at birth, is the most common lethal congenital skeletal dysplasia with an estimated prevalence of one in 6,400 to one in 16,700 births. Its name ""Thanatophoros"", means ""death-bearing"" in Greek. Euthanasia, ""good death"" in Greek, is the act or practice of ending the life of an individual who would otherwise experience severe, incurable suffering or disability. It typically involves lethal injection or the suspension of extraordinary medical treatment. Doctor Jack Kevorkian named his euthanasia device the Thanatron. Thanatos In Greek mythology, Thanatos (; , pronounced in ""Death"", from θνῄσκω ""thnēskō"" ""to die, be"
"present in any tissue or organ. It is descriptive of many medical conditions, including underdevelopment of organs such as: Hypoplasia Hypoplasia (from Ancient Greek ὑπo- ""hypo-"", ""under"" + πλάσις ""plasis"", ""formation""; adjective form ""hypoplastic"") is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ. Although the term is not always used precisely, it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells. Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia, but less severe. It is technically ""not"" the opposite of hyperplasia (too many cells). Hypoplasia is a congenital condition, while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life. (Atrophy, the"
"they get a normal result and after five years if they have only one or two adenomatous polyps removed. Dysplasia is characterised by four major pathological microscopic changes: These terms are related since they represent three stages in the progression of many malignant tumors of the epithelium. The likelihood of the development to cancer is related to the degree of dysplasia. Dysplasia Dysplasia (from Ancient Greek δυσ- ""dys-"", ""bad"" or ""difficult"" and πλάσις ""plasis"", ""formation"") is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of development or an epithelial anomaly of growth and differentiation (epithelial dysplasia). The terms"
"affected. Several terms are used to describe congenital abnormalities. (Some of these are also used to describe noncongenital conditions, and more than one term may apply in an individual condition.) A limb anomaly is called a dysmelia. These include all forms of limbs anomalies, such as amelia, ectrodactyly, phocomelia, polymelia, polydactyly, syndactyly, polysyndactyly, oligodactyly, brachydactyly, achondroplasia, congenital aplasia or hypoplasia, amniotic band syndrome, and cleidocranial dysostosis. Congenital heart defects include patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and tetralogy of Fallot. Congenital anomalies of the nervous system include neural tube defects such as spina bifida, encephalocele and anencephaly."
"results which are subjective. Currently, efforts are being made to develop technology and systems which allow for the use of automated image analysis and machine learning techniques in grading cells which display atypia. The related concept of dysplasia refers to an abnormality of development, and includes abnormalities on larger, histopathologic scales. Atypia Atypia (from Greek, ""a"" + ""typos"", without type; a condition of being irregular or nonstandard) is a pathologic term for a structural abnormality in a cell, i.e. it is used to describe atypical cells. It may or may not be a precancerous indication associated with later malignancy, but"
"Dysgenesis (embryology) Dysgenesis is an abnormal organ development during embryonic growth and development. As opposed to agenesis, which refers to the complete failure of an organ to develop, dysgenesis usually implies disordered development or malformation and in some cases represents the milder end of a spectrum of abnormalities. Dysgenesis occurs during fetal development immediately after conception. One of the first organs that is affected is the brain, this is known as Cerebral Dysgenesis. Dysplasia is a form of dysgenesis in adults that alters the size and shape of their cells that lead to abnormal development. One of the most common"
"forms of dysgenesis is within the gonads. Examples: Dysgenesis (embryology) Dysgenesis is an abnormal organ development during embryonic growth and development. As opposed to agenesis, which refers to the complete failure of an organ to develop, dysgenesis usually implies disordered development or malformation and in some cases represents the milder end of a spectrum of abnormalities. Dysgenesis occurs during fetal development immediately after conception. One of the first organs that is affected is the brain, this is known as Cerebral Dysgenesis. Dysplasia is a form of dysgenesis in adults that alters the size and shape of their cells that lead"
"1 out of 50,000 patients. Dyscrasia Dyscrasia (or dyskrasia) is a concept from ancient Greek medicine, meaning bad mixture. The concept of dyscrasia was developed by the Greek physician Galen (129–216 AD), who elaborated a model of health and disease as a structure of elements, qualities, humors, organs, and temperaments. Health was understood in this perspective to be a condition of harmony or balance among these basic components, called eucrasia. Disease was interpreted as the disproportion of bodily fluids or four humours: phlegm, blood, and yellow and black bile. The imbalance was called ""dyscrasia"". To the Greeks, it meant an"
"Hypoplasia Hypoplasia (from Ancient Greek ὑπo- ""hypo-"", ""under"" + πλάσις ""plasis"", ""formation""; adjective form ""hypoplastic"") is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ. Although the term is not always used precisely, it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells. Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia, but less severe. It is technically ""not"" the opposite of hyperplasia (too many cells). Hypoplasia is a congenital condition, while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life. (Atrophy, the wasting away of already existing cells, is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy.) Hypoplasia can be"
"the World Health Organization (WHO) modified this classification, introducing several new disease categories and eliminating others. Most recently, the WHO has evolved a new classification scheme (2008) which is based more on genetic findings. However, morphology of the cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, and bone marrow biopsy are still the screening tests used to decide which classification is best and which cytogenetic aberrations may be related. The list of dysplastic syndromes under the new WHO system includes: Note : not all physicians concur with this reclassification, because the underlying pathology of this diseases is not well understood."
"Diastrophic dysplasia Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is an autosomal recessive dysplasia which affects cartilage and bone development. (""Diastrophism"" is a general word referring to a twisting.) Diastrophic dysplasia is due to mutations in the ""SLC26A2"" gene. Affected individuals have short stature with very short arms and legs and joint problems that restrict mobility. This condition is also characterized by an unusual clubfoot with twisting of the metatarsals, inward- and upward-turning foot, tarsus varus and inversion adducted appearances. Furthermore, they classically present with scoliosis (progressive curvature of the spine) and unusually positioned thumbs (hitchhiker thumbs). About half of infants with diastrophic dysplasia"
"Dyscrasia Dyscrasia (or dyskrasia) is a concept from ancient Greek medicine, meaning bad mixture. The concept of dyscrasia was developed by the Greek physician Galen (129–216 AD), who elaborated a model of health and disease as a structure of elements, qualities, humors, organs, and temperaments. Health was understood in this perspective to be a condition of harmony or balance among these basic components, called eucrasia. Disease was interpreted as the disproportion of bodily fluids or four humours: phlegm, blood, and yellow and black bile. The imbalance was called ""dyscrasia"". To the Greeks, it meant an imbalance of the four humors:"
"the endometrium and is called endometriosis. Metaplasia occurs when a differentiated cell of a certain type is replaced by another cell type, which may be less differentiated. It is a reversible process thought to be caused by stem cell reprogramming. Stem cells are found in epithelia and embryonic mesenchyme of connective tissue. A prominent example of metaplasia involves the changes associated with the respiratory tract in response to inhalation of irritants, such as smog or smoke. The bronchial cells convert from mucus-secreting, ciliated, columnar epithelium to non-ciliated, squamous epithelium incapable of secreting mucus. These transformed cells may become dysplasic or"
"child born with the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are usually not affected by the disorder. Diastrophic dysplasia affects about one in 100,000 births. ""This article incorporates some public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine"" Diastrophic dysplasia Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is an autosomal recessive dysplasia which affects cartilage and bone development. (""Diastrophism"" is a general word referring to a twisting.) Diastrophic dysplasia is due to mutations in the ""SLC26A2"" gene. Affected individuals have short stature with very short arms and legs and joint problems that restrict mobility. This condition is also"
"Dysautonomia Dysautonomia or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This may affect the functioning of the heart, bladder, intestines, sweat glands, pupils, and blood vessels. Dysautonomia has many causes, not all of which may be classified as neuropathic. A number of conditions can feature dysautonomia, such as Parkinson's disease, HIV/AIDS, multiple system atrophy, autonomic failure, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and autonomic neuropathy. The diagnosis is achieved through functional testing of the ANS, focusing on the affected organ system. Investigations may be performed to identify underlying disease processes that may have"
"disease, Parkinson's disease, Niemann–Pick disease, type C, Down syndrome, and multiple sclerosis, but as of 2012 it was not clear if the deficit was causing, or being caused by, the disease processes. In addition to mammals, plasmalogens are also found in invertebrates and single cell organisms protozoans. Among bacteria they have been found in many anaerobic species including ""Clostridia"", ""Megasphaera"", and ""Veillonella"". Plasmalogens have been shown to have a complex evolutionary history based on the fact that their biosynthetic pathways differ in aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the red blood cells of humans and great"
"dysplasia is a significant genetically determined problem in many breeds of dog, often manifesting from puppyhood and continuing for life. In elbow dysplasia, the complex elbow joint suffers from a structural defect, often related to its cartilage. This initial condition, known as a ""primary lesion"", causes an abnormal level of wear and tear and gradual degradation of the joint, at times disabling or with chronic pain. Secondary processes such as inflammation and osteoarthritis can arise from this damage which increase the problem and add further problems of their own. The most common cause is osteochondrosis, which is a disease of"
"Cellular adaptation In cell biology and pathophysiology, cellular adaptation refers to changes made by a cell in response to adverse environmental changes. The adaptation may be physiologic(al) (normal) or pathologic(al) (abnormal). Five minor types of adaptation include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. If enough cells in an organ atrophy the entire organ will decrease in size. Thymus atrophy during early human development (childhood) is an example of physiologic atrophy. Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common pathologic adaptation to skeletal muscle disuse (commonly called ""disuse atrophy""). Tissue and organs especially susceptible to atrophy"
"or neuropsychiatric disorders such as mood changes, psychosis, anxiety, disinhibition, cognitive impairments, and inappropriate behavior. In children, primary dystonia is usually inherited genetically. Secondary dystonia, however, is most commonly caused by dyskinetic cerebral palsy, due to hypoxic or ischemic injury to the basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and thalamus during the prenatal or infantile stages of development. Chorea and ballism can be caused by damage to the subthalamic nucleus. Chorea can be secondary to hyperthyroidism. Athetosis can be secondary to sensory loss in the distal limbs; this is called ""pseudoathetosis"" in adults but is not yet proven in children. Diseases that"
"Michel aplasia Michel aplasia, also known as complete labyrinthine aplasia (CLA), is a congenital abnormality of the inner ear. It is characterized by the bilateral absence of differentiated inner ear structures and results in complete deafness (anacusis). Michel aplasia should not be confused with michel dysplasia. It may affect one or both ears. ""Aplasia"" is the medical term for body parts that are absent or do not develop properly. In Michel aplasia, the undeveloped (anaplastic) body part is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. Other nearby structures may be underdeveloped as well. Michel aplasia is thought to result from"
"Hip dysplasia Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for joint dislocation. Hip dysplasia may occur at birth or develop in early life. Regardless, it does not typically produce symptoms in babies less than a year old. Occasionally one leg may be shorter than the other. The left hip is more often affected than the right. Complications without treatment can include arthritis, limping, and low back pain. Risk factors for hip dysplasia include family history, certain swaddling practices, and breech birth. If"
"living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes: in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2. Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome, although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations, or chromosomal inversions, although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy, may be lethal"
"Dysbiosis Dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis) is a term for a microbial imbalance or maladaptation on or inside the body, such as an impaired microbiota. For example, a part of the human microbiota, such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginal flora, can become deranged, with normally dominating species underrepresented and normally outcompeted or contained species increasing to fill the void. Dysbiosis is most commonly reported as a condition in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly during small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) or small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO). Typical microbial colonies found on or in the body are normally benign or beneficial."
"respiratory failure, or sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. Autonomic dysfunction symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, and gustatory sweating are more frequently identified in mortalities. Dysautonomia Dysautonomia or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This may affect the functioning of the heart, bladder, intestines, sweat glands, pupils, and blood vessels. Dysautonomia has many causes, not all of which may be classified as neuropathic. A number of conditions can feature dysautonomia, such as Parkinson's disease, HIV/AIDS, multiple system atrophy, autonomic failure, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and autonomic neuropathy. The diagnosis is achieved through"
"individuals. The name derives from the Greek ""opsismos"", meaning ""late"", while the term dysplasia refers to development. Opsismodysplasia is a very rare disorder, and is estimated to occur in less than 1 in 1,000,000 people. Opsismodysplasia Opsismodysplasia is a type of skeletal dysplasia (a bone disease that interferes with bone development) first described by Zonana and associates in 1977, and designated under its current name by Maroteaux (1984). Derived from the Greek ""opsismos"" (""late""), the name ""opsismodysplasia"" describes a delay in bone maturation. In addition to this delay, the disorder is characterized by micromelia (short or undersized bones), particularly of"
"to cancer: development of epithelial dysplasia (or ""intraepithelial neoplasia""). Among all metaplastic lesions, around 8% were associated with dysplasia. particularly a recent study demonstrated that dysplastic lesions were located mainly in the posterior wall of the Oesophagus. Considerable variability is seen in assessment for dysplasia among pathologists. Recently, gastroenterology and GI pathology societies have recommended that any diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett be confirmed by at least two fellowship-trained GI pathologists prior to definitive treatment for patients. For more accuracy and reproductibility, it is also recommended to follow international classification system as the ""Vienna classification"" of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia"
"infection, metastasis, fractures and the effects of endocrine bone disorders. Defects in the development and continued division of epiphyseal plates can lead to growth disorders. The most common defect is achondroplasia, where there is a defect in cartilage formation. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism. Salter–Harris fractures are fractures involving epiphyseal plates and hence tend to interfere with growth, height or physiologic functions. Osgood-Schlatter disease results from stress on the epiphyseal plate in the tibia, leading to excess bone growth and a painful lump at the knee. John Hunter studied growing chickens. He observed bones grew at the"
"Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia (HMD), or simply mucoepithelial dysplasia, is a rare autosomal dominant multiepithelial disorder causing systemic maldevelopment of the epithelia and mucous membranes that line the surface of tissues and structures throughout the body, particularly affecting systems affiliated with mucosa, which includes the respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive and immune systems. The disorder is attributed to improper formation of desmosomes and gap junctions, which prevents proper cornification of the epithelial layer of the skin. Desmosomes are extracellular protein structures responsible for cellular adhesion, whereby cells of the same type are held closely together. Gap junctions are specialized"
"progressed to a total loss of speech is referred to as anarthria. Neurological injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may result in weakness, paralysis, or a lack of coordination of the motor-speech system, producing dysarthria. These effects in turn hinder control over the tongue, throat, lips or lungs; for example, swallowing problems (dysphagia) are also often present in those with dysarthria. Dysarthria does not include speech disorders from structural abnormalities, such as cleft palate, and must not be confused with apraxia of speech, which refers to problems in the planning and programming aspect of the"