"NaCl (software) <dfn>NaCl</dfn> (pronounced ""salt"") is an abbreviation for ""Networking and Cryptography library"", a public domain ""...high-speed software library for network communication, encryption, decryption, signatures, etc"". NaCl was created by the mathematician and programmer Daniel J. Bernstein who is best known for the creation of qmail and Curve25519. The core team also includes Tanja Lange and Peter Schwabe. The main goal while creating NaCl, according to the paper, was to ""avoid various types of cryptographic disasters suffered by previous cryptographic libraries"". Reference implementation is written in C, often with several inline assembler. C++ and Python are handled as wrappers. NaCl"
"diluted solutions where the effects of ionic strength and activity coefficients are negligible. Common salt has a 1:1 molar ratio of sodium and chlorine. In 2013, compounds of sodium and chloride of different stoichiometries have been discovered; five new compounds were predicted (e.g., NaCl, NaCl, NaCl, NaCl, and NaCl). The existence of some of them has been experimentally confirmed at high pressures: cubic and orthorhombic NaCl and two-dimensional metallic tetragonal NaCl. This indicates that compounds violating chemical intuition are possible, in simple systems under nonambient conditions. Small particles of sea salt are the dominant cloud condensation nuclei far out at"
"the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not"
"SiC, AgCO, AgCN, NaHCO, NaCO, NaOCN, NaCN, NaFe(CN)NO, NaSCN, SrCO, TaC, (SCN), CSCl, TiC, WC, W(CO), CO(NH), ZnCO (NH)Ce(NO) (CAN), (NH)Ce(SO), Ce(CO), CeCl, CeF, CeF, CeO, CePO, Ce(SO), Ce(OSOCF), Ce(OSOCF) AcCl, AlCl, AmCl, NHCl, SbCl, SbCl, AsCl, BaCl, BeCl, BiCl, BCl, BrCl, CdCl, CdCl, CsCl, CaCl, Ca(OCl), CCl, CeCl, NHCl, ClO, ClO, ClF, HPtCl, ClSOH, ClSONCO, CrCl, CrCl, CrOCl, CoCl, CuCl, CuCl, CmCl, ClCN, ClO, ClO, SCl, DyCl, ErCl, EuCl, EuCl, GdCl, GaCl, GeCl, GeCl, AuCl, AuCl, HfCl, HPtCl, HoCl, HCl, HCl(aq), HOCl, InCl, InCl, ICl, IrCl, FeCl, FeCl, LaCl, PbCl, LiCl, LiClO, LuCl, MgCl, Mg(ClO), MnCl, HgCl, HgCl, Hg(ClO),"
"Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl or NaClO, comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated. Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution commonly known as liquid bleach or simply bleach, a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant"
"Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. Because it has long been known and is widely used, the"
"MoCl, MoCl, NdCl, NpCl, NiCl, NbCl, NbCl, NbOCl, NCl, NOCl, NOCl, OsCl, PdCl, COCl, (PNCl), POCl, PCl, PCl, PtCl, PtCl, PuCl, KCl, KClO, KClO, PrCl, PaCl, RaCl, ReCl, ReCl, RhCl, RbCl, RuCl, SmCl, ScCl, SeCl, SeCl, SiCl, AgCl, AgClO, NaClO, NaClO, NaCl, NaOCl, NaClO, SrCl, SCl, SOCl, TaCl, TaCl, TaCl, TeCl, TbCl, TlCl, TlCl, SOCl, CSCl, ThCl, TmCl, SnCl, SnCl, TiCl, TiCl, HSiCl, WCl, WCl, WCl, UCl, UCl, UCl, UCl, UOCl, VCl, VCl, VCl, VOCl, YbCl, YCl, ZnCl, ZrCl (NH)CrO, NH[Cr(NCS)(NH)], BaCrO, Cr(CO), CrCl, CrCl, CrCl, CrF, CrO, CrO, CrO, Cr(NO), KCr(SO), Cr(SO), CrS, CrN, CrOCl, CuCrO, PbCrO, KCrO, KCrO,"
"tetrachloride. The estimated exposure to these chemicals from use is estimated to be within occupational exposure limits. Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl or NaClO, comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated. Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution commonly known as"
"Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, is the chemical compound with the formula NCl. This yellow, oily, pungent-smelling and explosive liquid is most commonly encountered as a byproduct of chemical reactions between ammonia-derivatives and chlorine (for example, in swimming pools). The compound is prepared by treatment of ammonium salts, such as ammonium nitrate with chlorine. Intermediates in this conversion include chloramine and dichloramine, NHCl and NHCl, respectively. Like ammonia, NCl is a pyramidal molecule. The N-Cl distances are 1.76 Å, and the Cl-N-Cl angles are 107°. The chemistry of NCl has been well explored. It is moderately polar"
"Sodium chlorite Sodium Chlorite (NaClO) is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of paper and as a disinfectant. The main application of sodium chlorite is the generation of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used for disinfection of municipal water treatment plants after conversion to chlorine dioxide. An advantage in this application, as compared to the more commonly used chlorine, is that trihalomethanes (such as chloroform) are not produced from organic contaminants. Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite is approved by FDA under some conditions for disinfecting water used to wash"
"Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO. It is a white crystalline, hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and in alcohol. It usually encountered as the monohydrate. The compound is noteworthy as the most water-soluble of the common perchlorate salts. In 2011, a study by the Georgia Institute of Technology unveiled the presence of sodium perchlorate on the planet Mars. Its heat of formation is −382.75 kJ/mol, i.e. it is favorable for it to decompose into sodium chloride and dioxygen. It crystallizes in the rhombic crystal system. Sodium perchlorate is the precursor"
"Na-K-Cl cotransporter The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein, NKCC1 and NKCC2, encoded by two different genes (""SLC12A2"" and ""SLC12A1"" respectively). Two isoforms of the NKCC1/Slc12a2 gene result from keeping (isoform 1) or skipping (isoform 2) exon 21 in the final gene product. NKCC1 is widely distributed throughout the human body; it has important functions in organs that secrete fluids. NKCC2 is found specifically in the kidney, where it serves to extract sodium, potassium, and chloride"
"Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride), is the chemical compound NiCl. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl·6HO is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure. The largest scale production of nickel chloride involves the extraction with hydrochloric acid of nickel matte and residues obtained from roasting refining nickel-containing ores. Nickel"
"Hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene, also known as Nabac, is an organochlorine compound that was once widely used as a disinfectant. The compound occurs as a white odorless solid, although commercial samples can be off-white and possess a slightly phenolic odor. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and chloroform. In medicine, hexachlorophene is a useful as a topical anti-infective, anti-bacterial agent, often used in soaps and toothpaste. It is also used in agriculture as a soil fungicide, plant bactericide, and acaricide. In 1972, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) halted the production and distribution of products"
"Sodium chlorate Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO. It is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 300 °C to release oxygen and leave sodium chloride. Several hundred million tons are produced annually, mainly for applications in bleaching paper. Industrially, sodium chlorate is produced by the electrolysis of a hot sodium chloride solution: This reaction progresses in heat (at least 70 degrees Celsius), and controlled pH. In lower temperature or with high pH another reaction progresses: 2 NaCl + HO → NaClO + NaCl + H"
"Aluminium chloride Aluminium chloride (AlCl) is the main compound of aluminium and chlorine. It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron(III) chloride, giving it a yellow color. The solid has a low melting and boiling point. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium metal, but large amounts are also used in other areas of chemical industry. The compound is often cited as a Lewis acid. It is an example of an inorganic compound that ""cracks"" at mild temperature, reversibly changing from a polymer to a monomer. AlCl adopts three different structures, depending on the"
"the bond dipole moments cancel each other out. Aluminum chloride is a neurotoxin. Anhydrous AlCl reacts vigorously with bases, so suitable precautions are required. It can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and the respiratory system if inhaled or on contact. Aluminium chloride Aluminium chloride (AlCl) is the main compound of aluminium and chlorine. It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron(III) chloride, giving it a yellow color. The solid has a low melting and boiling point. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium metal, but large amounts are also used in other areas"
"used for electroplating nickel onto other metal items. Nickel(II) chloride is irritating upon ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. Prolonged inhalation exposure to nickel and its compounds has been linked to increased cancer risk to the lungs and nasal passages. Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride), is the chemical compound NiCl. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl·6HO is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been"
"Naphthalene Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula . It is the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. It is best known as the main ingredient of traditional mothballs. In the early 1820s, two separate reports described a white solid with a pungent odor derived from the distillation of coal tar. In 1821, John Kidd cited these two disclosures and then described many of this substance's"
"Nitrosyl chloride Nitrosyl chloride is the chemical compound with the formula NOCl. It is a yellow gas that is most commonly encountered as a decomposition product of aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. It is a strong electrophile and oxidizing agent. It is sometimes called Tilden's reagent. The molecule is bent. A double bond exists between N and O (distance = 1.16 Å) and a single bond between N and Cl (distance = 1.69 Å). The O–N–Cl angle is 113°. Since nitrosyl chloride is chemically simple and thermally stable, it can be produced in many ways."
"Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiocyanate (sometimes called sodium sulphocyanide) is the chemical compound with the formula NaSCN. This colorless deliquescent salt is one of the main sources of the thiocyanate anion. As such, it is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other specialty chemicals. Thiocyanate salts are typically prepared by the reaction of cyanide with elemental sulfur: Sodium thiocyanate crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell. Each Na center is surrounded by three sulfur and three nitrogen ligands provided by the triatomic thiocyanate anion. It is commonly used in the laboratory as a test for the presence of Fe"
"Sodium dichloroisocyanurate Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (INN: sodium troclosene, ""troclosenum natricum"" or NaDCC or SDIC) is a chemical compound widely used as a cleansing agent and disinfectant. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. The dihydrate is also known () as is the potassium salt (). It is mainly used as a disinfectant, biocide and industrial deodorant. It is found in some modern water purification tablets/filters. It is more efficient than the formerly used halazone water disinfectant. In these applications, it is a slow-release source of chlorine in low concentrations at a relatively constant rate. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize"
"Chlorine Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine. The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (common salt), has been known since ancient times. Around 1630, chlorine gas was first synthesised in a chemical reaction,"
"Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) chloride (CeCl), also known as cerous chloride or cerium trichloride, is a compound of cerium and chlorine. It is a white hygroscopic solid; it rapidly absorbs water on exposure to moist air to form a hydrate, which appears to be of variable composition, though the heptahydrate CeCl·7HO is known. It is highly soluble in water, and (when anhydrous) it is soluble in ethanol and acetone. Simple rapid heating of the hydrate alone may cause small amounts of hydrolysis. A useful form of anhydrous CeCl can be prepared if care is taken to heat the heptahydrate gradually to"
"Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO. This alkali metal nitrate salt is also known as Chile saltpeter (because large deposits of this salt can be found in Chile) to distinguish it from ordinary saltpeter, potassium nitrate. The mineral form is also known as nitratine, nitratite or soda niter. Sodium nitrate is a white solid very soluble in water. It is a readily available source of the nitrate anion (NO), which is useful in several reactions carried out on industrial scales for the production of fertilizers, pyrotechnics and smoke bombs, glass and pottery enamels, food"
"Naphazoline Naphazoline (in the hydrochloride form) is the common name for 2-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride. It is a sympathomimetic agent with marked alpha adrenergic activity. It is a vasoconstrictor with a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to mucous membrane. It acts on alpha-receptors in the arterioles of the conjunctiva to produce constriction, resulting in decreased congestion. It is an active ingredient in several over-the-counter formulations including Eucool, Clear Eyes and Naphcon eye drops. The non-hydrochloride form of Naphazoline has the molecular formula CHN and a molar mass of 210.28 g/mol. The HCl salt form has a molar mass of 246.73"
"of an Arrhenius base like NaOH with an Arrhenius acid like HCl The salt NaCl is then said to consist of the acid rest Cl and the base rest Na. The removal of electrons from the cation is endothermic, raising the system's overall energy. There may also be energy changes associated with breaking of existing bonds or the addition of more than one electron to form anions. However, the action of the anion's accepting the cation's valence electrons and the subsequent attraction of the ions to each other releases (lattice) energy and, thus, lowers the overall energy of the system."
"Sodium cyclopentadienide Sodium cyclopentadienide is an organosodium compound with the formula CHNa. The compound is often abbreviated as NaCp, where Cp is the cyclopentadienide anion. Sodium cyclopentadienide is a colorless solid, although samples often are pink owing to traces of oxidized impurities. Sodium cyclopentadienide is commercially available as a solution in THF. It is prepared by treating cyclopentadiene with sodium: Commonly, the conversion is conducted by heating a suspension of molten sodium in dicyclopentadiene. In former times, the sodium was commonly provided in the form of ""sodium wire"" or ""sodium sand"", a fine dispersion of sodium prepared by melting sodium"
"9th meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, established under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants proposed di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-, hepta- and octa-chlorinated napthalenes, for listing in Annexes A and C to that Convention. While some PCNs can be broken down by sunlight and, at slow rates, by certain microorganisms, many PCNs persist in the environment. After more than 80 years of use and total production of several hundred thousand tons, PCN residues are widespread. Polychlorinated naphthalene Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) are the products obtained upon treatment of naphthalene with chlorine. The generic chemical formula is CHCl. Commercial PCNs are mixtures"
"carbonate (CO) per sodium IS in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO) as in sodium carbonate (NaCO). The modern chemical formulas of these compounds express their precise chemical compositions (which were unknown when the names sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were coined) and show the same ratio the other way around: half as much sodium percarbonate is in NaHCO as in NaCO (disodium carbonate). In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick"
"+ H2(g)') => #<Eulim::Chemistry::Reaction:0x00000002ce22f8 @equation=""2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) » 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)"", @species={:reactants=>{""Na""=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002ce1d80 @formula=""Na"", @constituents={""Na""=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c88e10 @name=""Sodium"", @symbol=""Na"", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>""solid""}, ""HCl""=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002cabdc0 @formula=""HCl"", @constituents={""H""=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name=""Hydrogen"", @symbol=""H"", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, ""Cl""=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c82c90 @name=""Chlorine"", @symbol=""Cl"", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=36.4609 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>""aqueous""}}, :products=>{""NaCl""=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002c8cda8 @formula=""NaCl"", @constituents={""Na""=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c88e10 @name=""Sodium"", @symbol=""Na"", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, ""Cl""=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c82c90 @name=""Chlorine"", @symbol=""Cl"", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=58.4427 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>""aqueous""},""H2""=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002c6f938 @formula=""H2"", @constituents={""H""=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name=""Hydrogen"", @symbol=""H"", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=>2}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=2.0158 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>1, :state=>""gaseous""}}}, @is_valid=true, @is_balanced=true> Eulim Eulim is a Chemistry library written in Ruby under the MIT"
"and the group 11 and 12 elements. Sodium and potassium form KNa and NaK. NaK is 40–90% potassium and it is liquid at ambient temperature. It is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor. Sodium-calcium alloys are by-products of the electrolytic production of sodium from a binary salt mixture of NaCl-CaCl and ternary mixture NaCl-CaCl-BaCl. Calcium is only partially miscible with sodium. In a liquid state, sodium is completely miscible with lead. There are several methods to make sodium-lead alloys. One is to melt them together and another is to deposit sodium electrolytically on molten lead cathodes. NaPb, NaPb, NaPb, NaPb,"
"Natron Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (NaCO·10HO, a kind of soda ash) and around 17% sodium bicarbonate (also called baking soda, NaHCO) along with small quantities of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. Natron is white to colourless when pure, varying to gray or yellow with impurities. Natron deposits are sometimes found in saline lake beds which arose in arid environments. Throughout history natron has had many practical applications that continue today in the wide range of modern uses of its constituent mineral components. In modern mineralogy the term ""natron"" has come to mean only the"