"has the largest brain on Earth, more than five times heavier than a human's. Sperm whales can live for more than 60 years. Spermaceti (sperm oil), from which the whale derives its name, was a prime target of the whaling industry, and was sought after for use in oil lamps, lubricants, and candles. Ambergris, a solid waxy waste product sometimes present in its digestive system, is still highly valued as a fixative in perfumes, among other uses. Beachcombers look out for ambergris as flotsam. Sperm whaling was a major industry in the nineteenth century, immortalised in the novel ""Moby Dick""."
"harshness. In this developed condition, ambergris has a specific gravity ranging from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at about 62 °C (143.6 °F) to a fatty, yellow resinous liquid; and at it is volatilised into a white vapour. It is soluble in ether, and in volatile and fixed oils. Ambergris is relatively nonreactive to acid. White crystals of a terpene known as ambrein can be separated from ambergris by heating raw ambergris in alcohol, then allowing the resulting solution to cool. Breakdown of the relatively scentless ambrein through oxidation produces ambroxan and ambrinol, the main odor components of ambergris. Ambroxan"
"supposed aphrodisiac effects, ambrein has been shown to decrease spontaneous contractions of smooth muscles in rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. It is able to reduce these contractions by serving as an antagonist and interfering with the <chem>Ca^2+</chem>ions from outside of the cell. Ambrein Ambrein is a triterpene alcohol that is the chief constituent of ambergris, a secretion from the digestive system of the sperm whale, and has been suggested as the possible active component producing the supposed aphrodisiac effects of ambergris. Although ambrein itself is odorless, it serves as the biological precursor for a number of aromatic derivatives such as"
"it is a major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases. The α-amylases form is also found in plants, fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) and bacteria (""Bacillus"") Another form of amylase, β-amylase () (alternative names: 1,4-α--glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe"
"(largely the glucose-insulin system) have been uncovered in recent years. Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment. The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two"
"as 1891, Marceli Nencki had attributed the smell to methanethiol which is also a component of flatus and bad breath. More recent research has attributed the odour to a mixture of sulfur-containing metabolites of asparagusic acid which have been detected in urine; these include methanethiol and span at least seven distinct functional groups, as shown in the table below. Most of the metabolites are volatile organic compounds with a high vapour pressure, meaning that they readily enter the gaseous state and spread through the air at room temperature and hence are available for detection by the olfactory system. Asparagus has"
"in past times this was combined carefully with nitric acid to create ""artificial musk"" – a resin with a peculiar musky odor. Although when burned, amber does give off a characteristic ""pinewood"" fragrance, modern products, such as perfume, do not normally use actual amber due to the fact that fossilized amber produces very little scent. In perfumery, scents referred to as ""amber"" are often created and patented to emulate the opulent golden warmth of the fossil. The modern name for amber is thought to come from the Arabic word, ambar, meaning ambergris. Ambergris is the waxy aromatic substance created in"
"1997) are processed in Grasse, France for the perfume industry. In ancient Egyptian embalming, ""P. furfuracea"" was found packed into the body cavity of mummies, although it is not certain whether this was done because of the supposed preservative properties or the aromatic properties of the lichen. Soluble extracts from ""P. furfuracea"" var. ""furfuracea"" and var. ""ceratea"", as well as specific compounds found therein, have antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms. In Alfacar and Viznar, Andalucia (Spain), ""P. furfuracea"" is used for respiratory complaints. The thallus is washed and boiled for a long time to prepare a decoction which"
"the intestines of sperm whales and was used in making perfumes both in ancient times as well as modern. The scent of amber was originally derived from emulating the scent of ambergris and/or the plant resin labdanum, but due to the endangered species status of the sperm whale the scent of amber is now largely derived from labdanum. The term ""amber"" is loosely used to describe a scent that is warm, musky, rich and honey-like, and also somewhat earthy. It can be synthetically created or derived from natural resins. When derived from natural resins it is most often created out"
"mix of labdanum and benzoin. Ambergris was used by the ancient Egyptians as an incense. For centuries, benzoin has been mixed with labdanum, particularly in the Middle East, as an incense to scent homes, places of worship, and as an air purifier. This blend was used by the ancient Egyptians as an incense. Based on some of the latest research from the Edfu temple and a recent study of ceramic dishes used in the preparation of kyphi, it appears that labdanum mixed with benzoin was an important part of the kyphi recipe. It was also part of the formula written"
"has been banned from use in many countries because it originates from the sperm whale, which is an endangered species. Labdanum is the main ingredient used when making the scent of amber in perfumery. Labdanum's odour is variously described as amber, animalic, sweet, woody, ambergris, dry musk, or leathery. Labdanum Labdanum, also called ladanum, laudanum, ladan or ladanon, is a sticky brown resin obtained from the shrubs ""Cistus ladanifer"" (western Mediterranean) and ""Cistus creticus"" (eastern Mediterranean), species of rockrose. It was historically used in herbal medicine and is still used in the preparation of some perfumes. In ancient times, labdanum"
"only later, during the late Middle-Ages, the same name ""al-ʻanbar"" was applied also to ambergris which is washed ashore and used in perfumery. His opinion, however, is rejected by the fact that we find a 6th-century Greek reference to the use of ambergris, under the name of “""ambra"".” See: Aëtius of Amida (502-575 CE), ""Tetrabiblos: Sixteen Books on Medicine"", I.131. Ambergris figures largely in ancient records mentioning fragrances used in making perfumes and in burning incense. The most trustworthy tradition, that of Maimonides', avers that the Jordan amber was ambergris, or what is called in the Arabic tongue ""al-ʻanbar"". Although"
"""Aspergillus"" genus, but production of naringinase from fungus is a difficult task as the growth rate of fungi is much slower than that of bacteria. Naringinase Naringinase is a debittering enzyme that is used in the commercial production of citrus juices. It breaks down the compound naringin that gives citrus juices its bitter taste. It is a multienzyme complex which possesses alpha-L-rhamnosidase and beta glucosidase active centers. The E.C. No.() of the naringinase and rhamnosidase are the same. First rhamnosidase breaks naringin into prunin and rhamnose. Lastly glucosidase breaks prunin into glucose and naringenin, a flavorless flavanone also found in"
"Amarogentin Amarogentin is a chemical compound found in gentian (""Gentiana lutea"") or in ""Swertia chirata"". Gentian root has a long history of use as a herbal bitter in the treatment of digestive disorders and is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines. The bitter principles of gentian root are secoiridoid glycosides amarogentin and gentiopicrin. The former is one of the most bitter natural compounds known and is used as a scientific basis for measuring bitterness. In humans, it activates the bitter taste receptor hTAS2R50. The biphenylcarboxylic acid moiety is biosynthesized by a polyketide-type pathway, with three units of acetyl-CoA and one"
"poppy"" as the sedative effects it had on the foetus were observed by Aristotle. Meconium is a sticky dark-green substance which contains gastrointestinal secretions, amniotic fluid, bile acids, bile, blood, mucus, cholesterol, pancreatic secretions, lanugo, vernix caseosa and cellular debris. Meconium accumulates in the foetal gastrointestinal tract throughout the third trimester of pregnancy and it is the first intestinal discharge released within the first 48 hours after birth. Notably, since meconium and the whole content of the gastrointestinal tract is located ‘extracorporeally,’ its constituents are hidden and normally not recognised by the foetal immune system. For the meconium within the"
"cannot now be identified in today's markets. The word ""myrrh"" corresponds with a common Semitic root ""m-r-r"" meaning ""bitter"", as in Aramaic ' and Arabic '. Its name entered the English language from the Hebrew Bible, where it is called ', and later as a Semitic loanword was used in the Greek myth of Myrrha, and later in the Septuagint; in the Ancient Greek language, the related word (') became a general term for perfume. In pharmacy, myrrh is used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes. It is also used in some linaments and healing salves that may"
"used as a flavor for pipe tobacco. When eaten in crystallized form, it is called ""German ginger"". In Europe ""Acorus calamus"" was often added to wine, and the root is also one of the possible ingredients of absinthe. It is also used in bitters. In Lithuania ""Ajeras"" (Sweet flag) is added to home baked black bread. The Bible mentions its use in the holy anointing oil ( Exodus 30: 23). Although probably not native to Egypt, this plant was already mentioned in the Chester Beatty papyrus VI dating to approximately 1300 BC. The ancient Egyptians rarely mentioned the plant in"
"Chymosin Chymosin or rennin is a protease found in rennet. It is an aspartic endopeptidase belonging to MEROPS A1 family. It is produced by newborn ruminant animals in the lining of the abomasum to curdle the milk they ingest, allowing a longer residence in the bowels and better absorption. It is widely used in the production of cheese. Bovine chymosin is now produced recombinantly in , ""Aspergillus niger var awamori"", and as alternative resource. Chymosin is produced by ruminant animals in the lining of the abomasum. Chymosin is produced by gastric chief cells in young ruminants and some other newborn"
"Dick Grayson, to use in his illegal perfume factory. In ""The Sixth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor"" in ""The Arabian Nights"" by Sir Richard Burton, Sinbad finds vast quantities of Ambergris after being shipwrecked on an unknown island after setting sail from Bassorāh. In the 2001 film ""Hannibal"", Hannibal Lecter sends Clarice Starling a letter which he writes while intentionally wearing a hand lotion containing ambergris, correctly assuming that this would lead her to discover his location in Florence, Italy, due to lotion utilizing ambergris being legal in only a few countries. In the 2003 film , an adaptation of"
"""Oenococcus oeni"", etc. With the azoreductase activity, mono- and diazo bonds are degraded completely, and generate other aromatic compounds as intermediates. Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus casei is a species of genus ""Lactobacillus"" found in the human urinary tract and mouth. This particular species of ""Lactobacillus"" is documented to have a wide pH and temperature range, and complements the growth of ""L. acidophilus"", a producer of the enzyme amylase (a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme). The most common application of ""L. casei"" is industrial, specifically for dairy production. ""Lactobacillus casei"" is typically the dominant species of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (i.e. contaminant bacteria) present in"
"the global market for deodorants was estimated at 13.00 billion USD with a compound annual growth rate of 5.62% between 2015 and 2020. The condition can be known medically as bromhidrosis, apocrine bromhidrosis, osmidrosis, ozochrotia, fetid sweat, body smell, or malodorous sweating. Osmidrosis or bromhidrosis is defined by a foul odor due to a water-rich environment that supports bacteria, which is caused by an abnormal increase in perspiration (hyperhidrosis). This can be particularly strong when it happens in the axillary region (underarms). In this case, the condition may be referred to an axillary osmidrosis. Trimethylaminuria (TMAU), also known as fish"
"medicinal contexts (the aforementioned papyrus mentioned using it in conjunction with several ingredients as a bandage used to soothe an ailment of the stomach), but it was certainly used to make perfumes. Initially, Europeans confused the identity and medicinal uses of the ""Acorus calamus"" of the Romans and Greeks with their native ""Iris pseudacorus"". Thus the ""Herbarius zu Teutsch"", published at Mainz in 1485, describes and includes a woodcut of this iris under the name ""Acorus"". This German book is one of three possible sources for the French ""Le Grant Herbier"", written in 1486, 1488, 1498 or 1508, of which"
"example of this is pepsin, which is secreted in the stomach by chief cells. Pepsin in its secreted form is inactive (pepsinogen). However, once it reaches the gastric lumen it becomes activated into pepsin by the high H+ concentration, becoming an enzyme vital to digestion. The release of the enzymes is regulated by neural, hormonal, or paracrine signals. However, in general, parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion of all digestive enzymes. Mucus is released in the stomach and intestine, and serves to lubricate and protect the inner mucosa of the tract. It is composed of a specific family of glycoproteins termed mucins"
"which are attributed to Geber. Alembic An alembic (; ) is an alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distilling. The complete distilling apparatus consists of three parts: the ""cucurbit"" (Arabic ḳarʿa, Greek βίκος, ""bikos""), the still pot containing the liquid to be distilled, which is heated by a flame; the ""head"" or ""cap"" (Arabic anbiḳ, Greek ἄμβιξ, ""ambix"") which fits over the mouth of the cucurbit to receive the vapors, with an attached downward-sloping ""tube"" (Greek σωλήν, ""sōlēn""), leading to the ""receiver"" (Arabic ḳābila, Greek ἄγγος, ""angos"", or φιάλη, ""phialē"") container. In the case"
"Malpighian tubule system The Malpighian tubule system is a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades. The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. The wastes then are released from the organism in the form of solid nitrogenous compounds and calcium oxalate. The system is named after Marcello Malpighi, a seventeenth-century anatomist. It is unclear as to whether the Malpighian tubules of arachnids and those of the Uniramia are homologous or the result of convergent evolution. Malpighian tubules are slender"
"part of the reticulorumen, then passes into the next chamber, the omasum. This chamber controls what is able to pass into the abomasum. It keeps the particle size as small as possible in order to pass into the abomasum. The omasum also absorbs volatile fatty acids and ammonia. After this, the digesta is moved to the true stomach, the abomasum. This is the gastric compartment of the ruminant stomach. The abomasum is the direct equivalent of the monogastric stomach, and digesta is digested here in much the same way. This compartment releases acids and enzymes that further digest the material"
"substrates for methanogenesis in some anaerobic soils. Methanethiol is a byproduct of the metabolism of asparagus. The ability to produce methanethiol in urine after eating asparagus was once thought to be a genetic trait. More recent research suggests that the peculiar odor is in fact produced by all humans after consuming asparagus, while the ability to detect it (methanethiol being one of many components in ""asparagus pee"") is in fact the genetic trait. The chemical components responsible for the change in the odor of urine show as soon as 15 minutes after eating asparagus. Methanethiol is prepared commercially by the"
"amounts, and is currently used by herbalists as a restricted herbal remedy. It also contains the unusual, poisonous amino acid azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. The odor of lily of the valley, specifically the ligand bourgeonal, was thought to attract mammalian sperm. The 2003 discovery of this phenomenon prompted research into odor reception, but a 2012 study demonstrated instead that at high concentrations, bourgeonal imitated the role of progesterone in stimulating sperm to swim (chemotaxis), a process unrelated to odor reception. In 1956, the French firm Dior produced a fragrance simulating lily of the valley, which was Christian Dior's favorite flower. Diorissimo was"
"unit of 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA, this being formed from an early shikimate pathway intermediate and not via cinnamic or benzoic acid. It also shows an antileishmanial activity in animal models being an inhibitor of topoisomerase I. Amarogentin Amarogentin is a chemical compound found in gentian (""Gentiana lutea"") or in ""Swertia chirata"". Gentian root has a long history of use as a herbal bitter in the treatment of digestive disorders and is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines. The bitter principles of gentian root are secoiridoid glycosides amarogentin and gentiopicrin. The former is one of the most bitter natural compounds known and is"
"its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?"" as the BBC, not wanting to risk breaching trademark laws, refused to play it. Donegan renamed the song, ""Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight)"", which then went on to became a top-10 hit in the UK and US. Spearmint (flavour) Spearmint is a flavour that is either naturally or artificially created to taste like the oil of the herbaceous ""Mentha spicata"" (spearmint) plant. The most common uses for spearmint flavour is in chewing gum and toothpaste. However, it is also used in a number of other products, mainly confectionery."
"millennia in their original formulations. All scents in their collection are preserved in non-actinic glass flasks flushed with argon gas, stored in thermally insulated compartments maintained at in a large vault. Perfume Perfume (, ; ) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds, fixatives and solvents, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. It is usually in liquid form and used to give a pleasant scent to a person's body. Ancient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began"
"Cape, and they replied: “Yes, we have very good information from captains and mates of East Indiamen."" In proof of it they produced ‘quantities of ambergris which is part of the dung of the whales.’ This is a quaint way of expressing the nature of ambergris which is worth more than its weight in gold. Ambergris is a waxy substance secreted by the sperm whale used in making perfumes. In his whaling exploits he was often referred to together with his brother Benjamin. In the 1780s he was recorded as living at 3, Great Winchester Street, London. Alexander Champion was"
"Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus casei is a species of genus ""Lactobacillus"" found in the human urinary tract and mouth. This particular species of ""Lactobacillus"" is documented to have a wide pH and temperature range, and complements the growth of ""L. acidophilus"", a producer of the enzyme amylase (a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme). The most common application of ""L. casei"" is industrial, specifically for dairy production. ""Lactobacillus casei"" is typically the dominant species of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (i.e. contaminant bacteria) present in ripening cheddar cheese, and, recently, the complete genome sequence of ""L. casei"" ATCC 334 has become available. ""L. casei"" is also"