"The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy is a 2006 documentary by Rich-Heape Films. It presents the history of the forcible removal and relocation of Cherokee people from southeastern states of the United States to territories west of the Mississippi River, particularly to the Indian Territory in the future Oklahoma. This removal in the 1830s has been popularly referred to as the ""Trail of Tears."" It followed the Indian Removal Act of 1845. This action was part of a larger United States policy of Indian removal. Actor Wes Studi as on-camera presenter James Earl Jones"
"Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native Americans in the United States from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory. The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The relocated peoples suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve, and many died before reaching their destinations. The forced removals included members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek),"
"States, from their homelands to Indian Territory in eastern sections of the present-day state of Oklahoma. About 2,500–6,000 died along the Trail of Tears. Chalk and Jonassohn assert that the deportation of the Cherokee tribe along the Trail of Tears would almost certainly be considered an act of genocide today. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the exodus. About 17,000 Cherokees—along with approximately 2,000 Cherokee-owned black slaves—were removed from their homes. The number of people who died as a result of the Trail of Tears has been variously estimated. American doctor and missionary Elizur Butler, who made the"
"Trail of Tears, as many of their people and African-American slaves died along the way. The army enforced the removal of these peoples to the reserved Indian Territory, where the federal government granted them land. Many displaced Native Americans fell out of the march and settled in Fort Smith and adjoining Van Buren, Arkansas on the other side of the river. The US Army also used Fort Smith as a base during the Mexican War (1846-1848). As a result, the US acquired large territories in the Southwest, and later annexed the Republic of Texas, which had been independent for some"
"star, the symbol of the seven clans of the Cherokees. Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native Americans in the United States from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory. The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The relocated peoples suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve, and many died before reaching their destinations."
"legal basis for the forcible removal known as the Trail of Tears. By the late 1720's, the territory of the Cherokee Indian nation lay almost entirely in northwestern Georgia, with small parts in Tennessee, Alabama, and North Carolina. It extended across most of the northern border and all of the border with Tennessee. An estimated 16,000 Cherokee people lived in this territory. Others had emigrated west to present-day Texas and Arkansas. In 1826, the Georgia legislature asked President John Quincy Adams to negotiate a removal treaty. Adams, a supporter of Indian sovereignty, initially refused, but when Georgia threatened to nullify"
"Trail of Tears State Forest Trail of Tears State Forest is a State of Illinois conservation area on in Union County, Illinois, United States. Trail of Tears was established in 1929 when Illinois purchased acres of Shawnee Hills land and used the resulting land to create the ""Kohn-Jackson Forest"" (later ""Union County State Forest""). Soon afterwards, the state park was improved with work performed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Subsequent land acquisitions created the Trail of Tears State Forest of today. The forest occupies land near the route followed by the Cherokee in December 1838 during their forced relocation in"
"Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation, numbering approximately 1000. According to a roll taken the year after the removal (1839), there were in addition some estimated about 400 of Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama, and these also joined the EBCI. The Trail of Tears is generally considered to be one of the most regrettable episodes in American history. To commemorate the event, the U.S. Congress designated the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail in 1987. It stretches across nine states for . In 2004, during the 108th Congress, Senator Sam Brownback (Republican of Kansas) introduced a joint resolution (Senate"
"treaty for the forced relocation of the tribe in 1838. An estimated 4,000 Cherokees died in the march, now known as the Trail of Tears. Missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts urged the Cherokee Nation to take their case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Marshall court heard the case in ""Cherokee Nation v. Georgia"" (1831), but declined to rule on its merits, instead declaring that the Native American tribes were not sovereign nations, and had no status to ""maintain an action"" in the courts of the United States. In ""Worcester v. Georgia"" (1832), the court held, in an opinion written by"
"Trail of Tears State Park Trail of Tears State Park is a public recreation area covering bordering the Mississippi River in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri. The state park stands as a memorial to those Cherokee Native Americans who died on the Cherokee Trail of Tears. The park's interpretive center features exhibits about the Trail of Tears as well as displays and specimens of local wildlife. An archaeological site in the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Activities in the park include camping, picnicking, swimming, hiking, and horseback riding. Fishing is provided at Lake Boutin"
"the Trail of Tears at Fort Towson which is Choctaw territory. His father, James Logan Colbert, was the first child of mixed blood due to his father, Willam ""de Blainville"" Colbert coming to the new world in the early 1700s and marrying the Chickasaw chief's daughter. This marriage made William's negotiations for trade easier due to her influence and position in the tribe. James Logan Colbert was born from this union as William had only married one wife. (William ""de Blainville"" Colbert is so called since he was one of the first of the Castlehill Colberts of Inverness to be"
"Trail of Tears. The initial results were so disastrous that Cherokee leaders, including Goingsnake, successfully petitioned Scott for delays and to allow self-leadership of future detachments. Goingsnake left with the first detachment under Cherokee leadership, which departed on September 28, 1838. Arriving in Indian Territory after a 4-month journey, Goingsnake built his cabin on Ward Branch Creek about 6 miles north of present-day Westville, OK. Goingsnake's last recorded political service was participation in the general convention between the eastern and western Cherokee at Tahlequah, Indian Territory on July 12, 1839 He was 81 years old at that time. Shortly thereafter,"
"settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. In 1838 the US government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans from southeastern U.S. states, to relocate to the area designated as Indian Territory, in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Their journey west became known as the ""Trail of Tears"" for their exile and fatalities along the way. The US Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or ""emigration depots"", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears. One of the internment camps was located in"
"the Cherokee. After 1838, the US government forcibly rounded up the remaining Cherokee (along with their slaves) on tribal lands. They were the last people to make the journey that became known as the ""Trail of Tears,"" during which nearly 4,000 Cherokee died. Accompanied by his wife, daughter, and one of son John's children, Major Ridge traveled by flatboat and steamer to a place in Indian Territory called Honey Creek, near the Arkansas-Missouri Border. The land Ridge had chosen was fifty miles from the territory assigned to the Cherokee. He no longer wished to live among his people. His son"
"the removal of 17 detachments of the Cherokee people. Called the ""Trail of Tears National Historic Trail"", it traverses portions of nine states and includes land and water routes. A historical drama based on the Trail of Tears, ""Unto These Hills"" written by Kermit Hunter, has sold over five million tickets for its performances since its opening on July 1, 1950, both touring and at the outdoor Mountainside Theater of the Cherokee Historical Association in Cherokee, North Carolina. Cherokee artist Troy Anderson was commissioned to design the ""Cherokee Trail of Tears Sesquicentennial Commemorative Medallion"". The falling-tear medallion shows a seven-pointed"
"the United States without the consent of the majority of the Cherokee people in exchange for land out west under the Treaty of New Echota, an act that led to the Trail of Tears. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest. The initial route of that state-sponsored project was to run from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to a spot east of the Chattahoochee River, in present-day Fulton County. The plan was to eventually link up with the Georgia Railroad from Augusta, and with"
"of Tears would almost certainly be considered an act of genocide today. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the exodus. About 17,000 Cherokees—along with approximately 2,000 Cherokee-owned black slaves—were removed from their homes. The number of people who died as a result of the Trail of Tears has been variously estimated. American doctor and missionary Elizur Butler, who made the journey with one party, estimated 4,000 deaths. Historians David Stannard and Barbara Mann have noted that the army deliberately routed the march of the Cherokee to pass through areas of known cholera epidemic, such as Vicksburg. Stannard estimates"
"of Tears, when Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River were forcibly relocated to what is now Oklahoma, and for its use in military operations during the American Civil War. It is the longest known intact segment of the Trail of Tears in Arkansas. The road segment was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Springfield to Fayetteville Road-Cross Hollow Segment The Springfield to Fayetteville Road-Cross Hollow Segment is a section of a historic 19th-century road in Benton County, Arkansas. The road is now designated Old Wire Road, and the historic segment runs northward from its"
"the Trail of Tears. Today's state forest contains a state tree nursery, the Ozark Hills Nature Preserve, and of trails for hiking and equestrian use. The nearest town of any size is Jonesboro, Illinois. Trail of Tears State Forest Trail of Tears State Forest is a State of Illinois conservation area on in Union County, Illinois, United States. Trail of Tears was established in 1929 when Illinois purchased acres of Shawnee Hills land and used the resulting land to create the ""Kohn-Jackson Forest"" (later ""Union County State Forest""). Soon afterwards, the state park was improved with work performed by the"
"tribes from their homes east of the Mississippi River took place over several decades during the series of removals, which is also known as the Trail of Tears. The territory to which they were displaced was, at the time, called Indian Territory, currently eastern Oklahoma. The most infamous removal was the Cherokee Trail of Tears of 1838, when President Martin Van Buren enforced the contentious Treaty of New Echota with the Cherokee Nation. One point of contention regarding the treaty is whether it is an instrument of mass displacement in violation of the human rights on which the new republic"
"via the Trail of Tears to the Indian Territory, present-day Oklahoma, and were originally intended to provide homes for settlers from the three major clans or groupings of Choctaw Indians comprising the nation. However, in practice, the clan affiliations and allegiances were soon lost after the Choctaws’ arrival in the Indian Territory. The districts’ importance in the political life of the nation waned, over time, and the district chiefs lost power and authority to the principal chief of the nation. Eventually the principal chief became, in simply, the chief. No longer a ""first among equals"", he became the sole political"
"first groups herded west died in huge numbers in the heat, the Cherokee pleaded with Scott to postpone the second phase of the removal until autumn, and he complied. Determined to accompany them as an observer, Scott left Athens, Georgia, on October 1, 1838, and traveled with the first ""company"" of a thousand people, including both Cherokees and black slaves, as far as Nashville. The Cherokee removal later became known as the Trail of Tears. When Brigadier General Winfield Scott reached Nashville, superiors abruptly ordered him to return to Washington to deal with troubles on the Canada–US border. On this"
"the beginning of the Trail of Tears in 1838. Screamer Mountain Screamer Mountain is a mountain in Rabun County, Georgia, United States, near Clayton, Georgia and is the birthplace of Logan E. Bleckley. Screamer Mountain has an elevation of 2,972 feet. The entire mountain was purchased in 1971 by Modern States Life Insurance Co. There are two versions of the legend of how the mountain got its name. One Cherokee legend is that a Native American woman once screamed at the top of the mountain all night long. Another legend is that a woman leaped to her death from the"
"Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Ponca, and Ho-Chunk/Winnebago nations. The phrase ""Trail of Tears"" originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes, including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838. The Ho-Chunk Nation/Winnebago were surrounded with cannons ready, then forcibly removed at gunpoint. The first of five Trail of Tears for the Ho-Chunk Nation/Winnebago was to Iowa. Their fifth Trail of Tears culminated in Nebraska, at the current location of the Winnebago Reservation. Between 1830 and 1850, the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee people (including mixed-race and black slaves who lived among them) were forcibly removed from"
"and Anna Kilpatrick. Cherokee removal, part of the Trail of Tears, refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Alabama to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Central United States, which resulted in the death of an estimated 4000 Cherokee. In the Cherokee language, the event is called ""Nu na da ul tsun yi"" (the place where they cried); another term is ""Tlo va sa"" (our removal). However, this phrase was not used by Cherokee at the time, and seems to"
"Trail of Tears and important Indian leaders, such as Sequoyah and Sitting Bull; about how to make bows and arrows and to hunt, and about the operations of the Creek National Council at Okmulgee. After Bacone College, he enrolled in the Kansas State Teacher's College (renamed in 1974 as Emporia State University) at Emporia, Kansas. At the turn of the 20th Century, the federal government dissolved the Indian Nations land by distributing parcels into private ownership. At age nine, Gilcrease's 1/8 Creek heritage entitled him to receive 160 acres (650,000 m²) located about twenty miles (32 km) southwest of Tulsa,"
"were headed to Texas. From the mouth of the Missouri River, Natchitoches Trace passed through Wayne County, Missouri. The Indian trace was the southern route of two followed by Cherokees and their enslaved Africans during the Trail of Tears. In Arkansas, it followed much of the Black River to its mouth on the White River, site of present-day Jacksonport. From Hot Springs, roughly midway on the footpath, Natchitoches Trace followed the Ouachita River downstream. The Ouachita, part of the Red River basin, flows southward to Louisiana's Black River, then to the Red River and Natchitoches, Louisiana. Natchitoches Trace The Natchitoches"
"the U.S. government in 1838. Their journey, on which they took their slaves, became known as the ""Trail of Tears,"" as 4,000 people died. After removal, members of the Cherokee government carried out sentence against Treaty Party men for execution; their giving up tribal lands was a ""blood"" or capital offense under Cherokee law. Stand Watie, his brother Elias Boudinot, their uncle Major Ridge and cousin John Ridge, along with several other Treaty Party men, were all sentenced to death on June 22, 1839; only Stand Watie survived. He arranged for his brother Elias' children to be sent for their"
"Cherokee removal Cherokee removal, part of the Trail of Tears, refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Alabama to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the then Western United States, and the resultant deaths along the way and at the end of the movement of an estimated 4000 Cherokee. The Cherokee have come to call the event ""Nu na da ul tsun yi"" (the place where they cried); another term is ""Tlo va sa"" (our removal)—both phrases not used at the"
"be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma. About 2,500 died along the Trail of Tears. The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was ratified by the U.S. Senate on February 25, 1831, and the President was anxious to make it a model of removal. Principal Chief George W. Harkins wrote a farewell letter to the American people before the removals began. It was widely published Alexis de Tocqueville, noted French political thinker and historian, witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis, Tennessee in 1831: Approximately 4,000–6,000 Choctaw remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts. The U.S. agent"
"to aid the Native Americans south and west of Upper Canada and American expansion proceeded with little resistance. Conflicts in the Southeast include the Creek War and Seminole Wars, both before and after the Indian Removals of most members of the Five Civilized Tribes. In the 1830s, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, a policy of relocating Indians from their homelands to Indian Territory and reservations in surrounding areas to open their lands for non-native settlements. This resulted in the Trail of Tears. In July 1845, the New York newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan coined the"
"and on the Mississippi River. A lookout offers a view of the river and Illinois on the opposite shore. The park has four trails: Peewah - ; Lake – ; Sheppard Point – ; and Nature – . Trail of Tears State Park Trail of Tears State Park is a public recreation area covering bordering the Mississippi River in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri. The state park stands as a memorial to those Cherokee Native Americans who died on the Cherokee Trail of Tears. The park's interpretive center features exhibits about the Trail of Tears as well as displays and specimens"
"violence along the route. In addition, these final contingents were forced to set out during the hottest and coldest months of the year, killing many. Exposure to the elements, disease and starvation, harassment by local frontiersmen, and insufficient rations similarly killed up to one-third of the Choctaw and other nations on the march. There exists some debate among historians and the affected tribes as to whether the term ""Trail of Tears"" should be used to refer to the entire history of forced relocations from the United States east of the Mississippi into Indian Territory (as was the stated U.S. policy),"