"orbital inclinations from 0° to 74°. The ""Rosetta"" probe, launched in March 2004, used four gravity assist maneuvers (including one just 250 km from the surface of Mars) to accelerate throughout the inner Solar System - enabling it to match the velocity of the 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet at their rendezvous point in August 2014. NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission, launched in 2018, will use multiple gravity assists at Venus to remove the Earth's angular momentum from the orbit, in order to drop down to a distance of 8.5 solar radii (5.9 Gm) from the Sun. Parker Solar Probe's mission will be"
"allowed the four RWAs to operate throughout ""Rosetta"" mission at 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko despite occasional anomalies in their friction plots and a heavy workload imposed by numerous orbital changes. In August 2014, ""Rosetta"" rendezvoused with the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) and commenced a series of manoeuvres that took it on two successive triangular paths, averaging from the nucleus, whose segments are hyperbolic escape trajectories alternating with thruster burns. After closing to within about from the comet on 10 September, the spacecraft entered actual orbit about it. The surface layout of 67P was unknown before ""Rosetta"" arrival. The orbiter mapped the comet in anticipation"
"rendezvoused with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014 and entered orbit on 10 September 2014. ""Rosetta"" lander, ""Philae"", landed on the comet's surface on 12 November 2014, becoming the first spacecraft to land on a comet nucleus. On 30 September 2016, the ""Rosetta"" spacecraft ended its mission by landing on the comet in its Ma'at region. Churyumov–Gerasimenko was discovered in 1969 by Klim Ivanovich Churyumov of the Kiev University's Astronomical Observatory, who examined a photograph that had been exposed for comet Comas Solà by Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko on 11 September 1969 at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, near Alma-Ata (now Almaty), the"
"comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (also called simply 67P) for detailed analysis in terrestrial laboratories. This comet was previously investigated by the ""Rosetta"" mission between 2014 and 2016. The CONDOR concept calls for a Lockheed-Martin A2100 bus with a solar electric propulsion system. In addition of performing a sample return down to 15 cm depth, it would carry a small payload comprising a narrow angle camera and a millimeter-wave radiometer to select a sampling site, and perform a gravity science investigation to compare changes of 67P since ""Rosetta"". Following a survey for site selection, the sample retrieval would be a fast touch-and-go event."
"CONSERT CONSERT (COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission) is a scientific experiment on board the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission, launched in 2004, which will provide information about the deep interior of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko upon the probe's rendezvous with the comet in 2014. The CONSERT radar will perform tomography of the nucleus by measuring electromagnetic wave propagation from the Philae lander and the Rosetta orbiter throughout the comet nucleus in order to determine its internal structures and to deduce information on its composition. The related lander and orbiter electronics were provided by France and both antennas were constructed"
"be primordial. CAESAR is a proposed sample-return mission aimed at returning to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, capturing regolith from the surface, and returning it to Earth. This mission is competing in NASA's New Frontiers mission 4 selection process, and as of December 2017 is one of two finalists in the program. 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C-G) is a Jupiter-family comet, originally from the Kuiper belt, with a current orbital period of 6.45 years, a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours and a maximum velocity of . Churyumov–Gerasimenko is approximately at its longest and widest dimensions. It was first observed on photographic"
"the orbiter. Hence, over several orbits, many different paths will have been obtained. The lander communicated with the ""Rosetta"" orbiter again on 9 July 2015 and transmitted measurement data from the CONSERT instrument. CONSERT CONSERT (COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission) is a scientific experiment on board the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission, launched in 2004, which will provide information about the deep interior of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko upon the probe's rendezvous with the comet in 2014. The CONSERT radar will perform tomography of the nucleus by measuring electromagnetic wave propagation from the Philae lander and the Rosetta orbiter"
"Union—where she served as chair of the diversity subcommittee— and the Association for Women Geoscientists, where she was named ""Woman of the Year"". In 2015 scientists from the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission honored their deceased colleague by naming a feature after her on the mission's target, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. A gate-like feature on the comet has been named C. Alexander Gate. Alexander died on July 11, 2015 in Arcadia, California after a 10-year battle with breast cancer. Claudia Alexander Claudia Joan Alexander (May 30, 1959 – July 11, 2015) was an American research scientist specializing in geophysics and planetary science."
"which had been scheduled to carry the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft in January 2003, was delayed - causing Rosetta to miss its launch window for a mission to comet 46P/Wirtanen. Rosetta was subsequently retargeted to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko and launched successfully in 2004. Hot Bird 7 Hot Bird 7 was a French communications satellite which was lost in a launch failure in 2002. Intended for operation by Eutelsat, it was to have provided direct to home broadcasting services from geostationary orbit as part of Eutelsat's Hot Bird constellation at a longitude of 13 degrees east. Hot Bird 7 was intended to"
"Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The spacecraft also performed two asteroid flybys. The craft completed its flyby of asteroid 2867 Šteins in September 2008 and of 21 Lutetia in July 2010. Later, on 20 January 2014, ""Rosetta"" was taken out of a 31-month hibernation mode as it approached Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. ""Rosetta"" ""Philae"" lander successfully made the first soft landing on a comet nucleus when it touched down on Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. On 5 September 2016, ESA announced that the lander was discovered by the narrow-angle camera aboard ""Rosetta"" as the orbiter made a low, pass over the comet. The lander sits"
"in 2014 and was the first mission to land a space probe on a comet. As preparation for the ""Rosetta"" mission, Hubble Space Telescope pictures taken on 12 March 2003 were closely analysed. An overall 3D model was constructed and computer-generated images were created. On 25 April 2012, the most detailed observations until that time were taken with the 2-metre Faulkes Telescope by N. Howes, G. Sostero and E. Guido while it was at its aphelion. On 6 June 2014, water vapor was detected being released at a rate of roughly when ""Rosetta"" was from Churyumov–Gerasimenko and from the Sun."
"Klim Churyumov Klim Ivanovich Churyumov (, ) (19 February 1937 – 14 October 2016) was a Soviet and Ukrainian astronomer. Director of the Kiev Planetarium, member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the International Astronomical Union, of the New York Academy of Sciences, editor of the magazine ""Our Skies"" () in 2006-2009, president of the Ukrainian Society of amateur astronomy and author of books for children. In 1969 he discovered, with Svetlana Gerasimenko, the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko; on 12 November 2014 the Rosetta space mission landed its Philae spacecraft on its surface. He was the fourth of eight children"
"would approach and land, then subsequently hop to other locations on the comet. As the comet approached the Sun, the spacecraft would land and hop multiple times. The final landing would occur at 1.5 AU. As the comet approached the Sun and became more active, the spacecraft would be able to record surface changes. Also, 46P/Wirtanen was the original destination of the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft mission, but launch delays meant that the comet was no longer easily reachable and another periodic comet, 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, was chosen as the mission's target instead. Russian forecaster Mikhail Maslov had predicted that the"
"various collaborating entities: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center; Northrop Grumman, JAXA, Honeybee Robotics, Malin Space Science Systems, Kinetx Aerospace, and Motiv Space Systems. Curation of the returned sample would take place at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The ""CAESAR"" team chose comet 67P over other cometary targets in part because the data collected by the ""Rosetta"" mission, which studied the comet from 2014 to 2016, allows the spacecraft to be designed to the conditions there, increasing the mission's chance of success. The ""Rosetta"" mission also provides a vast geologic context for this mission's sample-return analysis. The two New"
"through its coma. In March 1986, ICE, along with Soviet probes ""Vega 1"" and ""Vega 2"", ISAS probes ""Sakigake"" and ""Suisei"" and ESA probe ""Giotto"" flew by the nucleus of Halley's Comet. In 1992, ""Giotto"" also visited another NEC, 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup. In November 2010, the NASA probe ""Deep Impact"" flew by the near-Earth comet 103P/Hartley. Earlier, in July 2005, this probe flew by the non-near-Earth comet Tempel 1, hitting it with a large copper mass. In August 2014, ESA probe ""Rosetta"" began orbiting near-Earth comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, while its lander ""Philae"" landed on its surface in November 2014. After the end of"
"prebiotic molecules, that is, molecules that are precursors of life, but not living microorganisms"", according to Gerhard Schwehm, ""Rosetta"" project scientist. The total cost of the mission was about €1.3 billion (US$1.8 billion). ""Rosetta"" was set to be launched on 12 January 2003 to rendezvous with the comet 46P/Wirtanen in 2011. This plan was abandoned after the failure of an Ariane 5 carrier rocket during Hot Bird 7's launch on 11 December 2002, grounding it until the cause of the failure could be determined. In May 2003, a new plan was formed to target the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with a revised"
"46P/Wirtanen 46P/Wirtanen is a small short-period comet with a current orbital period of 5.4 years. It was the original target for close investigation by the ""Rosetta"" spacecraft, planned by the European Space Agency, but an inability to meet the launch window caused ""Rosetta"" to be sent to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko instead. It belongs to the Jupiter family of comets, all of which have aphelia between 5 and 6 AU. Its diameter is estimated at . 46P/Wirtanen was discovered photographically on January 17, 1948, by the American astronomer Carl A. Wirtanen. The plate was exposed on January 15 during a stellar proper motion"
"should be available to the public when the mission starts its primary science phase in November 2014, subject to the usual 6 months proprietary period. Data was made available via the ESA Planetary Science Archive (PSA), where a dedicated Rosetta section is available. Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) is one of several instruments on the European Space Agency's ""Rosetta"" mission which studied ""in-situ"" the environment around the active comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko as it flew into the inner Solar System. MIDAS is an atomic force microscope (AFM) designed to collect dust particles emitted from the comet, and"
"Results from the ""Rosetta"" and ""Philae"" spacecraft show that the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko has no magnetic field, which suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of planetesimals. Further, the ALICE spectrograph on ""Rosetta"" determined that electrons (within above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionization of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma. On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that the ""Philae"" spacecraft, that landed on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in"
"weather and surface conditions, searching for future landing sites, and testing a new telecommunications system that enable it to send and receive information at an unprecedented bitrate, compared to previous Mars spacecraft. Data transfer to and from the spacecraft occurs faster than all previous interplanetary missions combined and allows it to serve as an important relay satellite for other missions. The ESA ""Rosetta"" space probe mission to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko flew within 250 km of Mars on February 25, 2007, in a gravitational slingshot designed to slow and redirect the spacecraft. The NASA ""Dawn"" spacecraft used the gravity of Mars"
"Kosmos 2467 Kosmos 2467 ( meaning ""Cosmos 2467"") is one of a pair of Russian military communications satellites which were launched in 2010 by the Russian Space Forces. It was launched with Kosmos 2468 and a Gonets-M civilian communication satellite. Kosmos 2467 was launched from Site 133/3 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia. It was launched by a Rockot carrier rocket with a Briz-KM upper stage at 03:30 UTC on 8 September 2010. The launch successfully placed the satellites into low earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designations, and the international designators 2010-043B. The United States Space Command assigned"
"""Stardust"" (launched 1999), ""CONTOUR"" (launched 2002 but failed after launch), and ""Deep Impact"" (launched 2005), as well as some participation on the ""Rosetta"" mission. ""CAESAR"" objectives are to understand the formation of the Solar System and how these components came together to form planets and give rise to life. Some researchers have speculated that Earth may have been seeded with organic compounds early in its development by tholin-rich comets, providing the raw material necessary for life to emerge. Tholins were detected by the ""Rosetta"" mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The spacecraft would be build by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems and it"
"impact. Kosmos 1867 Kosmos 1867 () is a nuclear powered radar ocean reconnaissance satellite (RORSAT) that was launched by the Soviet Union on July 10, 1987. It was put into an orbit of about . Its mission was to monitor the oceans for naval and merchant vessels, and had a mission life of about eleven months. Kosmos 1867 was launched on July 10, 1987 on a Tsyklon-2 rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was put into an orbit about above the Earth's surface at an inclination of 65° and a period of 100.8 minutes. The satellite had a mission life"
"Kosmos 1867 Kosmos 1867 () is a nuclear powered radar ocean reconnaissance satellite (RORSAT) that was launched by the Soviet Union on July 10, 1987. It was put into an orbit of about . Its mission was to monitor the oceans for naval and merchant vessels, and had a mission life of about eleven months. Kosmos 1867 was launched on July 10, 1987 on a Tsyklon-2 rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was put into an orbit about above the Earth's surface at an inclination of 65° and a period of 100.8 minutes. The satellite had a mission life of"
"of Childhood Education"", demonstrating her approach for educating children about science. She also mentored young people, particularly young girls of color, to encourage their passions for science. From 2000 until the time of her death, Alexander served as project scientist of NASA's role in Rosetta, the European Space Agency mission to study and land on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. On the mission she was responsible for $35 million in instrumentation, collecting data such as temperature from three instruments on the orbiter. She also oversaw tracking and navigation support from the NASA's Deep Space Network for the spacecraft. In addition to her scientific"
"Svetlana Gerasimenko Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko (; ) is a Soviet and Tajikistani astronomer of Ukrainian origin and discoverer of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. On 11 September 1969 Gerasimenko while working at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, near Almaty, the then-capital city of Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union photographed the comet 32P/Comas Solà using a 50-cm Maksutov telescope. After returning to her home institute, Klim Ivanovych Churyumov of the Kiev National University's Astronomical Observatory examined this photograph and found a cometary object near the edge of the plate, but assumed that this was Comas Solà. On 22 October, about a month after the"
"Kosmos 2467 and Kosmos 2468, were launched together on 8 September 2010. Kosmos 2481 Kosmos 2481 ( meaning ""Cosmos 2481"") is a Russian Strela-3 military communications satellite which was launched in 2012 by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. It was launched with 2 Gonets-M civilian communication satellites and a research satellite called Yubileiny-2, also known as MiR. Kosmos 2481 was launched from Site 133/3 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia. It was launched by a Rockot carrier rocket with a Briz-KM upper stage at 01:35 UTC on 28 July 2012. The launch successfully placed the satellite into low earth orbit."
"of operations at the comet. ""Rosetta"" began a descent with a 208-second thruster burn executed on 29 September 2016 at approximately 20:50 UTC. Its trajectory targeted a site in the Ma'at region near an area of dust- and gas-producing active pits. Impact on the comet's surface occurred 14.5 hours after its descent manoeuvre; the final data packet from ""Rosetta"" was transmitted at 10:39:28.895 UTC (SCET) by the OSIRIS instrument and was received at the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, at 11:19:36.541 UTC. The spacecraft's estimated speed at the time of impact was , and its touchdown location, named"
"in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1 μm. Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging spectrometer VIRTIS, and measurements of the magnetic field and plasma environment were taken as well. After leaving its hibernation mode in January 2014 and getting closer to the comet ""Rosetta"" began a series of eight burns in May 2014. These reduced the relative velocity between the spacecraft and 67P from to . In 2006, ""Rosetta"" suffered a leak in its reaction control system (RCS). The system, which consists of 24 bipropellant 10-newton thrusters, was responsible for fine tuning the trajectory"
"from Malta in 1997 and Australia in 2003, with only one chord each, roughly agreeing with IRAS measurements. On July 10, 2010, the European ""Rosetta"" space probe flew by Lutetia at a minimum distance of km at a velocity of 15 kilometres per second on its way to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The flyby provided images of up to 60 meters per pixel resolution and covered about 50% of the surface, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The 462 images were obtained in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1 μm. Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging"
"Philae (spacecraft) Philae ( or ) is a robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the ""Rosetta"" spacecraft until it separated to land on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, ten years and eight months after departing Earth. On 12 November 2014, ""Philae"" touched down on the comet, but it bounced when its anchoring harpoons failed to deploy and a thruster designed to hold the probe to the surface did not fire. After bouncing off the surface twice, ""Philae"" achieved the first-ever ""soft"" (nondestructive) landing on a comet nucleus, although the lander's final, uncontrolled touchdown left it in a non-optimal location and orientation. Despite"
"part of the Launchpad project. Similarly, Rosetta@home is a distributed computing project for predicting protein structures from amino acid sequences (or ""translating"" sequence into structure). The Rosetta Project brings language specialists and native speakers together to develop a meaningful survey and near-permanent archive of 1,500 languages, intended to last from AD 2000 to 12,000. The European Space Agency's ""Rosetta"" spacecraft was launched to study a comet named 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in the hope that determining its composition would reveal the origin of the Solar System. Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of"
"comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in November 2014. First probe to Jupiter. Radio communications were lost with Pioneer 10 on January 23, 2003, because of the loss of electric power for its radio transmitter, with the probe at a distance of 12 billion kilometers (80 AU) from Earth. First probe to fly by Saturn. (Communications were later lost due to power constraints and vast distance.) ""Voyager 1"" is a 733-kilogram probe launched September 5, 1977. It visited Jupiter and Saturn and was the first probe to provide detailed images of the moons of these planets. ""Voyager 1"" is the farthest human-made object from"