"Helminthology Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms (helminths), while helminthiasis describes the medical condition of being infected with helminths. Helminthology studies the taxonomy of helminths and their effects on their hosts. The origin of the first compound of the word is the Greek ""ἕλμινς"" - helmins, meaning ""worm"". In the 18th and early 19th century there was wave of publications on helminthology; this period has been described as the science's ""Golden Era"". During that period the authors Félix Dujardin, William Blaxland Benham, Peter Simon Pallas, Marcus Elieser Bloch, Otto Friedrich Müller, Johann Goeze, Friedrich Zenker, Charles Wardell Stiles, Carl"
"a few of the notable ones. Cheloniology Cheloniology (), less commonly known as testudinology (), is the scientific study of turtles. It is a specific branch of herpetology. The word cheloniology comes from the Greek ""chelone"", ""turtle"" and ""logos"", ""knowledge"". Testudinology, on the other hand, comes from the Latin ""testudo"", ""tortoise"" and the Greek ""logos"", meaning ""knowledge"". An individual who studies turtles is known as a cheloniologist or a testudinologist. Cheloniologists study turtles, which are members of the order ""Testudines"" (also called ""Chelonii""). This includes freshwater turtles, sea turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. Professionally, members of this order are commonly called"
"Herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ""herpetón"", meaning ""reptile"" or ""creeping animal"") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology. Thus, the definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of ectothermic (cold-blooded) tetrapods. Under this definition ""herps"" (or sometimes ""herptiles"" or ""herpetofauna"") exclude fish, but it is not uncommon for herpetological and"
"offer a major in herpetology at the undergraduate or even the graduate level. Instead, persons interested in herpetology select a major in the biological sciences. The knowledge learned about all aspects of the biology of animals is then applied to an individual study of herpetology. Herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ""herpetón"", meaning ""reptile"" or ""creeping animal"") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the"
"Cheloniology Cheloniology (), less commonly known as testudinology (), is the scientific study of turtles. It is a specific branch of herpetology. The word cheloniology comes from the Greek ""chelone"", ""turtle"" and ""logos"", ""knowledge"". Testudinology, on the other hand, comes from the Latin ""testudo"", ""tortoise"" and the Greek ""logos"", meaning ""knowledge"". An individual who studies turtles is known as a cheloniologist or a testudinologist. Cheloniologists study turtles, which are members of the order ""Testudines"" (also called ""Chelonii""). This includes freshwater turtles, sea turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. Professionally, members of this order are commonly called chelonians, as opposed to any of"
"most people relate the term helminth to them, where they are classified as nemathelminthes (nematodes) and platyhelminthes, depending on whether they possess a round or flat-shaped body respectively. The latter are further divided into cestodes and trematodes depending on whether or not they have a segmented body. Ringworm (dermatophytosis) is actually caused by various fungi and not by a parasitic worm. Helminths are a group of organisms which share a similar form but are not necessarily related as part of evolution. Helminths include members of the following taxa: monogeneans, cestodes (tapeworms), nematodes (roundworms), trematodes (flukes), and acanthocephalins (thorny-headed worms). The"
"Helminthiasis Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often live in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, but they may also burrow into other organs, where they induce physiological damage. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are the most important helminthiases, and are among the neglected tropical diseases. This group of helmianthiases have been targeted under the joint action of the world's"
"He proposed that the focus be on evolutionary relationships over similar morphological features. He also defined monophyly and included his ideas about hierarchical classification. Though Hennig did not include information on outgroup comparison, he was apparently aware of the practice, which is considered important to today's systematic research. Invertebrate zoology Invertebrate zoology is the subsystem of zoology that consists of the study of invertebrates, animals without a backbone (a structure which is found only in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.) Invertebrates are a vast and very diverse group of animals that includes sponges, echinoderms, tunicates, numerous different phyla of"
"These include ""Ascaris lumbricoides"", commonly known as human giant roundworm; ""Strongyloides stercoralis"", commonly known as human roundworm; ""Enterobius vermicularis"", commonly known as pinworm or threadworm; and ""Hymenolepis nana"", also known as dwarf tapeworm. Current research targets Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma. Helminth infection has emerged as one possible explanation for the low incidence of autoimmune diseases and allergies in less developed countries, while reduced infection rates have been linked with the significant and sustained increase in autoimmune diseases seen in industrialized countries. While it is recognized that there is probably a genetic"
"blindworms and caecilians. Worms can be divided into several groups, but are still technically decomposers. Familiar worms include the earthworms, members of phylum Annelida. Other invertebrate groups may be called worms, especially colloquially. In particular, many unrelated insect larvae are called ""worms"", such as the railroad worm, woodworm, glowworm, bloodworm, inchworm, mealworm, silkworm, and woolly bear worm. Worms may also be called helminths, particularly in medical terminology when referring to parasitic worms, especially the Nematoda (roundworms) and Cestoda (tapeworms). Hence ""helminthology"" is the study of parasitic worms. When a human or an animal, such as a dog or horse, is"
"divisions are sometimes further divided into more specific specialties. For example, within arachnology, acarology is the study of mites and ticks; within entomology, lepidoptery is the study of butterflies and moths, myrmecology is the study of ants and so on. In the period starting in the late 16th century, invertebrate zoology saw growth in the number of publications made and improvement in the experimental practices associated with the field. One of the major works to be published in the area of zoology was Conrad Gessner's Historia animalium, which was published in numerous editions from 1551 to 1587. Though it was"
"Invertebrate zoology Invertebrate zoology is the subsystem of zoology that consists of the study of invertebrates, animals without a backbone (a structure which is found only in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.) Invertebrates are a vast and very diverse group of animals that includes sponges, echinoderms, tunicates, numerous different phyla of worms, molluscs, arthropods and many additional phyla. Single-celled organisms or protists are usually not included within the same group as invertebrates. Invertebrates represent 97% of all named animal species, and because of that fact, this subdivision of zoology has many further subdivisions, including but not limited to: These"
"Helminthic therapy Helminthic therapy, an experimental type of immunotherapy, is the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immune disorders by means of deliberate infestation with a helminth or with the ova of a helminth. Helminths are parasitic worms such as hookworms, whipworms, and threadworms that have evolved to live within a host organism on which they rely for nutrients. These worms are members of two phyla; nematodes, which are primarily used in human helminthic therapy, and flat worms (trematodes). Helminthic therapy consists of the inoculation of the patient with specific parasitic intestinal nematodes (helminths). A number of such organisms are currently"
"Arachnology Arachnology is the scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen, collectively called arachnids. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. The word ""arachnology"" derives from Greek , ""arachnē"", ""spider""; and , ""-logia"". Arachnologists are primarily responsible for classifying arachnids and studying aspects of their biology. In the popular imagination they are sometimes referred to as 'spider experts'. Disciplines within arachnology include naming species and determining their evolutionary relationships to one another (taxonomy and systematics), studying how they interact with other members of their species and/or their environment (behavioural ecology), or how"
"articles and advice on these subjects. Arachnology Arachnology is the scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen, collectively called arachnids. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. The word ""arachnology"" derives from Greek , ""arachnē"", ""spider""; and , ""-logia"". Arachnologists are primarily responsible for classifying arachnids and studying aspects of their biology. In the popular imagination they are sometimes referred to as 'spider experts'. Disciplines within arachnology include naming species and determining their evolutionary relationships to one another (taxonomy and systematics), studying how they interact with other members of their species and/or"
"models. Helminthic therapy is currently being studied as a treatment for several (non-viral) autoimmune diseases in humans including celiac disease, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, and atherosclerosis. It is currently unknown which clinical dose or species of helminth is the most effective method of treatment. Hookworms have been linked to reduced risk of developing asthma, while ""Ascaris lumbricoides"" (roundworm infection) was associated with an ""increased"" risk of asthma. Similarly, ""Hymenolepis nana"", ""Trichuris trichiura"", ""Ascaris lumbricoides"", ""Strongyloides stercoralis"", ""Enterobius vermicularis"", and ""Trichuris suis"" ova have all been found to lower the number of symptom exacerbations, reduce the number of symptom"
"Cetology Cetology (from Greek , ""kētos"", ""whale""; and , ""-logia"") or Whalelore is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. Cetologists, or those who practice cetology, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics. Observations about Cetacea have been recorded since at least classical times. Ancient Greek fishermen created an artificial notch on the dorsal fin of dolphins entangled in nets so that they could tell them apart years later. Approximately 2,300 years ago, Aristotle carefully took notes"
"Ichthyology Ichthyology (from Greek: ἰχθύς, ""ikhthys"", ""fish""; and λόγος, ""logos"", ""study""), also known as fish science, is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). While a large number of species have been discovered, approximately 250 new species are officially described by science each year. According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described by October 2016. The study of fish dates from the Upper Paleolithic Revolution (with the advent of ""high culture""). The science of ichthyology was developed in several interconnecting epochs, each with"
"and over 9000 species of reptiles. In spite of its modern taxonomic irrelevance, the term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of non-avian reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. The field of herpetology contains specialists in particular groups of reptiles and/or amphibians. Career options in the field of herpetology include, but are not limited to lab research, field studies and survey, zoological staff, museum staff and college teaching. In modern academic science, it is rare for individuals to consider themselves a herpetologist first and foremost. Most individuals"
"Entomology Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term ""insect"" was more vague, and historically the definition of entomology included the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such as arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, land snails, and slugs. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use. Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology, entomology is a taxon-based category; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is, by definition, entomology. Entomology therefore overlaps with a cross-section"
"life on other planets, by developing models of how life may have arisen and by providing techniques for detecting evidence of life. As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised subdivisions. Vertebrate paleontology concentrates on fossils of vertebrates, from the earliest fish to the immediate ancestors of modern mammals. Invertebrate paleontology deals with fossils of invertebrates such as molluscs, arthropods, annelid worms and echinoderms. Paleobotany focuses on the study of fossil plants, but traditionally includes the study of fossil algae and fungi. Palynology, the study of pollen and spores produced by land plants and protists, straddles the border between paleontology"
"number of different helminth species is vast: it is estimated to be around one million species. The nematodes are the most diverse of all the helminths with the highest number of species. There may be as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting vertebrates, and as many as 300 affecting humans alone. Characteristics that are common for all helminths include: Lifetime: Eggs: Larvae: The following table shows the principal morphological and reproductive distinctions for three helminth groups: Draft genomes for all categories of helminth have been sequenced in recent years and are available through the ParaSite sub-portal of WormBase. Parasitic"
"Hominidae The Hominidae (), whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: ""Pongo"", the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan; ""Gorilla"", the eastern and western gorilla; ""Pan"", the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and ""Homo"", which includes modern humans and its extinct relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal), and ancestors, such as ""Homo erectus"". Several revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term """"hominid"""" to vary over time. Its original meaning referred only to humans (""Homo"") and their closest extinct relatives. That restrictive"
"Reptile Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology. Because some reptiles are more closely related to birds than they are to other reptiles (e.g., crocodiles are more closely related to birds than they are to lizards), the traditional groups of ""reptiles"" listed above do not together constitute a monophyletic grouping or clade (consisting of all descendants of a common ancestor). For this reason, many modern scientists prefer to consider the"
"the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called herpetology. The word ""amphibian"" is derived from the Ancient Greek term ἀμφίβιος (""amphíbios""), which means ""both kinds of life"", ""ἀμφί"" meaning ""of both kinds"" and ""βιος"" meaning ""life"". The term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters. Traditionally, the class Amphibia includes all tetrapod vertebrates that are not amniotes. Amphibia in its widest sense (""sensu lato"") was divided into three subclasses, two of which are extinct: The actual number of species in each group depends on the"
"of study until the work of Linnaeus and Lamarck in the 18th century. During the 20th century, invertebrate zoology became one of the major fields of natural sciences, with prominent discoveries in the fields of medicine, genetics, palaeontology, and ecology. The study of invertebrates has also benefited law enforcement, as arthropods, and especially insects, were discovered to be a source of information for forensic investigators. Two of the most commonly studied model organisms nowadays are invertebrates: the fruit fly ""Drosophila melanogaster"" and the nematode ""Caenorhabditis elegans"". They have long been the most intensively studied model organisms, and were among the"
"Arthropodology Arthropodology (from Greek - ""arthron"", ""joint"", and , ""gen"".: - ""pous"", ""podos"", ""foot"", which together mean ""jointed feet"") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs. This field is very important in medicine, studied together with parasitology. Medical arthropodology is the study of the parasitic effect of arthropods, not only as parasites but also as vectors. The first annual "" Conference on Medical Arthropodology"" was held in Madurai (Tamil Nadu) in 2007. Subfields of arthropodology are"
"Arthropodology Arthropodology (from Greek - ""arthron"", ""joint"", and , ""gen"".: - ""pous"", ""podos"", ""foot"", which together mean ""jointed feet"") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs. This field is very important in medicine, studied together with parasitology. Medical arthropodology is the study of the parasitic effect of arthropods, not only as parasites but also as vectors. The first annual "" Conference on Medical Arthropodology"" was held in Madurai (Tamil Nadu) in 2007. Subfields of arthropodology are"
"more closely related to camels. Similarly, the entelodonts had long been classified as members of Suina. Spaulding et al. have found them to be closer to whales, than to pigs in her Cetacodontamorpha. Some morphological studies have suggested that the hippopotamus family Hippopotamidae was part of the Suina, but a growing body of morphological and genetic evidence has suggested that they share a common ancestor not with the Suina, but with Cetaceans—the clade that includes whales and dolphins. Whales and hippopotamids form a clade called Whippomorpha. The most recent research into the origins of hippopotamidae suggests that hippos and whales"
"Whippomorpha Whippomorpha is the clade containing the Cetacea (whales, dolphins, etc.) and their closest living relatives, the hippopotamuses, named by Waddell et al. (1999). It is defined as a crown group, including all species that are descendants of the most recent common ancestor of ""Hippopotamus amphibius"" and ""Tursiops truncatus"". This would be a sub-grouping of the Cetartiodactyla (which also includes pigs and ruminants). It is not clear how recently whales and hippos share a common ancestor, though the genetic evidence is strong that the cetaceans arose from within the Artiodactyla, thus making the even-toed ungulate grouping a paraphyletic one. Whippomorpha"
"Malacology Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many of which have shells. One division of malacology, conchology, is devoted to the study of mollusk shells. Malacology derives from Greek , ""malakos"", ""soft""; and , ""-logia"". Fields within malacological research include taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications, for example mollusks as vectors of disease, as in schistosomiasis."
"for various purposes. In the Western world, some snakes (especially docile species such as the ball python and corn snake) are kept as pets. Reptile Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology. Because some reptiles are more closely related to birds than they are to other reptiles (e.g., crocodiles are more closely related to birds than they are to lizards), the traditional groups of ""reptiles"" listed above do not together"
"into other taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as primatology (study of primates), and cetology (study of cetaceans). Like other studies, mammalogy is also a part of zoology which is also a part of biology. This is a list of scientific journals broadly serving mammalogists. In addition, many other more general zoology, ecology and evolution, or conservation journals also deal with mammals, and several journals are specific to only certain taxonomic groups of mammals. Mammalogy In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. Mammalogy has"