"minor ones, had been discovered by Europeans and their coastlines charted. This marked the end of this phase of science as the of 1872–1876 began exploring the deep seas beyond a depth of 20 or 30 meters. In spite of the growing community of scientists, for nearly 200 years science had been the preserve of wealthy amateurs, educated middle classes and clerics. At the start of the 18th century most voyages were privately organized and financed but by the second half of the century these scientific expeditions, like James Cook's three Pacific voyages under the auspices of the British Admiralty,"
"masts. On 15 April, the sick were brought back on board along with ten recruits from Cape Town, and ""Endeavour"" resumed her homeward voyage. The English mainland was sighted on 10 July and ""Endeavour"" entered the port of Dover two days later. Approximately one month after his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of Commander, and by November 1771 was in receipt of Admiralty Orders for a second expedition, this time aboard HMS ""Resolution"". He was killed during an altercation with Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779. While Cook was fêted for his successful voyage, ""Endeavour"" was"
"the voyage made by Captain Cook. One of the historians, Alexander Cook, documented the journey in his 2004 article ""Sailing on ""The Ship"": Re-enactment and the Quest for Popular History"". First voyage of James Cook The first voyage of James Cook was a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard HMS ""Endeavour"", from 1768 to 1771. It was the first of three Pacific voyages of which Cook was the commander. The aims of this first expedition were to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun (3–4 June of that year), and to"
"First voyage of James Cook The first voyage of James Cook was a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard HMS ""Endeavour"", from 1768 to 1771. It was the first of three Pacific voyages of which Cook was the commander. The aims of this first expedition were to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun (3–4 June of that year), and to seek evidence of the postulated ""Terra Australis Incognita"" or ""unknown southern land"". The voyage was commissioned by King George III and commanded by Lieutenant James Cook, a junior naval officer"
"east and continued his continent hunting. The next European to enter the strait was Captain James Cook in the ""Endeavour"" in April 1770. A talented and diligent hydrographer, Cook quickly identified the strait, but knew he had to conceal it. He was working during the period of intense Anglo-French rivalry that filled the twelve years between Britain's success in the Seven Years' War and France's ""revanche"" in the American Revolutionary War . The Admiralty had issued its usual verbal instructions to hide strategically important discoveries that could become security risks, such as off-shore islands from which operations could be mounted"
"the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society. This notice came at a crucial moment in both Cook's career and the direction of British overseas exploration, and led to his commission in 1768 as commander of HM Bark ""Endeavour"" for the first of three Pacific voyages. In three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles"
"efficient in determining longitude on board ""Resolution"". On 17 January 1773, ""Resolution"" was the first ship to cross the Antarctic Circle and crossed twice more on the voyage. The third crossing, on 3 February 1774, was the most southerly penetration, reaching latitude 71°10′ South at longitude 106°54′ West. ""Resolution"" thus proved Alexander Dalrymple's Terra Australis Incognita to be a myth. She returned to Britain in 1775 and was then paid off. She was recommissioned in February 1776 for Cook's third voyage, which began on 12 July 1776, departing from Plymouth, England, during which ""Resolution"" crossed the Arctic Circle on 17"
"botanist Joseph Banks. With Banks, Solander joined James Cook on his expedition to Oceania on the ""Endeavour"" in 1768–71. Solander was not the only apostle to journey with James Cook; Anders Sparrman followed on the ""Resolution"" in 1772–75 bound for, among other places, Oceania and South America. Sparrman made many other expeditions, one of them to South Africa. Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was Carl Peter Thunberg, who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770. He stayed in South Africa for three years, then travelled to Japan. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the island"
"then to captain in 1706 when he was given command of , a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line. At the time Britain was at war with France. On 19 March 1707 ""Resolution"" was off the coast of Spain when she encountered six French vessels, each ranging between 58 and 80 guns. There followed an extended engagement, during which ""Resolution"" was badly damaged by French cannon fire. Mordaunt ordered the crew to run the ship aground rather than risk her capture by the French; this was achieved and she was subsequently set on fire to prevent her being refloated. The"
"HMS Resolution (1667) HMS ""Resolution"" was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Harwich Dockyard on 6 December 1667. She was one of only three third rate vessels designed and built by the noted maritime architect Sir Anthony Deane. ""Resolution"" served as the flagship in an expedition against the Barbary Corsairs in 1669 and took part in the unsuccessful attack on the Dutch Smyrna convoy, which resulted in the Third Dutch War. She was later girdled, which increased her breadth slightly, and underwent a rebuilding in 1698 - although this limited reconstruction did not"
"August 1778, and again crossed it on 19 July 1779, under the command of Charles Clerke after Cook's death. She arrived back in Britain on 4 October 1780. In 1780, ""Resolution"" was converted into an armed transport and sailed for the East Indies in March 1781. ""Sphinx"" and ""Annibal"" of Suffren's (French) squadron captured ""Resolution"" on 9 June 1782. After the action at Negapatam on 6 July 1782, ""Resolution"" sailed to Manila for wood, biscuit and rigging, and to press any seaman she found there. She then sailed on 22 July 1782 and was never seen again. On 5 June"
"existence of an unknown continent. Soon after his return from his first voyage in 1771, Commander Cook was commissioned by the Royal Society to make a second voyage in search of the supposed southern continent, Terra Australis Incognita. Cook commanded HMS ""Resolution"" on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, HMS ""Adventure"". ""Resolution"" began her career as the 462 ton North Sea collier ""Marquis of Granby"", launched at Whitby in 1770, purchased by the Royal Navy in 1771 for £4,151, and converted to naval specifications for a cost of £6,565. She was long and abeam. She was originally"
"in ""Adventure"", having replaced Shank. Furneaux was an experienced explorer, having served on Samuel Wallis's circumnavigation in ""Dolphin"" in 1766–1768. ""Resolution"" and ""Adventure"" left Plymouth on 13 July 1772 and on 17 January 1773 were the first European ships to cross the Antarctic Circle. On 8 February 1773 the two ships became separated in a fog and Furneaux directed ""Adventure"" towards the prearranged meeting point of Queen Charlotte Sound (New Zealand), charted by Cook in 1770. On the way to the rendezvous, ""Adventure"" surveyed the southern and eastern coasts of Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land), where Adventure Bay"
"Thomas Teddeman Thomas Teddeman († 13 May 1668 Old Style) was an English admiral of the 17th century. His name was also written as ""Teddiman"",""Tyddiman"" or ""Teddyman"". The early career of Thomas Teddeman is unknown; he was not a naval captain during the First Anglo-Dutch War. He was the namesake of his father, who descended from a family of ship-owners in Dover. His cousin was the naval captain Henry Teddeman. Teddeman, first serving the English Commonwealth, commanded from 1659 till 1660 the ""Tredagh"" (after the English Restoration renamed to ""HMS Resolution"") in the Mediterranean during the Anglo-Spanish War. From 31"
"at Plymouth and the two ships departed English waters on 13 July 1772. ""Resolution""'s first port of call was at Funchal in the Madeira Islands, which she reached on 1 August. Cook gave high praise to her sailing qualities in a report to the Admiralty from Funchal Roads, writing that she ""steers, works, sails well and is remarkably stiff and seems to promise to be a dry and very easy ship in the sea."" The ship was reprovisioned with fresh water, beef, fruit and onions, and after a further provisioning stop in the Cape Verde Islands two weeks later, set"
"1773. On 17 April ""Endeavour"" and ""Hound"" sailed for England with their crew. One of ""Penguin's"" crew was Bernard Penrose who wrote an account. Samuel Clayton also wrote an account. The third voyage sailed in January 1774 and her purpose was to evacuate the Falklands entirely as Britain was faced with political difficulties from the American Colonies, the French and the Spanish. The government thought that if British ships and troops were engaged in America, Spain might seize the Falklands, capturing the small garrison at Port Egmont and maybe killing some of them - this, it was feared, would trigger"
"voyage of discovery to the southern hemisphere. The two ships employed in the expedition, the ""Resolution"" and the ""Adventure"", sailed on 13 June. He also sailed in Cook's third and last voyage made with the ""Resolution"" and the ""Discovery"", which cleared the channel on 14 July 1776. This voyage, in which Cook was killed, came to an end in 1780. In 1785 Bayly was made head-master of the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, an office he continued to hold until the establishment of the Royal Naval College in 1807, when he retired on a sufficient pension. The organ in the parish"
"an outcry which might topple the government. ""Endeavour"" left England in January 1774, and sailed from the Falklands with all the British inhabitants on 23 April, leaving a flag and a plaque. ""Endeavour"" was paid off in September 1774, and in March 1775 was sold by the Navy to shipping magnate J. Mather for £645. Mather returned her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia. Once the American War of Independence had commenced, the British government needed ships to carry troops and materiel across the Atlantic. In 1775 Mather submitted ""Endeavour"" as a transport ship,"
"fearing this would upset the Spanish, she was soon renamed ""Resolution"", on 25 December 1771. She was fitted out at Deptford with the most advanced navigational aids of the day, including an azimuth compass made by Henry Gregory, ice anchors, and the latest apparatus for distilling fresh water from sea water. Her armament consisted of 12 6-pounder guns and 12 swivel guns. At his own expense Cook had brass door-hinges installed in the great cabin. It was originally planned that the naturalist Joseph Banks and an appropriate entourage would sail with Cook, so a heightened waist, an additional upper deck"
"next European to enter the strait was Captain James Cook in the ""Endeavour"" in April 1770. A talented and diligent hydrographer, Cook quickly identified the strait, but knew he had to conceal it. The Admiralty had issued its usual instructions to hide strategically important discoveries that could become security risks, such as off-shore islands from which operations could be mounted by a hostile power, at a time of intense Anglo-French rivalry. Consequently, in his journal Cook disguised his discovery with a riddle; and on his chart he drew a curtain across the truncated channel by sketching a false coastline down"
"12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years. ""Endeavour"" was largely forgotten after her epic voyage and spent the next three years sailing to and from the Falkland Islands. She was sold into private hands in 1775 and later renamed as ""Lord Sandwich""; she was hired as a British troop transport during the American War of Independence and was scuttled in a blockade of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island in 1778. Her wreck has not been precisely located but is thought to be one of a cluster of five in Newport Harbor. Relics are displayed at maritime museums worldwide,"
"""Resolution"" then in 1798 to his old ship the ""Asia"". It was on board the ""Asia"" that he received promotion to full admiral on 14 February 1799, and on which he died suddenly at sea just over a year later. His body was buried on Providence, where it had been transported by HMS ""Cleopatra"". George Vandeput Admiral George Vandeput (died 14 March 1800) was an English naval officer, the illegitimate son of Sir George Vandeput, 2nd Baronet ( – 17 June 1784) and an unknown mother. He was a midshipman on board HMS ""Neptune"" (the flagship of Sir Charles Saunders,"
"of two vastly different cultures when, in June 1770, the local Aboriginal Guugu Yimithirr tribe cautiously watched the crippled sailing ship – His Majesty's Bark ""Endeavour"" – limp up the coast seeking a safe harbour after sustaining serious damage to its wooden hull on the Endeavour Reef, south of Cooktown. The Guugu Yimithirr people saw the ""Endeavour"" beach in the calm waters near the mouth of their river, which they called ""Wahalumbaal"". The captain of the Endeavour, Lieutenant James Cook, wrote: "". . . it was happy for us that a place of refuge was at hand; for we soon"
"and a raised poop deck were built to suit Banks. This refit cost £10,080.12.9d. However, in sea trials the ship was found to be top-heavy, and under Admiralty instructions the offending structures were removed in a second refit at Sheerness, at a further cost of £882.3.0d. Banks subsequently refused to travel under the resulting ""adverse conditions"" and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son, George, replaced him. ""Resolution"" departed Sheerness on 21 June 1772, carrying 118 people, including 20 volunteers who had sailed on Cook's first voyage in HMS ""Endeavour"" in 1768–1771, and two years of provisions. She joined HMS ""Adventure"""
"be brought aboard. These were accompanied by two privately owned skiffs, one belonging to the boatswain John Gathrey, and the other to Banks. The ship was also equipped with a set of sweeps to allow her to be rowed forward if becalmed or demasted. The refitted vessel was commissioned as ""His Majesty's Bark the Endeavour"", to distinguish her from the 4-gun cutter . On 21 July 1768, ""Endeavour"" sailed to Galleon's Reach to take on armaments to protect her against potentially hostile Pacific island natives. Ten 4-pounder cannons were brought aboard, six of which were mounted on the upper deck"
"accused Hickes of threatening their soldiers' lives and of displaying ""petulancy and imprudence;"" they asked that he be confined to ""Endeavour"" and not return to shore. However Cook considered that Hickes had offered no provocation to Portuguese authorities that would justify their depriving him of his boat and command. Departing Rio, ""Endeavour"" rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific to reach Tahiti in April 1769. Hicks' abilities as a leader were tested when, three days before ""Endeavour"" was due to depart, two of her marines deserted to the mountains to stay with their Tahitian ""wives."" Cook deputised Hicks"
"""Resolution"" and John Gore assumed command of ""Discovery"". She returned to Britain under the command of Lieutenant James King, arriving back on 4 October 1780. After returning to the Nore in 1780, ""Discovery"" was fitted out as a transport at Woolwich Dockyard, serving as such between December 1780 and May 1781. She then became a dockyard craft at Woolwich, and was broken up at Chatham Dockyard in October 1797. HMS Discovery (1774) HMS ""Discovery"" was the consort ship of James Cook's third expedition to the Pacific Ocean in 1776–1780. Like Cook's other ships, ""Discovery"" was a Whitby-built collier originally named"
"were found to be infested with shipworms, which required careful removal to ensure they did not spread throughout the hull. Broken timbers were replaced and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, and repainted. Finally, the rigging and pumps were renewed and fresh stores brought aboard for the return journey to England. Repairs and replenishment were completed by Christmas Day 1770, and the next day ""Endeavour"" weighed anchor and set sail westward towards the Indian Ocean. Though ""Endeavour"" was now in good condition, her crew were not. During the ship's stay in Batavia, all but 10 of the"
"by Tobias Furneaux who had touched at Tahiti as part of James Cook's second voyage of discovery in the Pacific. He arrived in London in October 1774 and was introduced into society by the naturalist Sir Joseph Banks and became a favourite curiosity in London. Ostensibly, the third voyage was planned to return Omai to Tahiti; this is what the general public believed. On his last voyage, Cook once again commanded HMS ""Resolution"". ""Resolution"" began her career as the 462 ton North Sea collier ""Marquis of Granby"", launched at Whitby in 1770, and purchased by the Royal Navy in 1771"
"13 July and headed northwest to allow Cook to survey and name the Society Islands. Landfall was made at Huahine, Raiatea and Borabora, providing opportunities for Cook to claim each of them as British territories. An attempt to land the pinnace on the Austral Island of Rurutu was thwarted by rough surf and the rocky shoreline. On 15 August, ""Endeavour"" finally turned south to explore the open ocean for ""Terra Australis Incognita"". In October 1769, ""Endeavour"" reached the coastline of New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to do so since Abel Tasman's ""Heemskerck"" in 1642. Unfamiliar with such ships,"
"Council (appointed in July 1698), which was to govern the colony until a parliament was established, consisted of Major James Cunningham of Eickett, Daniel Mackay, James Montgomerie, William Vetch, Robert Jolly, Robert Pinkerton and Captain Robert Pennecuik (commodore of the expedition fleet). The first expedition of five ships (""Saint Andrew"", ""Caledonia"", ""Unicorn"", ""Dolphin"", and ""Endeavour"") set sail from the east coast port of Leith to avoid observation by English warships in July 1698, with around 1200 people on board. The journey around Scotland while kept below deck was so traumatic that some colonists thought it comparable to the worst parts"
"His first lieutenant was James Burney, his second John Rickman and among the midshipmen was George Vancouver. She had a crew of 70: 3 officers, 55 crew, 11 marines and one civilian. Other crew members included: Captain James Cook sailed from Plymouth on 12 July 1776. Clerke in the ""Discovery"" was delayed in London and did not follow until 1 August. On the way to Cape Town the ""Resolution"" stopped at Tenerife to top up on supplies. The ship reached Cape Town on 17 October and Cook immediately had it re-caulked because it had been leaking very badly, especially through"
"References Resolution (1793 ship) Resolution was a small American schooner, built in the Marquesas Islands in 1793 as a tender for the maritime fur trade ship ""Jefferson"". Later in 1793 she arrived at the Columbia River, becoming the fourth European vessel to enter the river. Cruised between the Columbia River and Clayoquot Sound. In March 1794 the ""Resolution"" separated from the ""Jefferson"". After several brief voyages she was captured and destroyed by Haida chief Cumshewa and his followers in 1794. All the crew but one were killed. The lone survivor was later rescued by the Boston ship ""Despatch"". The wooden"