"is commonly referred to as ""Western chess"", ""international chess"", ""orthodox chess"", ""orthochess"", and ""classic chess"". Reference aids Lists Chess Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The game is played by millions of people worldwide. Chess is believed to have originated in India sometime before the 7th century. The game was derived from the Indian game chaturanga, which is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi, janggi, and shogi. Chess reached Europe by the 9th century, due to the Umayyad conquest of"
"players. The earliest precursor of modern chess is a game called chaturanga, which flourished in India by the 6th century, and is the earliest known game to have two essential features found in all later chess variations—different pieces having different powers (which was not the case with checkers and Go), and victory depending on the fate of one piece, the king of modern chess. The original chess board was mathematically revolutionary, as reported by the infamous Wheat and chessboard problem. A common theory is that India’s development of the board, and chess, was likely due to India’s mathematical enlightenment involving"
"Chess in Europe The exact location, time and method of the entry of chess, or rather its immediate precursor Shatranj, into western Europe is unknown, however linguistic evidence suggest that it was almost certainly transmitted via the Arab world. Philological evidence points to an earlier date than archeological and literary evidence currently suggests, indicating that the game entered Europe perhaps as early as 800 AD. In the beginning chess was only played by peers at the court. The only exception is Ströbeck, known as the ""chess village"", where chess became popular among the farmers in the early 11th century already."
"infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. Thence it spread eastward and westward along the Silk Road. The earliest evidence of chess is found in the nearby Sassanid Persia around 600, where the game came to be known by the name ""chatrang"". Chatrang was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia (633–44), where it was then named ""shatranj"", with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish ""shatranj"" was rendered as ""ajedrez"" (""al-shatranj""), in Portuguese as ""xadrez"", and in Greek"
"financially. The Big Dragon plan called for the Chinese to reach world-class status by the end of the century, something that was largely achieved. The national governing body for chess is the Chinese Chess Association, which runs the country's premier chess training academy, the National Chess Center in Beijing. (See ""Chess Centres"".) Chess in its current form was developed in medieval to early modern Europe where in the 19th century modern tournament play began, and the first world chess championship was held. The most accepted view is that the direct ancestor of the game, shatranj, was transmitted by the Muslims"
"around two thousand, with the preface noting that — with creating a chess variant being relatively trivial — many were considered not sufficiently notable for inclusion. The origins of the chess family of games can be traced to the game of ""chaturanga"" during the time of the Gupta Empire in India. Over time, as the game spread geographically, modified versions of the rules became popular in different regions. In Sassanid Persia, a slightly modified form became known as ""shatranj"". Modifications made to this game in Europe resulted in the modern game. Courier chess was a popular variant in medieval Europe,"
"or add (extra time being added prior or after the move) to their time controls. Before the start of the game, either the arbiter decides, or whomever is playing Black, where the chess clock is placed. The rules of chess have evolved much over the centuries from the early chess-like games played in India in the 6th century. For much of that time the rules have varied from area to area. The modern rules first took form in Italy during the 13th century, giving more mobility to pieces that previously had more restricted movement (such as the queen and bishop)."
"a lost manuscript, but referenced in later works. The eastern migration of chess, into China and Southeast Asia, has even less documentation than its migration west. The first reference to chess, called ""Xiang Qi"", in China comes in the ""xuán guaì lù"" (玄怪录, record of the mysterious and strange) dating to about 800. Alternatively, some contend that chess arose from Chinese chess or one of its predecessors, although this has been contested. The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000, it had spread throughout Europe."
"scene. Most chess tournaments are organized and ruled according to the World Chess Federation (FIDE) handbook, which offers guidelines and regulations for conducting tournaments. Chess tournaments are mainly held in either round-robin style, Swiss system style or elimination style to determine a winning party. Although modern chess had been established since around 1475, the first tournament (in the sense of structured competitions) was in Leeds in 1841. There was a knockout tournament in London in 1849 and a tournament in Amsterdam in 1851. The first international chess tournament was held in London in 1851. The London 1851 tournament took place"
"Chess in early literature One of the most common ways for chess historians to trace when the board game chess entered a country is to look at the literature of that country. Although due to the names associated with chess sometimes being used for more than one game (for instance Xiang-qi in China and Tables in England), the only certain reference to chess is often several hundred years later than uncertain earlier references. The following list contains the earliest references to chess or chess-like games. a. 923 - at-Tabari's Kitab akhbar ar-rusul wal-muluk 79 BC - 8 BC - lifetime"
"forces (2:1 ratio) and the goal of one side was to escape to the side of the board with a King while the other side's goal was to capture him. Tafl was spread by the Vikings throughout northern Europe, including Iceland, Britain, Ireland, and Lapland. Chess was introduced to the Iberian emirate of Cordoba in 822 during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II. By the middle of the 10th century it was being played in Christian Spain, Italy and Southern Germany. By 1200, it had reached Britain and Scandinavia. Initially there were many differing local Chess games with varying rules"
"traced back to India. Modern chess developed out of this ancient Indian game - chaturaṅga – meaning four parts. Trace the history of Chess back to the Gupta Period in the 6th Century AD. From the Indian game Pachisi, Ludo has become one of the most popular games in the world, played in all cultures and among all kinds of people. And Snakes and Ladders originated from the ancient Indian game of Mokshapattam, where the squares had morals attached to them. So what are the legends and stories associated with these games which are so much a part of our"
"given the most attention to detail. In the thirteenth century, chess had been played in Europe for almost two hundred years, having been introduced into Europe by Arabs around the year 1000. The Arabs had become familiar with the game as early as the eighth century when the Islamic empire conquered Persia, where the game of chess was alleged to have been originated. It is said that a royal advisor had invented the game in order to teach his king prudence without having to overtly correct him. As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and"
"Indian chess Indian chess is the name given to a variation of chess played in India in the 18th and 19th centuries. The more ancient forms are known as chaturanga, and spread to the west via Persia in the 7th Century. There are several such variations, all quite similar to modern rules, with variants regarding castling, pawn promotion, etc. These variants were popular in India until the 1960s. The queen is called the ""Minister"" or ""General"". The knight has been called a horse since chaturanga times, and is attested to in the iconography of the modern knight. The following table"
"Cox–Forbes theory The Cox–Forbes theory is a long-debunked theory on the evolution of chess put forward by Captain Hiram Cox (1760–1799) and extended by Professor Duncan Forbes (1798–1868). The theory states that a four-handed dice-chess game (Chaturaji) was originated in India in approximately 3000 BC; and that arising from the results of certain rules, or the difficulty in getting enough players, the game evolved into a two-handed game (Chaturanga). On account of religious and legal objections in Hinduism to gambling, the dice were dropped from the game, making it a game of pure skill. The theory arose from an article"
"rejected by all serious chess historians. Notes Bibliography Cox–Forbes theory The Cox–Forbes theory is a long-debunked theory on the evolution of chess put forward by Captain Hiram Cox (1760–1799) and extended by Professor Duncan Forbes (1798–1868). The theory states that a four-handed dice-chess game (Chaturaji) was originated in India in approximately 3000 BC; and that arising from the results of certain rules, or the difficulty in getting enough players, the game evolved into a two-handed game (Chaturanga). On account of religious and legal objections in Hinduism to gambling, the dice were dropped from the game, making it a game of"
"chess or Go possess relatively simple , but have great strategic depth. Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history. A number of important historical sites, artifacts, and documents shed light on early board games such as Jiroft civilization gameboards in Iran. Senet, found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt, c. 3500 BC and 3100 BC respectively, is the oldest board game known to have existed. Senet was pictured in a fresco found in Merknera's tomb (3300–2700 BC). Also from predynastic Egypt is Mehen. Backgammon originated in ancient Persia over 5,000 years ago. Chess,"
"Rules of chess The rules of chess (also known as the laws of chess) are rules governing the play of the game of chess. While the exact origins of chess are unclear, modern rules first took form during the Middle Ages. The rules continued to be slightly modified until the early 19th century, when they reached essentially their current form. The rules also varied somewhat from place to place. Today, the standard rules are set by FIDE (""Fédération Internationale des Échecs""), the international governing body for chess. Slight modifications are made by some national organizations for their own purposes. There"
"A History of Chess The book A History of Chess was written by H. J. R. Murray (1868–1955) and published in 1913. Murray's aim is threefold: to present as complete a record as is possible of the varieties of chess that exist or have existed in different parts of the world; to investigate the ultimate origin of these games and the circumstances of the invention of chess; and to trace the development of the modern European game from the first appearance of its ancestor, the Indian chaturanga, in the beginning of the 7th century. The first part of the book"
"Shatranj Shatranj (, from Middle Persian ""chatrang "") is an old form of chess, as played in the Persian Empire. Its origins are in the Indian game of ""chaturaṅga"". Modern chess gradually developed from this game, as it was introduced to the western world via the Greeks. The Arabic word ""shatranj"" is derived from Sanskrit (; """") (""catuḥ"": ""four""; ""anga"": ""arm""), referring to the game of the same name: Chaturanga. In Middle Persian the word appears as ""chatrang"", with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, such as in the title of the text ""Mâdayân"
"""scacchi"" in Italian, ""escacs"" in Catalan, ""échecs"" in French (Old French ""eschecs""); ""schaken"" in Dutch, ""Schach"" in German, ""szachy"" in Polish, ""šahs"" in Latvian, ""skak"" in Danish, ""sjakk"" in Norwegian, ""schack"" in Swedish, ""šakki"" in Finnish, ""šah"" in South Slavic languages, ""sakk"" in Hungarian and ""şah"" in Romanian; there are two theories about why this change happened: The Mongols call the game ""shatar"", and in Ethiopia it is called ""senterej"", both evidently derived from ""shatranj"". Chess spread directly from the Middle East to Russia, where chess became known as шахматы (""shakhmaty"", literally ""checkmates"", a plurale tantum). The game reached Western"
"a river, and is not divided into squares. Chinese chess pieces are usually flat and resemble those used in checkers, with pieces differentiated by writing their names on the flat surface. An alternative origin theory contends that chess arose from xiangqi or a predecessor thereof, existing in China since the 3rd century BC. David H. Li, a translator of ancient Chinese texts, hypothesizes that general Han Xin drew on the earlier game of Liubo to develop an early form of Chinese chess in the winter of 204–203 BC. The German chess historian Peter Banaschak, however, points out that Li's main"
"Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe. Introduced into the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors in the 10th century, it was described in a famous 13th-century manuscript covering ""shatranj"", backgammon and dice named the ""Libro de los juegos"". Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape. Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines"
"man chess') in China. It is thought that ""luk tsut k'i"" was played during the time of Confucius, c. 500 BCE. Centuries later, the game was mentioned in Ovid's ""Ars Amatoria"", according to R. C. Bell. In book III (c. 8 CE), after discussing , a popular board game, Ovid wrote: There is another game divided into as many parts as there are months in the year. A table has three pieces on either side; the winner must get all the pieces in a straight line. It is a bad thing for a woman not to know how to play,"
"Empire. The oldest recorded game in chess history is a 10th-century game played between a historian from Baghdad and a pupil. A manuscript explaining the rules of the game called ""Matikan-i-chatrang"" (the book of chess) in Middle Persian or Pahlavi still exists. In the 11th-century ""Shahnameh"", Ferdowsi describes a Raja visiting from India who re-enacts the past battles on the chessboard. A translation in English, based on the manuscripts in the British Museum, is given below: The ""Shahnameh"" goes on to offer an apocryphal account of the origins of the game of chess in the story of Talhand and Gav,"
"Chaturanga Chaturanga (; """"), or ""catur"" for short, is an ancient Indian strategy game that is commonly theorized to be the common ancestor of the board games chess, ""shogi"", ""sittuyin"", ""makruk"", ""xiangqi"" and ""janggi"". Chaturanga developed in the Gupta Empire, India around the 6th century AD. In the 7th century, it was adopted as ""shatranj"" in Sassanid Persia, which in turn was the form of chess brought to late-medieval Europe. The exact rules of chaturanga are unknown. Chess historians suppose that the game had similar rules to those of its successor, shatranj. In particular, there is uncertainty as to the"
"chessmen originated in Iceland, since only in Iceland were the bishops called that at that time, while in other countries they used a name unassociated with the church. They further claim that the pieces were carved by an artist known as Margret the Adroit. However, this is disputed by Woolf, who stated that the use of bishops originated in England, and by Norwegian chess historian and member of the Ken Whyld Association Morten Lilleøren. Some historians believe that the Lewis chessmen were hidden (or lost) after some mishap occurred during their carriage from Norway to wealthy Norse towns on the"
"that the ancestor of chess was mentioned there. The game was first introduced to the West in Thomas Hyde's ""De ludis orientalibus libri duo"", published in 1694. Subsequently, translations of Sanskrit accounts of the game were published by Sir William Jones. In Arabic, most of the terminology of chess is derived directly from chaturanga: Modern chess itself is called ""chitranj"" in Arabic, and the bishop is called the elephant. The initial position is as shown. White moves first. The objective in chaturanga, the same as modern chess, is to checkmate the opponent's Raja (king). Al-Adli mentions two further differences: Chaturanga"
"of the board rather than within the squares. ""Chaturanga"" reached Europe through Persia, the Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire. Muslims carried chess to North Africa, Sicily, and Iberia by the 10th century. The game was developed extensively in Europe. By the late 15th century, it had survived a series of prohibitions and Christian Church sanctions to almost take the shape of the modern game. Modern history saw reliable reference works, competitive chess tournaments, and exciting new variants. These factors added to the game's popularity, further bolstered by reliable timing mechanisms (first introduced in 1861), effective rules, and charismatic"
"describes one version of Indian chess terminology for the various pieces (including Sanskrit pronunciations): Indian chess Indian chess is the name given to a variation of chess played in India in the 18th and 19th centuries. The more ancient forms are known as chaturanga, and spread to the west via Persia in the 7th Century. There are several such variations, all quite similar to modern rules, with variants regarding castling, pawn promotion, etc. These variants were popular in India until the 1960s. The queen is called the ""Minister"" or ""General"". The knight has been called a horse since chaturanga times,"
"history of chess, with perhaps the first game being played by Sa'id bin Jubair (665–714) in the Middle East. In Europe, playing chess blindfolded became popular as a means of handicapping a chess master when facing a weaker opponent, or of simply displaying one's superior abilities. H. J. R. Murray in his book ""A History of Chess"" recorded another type of unseen chess: two Central Asian horsemen riding side by side playing chess by calling chess moves to each other without using a board or pieces. The first known blindfold event in Europe took place in Florence in 1266. In"
"Chess (poem) Chess () is a poem written by Jan Kochanowski, first published in 1564 or 1565. Inspired by Marco Girolamo Vida's ""Scacchia Ludus"", it is a narrative poetry work that describes a game of chess between two men, Fiedor and Borzuj, who fight for the right to marry Anna, princess of Denmark. The poem anthropomorphises the pieces, presenting the game as a battle between two armies, in a style reminiscent of battle scenes in the works of Homer and Virgil. In 1912, Alexander Wagner reconstructed the game described in the poem, while Yuri Averbakh found that it has three"
"Chess pie Chess pie is a dessert characteristic of Southern United States cuisine. According to James Beard's ""American Cookery"" (1972), chess pie was brought from England originally and was found in New England as well as Virginia. A recipe similar to chess pie appears in Martha Washington’s Booke of Cookery, from the mid-17th Century. A recipe for chess pie appeared in the 1877 cookbook by Estelle Woods Wilcox, Buckeye Cookery. Chess pie is most commonly associated as a dessert of the American South. Common types of chess pie are buttermilk, chocolate, lemon, and nut. The origin of the name chess"