"Latin word order The word order of classical Latin is relatively free. Subject, Object, and Verb can come in any order; adjectives and possessives can go before or after their noun, and so on. A commonly found feature of Latin is hyperbaton, in which a phrase is split up by other words, e.g. ""Sextus est Tarquinius"" ""it is Sextus Tarquinius"". A complicating factor in Latin word order is that there are variations between the style of different authors, and also between different genres of writing; in Caesar's historical writing the verb is much more likely to come at the end"
"borrowed from the Gothic language and ultimately from Greek. The evolution of the name would have been ""καισαρ"" → ""kaisar"" → *""kēsar"" → ""Kíarr"" → ""Kiárr"". A third possibility is that it originates from contacts with Rome beside the probably early borrowing ""Rúm"" in words such as ""Rúmverjar"" (""Roman soldiers""). A less common theory is that it stems from Old Irish ""Kíarr"" or from Cearbhall of Valland (Wales). Kjárr Kjárr, or ""Kíarr"", is a figure of Norse mythology that is believed to be the reflection of the Roman Emperors. Kjárr is regarded as the Norse equivalent of Russian Tsar, etymologically"
"in 1502. However, there is no evidence that any Spanish monarch used the Byzantine imperial titles, which would have symbolically converted the king of Spain into a legitimate Emperor of Rome. In Western Europe, the Roman concept of state was continued for almost a millennium by the Holy Roman Empire whose emperors, mostly of German tongue, viewed themselves as the legitimate successors to the ancient imperial tradition (""King of the Romans"") and Rome as the capital of its Empire. The German title of ""Kaiser"" is derived from the Latin word for ""Caesar"". The word Caesar is pronounced /kae:sar/ in Classical"
"history of ""Caesar"" as an imperial title is reflected by the following monarchic titles, usually reserved for ""Emperor"" and ""Empress"" in many languages (note that the name Caesar, pronounced in English, was pronounced in Classical Latin): Germanic languages: Baltic languages: Slavic languages: Afro-Asiatic languages: Indo-Iranian languages: Kartvelian languages Turkic languages: Uralic languages: Austronesian languages: Albanian: Armenian: Romance languages In various Romance and other languages, the imperial title was rather based on the Latin Imperator (in fact a military mandate or a victory title), but Caesar or a derivation is then still used for both the name and the minor ranks"
"Caesar (title) Caesar (English Caesars; Latin ""Caesares"") is a title of imperial character. It derives from the ""cognomen"" of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about AD 68/69, the so-called ""Year of the Four Emperors"". For political and personal reasons, Octavian chose to emphasize his relationship with Julius Caesar by styling himself simply ""Imperator Caesar"" (whereto the Roman Senate added the honorific ""Augustus"", ""Majestic"" or ""Venerable"", in 27 BC), without any of the other elements of his full name. His successor as"
"word ""Caesar""), the German word for emperor. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary, successor of the Austrian Empire, would both fall in the aftermath of the First World War along with the Russian and Ottoman Empires who had both claimed succession from the Eastern Roman Empire. With junior colleagues titled Caesar listed below the reign of each emperor. Maximian was elevated to ""caesar"" by Diocletian in 285, after Diocletian defeated Carinus. He became Western Emperor in 286, with the establishment of the Tetrarchy. On 1 May 305, both Maximian and Diocletian abdicated, leaving Constantius and Galerius as emperors. Constantius Chlorus was"
"Decline of the West"". Caesar (title) Caesar (English Caesars; Latin ""Caesares"") is a title of imperial character. It derives from the ""cognomen"" of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about AD 68/69, the so-called ""Year of the Four Emperors"". For political and personal reasons, Octavian chose to emphasize his relationship with Julius Caesar by styling himself simply ""Imperator Caesar"" (whereto the Roman Senate added the honorific ""Augustus"", ""Majestic"" or ""Venerable"", in 27 BC), without any of the other elements of his full"
"Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's"". The title became ""Kaiser"" in German and Tsar or Czar in the Slavic languages. The last Tsar in nominal power was Simeon II of Bulgaria, whose reign ended in 1946. This means that for two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination, there was at least one head of state bearing his name. Suspected Children Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity, regardless of gender, to be a sign of submission or inferiority. Indeed, Suetonius says that in Caesar's Gallic triumph, his soldiers sang that,"
"Gheisari The Gheisari (Arabic قیصری) surname is falsely known to have been derived from the Latin Cæsar (plural Cæsares), is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to an imperial title can be loosely dated to AD 68/69, the so-called ""Year of the Four Emperors"". However it must be mentioned that the Gheisari version of the name, found in its Arabic and Persian forms are irrelevant from its Latin etymology due to its own etymological root from Arabic. The main branches of the Qays"
"Kjárr Kjárr, or ""Kíarr"", is a figure of Norse mythology that is believed to be the reflection of the Roman Emperors. Kjárr is regarded as the Norse equivalent of Russian Tsar, etymologically in close proximity to 'Ceasar', possibly a variation of Kvasir. In Old Norse sources, he appears as a king of the Valir (Celtic/Romance southerners) who were the people of Valland (the Celtic/Roman south). Many scholars have suggested that the name is derived from ""Caesar"", but the route it took to Scandinavia is not clear. In his ""Skáldskaparmál"", Snorri Sturluson lists Kjárr as a descendant of Auði, the founder"
"different directions in the different Slavic languages. Thus, the Bulgarian language and Russian language no longer use ""tsar"" as an equivalent of the term ""emperor""/""imperator"" as it exists in the West European (Latin) tradition. Currently, the term ""tsar"" refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like. The title of ""king"" (Russian ""korol' "", Bulgarian ""kral""- the origin of which is Charlemagne (Karl)) is sometimes perceived as alien and is by some Russian-speakers reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are"
"started to use the title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West. From about 1480, he is designated as ""imperator"" in his Latin correspondence, as ""keyser"" in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, as ""kejser"" in his correspondence with the Danish king, Teutonic Knights, and the Hanseatic League. Ivan's son Vasily III continued using these titles. Sigismund von Herberstein observed that the titles of ""kaiser"" and ""imperator"" were attempts to render the Russian term ""tsar"" into German and Latin, respectively. This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox ""Third Rome"", after the Fall of Constantinople."
"to ""imperator"", never as ""king"". The term ""tsar"" is always used to refer to the Russian rulers before Peter the Great, and very often to those succeeding. In 705 Emperor Justinian II named Tervel of Bulgaria ""Caesar"", the first foreigner to receive this title, but his descendants continued to use Bulgar title ""Kanasubigi"". The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity. However, the title ""tsar"" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent ""basileus"") was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I, following a makeshift"
"Imperator The Latin word imperator derives from the stem of the verb ""imperare"", meaning 'to order, to command'. It was originally employed as a title roughly equivalent to ""commander"" under the Roman Republic. Later it became a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen. The English word ""emperor"" derives from ""imperator"" via Old French ""Empereür"". The Roman emperors themselves generally based their authority on multiple titles and positions, rather than preferring any single title. Nevertheless, ""imperator"" was used relatively consistently as an element of a Roman ruler's title throughout the principate (derived from ""princeps"","
"a German word that is a combination of ""Kaiser"", meaning ""emperor"", which is derived from ""caesar""; and ""Pfalz"", meaning ""palace"", and itself derived from the Latin ""palatium"", meaning the same (see palace). Likewise ""Königspfalz"" is a combination of ""König"", ""king"", and ""Pfalz"", meaning ""royal palace"". Like their peers in France and England, the medieval emperors of the Holy Roman Empire did not rule from a capital city, but had to maintain personal contact with their vassals on the ground. This was so-called ""itinerant kingship""; a sort of ""travelling kingdom"" (""Reisekönigtum""). Because ""pfalzen"" were built and used by the king as"
"X expressed doubts that it would be appropriate for him to address Alexis as ""tsar"", because the word is ""barbarian"" and because it stands for an ""emperor"", a title reserved for the Holy Roman Emperor. Abbot Scarlati's opined that the term is not translatable and therefore may be used by the Pope without any harm. In order to settle the matter and to assert his imperial ambitions more clearly, Peter I the Great issued an edict that raised Russia to an empire and decreed that the Latin title Imperator should be used instead of Tsar (1721). The title tsar remained"
"""Caesar"" originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarean section (from the Latin verb to cut, ""caedere"", ""caes-""). The ""Historia Augusta"" suggests three alternative explanations: that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair (Latin ""caesaries""); that he had bright grey eyes (Latin ""oculis caesiis""); or that he killed an elephant (""caesai"" in Moorish) in battle. Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants, suggesting that he favoured this interpretation of his name. Despite their ancient pedigree, the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential, having produced only three consuls. Caesar's father, also called"
"never applied to Western European kings, whose title was transliterated from Latin ""rex"" as , or to other monarchs, for whom designations such as ""leader"", ""chieftain"" were used). As the Greek ""basileus"" was consistently rendered as ""tsar"" in Slavonic translations of Greek texts, the dual meaning was transferred into Church Slavonic. Thus, ""tsar"" was not only used as an equivalent of Latin ""imperator"" (in reference to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and to native rulers) but was also used to refer to Biblical rulers and ancient kings. From this ambiguity, the development has moved in"
"originally have been a praenomen. The suffix ""–ar"" is highly unusual for Latin, but is a common suffix in the Sabine Oscan language. The etymology of the name ""Caesar"" is still unknown and was subject to many interpretations even in antiquity, but is always associated with Descended Divinity, a title that emperors often chose to associate themselves with. Julius Caesar himself propagated the derivation from the elephant, an animal that was said to have been called ""caesai"" in the ""Moorish"", i.e. probably Punic language, thereby following the claims of his family that they inherited the cognomen from an ancestor, who"
"Specific instances of the term are often a media creation. In the United Kingdom, the term is more loosely used to refer to high-profile appointments who devote their skills to one particular area. The word 'czar' is of Balkan origin, etymologically originating from the name ""Caesar,"" as does the word 'tsar,' a title of sovereignty adopted by late Rurukid-dynasty (Ivan III and Ivan IV the Terrible in particular) rulers of Muscovy. Confusion emerged when a German traveler recorded that the ruler of Muscovy at the time was titled 'czar,' due to a linguistic mistake derived from the fact that the"
"full name ""Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus"" upon his posthumous adoption in 44 BC, and the name became fused with the imperial dignity; in this sense it is preserved in the German and Bulgarian words ""Kaiser"" and ""Tsar"" (sometimes spelled ""Czar""), both of which refer to an emperor. Compare the Hungarian, Slavic and Turkish words for ""king"", forms of """", all adapted from ""Karl"", the personal name of Charlemagne. The name of the dictator Julius Caesar—Latin script: ""CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR""—was often extended by the official filiation ""Gai filius"" (""son of Gaius""), rendered as ""Gaius Iulius Gai filius Caesar"". A longer version"
"to both westernize the Russian Empire and assert the monarchy's claim that it was the successor to the Byzantine emperors, Peter the Great imported the Latin word directly into Russian and styled himself ""imperator"" (Императоръ). The style remained the official one for all his successors down to the end of the Russian Empire in 1917, though the Russian rulers continued to be colloquially known as tsar (a word derived from ""Caesar""), which they had begun to use c. 1480 to likewise assert their contention to be the heirs to the Byzantine state (see: Third Rome.) Reigning female Russian rulers were"
"Emperors and still survive slightly changed to this date. Prince derives from ""Princeps"" and Emperor from ""Imperator"", Caesar became ""Kaiser"" (German) and ""Czar"" (Russian). The Roman Empire had been born. Once Octavian named Tiberius as his heir, it was clear to everyone that even the hope of a restored Republic was dead. Most likely, by the time Augustus died, no one was old enough to know a time before a dictator ruled Rome. The Roman Republic had been changed into a despotic régime, which, underneath a competent and strong Emperor, could achieve military supremacy, economic prosperity, and a genuine peace,"
"Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He is also known as an author of Latin prose. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as ""Populares"" were opposed by the"
"of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources. Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. His cognomen was subsequently adopted as a synonym for ""Emperor""; the title ""Caesar"" was used throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern cognates such as Kaiser or Tsar. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic works, and his political philosophy, known as ""Caesarism"" inspired politicians into the modern era. Gaius Julius Caesar was born into a patrician family, the ""gens Julia"", which claimed descent from Iulus, son"
"outstanding Greek epics, Indian epics and Kalevala, King Gesar is a brilliant pearl in the world's cultural treasure and is an important contribution made by our country to human civilization. It has been proposed on the basis of phonetic similarities that the name ""Gesar"" reflects the Roman title ""Caesar,"" and that the intermediary for the transmission of this imperial title from Rome to Tibet may have been a Turkic language, since ""kaiser"" (emperor) entered Turkish through contact with the Byzantine Empire, where Caesar (""Καῖσαρ"") was an imperial title. Some think the medium for this transmission may have been via Mongolian"
"the usage of the titles Tsar and Autocrat (""samoderzhets""). His insistence on recognition as such by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire since 1489 resulted in the granting of this recognition in 1514 by Emperor Maximilian I to Vasili III. His son Ivan IV emphatically crowned himself Tsar of Russia on 16 January 1547. The word ""Tsar"" derives from Latin Caesar, but this title was used in Russia as equivalent to ""King""; the error occurred when medieval Russian clerics referred to the biblical Jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate Roman and Byzantine rulers —"
"Caesar (Byzantine title) Caesar or kaisar () was a senior court title in the Byzantine Empire. Originally, as in the late Roman Empire (""caesar""), it was used for a subordinate co-emperor or the heir apparent, and was first among the ""awarded"" dignities. The office enjoyed extensive privileges, great prestige and power. When Alexios I Komnenos created the title of ""sebastokratōr"", ""kaisar"" became third in importance, and fourth after Manuel I Komnenos created the title of ""despotēs"", which it remained until the end of the Empire. The feminine form was ""kaisarissa"". It remained an office of great importance, usually awarded to"
"""Caesar"". On 31 October 1721, Peter I was proclaimed Emperor by the Senate. The title used was Latin """"Imperator"""", which is a westernizing form equivalent to the traditional Slavic title """"Tsar"""". He based his claim partially upon a letter discovered in 1717 written in 1514 from Maximilian I to Vasili III, in which the Holy Roman Emperor used the term in referring to Vasili. A formal address to the ruling Russian monarch adopted thereafter was 'Your Imperial Majesty'. The crown prince was addressed as 'Your Imperial Highness'. The title has not been used in Russia since the abdication of Emperor"
"Knyaz ' or ' is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times of history and different ancient Slavic lands. It is usually translated into English as prince, duke or count, depending on specific historical context and the potentially known Latin equivalents of the title for each bearer of the name. In Latin sources the title is usually translated as or , but the word was originally derived from the Proto-Germanic (king). The female form transliterated from Bulgarian and Russian is (), in Slovene, Croatian and Serbian (Serbian Cyrillic: ). In Russian, the"
"Gaius Julius Caesar (name) Gaius Julius Caesar () was a prominent name of the ""Gens Julia"" from Roman Republican times, borne by a number of figures, but most notably by the general and dictator Julius Caesar. The name ""Caesar"" probably originated from a dialect of Latium which did not share the rhotacism of the Roman dialect. (That is, the ""s"" between vowels did not change to ""r"".) Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC) (i.e., without lower case letters, ""J"", or ""U""), Caesar's name is properly rendered (the spelling"
"translated as ""king"" in English, ""roi"" in French etc.). Foreign monarchs of imperial status, both inside and outside of Europe, ancient as well as modern, are generally called ""imperator"" (император), rather than ""tsar"". In contrast, the Serbocroatian language (which can also be viewed as different languages—Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) translate """"emperor"""" (Latin ""imperator"") as ""tsar"" (""car"", цар) and not as ""imperator"", whereas the equivalent of ""king"" (""kralj"", краљ, король) is used to designate monarchs of non-imperial status, Serbian as well as foreign ancient rulers—like Latin """"rex"""". Biblical rulers in Serbian are called ""цар"" and in Croatian ""kralj"". In the modern"
"""Autokratōr Kaisar"" in a letter to Kavadh II in 628. Finally, in a law promulgated on 21 March 629, the Latin titles were dropped altogether, and the simple formula , ""faithful believer, emperor by the grace of Christ"" was used instead. The adoption of the new imperial formula has been traditionally interpreted by scholars such as Ernst Stein and George Ostrogorsky as a move indicative of the almost complete hellenization of the Empire by that point. In imperial coinage, however, Latin forms continued to be used. Only in the reign of Leo III the Isaurian (r. 717–741) did the title"