"where he rationalized the Islamic view of eschatology using reason and science to explain the events that would occur according to Islamic eschatology. He presented his rational and scientific arguments in the form of Arabic fiction, hence his ""Theologus Autodidactus"" may be considered the earliest science fiction work. Sharia () refers to the body of Islamic law. The term means ""way"" or ""path""; it is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Islamic principles of jurisprudence. Fiqh is the term for Islamic jurisprudence, made"
"Islamic state An Islamic state (, ""dawlah islāmiyyah"") is a type of government primarily based on the application of shari'a (Islamic law), dispensation of justice, maintenance of law and order. From the early years of Islam, numerous governments have been founded as ""Islamic"". However, the term ""Islamic state"" has taken on a more specific connotation since the 20th century. The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Israr Ahmed or Sayyid Qutb. Like the earlier notion of the caliphate, the modern Islamic state is rooted in Islamic law. It"
"a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic ""Sharia"" law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ""ijmā'"", or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa. The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional"
"is modeled after the rule of Muhammad. However, unlike caliph-led governments which were imperial despotisms or monarchies (Arabic: ""malik""), a modern Islamic state can incorporate modern political institutions such as elections, parliamentary rule, judicial review, and popular sovereignty. Today, many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law, wholly or in part, into their legal systems. Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions, but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Islamic states which are not Islamic monarchies are usually referred to as Islamic republics. The first Islamic State was the political entity established"
"Legal system of Saudi Arabia The legal system of Saudi Arabia is based on Sharia, Islamic law derived from the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the traditions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The sources of Sharia also include Islamic scholarly consensus developed after Muhammad's death. Its interpretation by judges in Saudi Arabia is influenced by the medieval texts of the literalist Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence. Uniquely in the Muslim world, Sharia has been adopted by Saudi Arabia in an uncodified form. This, and the lack of judicial precedent, has resulted in considerable uncertainty in the scope and content of the"
"do so through local governors. The Islamic ""Sharia"" law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ""ijmā'"", or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa. The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a ""Qadi"", or judge. Since the closing of the ""ijtihad"", or ""Gate of Interpretation, Qadis ""throughout the"
"the formal ideology of law as it is written exists alongside the informal ideology of law as it is used. The discussion on the internal and external plurality of legal systems is called sociology of law. Sources of Islamic law include the Koran, Sunnah and Ijma, but most modern Western nation states take the basis of their legal system from the Christian superpowers of old (Britain, France etc.). That is also why moral laws found in the Bible have actually been made full-fledged laws, with the initial grundnorm set far back in legal history, hence fulfilling the priority of both"
"code that had been enforced by the British Raj since the 19th century. In 1956, the elected parliament formally adopted the name ""Islamic Republic of Pakistan"", declaring Islam as the official religion. Islamic state An Islamic state (, ""dawlah islāmiyyah"") is a type of government primarily based on the application of shari'a (Islamic law), dispensation of justice, maintenance of law and order. From the early years of Islam, numerous governments have been founded as ""Islamic"". However, the term ""Islamic state"" has taken on a more specific connotation since the 20th century. The concept of the modern Islamic state has been"
"in country after country, to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions. In modern times, the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law and custom. The constitutions of certain Muslim states, such as Egypt and Afghanistan, recognise Islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia. Saudi Arabia recognises Quran as its constitution, and is governed on the basis of Islamic law. Iran has also witnessed a reiteration of Islamic law into its legal system after 1979. During the last"
"of Allah. The primary sources of sharia are the precepts set forth in the Quranic verses (ayahs), and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah. The scope of sharia includes Islamic law as interpreted by Islamic judges (qadis) with varying responsibilities for the religious leaders. For questions not directly addressed in the primary sources, sharia includes consensus of the religious scholars (""ulama"") thought to embody the consensus of the Muslim Community (""ijma""). The legal systems of Muslim countries may be grouped as: mixed systems, classical sharia systems, and secular systems. Classical sharia systems are those where"
"of the Judiciary.” Although Article 2 of the constitution the Islamic Republic states that the Republic ""is a system based on belief in ... the One God ... His exclusive sovereignty and the right to legislate"", according to one source, the new laws of the Islamic Republic ""modify the sharia"" (i.e. what Muslims believe is God's legislation) ""in three significant ways."" see Islamic banking After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, all banks had to follow Sharia banking procedures, including the forbidding of interest (riba) and the forbidding of usury. The Supreme Audit Court of Iran regulates banking and financial operations. In"
"law came from the legal scholars, this prevented the Caliph from dictating legal results. Laws were decided based on the ""Ijma"" (consensus) of the Ummah (community), which was most often represented by the legal scholars. In order to qualify as a legal scholar, it was required that they obtain a doctorate known as the ""ijazat attadris wa 'l-ifttd"" (""license to teach and issue legal opinions"") from a ""Madrasah"". In many ways, classical Islamic law functioned like a constitutional law. Practically, for hundreds of years after Rashidun Caliphate and until the twentieth century, Islamic states followed a system of government based"
"Qanun (law) Qanun is an Arabic word (, ""qānūn""; , ""kānūn"", derived from ""kanōn"", which is also the root for the modern English word ""canon""). It can refer to laws established by Muslim sovereigns, in particular the Ottoman sultans, in contrast to sharia, the body of law elaborated by Muslim jurists. It is thus frequently translated as ""dynastic law"". The idea of ""kanun"" first entered the Muslim World in the thirteenth century, as it was borrowed from the Mongol Empire in the aftermath of their invasions. The 10th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Suleiman was known in the Ottoman Empire"
"matters, and is still used in some religious communities. Islamic Sharia law is the world's most widely used religious law, and is used as the primary legal system in some countries, such as Iran and Saudi Arabia. The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined. Civil law (not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the resolution of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organizations. Law provides a source of scholarly"
"sharia plays a dominant role and is present in most areas of a nation's legal system. Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan are examples of classical sharia systems. Secular systems are those where sharia plays no role in the nation's legal system. Turkey is an example of a Muslim-majority nation with a secular system. Mixed systems are those where sharia is not dominant, but plays a significant role in one or more areas of the nation's legal system. This is observed in majority of Muslim nations. Article 222 of the Family Code of 1984 specifies sharia as the residuary source of"
"Legal system of the United Arab Emirates The judicial system in the United Arab Emirates is based on the British law, civil law system with influences from Islamic, French, Roman and Egyptian laws. Under the Constitution, each Emirate is allowed to either establish its own judiciary or to merge with the federal court system. Federal Court System The UAE federal system includes courts of first instance (trial court), courts of appeal and the court of cassation (Supreme Court). State Court System The State (or Emirate) judicial system (النظام القضائي المحلي ""local judicial system"") has also trial, appeal and cassation courts."
"white checkered headdress. Sharia, or Islamic law, is the basis of the legal system in Saudi Arabia. It is unique not only compared to Western systems, but also compared to other Muslim countries, as (according to its supporters) the Saudi model is closest to the form of law originally developed when Islam became established in the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century. The Saudi courts impose a number of severe physical punishments. The death penalty can be imposed for a wide range of offences including murder, rape, armed robbery, repeated drug use, apostasy, adultery, witchcraft and sorcery and can be"
"Neither the Government nor society in general accepts the concepts of separation of religion and state, and such separation does not exist. The legal system is based on Shari'a (Islamic law), with Shari'a courts basing their judgments largely on a code derived from the Quran and the Sunna. According to Human Rights Watch, Saudi Arabia ""systematically discriminates against its Muslim religious minorities, in particular Shia and Ismailis"", but the Government permits Shi'a Muslims to use their own legal tradition to adjudicate noncriminal cases within their community. In 2014, Saudi Arabia enacted new ""anti-terrorism"" legislation. Human Rights Watch criticized the broad"
"and especially martyrdom, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam, and that Muslims should reject the influence of both capitalism and communism with the slogan """"Neither East, nor West - Islamic Republic!"""" () To replace the shah's regime Khomeini developed the ideology of ""velayat-e faqih"" (guardianship of the jurist) as government, that Muslims – in fact everyone – required ""guardianship,"" in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. Such rule would protect Islam from deviation from traditional sharia law, and in so doing eliminate poverty, injustice, and the ""plundering"" of Muslim land"
"Sharia Sharia (), Sharia law, or Islamic law ( ) is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the term ""sharīʿah"" refers to God's immutable divine law and is contrasted with ""fiqh"", which refers to its human scholarly interpretations. It has been described as ""one of the major intellectual achievements of Islam"" and its importance in Islam has been compared to that of theology in Christianity. The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between"
"of the public and with a view to progress the State, the ‘Basic Law of Governance’ came into force on 1 March 1992. The Basic Law of Governance is a constitution-like charter in accordance with the Salafi understanding of Sharia and does not override Islamic laws. Article 26 of the Basic Law of Governance holds that ""The State shall protect human rights in accordance with the Sharia"". Sharia is the religious legal system governing the members of the Islamic faith. This article is relevant for the purposes of the HRFS in which it will use all peaceful means to advocate"
"consultative body to sit. In 1923, however, after the country's independence was declared, a new constitution provided for a parliamentary monarchy. The legal system is based on Islamic and civil law (particularly Napoleonic codes); and judicial review by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction only with reservations. Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation. Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the Ministry of Justice. The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia. In a family court, a woman's testimony is worth"
"with Iranian Revolution where the Twelver Ayatollah Khomeini and his supporters established a new theory of governance for the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is based on Khomeini's theory of guardianship of the Islamic jurist as rule of the Islamic jurist, and jurists as ""legatees"" of Muhammad. While accept this theory, it is uniquely Twelver and the basis of the constitution of Iran, the largest Shi'a Muslim country, where the Supreme Leader must be an Islamic jurist. How to associate with a religious and judicial problem that its answer is not in the Quran and hadith. Regarding Ijtihad, Halm explains"
"believe Islam is the only basis for the legal and political system that governs the world's economic, social, and judicial mechanisms. Islamic law, or sharia, must shape all aspects of human society, from politics and education to history, science, the arts, and more. It is diametrically opposed to liberal democracy. With the value placed on freedom of religion in the United States, religious extremism is a difficult and divisive topic. Dr. M. Zuhdi Jasser, president and founder of the American Islamic Forum for Democracy, testified before Congress that the United States is ""polarized on its perceptions of Muslims and the"
"the ""ijazat attadris wa 'l-ifttd"" (""license to teach and issue legal opinions"") from a ""madrasa"". In many ways, classical Islamic law functioned like a constitutional law. Democratic religious pluralism also existed in classical Islamic law, as the religious laws and courts of other religions, including Christianity, Judaism and Hinduism, were usually accommodated within the Islamic legal framework, as seen in the early Caliphate, Al-Andalus, Islamic India, and the Ottoman Millet system. Legal scholar L. Ali Khan argues that Islam is fully compatible with democracy. In his book, ""A Theory of Universal Democracy"", Khan provides a critique of liberal democracy and"
"is more known to Islamic modernists. Among them, Muhammad Abduh is especially recognized for using the concept of maslaha as the basis for reconciling modern cultural values with the traditional moral code of Islamic law in the late 19th century. The Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamic fundamentalist group, also invokes maslaha to explain their commitment to public welfare. Maslaha Maslaha or maslahah () is a concept in shari'ah (Islamic divine law) regarded as a basis of law. It forms a part of extended methodological principles of Islamic jurisprudence (""Uṣūl al-fiqh""), and denotes prohibition or permission of a thing according to necessity"
"The other six members are lawyers appointed by the head of the judiciary (who is also a cleric and also appointed by the Leader). An Islamic republic is the name given to several states that are officially ruled by Islamic laws, including the Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Mauritania. Pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 Iranian Revolution that overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty. Afghanistan adopted it in 2004 after the fall of the Taliban government. Despite having similar names the countries differ"
"modernity in the Muslim world. Most Muslim-majority countries incorporate sharia at some level in their legal framework, with many calling it the highest law or the source of law of the land in their constitution. Most use sharia for personal law (marriage, divorce, domestic violence, child support, family law, inheritance and such matters). Elements of sharia are present, to varying extents, in the criminal justice system of many Muslim-majority countries. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Brunei, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Sudan and Mauritania apply the code predominantly or entirely while it applies in some parts of Pakistan and Indonesia."
"Principles of Islamic jurisprudence Principles of Islamic jurisprudence otherwise known as Uṣūl al-fiqh () is the study and critical analysis of the origins, sources, and principles upon which Islamic jurisprudence (""fiqh"") is based. Traditionally four main sources (Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus (""Ijma""), analogical reason (""Qiyas"")) are analysed along with a number of secondary sources and principles. The main subject areas of discussion are these: ""Uṣūl al-fiqh"" comprises the conjunction of two Arabic terms, ""uṣūl"" and ""fiqh"". ""Uṣūl"" is derived from the root letters hamza, sad and lām which refers to basis. ""Fiqh"" linguistically refers to knowledge, deep understanding or comprehension. Technically"
"decrees, and plans general policies. Its jurisdictions are derived from French, Roman, Egyptian and Islamic law. There are three main branches of the court structure: civil, criminal, and sharia or Islamic (1) (the precepts are set forth in the Quranic verses and example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah). (2) Sharia or Islamic courts work alongside the civil and criminal courts. The responsibilities include civil matters between Muslims. Non-Muslims will not appear before a Sharia court in any matter due to the differences in religious beliefs. (3) Sharia or Islamic courts have the exclusive jurisdiction over family"
"the first of such written responses. Principles of Islamic jurisprudence Principles of Islamic jurisprudence otherwise known as Uṣūl al-fiqh () is the study and critical analysis of the origins, sources, and principles upon which Islamic jurisprudence (""fiqh"") is based. Traditionally four main sources (Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus (""Ijma""), analogical reason (""Qiyas"")) are analysed along with a number of secondary sources and principles. The main subject areas of discussion are these: ""Uṣūl al-fiqh"" comprises the conjunction of two Arabic terms, ""uṣūl"" and ""fiqh"". ""Uṣūl"" is derived from the root letters hamza, sad and lām which refers to basis. ""Fiqh"" linguistically refers to"
"refugees and prisoners of war; the right of asylum; conduct on the battlefield; protection of women, children and non-combatant civilians; contracts across the lines of battle; the use of poisonous weapons; and devastation of enemy territory. The Islamic legal principles of international law were mainly based on Qur'an and the Sunnah of Muhammad, who gave various injunctions to his forces and adopted practices toward the conduct of war. The most important of these were summarized by Muhammad's successor and close companion, Abu Bakr, in the form of ten rules for the Muslim army: After Sultan al-Kamil defeated the Franks during"
"and ""Madrasas"" in Islam"" and the ""European commenda"" (Islamic ""Qirad"") may have also originated from Islamic law. The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (""Qiyas"") are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. These influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for ""the common law as an integrated whole"". Fiqh Fiqh (; ) is Islamic jurisprudence. ""Fiqh"" is often described as the human understanding of the ""sharia,"" that is human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the ""Sunnah"" (the teachings and"