"a series of exercises which are similar to those taught in basic calligraphy courses, sometimes in conjunction with music or positive self-talk. Graphology Graphology (or graphoanalysis, but not ""graphanalysis"") is the analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting claiming to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics. It is generally considered a pseudoscience. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to forensic document examination, due to the fact that aspects of the latter dealing with the examination of handwritten documents are occasionally referred to as ""graphanalysis""."
"Graphemics Graphemics or graphematics is the linguistic study of writing systems and their basic components, i.e. graphemes. At the beginning of the development of this area of linguistics, Ignace Gelb coined the term ""grammatology"" for this discipline; later some scholars suggested calling it ""graphology"" to match ""phonology"", but that name is traditionally used for a pseudo-science. Others therefore suggested renaming the study of language-dependent pronunciation ""phonemics"" or ""phonematics"" instead, but this did not gain widespread acceptance either, so the terms ""graphemics"" and ""graphematics"" became more frequent. Graphemics examines the specifics of written texts in a certain language and their correspondence"
"Graph theory In mathematics, graph theory is the study of ""graphs"", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of ""vertices"", ""nodes"", or ""points"" which are connected by ""edges"", ""arcs"", or ""lines"". A graph may be ""undirected"", meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be ""directed"" from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime"
"Graphetics Graphetics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the analysis of the physical properties of shapes used in writing. It is an etic study, meaning that it has an outsider's perspective and is not concerned with any particular writing system. It is contrasted with the related emic field of graphemics, the study of the relation between different shapes in particular writing systems. Graphetics is analogous to phonetics; graphetics is to the study of writing as phonetics is to the study of spoken language. As such, it can be divided into two areas, ""visual graphetics"" and ""mechanical graphetics"", which are"
"to refer to the variable-length spacing between words. Graphemics Graphemics or graphematics is the linguistic study of writing systems and their basic components, i.e. graphemes. At the beginning of the development of this area of linguistics, Ignace Gelb coined the term ""grammatology"" for this discipline; later some scholars suggested calling it ""graphology"" to match ""phonology"", but that name is traditionally used for a pseudo-science. Others therefore suggested renaming the study of language-dependent pronunciation ""phonemics"" or ""phonematics"" instead, but this did not gain widespread acceptance either, so the terms ""graphemics"" and ""graphematics"" became more frequent. Graphemics examines the specifics of written"
"different circuits represented by a topology diminishes and in many cases the circuit is easily recognisable from the topology even when specific components are not identified. With more complex circuits the description may proceed by specification of a transfer function between the ports of the network rather than the topology of the components. Graph theory is the branch of mathematics dealing with graphs. In network analysis, graphs are used extensively to represent a network being analysed. The graph of a network captures only certain aspects of a network; those aspects related to its connectivity, or, in other words, its topology."
"clues to their unique psychological make-up Graphology is the pseudoscientific analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting purporting to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics. Graphology has been controversial for more than a century. Although supporters point to the anecdotal evidence of positive testimonials as a reason to use it for personality evaluation, most empirical studies fail to show the validity claimed by its supporters. From the perspective of statistical validity, psychometrics and positivism, criticisms of projective tests, and depth psychology tests, usually include the well-known"
"Graph drawing Graph drawing is an area of mathematics and computer science combining methods from geometric graph theory and information visualization to derive two-dimensional depictions of graphs arising from applications such as social network analysis, cartography, linguistics, and bioinformatics. A drawing of a graph or network diagram is a pictorial representation of the vertices and edges of a graph. This drawing should not be confused with the graph itself: very different layouts can correspond to the same graph. In the abstract, all that matters is which pairs of vertices are connected by edges. In the concrete, however, the arrangement of"
"Graphonomics Graphonomics is the interdisciplinary field directed towards the scientific analysis of the handwriting process, product, and other graphic skills. Researchers in handwriting recognition, forensic handwriting examination, kinesiology, psychology, computer science, artificial intelligence, paleography and neuroscience cooperate in order to achieve a better understanding of the human skill of handwriting. Research in graphonomics generally involves handwriting movement analysis in one form or another. The first international conference relating to graphonomics was held in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in July 1982. The term 'graphonomics' was used there for the first time. The second conference was held in July 1985 in Hong Kong"
"Algebraic graph theory Algebraic graph theory is a branch of mathematics in which algebraic methods are applied to problems about graphs. This is in contrast to geometric, combinatoric, or algorithmic approaches. There are three main branches of algebraic graph theory, involving the use of linear algebra, the use of group theory, and the study of graph invariants. The first branch of algebraic graph theory involves the study of graphs in connection with linear algebra. Especially, it studies the spectrum of the adjacency matrix, or the Laplacian matrix of a graph (this part of algebraic graph theory is also called spectral"
"Geometric graph theory Geometric graph theory in the broader sense is a large and amorph subfield of graph theory, concerned with graphs defined by geometric means. In a stricter sense, geometric graph theory studies combinatorial and geometric properties of geometric graphs, meaning graphs drawn in the Euclidean plane with possibly intersecting straight-line edges, and topological graphs, where the edges are allowed to be arbitrary continuous curves connecting the vertices, thus it is ""the theory of geometric and topological graphs"" (Pach 2013). A ""planar straight line graph"" is a graph in which the vertices are embedded as points in the Euclidean"
"analogous to auditory and articulatory phonetics, respectively. Both printed and handwritten language can be the subject of graphetic study. Graphetics Graphetics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the analysis of the physical properties of shapes used in writing. It is an etic study, meaning that it has an outsider's perspective and is not concerned with any particular writing system. It is contrasted with the related emic field of graphemics, the study of the relation between different shapes in particular writing systems. Graphetics is analogous to phonetics; graphetics is to the study of writing as phonetics is to the study"
"the latter type of graph is called a ""directed graph"" and the edges are called ""directed edges"". Graphs are the basic subject studied by graph theory. The word ""graph"" was first used in this sense by James Joseph Sylvester in 1878. Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures. In one very common sense of the term, a ""graph"" is an ordered pair comprising a set ""V"" of ""vertices"", ""nodes"" or ""points"" together with a set ""E"" of ""edges"", ""arcs"" or ""lines"", which are 2-element subsets of"
"Topological graph theory In mathematics, topological graph theory is a branch of graph theory. It studies the embedding of graphs in surfaces, spatial embeddings of graphs, and graphs as topological spaces. It also studies immersions of graphs. Embedding a graph in a surface means that we want to draw the graph on a surface, a sphere for example, without two edges intersecting. A basic embedding problem often presented as a mathematical puzzle is the three-cottage problem. Other applications can be found in printing electronic circuits where the aim is to print (embed) a circuit (the graph) on a circuit board"
"analysis and various measures of job performance. The use of graphology in the hiring process has been criticized on ethical grounds and on legal grounds in the United States. Graphology has been used clinically by European counselors and psychotherapists. When it is used, it is generally used alongside other projective personality assessment tools, and not in isolation. It is often used within individual psychotherapy, marital counseling, or vocational counseling. In its simplest form only sexual expression and sexual response are examined. At its most complex, every aspect of an individual is examined for how it affects the other individual(s) within"
"edges touch each other (without crossing). A topological graph is also called a ""drawing"" of a graph. An important special class of topological graphs is the class of ""geometric graphs"", where the edges are represented by ""line segments"". (The term ""geometric graph"" is sometimes used in a broader, somewhat vague sense.) The theory of topological graphs is an area of graph theory, mainly concerned with combinatorial properties of topological graphs, in particular, with the crossing patterns of their edges. It is closely related to graph drawing, a field which is more application oriented, and topological graph theory, which focuses on"
"of cycles, or decomposing a complete graph ""K"" into specified trees having, respectively, 1, 2, 3, …, edges. Some specific decomposition problems that have been studied include: Many problems involve characterizing the members of various classes of graphs. Some examples of such questions are below: Graph theory In mathematics, graph theory is the study of ""graphs"", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of ""vertices"", ""nodes"", or ""points"" which are connected by ""edges"", ""arcs"", or ""lines"". A graph may be ""undirected"", meaning that there is no distinction between"
"of multilayer printed circuit boards. Graph embeddings are also used to prove structural results about graphs, via graph minor theory and the graph structure theorem. Topological graph theory In mathematics, topological graph theory is a branch of graph theory. It studies the embedding of graphs in surfaces, spatial embeddings of graphs, and graphs as topological spaces. It also studies immersions of graphs. Embedding a graph in a surface means that we want to draw the graph on a surface, a sphere for example, without two edges intersecting. A basic embedding problem often presented as a mathematical puzzle is the three-cottage"
"Graph (discrete mathematics) In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense ""related"". The objects correspond to mathematical abstractions called ""vertices"" (also called ""nodes"" or ""points"") and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an ""edge"" (also called an ""arc"" or ""line""). Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. Graphs are one of the objects of study in discrete mathematics."
"Graph (topology) In topology, a subject in mathematics, a graph is a topological space which arises from a usual graph formula_1 by replacing vertices by points and each edge formula_2 by a copy of the unit interval formula_3 where formula_4 is identified with the point associated to formula_5 and formula_6 with the point associated to formula_7. That is, as topological spaces, graphs are exactly the simplicial 1-complexes and also exactly the one-dimensional CW complexes. Thus, in particular, it bears the quotient topology of the set under the quotient map used for gluing, where formula_9 is the 0-skeleton (consisting one point"
"Stuff"" which interviews graphologists along with their critics. He was a vocal critic of graphology which he identifies as pseudoscience similar to phrenology. According to friend and BC Skeptic co-founder Lee Muller, ""... he and his brother all but eliminated graphology from the B.C. landscape"". Lecturing at the Skeptic's Toolbox, Beyerstein stated that graphology is more popular in Europe than in America, job applicants are discouraged to turn in a non-handwritten application. After extensive investigation, graphology ""seems to rest on the notion of pareidolia'"". As a discipline, graphology ""lacks standardization in training; lack of commitment to research; absence of links"
"Graph enumeration In combinatorics, an area of mathematics, graph enumeration describes a class of combinatorial enumeration problems in which one must count undirected or directed graphs of certain types, typically as a function of the number of vertices of the graph. These problems may be solved either exactly (as an algebraic enumeration problem) or asymptotically. The pioneers in this area of mathematics were George Pólya, Arthur Cayley and John Howard Redfield. In some graphical enumeration problems, the vertices of the graph are considered to be ""labeled"" in such a way as to be distinguishable from each other, while in other"
"Diagrammatology The academic study of diagrams is a complex, disparate and yet relatively new field of study. The fundamental role played by the diagram in the communication and creation of knowledge makes Diagrammatology not only an interdisciplinary subject, but pan-historical and cross-cultural. The term Diagrammatology is often used synonymously with Diagrammatics, however Diagrammatics tends to be more common place within the fields of Mathematics (especially logic), the sciences and technology, whereas Diagrammatology is currently the term of choice for the Arts and Humanities, where it is closely associated with Charles Sanders Peirce's work on diagrammatic reasoning. In the introduction to"
"International Symposium on Graph Drawing The International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD) is an annual academic conference in which researchers present peer reviewed papers on graph drawing, information visualization of network information, geometric graph theory, and related topics. The Graph Drawing symposia have been central to the growth and development of graph drawing as a research area: as Herman et al. write, ""the Graph Drawing community grew around the yearly Symposia."" Nguyen lists Graph Drawing as one of ""several good conferences which directly or indirectly concern with information visualization"", and Wong et al. report that its proceedings ""provide a wealth"
"Evolutionary graph theory Evolutionary graph theory is an area of research lying at the intersection of graph theory, probability theory, and mathematical biology. Evolutionary graph theory is an approach to studying how topology affects evolution of a population. That the underlying topology can substantially affect the results of the evolutionary process is seen most clearly in a paper by Erez Lieberman, Christoph Hauert and Martin Nowak. In evolutionary graph theory, individuals occupy vertices of a weighted directed graph and the weight w of an edge from vertex ""i"" to vertex ""j"" denotes the probability of ""i"" replacing ""j"". The weight"
"to analyse the place of image and diagrammatic thinking in different epistemological and semiotic programs. (2005). ―Against Fantology‖, in M. Reicher and J. Marek (eds.) Experience and Analysis, Vienna: ÖBV & HPT, 153-170. Diagrammatology The academic study of diagrams is a complex, disparate and yet relatively new field of study. The fundamental role played by the diagram in the communication and creation of knowledge makes Diagrammatology not only an interdisciplinary subject, but pan-historical and cross-cultural. The term Diagrammatology is often used synonymously with Diagrammatics, however Diagrammatics tends to be more common place within the fields of Mathematics (especially logic), the"
"Extremal graph theory Extremal graph theory is a branch of the mathematical field of graph theory. Extremal graph theory studies extremal (maximal or minimal) graphs which satisfy a certain property. Extremality can be taken with respect to different graph invariants, such as order, size or girth. More abstractly, it studies how global properties of a graph influence local substructures of the graph. For example, a simple extremal graph theory question is ""which acyclic graphs on ""n"" vertices have the maximum number of edges?"" The extremal graphs for this question are trees on ""n"" vertices, which have ""n"" − 1 edges."
"epigraphical study, are many: beside all aspects of Roman history, such more restricted but still large fields as ancient jewelry, Etruscology, Italic and Latin philology, ancient pottery, comparative palaeography, Roman nomenclature, Latin verse, lexicography (including inconsistencies of spelling, the early lack of a standard orthography0, Roman architecture and prosopography, and the pronunciation of Greek as revealed by the rendering of Greek words in Latin inscriptions and of Latin words in Greek. Epigraphy Epigraphy (, ""inscription"") is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates"
"Spectral graph theory In mathematics, spectral graph theory is the study of the properties of a graph in relationship to the characteristic polynomial, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors of matrices associated with the graph, such as its adjacency matrix or Laplacian matrix. The adjacency matrix of a simple graph is a real symmetric matrix and is therefore orthogonally diagonalizable; its eigenvalues are real algebraic integers. While the adjacency matrix depends on the vertex labeling, its spectrum is a graph invariant, although not a complete one. Spectral graph theory is also concerned with graph parameters that are defined via multiplicities of eigenvalues of"
"the Nielsen–Schreier theorem. Graph (topology) In topology, a subject in mathematics, a graph is a topological space which arises from a usual graph formula_1 by replacing vertices by points and each edge formula_2 by a copy of the unit interval formula_3 where formula_4 is identified with the point associated to formula_5 and formula_6 with the point associated to formula_7. That is, as topological spaces, graphs are exactly the simplicial 1-complexes and also exactly the one-dimensional CW complexes. Thus, in particular, it bears the quotient topology of the set under the quotient map used for gluing, where formula_9 is the 0-skeleton"
"Vexillology Vexillology () is the study of the history, symbolism and usage of flags or, by extension, any interest in flags in general. The word is a synthesis of the Latin word ""vexillum"" (""flag"") and the Greek suffix ""-logia"" (""study""). A person who studies flags is a vexillologist, one who designs flags is a vexillographer, and the art of flag-designing is called vexillography. One who is a hobbyist or general admirer of flags is a vexillophile. The study of flags, or vexillology, was formalized by the U.S. scholar and student of flags Whitney Smith in 1961 with the publication of"
"Journal of Graph Theory The Journal of Graph Theory is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal specializing in graph theory and related areas, such as structural results about graphs, graph algorithms with theoretical emphasis, and discrete optimization on graphs. The scope of the journal also includes related areas in combinatorics and the interaction of graph theory with other mathematical sciences. It is published by John Wiley & Sons. The journal was established in 1977 by Frank Harary. The editors-in-chief are Paul Seymour (Princeton University) and Carsten Thomassen (Technical University of Denmark). The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index"
"Statistical graph theory is an emerging discipline which is developing sophisticated pattern recognition and inference tools to parse these brain graphs (Goldenberg et al., 2009). Connectome A connectome () is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system. The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an"