"20,000 rounds of ammunition, $89,000 and 130 grams (approximately 0.28 of a pound) of ricin, considered third amongst the world's most deadly substances. In his car were two books, one describing how to extract ricin from castor beans, and another discussing ways to poison with toxic compounds; likely the books ""Silent Death"" and another some media reports dubbed ""The Poisoner's Handbook"" and others dubbed ""The Prisoner's Handbook"". There were also reports mentioning a third book, titled ""Get Even: The Complete Book of Dirty Tricks"". Lavy explained his possession of the ricin, which he claimed to have taken from the U.S."
"carcinogen that can also cause acute liver hemorrhage and death at higher doses. Proteins can also be natural poisons or antinutrients, such as the trypsin inhibitors (discussed above) that are found in some legumes, as shown in the figure above. A less common class of toxins are toxic enzymes: these act as irreversible inhibitors of their target enzymes and work by chemically modifying their substrate enzymes. An example is ricin, an extremely potent protein toxin found in castor oil beans. This enzyme is a glycosidase that inactivates ribosomes. Since ricin is a catalytic irreversible inhibitor, this allows just a single"
"is a globular, glycosylated heterodimer of approximately 60–65 kDa. Ricin toxin A chain and ricin toxin B chain are of similar molecular weights, approximately 32 kDa and 34 kDa, respectively. While other plants contain the protein chains found in ricin, both protein chains must be present in order to produce toxic effects. For example, plants that contain only protein chain A, such as barley, are not toxic because without the link to protein chain B, protein chain A cannot enter the cell and do damage to ribosomes. Ricin B chain binds complex carbohydrates on the surface of eukaryotic cells containing"
"are found in the vast majority of plants used for human consumption, such as Rice, Maize and Barley. Ribosome-inactivating protein A ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) is a protein synthesis inhibitor that acts at the ribosome. A number of bacterial and plant toxins act by inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. The toxins of the Shiga and ricin family inactivate 60S ribosomal subunits by an N-glycosidic cleavage, which releases a specific adenine base from the sugar-phosphate backbone of 28S rRNA. Members of the family include shiga and shiga-like toxins, and type I (e.g. trichosanthin and luffin) and type II (e.g. ricin, agglutinin"
"between the Fallen Angel letters and the Dirksen building incident has been established. A $100,000 reward was offered in 2004 by the federal law enforcement agencies investigating the case, but to date the reward remains unclaimed. Ricin is a white powder that can be produced as a liquid or a crystal. Ricin is an extremely toxic plant protein that can cause severe allergic reactions, and exposure to small quantities can be fatal. The toxin inhibits the formation of proteins within cells of exposed individuals. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that 500 micrograms is the minimum"
"very toxic if inhaled, injected, or ingested. It can also be toxic if dust contacts the eyes or if it is absorbed through damaged skin. It acts as a toxin by inhibiting protein synthesis. It prevents cells from assembling various amino acids into proteins according to the messages it receives from messenger RNA in a process conducted by the cell's ribosome (the protein-making machinery) – that is, the most basic level of cell metabolism, essential to all living cells and thus to life itself. Ricin is resistant, but not impervious, to digestion by peptidases. By ingestion, the pathology of ricin"
"producing and using the deadly toxin as a weapon, and using the mail to threaten President Obama, Sen. Roger Wicker of Mississippi and Lee County Judge Sadie Holland. In May 2014, Dutschke pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 25 years in prison. April 2013 ricin letters On April 15, 2013, an envelope that preliminarily tested positive for ricin, a highly toxic protein, was intercepted at the US Capitol's off-site mail facility in Washington, D.C. According to reports, the envelope was addressed to the office of Mississippi Republican Senator Roger Wicker. On April 17, 2013, an envelope addressed to President of"
"them unsuitable for human and animal consumption unless handled properly. However, because lupin beans have potential nutritional value due to their high protein content, efforts have been made to reduce their alkaloid content through the development of ""sweet"" varieties of ""Lupinus"". Lupinine is a hepatotoxic toxin prevalent in the seeds of leguminous herbs of the genus Lupinus. Lupinine and other quinolizidine alkaloids give a bitter taste to naturally growing lupin flowers. Due to the toxicity of quinolizidine alkaloids, lupin beans are soaked overnight and rinsed to remove some of their alkaloid content. However, when the cooking and rinsing procedure is"
"Ryanodine Ryanodine is a poisonous diterpenoid found in the South American plant ""Ryania speciosa"" (Salicaceae). It was originally used as an insecticide. The compound has extremely high affinity to the open-form ryanodine receptor, a group of calcium channels found in skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and heart muscle cells. It binds with such high affinity to the receptor that it was used as a label for the first purification of that class of ion channels and gave its name to it. At nanomolar concentrations, ryanodine locks the receptor in a half-open state, whereas it fully closes them at micromolar concentration. The"
"to livestock or provided as birdseed. While some seeds are edible, others are harmful, poisonous or deadly. Plants and seeds often contain chemical compounds to discourage herbivores and seed predators. In some cases, these compounds simply taste bad (such as in mustard), but other compounds are toxic or break down into toxic compounds within the digestive system. Children, being smaller than adults, are more susceptible to poisoning by plants and seeds. A deadly poison, ricin, comes from seeds of the castor bean. Reported lethal doses are anywhere from two to eight seeds, though only a few deaths have been reported"
"less toxic PR imine. Secondary metabolites of ""P. roqueforti"", named andrastins A-D, are found in blue cheese. The andrastins inhibit proteins involved in the efflux of anticancer drugs from multidrug-resistant cancer cells. ""P. roqueforti"" also produces the neurotoxin roquefortine C. However, the levels of roquefortine c in cheese made from it is usually too low to produce toxic effects. The organism can also be used for the production of proteases and specialty chemicals, such as methyl ketones, including 2-heptanone. Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus in the genus ""Penicillium"". Widespread in nature, it can be isolated from"
"Coniine Coniine refers to a poisonous chemical compound, an alkaloid present in and isolable from poison hemlock (""Conium maculatum""), where its presence has been a source of significant economic, medical, and historico-cultural interest; coniine is also produced by the yellow pitcher plant (""Sarracenia flava""), and fool's parsley (""Aethusa cynapium""). Its ingestion and extended exposure are toxic to humans and all classes of livestock; its mechanism of poisoning involves disruption of the central nervous system, with death caused by respiratory paralysis. The biosynthesis of coniine contains as its penultimate step the non-enzymatic cyclisation of 5-oxooctylamine to γ-coniceine, a Schiff base differing"
"Blackshirts under the regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, as well as by the Spanish Civil Guard in Francoist Spain. Dissidents and regime opponents were forced to ingest the oil in large amounts, triggering severe diarrhea and dehydration, which could ultimately cause death. This punishment method was originally thought of by Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian poet and Fascist supporter, during the First World War. (""See also: Castor oil's use as a means of intimidation in Fascist Italy"") Ricinus Ricinus communis, the castor bean or castor oil plant, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It"
"Pseudaconitine Pseudaconitine, also known as nepaline (CHNO), is an extremely toxic alkaloid found in high quantities in the roots of ""Aconitum ferox"", also known as Indian Monkshood, which belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. The plant is found in East Asia, including the Himalayas. Pseudaconitine was discovered in 1878 by Wright and Luff. They isolated a highly toxic alkaloid from the roots of the plant ""Aconitum ferox"" and called it pseudaconitine. The poison is also called ""bikh"", ""bish"", or ""nabee"". Pseudaconitine is a moderate inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine through hydrolysis. Inhibition of this"
"immunogenic in mice, rabbits, and humans. It has completed two successful clinical trials. Ricin has been involved in a number of incidents. In 1978, the Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov was assassinated by Bulgarian secret police who surreptitiously shot him on a London street with a modified umbrella using compressed gas to fire a tiny pellet contaminated with ricin into his leg. He died in a hospital a few days later and his body was passed to a special poison branch of the British Ministry of Defence (MOD) that discovered the pellet during an autopsy. The prime suspects were the Bulgarian"
"when castor beans have been ingested by animals. In addition, seeds containing amygdalin—apple, apricot, bitter almond, peach, plum, cherry, quince, and others—when consumed in sufficient amounts, may cause cyanide poisoning. Other seeds that contain poisons include annona, cotton, custard apple, datura, uncooked durian, golden chain, horse-chestnut, larkspur, locoweed, lychee, nectarine, rambutan, rosary pea, sour sop, sugar apple, wisteria, and yew. The seeds of the strychnine tree are also poisonous, containing the poison strychnine. The seeds of many legumes, including the common bean (""Phaseolus vulgaris""), contain proteins called lectins which can cause gastric distress if the beans are eaten without cooking."
"Riddelliine Riddelliine is a chemical compound classified as a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. It was first isolated from ""Senecio riddellii"" and is also found in a variety of plants including ""Jacobaea vulgaris"", ""Senecio vulgaris"", and others plants in the genus ""Senecio"". Riddelliine can be found as a contaminant in foods such as meat, grains, seeds, milk, herbal tea, and honey. Riddelliine is suspected to be a carcinogen. It is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen and listed by the National Toxicology Program in its ""Report on Carcinogens"" which lists chemicals ""known or reasonably anticipated to cause cancer in humans"". Riddelliine is"
"undenatured ricin toxin.<ref name=""http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin.html""></ref> Ricin is several orders of magnitude less toxic than botulinum or tetanus toxin, but the latter are harder to come by. Compared to botulinum or anthrax as biological weapons or chemical weapons, the quantity of ricin required to achieve LD over a large geographic area is significantly more than an agent such as anthrax (tons of ricin vs. only kilogram quantities of anthrax). Ricin is easy to produce, but is not as practical or likely to cause as many casualties as other agents. Ricin is easily denatured by temperatures over meaning many methods of deploying ricin"
"the cycads, grinding the pith to a coarse flour and then washing it carefully and repeatedly to leach out the natural toxins. The starchy residue is then dried and cooked, producing a starch similar to palm sago/sabudana. The cycad seed contains cycasin toxin and should not be eaten as it is possible for cycasin toxin to survive the most vigorous of repeated washings. Cycasin toxin can cause ALS, Parkinson's, prostate cancer and fibrolemellar hepatocellular carcinoma. ""Aulacaspis yasumatsui"" is a scale insect feeding on ""C. revoluta"", and unchecked is able to destroy the plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of ""C."
"Rishitin Rishitin is a terpenoid compound, produced by some plants belonging to the Solanum family, including potato and tomato. Rishitin belongs to a heterogeneous group of anti-microbial plant defense compounds termed phytoalexins and is produced upon pathogen attack. Same as the phytoalexin capsidiol, it belongs to the group of sesquiterpenes and is as such a FPP derivative. Rishitin was named after the potato cultivar ""Rishiri"", where it was first discovered in 1968. The biosynthetic pathway of rishitin has not yet been fully elucidated, and is still an active topic of research. Currently, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of rishitin"
"confounding factors. Citrinin is a toxin that was first isolated from ""Penicillium citrinum"", but has been identified in over a dozen species of ""Penicillium"" and several species of ""Aspergillus"". Some of these species are used to produce human foodstuffs such as cheese (""Penicillium camemberti""), sake, miso, and soy sauce (""Aspergillus oryzae""). Citrinin is associated with yellowed rice disease in Japan and acts as a nephrotoxin in all animal species tested. Although it is associated with many human foods (wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats, rye, and food colored with Monascus pigment) its full significance for human health is unknown. Citrinin can"
"a wide range. In 2016, world production of green beans was 23.6 million tonnes, led by China with 79% of the total (table). World dried bean production in 2016 was 26.8 million tonnes, with Myanmar, India, and Brazil as leading producers (table). The toxic compound phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin, is present in many common bean varieties, but is especially concentrated in red kidney beans. White kidney beans contain about a third as much toxin as the red variety; broad beans (""Vicia faba"") contain 5 to 10% as much as red kidney beans. Phytohaemagglutinin can be deactivated by cooking beans for ten"
"release, his sentence called for Cutler to be placed in a mental health institution. His case is listed in the ""WMD"" section of the Senate ""Making America Safer"" report. Casey Cutler Casey Cutler (born c. 1980) was arrested on 6 June 2005, in Arizona, after sparking a full terrorism investigation and raid over his attempts to extract ricin from castor oil. Ricin cannot be made from castor oil. The recipe requires castor beans. It can be made using a recipe Cutler had downloaded from the Internet. In court, he pleaded that he was trying to manufacture the poison to protect"
"lethal dose of ricin in humans provided that exposure is from injection or inhalation. Ricin is easily purified from castor-oil manufacturing waste. It has been utilized by various states and organizations as a weapon, being most effective as an assassination weapon, notably in the case of the 1978 assassination of Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov. On January 4, 2004 new federal transportation rules took effect which directly affected the over-the-road trucking industry in the United States. The rules took effect with a 60-day grace period and were aimed at reducing fatigue related accidents and fatalities. Called the most far-reaching rule changes"
"Physostigmine Physostigmine (also known as eserine from ""éséré"", the West African name for the Calabar bean) is a highly toxic parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It occurs naturally in the Calabar bean and the Manchineel tree. The chemical was synthesized for the first time in 1935 by Percy Lavon Julian and Josef Pikl. It is available in the U.S. under the trade names Antilirium and Isopto Eserine, and as eserine salicylate and eserine sulfate. Today, physostigmine is most commonly used for its medicinal value. However, before its discovery by Sir Robert Christison in 1846, it was more prevalent"
"April 2013 ricin letters On April 15, 2013, an envelope that preliminarily tested positive for ricin, a highly toxic protein, was intercepted at the US Capitol's off-site mail facility in Washington, D.C. According to reports, the envelope was addressed to the office of Mississippi Republican Senator Roger Wicker. On April 17, 2013, an envelope addressed to President of the United States Barack Obama preliminarily tested positive for ricin. Both letters, which were mailed from Memphis, Tennessee, included the phrases ""No one wanted to listen to me before. There are still 'Missing Pieces.' Maybe I have your attention now even if"
"Persin Persin is a fungicidal toxin present in the avocado. Persin is an oil-soluble compound structurally similar to a fatty acid, and it leaches into the body of the fruit from the seeds. The relatively low concentrations of persin in the ripe pulp of the avocado fruit is generally considered harmless to humans. Negative effects in humans are primarily in allergic individuals. When persin is consumed by domestic animals through the leaves or bark of the avocado tree, or skins and seeds of the avocado fruit, it is toxic and dangerous. Consumption of the leaves and bark of the avocado"
"Annual ryegrass toxicity Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially infected annual ryegrass (""Lolium rigidum""). The toxin is produced by the bacterium ""Rathayibacter toxicus"" (formerly ""Clavibacter toxicus""), which is carried into the ryegrass by the nematode ""Anguina funesta"". ARGT was first recorded in vicinity of Black Springs, South Australia, in the 1950s and then near Gnowangerup, Western Australia, in the 1960s. The disease has spread rapidly and approximately 40,000 to 60,000 square kilometres of farmland in Western Australia, and similar areas in South Australia are now infested by the ARGT-causing organisms. Most ARGT-related"
"a toxic fatty acid derivative, persin, which in sufficient quantity can cause colic in horses and without veterinary treatment, death. The symptoms include gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, congestion, fluid accumulation around the tissues of the heart, and even death. Birds also seem to be particularly sensitive to this toxic compound. A line of premium dog and cat food, AvoDerm, uses oils and meal made from avocado meat as main ingredients. The manufacturer says the avocado's leaves and pit are the source of toxicity, and only in the Guatemalan variety of avocados, and the fruit is often eaten by"
"and severe gastrointestinal discomfort. The toxins can also have an immediate sedative effect on the cardiac muscle tissue possibly leading to cardiac arrest if introduced into the bloodstream. As few as two berries may be fatal to a child. The fruits and foliage contain ranunculine, and are often reported to contain protoanemonin. All parts of the plant contain an irritant oil that is most concentrated within the roots and berries. The roots contain β-sitosterol glucoside. There have been no reported cases of severe poisoning or deaths in North America, but children have been fatally poisoned by its European relative ""A."
"in water, ricin is not present in extracted oils. As with most proteins it breaks down after heat treatment, such as cooking or steaming, and after the oil is extracted, the resulting pomace is often used as animal feed. There is an enormous variation in sensitivity to the toxin, and a lethal dose may be as little as two-millionths of body weight. Since ricin is a protein, antibodies may be produced by inoculation, allowing resistance of up to 800 times a normal lethal dose. Ricin has been used in assassinations, a notorious case being the use of a 1.53 mm"
"a pale yellow non-edible oil, called ""argemone oil"" or ""katkar oil"", which contains the toxic alkaloids sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. Four quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine, have been isolated from the whole plant of ""Argemone mexicana"". The seed pods secrete a pale yellow latex when cut open. This argemone resin contains berberine and protopine. The seeds resemble the seeds of ""Brassica nigra"" (mustard). As a result, mustard can be adulterated by argemone seeds, rendering it poisonous. Several significant instances of katkar poisoning have been reported in India, Fiji, South Africa and other countries. The last major outbreak in"
"Ribosome-inactivating protein A ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) is a protein synthesis inhibitor that acts at the ribosome. A number of bacterial and plant toxins act by inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. The toxins of the Shiga and ricin family inactivate 60S ribosomal subunits by an N-glycosidic cleavage, which releases a specific adenine base from the sugar-phosphate backbone of 28S rRNA. Members of the family include shiga and shiga-like toxins, and type I (e.g. trichosanthin and luffin) and type II (e.g. ricin, agglutinin and abrin) ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs). All these toxins are structurally related. RIPs have been of considerable interest"