"1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson (Kelvin)]] were discussing similar postulates. Ångström also measured the emission spectrum from hydrogen later labeled the [[Balmer lines]]. In 1854 and 1855, [[David Alter]] published observations on the spectra of metals and gases, including an independent observation of the [[Balmer lines]] of hydrogen. [[Image:Kirchhoffs first spectroscope.jpg|thumb|Spectroscope of Kirchhoff and Bunsen]] The systematic attribution of spectra to chemical elements began in the 1860s with the work of German physicist [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] and chemist [[Robert Bunsen]]. Bunsen and Kirchhoff applied the optical techniques of Fraunhofer, Bunsen's [[Bunsen burner|improved flame source]] and a highly systematic experimental procedure to a"
"Bunsen burner A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both. In 1852 the University of Heidelberg hired Bunsen and promised him a new laboratory building. The city of Heidelberg had begun to install coal-gas street lighting, and so the university laid gas lines to the new laboratory. The designers of the building intended to use"
"based on the same principle exist. The most important alternatives to the Bunsen burner are: Bunsen burner A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both. In 1852 the University of Heidelberg hired Bunsen and promised him a new laboratory building. The city of Heidelberg had begun to install coal-gas street lighting, and so the university"
"known about the inventor behind it. Mark Benson (engineer) Mark Benson (born Mark Müller) was a Bohemian German engineer, best known as the inventor of a supercritical boiler. Benson was born in the Sudetenland, and his original name was Müller (he changed his name during World War I to hide his German origin). He emigrated to the United States, then returned to Europe to work for the English Electric Company in Rugby. For ""English Electric"" he designed a relatively small steam generator (3 tons/hr), but with—for the time—very high pressure (supercritical) and without any drum. In 1922 Benson was granted"
"Mark Benson (engineer) Mark Benson (born Mark Müller) was a Bohemian German engineer, best known as the inventor of a supercritical boiler. Benson was born in the Sudetenland, and his original name was Müller (he changed his name during World War I to hide his German origin). He emigrated to the United States, then returned to Europe to work for the English Electric Company in Rugby. For ""English Electric"" he designed a relatively small steam generator (3 tons/hr), but with—for the time—very high pressure (supercritical) and without any drum. In 1922 Benson was granted a patent for this type of"
"patented in 1856 by the gas engineer R. W. Elsner. The Bunsen/Desaga design succeeded in generating a hot, sootless, non-luminous flame by mixing the gas with air in a controlled fashion before combustion. Desaga created adjustable slits for air at the bottom of the cylindrical burner, with the flame igniting at the top. By the time the building opened early in 1855 Desaga had made 50 burners for Bunsen's students. Two years later Bunsen published a description, and many of his colleagues soon adopted the design. Bunsen burners are now used in laboratories all around the world. The device in"
"principle applies with outdoor patio heaters or ""mushroom heaters"" which act as giant Bunsen burners. Beginning in 1881 the burner's flame was used to heat a structure made of asbestos, a design patented by Sigismund Leoni, a British engineer. Later, fire clay replaced the asbestos because it is easier to mould. Modern gas heaters still work this way although using other refractory material. Modern gas heaters have been further developed to include units which utilize radiant heat technology, rather than the principles of the Bunsen burner. This form of technology does not spread via convection, but rather, is absorbed by"
"burner they each turned the flame a different colour. Copper burned green, strontium red and potassium lilac – Bunsen wondered if every element had a unique colour. Bunsen was joined in his research by Gustav Kirchhoff. Kirchhoff used the concept of the dispersion of white light by a prism in the invention of the spectroscope, a device with a prism at its centre which split the light from Bunsen's flames into distinct bands of its constituent colours – the element's spectral lines. Kirchhoff and Bunsen realised these spectral lines were unique to each element, and, using this technique they discovered"
"a special gas burner by 1855, which was influenced by earlier models. The newer design of Bunsen and Desaga, which provided a very hot and clean flame, is now called simply the ""Bunsen burner"", a common laboratory equipment. There had been earlier studies of the characteristic colors of heated elements, but nothing systematic. In the summer of 1859, Kirchhoff suggested to Bunsen that he should try to form prismatic spectra of these colors. By October of that year the two scientists had invented an appropriate instrument, a prototype spectroscope. Using it, they were able to identify the characteristic spectra of"
"the gas not just for illumination, but also in burners for laboratory operations. For any burner lamp, it was desirable to maximize the temperature and minimize luminosity. However, existing laboratory burner lamps left much to be desired not just in terms of the heat of the flame, but also regarding economy and simplicity. While the building was still under construction in late 1854, Bunsen suggested certain design principles to the university's mechanic, Peter Desaga, and asked him to construct a prototype. Similar principles had been used in an earlier burner design by Michael Faraday, as well as in a device"
"Rumford furnace A Rumford furnace is a kiln for the industrial scale production in the 19th century of calcium oxide, popularly known as quicklime or burnt lime. It was named after its inventor, Benjamin Thompson, also known as Count Rumford, and is sometimes called a Rüdersdorf furnace after the location where it was first built and from where the design rapidly spread throughout Europe. Rumford’s innovation was to separate the combustion chambers for the limestone and the fuel. In previous designs, the fuel (traditionally wood or charcoal, later coal) was mixed with the limestone before burning, which meant that the"
"flame temperatures than the Bunsen burner. Teclu burner The Teclu burner is a laboratory gas burner, a variant of the Bunsen burner, named after the Romanian chemist Nicolae Teclu. It can produce a hotter flame than a Bunsen burner. The lower part of its tube is conical, with a round screw nut below its base. The gap, set by the distance between the nut and the end of the tube, regulates the influx of the air in a way similar to the open slots of the Bunsen burner. The Teclu burner provides better mixing of air and fuel, which is"
"investigation of Iceland's volcanoes. Bunsen's work brought him quick and wide acclaim, partly because cacodyl, which is extremely toxic and undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air, is so difficult to work with. Bunsen almost died from arsenic poisoning, and an explosion with cacodyl cost him sight in his right eye. In 1841, Bunsen created the Bunsen cell battery, using a carbon electrode instead of the expensive platinum electrode used in William Robert Grove's electrochemical cell. Early in 1851 he accepted a professorship at the University of Breslau, where he taught for three semesters. In late 1852 Bunsen became the successor"
"with a Bunsen burner, the lower part of its tube has more openings with larger total cross-section, admitting more air and facilitating better mixing of air and gas. The tube is wider, and its top is covered with a plate mesh, which separates the flame into an array of smaller flames with a common external envelope, ensures uniform heating, and also preventing flashback to the bottom of the tube, which is a risk at high air-to-fuel ratios and limits the maximal rate of air intake in a Bunsen burner. The flame burns without noise, unlike the Bunsen or Teclu burners."
"Sylvanus Bowser Sylvanus Freelove Bowser (8 August 18543 October 1938) was an American inventor who is widely credited with inventing the automobile fuel pump. Bowser Avenue in his hometown of Fort Wayne, Indiana is named after him. Bowser, marketed his patented kerosene pump starting in 1885. The introduction of automobiles, mainly powered by gasoline, led him to develop it into the ""Self-Measuring Gasoline Storage Pump"", launched in 1905. Bowser's invention operated with a manual suction pump, which dispensed the gasoline into the car through a flexible hose. The 50-gallon metal storage tank, housed in a wooden cabinet, could be set"
"to be smaller in size. It was discovered that the flame would burn brighter if straight metal was mixed with other components, such as porcelain. Flat burners were invented mainly to evenly distribute gas and light to the systems. The fishtail burner is a relative to the flat burner but it managed to create a brighter flame and conducted less heat. The last burner that was experimented with was the Welsbach burner. Around this time the Bunsen burner was in use along with some forms of electricity. The Welsbach was based on the idea of the Bunsen burner, still using"
"of ash and quicklime could be separately optimized according to need, and all these operations could take place simultaneously. Rumford furnace A Rumford furnace is a kiln for the industrial scale production in the 19th century of calcium oxide, popularly known as quicklime or burnt lime. It was named after its inventor, Benjamin Thompson, also known as Count Rumford, and is sometimes called a Rüdersdorf furnace after the location where it was first built and from where the design rapidly spread throughout Europe. Rumford’s innovation was to separate the combustion chambers for the limestone and the fuel. In previous designs,"
"Robert Swanson (inventor) Robert Swanson (1905–1994) was a Canadian researcher and developer, and is credited with the invention of the first five and six-chime air horns for use on locomotives. Swanson had worked as the chief engineer of a company called Victoria Lumber Manufacturing in the 1920s, when he developed a hobby for making steam whistles for locomotives. Eventually, Swanson designed and built a large steam whistle for the mill where he worked. He also built the Heritage Horns that were on the old BC Hydro building that play the first four chords of ""O Canada"" at noon every day."
"Davy Medal had included people as diverse as Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, the inventor of the Bunsen burner, and Albert Ladenburg, who suggested the existence of the compound prismane. In 2006, his research into the reactivity of noble gases was designated jointly by the American Chemical Society and the Canadian Society for Chemistry (CSC) as an International Historic Chemical Landmark at the University of British Columbia in recognition of its significance, ""fundamental to the scientific understanding of the chemical bond."" Bartlett was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Chemistry every year between 1963 and 1966 but did not get the Prize."
"concerning legislation and awareness can largely be traced back to the Cuyahoga River fire of June 22, 1969. Thomas Edison, a native of Milan, is widely regarded as a father of the modern industrialized world and the originator of mass-energy generation and distribution concepts, as well as the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Another Ohio-native, Charles F. Brush is said to have invented the first electric dynamo, resulting in the present-day United Kingdom-based Brush Electrical Machines. Arthur Compton, of Wooster, invented the fluorescent light tube and was a pioneer in the study of atomic energy. The Ohio oil and natural"
"boiler. In 1924, Siemens acquired the right to use Benson's patent, and in 1926–27 built the first large Benson boiler in Berlin-Gartenfeld. Siemens improved the technology and developed it as an internationally acknowledged standard for large steam generators. Since 1933 (until today) Siemens do not manufacture their own Benson boilers any more, but instead license the technology to others. After his patent, Mark Benson did not make any further public appearances, but Siemens continued to use ""Benson"" as a registered trademark for this successful type of boiler, so the name is renowned worldwide in boiler engineering, although relatively little is"
"went aboard the fjord steamer D/S ""Ullensvang"" in Odda. The next morning the boat arrived in Bergen and he had disappeared. The cause of his disappearance remains unknown. Albert Johan Petersson Albert Johan Petersson (6 February 1870-18/19 August 1914) was a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist. He is most known as the developer of the ""Alby-furnace"" for producing of Calcium carbide and as the first director of the carbide and cyanamide factories in Odda in Norway. He was born in Landskrona, Sweden and probably died during a boat trip between Odda and Bergen. Albert Petersson was married to the German"
"Rezin Bowie Rezin Pleasant Bowie (September 8, 1793 – January 17, 1841) was a planter, inventor, and mercenary. He also served three terms in the Louisiana House of Representatives. Bowie's surname was pronounced to rhyme with the French ""Louis"" (/ˈbuːiː/ boo-ee). (Although some works refer to the alternate pronunciation /ˈboʊ.i/ bo-ee. (""v."" James ""Jim"" Bowie) With his brother James ""Jim"" Bowie, Rezin Bowie smuggled slaves and worked as a land speculator. The brothers set up the first steam-powered sugar mill in Louisiana. Bowie took credit for inventing the Bowie knife, which came to prominence when used by James in the"
"what is now the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. Bunsen was the youngest of four sons of the University of Göttingen's chief librarian and professor of modern philology, Christian Bunsen (1770–1837). Sources disagree on Robert Bunsen's exact birth date. His parish register, as well as two ""curricula vitae"" handwritten by Bunsen himself, support the claim that 30 March 1811 is Bunsen's true birth date; however, many later sources cite 31 March as the date. According to his biographer Georg Lockemann, Bunsen himself celebrated his birthday on the 31st in his later years. Lockemann nevertheless regarded the 30th as the"
"Battery Works. The relationship between Shutz and his executor was a long-standing one: on 14 June 1566 Barty had sent a letter from Sluys to Sir William Cecil, recommending Schutz, who was 'coming to England to establish battery and wire works'. Christopher Schutz Christopher Schutz (1521–1592) also commonly known in England as Jonas Schutz, was a German-born metallurgist who worked in England for several decades. He built England's first blast furnace at Tintern, and was one of the principal assayers of the worthless ore brought from Baffin Island by Sir Martin Frobisher. Christopher Schutz, born in Annaberg, Saxony, was the"
"1860, Bunsen was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1877, Robert Bunsen together with Gustav Robert Kirchhoff were the first recipients of the prestigious Davy Medal ""for their researches & discoveries in spectrum analysis"". Bunsen was one of the most universally admired scientists of his generation. He was a master teacher, devoted to his students, and they were equally devoted to him. At a time of vigorous and often caustic scientific debates, Bunsen always conducted himself as a perfect gentleman, maintaining his distance from theoretical disputes. He much preferred to work quietly in his"
"Picini near Florence, Italy. Neilson died in Florence, Italy on 8 July 1889, aged 69 years. ontgomerie Neislon Obituary] Walter Montgomerie Neilson Walter Montgomerie Neilson (28 November 1819 – 8 July 1889) was a noted Scottish locomotive and marine engineer and manufacturer. He was born in Glasgow, the son of James Beaumont Neilson, inventor of the hot blast furnace. Walter was trained as an engineer in the Oakbank Foundry run by his uncle John Neilson. He also worked in the St Rollox Engine Works in Glasgow. He was a President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland and"
"Jr.'s obituary, his father, Joseph Green Butler, was a ""widely known iron manufacturer and blast furnace expert"". His grandfather, Joseph Butler, established the first blast furnace in central Pennsylvania. When Butler was still a child, his family relocated to Niles, Ohio, where he attended a village school along with future president William McKinley. Butler became involved in the iron business at the age of 30. In time, his industrial activities centered on Youngstown, Ohio, where he became a pivotal figure in the community's transition from iron to steel production. In 1892, he joined local industrialist Henry Wick in the organization"
"Teclu burner The Teclu burner is a laboratory gas burner, a variant of the Bunsen burner, named after the Romanian chemist Nicolae Teclu. It can produce a hotter flame than a Bunsen burner. The lower part of its tube is conical, with a round screw nut below its base. The gap, set by the distance between the nut and the end of the tube, regulates the influx of the air in a way similar to the open slots of the Bunsen burner. The Teclu burner provides better mixing of air and fuel, which is what allows it to achieve higher"
"oil burner in 1885. President Ronald Reagan officially proclaimed 1985 to be ""Oil Heat Centennial Year"" to posthumously honor Burrell. He was a Republican and served as Presidential Elector for New York, in the Presidential Election of 1896. David H. Burrell David Hamlin Burrell (1841 - 1919) was an American industrialist, inventor, and philanthropist based in Little Falls, New York. He achieved prominence through improvements and inventions related to the dairy industry during the late 19th- and early 20th centuries. He developed most of his inventions at his Overlook estate at Little Falls. There he invented a seamless cheese bandage,"
"Albert Johan Petersson Albert Johan Petersson (6 February 1870-18/19 August 1914) was a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist. He is most known as the developer of the ""Alby-furnace"" for producing of Calcium carbide and as the first director of the carbide and cyanamide factories in Odda in Norway. He was born in Landskrona, Sweden and probably died during a boat trip between Odda and Bergen. Albert Petersson was married to the German born Leonie Witt, daughter of professor (1853–1915) in Berlin. Together they had two children, both born in Odda. Claus was born in 1907. On 18 August 1914 Petersson"
"Herbert Akroyd Stuart Herbert Akroyd-Stuart (28 January 1864, Halifax, Yorkshire, England – 19 February 1927, Halifax) was an English inventor who is noted for his invention of the hot bulb engine, or heavy oil engine. Akroyd-Stuart had lived in Australia in his early years. He was educated at Newbury Grammar School (now St. Bartholomew's School) and Finsbury Technical College on Cowper Street. He was the son of Charles Stuart, founder of the Bletchley Iron and Tinplate Works, and joined his father in the business in 1887. In 1885, Akroyd Stuart accidentally spilt paraffin oil (kerosene) into a pot of molten"
"Christopher Schutz Christopher Schutz (1521–1592) also commonly known in England as Jonas Schutz, was a German-born metallurgist who worked in England for several decades. He built England's first blast furnace at Tintern, and was one of the principal assayers of the worthless ore brought from Baffin Island by Sir Martin Frobisher. Christopher Schutz, born in Annaberg, Saxony, was the son of Christoph Schutz (born 1505) of Chemnitz. His mother's name is unknown. He learned his craft in mines in the Erzgebirge. About 1563 he received an invitation to work in England. William Humfrey (d.1579), who had been appointed Assay Master"