"were assigned to duty in the theater of operations in Japan and Okinawa. Records regarding American women serving in the Vietnam War are vague. However, it is recorded that 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC, and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff. ""Frontiero v. Richardson"", , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which decided that benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex. In 1974, the first six women aviators earned"
"Shōgun The was the military dictator of Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868 (with exceptions). The shōgunate was their administration or government. In most of this period, the ""shōguns"" were the ""de facto"" rulers of the country, although nominally they were appointed by the Emperor as a ceremonial formality. The ""shōguns"" held almost absolute power over territories through military means. Nevertheless, an unusual situation occurred in the Kamakura period (1199–1333) upon the death of the first ""shōgun"", whereby the Hōjō clan's hereditary titles of ""shikken"" (1199–1256) and ""tokusō"" (1256–1333) dominated the shogunate as dictatorial positions, collectively known as"
"Kamakura shogunate The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, ""Kamakura bakufu"") was a Japanese feudal military government of imperial-aristocratic rule that ruled from 1185 to 1333. The heads of the government were the ""shōguns"". The first three were members of the Minamoto clan. The next two were members of the Fujiwara clan. The last six were minor Imperial princes. These years are known as the Kamakura period. The period takes its name from the city where the Minamoto shōguns lived. After 1203, the Hōjō clan held the office of ""shikken"". In effect, the ""shikken"" governed in the name of the ""shōguns"". Before"
"abdicate on 30 April 2019. The role of the Emperor of Japan has historically alternated between a largely ceremonial symbolic role and that of an actual imperial ruler. Since the establishment of the first shogunate in 1199, the Emperors of Japan have rarely taken on a role as supreme battlefield commander, unlike many Western monarchs. Japanese Emperors have nearly always been controlled by external political forces, to varying degrees. In fact, between 1192 and 1867, the ""shōguns"", or their ""shikken"" regents in Kamakura (1203–1333), were the ""de facto"" rulers of Japan, although they were nominally appointed by the Emperor. After"
"Shōgun (novel) Shōgun is a 1975 novel by James Clavell. It is the first novel (by internal chronology) of the author's Asian Saga. A major best-seller, by 1990 the book had sold 15 million copies worldwide. Beginning in feudal Japan some months before the critical Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, ""Shōgun"" gives an account of the rise of the ""daimyō"" ""Toranaga"" (based upon the actual Tokugawa Ieyasu). Toranaga's rise to the shogunate is seen through the eyes of the English sailor John Blackthorne, called ""Anjin"" (""Pilot"") by the Japanese, whose fictional heroics are loosely based on the historical exploits of"
"Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa Shogunate, also known as the and the , was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1600 and 1868. The head of government was the ""shōgun"", and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period. This time is also called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern (). Following the Sengoku period (""warring states period""), the central government had been largely re-established by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi–Momoyama period. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central"
"1192, the Emperor declared Yoritomo ""seii tai-shōgun"" (; ""Eastern Barbarian Subduing Great General""), abbreviated ""shōgun"". Later (in Edo period), the word ""bakufu"" (; originally means a general's house or office, literally a ""tent office"") came to be used to mean a government headed by a shogun. The English term ""shogunate"" refers to the ""bakufu"". Japan remained largely under military rule until 1868. Legitimacy was conferred on the shogunate by the Imperial court, but the shogunate was the ""de facto"" rulers of the country. The court maintained bureaucratic and religious functions, and the shogunate welcomed participation by members of the aristocratic"
"the child emperor, rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces, and most members and generals of the Taira clan followed them in despair. Antoku came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami (""god of water”). This crucial battle was a cultural and political turning point in Japanese history: Minamoto Yoritomo became the first Shōgun, or military ruler, of Japan. Dan-no-ura marked the beginning of seven centuries during which Japan was ruled by warriors and Shōguns instead of Emperors and aristocrats. Heikegani Heikegani were used by Carl Sagan in his popular science television series """" as an example of"
"voices. Following the formation of this ""political clique"", there was a new current of thought among militarists, industrialists and landowners that emphasized a desire to return to the ancient shogunate system, but in the form of a modern military dictatorship with new structures. It was organized with the Japanese Navy and Japanese Army acting as clans under command of a supreme military native dictator (the ""shōgun"") controlling the country. In this government, the Emperor was covertly reduced in his functions and used as a figurehead for political or religious use under the control of the militarists. The failure of various"
"II, American Army General Douglas MacArthur became Japan's ""de facto"" ruler during the years of occupation. So great was his influence in Japan that he has been dubbed the ""Gaijin Shōgun"" (). Today, the head of the Japanese government is the Prime Minister; the usage of the term """"shōgun"""" has nevertheless continued in colloquialisms. A retired Prime Minister who still wields considerable power and influence behind the scenes is called a , a sort of modern incarnation of the cloistered rule. Examples of ""shadow ""shōguns"" are former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and the politician Ichirō Ozawa. The term ""bakufu"" (幕府,"
"primary connections between the Kamakura ""shōguns"" and their successors. Numerous other family links existed as the various clans and cadet branches were heavily interrelated through marriage. Kamakura shogunate The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, ""Kamakura bakufu"") was a Japanese feudal military government of imperial-aristocratic rule that ruled from 1185 to 1333. The heads of the government were the ""shōguns"". The first three were members of the Minamoto clan. The next two were members of the Fujiwara clan. The last six were minor Imperial princes. These years are known as the Kamakura period. The period takes its name from the city where"
"competition included the Emperor and the court aristocracy, the remnants of the imperial governmental systems, the ""daimyōs"", the ""shōen"" system, the great temples and shrines, the ""sōhei"", the ""shugo"" and ""jitō"", the ""jizamurai"" and early modern ""daimyō"". Each shogunate reflected the necessity of new ways of balancing the changing requirements of central and regional authorities. Shōgun The was the military dictator of Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868 (with exceptions). The shōgunate was their administration or government. In most of this period, the ""shōguns"" were the ""de facto"" rulers of the country, although nominally they were appointed by"
"Shogun (2006 board game) Shogun is a strategy board game designed by Dirk Henn and published by Queen Games in 2006. It is based on his earlier game ""Wallenstein"", but it is set in the Sengoku period, which ends with the inception of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Japan during the Sengoku or “Warring States” Period: each player assumes the role of a great Daimyo with all his troops. Each Daimyo has the same 10 possible actions to develop his kingdom and secure points. To do so he must deploy his armies with great skill. Each round, the players decide which of"
"of a specialized fighting class. Lords required the loyal services of vassals, who were rewarded with fiefs of their own. The fief holders exercised local military rule. Once Minamoto Yoritomo had consolidated his power, he established a new government at his family home in Kamakura. He called his government a ""bakufu"" (幕府, tent government), but because he was given the ancient high military title ""Sei-i Taishōgun"" by the Emperor, the government is often referred to in Western literature as the shogunate. Yoritomo followed the Fujiwara form of house government and had an administrative board , a board of retainers ,"
"the . The ""shōguns"" during this 134-year period met the same fate as the Emperor and were reduced to figurehead status until a coup d'état in 1333, when the ""shōgun"" was restored to power in the name of the Emperor. ""Shōgun"" is the short form of , the individual governing the country at various times in the history of Japan, ending when Tokugawa Yoshinobu relinquished the office to Emperor Meiji in 1867. The tent symbolized the field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary. The ""shōgun""s officials were collectively the ""bakufu"", and were those"
"Shogun around the time of the Boshin War in 19th century Japan, 300 years after the events of the original game in a clash of traditional Samurai culture with the power of modern weaponry. There are six new playable clans (Satsuma, Tosa, and Choshu, Imperial and Aizu, Nagaoka, and Jozai Shogunate) plus four DLC clans (Tsu, Saga, Obama, and Sendai), supporting either the Imperial throne or the Tokugawa Shogunate. Also portrayed in a limited role are Britain, United States and France, with all of whom trade deals can be struck (given the proper infrastructure), and from whom Marines can be"
"list: Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, Ezer Weizman, Ehud Barak, Shaul Mofaz, Moshe Dayan, Yitzhak Mordechai, and Amram Mitzna). In parallel with 20th-century German militarism, Japanese militarism began with a series of events by which the military gained prominence in dictating Japan's affairs. This was evident in 15th-century Japan's ""Sengoku"" period or ""Age of Warring States"", where powerful samurai warlords (""daimyōs"") played a significant role in Japanese politics. Japan's militarism is deeply rooted in the ancient samurai tradition, centuries before Japan's modernization. Even though a militarist philosophy was intrinsic to the shogunates, a nationalist style of militarism developed after the Meiji"
"who governed castles without resident nobles acquired considerable powers, and the position actually became a hereditary fiefdom. In Spain during the Middle Ages and the early renaissance, Hereditary Commanders from noble houses were responsible for the managing the defense and leading the military forces of some cities. For example, Don Luis de Soto, was the Hereditary Commander of Cádiz during the British attack on that city in 1625. ""Shōgun"" is a traditional rank and historical title for Hereditary Commanders of military forces in Japan. The Japanese word is made up of two kanji words: ""shō"", meaning ""commander"", ""general"", or ""admiral"","
"a military government headed by the ""shōguns"" who governed the country in the name of the Emperor. The Emperor at this time had become a mere figurehead, secluded in his palace in Kyoto. Factors in the outbreak of severe repression of Christianity in Japan certainly included the fear of the Shoguns of all foreign influence. Contributory were the quarrels between Christian denominations, and imprudent acts of foreign navigators. Born in León, Spain, Antonio Gonzalez entered the Dominican Order at the age of 16. His favorite saint was St. Peter of Verona, the protomartyr of the Dominican order, thus his religious"
"One long-standing line of political opinion was ""sonnō jōi"" (meaning, ""revere the emperor, expel the barbarians""). Loyalists (particularly in Chōshū Domain) in Kyoto began to rebel. In response, the Tokugawa shogunate formed the on October 19, 1862. The Rōshigumi was a squad of 234 ""rōnin"" (""samurais"" without masters) drawn from the sword schools of Edo. The squad's nominal commander was the hatamoto Matsudaira Katamori, and their leader was Kyokawa Hachirō, a ""rōnin"" from Shōnai Domain. The Rōshigumi's mission was to protect Tokugawa Iemochi, the 14th ""shōgun"", during an important trip to Kyoto to meet with the Emperor Kōmei. There had"
"the wigs officers from Chōshū, and the ""black bear"" (黒熊, ""koguma"") wigs officers from Satsuma. Boshin War The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution, was a civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial Court. The war found its origins in dissatisfaction among many nobles and young samurai with the shogunate's handling of foreigners following the opening of Japan during the prior decade. Increasing Western influence in the economy led to a decline similar to other Asian countries at the time."
"From 1192 to 1867, sovereignty of the state was exercised by the ""shōguns"", or their ""shikken"" regents (1203–1333), whose authority was conferred by Imperial warrant. When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese (see ""Nanban period""), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the Emperor with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the ""shōgun"" to secular European rulers (e.g., the Holy Roman Emperor). In keeping with the analogy, they even used the term ""Emperor"" in reference to the ""shōguns"" and their regents, e.g. in the case of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, whom missionaries called ""Emperor"
"Skilled in mounted combat and archery (kyūdō), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions; the most well-known of which was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro. Though this is the first known use of the title ""shōgun"", it was a temporary title and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th centuries), the Imperial Court officials considered them to be merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court. Ultimately, Emperor Kanmu disbanded his army. From this time, the emperor's power gradually declined. While the emperor was"
"execution."" —Minamoto no Yoshitsune At the end of the twelfth century events far away in eastern Japan led to the establishment of Japan's first military government, the Kamakura shogunate, which, during the initial stages at least, ran in tandem with the old imperial administration. The wars surrounding the birth of this new regime saw the Kikuchi clan coalesce into a powerful warrior league, or bushidan. In 1181–82, their leader Kikuchi Takanao, joined with Ogata Koreyoshi of Bungo, another important local warrior, in rebellion against the Taira, which converted them into de facto allies of Minamoto Yoritomo, founder of the Bakafu."
"on their relationship with the five elders and the five commissioners, but there is no document that gives evidence that the Five Elders were actually called as ""Go-Tairo"". The word ""Tairo"" (Japanese: 大老) was the name of the highest position that was temporarily a higher position than ""Roju"" (Japanese: 老中), under the Tokugawa Shogunate. It is believed that the Five Elders were referred to as the ""Go-Tairo"" after the title of ""Tairo"" was created in the Edo Period. Tokugawa Ieyasu (Japanese: 徳川 家康) was the founder and first ""shōgun"" of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from"
"of winning the title Shogun. In 1988, ""Shogun"" won the Origins Awards for ""Best Pre-20th Century Boardgame of 1987"" and ""Best Graphic Presentation of a Boardgame of 1987 "". Each player controls a number of daimyō, or generals, who command an army. Other forces on the board represent militia and garrisons. Players also have the option of hiring ronin (mercenaries). There is also a ninja, principally used as an assassin against enemy daimyō. Units include samurai swordsmen and bowmen, and ashigaru spearmen and gunners. Income, called koku, is derived from control of territories. Players attempt to destroy their rivals in"
"office, however, and the real political power rested in the hands of the Shogun, the military commander and dictator of the nation. The nation is currently in the midst of a Byzantine civil war between various feudal factions and has not had much contact with outsiders. The official Kozakuran state religion is known as the faith of the Eight Million Gods (an analog for Japanese Shinto), which involved worship of a host of animistic nature deities and spirits including a sun goddess and the Emperor of Kozakura himself, who was believed to have descended from a divine ancestry related to"
"in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597. Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son and used his position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, Ieyasu defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed ""shōgun"" by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo (modern Tokyo). The shogunate enacted measures including ""buke shohatto"", as a code of conduct to control the autonomous ""daimyōs""; and in 1639 the isolationist ""sakoku"" (""closed country"") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries"
"Empire of Japan officially came to an end and the modern State of Japan was founded. Sŏn'gun (often transliterated ""songun""), North Korea's ""Military First"" policy, regards military power as the highest priority of the country. This has escalated so much in the DPRK that one in five people serves in the armed forces, and the military has become one of the largest in the world. ""Songun"" elevates the Korean People's Armed Forces within North Korea as an organization and as a state function, granting it the primary position in the North Korean government and society. The principle guides domestic policy"
"Edo , also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. It was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period, it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world and home to an urban culture centered on the notion of a ""floating world"". From the establishment of the Tokugawa ""bakufu"" headquarters at Edo, the town became the ""de facto"" capital and center of political power, although Kyoto remained the formal capital of the country. Edo grew from what had been a small,"
"Edo , also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. It was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period, it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world and home to an urban culture centered on the notion of a ""floating world"". From the establishment of the Tokugawa ""bakufu"" headquarters at Edo, the town became the ""de facto"" capital and center of political power, although Kyoto remained the formal capital of the country. Edo grew from what had been a small,"
"Buke shohatto The , commonly known in English as the Laws for the Military Houses, was a collection of edicts issued by Japan's Tokugawa shogunate governing the responsibilities and activities of ""daimyō"" (feudal lords) and the rest of the samurai warrior aristocracy. These formed the basis of the ""bakuhan taisei"" (shogunate-domains system) which lay at the foundation of the Tokugawa regime. The contents of the edicts were seen as a code of conduct, a description of proper honorable ""daimyō"" behavior, and not solely laws which had to be obeyed. By appealing to notions of morality and honor, therefore, the shogunate"
"the shogunate, and thus Japan: ""tokusō"", ""shikken"", and ""rensho"". Shikken The was a titular post, officially a regent of the shogunate, from 1199 to 1333, or during the Kamakura period, therefore it was head of the ""bakufu"" (shogunate). It was part of the era referred to as . During roughly the first half of that period, the ""shikken"" was the de facto military dictator of Japan (not including the independent Northern Fujiwara). The title of ""shikken"" was modified, as second in command to the ""Tokusō"" beginning in 1256, but by the Muromachi period (1333–1573) the position, though not abolished, did"