"same function as crampons. Crampons date back to the Vikings, from around 800AD till 1100AD. The crampons were found in the town of Öde in Medelpad, Sweden. It was examined in 1939. The crampon is located in the Government History Museum in Sweden. Scandinavian crampon A Scandinavian crampon is a rubber contraption with small spikes underneath it. They are used to avoid sliding on slippery surfaces such as ice and snow. The crampons are attached to footwear with either rubber straps on the heel or on the toes that covers the whole sole. Not to be mistaken for crampons used"
"Sweden and Finland. In Britain, the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th, although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar. A person born on February 29 may be called a ""leapling"", a ""leaper"", or a ""leap-year baby"". In non-leap years, some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1, while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date, February 29. The effective legal date of a leapling's birthday in non-leap years varies between jurisdictions. In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, when a person born on February 29 turns 18, they"
"days, and caused heavy travel disturbances, especially for trains. Worst hit was Bornholm, Denmark on 23 December, which got all roads unpassable for days, which meant that arriving visitors had to celebrate Christmas in schools or hotels, Bornholm got to 130 cm snow in December 2010, the deepest snow cover on record in Denmark's weather history. In January, the temperatures in Sweden were warmer than normal, Malmö had 0 °C, Stockholm −3 °C and Luleå -11 °C on average. South Sweden had 0–1 °C above normal, but south Norrland had 2–4 °C above normal. The snow cover mostly remained in"
"Treaty of Stettin (1630) The Treaty of Stettin ( or ""Fördraget i Stettin"") or Alliance of Stettin () was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War. Concluded on 25 August (O.S.) or 4 September 1630 (N.S.), it was predated to 10 July (O.S.) or 20 July 1630 (N.S.), the date of the Swedish Landing. Sweden assumed military control, and used the Pomeranian bridgehead for campaigns into Central and Southern Germany. After the death of the last Pomeranian duke in 1637, forces of the Holy Roman Empire invaded"
"Norway ""Julenissen"" and Sweden ""Jultomten"", personally meets children and gives presents in the evening of Christmas Eve. In Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Quebec, Romania, Uruguay, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the Czech Republic, Christmas presents are opened mostly on the evening of the 24th – following German tradition, this is also the practice among the British Royal Family since it was introduced by Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort – while in Italy, the United States, the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, English"
"Swedish Pomerania Swedish Pomerania (; ) was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from 1630 to 1815, situated on what is now the Baltic coast of Germany and Poland. Following the Polish War and the Thirty Years' War, Sweden held extensive control over the lands on the southern Baltic coast, including Pomerania and parts of Livonia and Prussia (""dominium maris baltici""). Sweden, present in Pomerania with a garrison at Stralsund since 1628, had gained effective control of the Duchy of Pomerania with the Treaty of Stettin in 1630. At the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Treaty of Stettin"
"of winter. Such bonfires are also organised by others towns and villages throughout Luxembourg around the same time, although they only last an evening. In Iceland, bonfires are traditional on New Year's Eve, and on 6 January, which is the last day of the Icelandic Christmas season. In Norway and Denmark, large bonfires are lit on 23 June to celebrate ""Jonsok"" or ""St Hansaften"" the evening before John the Baptist's birthday. As many other traditions in Scandinavia, St. Hans is believed to have a pagan origin, the celebration of mid summer's eve. In Sweden Walpurgis Night is celebrated on 30"
"Scandinavia in the 1530s, and Scandinavia soon became one of the heartlands of Lutheranism. Catholicism almost completely vanished in Scandinavia, except for a small population in Denmark. The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. The Danes and then Swedes intervened at various points to protect their interests. The Danish"
"they followed the false order and left Åland on 20 February. As the White Finland found out about the Swedish conduct, they gave a strict objection. The Swedish government now had to convince that their purpose was not to join the islands to Sweden, but only to protect the Swedish-speaking people of Åland. On 19 February, ""HSwMS Sverige"" and ""HSwMS Oscar II"" carrying a company from the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment arrived at Åland to press the Soviets in leaving the islands. The Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet still tried to avoid the armed conflict and on 22 February"
"all the country during this month. In February, the temperatures in Sweden were again colder than normal, Malmö had −1 °C, Stockholm −5 °C and Luleå -16 °C on average. South Sweden had 0–2 °C below normal, but north Norrland had 3–5 °C below normal. There was a storm on 8 February over Skåne and neighbourhood with a sustained wind of up to 30 m/s. The temperature reached −42.6 °C in Nikkaluokta, the coldest in Sweden this winter. November started with very high temperatures across Estonia, temperatures rose up to 13 °C, but a week later a cold front crossed"
"off. Christmas Hurricane of 1902 The Christmas Hurricane of 1902 (, ) was a strong European windstorm which struck Denmark and Sweden on 25 December 1902. In Sweden, it hit Scania, parts of southern Kronoberg County and the west coast of Sweden. Circa 50 fishermen were killed, while very few people on land were killed. Material damages, were measured in millions of Swedish crowns as of 1902, were reported. The storm destroyed, among other things, open-air baths in Varberg, Mölle and Malmö (one in Ribersborgsstranden - the Ribersborgs open-air bath, and one in Sibbarp), and the Örgryte Church tower spire"
"Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – but is also very strongly observed in Poland, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Netherlands, Flanders, Ireland, parts of the United Kingdom (Cornwall especially), France, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Ukraine, other parts of Europe, and elsewhere – such as Canada, the United States, Puerto Rico, and also in the Southern Hemisphere (mostly in Brazil, Argentina and Australia). In Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Quebec (Canada), the traditional Midsummer day, June 24, is a public holiday. So it was formerly also in Sweden and Finland, but in these countries it was, in the 1950s, moved to"
"(Warthe) (now Gorzow), Frankfurt served to protect the Swedish army's rear when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden proceeded further into Central Germany. Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus started to intervene in the Thirty Years' War by supporting Stralsund against Wallenstein in 1628, and landed in Pomerania in June 1630. With the central parts of the Duchy of Pomerania, Sweden had gained a bridgehead in the Holy Roman Empire's northeasternmost corner, while the rest of the empire was occupied by forces of the Catholic League and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Except for Magdeburg, which had allied with Sweden on 1 August, the"
"6, a status which it was finally granted in 2005, removing Whit Monday as a public holiday. The Name days in Sweden calendar is also denoted. It has a long history, originally a calendar of saints, some names have stuck throughout centuries while others have been modernized. There are instances where official holidays, de facto half days, official flagdays and other observances clash and several celebrations may run concurrently. One such case is the April 30 which is immediately followed by May 1. April 30 is a de facto half day because it is the Walpurgis Night and the main"
"to 11 days. Sweden finally adopted the solar portion of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, when Wednesday, 17 February, was followed by Thursday, 1 March. Since Finland was under Swedish rule at that time, it did the same. The Russian Empire's 1809 conquest of Finland did not revert this, since autonomy was granted, but government documents in Finland were dated in both the Julian and Gregorian styles. This practice ended when independence was gained in 1917. Through enactment of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Great Britain and its colonies (including the eastern part of what is now the United"
"of Sweden. Other members of the Royal Family may also represent the country abroad at lesser functions. Many of the flag days in Sweden have direct royal connections; among them are the name days of the King (28 January), the Queen (8 August), and the Crown Princess (12 March); the birthdays of the King (30 April), the Queen (23 December), and the Crown Princess (14 July); and Gustavus Adolphus Day (), on 6 November, in memory of King Gustavus Adolphus, who was killed on that date (old style) in 1632 in the Battle of Lützen. None of these flag days"
"Christmas Hurricane of 1902 The Christmas Hurricane of 1902 (, ) was a strong European windstorm which struck Denmark and Sweden on 25 December 1902. In Sweden, it hit Scania, parts of southern Kronoberg County and the west coast of Sweden. Circa 50 fishermen were killed, while very few people on land were killed. Material damages, were measured in millions of Swedish crowns as of 1902, were reported. The storm destroyed, among other things, open-air baths in Varberg, Mölle and Malmö (one in Ribersborgsstranden - the Ribersborgs open-air bath, and one in Sibbarp), and the Örgryte Church tower spire fell"
"Swedish calendar The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated nominally astronomically from 1740 to 1844. In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between"
"tip of Gotland, with small ice-free areas on either side, and the east coast of the Baltic Sea was covered by an ice sheet about wide all the way to Gdańsk. This was brought about by a stagnant high-pressure area that lingered over central and northern Scandinavia from around 10 to 24 February. After this, strong southern winds pushed the ice further into the north, and much of the waters north of Gotland were again free of ice, which had then packed against the shores of southern Finland. The effects of the afore-mentioned high-pressure area did not reach the southern"
"for Norway. Sweden and the Winter War The Winter War was fought in the four months following the Soviet Union's invasion of Finland on November 30, 1939. This took place three months after the German invasion of Poland that triggered the start of World War II in Europe. Sweden did not become actively involved in the conflict, but did indirectly support Finland. The Swedish Volunteer Corps provided 9,640 officers and men that saw action in some of the bloodiest parts of the war such as the Battle of Tali-Ihantala. The Swedish Voluntary Air Force also provided 25 aircraft that destroyed"
"the site. Olsok Olsok (""Olaf's Wake"" or ""Olaf's Vigil"") is a national day of celebration in the Nordic countries of Norway and the Faroe Islands, and also in the provinces of Härjedalen in Sweden and Savonlinna in Finland. King Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway is remembered as Rex perpetuus Norvegiae, the Eternal King of Norway. July 29 is traditionally the date of the death of King Olaf at the Battle of Stiklestad, east of Nidaros (Trondheim), Norway, in 1030. King Olaf's martyrdom at Stiklestad appears to have contributed decisively to establishing Christianity throughout the nation of Norway. King Olaf was"
"Olsok Olsok (""Olaf's Wake"" or ""Olaf's Vigil"") is a national day of celebration in the Nordic countries of Norway and the Faroe Islands, and also in the provinces of Härjedalen in Sweden and Savonlinna in Finland. King Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway is remembered as Rex perpetuus Norvegiae, the Eternal King of Norway. July 29 is traditionally the date of the death of King Olaf at the Battle of Stiklestad, east of Nidaros (Trondheim), Norway, in 1030. King Olaf's martyrdom at Stiklestad appears to have contributed decisively to establishing Christianity throughout the nation of Norway. King Olaf was subsequently canonized"
"Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Gustav II Adolf (9/19 December 1594 – 6/16 November 1632, O.S./N.S.), widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 who is credited for the founding of Sweden as a great power (). He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great (, ) by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634."
"Gustavus Adolphus Day Gustavus Adolphus Day (Swedish: ""Gustav Adolfsdagen"") is celebrated in Sweden and some other countries on 6 November in memory of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who was killed on that date (old style) in 1632 at the Battle of Lützen in the Thirty Years' War. The day is named for the king and is a general flag day in Sweden and in Finland. The day was formerly celebrated with torchlight processions and patriotic speeches. Today what remains is mainly the consumption of the Gustavus Adolphus pastry (""Gustav Adolfs-bakelse"" in Swedish) on this day, with a chocolate or"
"of Sweden had landed in the Duchy of Pomerania and concluded an alliance with Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, the Treaty of Stettin (1630). Yet, Sweden found no other ally except for the free imperial city of Magdeburg. From the Pomeranian bridgehead, Gustavus Adolphus advanced further south into Brandenburg in early January 1631. A Franco-Swedish alliance had been prepared since the Truce of Altmark in 1629 and agreed on in the Treaty of Västerås on 5 March 1630. On 23 January 1631, French and Swedish negotiators reached an agreement in Brandenburgian Bärwalde (now Mieszkowice) near Pomeranian Greiffenhagen (now Gryfino). The"
"Treaty of Frederiksborg The Treaty of Frederiksborg () was a treaty signed at Frederiksborg Castle, Zealand, on 3 July 1720 (14 July 1720 according to the Gregorian calendar), ending the Great Northern War between Denmark-Norway and Sweden. Their Danish-Swedish part of the conflict began in 1700 but peace was restored the same year. Denmark rejoined the war in 1709 in a campaign to regain their lost provinces, Scania, Blekinge and Halland. However the Swedish general Magnus Stenbock managed to defend the provinces without presence of the king, Charles XII. On other fronts Sweden was not so lucky, primarily at the"
"some Swedish volunteers participated in the Winter War and in the Continuation War against the Soviet Union. After Denmark and Norway were invaded on 9 April 1940, Sweden and the other remaining Baltic Sea countries became enclosed by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, then on friendly terms with each other as formalized in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The lengthy fighting in Norway resulted in intensified German demands for indirect support from Sweden, demands that Swedish diplomats were able to fend off by reminding the Germans of the Swedes' feeling of closeness to their Norwegian brethren. With the conclusion of hostilities"
"the polar circle. Nowhere on mainland Europe is this definition met. On the Norwegian territory of Svalbard, however, civil polar night lasts from about 11 November until 30 January. Dikson, in Russia, experiences civil polar night for approximately a month. During dense cloud cover places like the coast of Finnmark (about 70°) in Norway will get a darker ""day"". On the Canadian territory of Pond Inlet, Nunavut however civil polar night lasts from about 16 December until 26 December. During the nautical polar night period, there is no trace of daylight, except around midday. It happens when there is no"
"low of . With means below Dalälven (the boundary between Svealand and Norrland) being between and in most cases the heavy snowfall was a larger issue. Westerlies mixed with the colder than usual air made snowfall abundant during the low-pressure systems' resurgence on the west coast. Although no February precipitation records were broken, an unusual amount of what fell came as snow in the southerly part of the country, where winter highs normally are above freezing. The frequent snowfall caused havoc for rail transport, with severe delays and cancellations of many lines. The night of February 22 was among the"
"Islands, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Catalonia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, and Switzerland. The date is also a public holiday in those countries that celebrate Boxing Day on the day in addition to or instead of Saint Stephen's Day, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. In the Republic of Ireland, the day is one of nine official public holidays. In Irish, it is called ' or ', meaning the Wren Day. When used in this context, ""wren"""
"the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, February 29 was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further reductions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older"
"Treaty of Bärwalde The Treaty of Bärwalde (; ; ) of 23 January 1631 was a treaty concluding an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the Kingdom of France during the Thirty Years' War, shortly after Sweden had invaded Northern Germany then occupied by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor's forces. The treaty obliged Sweden to maintain an army of 36,000 troops, and France to fund the Swedish army with an annually 400,000 Reichsthalers. Sweden, which had already intervened in the 1628 Siege of Stralsund, started its campaign in the Holy Roman Empire in 1630. The invasion began when Gustavus Adolphus"
"30-year war, but his successor Frederick III commenced war against Sweden. Copenhagen was occupied and Swedes sought to invade Møn by walking across the ice from Zealand. This was prevented by the islanders, who maintained a three-mile long opening in the ice to stop the invasion force. However, in May 1659, 3,000 Swedes invaded from the island of Bogø against a force of 500 defenders. Stege was occupied, the town hall and 300 farms destroyed, the island looted and the harvest lost. At the end of the war, in 1660, the island's population was reduced to 670. Frederick III introduced"