"in the baroque style. The end of the reign of Louis XV also brought to prominence the first artist to paint in the neoclassical style, Joseph Marie Vien, who painted scenes of Rome inspired by the discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii. Vien became the last holder of the title of first painter of the King, which he held from 1789 to 1791. Jean Peyron was another neoclassicist in the early Louis XVI reign. Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun was noted for her portraits of the royal family and nobility, including of Marie Antoinette and her children. The most prominent neoclassicist by"
"Louis XVI. On 6 June 1769, Louis Philippe married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon at the chapel of the Palace of Versailles. She was the daughter of his cousin, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre, one of the richest men in France. Since it was certain that his wife would become the richest woman in France upon the death of her father, Louis Philippe was able to play a political role in court equal to that of his great-grandfather Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who had been the Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Louise"
"Louis XVI, and later became a maréchal de camp and lieutenant général (1780). His first marriage, on 25 February 1764, was to Adélaïde de Hautefort. They had one child, Armand Emmanuel (1766–1822). His second marriage, on 20 April 1776, was to Marie-Antoinette de Galliffet. They had two children : Antoine de Vignerot du Plessis Louis ""Antoine"" Sophie de Vignerot du Plessis, 4th Duke of Richelieu (4 February 1736 – 1791), was a French nobleman and general. He was known by the courtesy title of Duke of Fronsac before 1788. He also held the titles of Prince de Mortagne, Marquis du"
"Louis XVI by English author Jean Plaidy. Louise Julie is one of the central characters in Sally Christie's ""The Sisters of Versailles"" (Simon&Schuster 2015), a novel about Louis XV and the notorious Mailly-Nesle sisters. Louise Julie de Mailly Louise Julie de Mailly-Nesle, comtesse de Mailly (1710–1751) was the eldest of the five famous ""de Nesle"" sisters, four of whom would become the mistress of King Louis XV of France. She was his mistress from 1732 until 1742. Louise Julie was born the eldest daughter of Louis de Mailly, marquis de Nesle et de Mailly, Prince d'Orange (1689 - 1767), and"
"future Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette of Austria in 1770; she would have preferred another match for the ""Dauphin"", and continued to belong to the opposition of Marie Antoinette after her arrival to France. In 1776, she resigned from her position during an mass exodus of older nobles from the court because of Queen Marie Antoinette's disdain for formal court etiquette. She resigned her post in favour of her niece, the Princess of Guéméné. She resided at her ""hôtel"" on the rue Neuve Saint Augustine in Paris. In 1777, Marie Louise used her influence with King Louis XVI to have"
"of Louis XIV. The marriage was solemnized by proxy in the King's Chapel at the Louvre, on Sunday, 17 April 1661. It was a marriage fraught with tribulation. Marguerite Louise eventually abandoned Tuscany for the Convent of Montmartre. Together, they had three children: Ferdinando in 1663, Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine, in 1667, and Gian Gastone, the last Medicean ruler of Tuscany, in 1671. In later life, he attempted to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as the universal heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it because Tuscany was an imperial fief, and he felt"
"Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror. After a strict Catholic upbringing, she developed an interest in the arts and sciences early in life. Contemporaries described her as tall, beautiful and self-conscious. On 15 April 1844, she married Prince Luitpold in Florence. Luitpold's father Ludwig I of Bavaria initially opposed Luitpold's marriage plans, since Auguste was already showing symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis before the marriage (the disease of which she finally died aged only 39). They had four children (with whom she always spoke Italian), including Ludwig III of Bavaria, and she was a great support for Luitpold in"
"Louis XIV of France wife Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy in 1684. She used the Vigna when she could. Most of the present décor of the Vigna is from her lifetime. Her husband was the King of Sicily from 1713 till 1720, when he exchanged Sicily with Sardinia. From then on, the building was known as ""Villa della Regina"" (""Villa of the Queen""). It was here Anne Marie died in 1728. Anne Marie's eldest daughter Maria Adelaide came here and tried to recreate it at Versailles at the ""Ménagerie"". Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg, daughter in law of Anne Marie, did"
"Anne of Austria Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg, was queen of France as the wife of Louis XIII, and regent of France during the minority of her son, Louis XIV, from 1643 to 1651. During her regency, Cardinal Mazarin served as France's chief minister. Accounts of French court life of her era emphasize her difficult marital relations with her husband, her closeness to her son Louis XIV, and her disapproval of her son's marital infidelity to her niece and daughter-in-law Maria Theresa. Born at the Palace of"
"ten miles east from the center of Paris. The same year, his son Louis Philippe, married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, heiress to the fortune of her father, the Duke of Penthièvre. Louis Philippe had wanted his son to have a prestigious marriage with the Polish princess Maria Kunigunde, the youngest daughter of Augustus III of Poland and Maria Josepha, Archduchess of Austria. Princess Maria Kunigunde was the sister of the deceased Dauphine of France (1731–1767), mother of Louis XVI. It was the King Louis XV who opposed this marriage on the pretence that the princess was too old for"
"12 June 1775, Clothilde attended the coronation of her brother Louis XVI in Reims. On 8 August, the ambassador of Sardinia, count de Viry, presented the official proposal to Clothilde from Charles Emmanuel, and on the 16th, the official engagement was announced to the royal court. On 21 August 1775, Louis XVI had his sister Clotilde married in Versailles by procuration to Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, eldest son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, with her second eldest brother the count of Provence as proxy for the groom, and with Cardinal de la"
"the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne were restored to their pre-war status and returned their lands. Louis and his wife Maria Theresa of Spain had six children from the marriage contracted for them in 1660. However, only one child, the eldest, survived to adulthood: Louis, ""le Grand Dauphin"", known as ""Monseigneur"". Maria Theresa died in 1683, whereupon Louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion. Despite evidence of affection early on in their marriage, Louis was never faithful to Maria Theresa. He took a series of mistresses, both official and unofficial. Among the better documented"
"Marie Thérèse of France Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), ""Madame Royale"", was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11). She was married to Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, who was the eldest son of the future Charles X, her father's younger brother; thus the bride and groom were also first cousins. After her marriage, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême. She became the Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the"
"was never officially acknowledged (although sometimes widely known). Thus, the wife never publicly shared in her husband's titles, rank, or coat of arms. The lower-ranked spouse, male or female, could only receive from the royal spouse what property the king allowed. In secret marriage, Louis XIV wed his second wife, Madame de Maintenon, in 1683 (she was nearly 50, so no children were likely); Louis the Grand Dauphin wed Marie Émilie de Joly de Choin in 1695; Anne Marie d'Orléans (""La Grande Mademoiselle"") wed Antoine, Duke de Lauzun in 1682; and Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans wed the Marquise"
"in 1720. Isabelle de Ludres Marie-Elisabeth de Ludres, known as Isabelle de Ludres, chanoinesse de Poussay (1647 in Ludres – 28 January 1726 in Nancy), was a French noble (""marquise""), lady-in-waiting, canoness (""chanoinesse""), and royal mistress of Louis XIV of France in 1675-76. Daughter of Jean de Ludres and Claude de Salles and introduced at the court of Lorraine in Poussay. In 1662, she was engaged to Duke Charles IV of Lorraine, who had been banned by the Pope for deserting his spouse Nicolette of Lorraine for Beatrice de Cousance, but the engagement was broken when he married Marie Louise"
"Ernestine Lambriquet Ernestine de Lambriquet born ""Marie-Philippine Lambriquet"" (31 July 1778- 31 December 1813), was the adopted daughter of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. She was born in Versailles as the daughter of Jacques Lambriquet and Marie-Philippine Noiret. Her father was a servant to the king's brothers and her mother was a chamber maid at the royal palace of Versailles. She was regarded to have a physical resemblance to the king and to his daughter Marie Thérèse of France, and there have been unconfirmed speculations that she was the illegitimate daughter of Louis XVI of France."
"had been. Madame de Ventadour was renowned for having saved the infant Louis XV's life. Louis XV subsequently named his fourth daughter ""Marie Adélaïde"" in his mother's honour. The Dauphine was the subject of a statue held at the Louvre in which she posed as the Roman goddess Diana which was crafted by Antoine Coysevox in 1710. Marie Adélaïde of Savoy Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was the wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans."
"until her marriage to Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1587–1637). The most famous holder of this honorific was King Louis XVI of France's eldest daughter, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte (1778–1851), the only one of his immediate family to survive the French Revolution. She later married her cousin, Louis-Antoine, duc d'Angoulême (1775–1844), and played a prominent role during the Bourbon Restoration. The style ""Madame Royale"" was not regulated by any other code than that of etiquette. Its very simplicity, however, was considered more desirable than being known more formally as ""Son Altesse Royale"" (""Your Royal Highness"") in conversation. The style was customarily held"
"Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. Named regent of France for Louis XV until Louis attained his majority on 15 February 1723, the period of his ""de facto"" rule was known as the Regency (1715–1723). He died at Versailles in 1723. He is also referred to as ""le Régent"". In March 1661, his father married his first cousin Princess Henrietta Anne of England, known as ""Madame"" at court. The marriage was stormy; Henrietta was a famed beauty, sometimes depicted as flirtatious by those at the court of Versailles. Nonetheless, the marriage produced three children: Marie Louise d'Orléans, future queen of"
"Isabelle de Ludres Marie-Elisabeth de Ludres, known as Isabelle de Ludres, chanoinesse de Poussay (1647 in Ludres – 28 January 1726 in Nancy), was a French noble (""marquise""), lady-in-waiting, canoness (""chanoinesse""), and royal mistress of Louis XIV of France in 1675-76. Daughter of Jean de Ludres and Claude de Salles and introduced at the court of Lorraine in Poussay. In 1662, she was engaged to Duke Charles IV of Lorraine, who had been banned by the Pope for deserting his spouse Nicolette of Lorraine for Beatrice de Cousance, but the engagement was broken when he married Marie Louise d'Aspremont (1651–1693)"
"Louise Diane d'Orléans Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 – 26 September 1736) was the sixth daughter and last child of Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (""Regent of the Kingdom"" from 1715 to 1723) and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. She was born during the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans, the Regent of Louis XV of France. The Princess of Conti by marriage, she died in childbirth at the age of twenty. Some sources refer to her as ""Louis Diane"". Louise Diane d'Orléans was"
"Louise de Lorraine, Duchess of Bouillon Louise of Lorraine (Louise Henriette Gabrielle; 30 December 1718 – 5 September 1788) was a French noblewoman and member of the House of Lorraine. She married into the House of La Tour d'Auvergne and was Duchess of Bouillon. Born to Charles Louis de Lorraine, Count of Marsan, Prince of Mortagne, and his wife Élisabeth de Roquelaure, she was the second of four children. Her younger brother, ""Gaston"" Jean Baptiste Charles, was the husband of Marie Louise de Rohan, future governess of Louis XVI and his siblings. Gaston died of Smallpox aged twenty two. Her"
"Louis XVI the King and Queen of Holland; the Queen of Italy; Princess Mathilde, sister of Napoleon, Prince of Battenberg; Le Duc de Mouchy; Tolstoy; the Russian Ambassador; Guy de Maupassant; the Rothschilds and more. In 1882, the famous Fougère Royale came out, a fragrance that would define a new category of perfumes – the ""fougère"" (or fern-like) fragrance family, which is still today the most popular family in men fragrances. In 1912, Houbigant perfumer Bienaimé picked up the ball from Paul Parquet and introduced Quelque Fleurs, one of Houbigant's all-time great fragrances and the first multi-floral bouquet ever created."
"Louis XVI, while David Louis moved to England and anglicised his name to Lewis Agassiz. He became a City magnate, amassing a fortune that would be worth many millions today. He married Mary Griesdale. His elder son Arthur David Lewis Agassiz (1771–1866) managed the family business and lost a great deal of his father's fortune. He married Jeanne Suzanne Prevost Rouviere (1776–1842). Among their many children, was Mary Ann (1799–1850), who married Joseph Frederick Edlmann (1794–1857), born in Hollenburg, Austria, and sent with the blessing of his uncle Meyer, of the Trieste trading company, Meyer und Schlitz, to open an"
"Marie Adélaïde of Savoy Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was the wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans. Her betrothal to the Duke of Burgundy in June 1696 was part of the Treaty of Turin, signed on 29 August 1696. She was the mother of the future King Louis XV of France. Styled as Duchess of Burgundy after her marriage, she became dauphine of France upon the death of her father-in-law, Le Grand Dauphin, in"
"celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745. Louis and Maria Teresa Rafaela were well-matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter, Princess Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Three days after the birth of their daughter, Louis's wife, Maria Teresa Rafaela, died on 22 July 1746. Louis was only 16 years old. He grieved intensely at the loss of his wife, but his responsibility to provide for the succession to the French crown required he marry again quickly. In 1746, Louis"
"married Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt at ""Schloss Friedenstein"" at Gotha. The groom was a close friend of her brother Prince Frederick and a widowed father of six children. She bore her husband eight further children, two daughters and six sons; one died in infancy and another was killed in battle ten months before her own death. Landgrave Louis VI died on 24 April 1678 and was succeeded by the eldest son of his first marriage, Louis VII, who reigned only 18 weeks and 4 days before dying of dysentery on 31 August 1678 in Gotha. Like his father, Louis"
"1770 they were one of twelve couples invited to dine with the newlyweds, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, in the Opéra of the Palace of Versailles, which had been constructed for the royal wedding. The couple never had children. Louis François Joseph had two illegitimate children, born in 1761 and 1767, by Marie Anne Véronèse, known as ""Mademoiselle Coraline"", previously a dancer at an Italian theatre. Among his other lovers was, notably, Anne Victoire Dervieux. After the death of his father, he and his wife became officially separated on 12 June 1777, anticipating the extinction of the House of Bourbon-Conti."
"war, was unable to pay such a dowry, and France never received the agreed upon sum of 500,000 écus. A marriage by proxy to the French king was held in Fuenterrabia. Her father and the entire Spanish court accompanied the bride to the Isle of Pheasants on the border in the Bidassoa river, where Louis and his court met her in the meeting on the Isle of Pheasants on 7 June 1660, and she entered France. On 9 June the marriage took place in Saint-Jean-de-Luz at the recently rebuilt church of Saint Jean the Baptist. After the wedding, Louis wanted"
"in France. Upon Louis XV's death, his grandson Louis XVI became king. Initially popular, he too came to be widely detested by the 1780s. He was married to an Austrian archduchess, Marie Antoinette. French intervention in the American War of Independence was also very expensive. With the country deeply in debt, Louis XVI permitted the radical reforms of Turgot and Malesherbes, but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. They were replaced by Jacques Necker. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by Calonne and Brienne, before being restored in 1788. A harsh winter that"
"Bonne de Pons d'Heudicourt Bonne de Pons d'Heudicourt (1641-1709), was the royal mistress of Louis XIV of France in 1665. She was known as ""la Grande Louve"" after her spouse, who was nicknamed ""The Great Wolf"". She was the cousin of Madame de Montespan. She converted to Catholicism from Protestantism and became a lady-in-waiting to the queen, Maria Theresia. In 1665, she had a relationship with Louis XIV. Her family had her removed from court and married to the courtier marquess Michel Sublet d'Heudicourt, master of the hunt at court. She was banished from court 1672 after having revealed the"
"death in 1514. Claude succeeded her mother in Brittany and became queen consort to Francis. The younger daughter, Renée (1510–1575), married Duke Ercole II of Ferrara. After Anne's death, Louis married Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII of England, in Abbeville, France, on 9 October 1514. This represented a final attempt to produce an heir to his throne, for despite two previous marriages the king had no living sons. Louis died on 1 January 1515, less than three months after he married Mary, reputedly worn out by his exertions in the bedchamber, but more likely from the effects of"
"Marie Louise d’Orléans Marie Louise of Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) was Queen consort of Spain from 1679 to 1689 as the first wife of King Charles II of Spain. She was a granddaughter of Louis XIII of France. In her adopted country, she was known as ""María Luisa de Orleans"". Marie Louise d'Orléans was born at the Palais Royal in Paris. She was the eldest daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans, the younger brother of Louis XIV of France and of his first wife, Henrietta Anne of England. As a ""petite-fille de France"" she was entitled"