"rubles being accepted in the Kuchurgan market. Transnistrian ruble The ruble is the currency of Transnistria and is divided into 100 ""kopecks"". Since Transnistria is a state with limited international recognition and considered as part of Moldova, its currency has no ISO 4217 code. However, unofficially some Transnistrian organisations such as Agroprombank and Gazprombank used the code PRB, a code that would otherwise be reserved for Puerto Rico (ISO 3166-1 country code ""PR""). The Trans-Dniester Republican Bank sometimes uses the code RUP. Soviet banknotes were used in the Trans-Dniester Moldavian Republic after its formation in 1990. When the former Soviet"
"Transnistria (geographical region) Transnistria (Romanian: ) - region in the east Europe, a narrow strip of territory to the east of the River Dniester. The PMR controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank, in the historical region of Bessarabia. After the dissolution of the USSR, tensions between Moldova and the breakaway Transnistrian territory escalated into a military conflict that started in March 1992 and was concluded by a ceasefire in July of the same year. As part of that agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control"
"International recognition of Transnistria International recognition of Transnistria (also known as ""Pridnestrovie"") – a disputed region in Eastern Europe located between Moldova and Ukraine – is controversial. Although Transnistria declared independence in 1990, no United Nations member recognises its sovereignty and the region is considered by the UN to be part of Moldova. As of 2011, only Abkhazia, the Republic of Artsakh and South Ossetia recognise its independence, all themselves states with limited recognition. Despite not officially recognizing Transnistria's independence, Russia has established a consulate in the disputed territory. In 1990, a Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (PMR) was proclaimed in the"
"Transnistria autonomous territorial unit Transnistria autonomous territorial unit, officially ""The Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester"" (; ; ) is a formal administrative unit of Moldova established by the Government of Moldova to delineate the territory controlled by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Transnistria War broke out between the Republic of Moldova and the unrecognized state Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic over territories of the former Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. Since the end of the war there has been territory claimed by Moldova, but controlled by the Pridnestrovian Moldavian"
"Political status of Transnistria The political status of Transnistria, a self-proclaimed state on the internationally recognized territory of Moldova, has been disputed since the Transnistrian declaration of independence on September 2, 1990. This declaration sought to establish a Soviet Socialist Republic separate from the Moldavian SSR, while still part of the Soviet Union. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and Moldova's own declaration of independence in 1991, the PMSSR was transformed into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), commonly referred to as Transnistria. No United Nations member country recognizes the PMR's bid to sovereignty. Moldova lost de facto control of"
"the Republic of Moldova, including Transnistria."" Political status of Transnistria The political status of Transnistria, a self-proclaimed state on the internationally recognized territory of Moldova, has been disputed since the Transnistrian declaration of independence on September 2, 1990. This declaration sought to establish a Soviet Socialist Republic separate from the Moldavian SSR, while still part of the Soviet Union. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and Moldova's own declaration of independence in 1991, the PMSSR was transformed into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), commonly referred to as Transnistria. No United Nations member country recognizes the PMR's bid to sovereignty."
"on Transnistrian authorities. A ceasefire agreement was signed on 21 July 1992 and has held to the present day. Transnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (i.e., the rest of Moldova, for 411 km) to the West, and Ukraine (for 405 km) to the East. It is a narrow valley stretching in the North-South direction along the bank of the Dniester river, which forms a natural boundary along most of the border with (the rest of) Moldova. The territory controlled by the PMR is mostly, but not completely, coincident with the left (eastern) bank of Dniester. It includes ten cities and"
"its independence from the Soviet Union. The December elections of Stepan Topal and Igor Smirnov as presidents of Gagauzia and Transnistria respectively, and the official dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of the year, had further increased tensions in Moldova. Transnistria is the region east of the Dniester River, which includes a large proportion of predominantly Russophone ethnic Russians and Ukrainians (51%, as of 1989, with ethnic Moldovans forming a 40% minority). The headquarters of the Soviet 14th Guards Army was located in the regional capital Tiraspol. There, on September 2, 1990, local authorities proclaimed an independent Pridnestrovian"
"Moldova–Transnistria relations Moldova–Transnistria relations refers to the political and economic relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria, an unrecognized state located between the Dniester river and Ukraine. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, political tensions in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic led to Transnistria declaring its independence from Moldova, culminating in the Transnistrian War of 1992. As part of the ceasefire agreement that ended the Transnistrian War, a Joint Control Commission, composed of Moldovan, Transnistrian, and Russian forces, was established to supervise the demilitarized zone which was located in the Pridnestrovian region. At present, the Joint Control Commission"
"still supervises the zone, and negotiations to resolve the dispute are ongoing. These negotiations are supported by the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the United States, the European Union, and the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The proclamation of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924 established Transnistria's status as an autonomous polity. In 1941, Romanian forces, who were allied with Germany in the Second World War, attacked the USSR and captured Transnistria. The USSR reconquered Moldova in 1944, and Transnistria became part of the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1990, the eastern part of the"
"Republic. There is also territory claimed by the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, which is controlled by Moldova. On 22 July 2005, the autonomous territorial unit with special legal status Transnistria was established in Moldova. Territory of Autonomous territorial unit Transnistria mostly coincides with territory of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, but there are two important differences: There are 147 settlements in Transnistria (settlements on the east bank of the Dniester river): 1 municipality, 9 towns, 2 settlements which are parts of towns, 69 villages (communes), and 135 settlements which are parts of villages (communes). Transnistria autonomous territorial unit Transnistria autonomous territorial unit, officially"
"being exaggerated and, perhaps, intentionally politicized. Some described the language laws as ""discriminatory"" and criticized their rapid implementation. Others, on the contrary, complained the laws were not followed. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed; ""Pridnestrovie"" being the name for Transnistria in Russian. On 22 December 1990 president Gorbachev signed a decree that declared void the decisions of the ""Second Congress of People Deputies of Transnistria"" from 2 September. For two months, Moldovan authorities refrained from taking action against this proclamation. Transnistria became one of the ""unrecognized republics"" that appeared throughout the USSR, alongside Abkhazia,"
"political, economic, scientific and technical, and cultural development."" Transnistria is member state of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations. The government of Moldova does not actively prevent or seek to prevent representatives of other states from interacting with the government of Transnistria. International recognition of Transnistria International recognition of Transnistria (also known as ""Pridnestrovie"") – a disputed region in Eastern Europe located between Moldova and Ukraine – is controversial. Although Transnistria declared independence in 1990, no United Nations member recognises its sovereignty and the region is considered by the UN to be part of Moldova. As of 2011,"
"between Greater Romania and the Soviet front line. According to PMR advocates, the territory to the East of the Dniester River never belonged either to Romania, nor to its predecessors, such as the Principality of Moldavia. This territory was split off from the Ukrainian SSR in a political maneuver of the USSR to become a seed of the Moldavian SSR (in a manner similar to the creation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR). In 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR was proclaimed in the region by a number of conservative local Soviet officials opposed to perestroika. This action was immediately declared void by"
"had originally been striving to remain: the Soviet Union. Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR or PMSSR; Moldovan/Romanian: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ Hистрянэ or ""Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească Nistreană""; ""Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika""); also commonly known to as Soviet Transnistria or simply known as Transnistria was created on the eastern periphery of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) in 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within the Soviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR. The PMSSR was never recognised as a"
"a legal part of the Republic of Moldova. Only the partially recognised states of South Ossetia, Artsakh, and Abkhazia have recognised Transnistria as a sovereign entity after it declared independence from Moldova in 1990 with Tiraspol as its declared capital. Between 1929 and 1940, Tiraspol functioned as the capital of the Moldavian ASSR, an autonomous republic which existed from 1924 to 1940 within the Ukrainian SSR . Although exercising no direct control over the territory of Transnistria, the Moldovan government passed the ""Law on Basic Provisions of the Special Legal Status of Localities from the Left Bank of the Dniester"""
"Russia, Armenia, and North Korea. In 2005, Moldova passed a law regarding the ‘basic provisions of special legal status of settlements on the left bank of Dniester (Transnistria)’. Under the law, the Transnistria autonomous territorial unit, a formal administrative unit of Moldova, was formed. The passing of the law was met with outcry from Transnistria, as consultation with Transnistrian authorities was limited. On 17 September 2006, a referendum was held in Transnistria, asking voters whether they wanted to renounce independence and integrate with Moldova, or whether they wanted to claim independence and subsequently integrate with Russia. 96.61% of the population"
"and Moldovan. Transnistria's ethnic and linguistic composition differed significantly from most of the rest of Moldova. The share of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians was especially high and an overall majority of the population, some of them ethnic Moldovans, spoke Russian as a mother tongue. Ethnic Moldovans accounted for less than 40% of Transnistria's population in 1989. The nationalist Popular Front won the first free parliamentary elections in the Moldavian SSR in the spring of 1990, and its agenda started slowly to be implemented. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic by"
"sometimes refer to it as the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (TMR). Author Charles King, in his book ""The Moldovans"", uses the names Dnestr Republic and Dnestr Moldovan Republic (DMR). All of the names cited above have their root in the name of the river Dniester. In Romanian/Moldavian, the river is known as Nistru. The name ""Transnistria"" is Romanian/Moldavian and literally means ""beyond the river Dniester"". The name has been in use in Romania as early as 1924, but it was popularized internationally during World War II. In both Russian and Ukrainian, the name has a more literal meaning as it is"
"in parallel with finding a permanent solution for Transnistrian conflict. Also, Transnistria would have a special status within Moldova and would have the right to secede if Moldova changed its statehood, for instance by uniting with Romania. However, in subsequent talks the Transnistrian authorities declined this offer, setting course for continued independence instead. As of 2009, this conflict remains unresolved. In the region east of the Dniester river, Transnistria, which includes a large proportion of Russophone ethnic Russians and Ukrainians (as of 1989, 51%, as opposed to only 40% ethnic Moldovans), and where the headquarters and many units of the"
"Transnistrian authorities, the name of the state is ""Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic"" (PMR) (, ""Pridnestrovskaja Moldavskaja Respublika""; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, РМН, ; , ""Prydnistrovsjka Moldavsjka Respublika""). The short form of this name is ""Pridnestrovie"" (, ""Pridnestrovje""; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Нистрения, ""Nistrenia""; , ""Prydnistrovya""). ""Pridnestrovie"" is a transliteration of the Russian ""Приднестровье"" meaning ""[a land] by the [River] Dniester"". Transnistria became an autonomous political entity in 1924 with the proclamation of the Moldavian ASSR, which included today's Transnistria (4,000 km) and an adjacent area (9,000 km) around the city of Balta in modern-day Ukraine, but nothing from Bessarabia, which"
"Demographic history of Transnistria A demographic history of Transnistria shows that actual Transnistria has been home to numerous ethnic groups, in varying proportions, over time. The word ""Transnistria"" means literally ""lands beyond the Dniester."" This river is called the Nistru in the Romanian language. These lands are historically related to the neo-Latin populations that lived east of the Dniester River. The territory of Transnistria is only a small area of these lands, and the most easterly extent of Transnistriam territory peaked during World War II reaching to the Bug River. Ethnic Moldavians (Romanians), however, have lived near the Don river"
"had a Slavic majority. The scenes of protests against the central government of the republic were more acute here. According to the census in 1989, the population in Transnistria was 39.9% Moldavian, 28.3% Ukrainian, 25.4% Russian, 1.9% Bulgarian. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was unilaterally proclaimed as a Soviet Republic separate from Moldova by the ""Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Pridnestrovie"". However, on 22 December, the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev signed a decree ""regarding the measures that would bring the situation back to normal in the Moldavian SSR"". The decision stated that the"
"its territory in 1775. But the colonization was to a larger scale after 1792, to Transnistria and beyond, when the Russian government declared that the region between the Dniester and the Bug was to become a new principality named """"New Moldavia"""", under Russian suzerainty. After 1812, Russia annexed from Moldavia a territory which became known as Bessarabia (located west of the Dniester and up to the Prut River), while a process of russification started to be done with the Moldavian/Romanian populations east of the Dniester River (Transnistria). Since the Soviet era, Transnistria is home to three major groups: Moldovans forming"
"problems, but without results for many years. In February 2011 the so-called "" Talks"" (thus named because they were carried out by Transnistria, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and the OSCE, plus the US and the EU as external observers) were started again in Vienna. After the annexation of the Crimea by Russia in March 2014, the head of the Transnistrian parliament asked to join the Russian Federation. Transnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (i.e., the rest of Moldova, for 411 km) to the west, and Ukraine (for 405 km) to the east. It is a narrow valley stretching north-south along the"
"in 1991, the small area to the east of the Dnister that had been part of the Moldavian SSR refused to participate and declared itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, or Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol on the river. From source to mouth, right tributaries, i.e. on the southwest side, are the Stryi (231 km), (107 km), (122 km), Bystrytsia (101 km), Răut (283 km), (101 km), Bîc (155 km), and Botna (152 km). Left tributaries, on the northeast side, are the Strv'yazh (94 km), Hnyla Lypa (87 km), Zolota Lypa (140 km), (78 km), Strypa (147 km), Seret (250"
"by road or (when service is not interrupted by political tensions) on two international trains, the year-round Moscow-Chișinău, and the seasonal Saratov-Varna. International air travellers rely on the airport in Chișinău, the Moldovan capital, or the airport in Odessa, in Ukraine. Transnistria (geographical region) Transnistria (Romanian: ) - region in the east Europe, a narrow strip of territory to the east of the River Dniester. The PMR controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank, in the historical region of Bessarabia. After the dissolution of the USSR, tensions"
"the Dniester region of the Moldavian SSR). It failed, however, to gain popular support. In September 1990 Alexander Solzhenitsyn published an article in opposition to the cultural partition of Ukraine and Russia in which he references 'Novorossiya', i.e., ""including those regions which have never been part of the traditional Ukraine: the 'wild steppe' of the nomads—the latter ""New Russia"" [Новороссия]--as well as the Crimea, the Donbass area, and the lands stretching east almost to the Caspian Sea"". He argues that ""self-determination of peoples"" requires that a nation must resolve issues of identity ""for itself"". By November 1991 representatives from the"
"Administrative divisions of Transnistria The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as Transnistrian Republic) is subdivided into five ""raions"" (Russian names are listed in parentheses): and one municipality: Also, Bender (Tighina; Бендéры), situated on the western bank of the Dniester (in Bessarabia), geographically outside Transnistria, is not part of territorial unit Transnistria of Moldova as defined by the central authorities, but is controlled by the PMR authorities, which consider it part of PMR's administrative organization. During the 1992 War of Transnistria some villages in the central part of Transnistria which geographically are situated on the eastern bank of Dniester, rebelled"
"officially the Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic, a Leninist post-Soviet frozen conflict zone between the Ukraine and Moldova. A socialist state that borrows from the Soviet model, Transnistria is a police state of 400,000 inhabitants. Although unrecognised as a sovereign nation by any UN country, Transnistria produces its own passports, currency and stamps and runs its own police force and army. Curl returned having photographed scenes previously unseen outside the republic. In 2010 Curl crossed the western side of the Omo River Valley in southwest Ethiopia from Dima across tribal lands southwards towards Kenya. He passed through the western Surma tribal lands,"
"Comrat. In September in Tiraspol, the main city on the east bank of the Dniester River, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (commonly called the ""Dnestr Republic"", later Transnistria) followed suit. The parliament of Moldova immediately declared these declarations null and void. In mid-October 1990, approximately 30,000 Moldovan nationalist volunteers were sent to Gagauzia and Transnistria, where an outbreak of violence was averted by the intervention of the Soviet 14th Army. (The Soviet 14th Army, now the Russian 14th Army, had been headquartered in Chișinău since 1956.) However, negotiations in Moscow between the Gagauz and Transnistrian leadership, and the government"
"signed on 21 July 1992. As of 2007, the Russian military remains in Transnistria, despite Russia having signed international agreements to withdraw, and against the will of Moldovan government. The government of Moldova continues to offer extensive autonomy to Transnistria, while the government of Transnistria demands independence. ""De jure"", Transnistria is internationally recognized as part of Moldova, but ""de facto"", the Moldovan government does not exercise any control over the territory. On 8 December 1991, Mircea Snegur, an ex-communist reformer, ran an unopposed election for the presidency. On March 2, 1992, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state"
"the Dniester area in 1990. In this campaign citizens were asked to vote on a variety of issues—whether or not to create a Dniester state, which alphabet to use for the Moldovan language, whether or not to accept the new Moldovan flag and others. Indeed, referendums constituted an act of defiance in and of themselves as the Moldovan government routinely declared the organization of such referendums illegal and routinely nullified the results. On September 2, 1990, in the face of the Moldovan declaration of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and with a growing mandate from the referendum campaign sweeping the"