"Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely recognised posthumously. Born to a prominent British Jewish family, Franklin was educated at a private day school at Norland Place in West London, Lindores School for Young Ladies in Sussex, and St Paul's Girls' School, London. Then she"
"key issues of how science was and is conducted. ""False Assumptions"" by Lawrence Aronovitch is a play about the life of Marie Curie in which Franklin is portrayed as frustrated and angry at the lack of recognition for her scientific contributions. Rosalind Franklin's most notable publications are listed below. The last two were published posthumously. Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses"
"Rosalind Franklin and DNA Rosalind Franklin and DNA is a biography of an English chemist Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) written by her American friend Anne Sayre in 1975. Franklin was a physical chemist who made pivotal research in the discovery of the structure of DNA, known as ""the most important discovery"" in biology. DNA itself had become ""life's most famous molecule"". While working at the King's College London in 1951, she discovered two types of DNA called A-DNA and B-DNA. Her X-ray images of DNA indicated helical structure. Her X-ray image of B-DNA (called Photo 51) taken in 1952 became the"
"Orléans. Perhaps, Mering is best remembered for his inspiration and influence on the British chemist Rosalind Franklin, whom he trained in X-ray crystallography. Franklins' X-ray crystallographic image, popularised as Photo 51, became the single piece of clue for the discovery of the double-stranded helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. Mering was born in Vilkaviškis, Russia, to a Jewish family. After formal education in Russia, he went to France in 1921 to study engineering. In 1925 he obtained the degree of ""Diplôme d'Ingénieur en Génie Electrique"" from École Spéciale des Travaux Publics in Paris. He"
"Sciences. The project's name commemorates Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray crystallography with Raymond Gosling facilitated the discovery of the DNA double helix by James D. Watson and Francis Crick. It was recognized by Homolog.us as the Best Educational Resource of 2012 in their review of the Top Bioinformatics Contributions of 2012. , it hosts over 40,000 problem solvers. Rosalind was used to teach the first Bioinformatics Algorithms MOOC on Coursera in 2013, including interactive learning materials hosted on Stepic. Rosalind (education platform) Rosalind is an educational resource and web project for learning bioinformatics through problem solving and computer programming. Rosalind users"
"Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (RFUMS) is a nonprofit, private, interprofessional graduate school located in North Chicago, Illinois. It has more than 2,000 students in five schools: the Chicago Medical School, the College of Health Professions, the College of Pharmacy, the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, and the Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine. The university is named for famous DNA crystallographer Rosalind Franklin. Photo 51, Dr. Franklin's X-ray diffraction pattern for B-DNA, was pivotal in the history of biology in the twentieth century, and this photograph is"
"Stony Brook University, has Anne Sayre Prize for students. The prize carries $500 and a copy of Anne Sayre's book. Anne Sayre Anne Colquhoun Sayre (April 10, 1923 – March 13, 1998) was an American writer well known for her biography of Rosalind Franklin, one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA. She was married to an American crystallographer David Sayre (1924–2012). Her literary contributions are in short stories, the earnings from which she supported her husband during his PhD course. She achieved her lifelong educational ambition of getting a law degree in her early 50s. She ultimately became"
"Anne Sayre Anne Colquhoun Sayre (April 10, 1923 – March 13, 1998) was an American writer well known for her biography of Rosalind Franklin, one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA. She was married to an American crystallographer David Sayre (1924–2012). Her literary contributions are in short stories, the earnings from which she supported her husband during his PhD course. She achieved her lifelong educational ambition of getting a law degree in her early 50s. She ultimately became justice of the local court in Head-of-the-Harbor, New York. She was a lifelong friend of Franklin, who played a key"
"in 2001. In 2004, the University was again renamed, this time to Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in honor of Dr. Rosalind Franklin, whose work with X-ray crystallography provided the data and scientific basis for description of the structure of DNA, the single most important advance in modern biology. The name of the School of Related Health Sciences was changed to the College of Health Professions at this time as well. In October 2002, the University opened its new Health Sciences Building, a facility that houses laboratories, auditoriums, classrooms, a student union, a bookstore, and the Feet First"
"nominated Crick, Watson and Maurice Wilkins for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; Wilkins' share recognized the contribution of X-ray crystallographers at King's College London. Among them was Rosalind Franklin, whose ""photograph 51"" showed that DNA was a double helix, not the triple helix that Linus Pauling had proposed. Franklin died before the prize (which only goes to living people) was awarded. In 1953 the Braggs moved into the elegant flat for the Resident Professor in the Royal Institution in London, the position his father had occupied when he died. In 1931 and 1934 Lawrence had delivered the"
"LOVED ELDER DAUGHTER OF <br> ELLIS AND MURIEL FRANKLIN <br> 25 JULY 1920 – 16 APRIL 1958 <br> SCIENTIST <br> HER RESEARCH AND DISCOVERIES ON <br> VIRUSES REMAIN OF LASTING BENEFIT <br> TO MANKIND <br> ת נ צ ב ה [Hebrew initials for ""her soul shall be bound in the bundle of life""] Various controversies surrounding Rosalind Franklin came to light following her death. Anne Sayre, Franklin's friend and one of her biographers, stated in her book ""Rosalind Franklin and DNA,"" ""In 1951 ... King's College London as an institution, was not distinguished for the welcome that it offered to"
"DNA crystals revealed to Crick that the two DNA strands were antiparallel. In January 1953, Watson was shown an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called photograph 51), by Wilkins. Wilkins had been given photograph 51 by Rosalind Franklin's Ph.D. student Raymond Gosling. Wilkins and Gosling had worked together in the Medical Research Council's (MRC) Biophysics Unit before director John Randall appointed Franklin to take over both DNA diffraction work and guidance of Gosling's thesis. It appears that Randall did not communicate effectively with them about Franklin's appointment, contributing to confusion and friction between Wilkins and Franklin. In the middle of February"
"followed by Kenneth Holmes, a Cambridge graduate, in July 1955. Despite the ARC funding, Franklin wrote to Bernal that the existing facilities remained highly unsuited for conducting research ""...my desk and lab are on the fourth floor, my X-ray tube in the basement, and I am responsible for the work of four people distributed over the basement, first and second floors on two different staircases."" Franklin continued to explore another major nucleic acid, RNA, a molecule equally central to life as DNA. She again used X-ray crystallography to study the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), an RNA virus."
"Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1982. Franklin was born on 25 July 1920 in 50 Chepstow Villas, Notting Hill, London, into an affluent and influential British Jewish family. Her father was Ellis Arthur Franklin (1894–1964), a politically liberal London merchant banker who taught at the city's Working Men's College, and her mother was Muriel Frances Waley (1894–1976). Rosalind was the elder daughter and the second child in the family of five children. David (born 1919) was the eldest brother; Colin (born 1923), Roland (born 1926), and Jenifer (born 1929) were her younger siblings. Her father's uncle was Herbert Samuel (later"
"diffraction data collected by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling. The controversy arose from Watson and Crick using some of Franklin's unpublished data—without her consent—in their construction of the double helix model of DNA. Franklin's experimental results provided estimates of the water content of DNA crystals and these results were consistent with the two sugar-phosphate backbones being on the outside of the molecule. Franklin personally told Crick and Watson that the backbones had to be on the outside, which was a crucial piece of information; before then, Linus Pauling and Watson and Crick had generated erroneous models with the chains inside"
"to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the impact of their work is realized. For example, the contributions of Rosalind Franklin in discovering the structure of DNA: her x-ray crystallography citing the shape of DNA as a helix, were not realized until after her death, and the recipients of the prize were Watson, Crick, and Wilkins. A Chemistry Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and"
"Raymond Gosling Raymond George Gosling (15 July 1926 – 18 May 2015) was a British scientist. While a PhD student at King's College, London he worked under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin. Their crystallographic experiments, together with those of Maurice Wilkins of the same laboratory, produced data that helped James Watson and Francis Crick to infer the structure of DNA. He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. He studied physics at University College London from 1944 to 1947 and became a hospital physicist at the King's Fund and Middlesex Hospital between 1947 and 1949 before joining King's"
"best evidence for the structure of DNA. For the discovery of the correct chemical structure of DNA, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was shared by her colleagues and close researchers James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins; she died four years earlier in 1958 making her inelligible for the award. Rosalind Franklin joined the King's College London in January 1951 to work on the crystallography of DNA. By the end of that year, she established two important facts: one is that phosphate groups, which are the molecular backbone for the nucleotide chains, lie on the outside (it"
"simulations that are very important to understand how DNA functions ""in vivo"". From the very early stages of structural studies of DNA by X-ray diffraction and biochemical means, molecular models such as the Watson-Crick nucleic acid double helix model were successfully employed to solve the 'puzzle' of DNA structure, and also find how the latter relates to its key functions in living cells. The first high quality X-ray diffraction patterns of A-DNA were reported by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in 1953. Rosalind Franklin made the critical observation that DNA exists in two distinct forms, A and B, and produced"
"role in the discovery of the chemical structure of DNA. A strong feminist, her 1975 book ""Rosalind Franklin and DNA"" became an exposition of the account of sexism in the scientific community on one hand, and the true genius of the British Chemist Rosalind Franklin in her contributions to molecular biology on the other hand. Anne Sayre was ""born on a train passing through Milwaukee"". She spent her childhood in Woodmere, New York, and was educated at Radcliffe College. But the Second World War prevented her to pursue law, her main ambition. To render her service in the war, she"
"Francis Crick Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 with Rosalind Franklin and James Watson. Together with Watson and Maurice Wilkins, he was jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ""for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"". The results were based partly on fundamental studies done by Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling and Wilkins. Crick was an important theoretical"
"1953, James Watson and Francis Crick put forward their double-helix model of DNA, based on crystallized X-ray structures being studied by Rosalind Franklin – and without crediting her. According to the model, DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides coiled around each other, linked together by hydrogen bonds and running in opposite directions. Each strand is composed of four complementary nucleotides – adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) – with an A on one strand always paired with T on the other, and C always paired with G. They proposed such a structure allowed each strand"
"the contribution made by Rosalind Franklin, who died in 1958, was largely forgotten. The main motive for Sayre's book came from James Watson's memoir ""The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA"". Published in 1968, ""The Double Helix"" reflected the account of the discovery in which Franklin was portrayed as ""uninteresting"", ""belligerent"", and ""sharp, stubborn mind"", referring her as ""Rosy"", the name she did not want to be called. Watson described her as having ""all the imagination of English blue-stocking adolescents"", and ""the product of an unsatisfied mother"". As a close friend of"
"Roland Franklin Sir Roland Arthur Ellis Franklin (born 1926) is a British-born Antigua and Barbuda-based merchant banker. Roland Franklin was born in 1926. His father, Ellis Arthur Franklin (1894–1964), was a merchant banker. His sister was Rosalind Franklin, a scientist whose research led to discovery of the structure of DNA. His brother is the bibliographer Colin Ellis Franklin. Franklin is a merchant banker, and a former director of Keyser Ullman, the British merchant bank that failed in the 1973-74 banking crisis. He had a long business partnership with the corporate raider James Goldsmith. In June 2015, Franklin published an opinion"
"of Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling of King's College London, given to them by Gosling and Franklin's colleague Wilkins), Watson and Crick together developed a model for a helical structure of DNA, which they published in 1953. For this and subsequent work they were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 with Wilkins. When Watson came to Cambridge, Crick was a 35-year-old graduate student (due to his work during WWII) and Watson was only 23, but he already had a Ph.D. They shared an interest in the fundamental problem of learning how genetic"
"converted to Uridine-5’-trisphosphate (UTP) by two kinases reaction. Formation of Cytidine-5’-trisphosphate (CTP) from UTP can be achieved by cytidylate synthetase by an acyl phosphate intermediate. Prior to James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark paper that detailed the structure of DNA from Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography image, there were several historical scientists that also contributed to its discovery. Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss physician, who, in 1869, was first to isolate and identify nucleic substance from the nuclei of white blood cells he later called “nuclein”, paving the way for the discovery of DNA. Following Mieschers work, was the German biochemist, Albrecht"
"in working on DNA"". At that time Wilkins also introduced Francis Crick to the importance of DNA. Crick advised him to work on proteins telling Wilkins ""what you ought to do is find yourself a good protein"". Wilkins knew that proper experiments on the threads of purified DNA would require better X-ray equipment. Wilkins ordered a new X-ray tube and a new microcamera. He also suggested to Randall that the soon-to-be-appointed Rosalind Franklin should be reassigned from work on protein solutions to join the DNA effort. By the summer of 1950 Randall had arranged for a three-year research fellowship that"
"1946, Randall was appointed Head of Physics Department at King's College in London. He then moved to the Wheatstone chair of physics at King's College, London, where the Medical Research Council set up the Biophysics Research Unit with Randall as the director (now known as Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics) at King's College. During his term as Director the experimental work leading to the discovery of the structure of DNA was made there by Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling, Maurice Wilkins, Alex Stokes and Herbert R. Wilson. He assigned Raymond Gosling as a PhD student to Franklin to work"
"postdoctoral fellow Hubert S. Loring to be specifically RNA. The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, Fred Griffith (c.1879–1941) provided the first evidence that its ""cousin"", DNA, formed genes. In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word ""virus"" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease. Many bacteriologists soon discovered the cause of numerous infections. However, some infections remained, many of them horrendous, for which no bacterial cause could be found. These agents were invisible and could only be grown in living animals. The discovery of viruses was the key"
"for which James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins won the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. After death, Franklin was largely forgotten outside the scientific community. However, her importance surfaced when Watson published his memoir ""The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA"" in 1968. Although the DNA research centred on Franklin, Watson mostly portrayed her as ""uninteresting"", ""belligerent"", ""sharp, stubborn mind"", with her dresses showing ""all the imagination of English blue-stocking adolescents"", ""the product of an unsatisfied mother"", a physical bully, and always referring to her as ""Rosy"", the name she"
"Photograph 51 (play) Photograph 51 is an award-winning play by Anna Ziegler. ""Photograph 51"" opened in the West End of London in September 2015. The play focuses on the often-overlooked role of X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA while working at King's College London. This play won the third ""STAGE"" International Script Competition in 2008. The title comes from ""Photo 51"", the nickname given to an X-ray diffraction image taken by Raymond Gosling in May, 1952, under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin. The one-act play runs for 95-minutes with no intermission. The"
"that these stories are myths, and that her parents fully supported Franklin's entire career. Glynn further accuses Sayre of making her sister a feminist heroine, and called ""Rosalind Franklin and DNA"" as 'the start of what has become something of a ""Rosalind Industry"".' She remarked that Franklin as a feminists' symbol would ""have embarrassed her [Rosalind Franklin] almost as much as Watson's account would have upset her"", and declared that ""she was never a feminist."" Franklin's close friend Aaron Klug and Crick also agreed that she definitely was not a feminist. Rosalind Franklin and DNA Rosalind Franklin and DNA is"
"condition deteriorated and died on 16 April 1958. Sayre's book placed Franklin to its important place in the history of science as a major contributor to the discovery of the structure of DNA. However, Sayre's book is known for its strong feminism, representing Franklin as a feminist icon, and also misrepresenting sexism of the time. Sayre states, ""In 1951 ... King's College as an institution, was not distinguished for the welcome that it offered to women ... Rosalind ... was unused to ""purdah"" [a religious and social institution of female seclusion] ... there was one other woman scientist on the"