"by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a"
"Q, R, eSses, Toc, U, Vic, W, X, Y, Z"". By 1921, the RAF ""Telephony Spelling Alphabet"" had been adopted by all three armed services, and was then made mandatory for UK civil aviation, as announced in Notice to Airmen Number 107. In 1956, the NATO phonetic alphabet was adopted due to the RAF's wide commitments with NATO and worldwide sharing of civil aviation facilities. Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets The Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets prescribe the words that are used to represent each letter of the alphabet, when spelling other words out loud, letter-by-letter, and how the spelling"
"NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. Although often called ""phonetic alphabets"", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood"
"E E (named ""e"" , plural ""ees"") is the fifth letter and the second vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish. The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter ""hê"", which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (""hillul"" 'jubilation'), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated"
"for ""E"", or ""Yesterday"" for ""Y"". With the ultimate goal of clarity, especially in circumstances where signals can be garbled, the use of the word ""Ocean"" seems to be advantageous in the radio communication of the letter ""O"" because it begins with the long, clear vowel ""O"". The phonetic words ""Ida"" and ""Union"" feature this same advantage. However, spelling alphabets seem to rarely use initial long vowels. With the exception of ""Uniform"", none of the initial vowels in the NATO alphabet is like this. In an earlier U.S. military alphabet, ""A"" was indicated by ""Able"", which does start with a"
"make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents. The NATO alphabet appeared in some United States Air Force Europe publications during the Cold War. A particular example was the Ramstein Air Base, Telephone Directory published between 1969 and 1973 (currently out of print). The USA and NATO versions had differences and the translation was provided as a convenience. Differences included Alfa, Bravo and Able, Baker for the first two letters. The NATO phonetic spelling alphabet was first adopted on January 1, 1956, while the ICAO radiotelephony spelling alphabet was still undergoing"
"alphabet. In French, ê changes the pronunciation of ""e"" from /ə/ to /ɛ/. It is used instead of ""è"" for words that used to be written ""es"". Ê represents and . Ê occasionally used to represent or in words like ""fêro"" (they did). Ê is the 7th letter of the Kurdish Kurmanji alphabet and represents /e/. In Portuguese, ê marks a stressed only in words whose stressed syllable is in an unpredictable location in the word: ""pêssego"" (peach). The letter, pronounced , can also contrast with é, pronounced , as in ""pé"" (foot). Ê is used in the ISO 9:1995"
"Ê Ê, ê (e-circumflex) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, found in Afrikaans, Dutch, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Welsh. It is used to transliterate Ukrainian and Chinese. Ê is considered not a separate letter in Afrikaans but a variation of ""e"". The circumflex forces the pronunciation of ""e"" to be , but ""e"", without the circumflex, is pronounced as , or , depending on its placement in the Aerd. In the Pinyin romanization of Standard Mandarin Chinese, ""ê"" represents . It corresponds to Zhuyin ㄝ. The circumflex occurs only if ""ê"" is the only letter"
"E (Cyrillic) E (Э э; italics: ; also known as backwards ""e"", from Russian , ""e oborótnoye"", ) is a letter found in two Slavic languages: Russian and Belarusian. It represents the and , as e in word ""editor"". In other Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script, the sounds are represented by Ye (Е е), which represents in Russian and Belarusian in initial and postvocalic position or and palatalizes the preceding consonant. In Cyrillic Moldovan, which was used in the Moldovan SSR during the Soviet Union and is still used in Transnistria, the letter corresponds to ă in the"
"research, and published the new official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. NATO was in the process of adopting the ICAO spelling alphabet, and apparently felt enough urgency that it adopted the proposed new alphabet with changes based on NATO's own research, to become effective on January 1, 1956, but quickly issued a new directive on March 1, 1956 adopting the now official ICAO spelling alphabet, which had changed by one word (November) from NATO's earlier request to ICAO"
"aircraft, or ""F""ulcrum for a fighter aircraft. A one syllable name refers to a propeller aircraft, a two syllable name to refers aircraft with jet engines. NATO reporting name NATO reporting names are code names for military equipment of Russia, China, and, historically, the former Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw Pact). They provide unambiguous and easily understood English words in a uniform manner in place of the original designations, which either may have been unknown to the Western world at the time or easily confused codes. For example, the Russian bomber jet Tupolev Tu-160 is"
"(like Russian verbs фукать, фыркать etc.) or reflect sporadic pronunciation shifts: Ef is the 21st letter of the Bulgarian alphabet; the 22nd letter of the Russian alphabet; 23rd letter of the Belarusian alphabet; the 25th letter of the Serbian and Ukrainian alphabet; and the 26th letter of the Macedonian alphabet. It represents the consonant unless it is before a palatalizing vowel, when it represents . Ef (Cyrillic) Ef or Fe (Ф ф; italics: ""Ф ф"") is a Cyrillic letter, commonly representing the voiceless labiodental fricative , like the pronunciation of in ""fill"". The Cyrillic letter Ef is romanized as ."
"É É, é (e-acute) is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is found in Afrikaans, Catalan, Czech, Danish, Emilian-Romagnol, French, English, Galician, Hungarian, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Kashubian, Luxembourgish, Occitan, Norwegian, Portuguese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Vietnamese, and Welsh languages, as a variant of the letter ""e"". In English, it may be observed as a pronunciation aid in loanwords (e.g., ""résumé"" from French) or romanizations (e.g., ""Pokémon"" from Japanese). This is also used in Dutch and Navajo. ""É"" or ""é"" is also used for with a rising tone ([ɤ̌]) in Pinyin, a romanization system for Standard Chinese. It is also used"
"a modified form of the ""International Code of Signals"". Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally named the code words used to spell out messages by ""voice"" its ""phonetic alphabet"". The name ""NATO phonetic alphabet"" became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global. However, ATP-1 is marked ""NATO Confidential"" (or the lower ""NATO Restricted"") so it is not available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to"
"Ë Ë, ë (e-diaeresis) is a letter in the Albanian, Kashubian, Emilian-Romagnol and Ladin alphabets. As a variant of the letter ""e"", it also appears in Acehnese, Afrikaans, Dutch, Filipino, French, Luxembourgish, the Abruzzese dialect of the Neapolitan language, and the Ascolano dialect. The letter is also used in Seneca, Taiwanese Hokkien, Turoyo and Uyghur when written in Latin script. In Acehnese, ""ë"" is used to represent (schwa), a mid central vowel. In Afrikaans, the trema (Afrikaans: ""deelteken"") is mostly used to indicate that the vowel should not be diphthongised, for example ""geër"" (""giver"") is pronounced , whilst ""geer"" (a"
"underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized, and each syllable of the code words for the figures (1969–Present) should be equally emphasized. The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications. The ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet is used by the International Maritime Organization for international marine communications. NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone"
"NATO reporting name NATO reporting names are code names for military equipment of Russia, China, and, historically, the former Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw Pact). They provide unambiguous and easily understood English words in a uniform manner in place of the original designations, which either may have been unknown to the Western world at the time or easily confused codes. For example, the Russian bomber jet Tupolev Tu-160 is simply called Blackjack. NATO maintains lists of the names. The assignment of the names for the Russian and Chinese aircraft was once managed by the five-nation"
"Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet The Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet was a radiotelephony alphabet made up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish. The Swedish Armed Forces are since 2006 instructed to use the NATO alphabet instead of the original Swedish alphabet, along with and adaption of the NATO voice procedures to communicate, since most activity is in various international UN and NATO missions. This has been changed back again since the administrative authorities are required to use the Swedish language according to Swedish"
"Ė Ė ė is the 9th letter in the Lithuanian alphabet, and is also used in the Colognian language of Cologne, Germany, Potawatomi language and Cheyenne language. It was coined by Daniel Klein, the author of the first grammar of the Lithuanian language. This character is also used in strict Library of Congress transliteration when transliterating the Cyrillic letter Э э into the Latin alphabet. This character is also used in Croatian to denote the old yat alongside the more usual ě. Its pronunciation in Lithuanian is , contrasting with ""ę,"" which is pronounced a lower (formerly nasalized ) and"
"law even the Swedish Armed Forces. Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet The Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet was a radiotelephony alphabet made up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish. The Swedish Armed Forces are since 2006 instructed to use the NATO alphabet instead of the original Swedish alphabet, along with and adaption of the NATO voice procedures to communicate, since most activity is in various international UN and NATO missions. This has been changed back again since the administrative authorities are required to use"
"or higher. For example, the collective ""Checkmate"" might be assigned to an entire company and thus ""Checkmate Red 6"" would be the first platoon leader (platoons are red for first, white for second, blue for third, black for headquarters, and often additional colors for other portions under the command), ""Checkmate white 6"" to the second platoon leader, etc. ""Checkmate 6"" is the Company Commander and ""Checkmate 6 Romeo"" is the commander's radio-telephone operator (Romeo the NATO phonetic of the letter R). Under NATO conventions, 6 is designated the commander or leader, 5 the second-in-command or executive officer, 7 the chief"
"Ę Ę (minuscule: ę; , """"e"" with a little tail""; , ""nasal ""e"""") is a letter in the Polish, Lithuanian and Dalecarlian alphabets. It is used in Navajo to represent the nasal vowel . In Latin, Irish, and Old Norse palaeography, it is known as ""e"" caudata (""tailed ""e""""). In Polish, ""ę"" comes after ""e"" in the alphabet. It is never at the start of a word. It is most commonly pronounced as , , , or , depending on the context. Unlike in French, a Polish nasal vowel is ""asynchronous"": pronounced as an oral vowel + a nasal semivowel"
"which is used to represent the ""Y"". Dutch and Belgian armed forces use the official NATO phonetic alphabet, ""Y"" is ""Yankee"" and ""IJ"" is spelled out ""India Juliet"". In crossword puzzles (except for Scrabblesee next paragraph), and in the game Lingo, ""IJ"" is considered one letter, filling one square, but the ""IJ"" and the ""Y"" are considered distinct. In other word games, the rules may vary. The Dutch version of Scrabble has a ""Y"" with a face value of eight. Some players used it to represent ""IJ"" or ""Y"". The recent Dutch version comes with an example game, which clearly"
"two parts: The first four digits are the NATO Supply Classification Group (NSCG) code. This relates the item to the NATO Supply Group (digits 1 & 2) and NATO Supply Class (digits 3 & 4) of similar items that it belongs to. For examples, see ""List of NATO Supply Classification Groups"". The next 9 digits make up the National Item Identification Number / NATO Item Identification Number (NIIN). The NIIN has lately become alphanumeric (digits and uppercase letters) due to the vast array of items in the NSN, recently adopting the use of the uppercase letter C in place of"
"are NATO colors and the polestar is the NATO emblem. NATO is North Atlantic Treaty Organization and OTAN is Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord which is NATO in French. The addition of the darker blue quartering signifies the Afghanistan national treasure of lapis lazuli gems. The yellow border along with the polestar and the annulet signifies the excellence in the Coalition and Joint Forces. The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 3 November 2010. A silver color metal and enamel device in height consisting of a design similar to the shoulder sleeve insignia. NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan The NATO Training"
"maneuver space and warfighting environment/domain. In NATO, EW is considered to be warfare in the EME. NATO has adopted simplified language which parallels those used in the other warfighting environments like maritime, land and air/space. For example, Electronic Attack is offensive use of EM energy, Electronic Defence (ED) and Electronic Surveillance (ES). The use of the traditional NATO EW terms, Electronic Countermeasures (ECM), Electronic Protective Measures (EPM) and Electronic Support Measures (ESM) has been retained as they contribute to and support Electronic Attack (EA), Electronic Defense (ED) and Electronic Support (ES). Besides EW, other EM operations include Intelligence, Surveillance, Target"
"headquarters of Allied Command Europe (ACE). Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of Allied Command Operations (ACO), controlling all NATO operations worldwide. SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to Europe for legal reasons although the geographical scope of its activities was extended in 2003. At that time, NATO's command in Lisbon, historically part of the Atlantic command, was reassigned to ACO. An integrated military structure for NATO was first established after the Korean War raised questions over the strength of Europe's defences against a Soviet attack. The first choice for commander in Europe was American General of the"
"Company"" even after the U.S. military switched in 1956 from the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet (B for Baker) to the NATO phonetic alphabet (B for Bravo). In a 2002 speech about the Chosin Reservoir battle, General Ray Davis said that Lee was the bravest Marine he ever knew. In 2000, the California Military Museum mounted an exhibit describing the bravery and military service of the three Lee brothers. Lee is a member of the Legion of Valor, and represented the group in a meeting with President George W. Bush in 2007. The story of Lee's bravery in the Korean War"
"""e,"" pronounced . Ė Ė ė is the 9th letter in the Lithuanian alphabet, and is also used in the Colognian language of Cologne, Germany, Potawatomi language and Cheyenne language. It was coined by Daniel Klein, the author of the first grammar of the Lithuanian language. This character is also used in strict Library of Congress transliteration when transliterating the Cyrillic letter Э э into the Latin alphabet. This character is also used in Croatian to denote the old yat alongside the more usual ě. Its pronunciation in Lithuanian is , contrasting with ""ę,"" which is pronounced a lower (formerly"
"this is the word ""voël"" (""bird""), which is pronounced in two syllables. Without it, the word would become ""voel"" (""feel""), which is pronounced in one syllable. ""Ë"" is the 8th letter of the Albanian alphabet and represents the vowel . It is the most commonly used letter of the language comprising 10 percent of all writings. ""Ë"" is a phonetic symbol also used in the transcription of Abruzzese dialects and in the Province of Ascoli Piceno (the ascolano dialect). It is called ""mute E"" and sounds like a hummed ""é"". It is important for the prosody of the dialect itself."
"the confusion between the 2 distinct pronunciations of the letter ė. In the Portuguese language, the symbol ""Õ"" stands for a nasal close-mid back rounded vowel, also written in IPA. It is not considered an independent letter of the alphabet: the tilde is the standard diacritic for nasalization. In the Vietnamese language, the symbol Õ stands for the sound with creaky voice (rising tone with a glottal break followed by a continuation of the rising tone). Vietnamese also has derived letters Ỗ/ỗ and Ỡ/ỡ. In the Võro language, this letter is the 25th letter of the alphabet, pronounced as in"
"Ye (Cyrillic) Ye (Е е; italics: ""Е"" ""е"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In some languages this letter is called E. It commonly represents the vowel or , like the pronunciation of in ""yes"". Ye is romanized using the Latin letter E. It was derived from the Greek letter epsilon (Ε ε). Ukrainian uses the letter Ukrainian Ye (Є є) in this way. In Russian, the letter can follow unpalatalized consonants, especially , , and . In some loanwords, other consonants before (especially , , , , , and ) are also not palatalized, see E (Cyrillic). The"
"Eth Eth (, uppercase: Ð, lowercase: ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in Old English, Middle English, Icelandic, Faroese (in which it is called ""edd""), and Elfdalian. It was also used in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages but was subsequently replaced with ""dh"" and later ""d"". It is often transliterated as ""d"" (and ""d-"" is rarely used as a mnemonic). The lowercase version has been adopted to represent a voiced dental fricative in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In Old English, ""ð"" (called """" by the Anglo-Saxons) was used interchangeably with ""þ"" to represent the Old English"