"the knee between the patella and the trochlea (patellar compression syndrome), which causes pain. The second major class of knee disorder involves a tear, slippage, or dislocation that impairs the structural ability of the knee to balance the leg (patellofemoral instability syndrome). Patellofemoral instability syndrome may cause either pain, a sense of poor balance, or both. Prepatellar bursitis also known as ""housemaid's knee"" is painful inflammation of the prepatellar bursa (a frontal knee bursa) often brought about by occupational activity such as a roofer. Age also contributes to disorders of the knee. Particularly in older people, knee pain frequently arises"
"Infrapatellar bursitis Infrapatellar bursitis is the inflammation of one or both of the infrapatellar bursa, which are located just below the kneecap. Symptoms of bursitis commonly include swelling and knee pain. Bursitis often develops gradually over a period of days to even months but may develop more rapidly, especially in the event of trauma or infection. Bursitis affecting the superficial infrapatellar bursa is an occupational hazard of persons whose work involves kneeling on hard surfaces. Depending on the occupation affected it is known by a variety of nicknames, most commonly floor layers' knee, but also plumbers' knee, clergyman's knee, hoe's"
"of physical activity and a work environment where one is required to sit in a chair during the work day is one reason for developing knee joint pain, as the lower degree of physical movement tends to weaken the knee muscles. Blood vessels also can be affected, leading to development of painful conditions. As age progresses the movement of the knee joint involves higher friction with adjacent tissue and cartilages. Referred pain is that pain perceived at a site different from its point of origin but innervated by the same spinal segment. Sometimes knee pain may be related to another"
"Knee arthritis Arthritis is inflammation of the joints (the area of the body where two bones come together). Types of arthritis include those related to wear and tear of cartilage, such as osteoarthritis, to those associated with inflammation resulting from an overactive immune system, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The one part of the body that is most affected by arthritis is the knee. The knee can be affected by both rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis. It is not always certain why arthritis of the knee develops. Most physicians believe that it is a combination of factors that can include muscle weakness,"
"climb stairs or ladders). With hip osteoarthritis in particular, increased risk of development over time was found among those who work in bent or twisted positions. For knee osteoarthritis in particular, increased risk was found among those who work in a kneeling or squatting position, experience heavy lifting in combination with a kneeling or squatting posture, and work standing up. Women and men have similar occupational risks for the development of osteoarthritis. This type of osteoarthritis is caused by other factors but the resulting pathology is the same as for primary osteoarthritis: While osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that"
"only to individuals without cartilage damage. The condition may result from acute injury to the patella or chronic friction between the patella and a groove in the femur through which it passes during knee flexion. Possible causes include a tight iliotibial band, neuromas, bursitis, overuse, malalignment, core instability, and patellar maltracking. Pain at the front or inner side of the knee is common in adults of all ages especially when engaging in soccer, gymnastics, cycling, rowing, tennis, ballet, basketball, horseback riding, volleyball, running, combat sports, figure skating, snowboarding, skateboarding and even swimming. The pain is typically felt after prolonged sitting."
"may affect any joint, the knee—specifically the medial femoral condyle in 75–85% of knee cases—tends to be the most commonly affected, and constitutes 75% of all cases. The elbow (specifically the capitulum of the humerus) is the second most affected joint with 6% of cases; the talar dome of the ankle represents 4% of cases. Less frequent locations include the patella, vertebrae, the femoral head, and the glenoid of the scapula. The condition was initially described by Alexander Monro (primus) in 1738. In 1870, James Paget described the disease process for the first time, but it was not until 1887"
"due to osteoarthritis. In addition, weakening of tissues around the knee may contribute to the problem. Patellofemoral instability may relate to hip abnormalities or to tightness of surrounding ligaments. Cartilage lesions can be caused by: Any kind of work during which the knees undergo heavy stress may also be detrimental to cartilage. This is especially the case in professions in which people frequently have to walk, lift, or squat. Other causes of pain may be excessive on, and wear off, the knees, in combination with such things as muscle weakness and overweight. Common complaints: Physical fitness is related integrally to"
"per year. Males are more often affected than females. Younger adults are most often affected. Descriptions of this injury date back to at least 20 BC by Meges of Sidon. Symptoms include knee pain. The joint may also be obviously out of place. A joint effusion is not always present. Complications may include injury to the artery behind the knee in about 20% of cases or compartment syndrome. Damage to the common peroneal nerve or tibial nerve may also occur. Nerve problems if they occur often never fully heal. About half are the result of major trauma and about half"
"obesity, heredity, joint injury or stress, and aging. Cartilage in the knee may begin to break down after sustained stress from prolonged standing or walking, leaving the bones of the knee rubbing against each other. Persons who work in a place that applies repetitive stress on the knees are at a high risk of developing this condition. Bone deformities increase the risk for osteoarthritis of the knee since the joints are already malformed and may contain defective cartilage. Having gout, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease of bone or septic arthritis may increase a person's risk of developing osteoarthritis. It is believed"
"knee,Parsons knee, vicars knee,housewife's knee (prepatellar bursitis). The deep infrapatellar bursa occasionally also become inflamed, swollen, and painful. Bursitis in the deep infrapatellar bursa usually develops from chronic overuse of the knee extensor tendon (patellar tendon) as can occur with repetitive flexing of the knee under pressure in work duties or exercise. Examples might include climbing stairs, jumping, or deep knee bends. Infrapatellar bursitis Infrapatellar bursitis is the inflammation of one or both of the infrapatellar bursa, which are located just below the kneecap. Symptoms of bursitis commonly include swelling and knee pain. Bursitis often develops gradually over a period"
"pain is worse with acute knee impact. The pain can be reproduced by extending the knee against resistance, stressing the quadriceps, or striking the knee. Pain is initially mild and intermittent. In the acute phase, the pain is severe and continuous in nature. Impact of the affected area can be very painful. Bilateral symptoms are observed in 20–30% of people. Risk factors include overuse, especially sports which involve running or jumping. The underlying mechanism is repeated tension on the growth plate of the upper tibia. It also occurs frequently in male pole vaulters aged 14-22. Diagnosis is made based on"
"Knee pain Knee pain is pain in or around the knee. The knee joint consists of an articulation between four bones: the femur, tibia, fibula and patella. There are four compartments to the knee. These are the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments, the patellofemoral compartment and the superior tibiofibular joint. The components of each of these compartments can suffer from repetitive strain, injury or disease. Running long distance can cause pain to the knee joint, as it is high-impact exercise. Some common injuries include: Some of the diseases of cause of knee pain include the following: Common deformities of the"
"knee include: A Chinese study concluded that knee pain is significantly more prevalent in people working in cold stores than in those in normal temperature. One study came to the conclusion that 17% of adolescents with ""anterior knee pain"" (a common but benign self-limiting condition) report that their pain is associated with cold weather. The same study indicated that the main activities associated with ""anterior knee pain"" are sporting, stair climbing and walking, but also sitting. Some people with ""anterior knee pain"" tend to have generally colder knees, and such people also trend towards having to wear extra tights/long johns"
"athletes, particularly those who participate in alpine skiing, soccer, football, or basketball. Diagnosis is typically made by physical examination and is sometimes supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Physical examination will often show tenderness around the knee joint, reduced range of motion of the knee, and increased looseness of the joint. Prevention is by neuromuscular training and core strengthening. Treatment recommendations depend on desired level of activity. In those with low levels of future activity, nonsurgical management including bracing and physiotherapy may be sufficient. In those with high activity levels, surgical repair via arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is often"
"that flat feet cause increased rates and earlier incidence of knee osteoarthritis. In a study of army recruits with moderate to severe flat feet, the results showed that they had almost double the rate of knee arthritis when compared to recruits with normal arches. Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis depends on a focused medical history and on a physical examination of the affected knee. In particular, a history of persistent knee pain, limited (low) morning stiffness and reduced function in addition to physical exam findings of crepitus (feeling of cracking or popping with movement of the joint), restricted movement and bony"
"can be rested, iced, compressed and elevated (RICE) to reduce pain and inflammation, followed by stretching. Physical therapy, and many of its modalities, can offer relief if symptoms arise. Iliotibial band syndrome Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is a common injury to the knee, generally associated with running, cycling, hiking or weight-lifting (especially squats). ITBS symptoms range from a stinging sensation just above the knee and outside of the knee (lateral side of the knee) joint, to swelling or thickening of the tissue in the area where the band moves over the femur. The stinging sensation just above the knee joint"
"alcoholism, pancreatitis, sickle cell anemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the Knee, also known as Ahlback's disease is the result of vascular arterial insufficiency to the medial femoral condyle of the knee resulting in necrosis and destruction of bone. It is often unilateral and can be associated with a meniscal tear. The condition is usually characterized by a sudden onset of knee pain, worse at night. Examination reveals tenderness of the medial femoral condyle, joint effusion, and occasional locking of the knee joint. It is more common in females over the age of 50"
"may not be as constant as first reported. In women, many cases seem to begin at puberty. Episodes of knee swelling may coincide the menstrual cycle. In nearly all case reports, pregnancy seems to suppress the condition but after birth, during lactation, it returns. In the main, patients are mostly free of other symptoms. Fever is rare. There no signs of local inflammation or lymphatic involvement. Laboratory tests are generally normal or within reference limits. The cause is unknown but allergic and auto-inflammatory mechanisms have been proposed. In a 1957 review of IH, Mattingly did not find evidence that the"
"the ages of 11 and 20. People who work in straining jobs such as construction or professional sports are also more likely to have a meniscal tear because of the different tensions to which their knees are subjected. According to the United States National Library of Medicine, the isolated medial meniscal tear occurs more frequently than any other tear associated with the meniscus. The prevalence of meniscus tears is the same for both knees. In a few different studies the BMI of a person is shown to have a greater effect on the frequency of a meniscus tear; having a"
"Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the Knee, also known as Ahlback's disease is the result of vascular arterial insufficiency to the medial femoral condyle of the knee resulting in necrosis and destruction of bone. It is often unilateral and can be associated with a meniscal tear. The condition is usually characterized by a sudden onset of knee pain, worse at night. Examination reveals tenderness of the medial femoral condyle, joint effusion, and occasional locking of the knee joint. It is more common in females over the age of 50 with possible risk factors of corticosteroid use, Lupus,"
"in the muscles supporting a joint; and impairment of peripheral nerves, leading to sudden or uncoordinated movements. However exercise, including running in the absence of injury, has not been found to increase the risk of knee osteoarthritis. Nor has cracking one's knuckles been found to play a role. A number of studies have shown that there is a greater prevalence of the disease among siblings and especially identical twins, indicating a hereditary basis. Although a single factor is not generally sufficient to cause the disease, about half of the variation in susceptibility has been assigned to genetic factors. As early"
"control the joint as the collateral ligaments are relaxed. Furthermore, the dorsal fibers of the tibial collateral ligament become tensed during extreme medial rotation and the ligament also reduces the lateral rotation to 45-60°. Knee pain is caused by trauma, misalignment, and degeneration as well as by conditions like arthritis. The most common knee disorder is generally known as patellofemoral syndrome.The majority of minor cases of knee pain can be treated at home with rest and ice but more serious injuries do require surgical care. One form of patellofemoral syndrome involves a tissue-related problem that creates pressure and irritation in"
"Patellar tendinitis Patellar tendinitis, also known as jumper's knee, is a common cause of knee pain among athletes. It is a repetitive strain injury to the tendon connecting the patella, or kneecap, with the shinbone. Jumper's knee commonly occurs in athletes who are involved in jumping sports such as basketball and volleyball, but can affect any athlete. Patients report anterior knee pain, often with an aching quality. The symptom onset is insidious. Rarely is a discrete injury described. Usually, the problem is below the kneecap but it may also be above. Depending on the duration of symptoms, jumper's knee can"
"treatment may result in further damage to the knee. ACL injury is most likely to occur in the following situations: These movements cause the tibia to shift away from the femur rapidly, placing strain on the knee joint and potentially leading to rupture of the ACL. Female athletes are two to eight times more likely to strain their ACL in sports that involve cutting and jumping as compared to men who play the same particular sports. NCAA data has found relative rates of injury per 1000 athlete exposures as follows: The highest rate of ACL injury in women occurred in"
"in the winter. Cold-induced knee pain may also be due to tenosynovitis of the tendons around the knee, in which cold exposure has a specific role, either as a causative or a contributing factor. Frank arthritis has been reported in children due to frostbite from extreme cold causing direct chondrocyte injury. There is also a hereditary disease, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), which often features knee pain, in addition to hives, fever and pain in other joints, following general exposure to cold. Cold weather also aggravates knee pain in patients already having osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. A lower level"
"subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance). This may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis. Patients may also show opisthotonus—spasm of the whole body that leads to legs and head being bent back and body bowed forward. Jozef Brudzinski (1874–1917), a Polish pediatrician, is credited with several signs in meningitis. The most commonly used sign (Brudzinski's neck sign) is positive when the forced flexion of the neck elicits a reflex flexion of the hips, with the patient lying supine. Other signs attributed to Brudzinski: Meningism Meningism, also called meningismus or pseudomeningitis, is a set of symptoms similar to"
"degenerative knee disease. The term meniscus derives from Greek μηνίσκος ""meniskos"", ""crescent moon"". The word was also used for curved things in general, such as a necklace or a line of battle. Meniscus (anatomy) A meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous anatomical structure that, in contrast to an articular disk, only partly divides a joint cavity. In humans they are present in the knee, wrist, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints; in other animals they may be present in other joints. Generally, the term 'meniscus' is used to refer to the cartilage of the knee, either to the lateral or medial meniscus."
"pain in the knee and around the patella. It is sometimes referred to as runner's knee, but this term is used for other overuse injuries that involve knee pain as well. It can be caused by a single incident, but is often the result of overuse or a sudden icrease in physical activity. Iliotibial band syndrome is defined as inflammation of the iliotibial band on the outside of the knee. This inflammation occurs a result of the iliotibial band and the outside of the knee join rubbing together. The resulting pain typically is initially mild and worsens if running continues."
"of the particular joint and the overall body of the person. Individuals with arthritis can benefit from both physical and occupational therapy. In arthritis the joints become stiff and the range of movement can be limited. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain, and delay need for surgical intervention in advanced cases. Exercise prescribed by a physical therapist has been shown to be more effective than medications in treating osteoarthritis of the knee. Exercise often focuses on improving muscle strength, endurance and flexibility. In some cases, exercises may be designed to train balance. Occupational therapy can"
"after exercise, infections, history of gout or psoriasis, and previous activities that contributes to long-term overuse of the knee joint should be asked. Knee pain due to long-term overuse are reproducible. For example, repetitive jumping can cause inflammation of patellar tendon. Repetitive kneeling can cause prepatellar inflammation of synovial bursa. Physical examination of the knee begins by observing the person's gait to assess for any abnormalities seen while walking. Gait assessment can be used to differentiate genuine knee pain or pain which referred from hip, lower back or the foot. A person can be asked to perform a duckwalk. This"
"B. Schlatter (18641934), a Swiss surgeon, who described the condition independently in 1903. Osgood–Schlatter disease causes pain in the front lower part of the knee. This is usually at the ligament-bone junction of the patellar ligament and the tibial tuberosity. The tibial tuberosity is a slight elevation of bone on the anterior and proximal portion of the tibia. The patellar tendon attaches the anterior quadriceps muscles to the tibia via the knee cap. Intense knee pain is usually the presenting symptom that occurs during activities such as running, jumping, squatting, and especially ascending or descending stairs and during kneeling. The"
"The majority of affected individuals have clinically manifest osteochondromas around the knee. Forearm involvement in HMO is considerable. Furthermore, short stature may occur and is generally disproportionate. Such manifestations usually result from disruption of physeal growth especially that osteochondromas typically arise at the metaphyseal ends of long bones in close proximity to the physis. Intra-articular osteochondromas of the hip can induce limitation of range of motion, joint pain and acetabular dysplasia. Likewise joint pain at other locations and neurovascular compression can occur. Furthermore, functional disability in regard to activities of daily living can be a presenting feature. Spinal deformity pain"