"societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs. The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London. Contraception was not restricted by law in the United States throughout most of the 19th century, but in the 1870s a social purity movement grew in strength, aimed at outlawing vice in general, and prostitution and obscenity in particular. Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle-class women, the Victorian-era campaign"
"these, from time to time, she faced both sanction from the authorities and in 1968 faced criminal prosecution. She pleaded guilty but was given an absolute discharge. In common with a number of her colleagues who were involved in birth control during the period between 1930 and 1960, Helena was a member of the British Eugenics Society. Books by Helena Wright Books by Helena Wright and others Helena Rosa Wright Helena Rosa Wright (17 September 1887 – 21 March 1982) was an English pioneer and influential figure in birth control and family planning both in Britain and internationally. With her"
"Janet Chance Janet Chance (10 February 1886 – 18 December 1953) was a British feminist writer, sex education advocate and birth control and abortion law reformer. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland to Scottish Calvinist minister and New College principal Alexander Whyte and Jane Elizabeth Barbour, Janet Whyte married successful chemical firm owner and stockbroker Clinton Frederick Chance in 1912. The couple soon moved to London, England where they both became enthusiastic advocate and financial supporters of the English Malthusian League and the efforts of American reformer Margaret Sanger and the birth control movement. Despite suffering from intermittent bouts of depression, Janet"
"Margaret Sanger Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term ""birth control"", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking. She was prosecuted for her book ""Family Limitation"" under the Comstock Act in 1914. She was afraid of what would happen, so she fled to Britain until she"
"Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley Katharine Louisa Russell, Viscountess Amberley (née Stanley; 3 April 1842 – 28 June 1874), often referred to as Kate, was a British suffragist and an early advocate of birth control in the United Kingdom. She was the mother of the philosopher Bertrand Russell. Viscountess Amberley was the penultimate child of the politician Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, and the women's education campaigner Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley. Her nine siblings included Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle, another suffragist, and Maude Stanley, a youth work pioneer. On 8 November 1864, she married John Russell,"
"Helena Rosa Wright Helena Rosa Wright (17 September 1887 – 21 March 1982) was an English pioneer and influential figure in birth control and family planning both in Britain and internationally. With her husband she undertook missionary work in China for five years. She qualified as a medical doctor, later specialising in contraception medicine. Helena became renowned as an educator and also as a campaigner for government funded family planning services and became associated with international organisations promoting population control programmes. She was the author of several books and training guides on birth control, sex education and sex therapy. Helena's"
"Jane Clapperton Jane Hume Clapperton (22 September 1832 – 30 September 1914) was a British philosopher, birth control pioneer, social reformer and suffragist . Her father was Alexander Clapperton (d. 1849) and mother Anne Clapperton , née Hume (d. 1872). She had eleven siblings. Her father was a Liberal minded business man who had his children home educated, although Jane was sent to an English boarding school when she was 12 years old due to her frail health. On returning home, she did charitable work whilst remaining a spinster at home with her mother after her father died and siblings"
"and pamphlets Periodicals Collections and anthologies Speeches Margaret Sanger Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term ""birth control"", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking. She was prosecuted for her book ""Family Limitation"" under the Comstock Act in 1914. She was afraid of what would happen,"
"Harriet Taylor Mill Harriet Taylor Mill (née Hardy; London, 8 October 1807 – Avignon, 3 November 1858) was a British philosopher and women's rights advocate. Her extant corpus of writing can be found in ""The Complete Works of Harriet Taylor Mill"". As is often the case with female opinion-formers, she is now largely remembered for her influence upon her second husband, John Stuart Mill, one of the pre-eminent thinkers of the 19th century. Harriet Hardy was born in 1807 in Walworth, south London to parents Harriet and Thomas Hardy, a surgeon. Harriet was educated at home and expressed an early"
"intensively…reform would not have come as early, or as radically as it did."" Stella Browne Stella Browne (9 May 1880 – 8 May 1955) was a Canadian-born British feminist, socialist, sex radical, and birth control campaigner. She was one of the primary women in the fight for women's right to control and make decisions regarding their sexual choices. Active mainly in Britain, her principal focus was on sexual law reform, including the right for women to both access knowledge on and use birth control, as well as the right to abortion. She was also involved in labour parties, communist parties,"
"inclusion and poverty eradication . More specificially, Clapperton wrote that through controlling and differentiating the thoughts, feelings and senses people gain self knowledge and self disciple to meet the community's needs. Jane Clapperton Jane Hume Clapperton (22 September 1832 – 30 September 1914) was a British philosopher, birth control pioneer, social reformer and suffragist . Her father was Alexander Clapperton (d. 1849) and mother Anne Clapperton , née Hume (d. 1872). She had eleven siblings. Her father was a Liberal minded business man who had his children home educated, although Jane was sent to an English boarding school when she"
"daughter and no religious ceremony was held. Shortly after her husband's death two years later, all three bodies were moved to the Russell family vault at Chenies. Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley Katharine Louisa Russell, Viscountess Amberley (née Stanley; 3 April 1842 – 28 June 1874), often referred to as Kate, was a British suffragist and an early advocate of birth control in the United Kingdom. She was the mother of the philosopher Bertrand Russell. Viscountess Amberley was the penultimate child of the politician Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, and the women's education campaigner Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of"
"birth control became gradually accepted among Protestants, even among the most conservative evangelicals. Mr Quiverfull, a junior but notably fecund clergyman, appears as a minor fictional character in Anthony Trollope's Barsetshire chronicles (published between 1855 and 1867). In the 20th century, Quiverfull as a modern Christian movement began to emerge. While a newsletter by Nancy Campbell espoused Quiverfull ideas early, and Campbell is in measure responsible for formulating them, the movement sparked most fully after the 1985 publication of Mary Pride's book ""The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality."" In her book, Pride chronicled her metaphorical journey away from"
"in the converted coachman's quarters and the writer Walter Allen described how ""Most English Left-Wing intellectuals and American intellectuals visiting Britain must have passed through Highfield between 1930 and 1950"". Lella remained committed to disarmament, birth control and women's rights and continued to write and campaign. She died of pneumonia following a stroke in 1966. Lella Secor Florence Lella Secor Florence (February 13, 1887 – January 14, 1966), née Lella Faye Secor, was an American writer, journalist, pacifist, feminist and pioneer of birth control. Lella Faye Secor was born in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1887. In 1892 her family moved"
"Sheila Kitzinger Sheila Helena Elizabeth Kitzinger MBE (29 March 1929 – 11 April 2015) was a British natural childbirth activist and author on childbirth and pregnancy. She wrote more than 20 books and had a worldwide reputation as a passionate and committed advocate for change. Kitzinger was born in Taunton, Somerset. She was a social anthropologist specialising in pregnancy, childbirth and the parenting of babies and young children. She campaigned for women to have the information they need to make choices about childbirth and was a well known advocate for breastfeeding. She joined the advisory board of the National Childbirth"
"Caroline Norton Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton (22 March 1808 – 15 June 1877) was an English social reformer and author active in the early and mid-nineteenth century. Caroline left her husband in 1836, following which he sued her close friend Lord Melbourne, the then Whig Prime Minister, for criminal conversation (i.e. adultery). The jury threw out the claim, but Caroline was unable to obtain a divorce and was denied access to her three sons. Caroline's intense campaigning led to the passing of the Custody of Infants Act 1839, the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 and the Married Women's Property Act 1870."
"on June 4, 1968. Dorothy Hamilton Brush Dorothy Hamilton Brush (1894–1968) was a birth control advocate, women's rights advocate, and author. She worked with Margaret Sanger and the birth control movement and co-wrote (using her maiden name Dorothy Adams Hamilton) with Walter S. Hayward, ""The American People: A Popular History of the United States, 1865-1941"" (1943) and ""Your Land and My Land: The American People from Lincoln to Roosevelt"" (1943). Brush also wrote travel articles for the magazine World Traveller and a few children's plays for the Samuel French Company, which were published in the late 1920s. Dorothy Hamilton Brush"
"1967 passage of an Abortion bill. In August 1953, Chance's husband Clinton died. Janet Chance, whose battle with depression intensified had to be hospitalized. On December 18, four months after Clinton's death, Janet Chance threw herself from a window at London's University College Hospital and died. Janet Chance Janet Chance (10 February 1886 – 18 December 1953) was a British feminist writer, sex education advocate and birth control and abortion law reformer. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland to Scottish Calvinist minister and New College principal Alexander Whyte and Jane Elizabeth Barbour, Janet Whyte married successful chemical firm owner and stockbroker Clinton"
"Stella Browne Stella Browne (9 May 1880 – 8 May 1955) was a Canadian-born British feminist, socialist, sex radical, and birth control campaigner. She was one of the primary women in the fight for women's right to control and make decisions regarding their sexual choices. Active mainly in Britain, her principal focus was on sexual law reform, including the right for women to both access knowledge on and use birth control, as well as the right to abortion. She was also involved in labour parties, communist parties, as well as a number of women's societies. Stella Browne was one of"
"Rose Witcop Rose Lilian Witcop Aldred (9 April 1890 – 4 July 1932) was an anarchist, journalist and pioneer of birth control and sex education. She was born Rachel Vitkopski in Kiev, Ukraine to Jewish parents - Simon and Freda (Grill) - who brought her to London, England when she was five years old. Witcop was a member of the anarchist Jubilee Street Club - her sister Milly (Witkop) was the partner of Rudolf Rocker - and it was there she met Guy Aldred. In January 1907 they set up home together in Thorpebank Road, Shepherd's Bush, London. Two years"
"1877 in the United Kingdom to educate the public about the importance of family planning and to advocate for getting rid of penalties for promoting birth control. It was founded during the ""Knowlton trial"" of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh, who were prosecuted for publishing on various methods of birth control. In the United States, Margaret Sanger and Otto Bobsein popularized the phrase ""birth control"" in 1914. Sanger primarily advocated for birth control on the idea that it would prevent women from seeking unsafe abortions, but during her lifetime, she began to campaign for it on the grounds that it"
"in establishing the Townswomen's Guild in 1930. Eva Hubback, Shena Simon and Ernest Darwin Simon co-founded the Association for Education in Citizenship in 1933. She became secretary of this association, and chairman of the Family Endowment Society. From 1946 to 1948, Hubback represented Kensington North on the London County Council, elected on the Labour Party platform. She died on 15 July 1949. Eva Marian Hubback Eva Marian Hubback (13 April 1886 – 15 July 1949) was an English feminist and an early advocate of birth control and eugenics. Eva Marian Spielman was born on 13 April 1886, daughter of Sir"
"Lois Waisbrooker Lois Waisbrooker (21 February 1826 – 3 October 1909) was an American feminist author, editor, publisher, and campaigner of the later nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. She wrote extensively on issues of sex, marriage, birth control, and women's rights, plus related areas of radical thought like free speech, anarchism, spiritualism and genocide of men. She is perhaps best remembered for her 1893 novel ""A Sex Revolution"" in which she advocated mass genocide of men to reduce them to 10 percent of the human population. Born Adeline Eliza Nichols in upstate New York, she grew up in poverty"
"1934. Vera Houghton Vera Houghton, Baroness Houghton of Sowerby CBE (18 October 1914 - 30 November 2013) was a British women's health campaigner, chair of the Abortion Law Reform Association and founder of the Birth Control Trust. She also served as a Vice President of the British Eugenics Society from 1964-1966 and again in 1969 when it was reformed as the Galton Institute. Goughton was born Vera Travis in London on 18 October 1914 and educated at Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls, Acton. She was the chair of the Abortion Law Reform Association from 1963 to 1970, whilst the organisation,"
"London hostess. Caroline Norton Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton (22 March 1808 – 15 June 1877) was an English social reformer and author active in the early and mid-nineteenth century. Caroline left her husband in 1836, following which he sued her close friend Lord Melbourne, the then Whig Prime Minister, for criminal conversation (i.e. adultery). The jury threw out the claim, but Caroline was unable to obtain a divorce and was denied access to her three sons. Caroline's intense campaigning led to the passing of the Custody of Infants Act 1839, the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 and the Married Women's Property"
"forty years promoting the twin ideas of assertive womanhood and female sexuality as a positive power."" Lois Waisbrooker Lois Waisbrooker (21 February 1826 – 3 October 1909) was an American feminist author, editor, publisher, and campaigner of the later nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. She wrote extensively on issues of sex, marriage, birth control, and women's rights, plus related areas of radical thought like free speech, anarchism, spiritualism and genocide of men. She is perhaps best remembered for her 1893 novel ""A Sex Revolution"" in which she advocated mass genocide of men to reduce them to 10 percent of"
"Louisa Hubbard Louisa Maria Hubbard (8 March 1836 – 5 November 1906) was an English feminist social reformer and writer. She is best known for her activism for increased opportunities for women's education and employment. Born into a wealthy merchant family in Russia, she moved to England as a young girl and remained there for most of her life. She never married and devoted her time to social activism. She made use of her wealth to fund numerous women's causes. She began her activism in the Anglican deaconess movement in the 1860s. There she organized members and raised awareness of"
"Mary Astell Mary Astell (Newcastle upon Tyne, 12 November 1666 – London, 11 May 1731) was an English feminist writer and rhetorician. Her advocacy of equal educational opportunities for women has earned her the title ""the first English feminist."" Few records of Mary Astell's life have survived. As biographer Ruth Perry explains: ""as a woman she had little or no business in the world of commerce, politics, or law. She was born, she died; she owned a small house for some years; she kept a bank account; she helped to open a charity school in Chelsea: these facts the public"
"Eva Marian Hubback Eva Marian Hubback (13 April 1886 – 15 July 1949) was an English feminist and an early advocate of birth control and eugenics. Eva Marian Spielman was born on 13 April 1886, daughter of Sir Meyer Spielman. She was educated at Saint Felix School, Southwold, Suffolk and Newnham College, Cambridge, graduating in 1908 with first class honours in the Economics tripos. In February 1911 she married Francis William Hubback (1884-1917). They had three children, Diana, Rachel and David, before her husband died in February 1917 of wounds received in action during World War I. She was director"
"Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton (12 January 1869 – 2 May 1923), usually known as Constance Lytton, was an influential British suffragette activist, writer, speaker and campaigner for prison reform, votes for women, and birth control. She sometimes used the name Jane Warton. Although born and raised in the privileged ruling class of British society, Lytton rejected this background to join the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the most militant group of suffragette activists campaigning for ""Votes for Women"". She was subsequently imprisoned four times, including once in Walton gaol in Liverpool under the ""nom de guerre"""
"Margaret O'Flynn Margaret Ellen Mary O'Flynn (January 1920 – 22 September 2014), known professionally as Margaret Foley, was a British gynaecologist and pioneer of contraception services for women. She dedicated most of her career to the improvement of women's health in Portsmouth and south east Hampshire, which witnessed a flourishing range of facilities and services in family planning, women's sexual health, and the management of the menopause, as a result of her determination. She was born Margaret Boulton at Talke of the Hill, Staffordshire, in January 1920, the eldest daughter of Ernest and Edith Boulton. She became head girl at"
"Priscilla Wakefield Priscilla Wakefield, ""nee"" Priscilla Bell (31 January 1751 – 12 September 1832) was an English Quaker philanthropist who wrote on feminist economics and scientific subjects, as well as producing children's non-fiction. Priscilla Bell was born into a family in Tottenham, a village north of London. Her father was Daniel Bell of the nearby village of Stamford Hill, Middlesex. His wife Catharine was the granddaughter of the Quaker theologian Robert Barclay. She was one of several sisters; Catherine Bell married John Gurney of Earlham Hall and had many remarkable children, the best-known of whom is probably Elizabeth Fry. In"
"Emmeline Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst (; circa 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote. In 1999 ""Time"" named Pankhurst as one of the , stating ""she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back"". She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, but her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. Born"