"many taxa, as well as the relationships between them, remains unclear. Euphrasia Euphrasia (eyebright) is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other plants. The common name refers to the plant's use in treating eye infections. Many species are found in alpine or sub-alpine meadows where snow is common. Flowers usually are borne terminally, are zygomorphic, and have a lower petal shaped like a lip. The most common flower colours are purple, blue-white, and violet. Some species have"
"of a tea for the redness, swelling, and visual disturbances caused by blepharitis and conjunctivitis. The herb is also used for eyestrain and to relieve inflammation caused by colds, coughs, sinus infections, sore throats and hay fever. Parts used include the leaf, the stem, and small pieces of the flowers. Typical preparations include a warm compress or tea. Eyebright preparations are also available as an extract or capsule. A report from the European Medicines Agency states about the efficacy of Euphrasia remedies: From the presence of secondary metabolites, an astringent and anti-inflammatory activity can be hypothesized for Euphrasia preparations. The"
"Euphrasia stricta Euphrasia stricta or drug eyebright is an annual forb in the genus ""Euphrasia"". It has been introduced in northeastern North America, where it is found in New England (except Connecticut), New York, Pennsylvania, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec, the upper peninsula of Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Illinois. It is also found in Central Europe and Pyrenees The preferred growing location is on moist, calcareous sands, such as those on some moors and dunes. The plant is a hemiparasite and can steal water and salts from grasses. Euphrasia stricta is used in herbal medicine to"
"a protective charm against evil spirits for both mother and child. ""Ledebouria"" is used for medicinal purposes, including pregnancy, diarrhoea, influenza, backaches, skin irritations and wounds. ""Ranunculus multifidus"" is used to cure epileptic fits in adults, lung problems and used as an emetic. ""Kohautia amatymbica"" is also used as an emetic. ""Plantago major"" is used as a cure for wounds,inflammations, and eye irritations. ""Gazania linearis"" is applied on small cuts made on the body close to the joints to protect someone from evil spirits. ""Helichrysum pedunculatum"" is used as a dressing after circumcision and to prevent the wound from getting"
"Yakutiya). Ephedrae herbs which includes ""Ephedra monosperma"" has been used in Chinese and Japanese medicine for several thousand years. The pharmacological effect of Ephedra medicine is in wide range: increase in heart rate and elevation of blood pressure against heart block or postural hypotension, constriction of peripheral blood vessels, bronchodilation against bronchial asthma, CNS stimulation against narcolepsy or depression, and urine retention against urinary incontinence. The pure alkaloid ephedrine from the Ephedra herbs is popular for effective medicine for asthma, especially because it can be given by mouth unlike adrenaline. It has been recently used in street drug and nutritional"
"and insect bites, chewing of roots for toothache and throat infections; internal application was used for pain, cough, stomach cramps, and snake bites. The plant is important economically, to the pharmaceutical trade. It is purported that all parts of the purple coneflower stimulate the immune system. Well-controlled trials studying these uses are limited and low in quality. Study results are mixed on whether preparations including Echinacea can be useful for upper respiratory tract infections including colds. Side effects include gastrointestinal effects and allergic reactions, including rashes, increased asthma, and life-threatening anaphylaxis. 'Echinacea' is derived from Greek, meaning ‘spiny one’, in"
"that suppresses the fermentation of urine and into the bladder. The fruits are more used than the leaves. In acute bronchitis, it is possible to reduce the expectoration and improve the result are added to the expectoration of penicillium, eucalyptus leaves and borage. The chewed leaves are applied to sores and headaches, for stomach pain and cramps, infused are used to treat severe colds and diarrhea. Commonly used for its diuretic action, for kidney stones, inflammation or infection in the urinary tract, prostatitis and edema. Its therapeutic uses are similar to the European Grape-ursi. Sweet and sour fruits are also"
"Larger doses are lethal to fish, but mammals and amphibians are unaffected. ""Tephrosia purpurea"" is also used traditionally as folk medicine. According to Ayurveda, the plant is anthelmintic, alexiteric, restorative, and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of leprosy, ulcers, asthma, and tumors, as well as diseases of the liver, spleen, heart, and blood. A decoction of the roots is given in dyspepsia, diarrhea, rheumatism, asthma and urinary disorders. The root powder is salutary for brushing the teeth, where it is said to quickly relieve dental pains and stop bleeding. An extract, termed 'betaphroline' (not a systematic name) is"
"to pollinating insects. Alternative names, mainly in herbalism, are ""Augentrostkraut, Euphrasiae herba, Herba Euphrasiae"" and ""Herbe d'Euphraise"". The plant was known to classical herbalists, but then was not referred to until mentioned again in 1305. Nicholas Culpeper assigned it to the Zodiac sign Leo, claiming that it strengthened the brain. It was also used to treat bad memory and vertigo. In the Elizabethan era the plant was used in ales and Gervase Markham's ""Countrie Farm"" (1616) recommended that one should ""Drinke everie morning a small draught of Eyebright wine."" Herbalists use eyebright as a poultice with or without concurrent administration"
"Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hirta (sometimes called asthma-plant) is a pantropical weed, possibly native to India. It is a hairy herb that grows in open grasslands, roadsides and pathways. It is used in traditional herbal medicine. This erect or prostrate annual herb can grow up to long with a solid, hairy stem that produces an abundant white latex. There are stipules present. The leaves are simple, elliptical, hairy (on both upper and lower surfaces but particularly on the veins on the lower leaf surface), with a finely dentate margin. Leaves occur in opposite pairs on the stem. The flowers are unisexual"
"and diarrhea. The whole plant was used in early American medicine as an antispasmodic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and general tonic. The ""root"" was once also used as an emetic in large doses, and as an expectorant in small doses. Modern medicine does not use this plant. Traditional Chinese medicine uses ""Jeffersonia dubia"" for strengthening the stomach and bringing down fevers. Jeffersonia Jeffersonia which is also known as twinleaf or rheumatism root, is a small genus of herbaceous perennial plants in the family Berberidaceae. They are uncommon spring wildflowers and grow in limestone soils of rich deciduous forests. ""Jeffersonia"" was named"
"recognised: Euphrasia collina Euphrasia collina is a perennial herb or subshrub in the genus ""Euphrasia"". Plants grow to between 5 and 60 cm high and have leaves with 1 to 6 teeth per side.The flowers may be white, blue, pink or purple, sometimes blotched with yellow on the lower petal. It occurs in South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales in a wide variety of habitats including woodland, heath and grasslands, from coastal to alpine areas. The species was first formerly described by botanist Robert Brown in ""Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae"" in 1810. There are a number of subspecies"
"ephedrine, the plant's principal alkaloid. Ephedrine is actually a very interesting case of economic botany in medicine. Ephedrine imitates epinephrine in its effect on the human body. While it has medicinal uses, ephedrine can be highly toxic. Because of this fact, medical researchers studied the compound and produced pseudoephedrine, which is used in over-the-counter medications and in the illegal manufacture of methamphetamine. One of many herbal remedies out there, Echinacea represents a sizable industry. Many people take echinacea for cold and flu-like symptoms, but studies show that the plant has had mixed success fighting these viruses. However, those same studies"
"produces dense clusters of tiny white flower heads held above the foliage. ""Eupatorium perfoliatum"" can form hybrids with other species of the genus ""Eupatorium"", for example ""Eupatorium serotinum"". ""Eupatorium perfoliatum"" was used in the traditional medicine of Native Americans and extracts are now used in herbal medicine for fever and colds. The effects of ""Eupatorium perfoliatum"" have not been confirmed by clinical study. However, animal studies and ""in vitro"" experiments with plant extracts indicate possible anti-inflammatory effects and activity against ""Plasmodium falciparum"", the parasite that causes malaria. Frederick Klenner, MD, recounted his mother's use of ""Eupatorium perfoliatum"" during the flu"
"Euphrasia collina Euphrasia collina is a perennial herb or subshrub in the genus ""Euphrasia"". Plants grow to between 5 and 60 cm high and have leaves with 1 to 6 teeth per side.The flowers may be white, blue, pink or purple, sometimes blotched with yellow on the lower petal. It occurs in South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales in a wide variety of habitats including woodland, heath and grasslands, from coastal to alpine areas. The species was first formerly described by botanist Robert Brown in ""Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae"" in 1810. There are a number of subspecies currently"
"it is used as forage. It has a raw protein content of 3.3%. The plant is used traditionally in China for edema, skin injuries, snakebite, and inflammation. In Mymensingh District it is traditionally used to treat cough, headache, hypertension, sleep disorders, and respiratory diseases. It is combined with ""Nardostachys jatamansi"" and after development by Asima Chatterjee sold as an ayurvedic treatment for epilepsy called ""Ayush-56."" However, Ayush-56 does not show encouraging results in treating the disease. It is also used as a phytoremediator of arsenic while growing with rice plants. Marsilea minuta Marsilea minuta, or dwarf waterclover is a species"
"are less likely to precipitate in urine. The hydrolysis takes place by the action of amidases. It is excreted primarily in the urine. Secretory routes of less significance are bile, feces, milk and sweat. Glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption are the main processes involved. Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic, that is used as a cream to treat skin infections and as eye drops to treat eye infections. On the skin it is used to treat acne and seborrheic dermatitis. In cream form it is used to treat bacterial infections on the skin. It can also be used"
"the flowering plant ""Coccoloba uvifera"". Plants of the genus ""Ephedra"", including ""E. sinica"" and others, have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, including treatment of asthma, hay fever and the common cold. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are active constituents of ""E. sinica"" and other members of the genus. These compounds are sympathomimetics with stimulant and decongestant qualities and are chemically substituted amphetamines. Pollen of ""Ephedra"" spp. was found in the Shanidar IV burial site in Iraq, which led to the suggestion that its use as a medicinal plant dates to over 60,000 years"
"Urophagia Urophagia is the consumption of urine. Urine was used in several ancient cultures for various health, healing, and cosmetic purposes; urine drinking is still practised today, though there is no proven health benefit to it. In extreme cases, people drink urine if no other potable fluid is available, although numerous credible sources (including the US Army Field Manual) advise against it. Also, some people consume urine as a sexual activity. Survival guides such as the ""US Army Field Manual"", The SAS Survival Handbook, and others generally advise ""against"" drinking urine for survival. These guides state that drinking urine tends"
"number exist in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, though many are beneficial, particularly in the gut flora. However several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming,"
"and found in axillary cymes at each leaf node. They lack petals and are generally on a stalk. The fruit is a capsules with three valves and produces tiny, oblong, four-sided red seeds. It has a white or brown taproot. Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hirta (sometimes called asthma-plant) is a pantropical weed, possibly native to India. It is a hairy herb that grows in open grasslands, roadsides and pathways. It is used in traditional herbal medicine. This erect or prostrate annual herb can grow up to long with a solid, hairy stem that produces an abundant white latex. There are stipules"
"orally at 300–900 mg/kg/day showed significant antimalarial activity against both early and established infections. Uvaria chamae Uvaria chamae, commonly known as finger root or bush banana is a climbing large shrub or small tree native to tropical West and Central Africa where it grows in wet and dry forests and coastal scrublands. The common name refers to the fruit growing in its small bunches; the fruit is edible and widely eaten. ""U. chamae"" is a medicinal plant used throughout its range to treat fevers and has antibiotic properties. Among 120 plant species tested the root bark of Uvaria was found"
"of the root. Gentian is used in herbal medicine for digestive problems, fever, hypertension, muscle spasms, parasitic worms, wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and malaria, although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of a placebo with regards to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children. It has been studied and proven in effectively managing dyspepsia. ""Gentiana punctata"" leaves and roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout. The Gentian flower was"
"sicknesses that increased body temperature, such as high fevers. East Asian types of sassafras such as ""Sassafras tzumu"" (chu mu) and ""Sassafras randaiense"" (chu shu) are used in Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism and trauma. Some modern researchers conclude that the oil, roots and bark of sassafras have analgesic and antiseptic properties. Different parts of the sassafras plant (including the leaves and stems, the bark, and the roots) have been used to treat ""scurvy, skin sores, kidney problems, toothaches, rheumatism, swelling, menstrual disorders and sexually transmitted diseases, bronchitis, hypertension, and dysentery. It is also used as a fungicide, dentifrice, rubefacient,"
"fevers, colds, chills, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, gastric de-rangements, colic, croup, whooping-cough, gout, asthma, malaria, diabetes, bladder and kidney disorders, influenza, and convulsions. The roots, stems and leaves are used as enemas, poultices, infusions, lotions, inhaled (e.g. smoked or snuffed), or as an essential oil. In addition, ""Artemisia afra"" is frequently used as a moth repellent, and in organic insecticidal sprays. [4][5][8] Essential oil extracts of ""Artemisia afra"" are prepared by steam distillation using twigs and blossoms. Extracts contain the following components (via gas chromatography) which are typical of extracts of the genus ""Artemisia"": Research suggests that the extract of"
"the air is unpolluted, they can grow to 10–20 cm long. It can sometimes be used as a bioindicator, because it tends to only grow in those regions where the air is clean, and of high quality. According to Paul Bergner, Author of Medical Herbalism. ""The usnic acid in ""Usnea"" is effective against gram positive bacteria such as ""Streptococcus"" and ""Staphylococcus"", making ""Usnea"" a valuable addition to herbal formulas for sore throats and skin infections. It is also effective against a bacterium that commonly causes pneumonia Table 19.x shows some conditions that ""Usnea"" has been used for in European research."""
"to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections. Clematis is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy. Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species (""Clematis longicauda"" steud ex A. Rich. and ""Clematis burgensis"" Engl.) are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema. Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which could also be"
"treated, because the infection area is limited to the skin, preventing the lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen from entering and destroying a vital organ. Without treatment, about 20% of cutaneous skin infection cases progress to toxemia and death. Respiratory infection in humans is relatively rare and presents as two stages. It infects the lymph nodes in the chest first, rather than the lungs themselves, a condition called hemorrhagic mediastinitis, causing bloody fluid to accumulate in the chest cavity, therefore causing shortness of breath. The first stage causes cold and flu-like symptoms. Symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, cough,"
"transmitted by mosquito bites. Elephantiasis results when the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system. Elephantiasis affects mainly the lower extremities, while the ears, mucous membranes, and amputation stumps are affected less frequently. However, different species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the body; ""Wuchereria bancrofti"" can affect the legs, arms, vulva, breasts, and scrotum (causing hydrocele formation), while ""Brugia timori"" rarely affects the genitals. Those who develop the chronic stages of elephantiasis are usually free from microfilariae (amicrofilaraemic), and often have adverse immunological reactions to the microfilariae, as well as the adult worms. The subcutaneous worms present"
"medicine, including ""cedria"" and ""pissinum"". ""Cedria"" was the pitch and resin of the cedar tree, being equivalent to the oil of tar and pyroligneous acid which are used in the first stage of distilling creosote. He recommends cedria to ease the pain in a toothache, as an injection in the ear in case of hardness of hearing, to kill parasitic worms, as a preventative for impregnation, as a treatment for phthiriasis and porrigo, as an antidote for the poison of the sea hare, as a liniment for elephantiasis, and as an ointment to treat ulcers both on the skin and"
"of acid conditions. Emilia sonchifolia is a native of Central and South America. It is a medicinal herb in Chinese, called ""ye xia hong"" (). It is one among the ""Ten Sacred Flowers of Kerala State in India, collectively known as Dasapushpam. In Vietnam, it has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of fever, sore throat, diarrhea, eczema and as an antidote for snake bites. The leaves and young shoots can be used, raw or cooked. The leaves are harvested before the plant flowers. The young leaves are used as food in Java and Puerto Rico, however, in"
"lungs are infected. X-rays are often inconclusive in differentiating between other infections. If the sinus/craniofacial area is infected, symptoms begin with facial pain, progressing to muscle or nerve impairment in the eye area, and ultimately leading to the formation of blood clots in arteries serving the brain. Treatment involves a combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy. ""Lichtheimia corymbifera"" is most susceptible to the antifungal drug Amphotericin B and Posaconazole, however, negative side effects are possible. These side effects can be relatively mild, resulting in chills and muscle pain but can also include severe forms of nephrotoxicity. Amphotericin B binds"
"safety and efficacy have not been studied. Hyperforin has also displayed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, although dosage, safety and efficacy have not been studied. Herbal medicine has also employed lipophilic extracts from St John's wort as a topical remedy for wounds, abrasions, burns, and muscle pain. The positive effects that have been observed are generally attributed to hyperforin due to its possible antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. For this reason hyperforin may be useful in the treatment of infected wounds and inflammatory skin diseases. In response to hyperforin's incorporation into a new bath oil, a study to assess potential skin"