"of high tensions in Haiti. Francois Duvalier, known as Papa Doc, ran a military regime in Haiti from 1957 to 1971. His son Jean-Claude Duvalier, also known as “Baby Doc”, succeeded him from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986. In 1980, the Jean-Claude Duvalier dictatorship forbade all media critiques; they began exiling journalists. In ""La Vie Ouvriére"" newspaper, she spoke about her frustration regarding this matter. The interviewer asks her how is it that she was able to sing in Haiti, when he thought that she couldn’t. “I can return, but only for one show."
"while serving as an administrator in a U.S.-funded anti-yaws campaign, François Duvalier (known as """"Papa Doc"""") soon established another dictatorship. His regime is regarded as one of the most repressive and corrupt of modern times, combining violence against political opponents with exploitation of Vodou to instill fear in the majority of the population. Duvalier's paramilitary police, officially the Volunteers for National Security (Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale – VSN) but more commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, named for a Vodou monster, carried out political murders, beatings, and intimidation. An estimated 30,000 Haitians were killed by his government. Duvalier employed"
"Duvalier was a physician by profession. His profession and expertise in the field acquired him the nickname ""PapaDoc"". He was unanimously ""re-elected"" in a 1961 election in which he was the only candidate. Afterwards, he consolidated his power step by step, culminating in 1964 when he declared himself as President for Life after another faulty election, and remained in power until he died in 1971. He was succeeded by his son, Jean‑Claude, who was nicknamed ""BabyDoc"". Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker His aunt, Madame Florestal, raised him."
"officer involved in a plot to kidnap his children, leading Bosch to publicly threaten to invade Haiti. However, the Dominican army, which distrusted Bosch's leftist leanings, expressed little support for an invasion, and the dispute was settled by OAS emissaries. In 1971, Papa Doc entered into a 99-year contract with Don Pierson representing Dupont Caribbean Inc. of Texas for a free port project on the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island located some off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola. On Duvalier's death in April 1971, power passed to his 19-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier (known as"
"""""Baby Doc""""). Under Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haiti's economic and political condition continued to decline, although some of the more fearsome elements of his father's regime were abolished. Foreign officials and observers also seemed more tolerant toward Baby Doc, in areas such as human-rights monitoring, and foreign countries were more generous to him with economic assistance. The United States restored its aid program in 1971. In 1974, Baby Doc expropriated the Freeport Tortuga project and this caused the venture to collapse. Content to leave administrative matters in the hands of his mother, Simone Ovid Duvalier, while living as a playboy, Jean-Claude enriched"
"the United States to escape the political and economic repression of the Duvalier presidencies under François Duvalier, ""Papa Doc,"" (1957–71) and Jean-Claude Duvalier, ""Baby Doc,"" (1971–86). This migration phenomenon known as ""the Haitian Diaspora"" has developed to describe the thousands of Haitian nationals living outside of their territory. Generally losing their Haitian citizenship, these long distance nationals have come to act like ""transborder citizens,"" members to some degree of both states. There are legal, political, and social repercussions to this ""transnationalism."" Dual citizenship is out of the question; Haitians living in a foreign country cannot get involved lest their ""Haitianism"""
"but some argue the United States tolerated the regime because it was staunchly anti-Communist and a counterbalance to Communist Cuba during the Cold War. [citation ] When Duvalier died, his son, Jean-Claude (""Baby Doc"") took over and maintained many of his father's policies. The Reagan administration forced Baby Doc to leave in 1986, and when a repressive military dictatorship arose, President Reagan suspended aid. The George H.W. Bush Administration also embargoed and then blockaded Haiti, suspending all but humanitarian aid. After the fall of the Duvalier family and other military regimes, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected in 1990, but he was"
"During the early 1960s and the 1970s, many Haitians emigrated to the U.S. to escape the oppressive conditions during the dictatorships of François ""Papa Doc"" and his son Jean-Claude ""Baby Doc"" Duvalier. Political unrest, economic strains, and natural disasters have supplied additional reasons for people to emigrate. During the 18th century, the French colony of Saint-Domingue was the richest in the Caribbean, due to its massive production of sugar cane. This wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small minority of mostly French and European planters, who used slave labor from Sub-Saharan Africa to cultivate, harvest, and process their"
"Upon the rise of this knowledge, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his administration claimed that the Haitian government had failed, and that Baby Doc had to move to France. This led Baby Doc to re-emerge in the streets of Haiti while referring to his strength as a monkey's tail. Jean Duvalier and his wife were well known for their expensive lifestyle during a time of struggle for most of Haiti. This is the story of three Haitian women trying to make it through a diploma class in America. The story falls backs on their pasts and futures. One of the"
"luxury in a suburb of Port-au-Prince. By 30 January 2012, it was announced that the former president would face charges of corruption, but not of human rights abuses. After the former president failed to appear for three previously scheduled court hearings, a Haitian judge issued a warrant ordering him to appear before the court 28 February 2013. Duvalier did so and for the first time pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse. On 4 October 2014, Duvalier died of a heart attack at the age of 63. Jean-Claude Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier (), nicknamed “Baby Doc” ()"
"re-appropriating the culture from the changes that the American occupation and Duvalier’s dictatorship had brought about. By that time, the dictatorship had passed from Papa Doc to his son, Baby Doc. An exploitative sweatshop system had been established and the Haitian government had started sending its own citizens like slaves to work in sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic. Edwidge Danticat explains this in her introduction to Chauvet's ""Love, Anger, Madness"". Writers and intellectuals had begun leaving the country in throngs. Living in Haiti: Living in the US or Canada: Living in France: There are many hypotheses on the origins"
"as ""Baby Doc"". In 1959, François Duvalier formed a paramilitary force known as the Tonton Macoute, named after a mythic Haitian character who kidnapped misbehaving children, carried them off in a bag and ate them for breakfast. Duvalier authorized more than 10,000 Tonton Macoute, organized in 500 sections across the country, to maintain complete control over the population. ""The macoutes were Papa Doc's version of brownshirts and the Waffen SS, except that their usual uniform was blue jeans, T-shirts, sunglasses, and they carried clubs or pistols,"" wrote journalist and author Herbert Gold in ""Best Nightmare on Earth: A Life in"
"Duvalier regime of the late 1960s and the early 1970s is partly to blame for the coup d'état that occurred resulting in Aristide's removal from power the first time. Duvalier was elected president with the help of the United States and a Haitian populace that was enduring a previous coup d'état that occurred in 1950. Once in office, the Haitian President, François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier, had the Haitian constitution rewritten so that no other President could succeed him, despite his term legally ending on May 15, 1963. Duvalier remained Haiti's President until his death on April 21, 1971, ending the"
"François Duvalier François Duvalier (; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coupd'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became totalitarian and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the , killed opponents indiscriminately and was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing dissent even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of ancient Haitian mythology into a personality cult. Prior to his rule,"
"the ""Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale"" (Militia of National Security Volunteers). When Duvalier died in 1971, his son, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier took over (confirmed by the 1971 constitutional referendum) and the force continued throughout his regime and maintained the same violent presence. Widespread problems of starvation and unemployment soon grew rampant. On 23 May 1984, citizens in the city of Gonaïves began protests against Duvalier’s government calling it ""Operation Déchoukaj,"" () which consequently led to police officers publicly beating a pregnant woman, who soon died. Activists’ listed grievances under Duvalier’s regime, including general brutality against civilians and"
"soldiers."" In his 1920 campaign for presidency, Warren G. Harding criticized incumbent Woodrow Wilson, referring to the occupation as the ""Rape of Haiti""; however after he won the election he continued the occupation in his own presidency. François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. Overseeing a reign of state terrorism, Duvalier would kill large numbers of political enemies, imprison them arbitrarily, and use gang rape as a means of control. Although both men and women were targeted for violence, women in particular were targeted for rape. In some cases Duvalier himself"
"modern times, large-scale emigration from Haiti is mostly because they have been steadily migrating in significant numbers to the United States since the late 1950s–early 1960s, soon after François Duvalier (""Papa Doc"") became the strongman of Haiti. The political repression that characterized Duvalier's regime forced large numbers of Haitians to seek safer harbor in the United States. Sustained political oppression, economic hardship, and lack of opportunity continued to drive contingents of Haitian immigrants out of their homeland throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s Haitian immigration persists to the present day, as evidenced in the numerous reports of major news networks,"
"in the United States, maintaining the same ritual and cosmological elements as in West Africa. These and other African-diasporic religions, such as Lukumi or Regla de Ocha (also known as Santería) in Cuba, and Candomblé and Umbanda in Brazil, have evolved among descendants of transplanted Africans in the Americas. Former president of Haiti François Duvalier (also known as Papa Doc) played a role in elevating the status of Vodou into a national doctrine. Duvalier was involved in the noirisme movement and hoped to re-value cultural practices that had their origins in Africa. Duvalier manipulated Vodou to suit his purposes throughout"
"much of the liberation theology activism which led to his watershed election as the first democratically elected President of Haiti. During his exile post 1969, Adrien ministered to the Haitian community in New York, was active in organizations such as the Haitian Centers Council (HCC) in the 1980s and the National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR) but returned to Haiti after the fall of Jean-Claude Duvalier i.e. ""Baby Doc"", François Duvalier's son and successor. He coalesced with ""The Haitian Fathers"", the group of Holy Ghost priests who had been exiled along with him in 1969, at 333 Lincoln Place in"
"Duvalier dynasty The Duvalier dynasty () was an authoritarian family dictatorship in Haiti that lasted almost twenty-nine years, from 1957 until 1986, spanning the rule of the father and son pair François Duvalier and Jean-Claude Duvalier. Direct elections, the first in Haiti's history, were held in October 1950, and Paul Magloire, an elite black Colonel in the military, was elected. Hurricane Hazel hit the island in 1954, which devastated the nation's infrastructure and economy. Hurricane relief was inadequately distributed and misspent, and Magloire jailed opponents and shut down newspapers. After refusing to step down after his term ended, a general"
"Doc's widow Simone was expelled from Haiti. Baby Doc's kleptocracy left the regime vulnerable to unanticipated crises, exacerbated by endemic poverty, most notably the epidemic of African swine fever virus—which, at the insistence of USAID officials, led to the slaughter of the creole pigs, the principal source of income for most Haitians; and the widely publicized outbreak of AIDS in the early 1980s. Widespread discontent in Haiti began in 1983, when Pope John Paul II condemned the regime during a visit, finally provoking a rebellion, and in February 1986, after months of disorder, the army forced Duvalier to resign and"
"of human rights abuses against the Haitian people. For example, following a 1991 coup by the military that overthrew democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the Haitian army was accused of killing an estimated 3,000 people in three years. Upon his return to the presidency, Aristide disbanded the army. In 1957, François Duvalier, also known as ""Papa Doc"", became president of Haiti, ushering in a period of human rights abuses from which the country is still recovering. An estimated 30,000–60,000 people were killed in the 30 years Haiti was under the rule of Duvalier and his son—and successor—Jean-Claude Duvalier, also known"
"Jeune Haiti A group of 13 young Haitians calling themselves ""Jeune Haiti"" landed on August 5 or 6th 1964 at Petite-Rivière-de-Dame-Marie, Haiti, with the intention of overthrowing the regime of François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc. They were Max Armand, his brother Jacques Armand, Gérald Marie Brierre, Miko Chandler, Louis Drouin, Charles Forbin, Jean Gerdes, Réginald Jourdan, Yvon Laraque, Marcel Numa, Roland Rigaud, Gusle Villedrouin and Jacques Wadestrandt. The members of ""Jeune Haiti"" were killed one by one in combat with the thousands of members of Haiti's army sent to capture them. Two, out of ammunition, were captured alive:"
"granted amnesty. François Duvalier François Duvalier (; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coupd'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became totalitarian and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the , killed opponents indiscriminately and was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing dissent even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of ancient Haitian mythology into a personality cult. Prior to"
"Robinson states that the Guzmán government had no communists in their fairly elected government and that the real reason for the U.S. aggression in the area was to protect the interest of the American owned corporation, the United Fruit Company, (now called Chiquita Brands). Furthermore, Robinson says that the U.S. supported the Haitian dictators François Duvalier, and Jean-Claude Duvalier, Henri Namphy, Leslie Manigat, and Prosper Avril. François Duvalier killed an estimated 50,000 Haitians. He ruled from 1957 to 1971. Jean-Claude Duvalier took control after his father died in 1971 and continued the brutal dictatorship until February 1986. Military rulers overthrew"
"supermarket located in the Haitian capital, Port-au-Prince. He later shuttered his supermarket in order to take a position with a disease eradication program operated by the United Nations. Juste's life in Haiti changed in the aftermath of the 1957 Haitian presidential election, which was won by François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier. Duvalier would become a dictator, responsible for the deaths of thousands and the flight of many professionals from the country. Juste, who had openly supported Duvalier's main opponent, Louis Déjoie, in the election decided to leave Haiti for the United States for the safety of himself and his family. He"
"bankrupted state finances"" under the rule of Jean-Claude Duvalier (""Baby Doc""). Under Duvalier's regime (1971–1986), Haiti's transportation network was plundered, and regime elites frequently ""raided the accounts of state monopolies"" such as the ""Régie du Tabac"" (Tobacco Administration) while failing to pay taxes. Economist Leslie Delatour described Haiti's economy as one in near-shambles Legal experts have cited a lack of judicial integrity in the country. Two experts in public administration, Derick Brinkerhoff and Carmen Halpern, said that government corruption is ingrained in Haitian politics. Upon taking office the first time in 1991, President Jean-Bertrand Aristide said he would provide a"
"for the National Palace (Palais National). They made their livings, instead, through extortion and petty crime. Rural members of the VSN, who wore blue denim uniforms, had received some training from the army, while the plainclothed members, with their dark glasses, served as Haiti's criminal-investigation force (see Public Order, this ch.). When Jean-Claude Duvalier (""Baby Doc"") came to power in 1971, the country's security forces became less abusive, but they still used some brutality. During Jean-Claude's regime, the balance between the VSN and the armed forces changed. The new regime sought to realign these competing power bases, if only to"
"mother, Simone, while he lived as a playboy. He was initially well-liked, as his rule was seen as gentler and less formidable than his father. Foreign nations became more generous with economic assistance, and the United States restored its aid program to Haiti in 1971. However, endemic corruption continued as it had under his father. Much of the Duvalier family's hundreds of millions of dollars in personal wealth came from the ""Régie du Tabac"" (Tobacco Administration). Originally established as a tobacco monopoly, in practice it was used as a slush fund, and little to no records were kept of its"
"gambling and Voodoo shows. Truman Capote and Noël Coward visited the Hotel Oloffson, a 19th-century Gothic gingerbread mansion set in a tropical garden, which was even portrayed in Graham Greene's 1966 novel ""The Comedians"". After a period of disorder, in September 1957 Dr. François Duvalier was elected President of Haiti. Known as ""Papa Doc"" and initially popular, Duvalier was President until his death in 1971. He advanced black interests in the public sector, where over time, people of color had predominated as the educated urban elite. He stayed in power by enlisting an organization known as ""Tontons Macoutes"" (""Bogeymen""), which"
"in Chicago, Joseph became fluent in Hebrew and Greek. A devout Christian, after graduation he returned to Haiti and created the first translation of the New Testament and Psalms into Haitian Creole. In 1957, the dictator François ""Papa Doc"" Duvalier was elected President of Haiti, and Joseph became increasingly uncomfortable with the government. Joseph returned to the United States in 1961 and enrolled in the University of Chicago where he earned an MA in Social Anthropology in 1964. Joseph subsequently moved to New York and became a leader in the opposition movement against the Duvalier regime. Along with his brother,"
"Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1987. Under the regimes of Jean-Claude and his father, François Duvalier, the government appropriated for itself the authority of the ""Vodou"" religious traditions and made extensive use of religious leaders and traditions to assert its brutal authority and impose order over the population. When Jean-Claude Duvalier fled the country, a widespread ""dechoukaj"" uprooted the most oppressive elements of the former regime and liberated the ""Vodou"" religion from its entanglements with the government. Unable to do so under the Duvaliers, musicians were eager to adopt traditional ""Vodou"" folk music rhythms, lyrics, and instrumentation into a new sound that"
"supervised gang rapes and gave orders to the soldiers performing them, in others he had surrogates perform them in his absence. Duvalier employed an organization of ex-soldiers, criminals, and other loyalists to his regime called ""Tontons Macoutes"". The term is Kreyòl for ""Uncle Knapsack"", a reference to the bogeyman of Haitian legend who would catch naughty children and kidnap them in his knapsack. Duvalier used the reference to voodoo, as well as violence such as rape and murder by the ""Tontons Macoutes"", to instill fear and repress opposition. The ""Tontons Macoutes"" remained active even after the presidency of Papa Doc"