"People"" was soon picked up by hundreds of schools across the United States. A little dog is minding his own business when various figures one carrying a bunch of helium balloons enter the gates of a place called ""Letter People Land"" as the song plays: ""Come and meet the Letter People"" ""Come and visit the family"" ""Words are made of Letter People"" ""A, B, C, D, follow me!"" While thousands of children were learning about the Letter People in school, thousands of others were being exposed to them through the television series based on the program. The show was produced"
"(Ț) and S-cedilla with S-comma (Ș). Gagauz uses Ţ (T with cedilla), one of the few languages to do so, and Ş (S with cedilla). Besides being present in some Gagauz orthographies, T with Cedilla exists as part of the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages, in the Kabyle dialect of the Berber language, and possibly elsewhere. Unicode provides precomposed characters for some Latin letters with cedillas. Others can be formed using the cedilla combining character. Cedilla A cedilla ( ; from Spanish), also known as cedilha (from Portuguese) or cédille (from French), is a hook or tail ( ¸ )"
"and Lithuanian letters ""ą"", ""ę"", ""į"", and ""ų"" are not made with the cedilla either, but with the unrelated ogonek diacritic. In 1868, Ambroise Firmin-Didot suggested in his book ""Observations sur l'orthographe, ou ortografie, française"" (Observations on French Spelling) that French phonetics could be better regularized by adding a cedilla beneath the letter ""t"" in some words. For example, the suffix ""-tion"" this letter is usually not pronounced as (or close to) in either French or English, but respectively as and . It has to be distinctly learned that in words such as French ""diplomatie"" (but not ""diplomatique"") and English"
"Ç Ç or ç (c-cedilla) is a Latin script letter, used in the Albanian, Azerbaijani, Manx, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Kurdish and Zazaki alphabets. Romance languages that use this letter include French, Friulian, Ligurian, Occitan, Portuguese and Catalan as a variant of the letter ""C"". It is also occasionally used in Crimean Tatar, and in Tajik when written in the Latin script to represent the /ʤ/ sound. It is often retained in the spelling of loanwords from any of these languages in English, Dutch, Spanish, Basque, and other Latin script spelled languages. It was first used for the sound of the"
"comma and the cedilla are both derivative of a small cursive ""z"" (ʒ) placed below the letter. From this standpoint alone, ""ș"", ""ț"", and ""d̦"" could potentially be regarded as stand-ins for ""sz"", ""tz"", and ""dz"" respectively. In Latvian, the comma is used on the letters ""ģ"", ""ķ"", ""ļ"", ""ņ"", and historically also ""ŗ"", to indicate palatalization. Because the lowercase letter ""g"" has a descender, the comma is rotated 180° and placed over the letter. Although their Adobe glyph names are commas, their names in the Unicode Standard are ""g"", ""k"", ""l"", ""n"", and ""r"" with a cedilla. They were"
"""action"" it is pronounced and , respectively (but not in ""active"" in either language). A similar effect occurs with other prefixes or within words also in French and English, such as ""partial"" where ""t"" is pronounced and respectively. Firmin-Didot surmised that a new character could be added to French orthography. A similar letter, the t-comma, does exist in Romanian, but it has a comma accent, not a cedilla one. The Unicode characters for Ţ (T with cedilla) and Ş (S with cedilla) were wrongly implemented in Windows Romanian. In Windows 7, Microsoft corrected the error by replacing T-cedilla with T-comma"
"noted that French is spreading in areas where the population is rapidly increasing, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Although there are many French regional accents, foreign learners normally use only one variety of the language. French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology. The rules for pronunciation vary between dialects, but the standard rules are: French is written with the 26 letters of the basic Latin script, with four diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis) and the cedilla appearing in ""ç"". There are two ligatures,"
"Modern Spanish and Galician no longer use this diacritic, although it is used in Portuguese, Catalan, Occitan, and French, which gives English the alternative spellings of ""cedille"", from French """"cédille"""", and the Portuguese form ""cedilha"". An obsolete spelling of ""cedilla"" is ""cerilla"". The earliest use in English cited by the ""Oxford English Dictionary"" is a 1599 Spanish-English dictionary and grammar. Chambers’ ""Cyclopædia"" is cited for the printer-trade variant ""ceceril"" in use in 1738. The main use in English is not universal and applies to loan words from French and Portuguese such as ""façade"", ""limaçon"" and ""cachaça"" (often typed ""facade"", ""limacon"""
"diæresis, tilde, and cedilla found in Western European languages (specifically, those combinations found in the ISO Latin-1 character set) directly: ""¨+e"" gives ""ë"", ""~+o"" gives ""õ"", etc. On Apple Macintosh computers, there are keyboard shortcuts for the most common diacritics; Option-""e"" followed by a vowel places an acute accent, Option-""u"" followed by a vowel gives an umlaut, option-""c"" gives a cedilla, etc. Diacritics can be composed in most X Window System keyboard layouts, as well as other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, using additional software. On computers, the availability of code pages determines whether one can use certain diacritics."
"in any language. (It is in fact used, but in very few languages. T with Cedilla exists as part of the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages, in some Gagauz orthographies, in the Kabyle dialect of the Berber language, and possibly elsewhere.) Technically, this is incorrect as a mismatching glyph is associated with a certain character code. Therefore, text written using S-cedilla and T-cedilla can often be seen as if it had been written using S-comma and T-comma. However, in order to correctly encode and render both S-comma and T-comma, one has to install the European Union Expansion Font Update. There"
"are three or more items listed. The word ""comma"" comes from the Greek (), which originally meant a cut-off piece; specifically, in grammar, a short clause. A comma-shaped mark is used as a diacritic in several writing systems, and is considered distinct from the cedilla. The rough and smooth breathings () appear above the letter in Ancient Greek, and the comma diacritic appears below the letter in Latvian, Romanian, and Livonian. The basic comma is defined in Unicode as , and many variants by typography or language are also defined. Some languages use a completely different sort of character for"
"""t with cedilla"" U+0162/3 are not used in any language. (It is in fact used, but in very few languages. T with Cedilla exists as part of the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages, in some Gagauz orthographies, in the Kabyle dialect of the Berber language, and possibly elsewhere.) Adobe has therefore substituted the glyphs with ""t with comma below"" (U+021A/B) in all the fonts they ship. The unfortunate consequence of this decision is that Romanian documents using the (unofficial) Unicode points U+015E/F and U+0162/3 (for ș and ț) are rendered in Adobe fonts in a visually inconsistent way using ""s"
"and Romanian, the orthographic convention for representing before front vowels is to add (Italian ""chiaro"", 'clear'). is used to accomplish the same purpose in Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish, and French. In French, Catalan, Portuguese, and Old Spanish a cedilla is used to indicate a soft pronunciation when it would otherwise seem to be hard. (French ""garçon"", , 'boy'; Portuguese ""coração"", , 'heart'; Catalan ""caçar"", , 'to hunt'). Spanish is similar, though is used instead of (e.g. ""corazón"" 'heart'). Swedish has a similar phenomenon with hard and soft : this results from a similar historical palatalization development. Soft is typically a palatal"
"(Ӝ ӝ), or Zhje (Җ җ). Che with descender Che with descender (Ҷ ҷ; italics: ""Ҷ ҷ"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Che (Ч ч ""Ч ч""). In the ISO 9 system of romanization, Che with descender is transliterated using the Latin letter C-cedilla (Ç ç). Che with descender is used in the alphabets of the following languages: Che with descender corresponds in other Cyrillic alphabets to the digraphs or , or to the letters Che with vertical stroke (Ҹ ҹ), Dzhe (Џ џ), Khakassian Che (Ӌ ӌ), Zhe with"
"cedilla instead of a comma is considered incorrect by the Romanian Academy. Romanian writings, including books created to teach children to write, treat the comma and cedilla as a variation in font. See Unicode and HTML below. The letters ""î"" and ""â"" are phonetically and functionally identical. The reason for using both of them is historical, denoting the language's Latin origin. For a few decades until a spelling reform in 1904, as many as four or five letters had been used for the same phoneme (""â"", ""ê"", ""î"", ""û"", and occasionally ""ô""), according to an etymological rule. All were used"
"person's name in medieval legal documents. However, not all sigla use the beginning of the word. For plural words, the siglum is often doubled: ""F."" = ""frater"" and ""FF."" = ""fratres"". Tripled sigla often stand for three: ""DDD"" = ""domini tres"". Letters lying on their sides, or mirrored (backwards), often indicate female titles, but a mirrored C, Ↄ, stands generally for ""con"" or ""contra"" (the latter sometimes with a macron above, ""Ↄ̄""). To avoid confusion with abbreviations and numerals, the latter are often written with a bar above. In some contexts, however, numbers with a line above indicate that number"
"letters, i.e. usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text, the marks may even look the same. The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (relatively, its size in larger type may be significantly shorter), and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages. When used for Native American languages, the ogonek should be placed directly under the letter rather than to the side as is the norm for European languages. European-style placement is acceptable when no other alternatives are available. In"
"""s with cedilla"" and ""t with cedilla"". This state of affairs is due to an initial lack of glyph standardization, compounded by the lack of computer font support for the comma-below variants (see the Unicode section for details). The lack of support for the comma diacritics has been corrected in current versions of major operating systems: Windows Vista or newer, Linux distributions after 2005, and currently supported Mac OS versions. As mandated by the European Union, Microsoft released a font update to correct this deficiency in Windows XP in early 2007, soon after Romania joined the European Union. Before the"
"Times New Roman. This sidesteps most of the Marshallese text display issues associated with the cedilla, but is still inappropriate for polished standard text. Languages such as Romanian add a comma (virgula) to some letters, such as ""ș"", which looks like a cedilla, but is more precisely a diacritical comma. This is particularly confusing with letters which can take either diacritic: for example, the consonant is written as ""ş"" in Turkish but ""ș"" in Romanian, and Romanian writers will sometimes use the former instead of the latter because of insufficient font or character-set support. The Polish letters ""ą"" and ""ę"""
"also a ' ""closed omega""), ' ""right-leg turned m"", ' ""turned long-leg r"" (there was once also a ""long-leg r""), ' ""double pipe"", and the obsolete ""stretched c"". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' ""c cedilla"", ' ""eth"" (also spelled ""edh""), ' ""engma"" or ""eng"", ' ""schwa"" (also spelled ""shwa""), ' ""exclamation mark"", ' ""pipe"". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' ""fish-hook r"", ' ""ram's horns"", ' ""bull's eye"", ' ""esh"" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' ""ezh"" (sometimes confused with ""yogh""), ' ""hook-top heng"". The is usually called by the"
"Ş Ş, ş (S-cedilla) is a letter of the Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Neapolitan, Turkish, and Turkmen alphabets. It is also used in the Roman alphabets of Tatar, Crimean Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Chechen, and Kurdish. It commonly represents /ʃ/, the voiceless postalveolar fricative. In early versions of Unicode, the Romanian letter Ș (S-comma) was considered a glyph variant of Ş, and therefore was not present in the Unicode Standard. It is also not present in the Windows 1250 (Central Europe) code page. The letter was only added to the standard in Unicode 3.0, and some texts in Romanian still use Ş instead."
"Ş Ş, ş (S-cedilla) is a letter of the Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Neapolitan, Turkish, and Turkmen alphabets. It is also used in the Roman alphabets of Tatar, Crimean Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Chechen, and Kurdish. It commonly represents /ʃ/, the voiceless postalveolar fricative. In early versions of Unicode, the Romanian letter Ș (S-comma) was considered a glyph variant of Ş, and therefore was not present in the Unicode Standard. It is also not present in the Windows 1250 (Central Europe) code page. The letter was only added to the standard in Unicode 3.0, and some texts in Romanian still use Ş instead."
"increasing number of foreign names among the French citizens. Table based on births between 1966 and 1990: Some French last names include the word ""De-"" (""of"") or ""Du-"" (contraction for ""de"" + ""le"" = ""of the""), when it is masculine and ""De la-"" when it is feminine, but there are regional variations : in the North of France ""Du-"" is often rendered by ""Dele-"" and in the South of France ""Del-"". When ""de"" is separated, it is known as a particle. A particle ""de"" should not be alphabetized in name lists, The ""particule"" generally indicates some land or feudal origin"
"represent the fourth (falling) tone. In 1986, it was replaced by the Latin letter X. Che (Cyrillic) Che or Cha (Ч ч; italics: ""Ч ч"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate , like in ""switch"". In English, it is romanized most often as but sometimes as , like in French. In German, it can be transcribed as . In linguistics, it is transcribed as so ""Tchaikovsky"" (Чайковский in Russian) may be transcribed as ""Chaykovskiy"" or ""Čajkovskij"". The name of Che in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (""črĭvĭ""), meaning ""worm"". In the Cyrillic"
"and is no longer in use. Ḑ ḑ is part of the Livonian alphabet but is written with a cedilla. Unicode does not include precomposed characters for D̦ d̦—they must be represented with a combining diacritic, which may not align properly in some fonts. Nevertheless, the sequence of base character + combining diacritic is given a unique name. Otherwise, the D-cedilla (Ḑ ḑ) is somewhat to be a substitute as part of the Unicode standards because the typographic point of view of D-cedilla is very similar that has a comma. D-comma D̦ d̦ (D-comma) is a letter that was part"
"T), despite the recommendation to migrate from cedilla to comma. Full support of this letter has been available on Macintosh computer since Mac OS X and on PC since Windows Vista. The letter is placed in Unicode in the Latin Extended-B range, under ""Additions for Romanian"", as the ""Latin capital letter T with comma below"" (U+021A) and ""Latin small letter t with comma below"" (U+021B). In HTML these can be encoded by codice_1 and codice_2, respectively. In Windows XP, most of the fonts including the Arial Unicode MS render T-cedilla as T-comma because T-cedilla was not believed to be used"
"entire Central and Eastern Europe — ISO 8859-2. This code page includes only ""s"" and ""t"" with cedillas. The South-Eastern European ISO 8859-16 includes ""s"" and ""t"" with comma below on the same places ""s"" and ""t"" with cedilla were in ISO 8859-2. The ISO 8859-16 code page became a standard after Unicode became widespread, however, so it was largely ignored by software vendors. The circumflex and breve accented Romanian letters were part of the Unicode standard since its inception, as well as the cedilla variants of s and t. Ș and ț (comma-below variants) were added to Unicode version"
"3.0. From Unicode version 3.0 to version 5.1, the cedilla-using characters were specified by the Unicode Standard to be ""used in both Turkish and Romanian data"" and that ""a glyph variant with comma below is preferred for Romanian""; On the newly encoded comma-using characters, it said that they should be used ""when distinct comma below form is required"". Unicode 5.2 explicitly states that ""the form with the cedilla is preferred in Turkish, and the form with the comma below is preferred in Romanian"", while mentioning (possibly for historical reasons) that ""in Turkish and Romanian, a cedilla and a comma below"
"caudata"". That was further simplified into a plain ""e"", which may have influenced or been influenced by the pronunciation change. However, the ligature is still relatively common in liturgical books and musical scores. In the modern French alphabet, ""æ"" is used to spell Latin and Greek borrowings like ""tænia"" and ""ex æquo"". It was greatly popularized in Serge Gainsbourg's song ""Elaeudanla Téïtéïa"" (i.e. ""L, A, E dans l'A, T, I, T, I, A""), which is the spelling in French of the name Lætitia. In English, usage of the ligature varies in different places. In modern typography, if technological limitations make"
"De (Cyrillic) De (Д д; italics: ""Д д"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. De commonly represents the voiced dental stop , like the pronunciation of in ""admit"". De is romanized using the Latin letter D. The Cyrillic letter De was derived from the Greek letter Delta (Δ δ). In the Early Cyrillic alphabet its name was (""dobro""), meaning ""good"". In the Cyrillic numeral system, De had a value of 4. The major graphic difference between De and its modern Greek equivalent lies in the two descenders (""feet"") below the lower corners of the Cyrillic letter. The descenders were"
"comma-below glyphs, which are improperly mapped to cedilla LICRs, but also lacks A breve (Ă), which must always be composite, thus unsearchable. In the Latin Modern Type 1 fonts the T with comma below is found under the AGL name /Tcommaaccent. This is in contradiction with Adobe's decision discussed above, which puts a T with comma-below at /Tcedilla. In consequence, no fixed mapping can work across all Type 1 fonts; each font must come with its own mapping. Unfortunately, TeX output drivers, like dvips, dvipdfm or pdfTeX's internal PDF driver, access the glyphs by AGL name. Since all of the"
"Che with descender Che with descender (Ҷ ҷ; italics: ""Ҷ ҷ"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Che (Ч ч ""Ч ч""). In the ISO 9 system of romanization, Che with descender is transliterated using the Latin letter C-cedilla (Ç ç). Che with descender is used in the alphabets of the following languages: Che with descender corresponds in other Cyrillic alphabets to the digraphs or , or to the letters Che with vertical stroke (Ҹ ҹ), Dzhe (Џ џ), Khakassian Che (Ӌ ӌ), Zhe with breve (Ӂ ӂ), Zhe with diaeresis"
"of the character like a cedilla in French, the ogonek in several languages, or the stroke on a Polish ""Ł"". Some characters such as ""æ"" in Icelandic and the ""ß"" in German may be regarded as glyphs, yet they were originally ligatures, but over time have become characters in their own right, and these languages treat them as separate letters. However, a ligature such as ""ſi"", that is treated in some typefaces as a single unit, is arguably not a glyph as this is just a quirk of the typeface, essentially an allographic feature, and includes more than one grapheme."