"Zhou Kexi Zhou Kexi (), born 1942, is a Chinese translator of French literature. Zhou gained a degree in Mathematics from Fudan University. He acquired the French language and became interested in French literature while studying at École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He became a full-time literary editor in the 1980s, and has since then translated several French novels, including ""Les trois mousquetaires"", ""Madame Bovary"", and ""La Voie royale"". He is currently making a new translation of Marcel Proust's ""À la recherche du temps perdu"". The first volume, ""Du côté de chez Swann"", was published in 2004. He has also"
"and of France's most important writers. Marcel Proust was living at 102 Boulevard Haussmann, editing his most important work, ""In Search of Lost Time"", which he had begun in 1909 but was not finished by the time of his death in 1922. It was finally published in 1929. Anatole France won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels and poetry in 1921; the philosopher Henri Bergson, won the Nobel Prize in 1927. Paris was the home of Colette, who lived in an apartment in the Palais Royal; of novelist André Gide, of the playwright-author-fillmaker Jean Cocteau, of the philosopher"
"1,120 known letters, only 15 percent are signed, the others having been destroyed soon after they were read. However, in 1873, some early manuscript copies of the letters, directly based on Mme de Sévigné's originals, were found in an antique shop. These accounted for about half of the letters to Mme de Grignan. Mme de Sévigné's letters play an important role in the novel ""In Search of Lost Time"" by Marcel Proust where they figure as the favorite reading of the narrator's grandmother, and, following her death, his mother. Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de"
"now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The words ""petite madeleine"" refer to the ""petite madeleine"" of Proust, an author Madeleine Castaing was specially interested in: she spent decades reading ""In Search of Lost Time"" again and again, fully, several times. She had discovered this work in 1913. Generally speaking, the Castaings were patrons of artists belonging to the École de Paris and to the Académie de la Grande Chaumière. Madeleine Castaing was a friend of Erik Satie, Maurice Sachs, Blaise Cendrars, André Derain, Jean Cocteau (she arranged his house of Milly-la-Forêt), Marc Chagall, Iché, Picasso, Henry"
"world, including to Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and the United States. European literature underwent a major transformation during the ""Belle Époque"". Literary realism and naturalism achieved new heights. Among the most famous French realist or naturalist authors are Guy de Maupassant and Émile Zola. Realism gradually developed into modernism, which emerged in the 1890s and came to dominate European literature during the ""Belle Époque""s final years and throughout the interwar years. The Modernist classic ""In Search of Lost Time"" was begun by Marcel Proust in 1909, to be published after World War I. The works of German Thomas Mann had a"
"at the front on 5 September 1914; Marcel Proust (1871–1922), born in the first year of the ""Belle Époque"", completed in 1913 the first part of In Search of Lost Time, begun in 1902; Jules Renard (1864–1910); Arthur Rimbaud (1854–1891), the young poet with whom Verlaine had a passionate but disastrous affair; Romain Rolland (1866–1944); Edmond Rostand (1868–1918), author of the world-renowned ""Cyrano de Bergerac""; Paul Verlaine (1844–1890). Paris was also the home of one of the greatest Russian writers of the period, Ivan Turgenev. The Irish playwright Oscar Wilde spent his last months in Paris, after his imprisonment in"
"Paul Bins, comte de Saint-Victor Paul Bins, comte de Saint-Victor (11 July 1827 in Paris – 9 July 1881 in Paris), known as Paul de Saint-Victor, a French author and critic. He is likely most known today as a French cultural figure mentioned by Marcel Proust in the novel In Search of Lost Time. Saint-Victor was born in Paris. His father Jacques Bins, comte de Saint-Victor (1772–1858), is chiefly remembered for his poem ""L'Espérance"", and for an excellent verse translation of Anacreon. Saint-Victor died in Paris on 9 July 1881. Saint-Victor ceased using his title as he found it out"
"and modern dramatic literature. Saint-Victor's critical faculty was considerable, though rather one-sided. He owed a good deal to Théophile Gautier, but his writing was more florid than Gautier's. Paul Bins, comte de Saint-Victor Paul Bins, comte de Saint-Victor (11 July 1827 in Paris – 9 July 1881 in Paris), known as Paul de Saint-Victor, a French author and critic. He is likely most known today as a French cultural figure mentioned by Marcel Proust in the novel In Search of Lost Time. Saint-Victor was born in Paris. His father Jacques Bins, comte de Saint-Victor (1772–1858), is chiefly remembered for his"
"""Jean Santeuil"" (1896–99), though the perspective and treatment there are different, and in his unfinished hybrid of philosophical essay and story, ""Contre Sainte-Beuve"" (1908–09). The novel had great influence on twentieth-century literature; some writers have sought to emulate it, others to parody it. In the centenary year of the novel's first volume, Edmund White pronounced ""À la recherche du temps perdu"" ""the most respected novel of the twentieth century"". The novel was initially published in seven volumes: The novel recounts the experiences of the Narrator (who is never definitively named) while he is growing up, learning about art, participating in"
"his great-uncle on 10 July 1871, two months after the Treaty of Frankfurt formally ended the Franco-Prussian War. He was born during the violence that surrounded the suppression of the Paris Commune, and his childhood corresponded with the consolidation of the French Third Republic. Much of ""In Search of Lost Time"" concerns the vast changes, most particularly the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the middle classes, that occurred in France during the Third Republic and the ""fin de siècle."" Proust's father, Adrien Proust, was a prominent pathologist and epidemiologist, studying cholera in Europe and Asia. He wrote"
"comprehensive ""Reader's Guide to the Remembrance of Things Past"" (1983). The Guide comprises four separate indices: an index of characters in the ""Remembrance""; an index of actual persons; an index of places; and an index of themes. The reader is thus enabled to locate almost any reference, e.g. Berlioz, or ""The Arabian Nights"", or Madame Verdurin in any particular scene or setting, or Versailles. The volume and page numbers are keyed to the 3-volume ""Remembrance of Things Past"" of 1981, translated by Scott Moncrieff and revised by Kilmartin himself. Notes Bibliography In Search of Lost Time In Search of Lost"
"France. Roger Martin du Gard Roger Martin du Gard (; 23 March 1881 – 22 August 1958) was a French novelist, winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature. Trained as a paleographer and archivist, he brought to his works a spirit of objectivity and a scrupulous regard for detail, and because of his concern with documentation and the relationship of social reality to individual development, his fiction has been linked with the realist and naturalist traditions of the 19th century. His sympathy for the humanist socialism and pacifism of Jean Jaurès is evident in his work. He is best"
"""In Search of Lost Time"". The son of a bookseller, France spent most of his life around books and was a bibliophile. His father's bookstore, called the """", specialized in books and papers on the French Revolution and was frequented by many notable writers and scholars of the day. France studied at the Collège Stanislas, a private Catholic school, and after graduation he helped his father by working in his bookstore. After several years he secured the position of cataloguer at Bacheline-Deflorenne and at Lemerre. In 1876 he was appointed librarian for the French Senate. France began his literary career"
"Proust and Signs Proust and Signs () is a 1964 book by Gilles Deleuze, in which the author explores the system of signs within the work of the celebrated French novelist Marcel Proust. It was translated into English by Richard Howard. Deleuze looks at signs left by persons and events in Marcel Proust's ""In Search of Lost Time"", illustrating how memory interprets the signs creatively but inaccurately. The jealous lover, for example, cannot accurately decipher the deceptions of his beloved. Deleuze demonstrates how Proust's book, because of the multiplication of signs, becomes a literary machine, or rather three literary machines:"
"Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Joseph Csaky, Henry Laurens, Georges Valmier and . Picasso eventually switched to his brother Paul Rosenberg's gallery, who would become his dealer ""Entre Deux Guerres"". The first museum of modern art in Paris, the Palais de Tokyo, opened during the 1937 international exposition. Between the Wars, Paris was home to the major French publishing houses and literary journals, and of France's most important writers. Marcel Proust was living at 102 Boulevard Haussmann, editing his most important work, ""In Search of Lost Time"", which he had begun in 1909 but was not finished by the time of"
"a remarkable woman who participated intimately in a core element of France's literary history, and who personally contributed in practical ways to the creation and preservation of historical texts, Albaret was created a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters. Proust immortalised his housekeeper as in """"À la recherche du temps perdu"""". There is also a character called Célestine in . He wrote a poem to her: Céleste Albaret Céleste Albaret ( Gineste, 17 May 1891 – 25 April 1984) was a country girl who moved to Paris in 1913 when she married the taxi driver Odilon Albaret. The"
"The books by Bott are held by the French National Library: François Bott François Bott (born 26 June 1935) is a French author who after a long career as a journalist and literary critic became a writer of novels, one of which, ""Une minute d’absence"" (2001), won the Académie française's ""Prix de la Nouvelle"". He continued as a literary critic, writing essays focused on other writers, especially Roger Vailland. After a bachelor's degree in philosophy, Bott began as a journalist at ""France-Soir"". He then directed the literary pages of ""L'Express"" and founded ""Le Magazine Littéraire"" in 1967. The following year"
"Roger Martin du Gard Roger Martin du Gard (; 23 March 1881 – 22 August 1958) was a French novelist, winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature. Trained as a paleographer and archivist, he brought to his works a spirit of objectivity and a scrupulous regard for detail, and because of his concern with documentation and the relationship of social reality to individual development, his fiction has been linked with the realist and naturalist traditions of the 19th century. His sympathy for the humanist socialism and pacifism of Jean Jaurès is evident in his work. He is best known"
"Prix Femina, the Prix Renaudot, the Prix Interallié and the Prix Médicis. Edmond de Goncourt, a successful author, critic, and publisher, bequeathed his estate for the foundation and maintenance of the académie Goncourt. In honour of his brother and collaborator, Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt (1830–1870), the académie has awarded the Prix Goncourt every December since 1903. The jury that determines the winner meets at the ""Drouant"" restaurant in November to make its decision. Notable winners of the prize include Marcel Proust (""In Search of Lost Time""), Simone de Beauvoir (""The Mandarins""), André Malraux (""Man's Fate"") and Marguerite Duras (""The"
"Georgescu what the madeleine is to Proust (""see In Search of Lost Time""). Dan C. Mihăilescu, who recalls the novella was ""famous"", also judges it to be one of the ""peaks"" in Georgescu's writing career, while Arsintescu deems the piece ""sensational"", and the ""3 nuvele"" volume itself ""excellent"". The recollection aspect in Georgescu's prose was also present in other writings of the period, including ""Doctorul Poenaru"", whose eponymous protagonist is his own father. Set in the interwar period, ""Revelion"" introduces the character Gabriel Dimancea, a schoolteacher, journalist, aspiring novelist and World War I veteran who is absorbed by the fate"
"who found in him and his fiancée, Jeanne Pouquet, a model of the relationship between Robert de Saint-Loup and Gilberte in his famous novel ""In Search of Lost Time"". Gaston and Jeanne had only one daughter, Simone, who married (second wedding) André Maurois, future biographer of Proust. Gaston Arman de Caillavet Gaston Arman de Caillavet (13 March 1869 – 13 January 1915) was a French playwright. Gaston Arman de Caillavet was born on 13 March 1869. He was the son of Albert Arman de Caillavet and Léontine Lippmann. His maternal grandfather, Auguste Lippmann, was a banker of Jewish descent. De"
"also fragments of Homer's Iliad and other literary works and reference works. Most importantly, the excavator Gustave Lefebvre unearthed an archive of sixth-century legal, business, and personal papers, and original poetry. These were turned over to the young scholar Jean Maspero, son of the Director of the Antiquities Service of Egypt, who edited and published the documents and poems in several journal articles and two volumes of the ""Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Papyrus grecs d’époque byzantine"" (Cairo 1911, 1913). Jean was killed in the battle at Vauquois on the Lorraine during World War I, and"
"André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (in 1947). Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. The author of ""more than fifty books,"" at the time of his death his obituary in ""The New York Times"" described him as ""France's greatest contemporary man of letters"" and ""judged the greatest French writer of this century by the literary cognoscenti."" Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works,"
"Victor Hugo Victor Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Outside of France, his most famous works are the novels ""Les Misérables"", 1862, and ""The Hunchback of Notre-Dame"" (), 1831. In France, Hugo is known primarily for his poetry collections, such as (""The Contemplations"") and (""The Legend of the Ages""). Hugo was at the forefront of the Romantic literary movement with his play ""Cromwell"" and drama ""Hernani"". Many of his works have inspired"
"Bibliography of André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 ""for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"". Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide exposes to public view the conflict and eventual reconciliation of the two sides"
"temps perdu"" (""In Search of Lost Time"") both thematically and in its plot, although it is more plainly autobiographical than Proust's later works. Jean Santeuil tells the story of a young man, Jean Santeuil, who loves literature and poetry. The novel chronicles his childhood and his entry into the broader world. This includes his movement into high society within late nineteenth century Paris and his adventures in other places, such as Illiers and Brittany. The novel deals with the relationship between writers and society. Jean Santeuil Jean Santeuil () is an unfinished novel written by Marcel Proust. It was written"
"blend of aesthetic and financial reasons, creating and selling many new ""Vermeers"" before being caught and tried. On the evening of 23 September 1971, a 21-year-old hotel waiter, Mario Pierre Roymans, stole Vermeer's ""Love Letter"" from the Fine Arts Palace in Brussels where it was on loan from the Rijksmuseum as a part of the Rembrandt and his Age exhibition.1 In Proust's novel In Search of Lost Time, the connoisseur Charles Swann is depicted as playing a leading role in rediscovering Vermeer. The writer Bergotte also greatly admires the painter, and, at the moment of his death, Bergotte has a"
"""À la recherche du temps perdu""). A rare film clip shows Proust (in bowler hat and grey coat) at Gramont's wedding in 1904. Proust’s wedding gift to Gramont was apparently a revolver in a leather case inscribed with verses from the bride’s childhood poems. Armand de Gramont Armand Antoine Agénor de Gramont, 12th Duc de Gramont (29 September 1879 – 2 August 1962) was a French nobleman, scientist and industrialist. He was known by the courtesy title of Duc de Guiche until 1925, when he succeeded his father as Duc de Gramont. He was the eldest son of Antoine Alfred"
"in the slandering of Dreyfus. In addition the Dreyfus Affair provided the basis for many novels. The last work of Émile Zola (1902), ""Truth"", transposes the Dreyfus affair to the world of education. Anatole France published ""Island of penguins"" (1907), which recounts the Affair in Book VI: ""The Case of 80,000 bundles of hay"". Marcel Proust devoted significant passages of his second, third and fourth volumes of ""In Search of Lost Time"" to Parisian society's reaction to the Dreyfus affair. Other authors have also contributed, such as Roger Martin du Gard, Maurice Barrès, and Robert Harris. Many artifacts and documents"
"murders characters from Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time.</sup> In her book ""Not One Day"" she is “recollecting one woman whom she’s desired or who has desired her” every day for a month. Anne F. Garréta Anne Françoise Garréta (born 1962) is a French novelist and a member of the experimental literary group Oulipo. She is the first member of Oulipo to be born after the group’s founding.</sup> Her awards include the Prix Médicis. Anne Garréta was born in 1962 in Paris. In 1982 she graduated from the École normale supérieure. She was a professor of literature from the"
"and edited by his brother Robert. The book was translated into English by C. K. Scott Moncrieff, appearing under the title ""Remembrance of Things Past"" between 1922 and 1931. Scott Moncrieff translated volumes one through six of the seven volumes, dying before completing the last. This last volume was rendered by other translators at different times. When Scott Moncrieff's translation was later revised (first by Terence Kilmartin, then by D. J. Enright) the title of the novel was changed to the more literal ""In Search of Lost Time"". In 1995 Penguin undertook a fresh translation of the book by editor"
"or the ""Search for Lost Time"", as it is now frequently called. Kilmartin died on 17 August 1991 of cancer. He was beautifully eulogized by Clive James. The following is an excerpt from James' address read at Kilmartin's memorial service in the Stationers’ Hall on October 28, 1991: Anthony Burgess remembered Kilmartin as one of the ""great literary editors"". Terence Kilmartin Terence Kevin Kilmartin CBE (10 January 1922 – 17 August 1991) was an Irish-born translator who served as the literary editor of ""The Observer"" between 1952 and 1986. He is best known for his 1981 translation of ""Remembrance of"
"often had disagreements with the publishers. He had also received harsh reviews in the newspapers from critics such as Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve and Jules Janin. Balzac had been critical of the press in ""La Peau de chagrin"", and later published a criticism of the press called ""Monograph of the Paris Press"" in 1842. ""Illusions perdues"" was published in three parts. The titles of the various constituent parts of ""Illusions perdues"", which came out over a period of six years, vary considerably from edition to edition and also because of pre-original publication in serialized form. The eventual title of Part III,"