"with the alpha position lower possibly because of competitive pressures, and infant mortality appears to be lower when the timing of births in a group of females is clustered. If it survives infancy, the mantled howler's lifespan is typically 25 years. The mantled howler is native to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru. Within Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, the mantled howler is found in locations throughout the countries. In Colombia and Ecuador, it is found in a narrow corridor bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Andes Mountains to the"
"land:"" 14.57% <br>""permanent crops:"" 1.76% <br>""other:"" 83.66% (2011.) Irrigated land: 942.4 km (2011) ""Total renewable water resources:""' 196.6 km (2011) Nicaragua is subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasionally severe hurricanes. It currently faces deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution. It is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, the Nuclear Test Ban, and the Ozone Layer Protection, and has signed but not ratified the Law of the Sea. Geography of Nicaragua Nicaragua (officially the Republic of Nicaragua ) is a country in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and"
"Geography of Panama Panama is a country located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. Panama is located on the narrow and low Isthmus of Panama. This S-shaped isthmus is situated between 7° and 10° north latitude and 77° and 83° west longitude. Panama encompasses approximately 77,082 square kilometers (29,762 sq mi), is 772 kilometers (480 mi) in length, and is between 60 and 177 kilometers (37 and 110 mi) in width. The dominant feature of Panama's landform is the central spine of mountains and hills that forms the continental"
"de Oro (modern Panama) but was driven back to his ships by the Chorotega. In 1524, a new expedition led by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba founded the Spanish towns of León and Granada. The western portions of Nicaragua along the Pacific littoral plain received the brunt of the Spanish activity in the territory for the next three decades. Within a century of the conquest, the native inhabitants had been all but eliminated due to war, disease, and exportation as slaves. Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America, covering an area of – or without including the surface area of"
"Honduras–Nicaragua border The Honduras–Nicaragua border is the 352 km long international boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua, linking the Gulf of Fonseca (Pacific Ocean) to the Caribbean Sea coast, which separates southern Honduras from northern Nicaragua. The Coco River forms part of the east border. It passes between the following departments, from west to east: Honduras and Nicaragua were part of, respectively, Central American Federation and the United Provinces of Central America, between 1823 and 1838, when the unions of countries fell apart and both nations gained their independence and define the border. In 1937, the issuance of a stamp from"
"Colombia–Panama border The Colombia–Panama border is the 225 km (139-mile) long international boundary between Colombia and Panama. It is also the border between South America and Central America. It includes the Darién Gap, a 106 km (66 miles) long swath of undeveloped swampland and forest that begins in Yaviza, Panama and ends in Turbo, Colombia. In May 2016, Panama closed key border crossings to prevent undocumented migrants from Cuba and Africa entering the country. Cubans entering the United States are typically able to receive residency under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1996, making Puerto Obaldia a popular crossing point for"
"Colombia–Nicaragua relations Colombia–Nicaragua relations entail the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Nicaragua. The relationship between the two Hispanic American countries has evolved amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean sea close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150,000 km² that included the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño as well as the 82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing. The archipelago"
"via Caribbean Sea with Pacific Ocean. Central Panama has the unusual distinction of having the sun rise over the Pacific and set over the Atlantic. Geography of Panama Panama is a country located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. Panama is located on the narrow and low Isthmus of Panama. This S-shaped isthmus is situated between 7° and 10° north latitude and 77° and 83° west longitude. Panama encompasses approximately 77,082 square kilometers (29,762 sq mi), is 772 kilometers (480 mi) in length, and is between 60 and 177"
"Costa Rica–Nicaragua border The Costa Rica–Nicaragua border is the line of 309 km long, east-west direction, separating the north of Costa Rica's territory of Nicaragua, extending between the Caribbean Sea (E) and the Pacific Ocean (W) coasts. It passes almost directly on Lake Nicaragua and the River San Juan. The border separates, from east to west: These two nations have integrated the United Provinces of Central America from 1826 until 1838, when this Federation was broken. From there, the two nations gained independence, coming into existence this border. In 2010 the Costa Rican Deputy Foreign Minister Carlos Roverssi, complained that"
"for failing to inform Congress about these alleged offenses. This report also caused the CIA to stop funding a considerable amount of its assets. CIA activities in Guatemala The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has a rich history of intervention over many decades in Guatemala, a country in Central America that the US government has generally viewed as ""its backyard."" Guatemala is bordered by the North Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Honduras (also known as the Caribbean Sea). The four bordering countries are Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras and Belize. According to the George Washington University's ""The National Security Archive,"""
"the world financial crisis. Standing for the four-party opposition Alliance for Change, Martinelli gained 60 percent of the vote, against 37 percent for the candidate of the governing left-wing Democratic Revolutionary Party. On May 4, 2014, Juan Carlos Varela won the 2014 presidential election with over 39 percent of the votes, against the party of his former political partner Ricardo Martinelli, Cambio Democrático, and their candidate José Domingo Arias. He was sworn in on July 1, 2014. Panama is located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. It mostly lies"
"Central America Central America (, , ""Centroamérica"" ) is located on the southern tip of North America, or is sometimes defined as a subcontinent of the Americas , bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America has been estimated to be 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate). Central America is a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from"
"Geography of Honduras Honduras is a country in Central America. Honduras borders the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean. Guatemala lies to the west, Nicaragua south east and El Salvador to the south west. Honduras is the second largest Central American republic, with a total area of . Honduras has a Caribbean coastline extending from the mouth of the Río Motagua in the west to the mouth of the Río Coco in the east, at Cape Gracias a Dios. The southeastern side of the triangle is a land border with Nicaragua. It follows the Río Coco near the Caribbean"
"Colombia Colombia ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia (), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, with the capital in Bogota. Colombia has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since 12,000 BCE, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the"
"both countries, as offering the promise for a canal route across Central America. This was the case when the Panama Canal site was chosen rather than the San Juan River as the ultimate ship navigation route across the Americas. The conflict between Nicaragua and Costa Rica continues. The Nicaraguan government announced in August 2009 that it will begin construction at the end of September 2009 to reroute the San Juan River, which runs along the country’s border with Costa Rica. The head of the committee for development of the San Juan River in Nicaragua said that the $1 million project"
"Foreign relations of Nicaragua Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. A participant of the Central American Security Commission (CSC), Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within states in the region. Nicaragua has submitted three territorial disputes, one with Honduras, another with Colombia, and the third with Costa Rica to the International Court of Justice for resolution. At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Nicaragua joined six Central American neighbors in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development, known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA, to promote sustainable economic development in"
"Foreign relations of Nicaragua Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. A participant of the Central American Security Commission (CSC), Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within states in the region. Nicaragua has submitted three territorial disputes, one with Honduras, another with Colombia, and the third with Costa Rica to the International Court of Justice for resolution. At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Nicaragua joined six Central American neighbors in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development, known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA, to promote sustainable economic development in"
"Noriega was involved in money laundering and was not democratically elected. In December 1989, the United States invaded Panama and removed Noriega from power. In September 1992, Mexico and Panama re-established full diplomatic relations. Today, bilateral relations between Mexico and Panama are continuously active and strong. There have been numerous high-level presidential visits between leaders of both nations over the years. Presidential visits from Mexico to Panama Presidential visits from Panama to Mexico In April 2014, both nations signed a free trade agreement. In 2017, two-way trade between both nations amounted to $1 billion USD. Panama is Mexico's fourth biggest"
"was regulated by the Victoria-Velez Treaty signed in Bogotá on August 20, 1924 by the Foreign Ministers of Panama, Nicolas Victoria; and Colombia, Jorge Velez. This treaty is officially registered in the Register No. 814 of the Treaty League of Nations, on 17 August 1925. The border was made based on the same Colombian law of June 9, 1855. Colombia–Panama border The Colombia–Panama border is the 225 km (139-mile) long international boundary between Colombia and Panama. It is also the border between South America and Central America. It includes the Darién Gap, a 106 km (66 miles) long swath of"
"and named it British Honduras. It became independent as Belize in 1981. Panama, situated in the southernmost part of Central America on the Isthmus of Panama, has for most of its history been culturally linked to South America. Panama was part of the Province of Tierra Firme from 1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed ""Audiencia Real de Panama"". Beginning in 1543, Panama was administered as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739, when it"
"unionized. Workers have the right to strike. Collective bargaining is becoming more common in the private sector. Nicaragua is divided in 15 departments : Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Estelí, Granada, Jinotega, León, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rivas, Río San Juan, as well as in two autonomous regions: North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. Nicaragua President Daniel Ortega said March 6, 2008 that the nation is breaking relations with Colombia ""in solidarity with the Ecuadoran people"", following the 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis. The relations were restored soon after. Some political pressure groups are: Politics"
"of the San Juan River forming a border between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The San Juan River has also long been thought by both countries as offering the promise for another canal route across Central America. This was the case when the Panama Canal site was chosen rather than the San Juan River as the ultimate ship navigation route across the Americas. The conflict between Nicaragua and Costa Rica continues. The Nicaraguan government announced in August 2009 that it will begin construction at the end of September 2009 to reroute the San Juan River. The head of the committee for"
"parliamentary system. Their reason: there would be a clear differentiation between the head of government (prime minister) and the head of state (president). Nevertheless, it was later argued that the true reason behind this proposal was to find a legal way for President Ortega to stay in power after January 2012, when his second and last government period was expected to end. Ortega was reelected to a third term in November 2016. Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. Nicaragua is in territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andrés y Providencia and Quita Sueño Bank and with Costa"
"the Federal Republic of Central America. Nicaragua finally became an independent republic in 1838. Rivalry between the Liberal elite of León and the Conservative elite of Granada characterized the early years of independence and often degenerated into civil war, particularly during the 1840s and 1850s. Managua was chosen as the nation's capital in 1852 to allay the rivalry between the two feuding cities. During the days of the California Gold Rush, Nicaragua provided a route for travelers from the eastern United States to journey to California by sea, via the use of the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua. Invited"
"Nicaragua with a sticker on part of Honduran territory indicating ""territory in dispute"" almost caused a war between the two countries. The territory had been claimed by Nicaragua, but Honduras thought the matter closed in 1906 when an arbitration by King Alfonso XIII of Spain gave it the area. The roots of the problem of chaotic genesis of this border lie in the way of the independence process in 1821 as a federal republic. Honduras–Nicaragua border The Honduras–Nicaragua border is the 352 km long international boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua, linking the Gulf of Fonseca (Pacific Ocean) to the Caribbean"
"1960s Panama’s involvement with drug trade was its production of cannabis, but by the 1980s it became one of the transit points for the drug trafficking of cocaine from South America to the United States thanks to its shared border with Columbia. Robberies prevalent in Panama include armed robberies and muggings. Domestic violence in Panama is a serious problem and remains underreported. Domestic violence, including spousal rape, psychological, physical, and economic abuse, are criminalized. Panama enacted ""Ley No.38 del 2001"" against domestic violence. In 2013, the country enacted Law 82 - Typifying Femicide and Violence Against Women (""Ley 82 -"
"Northern Triangle of Central America The Northern Triangle of Central America refers to the three Central American countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, especially in regard to their economic integration. They have signed trade agreements with Colombia, the United States, and Mexico. The agreement with Mexico began in 2001, later involved the Mesoamerica Project, and expanded to Costa Rica and Nicaragua in 2011. Within these countries there has been strong resistance, not so much to integration among themselves, but as it relates to negotiation policy outside the region, especially from groups like Guatemalan tenant farmers of the Petén region,"
"number of Nicaraguans living abroad because a substantial amount are living in host countries illegally. The table shows current statistics for certain countries: Nicaraguan diaspora The 1980s were the backdrop to a savage civil war which saw conflict destroy the nation of Nicaragua, and the lives of 50,000+ civilians in the process. The multicultural country of Nicaragua experienced an excessive outpouring of citizens who fled the nation for their own security. Although many Nicaraguans live in Spain, Mexico and Panama, the majority of Nicaraguans living abroad are in Costa Rica, the United States and El Salvador. Nicaragua has the second"
"a broad, hot, fertile plain. Punctuating this plain are several large volcanoes of the Cordillera Los Maribios mountain range, including Mombacho just outside Granada, and Momotombo near León. The lowland area runs from the Gulf of Fonseca to Nicaragua's Pacific border with Costa Rica south of Lake Nicaragua. Lake Nicaragua is the largest freshwater lake in Central America (20th largest in the world), and is home to some of the world's rare freshwater sharks (Nicaraguan shark). The Pacific lowlands region is the most populous, with over half of the nation's population. The eruptions of western Nicaragua's 40 volcanoes, many of"
"the region. Nicaragua belongs to the United Nations and several specialized and related agencies, including: Alleged trans-shipment point for cocaine destined for the US and trans-shipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing. Nicaragua signed a 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in October 2007. As part of the IMF program, the Government of Nicaragua agreed to implement free market policies linked to targets on fiscal discipline, poverty spending, and energy regulation. The lack of transparency surrounding Venezuelan bilateral assistance, channeled through state-run enterprises rather than the official budget, has become a serious issue for the"
"History of Panama (1904–64) This article is about the history of Panama from 1904 to 1964. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia. The provisional governing junta selected when independence was declared governed the new state until a constitution was adopted in 1904. Under its terms, Manuel Amador Guerrero became Panama's first president. The constitution"
"the Cordillera Central. The highest point in the country is the Volcán Barú, which rises to . A nearly impenetrable jungle forms the Darién Gap between Panama and Colombia where Colombian guerrillas and drug dealers operate and sometimes take hostages. This and unrest, and forest protection movements, create a break in the Pan-American Highway, which otherwise forms a complete road from Alaska to Patagonia. Panama's wildlife is the most diverse in Central America. It is home to many South American species as well as to North American wildlife. Nearly 500 rivers lace Panama's rugged landscape. Mostly unnavigable, many originate as"
"Honduras Honduras (, ; ), officially the Republic of Honduras (), is a country in Central America. It has at times been referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became modern-day Belize. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Honduras was home to several important Mesoamerican cultures, most notably the Maya, before"