"Kushan empire (CE 30-375). The Sarvāstivādin Piṭakas were mostly transmitted in Sanskrit and many Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtra were composed in different registers of Sanskrit. The Buddhist use of classical Sanskrit for literary purposes possibly began with Asvaghoṣa (c. 100 CE), author of the Buddhacarita and one of the earliest Sanskrit dramatists. Buddhist thinkers like Nāgārjuna, Āryadeva, Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, Dignāga, Sthiramati, Dharmakīrti, Bhāviveka, Candrakīrti, etc., and also wrote in Sanskrit. Readers should be aware that contemporary reconstructions are hypotheses, which differ from traditional accounts due to significantly divergent presuppositions about the nature of a Buddha, the nature"
"Buddha (title) In Buddhism, Buddha (; Sanskrit: बुद्ध), ""awakened one,"" is a title for someone who is awake, and has attained nirvana and Buddhahood. The title is most commonly used for Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, who is often simply known as ""the Buddha"". However, the title can also be used for others who have achieved enlightenment, such as the other human Buddhas who achieved enlightment before Gautama, the five celestial Buddhas worshipped primarily by Vajrayana followers, and the bodhisattva named Maitreya, who will achieve enlightment in the future and succeed Gautama Buddha as the supreme Buddha of the"
"heard""; Shina Gilgitī dialect ""budo"", ""awake""; Kashmiri ""bọ̆du"", ""quick of understanding (especially of a child)""; Sinhalese ""buj"" (""j"" written for ""d""), ""budu"", ""bud"", ""but"", ""the Buddha"". The term is mirrored in various Indo-European languages with a common root/stem: *bheud- and meanings: to be awakened. Buddhavamsa named 25 Buddhas including Gautama in section three until twenty seven, while the twenty eight section lists three Buddhas who lived before the time of Dipankara Buddha. The seven most recent Buddhas to attain enlightment are the following: Buddha (title) In Buddhism, Buddha (; Sanskrit: बुद्ध), ""awakened one,"" is a title for someone who is"
"बुध, ""to awaken, to know,"" ""to wake , wake up , be awake,"" ""to recover consciousness (after a swoon),"" ""to observe , heed , attend to."" It corresponds to the verbs ""bujjhati"" (Pāli) and ""bodhati"", बोदति, ""become or be aware of, perceive, learn, know, understand, awake""or ""budhyate"" (Sanskrit). The feminine Sanskrit noun of ""*budh-"" is बुद्धि, ""buddhi"", ""prescience, intuition, perception, point of view."" Robert S. Cohen notes that the majority of English books on Buddhism use the term ""enlightenment"" to translate the term ""bodhi"". The root ""budh"", from which both ""bodhi"" and ""Buddha"" are derived, means ""to wake up"" or"
"the same Spirit. The word 'Paramahamsa' signifies one who is Awakened in all realms. Paramahansa is the highest level of spiritual development in which a union with ultimate reality has been attained by a sannyasi. ""Paramahamsa"" is a Sanskrit word translated as 'supreme swan'. The word is compounded of Sanskrit परम ""parama"" meaning 'supreme' or 'transcendent' (from PIE ""per"" meaning 'through', 'across', or 'beyond', cognate with English ""far"") and Sanskrit हंस ""hamsa"" meaning 'swan or wild goose'. The prefix ""parama"" is the same element seen in ""Parameshwara"", a title for God. Early English scholars of Indian language and religion may"
"Enlightenment in Buddhism The English term enlightenment is the western translation of the abstract noun bodhi, (; Sanskrit: बोधि; Pali: ""bodhi""), the knowledge or wisdom, or awakened intellect, of a Buddha. The verbal root ""budh-"" means ""to awaken,"" and its literal meaning is closer to ""awakening."" Although its most common usage is in the context of Buddhism, the term ""buddhi"" is also used in other Indian philosophies and traditions. The term ""enlightenment"" was popularised in the Western world through the 19th century translations of Max Müller. It has the western connotation of a sudden insight into a transcendental truth or"
"Vibodha Vibodha basically refers to understanding, sudden awakening and the unfolding of the faculties in carrying out an object; it refers to seeking after end, and to enlightenment. Vibodha is one of the 33 relatively transient emotions listed by Bharata. Vibodha (Sanskrit: विबोध), derived from the adjective, Bodha (Sanskrit: बोध), meaning - 'understanding', ordinarily means – 'intelligence', 'awakening', 'perception'; it also means – 'awaking', and the 'unfolding of the faculties in carrying out an object', 'inattention' or 'absence of mind'. Psychologists define ""Vibodha"" as the sudden awakening aroused by the indigestion of food, dreams portending omen and by touch, or"
"in the study of Buddhism, and is one of the fundamentals of Buddhist practice. In the western world the concept of (spiritual) enlightenment has taken on a romantic meaning. It has become synonymous with self-realization and the true self and false self, being regarded as a substantial essence being covered over by social conditioning. ""Bodhi"", Sanskrit बोधि, ""awakening,"" ""perfect knowledge,"" ""perfect knowledge or wisdom (by which a man becomes a बुद्ध [Buddha] or जिन [""jina"", ""arahant""; ""victorious,"" ""victor""], the illuminated or enlightened intellect (of a Buddha or जिन)."" It is an abstract noun, formed from the verbal root ""*budh-"", Sanskrit"
"Bodhicitta In Buddhism, bodhicitta, ""enlightenment-mind"", is the mind that strives toward awakening, empathy, and compassion for the benefit of all sentient beings. Etymologically, the word is a combination of the Sanskrit words bodhi and citta. ""Bodhi"" means ""awakening"" or ""enlightenment"". ""Citta"" derives from the Sanskrit root ""cit"", and means ""that which is conscious"" (i.e., mind or consciousness). ""Bodhicitta"" may be translated as ""awakening mind"" or ""mind of enlightenment"". Bodhicitta is a spontaneous wish to attain enlightenment motivated by great compassion for all sentient beings, accompanied by a falling away of the attachment to the illusion of an inherently existing self."
"Adhiṣṭhāna The Sanskrit term adhiṣṭhāna (; ; ""kaji""; ""àtíttǎan"") is the name for initiations or blessings in Vajrayana Buddhism. The term has various meanings, including the raised base on which a temple stands. ""Adhiṣṭhāna""(""m"") is a term with multiple meanings: seat; basis; substratum; ground; support; and abode. The Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary Online holds the following semantic field for ""adhiṣṭhāna"": Francesca Fremantle gives an etymology of Sanskrit ""adhiṣṭhāna"" and Tibetan ""jinlap"": ""The Sanskrit word literally means ""standing over"" and conveys ideas of taking possession, dwelling within, presence, protection, and sovereignty. The Tibetan literally means ""an engulfing wave or flood of splendor"
"Pratyekabuddha A pratyekabuddha or paccekabuddha (Sanskrit and Pali, respectively), literally ""a lone buddha"", ""a buddha on their own"" or ""a private buddha"", is one of three types of enlightened beings according to some schools of Buddhism. The other two buddha types are the arhat and the ""sammāsambuddha"" (Sanskrit ""samyaksambuddha""). The ""yāna"" or ""vehicle"" by which pratyekabuddhas achieve enlightenment is called the pratyekabuddhayāna in Indian Buddhist tradition. Pratyekabuddhas are said to achieve enlightenment on their own, without the use of teachers or guides, according some traditions by seeing and understanding dependent origination. They are said to arise only in ages where"
"a means to capture natural religious truths, as distinguished from mere mythology. By the mid-1870s it had become commonplace to call the Buddha ""enlightened"", and by the end of the 1880s the terms ""enlightened"" and ""enlightenment"" dominated the English literature. ""Bodhi"" (Sanskrit, Pāli), from the verbal root ""budd"", ""to awaken"", ""to understand"", means literally ""to have woken up and understood"". According to Johannes Bronkhorst, Tillman Vetter, and K.R. Norman, ""bodhi"" was at first not specified. K.R. Norman: According to Norman, ""bodhi"" may basically have meant the knowledge that ""nibbana"" was attained, due to the practice of ""dhyana"". Originally only ""prajna"""
"Buddhi Buddhi is a Vedic Sanskrit word that means the intellectual faculty and the power to ""form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand"". ""Buddhi"" () is derived from the Vedic Sanskrit root ""Budh"" (बुध् ), which literally means ""to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again"". The term appears extensively in Rigveda and other Vedic literature. ""Buddhi"" means, states Monier Williams, the power to ""form, retain concepts; intelligence, reason, intellect, mind"", the intellectual faculty and the ability to ""discern, judge, comprehend, understand"" something. Buddhi is a feminine Sanskrit noun derived"
"Bodhimaṇḍa Bodhimaṇḍa (Sanskrit and Pali; ) is a term used in Buddhism meaning the ""position of awakening"". According to Haribhadra, it is ""a place used as a seat, where the essence of enlightenment is present"". Although spelled similarly, a bodhimaṇḍa is not synonymous with a ""bodhimaṇḍala"", which is a ""circle of enlightenment"". Bodhimaṇḍas are regularly visited by Buddhist pilgrims, and some have gone on to become popular secular tourist destinations as well. In many forms of Buddhism, it is believed that bodhimaṇḍas are spiritually pure places, or otherwise conducive to meditation and enlightenment. Different Buddhist sects often disagree on the"
"Satcitananda Satchitananda (IAST: Satcitānanda) or Sacchidānanda representing ""existence, consciousness, and bliss"" or ""truth, consciousness, bliss"", is an epithet and description for the subjective experience of the ultimate, unchanging reality in Hinduism called Brahman. ""Satchitananda"" (Sanskrit: सच्चिदानन्द) is a compounded Sanskrit word consisting of ""sat"", ""cit"" and ""ananda"", all three considered as inseparable from the nature of ultimate reality called Brahman in Hinduism. The different forms of spelling is driven by euphonic (sandhi) rules of Sanskrit, useful in different contexts. ""Satchitananda"" is therefore translated as ""Truth Consciousness Bliss"", ""Reality Consciousness Bliss"", ""Existence Consciousness Bliss"", The term is contextually related to ""the"
"one who has become unembodied. The tranquil one having become established in his own nature after rising up from his body reaches the supreme Light and becomes Brahman. Vishnugupta (Chanakya) in his Chanakya Niti tells us that ""anger is personification of ""Yama"", ('the demi-god of death'), thirst is like hellish river ""Vaitarani"", knowledge is like ""Kamadhenu"" ('the cow of plenty'), and contentment is like ""Nandanavana"" ('the garden of Indra')"". Trishna (Vedic thought) Trishna (Sanskrit: तृष्णा) means – 'thirst' (""Caitanya Caritamrta"" Adi 4.149), 'aspiration' (""Caitanya Caritamrta"" Antya 14.44), 'longing', 'craving' or 'lusty desires' (""Srimad Bhagavatam"" 9.19.18), or as तृष्णज् meaning covetous,"
"the Anatman. Vibodha Vibodha basically refers to understanding, sudden awakening and the unfolding of the faculties in carrying out an object; it refers to seeking after end, and to enlightenment. Vibodha is one of the 33 relatively transient emotions listed by Bharata. Vibodha (Sanskrit: विबोध), derived from the adjective, Bodha (Sanskrit: बोध), meaning - 'understanding', ordinarily means – 'intelligence', 'awakening', 'perception'; it also means – 'awaking', and the 'unfolding of the faculties in carrying out an object', 'inattention' or 'absence of mind'. Psychologists define ""Vibodha"" as the sudden awakening aroused by the indigestion of food, dreams portending omen and by"
"to emanate or incite ""adhiṣṭhāna"" ""blessings, grace"" within the mindstream and experience of those connected to them. Adhiṣṭhāna The Sanskrit term adhiṣṭhāna (; ; ""kaji""; ""àtíttǎan"") is the name for initiations or blessings in Vajrayana Buddhism. The term has various meanings, including the raised base on which a temple stands. ""Adhiṣṭhāna""(""m"") is a term with multiple meanings: seat; basis; substratum; ground; support; and abode. The Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary Online holds the following semantic field for ""adhiṣṭhāna"": Francesca Fremantle gives an etymology of Sanskrit ""adhiṣṭhāna"" and Tibetan ""jinlap"": ""The Sanskrit word literally means ""standing over"" and conveys ideas of taking possession,"
"Sanskrit ""gri"" (to invoke, or to praise), and may have a connection to the word ""gur"", meaning 'to raise, lift up, or to make an effort'. Sanskrit ""guru"" is cognate with Latin ""gravis"" 'heavy; grave, weighty, serious' and Greek βαρύς ""barus"" 'heavy'. All three derive from the Proto-Indo-European root ""*gʷerə-"", specifically from the zero-grade form *""gʷr̥ə-"". Another etymological theory considers the term ""guru"" to be based on the syllables ""gu"" () and ""ru"" (), which it claims stands for darkness and ""light that dispels it"", respectively. The guru is seen as the one who ""dispels the darkness of ignorance."" Reender"
"rid of hankering after objects'), d) ""Sattvapatti"" ('the purified ""Chit"" resting on the Atman'), e) ""Asamsakti"" ('perfect non-attachment to objects'), f) ""Padartha-bhavana"" ('analysis of objects or love for objects'), g) ""Turiyattita"" ('superconsciouness' or ""moksha""). With the first three stages working amidst differences and non-differences in the waking state the aspirant i.e. the seeker after Truth, is called ""Mumukshu"". The first three stages or ""bhumikas"" viz; the good intention to pursue the right path, the investigation into ways and means required for gain of knowledge, and the attenuation of the mind, are under the ""Jagrat"" ('waking') state when awake one sees"
"my dear, he (Jiva) becomes one with Existence (Ishvara) "" (Chandogya Upanishad VI.viii.1)). Gaudapada, in his Karika on the Mandukya Upanishad, refers to the three states of consciousness, to the one Atman perceived threefold in the same body and the threefold satisfaction; he refers to Vaisvanara – जागरितस्थानो बहिष्प्रज्ञः whose sphere of action is the waking state, to Taijasa – स्वप्नास्थानोऽन्तःप्रज्ञः whose sphere is the dream state, and to ""Prājna"" (प्राज्ञ), whose sphere in the form of cause only is deep sleep bereft of dreams, as a mass of consciousness, as the Akasha in the heart and as the blissful"
"of meditation, at the age of 35, he is said to have attained Enlightenment, and became known as the ""Buddha"" or ""Awakened One"" (""Buddha"" is also sometimes translated as ""The Enlightened One""). According to some sutras of the Pali canon, at the time of his awakening he realised complete insight into the Four Noble Truths, thereby attaining liberation from ""samsara"", the endless cycle of rebirth, suffering and dying again. According to scholars, this story of the awakening and the stress on ""liberating insight"" is a later development in the Buddhist tradition, where the Buddha may have regarded the practice of"
"threads the universe into unified oneness. The Parabrahma Upanishad links Brahma to consciousness of man when he is awake, Vishnu to his consciousness in dreaming state, Maheshvara (Shiva) to his consciousness in deep sleep, and Brahman as the ""Turiya"", the fourth state of consciousness. The Upanishad calls those who merely have a mass of hair for topknot and visible sacred string across their chest as ""pseudo-Brahmin"" with hollow symbols, who aren't acquiring spiritual self-knowledge. The true mendicant, the true seeker of liberation, asserts the text, abandons these external symbols, and focuses on meditating upon and understanding the nature of his"
"of ""ceto-vimutti"", one temporarily and one permanent, the last being equivalent to ""panna-vimutti"". Yogacara uses the term ""āśraya parāvŗtti"", ""revolution of the basis"", Nirvana is the ""blowing out"" of disturbing emotions, which is the same as liberation. The usage of the term ""enlightenment"" to translate ""nirvana"" was popularized in the 19th century, due, in part, to the efforts of Max Muller, who used the term consistently in his translations. Three types of buddha are recognized: Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, is said to have achieved full awakening, known as ""samyaksaṃbodhi"" (Sanskrit; Pāli: ""sammāsaṃbodhi""), ""perfect Buddhahood"", or ""anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi"", ""highest perfect"
"Punaana The Sanskrit term, Punaana is used to refer to the Purifier, the Almighty Lord or Brahman who through grant of knowledge purifies our mind and body for our achieving the highest goal, emancipation. Punaana (Sanskrit: पुनान) or ""Punāna"" is an adjective derived from the root पू (""pū"") meaning cleansing or purifying as in पूत (""pūta"") meaning cleaned, purified, pure, clear or bright, in पूतदक्ष (""pūtadaksha"") meaning pure-minded, in पूनीत (""pūnīta"") meaning cleaned or purified or पुनीहि (""punīhi"") meaning purify; it means – destroying (sin), pouring forth or showing (brightness), being clear or bright or purified, washing off (sin), The"
"discern truth (""satya"") from falsehood and thereby to make wisdom possible. Buddhi Buddhi is a Vedic Sanskrit word that means the intellectual faculty and the power to ""form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand"". ""Buddhi"" () is derived from the Vedic Sanskrit root ""Budh"" (बुध् ), which literally means ""to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again"". The term appears extensively in Rigveda and other Vedic literature. ""Buddhi"" means, states Monier Williams, the power to ""form, retain concepts; intelligence, reason, intellect, mind"", the intellectual faculty and the ability to ""discern,"
"Kundalini Kundalini (Sanskrit: """", , ""coiled one""), in Hinduism refers to a form of primal energy (or ""shakti"") said to be located at the base of the spine. In Hindu tradition, Bhairavi is the goddess of Kundalini. Kundalini awakenings may happen through a variety of methods. Many systems of yoga focus on awakening Kundalini through: meditation; pranayama breathing; the practice of asana and chanting of mantras. Kundalini Yoga is a school of yoga that is influenced by Shaktism and Tantra schools of Hinduism. It derives its name through a focus on awakening kundalini energy through regular practice of Mantra, Tantra,"
"truth. Tara represents the illumined word. Yogakundalyupanishad III.18-19 tells us that sound sprouts in ""Parā"" (supreme) form, it becomes two-leafed (that is first manifested) in ""Pashyanti"" (radiant) form, buds in the ""Madhyama"" (subliminal) form and blooms in ""Vaikhari"" (acoustic) form; sound thus produced will become unmanifested, when the order is reversed. Shabda Brahman is the source of sound and is in the form of sound which is unmanifest, therefore it is called ""Parā"" and appears to express the kinetic part of the static quiescent eternal reality. Pashyanti Pashyanti or ""Paśyanti"" or ""paśyantī"" (Sanskrit: पश्यन्ति or पश्यन्ती), the Sanskrit term which"
"energy"". However there are other meanings of the name which are- According to Hinduism, since fire is considered to be one of the holy & pure elements, Puranas name the first emerged fire as Nachiket. The Rigveda 10.135 talks of Yama and a child, who may be a reference to Nachiketa. He is also mentioned in the Taittiriya Brahmana, 3.1.8"""" Later, in the Mahabharata, the name appears as one of the sages present in the ""Sabha"" (royal assembly) of King Yudhishthira (""Sabha Parva"", Section IV,) and also in the ""Anusasana Parva"" (106). However, the primary story, dealing with the dialogue"
"Siddha Siddha (Tamil ""great thinker/wise man""; Sanskrit, ""perfected one"") is a term that is used widely in Indian religions and culture. It means ""one who is accomplished"". It refers to perfected masters who have achieved a high degree of physical as well as spiritual perfection or enlightenment. In Jainism, the term is used to refer the liberated souls. ""Siddha"" may also refer to one who has attained a siddhi, paranormal capabilities. Siddhas may broadly refer to siddhars, naths, ascetics, sadhus, or yogis because they all practice sādhanā. The Svetasvatara (II.12) presupposes a Siddha body. In Jainism, the term ""siddha"" is"
"holy order of sannyasa in 1949 and gave him the name Satchidananda Saraswati. The name Saccidānanda, Satchidananda, or Sat-cit-ānanda (Sanskrit: सच्चिदानंद) is a compound of three Sanskrit words, Sat (सत्), Cit (चित्), and Ānanda (आनंद) (the ā is of longer vocal length), meaning essence, consciousness, and bliss, respectively. The expression is used in yoga and other schools of Indian philosophy to describe the nature of Brahman as experienced by a fully liberated yogi. Satcidānanda may be understood as the energetic state of non-duality, a manifestation of our spiritually natural, primordial, and authentic state which is comparable in quality to that"
"Bhūmi (Buddhism) Bhūmi (Sanskrit: भूमि) is the 32 and 33 place (10 and 11 in simple count) on the outgoing's process of Mahayana awakening. In Buddhism, initially the monks who arrived at ""Bhūmi"" were called śrāvakas in opposition to Brahminism. Śakro devānām and Trāyastriṃśa are together called ""Bhūmi nivāsin"". The Sanskrit term ""bhūmi"" literally means ""ground"" or ""foundation"". Each stage represents a level of attainment in that case, and serves as a basis for the next one. Each level marks a definite advancement in one's training, that is accompanied by progressively greater power and wisdom. Another term used to describe"
"its great Upanishadic saying, ""That art thou,"" or God is within man. The verse 17 of the text repeats, that all three states, experienced when one is awake, when one dreams, when one is in deep dreamless sleep, is illuminated therein. ""Know yourself to be that Brahman"", translates Deussen, and experience liberation. The text, in verses 18 to 24 describes the state of liberated renouncer. The Upanishad states he is blissful, content in all three states of consciousness, feels everything was born in him and abides in him and dissolves in him, that he is Brahman that is in everyone,"