"formula: (length of stick x distance to the tree) / (distance to eye) = tree height Using this formula the height of the tree can be calculated no matter what angle you are holding your arm, and no matter what the length of the yardstick that extends above your hand. This has a big advantage if you are measuring a tree on uneven ground or if you can only measure the tree from a single angle. One problem that also often occurs is in order to see the top of the tree; the surveyor must be farther away from the"
"move relative to the ground as the horse's head does, the withers are used as the measuring point for the height of a horse. Horses are commonly measured in hands – one hand is . Horse heights are extremely variable, from small pony breeds to large draft breeds. The height at the withers of an average thoroughbred is , and ponies are up to . The withers of the horse are considered in evaluating conformation. Generally, a horse should have well-defined withers, as they are considered an important attachment point for the muscles of the torso. Withers of medium height"
"stated in units of hands and inches: one hand is equal to . The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a point, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation ""h"" or ""hh"" (for ""hands high""). Thus, a horse described as ""15.2 h"" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of in height. The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light riding horses usually range in height from and can weigh from . Larger riding horses usually start at about and often are as"
"Horse length A horse length, or simply length, is a unit of measurement for the length of a horse from nose to tail, approximately . The length is commonly used in Thoroughbred horse racing, where it describes the distance between horses in a race. Horses may be described as winning by several lengths, as in the notable example of Secretariat, who won the Belmont Stakes by 31 lengths (). More often, winning distances are merely a fraction of a length, such as half a length. In British horse racing the distances between horses are calculated by converting the time between"
"is . The International Federation for Equestrian Sports, the world governing body for horse sport, uses metric measurements and defines a pony as being any horse measuring less than at the withers without shoes, which is just over 14.2 h, and , or just over 14.2 h, with shoes. Height is not the sole criterion for distinguishing horses from ponies. Breed registries for horses that typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2 h consider all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height. Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual"
"during group riding instruction or at a horse show. In reporting result of horse races winning margins are commonly abbreviated: Horse length A horse length, or simply length, is a unit of measurement for the length of a horse from nose to tail, approximately . The length is commonly used in Thoroughbred horse racing, where it describes the distance between horses in a race. Horses may be described as winning by several lengths, as in the notable example of Secretariat, who won the Belmont Stakes by 31 lengths (). More often, winning distances are merely a fraction of a length,"
"on the basis of height, especially for competition purposes. However, height alone is not dispositive; the difference between horses and ponies may also include aspects of phenotype, including conformation and temperament. The traditional standard for height of a horse or a pony at maturity is . An animal 14.2 h or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2 h a pony, but there are many exceptions to the traditional standard. In Australia, ponies are considered to be those under . For competition in the Western division of the United States Equestrian Federation, the cutoff"
"hands are commonly used in the measurement of miniature horses, miniature ponies, miniature mules, donkeys, and Shetland ponies. A horse is measured from the ground to the top of the highest non-variable point of the skeleton, the withers. For official measurement, the spinous process of the fifth thoracic vertebra may be identified by palpation, and marked if necessary. Miniature horses, but not miniature ponies, are measured at the base of the last true hairs of the mane rather than at the withers. For international competition regulated by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) and for USEF competition in the US, a"
"based on pedigree and phenotype, no matter its height. Some full-sized horses may be called ponies for various reasons of tradition or as a term of endearment. For many forms of competition, the official definition of a pony is a horse that measures less than at the withers. Horses are 14.2 or taller. The International Federation for Equestrian Sports defines the official cutoff point at (just over 14.2 h) without shoes and (just over 14.2-1/2 h) with shoes, though allows a margin for competition measurement of up to (14.3 h) without shoes, or (just under 14.3-1/2 h) with shoes. However,"
"very low withers, making it far more difficult for a saddle to stay in place. Withers The withers is the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal, typically a quadruped. In many species it is the tallest point of the body, and in horses and dogs it is the standard place to measure the animal's height. In contrast, cattle are normally measured to the top of the hips. The withers in horses are formed by the dorsal spinal processes of roughly the 3rd through 11th thoracic vertebrae (most horses have 18 thoracic vertebrae), which are unusually long in this"
"Withers The withers is the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal, typically a quadruped. In many species it is the tallest point of the body, and in horses and dogs it is the standard place to measure the animal's height. In contrast, cattle are normally measured to the top of the hips. The withers in horses are formed by the dorsal spinal processes of roughly the 3rd through 11th thoracic vertebrae (most horses have 18 thoracic vertebrae), which are unusually long in this area. The processes at the withers can be more than long. Since they do not"
"the ""Zhouli"" ""Rites of Zhou"" (夏官司馬), which differentiates names for horses of different heights, measured in the ""chi"" ""Chinese foot"" (historically around 23-33 centimeters, see Chinese units of measurement). Horses up to 8 feet tall are called ""long"" 龍 ""dragon"", those up to 7 feet are called ""lai"" , and those up to 6 feet are called ""ma"" 馬 ""horse"". The Han Dynasty scholar Wang Fu (tr. Visser 1913:70) says, ""The people paint the dragon's shape with a horse's head and a snake's tail."" Edward H. Schafer describes the horse's ""tremendous importance"" to Tang Dynasty rulers for military tactics, diplomatic"
"ages: In horse racing, these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, Thoroughbred horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old. However, Australian Thoroughbred racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old. The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the withers, where the neck meets the back. This point is used because it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down in relation to the body of the horse. In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often"
"tall as , weighing from . Heavy or draft horses are usually at least high and can be as tall as high. They can weigh from about . The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, who was born in 1848. He stood high and his peak weight was estimated at . The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. She is tall and weighs . Ponies are taxonomically the same animals as horses. The distinction between a horse and pony is commonly drawn"
"divided by four, then the remainder is added after the radix point. Thus, a horse that measures 60 inches is 15 hands high (15 x 4 = 60) and a horse halfway between 15 and 16 hands is 15.2 hands, or 62 inches tall (15 x 4 + 2 = 62) Because the subdivision of a hand is a base 4 system, a horse 64 inches high is 16.0 hands high, not 15.4. A designation of ""15.5 hands"" is not halfway between 15 and 16 hands, but rather reads 15 hands and five inches, an impossibility in a base 4"
"Horsepower Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at which work is done). There are many different standards and types of horsepower. Two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower (or imperial horsepower), which is about 745.7 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the output power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric"
"breeding and often well over 14.2 hands. American Indian tribes also have the tradition of referring to their horses as ""ponies,"" when speaking in English, even though many of the Mustang horses they used in the 19th century were close to or over 14.2 hh, and most horses owned and bred by Native peoples today are of full horse height. The term ""pony"" is also sometimes used to describe a full-sized horse in a humorous or affectionate sense. The United States Pony Club defines ""pony"" to be any mount that is ridden by a member regardless of its breed or"
"Hurdling (horse race) A hurdle race in Great Britain and Ireland is a National Hunt horse race where the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles that are over three and a half feet high. They are typically made of a series of panels made of brush and are flexible. Hurdle races always have a minimum of eight hurdles and a minimum distance of two miles (3 km). National Hunt horses that have the size and scope to jump higher than the height of a hurdle, use these types of races in order to gain experience of jumping obstacles so they"
"must clear the withers, and the bars of the saddle should be the proper width to be comfortable on the horse. The seat is measured for the rider in three places: Length, from the front of the fixed pommel to the end of the cantle; width across the widest part of the seat; and the distance across the narrowest part of the seat, called the ""neck"". To determine the correct seat length, which is based on the length of the rider's femur, a person sits on a stool or chair with their back and hips against a wall or flat"
"Pommel horse The pommel horse (also side horse) is an artistic gymnastics apparatus. Traditionally, it is used by only male gymnasts. Originally made of a metal frame with a wooden body and a leather cover, modern pommel horses have a metal body covered with foam rubber and leather, with plastic handles (or pommels). The pommel horse was developed centuries ago as an artificial horse used by soldiers to practice mounting and dismounting. Alexander the Great is believed to have used two. Measurements of the apparatus are published by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) in the ""Apparatus Norms"" brochure. A"
"over preferred the imperial system. The height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States is usually measured in hands, standardized to 4 inches (101.6 mm). Fuel consumption for vehicles is commonly stated in miles per gallon, though official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents. When sold draught in licensed premises, beer and cider must be sold in pints and half-pints. Cow's milk is available in both litre- and pint-based containers in supermarkets and shops. Areas of land associated with farming, forestry and real estate are commonly advertised in acres"
"were bred to various pony breeds in order to create a very specific type of show pony. The Hackney Horse's height ranges from 14.2 hands (147 centimetres) to 16.2 hands (168 cm) tall. They may be any solid colour, including bay, brown, chestnut and black. Hackneys often have white markings, often due to the influence of sabino genetics. The Hackney has a well-shaped head, sometimes with a slightly convex nose. Their eyes and ears are expressive and should show alertness. The neck is crested and muscular with a clean cut throat and jaw. The chest is broad and well-defined, the"
"hunter over fences, or jumper class at a height of 2'9"". Entry: being part of a lesson program, where the rider has been jumping a height of 2' or higher for at least four months. Riders are judged on their equitation, meaning that each rider is individually judged on his or her effectiveness as a rider, ability to look aesthically pleasing (i.e. posture and positioning on the horse), and ability to make riding a horse seem easy and effortless. Individual ribbons correspond to points, which combine for a team score. Teams receive points from their highest place rider in a"
"for most horses is from 4 to 6. The system is based on both visual appraisal and palpable fat cover of the six major points of the horse. The system is used by law enforcement agencies as an objective method of scoring a horse's body condition in horse cruelty cases. The Henneke scale describes body condition scores as follows: The average horse is healthiest with a body condition score between 5 and 6, which indicate that the horse has a proper balance of feed to exercise. An easy keeper or hard keeper should be watched closely as they are prone"
"is , the girth and the cannon circumference ; for females the height measures , the girth and the cannon . Horses over at 30 months may not be registered. The head is rather heavy and roughly set on, the profile straight, the ears mobile and the eyes and nostrils large. The neck is muscular, the mane thick. The shoulder is fairly straight, the withers high and the croup short but muscular. The legs are short, strong and reasonably well conformed, the joints are broad, the hooves are strong but tend to be cylindrical. The action is lively and sure-footed."
"desired by the American organisations. Some stud-books have different categories: The Gypsy Horse Registry of America has two height classifications: Section A for purebred horses under and Section B for purebred horses and over. Its Section C is for Gypsy Crossbred horses. The Netherlands stud-book for Gypsy horses, the Nederlands Stamboek voor Tinkers, identified there as the ""Tinker horse,"" classifies horses into three groups: ""cob,"" ""vanner,"" and ""grai,"" based on height in metres and degree of refinement. The cob type is approximately , and the vanner . The more refined ""grai"" may be of any size but is typically within"
"and have a very deep, laid back shoulder. The tail carriage is high. Typically, the NSH is 14.3-16.2 hands tall, with some individuals over or under. The NSH may be a variety of colors, including the traditional bay, gray, chestnut, and black of the Arabian, with Saddlebred ancestry adding a broader range of color than seen in the Arabian breed, including, most notably, pinto and palomino. The National Show Horse is most often used for saddle seat riding. They are horses with high-stepping action and can be trained to move with a very elevated front end. Some can be trained"
"of their animals. Many service animals may be trained to perform tasks to help their disabled partners live independent lives. Such animals include: A miniature horse can be trained to guide the blind, to pull wheelchairs, or as support for persons with Parkinson's disease. A full-grown miniature horse can vary from 26” to 38”. There are two main registering organizations. The American Miniature Horse Association limits height to 34” whereas the American Miniature Horse Registry has a division for horses 34” to 38”. There are a number of advantages of miniature horses as service animals. Miniature horses may be chosen"
"measurement significantly different from standard measures, ranged between , the taller animals being the horses of officers. Only the horses owned by Colonel Herman Fleming were taller, with a croup measurement of . It is not known if these horses were domestic crossbreeds or imported. The average height of the horses of the troops of Hollola, Pori and Raseborg was only one year, but those in the next year's survey were . Overall, there were no pony-sized horses below a croup measurement of , and the all-around average height of the horses used by the cavalry was about . During"
"strip down its center, it may cause discomfort. It is also best if it has some ""give"" to it, which makes it more comfortable for the horse. Many riders also choose a girth that allows for extra elbow room, so the horse is not restricted as his leg moves backward. To measure for a girth, the saddle with a pad should be placed on the horse. A measuring tape is then used to measure from the middle hole of the billet on one side, under the horse's belly, to the middle billet on the other side. If a girth is"
"in the world. In Finland, the term ""universal horse"" is used to describe the Finnhorse and breeds such as the Fjord horse that are relatively small with a body type that is heavy for a riding horse but light for a draught. There are four separate sections within the Finnhorse stud book, each with different goals: to develop a heavier working horse, a lighter trotter type, a versatile riding horse, and a proportionally smaller pony-sized animal. The combined breed standard for all four sections defines the breed as a strong, versatile horse with pleasant disposition. The average height of the"
"Animals which measure no more than 34 inches at the withers (8.2 hands high) are classified as ""Miniature""; between 34 and 38 inches (8.2 to 9.2hh) as ""Miniature B""; 38 to 56 inches (9.2 to 14hh) as ""Pony"" and anything exceeding 14 hands high at the withers fits into the PtHA's ""Horse"" category. Pleasure-type Pintos are suitable for pleasure riding and are typically of Arabian, Andalusian or Morgan breeding and conformation. Pleasure-type Pinto ponies are typically of Welsh pony, Classic Shetland pony or Arabian breeding. Some of these animals, depending on aptitude, may cross over into the Saddle type category,"
"to 154 cm and large hacks are 154 to 160 cm. In Canada, there are also height divisions, at the discretion of show management. Ponies are defined as standing under , and horses may be divided into two or three sections; 14.2 h up to , and over 15.3 h, or 14.2 h to , over 15.2h to , and over 16 h. Australian show hacks are of any breed and are usually divided into height classes in the following categories: pony, under , Galloway, over 14 hands and under 15 hands , and Hacks over . Other classes may"