"of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin ""natrium"". The same applies to ""W"" (wolfram) for tungsten, ""Fe"" (ferrum) for iron, ""Hg"" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, ""Sn"" (stannum) for tin, ""K"" (kalium) for potassium, ""Au"" (aurum) for gold, ""Ag"" (argentum) for silver, ""Pb"" (plumbum) for lead, ""Cu"" (cuprum) for copper, and"
"to the mercury vapours, hatters tended to develop characteristic psychological traits, such as pathological shyness and marked irritability (box). Such manifestations among hatters prompted several popular names for erethism, including ""mad hatter disease"", ""mad hatter syndrome"", ""hatter's shakes"" and ""Danbury shakes"". Use of inorganic mercury in the form of mercuric nitrate to treat the fur of small animals for the manufacture of felt hats seems to have begun in 17th-century France and from there spread to England by the end of the century with the Huguenots. By the Victorian era the hatters' condition had become proverbial, as reflected in popular"
"a result of mercury poisoning. However, the Hatter does not exhibit the symptoms of mercury poisoning, which include excessive timidity, diffidence, increasing shyness, loss of self-confidence, anxiety, and a desire to remain unobserved and unobtrusive. It has often been claimed that the Hatter's character may have been inspired by Theophilus Carter, an eccentric furniture dealer. Carter was supposedly at one time a servitor at Christ Church, one of the University of Oxford's colleges. This is not substantiated by university records. He later owned a furniture shop, and became known as the ""Mad Hatter"" from his habit of standing in the"
"Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) nitrate is a toxic colorless or white soluble crystalline mercury(II) salt of nitric acid. It was also used to treat fur to make felt in a process called 'carroting'. The phrase 'mad as a hatter' is associated with psychological illness brought on by excessive exposure to mercury(II) nitrate. The practice continued in the United States until it was banned in December 1941 by the United States Public Health Service. Although this sounds beneficial to health, the ban actually freed mercury(II) nitrate to be used in the manufacture of detonators in the then ongoing war. Mercury(II) nitrate is"
"vomiting and diarrhea as their earliest symptoms. Although mercuric nitrate is not flammable it can speed up flames since it acts as an oxidizer. In addition, it can form explosive compounds when combined with alcohols. Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) nitrate is a toxic colorless or white soluble crystalline mercury(II) salt of nitric acid. It was also used to treat fur to make felt in a process called 'carroting'. The phrase 'mad as a hatter' is associated with psychological illness brought on by excessive exposure to mercury(II) nitrate. The practice continued in the United States until it was banned in December 1941"
"Service in 1941, the manufacturers voluntarily agreed to adopt a readily available alternative process using hydrogen peroxide. Although the expression ""mad as a hatter"" was associated with the syndrome, the origin of the phrase is uncertain. Lewis Carroll's iconic Mad Hatter character in ""Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"" displays markedly eccentric behavior, which includes taking a bite out of a teacup. Carroll would have been familiar with the phenomenon of dementia among hatters, but the literary character is thought to be directly inspired by Theophilus Carter, an eccentric furniture dealer who did not show signs of mercury poisoning. The actor Johnny"
"popular expressions like ""mad as a hatter"" (see below) and ""the hatters' shakes"". The first description of symptoms of mercury poisoning among hatters appears to have been made in St Petersburg, Russia, in 1829. In the United States, a thorough occupational description of mercury poisoning among New Jersey hatters was published locally by Addison Freeman in 1860. Adolph Kussmaul's definitive clinical description of mercury poisoning published in 1861 contained only passing references to hatmakers, including a case originally reported in 1845 of a 15-year-old Parisian girl, the severity of whose tremors following two years of carroting prompted opium treatment. In"
"Hatta as sipping from a teacup as he did in the original novel. Alice does not comment on whether Hatta is the Hatter of her earlier dream. Mercury was used in the manufacturing of felt hats during the 19th century, causing a high rate of mercury poisoning among those working in the hat industry. Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage, including slurred speech, memory loss, and tremors, which led to the phrase ""mad as a hatter"". In the Victorian age, many workers in the textile industry, including hatters, often suffered from starvation and overwork, and were particularly prone to develop illnesses"
"expressions like ""mad as a hatter"" and ""hatters' shakes"". Similar phenomena had been described in St Petersburg, Russia, in 1829. In France, the National Academy of Medicine described the health hazards in 1869, and in 1898 a law was passed to protect hatmakers from the risks of mercury exposure. In Britain, mercury poisoning among hatters had become a rarity by the turn of the 20th century. In the United States, where the occupational illness was thoroughly described in New Jersey in 1860, the practice continued until 1941; mercury poisoning in the hatmaking industries of Danbury, Connecticut gave rise to the"
"was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character."" The Hatter's orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by milliners who used mercury to cure felt; Depp believes that the character ""was poisoned ... and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes"". Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter's clothes, skin, hair, personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions. In an interview with Depp, the character was paralleled to ""a mood ring, [as] his emotions are ""very"" close to the surface""."
"it is reported, died of ingesting mercury pills that were intended to give him eternal life. The phrase ""mad as a hatter"" is likely a reference to mercury poisoning among milliners (so-called ""mad hatter disease""), as mercury-based compounds were once used in the manufacture of felt hats in the 18th and 19th century. Historically, gold amalgam (an alloy with mercury) was widely used in gilding, leading to numerous casualties among the workers. It is estimated that during the construction of Saint Isaac's Cathedral alone, 60 workers died from the gilding of the main dome. Outbreaks of methylmercury poisoning occurred in"
"mercury vapors, giving rise to the expression “mad as a hatter.” Some believe that the character the Mad Hatter in Lewis Carroll's ""Alice in Wonderland"" is an example of someone suffering from erethism, but the origin of this account is unclear. The character was almost certainly based on Theophilus Carter, an eccentric furniture dealer who was well known to Carroll. Acute mercury exposure has given rise to psychotic reactions such as delirium, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency. Occupational exposure has resulted in erethism, with irritability, excitability, excessive shyness, and insomnia as the principal features of a broad-ranging functional disturbance. With continuing"
"Mad as a hatter ""Mad as a hatter"" is a colloquial English phrase used in conversation to suggest (lightheartedly) that a person is suffering from insanity. It is believed to emanate from Denton, Tameside in the North of England where men in the area predominantly worked in the hattery business which used mercury in the hat making process. Mercury poisoning causes symptoms similar to madness and death often occurred with the accumulation of mercury in the body.The earliest known appearance of the phrase in print is in an 1829 issue of ""Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine"". The origin of the saying may"
"with 75% of its hat bodies. The turn of the century was the heyday of the hatting industry in Danbury, when it became known as the ""Hat City"" and the ""Hatting Capitol of the World"". Its motto was ""Danbury Crowns Them All"". The use of mercury in the felting process poisoned many workers in the factories, creating a condition called erethism, also called ""Mad hatter disease."" The effect of mercury on the hat workers' health was first noted in the late 19th century. Workers in the Danbury factories lobbied for controls on mercury in the early 20th century, however a"
"to past hatters, who developed brain damage from treating felt with toxic mercury (which gave rise to the expression ""Mad as a hatter""). The bow on the inside hatband at the rear of the hat resembles a skull and crossbones. ""Early hatters used mercury in the making of their felt. Their bodies absorbed mercury, and after several years of making hats, the hatters developed violent and uncontrollable muscle twitching. Lack of medical knowledge caused people to attribute these strange gyrations to madness, not mercury."" The modern cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and underlying design since the Stetson"
"Depp has said of his portrayal of a carrot-orange haired Mad Hatter in Tim Burton's 2010 film, ""Alice in Wonderland"" that the character ""was poisoned ... and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes"". Erethism Erethism, also known as erethism mercurialis, Mad hatter disease, or mad hatter syndrome is a neurological disorder which affects the whole central nervous system, as well as a symptom complex derived from mercury poisoning. Erethism is characterized by behavioral changes such as irritability, low self-confidence, depression, apathy, shyness and timidity, and in some extreme cases with prolonged exposure to mercury"
"free mercury. Hatters (or milliners) who came into contact with vapours from the impregnated felt often worked in confined areas. Use of mercury in hatmaking is thought to have been adopted by the Huguenots in 17th-century France, at a time when the dangers of mercury exposure were already known. This process was initially kept a trade secret in France, where hatmaking rapidly became a hazardous occupation. At the end of the 17th century the Huguenots carried the secret to England, following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. During the Victorian era the hatters' malaise became proverbial, as reflected in"
"surrounded by farmland, before it begins to ascend out of the valley to Atherstone, through a flight of eleven narrow locks. Atherstone was a hatting town, where hats were made from Tudor times, including many for the armies of the world. Towards the end of the twentieth century, hats went out of fashion, and the economy of the town declined. Mercury was used to make certain types of felt, and its toxicity, which affects the brain, led to the expression ""Mad as a Hatter"". Between Atherstone and Nuneaton, the canal water is rust coloured, caused by leaching of minerals from"
"and the vapours it produced resulted in widespread cases of mercury poisoning among hatters. This may be the origin of the phrase ""mad as a hatter"" which was used to humorous effect by Lewis Carroll in the chapter ""A Mad Tea Party"" of the novel Alice in Wonderland. Felt is used in a wide range of industries and manufacturing processes, from the automotive industry and casinos to musical instruments and home construction, as well as in gun wads, either inside cartridges or pushed down the barrel of a muzzleloader. Many musical instruments use felt. It is often used as a"
"chemicals. The people that worked at the facility were getting sick and were experiencing symptoms, such as irritation to different parts of their bodies. One chemical that was initially found in the first assessment was Etha (Ethyl, Ether, or Ethyl). Etha is a colorless, liquid that can easily be evaporated. This chemical is exposed by inhaling it or can be absorbed through the skin. With just a little bit of exposure, it can cause narcotic effects such as sleepiness or giddiness, eye irritation, irritation of skin, or respiratory system. Another chemical that was found was sodium peroxide. This is a"
"of the mercury compound mercuric nitrate. The skins were dried in an oven where the thin fur at the sides turned orange, the color of carrots. Pelts were stretched over a bar in a cutting machine, and the skin was sliced off in thin shreds, with the fleece coming away entirely. The fur was blown onto a cone-shaped colander and then treated with hot water to consolidate it. The cone then peeled off and passed through wet rollers to cause the fur to felt. These 'hoods' were then dyed and blocked to make hats. The toxic solutions from the carrot"
"combination of chemicals while Hady survives. Batman analyzes the chemical compound and finds three inert ingredients whose initials spell A.C.E., leading him to the ACE Chemical plant where Joker was originally disfigured. He encounters a person dressed as the Red Hood, one of Joker's aliases, and is struck by an oversized mallet that pushes him into an empty chemical vat; the Hood, revealed to be Harley Quinn, warns Batman that Joker is not the same. Batman manages to escape the vat before it can fill with chemicals. Elsewhere, the Joker attacks Alfred Pennyworth. Each issue of ""Batman"" also contained a"
"any condition, process, or state adversely affecting the environment. These hazards can be physical or chemical, and present in air, water, and/or soil. These conditions can cause extensive harm to humans and other organisms within an ecosystem. The EPA maintains a list of priority pollutants for testing and regulation. The expression ""Mad as a hatter"" and the ""Mad Hatter"" of the book Alice in Wonderland derive from the known occupational toxicity of hatters who used a toxic chemical for controlling the shape of hats. Hazards in the arts have been an issue for artists for centuries, even though the toxicity"
"mercury, such as that commonly experienced by affected hatters, include mental confusion, emotional disturbances, and muscular weakness. Severe neurological damage and kidney damage can also occur. Neurological effects include Korsakoff's dementia and erethism (the set of neurological symptoms characteristically associated with mercury poisoning). Signs and symptoms can include red fingers, red toes, red cheeks, sweating, loss of hearing, bleeding from the ears and mouth, loss of appendages such as teeth, hair, and nails, lack of coordination, poor memory, shyness, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, and dizziness. A survey of exposed U.S. hatters revealed predominantly neurological symptomatology, including intention tremor. After chronic exposure"
"Erethism Erethism, also known as erethism mercurialis, Mad hatter disease, or mad hatter syndrome is a neurological disorder which affects the whole central nervous system, as well as a symptom complex derived from mercury poisoning. Erethism is characterized by behavioral changes such as irritability, low self-confidence, depression, apathy, shyness and timidity, and in some extreme cases with prolonged exposure to mercury vapors, delirium, personality changes and memory loss. People with erethism often have difficulty with social interactions. Associated physical problems may include a decrease in physical strength, “headaches, general pain, and tremors after exposure to metallic mercury” as well as"
"Nitrite is found in dynamite, heart medicine and it is a chemical used to preserve meat (ergo these being known as ""nitrite"" or ""hot dog"" headaches). Eating foods prepared with monosodium glutamate (MSG) may thus result in headache. Acetaldehyde from alcohol may also cause a headache either acutely or after a number of hours (hangover). Poisons, like carbon tetrachloride found in insecticides and lead can also cause headaches with repeated exposure. Ingesting lead paint or having contact with lead batteries can cause headaches, and so can exposure to materials that contain chemical solvents, like benzene, which are found in turpentine,"
"from his body causes the chemical to explode."". In the final episode of ""Blackadder Goes Forth"", Captain Edmund Blackadder says that he's ""Off to Hartlepool to buy a pair of exploding trousers"" when feigning madness to avoid going over the top. Exploding trousers In New Zealand in the 1930s, farmers reportedly had trouble with exploding trousers as a result of attempts to control ragwort, an agricultural weed. Farmers had been spraying sodium chlorate, a government recommended weedkiller, onto the ragwort, and some of the spray had ended up on their clothes. Sodium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent, and reacted"
"refer to Minamata disease as ""Mad Hatter's Disease"", a term coined from the mercury poisoning experienced by hat-makers of the last few centuries (cf Mad Hatter). Chisso The , since 2012 reorganized as JNC (Japan New Chisso), is a . It is an important supplier of liquid crystal used for LCDs, but is best known for its role in the 34-year-long pollution of the water supply in Minamata, Japan that led to thousands of deaths and victims of disease. Between 1932 and 1968, Chisso's chemical factory in Minamata released large quantities of industrial wastewater that was contaminated with highly toxic"
"the Great Hinckley Fire in September 1894, but that remains impossible to substantiate. Corbett was born in London and immigrated with his family to New York City in 1839. The Corbetts moved frequently before eventually settling in Troy, New York. As a young man, Corbett began apprenticing as a hatter, a profession that he would hold intermittently throughout his life. As a hatter, Corbett was regularly exposed to the fumes of mercury(II) nitrate, then used in the treatment of fur to produce felt used on hats. Excessive exposure to the compound can lead to hallucinations, psychosis and twitching (known as"
"risk free. One of the problems workers faced was mercury poisoning; mercury was used to separate the fur from the rabbit hide and workers were in regular contact with fur impregnated with mercury or exposed to mercury vapour. Inadequate ventilation in some parts of the hat making process led to other sorts of dangers; solvents were also used and on 14 January 1901 there was an explosion at the factory of Joseph Wilson & Sons in Denton, killing 13 people and injuring many more. The explosion was of vapour from methylated spirits used in the dying process. Throughout the 19th"
"expression ""Danbury shakes"". Hatmakers in Tuscany, Italy, were also affected and exposed workers received financial compensation. Especially in the 19th century, inorganic mercury in the form of mercuric nitrate was commonly used in the production of felt for hats. During a process called carroting, in which furs from small animals such as rabbits, hares or beavers were separated from their skins and matted together, an orange-colored solution containing mercuric nitrate was used as a smoothing agent. The resulting felt was then repeatedly shaped into large cones, shrunk in boiling water and dried. In treated felts, a slow reaction released volatile"
"was under his mask. The members of the Bat-Family decline to meet with Batman. Later, Batman studies the chemical makeup of the gas Joker used on the Bat-Family, and finds an inert isotope; the chemical compound ""Ha"". In ""Batgirl"" #13, Barbara Gordon's mother is attacked in her home by three men in clown masks and Hawaiian shirts, referencing the Joker paralyzing Barbara in """". In ""Batgirl"" #14, Barbara receives a call from someone she believes to be Joker, warning her that men are also coming for her; three men wearing clown masks break in, but Barbara defeats them. The caller"
"in speed, intensity and extent. A soldier could evade bullets and shells by taking cover but gas followed him, seeped into trenches and dugouts and had a slow choking effect. A British soldier wrote, The gas was quickly identified as chlorine by an experimental laboratory established at General Headquarters on 27 April, by professors Watson, Haldane and Baker. In the first week of May, Watson and Major Cluny McPherson of the Newfoundland Medical Corps sent an anti-gas helmet to the War Office for approval. The helmet was a flannel bag soaked in glycerine, hyposulphite and sodium bicarbonate and known as"