"and other antelopes), Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (addax, oryx and relatives) and Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: Hypsodontinae (mid-Miocene), Oiocerinae (Turolian) and the subfamily Tethytraginae, which contains ""Tethytragus"" (mid-Miocene). In 1992, Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum, London divided the eight major subfamilies of Bovidae into two major clades on the basis of their evolutionary history: the Boodontia, which comprised only the Bovinae, and the Aegodontia, which consisted of the rest of the subfamilies. Boodonts have somewhat primitive teeth, resembling those of oxen, whereas aegodonts"
"science, and there is a lack of scientific consensus in some cases, and some reclassification due to further research distinctly possible. However, all Bovidae are ""even-toed"" ungulates, a taxonomic group which besides Bovidae also includes deer (cervidae), camels, and pigs. (The ""odd-toed"" ungulates include horses and rhinoceroses). The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, of which those found in China historically include domestic cattle of the genus ""Bos"" (with ""Bos taurus"" predominating in the north of China), the water buffalo (""Bubalus"" genus, mostly in the south), the yak (mostly in west, in"
"livestock almost everywhere except in parts of India and Nepal where they are considered sacred by most Hindus. Bovids are used as draft animals and as riding animals. Small breeds of bovid, such as the Miniature Zebu, are kept as pets. Bovine is derived from Latin ""bos"", ""ox"", through Late Latin ""bovinus"". Bos comes from the Indo-European root ""*gous"", meaning ox. Bovinae The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, bison, African buffalo, the water buffalo, the yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the"
"Kouprey The kouprey (""Bos sauveli"", from , , ""forest ox""; also known as ""kouproh"", ""grey ox""), is a little-known, forest-dwelling, wild bovine species from Southeast Asia. A young male was sent to the Vincennes Zoo in 1937 where it was described by the French zoologist Achille Urbain and was declared the holotype. The kouprey has a tall, narrow body, long legs, a humped back and long horns. Kouprey form small herds led by a female, and graze on grasses, feeding in the forest during the day and in the open at night. They are affected by degradation of their habitat"
"was found dating from the late Pleistocene or early Holocene epoch, they concluded the kouprey is not a hybrid. More recent genetic analysis has supported this position. Kouprey The kouprey (""Bos sauveli"", from , , ""forest ox""; also known as ""kouproh"", ""grey ox""), is a little-known, forest-dwelling, wild bovine species from Southeast Asia. A young male was sent to the Vincennes Zoo in 1937 where it was described by the French zoologist Achille Urbain and was declared the holotype. The kouprey has a tall, narrow body, long legs, a humped back and long horns. Kouprey form small herds led by"
"Bovicola bovis Bovicola bovis (also called ""Damalinia bovis"" and the red louse) is a cattle-biting louse found all over the world. It is a common pest of cattle of all types and sizes. They are one of many of the lice in the order Phthiraptera, but are divided from their blood sucking cousins in the sub-order Anoplura by the fact that they feed only by chewing. This makes ""B. bovis"" a member of the sub-order Mallophaga. These lice are composed of three major body regions: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head of these lice is a dark red color"
"Bovini The tribe Bovini, or wild cattle are medium to massive bovines that are native to North America, Eurasia, and Africa. These include the enigmatic, antelope-like saola, the African and Asiatic buffalos, and a clade that consists of bison and the wild cattle of the genus ""Bos"". Not only are they the largest members of the subfamily Bovinae, they are the largest species of their family Bovidae. The largest species is either the gaur (""Bos gaurus"") and wild water buffalo (""Bubalus arnee""), both weighing between 700 and 1,200 kilograms. In addition to their massive size, they can be differentiated from"
"Bovini The tribe Bovini, or wild cattle are medium to massive bovines that are native to North America, Eurasia, and Africa. These include the enigmatic, antelope-like saola, the African and Asiatic buffalos, and a clade that consists of bison and the wild cattle of the genus ""Bos"". Not only are they the largest members of the subfamily Bovinae, they are the largest species of their family Bovidae. The largest species is either the gaur (""Bos gaurus"") and wild water buffalo (""Bubalus arnee""), both weighing between 700 and 1,200 kilograms. In addition to their massive size, they can be differentiated from"
"et al. (1997) In the early Miocene, bovids began diverging from the cervids (deer) and giraffids. The earliest bovids, whose presence in Africa and Eurasia in the latter part of early Miocene (20 Mya) has been ascertained, were small animals, somewhat similar to modern gazelles, and probably lived in woodland environments. ""Eotragus"", the earliest known bovid, weighed and was nearly the same in size as the Thompson's gazelle. Early in their evolutionary history, the bovids split into two main clades: Boodontia (of Eurasian origin) and Aegodontia (of African origin). This early split between Boodontia and Aegodontia has been attributed to"
"Bovinae The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, bison, African buffalo, the water buffalo, the yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is still debated, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hooves and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns. The largest extant bovine is the gaur. In many countries, bovid milk and meat is used as food. Cattle are kept as"
"were adult cow elk. Despite their lack of preference for smaller deer, other species including red deer (""Cervus elaphus""), sika deer (""Cervus nippon"" ), axis deer (""Axis axis""), European roe deer (""Capreolus capreolus""), Siberian roe deer (""Capreolus pygargus""), fallow deer (""Dama dama""), mule deer (""Odocoileus hemionus"") and white-tailed deer (""Odocoileus virginianus"") have turned up in their diet. As many as 20 species of bovids are also potential prey, including various sheep, goats, antelope, bison (""Bison"" ssp.) and muskoxen (""Ovibos moschatus""). Bovids are mostly taken in random encounters when bears come across a vulnerable, usually young or sickly individual, as smaller"
"Ovula ovum Ovula ovum, common name the common egg cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries. The shells of these quite common cowries reach on average of length, with a minimum size of and a maximum size of . They are egg-shaped (hence the Latin name ""ovum"", meaning egg). The surface of the shell is smooth, shiny and completely snow white, with a dark reddish-purple interior, visible through the wide and long aperture, which bears teeth on one side only. In the living cowries the"
"well as unregulated hunting. Some are already extinct like the aurochs, two subspecies of European bison and perhaps the kouprey. In 1821 British zoologist John Edward Gray described the family, subfamily and tribe Bovidae, Bovinae, and Bovini respectively. The word ""Bovini"" is the combination of the Latin prefix ""bos"" (written as ""bov-"", which is Late Latin from ""bovinus"") and the suffix ""-ini"" refers to their ranking as a tribe. The wild cattle belong to the subfamily Bovinae, which also includes spiral-horned antelope of the tribe Tragelaphini and two aberrant species of Asian antelope, four-horned antelope and nilgai, which belong to"
"otter (""Enhydra lutris""), bearded seal (""Erignathus barbatus""), donkey (""Equus asinus""), cougars (""Felis concolor coryi"", ""Felis concolor stanleyana""), bobcat (""Felis rufus floridanus""), Atlantic white-sided dolphins (""Lagenorhynchus acutus""), guanaco (""Lama guanicoe""), alpaca (""Vicugna pacos""), otter (""Lutra lutra""), wild dog (""Lycaon pictus""), Bartels's spiny rat (""Maxomys bartelsii""), Musschenbroek's spiny rat (""Maxomys musschenbroekii""), prairie vole (""Microtus ochrogaster""), common European weasel (""Mustela nivalis""), mink (""Mustela vison""), muskrat (""Ondatra zibethica""), mountain goats (""Oreamnos americanus""), Grant's gazelle (""Nanger granti""), slow loris (""Nycticebus coucang""), African lions (""Panthera leo""), leopard (""Panthera pardus""), tiger (""Panthera tigris""), baboon (""Papio cynocephalus""), Pacific harbor seal (""Phoca vitulina richardsi"") chamois (""Rupicapra rupicapra""), Polynesian rat"
"Boavus Boavus is an extinct genus of boa known primarily from Eocene-aged strata of North America. At least three species (""B. occidentalis, B. idelmani"", and possibly ""B. agilis"") are known from the Middle Eocene Green River lagerstätte in Wyoming, two species from Eocene strata of Uinta County (""B. occidentalis"" again, ""B. brevis""), and at least one species is known from the middle to late Eocene-aged Sepse Formation of California (""B. affinis""). Three vertebrae very similar in form, if not identical to those of ""B. occidentalis"" were found in early Oligocene-aged strata of South Dakota. Remains of what may be ""B."
"members of the genus ""Bos."" Below is the listing of species recognized by Groves and Grubb (2011) with species names following Castelló (2016) from ""Bovids of the World"": Bovina (subtribe) Bovina is a subtribe of the Bovini tribe that generally includes the two living genera, ""Bison"" and ""Bos"". However, this dichotomy has been challenged recently by molecular work that suggests that ""Bison"" should be regard as a junior synonym of ""Bos"". Wild bovians can be found naturally in North America and Eurasia (although domestic and feral populations have been introduced in worldwide). The majority of phylogenetic work based on ribosomal"
"Abrothrix olivaceus Abrothrix olivaceus, also known as the olive grass mouse or olive akodont, is a species of rodent in the genus ""Abrothrix"" of family Cricetidae. It is found from northern Chile into southern Chile and Argentina, including the islands of Tierra del Fuego. It is prone to large swings in population size. ""Abrothrix olivaceus"" has had a complex history in both of the genera ""Akodon"" and ""Abrothrix"", and includes at least 27 synonyms. A few, including ""markhami"", ""mansoensis"", and ""xanthorhinus"" have been viewed as valid species until recent years, and several subspecies are still recognized, including ""Abrothrix olivaceus markhami""."
"Virginia opossum The Virginia opossum (""Didelphis virginiana""), commonly known as the North American opossum, is a marsupial found in North America. It is the only marsupial found north of Mexico. In the United States, it is typically referred to simply as a possum. It is a solitary and nocturnal animal about the size of a domestic cat. It is a successful opportunist. It is familiar to many North Americans as it is often seen near towns, rummaging through garbage cans. The Virginia opossum is the original animal named ""opossum"". The word comes from Algonquian ""wapathemwa"" meaning ""white animal"". Colloquially, the"
"a caprine is a kind of bovid. Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox (""Ovibos moschatus"") is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the Rocky Mountain goat (""Oreamnos americanus"") of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial (""Ovis orientalis"") occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The European mouflon (""Ovis musimon"") is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep (""Ovis aries""). Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because"
"Calculus bovis Calculus bovis, niu-huang (牛黃) or ox bezoars are dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology. In Asian countries calculus bovis are harvested when cattle (""Bos taurus domesticus"" Gmelin) are slaughtered. Their gall bladders are taken out, the bile is filtered, and the stones are cleaned and dried. In western countries they are usually discarded. Its equivalent in Vedic culture is Gorochana. Calculus bovis have a color varying from golden yellow to brownish yellow. The shape of a stone is variable and depends on how it was formed, becoming spherical, oval, triangular, tubular or irregular. Since natural calculus"
"Bos Bos (from Latin ""bōs: cow, ox, bull"") is the genus of wild and domestic cattle. ""Bos"" can be divided into four subgenera: ""Bos"", ""Bibos"", ""Novibos"", and ""Poephagus"", but these divisions are controversial. The genus has five extant species. However, this may rise to seven if the domesticated varieties are counted as separate species, and nine if the closely related genus ""Bison"" is also included. Most modern breeds of domesticated cattle are believed to have originated from the extinct aurochs. Most species are grazers, with long tongues to twist the plant material they favor and large teeth to break up"
"which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms"", confirming ""Bos primigenius"" for the aurochs and ""Bos gaurus"" for the gaur. If domesticated cattle and gayal are considered separate species, they are to be named ""Bos taurus"" and ""Bos frontalis""; however, if they are considered part of the same species as their wild relatives, the common species are to be named ""Bos primigenius"" and ""Bos gaurus"". Bos Bos (from Latin ""bōs: cow, ox, bull"") is the genus of wild and domestic cattle. ""Bos"" can be divided into four subgenera: ""Bos"", ""Bibos"", ""Novibos"", and ""Poephagus"", but these divisions"
"opossum (""Lutreolina crassicaudata""), Robinson's mouse opossum (""Marmosa robinsoni""), Davy's naked-backed bat (""Pteronotus davyi""), Fernandez's sword-nosed bat (""Lonchorhina fernandezi""), highland yellow-shouldered bat (""Sturnira ludovici""), eastern lowland olingo (""Bassaricyon alleni""), fiery squirrel (""Sciurus flammifer""), Guyanan spiny rat (""Proechimys hoplomyoides"") and Orinoco agouti (""Dasyprocta guamara""). Endangered mammals include black bearded saki (""Chiropotes satanas""), Fernandez's sword-nosed bat (""Lonchorhina fernandezi"") and giant otter (""Pteronura brasiliensis""). Snakes include fer-de-lance (""Bothrops asper""), palm pit-vipers (Bothriechis genus), coral snakes (Micrurus genus), boa constrictors (""Boa constrictor"") and bushmasters (""Lachesis muta""). There are many green iguanas (""Iguana iguana"") and tegus lizards (Tupinambis genus). Endangered amphibians include the demonic poison frog"
"lupus baileyi""), jaguar (""Panthera onca""), ocelot (""Leopardus pardalis""), jaguarundi (""Puma yagouaroundi""), and lesser long-nosed bat (""Leptonycteris yerbabuenae""). North American beaver (""Castor canadensis"") were historically native to the Rio Bavispe: Baird reported beavers in Canon de Guadalupe (at 5,000 ft, affluent of Rio Bavispe) in 1859, Mearns reported them in Canon de Guadalupe (at 5,000 ft, affluent of Rio Bavispe) in 1907, and Caire observed beaver activity north of Tasaviri (near San Miguelito just west of Morales, Sonora) on the Rio Bavispe mainstem in 1978. A 1999 survey found beaver sign at 14 different sites on the upper Bavispe River mainstem,"
"birth of an exotic animal such as the mouflon. If cloning of the mouflon can proceed successfully, it has the potential to reduce strain on the number of living specimens. Mouflon The mouflon (""Ovis orientalis orientalis"" group) is a subspecies group of the wild sheep (""Ovis orientalis""). Populations of ""O. orientalis"" can be partitioned into the mouflons (""orientalis"" group) and the urials (""vignei"" group). The mouflon is thought to be the ancestor for all modern domestic sheep breeds. The wild sheep of Corsica were locally called ""mufro"" (male) and ""mufra"" (female). The French naturalist Buffon (1707–1788) rendered this in French"
"honey buzzard Pernis apivorus L., black kite Milvus migrans Bodd., hen harrier Cyrcus cyaneus L., Montagu's harrier Cyrcus pygargus L., booted eagle Hieraetus pennatus Gm., greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga Pall., red-footed falcon Falco vespertinus L., 1 species of wader: Great snipe Gallinago media Lath., 1 species of dove: stock dove Columba oenas L., 3 species of owls: Eurasian eagle owl Bubo bubo L., Eurasian scops owl Otus scops L., little owl Athene noctua Scop., 2 species of roller: roller Coracius garrulous L., common kingfisher Alcedo atthis L., 1 species of hoopoe: common hoopoe Upupa epops L., 5 species of"
"Saola The saola, siola, Vu Quang ox, spindlehorn, Asian unicorn, or, infrequently, the Vu Quang bovid (""Pseudoryx nghetinhensis""), is one of the world's rarest large mammals, a forest-dwelling bovine found only in the Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos. Related to cattle, goats, and antelopes, the species was defined following a discovery of remains in 1992 in Vũ Quang Nature Reserve by a joint survey of the Vietnamese Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature. Saolas have since been kept in captivity multiple times, although only for short periods. A living saola in the wild was first"
"sexual display seen in pigs and peccaries, some species of deer, musk deer, hippopotamuses, beaked whales and the Narwhal, with its long canine tooth. Ungulates evolved a variety of cranial appendages that today can be found in cervoids (with the exception of musk deer). In oxen and antelope, the size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always a pair of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. The unique horn structure is the only unambiguous morphological feature of bovids that"
"okuensis""), Mittendorf's striped grass mouse (""Lemniscomys mittendorfi""), two brush-furred mouse species (""Lophuromys dieterleni"") and (""Lophuromys eisentrauti""), the Oku mouse shrew (""Myosorex okuensis""), the Rumpi mouse shrew (""M. rumpii""), the western vlei rat (""Otomys occidentalis""), Hartwig's soft-furred mouse (""Praomys hartwigi""), and Isabella's shrew (""Sylvisorex isabellae""). Other small mammals present include Stuhlmann's golden mole (""Chrysochloris stuhlmanni""); the long-tailed pangolin (""Manis tetradactyla"") and the African clawless otter (""Aonyx capensis""). Rodents include the lesser cane rat (""Thryonomys gregorianus""); Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, fat mice, tree mice, and relatives), and Otomyinae (vlei rats and whistling rats). Bats include the lesser woolly bat (""Kerivoula lanosa"") and"
"and the wood bison (""B. b. athabascae"")—the larger of the two and having a taller, square hump. Furthermore, the plains bison has been suggested to consist of a northern plains (""B. b. montanae"") and a southern plains (""B. b. bison"") subspecies, bringing the total to three. However, this is generally not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of bovid in the world, surpassed by only the Asian gaur and wild water buffalo. It is the largest extant land animal in the Americas. The American bison is the national mammal of the United States. The term"
"orchid (""Orchis simia""), fragrant orchid (""Gymnadenia conopsea""), corydalis (""Corydalis pumila""), crocus (""Crocus flavus""). Species of mammals: brown bear (""Ursus arctos""), deer (""Cervus elaphus""), roe deer (""Capreolus capreolus""), gray wolf (""Canis lupus""), wild boar (""Sus scrofa""), European otter (""Lutra lutra""), lynx (""Lynx linx""), wildcat (""Felis silvestris""), pine marten (""Martes martes""), badger (""Males males""), pygmy shrew (""Sorex minutus""), Blasius's horseshoe bat (""Rhinolophus blasii"") or lesser mouse-eared bat (""Myotis blythii""). Species of birds: golden eagle (""Aquila chrysaetos""), lesser spotted eagle (""Aquila pomarina""), common kingfisher (""Alcedo athis""), hazel grouse (""Bonasa bonasia""), hen harrier (""Circus cyaneus""), Eurasian eagle-owl (""Bubo bubo""), short-toed snake eagle (""Circaetus gallicus""),"
"is placed in the family Bovidae, ruminant animals with cloven hooves. The generic name ""Connochaetes"" derives from the Greek words κόννος, kónnos, ""beard"", and χαίτη, khaítē, ""flowing hair"", ""mane"". The specific name ""taurinus"" originates from the Greek word ""tauros"", which means a bull or bullock. The common name ""blue wildebeest"" refers to the conspicuous, silvery-blue sheen of the coat, while the alternative name ""gnu"" originates from the name for these animals used by the Khokloi people, a native pastoralist people of southwestern Africa. Though the blue and black wildebeest are currently classified in the same genus, the latter was previously"
"Okavirus Okavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Nidovirales, in the family ""Roniviridae"". Okaviruses infect crustaceans, mostly prawns. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Gill-associated virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: GAV: reddening, biofouling with exoparasites, emaciation, massive mortality; YHV: yellow head, arrest of feeding. massive mortality. The name is derived from the 'Oka' or lymphoid organ in which the viruses are commonly detected and in which pathology occurs during acute infections. Lymphoid organs are anatomical structures common to penaeid shrimp. Group: ssRNA(+) Two virus strains are recognized in this genus:"