"Nissim Ezekiel, A K Ramanujan, Dom Moraes ed. by Bruce Alvin King, The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets ed. by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Reasons for Belonging: Fourteen Contemporary Indian Poets ed. by Ranjit Hoskote, 60 Indian poets ed. by Jeet Thayil, Harper Collins Anthology of English Poetry ed. by Sudeep Sen, Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry edited by Menka Shivdasani published by Michael Rothenberg in 2004 ; ""Ten: The New Indian Poets"". Edited and Selected by Jayanta Mahapatra & Yuyutsu Sharma. New Delhi/Jaipur: Nirala Publications, ""The Dance of the Peacock: An Anthology of English Poetry from India"""
"Raja Raja (; also spelled rajah, from Sanskrit राजन् ""), is a title for a monarch or princely ruler in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a "" is a ruler, see for example the "", the ""Battle of Ten Kings"". Sanskrit ' is cognate to Latin ""rēx"" (genitive ""rēgis"") 'king' (as in pre-republican Rome), Gaulish ""rīx"", Gaelic ""rí"" (genitive ""ríg""), etc., originally denoting heads of petty kingdoms and city states. It is believed to be ultimately derived from the"
"Maharaja, or ""great king"", is literally a title for more significant rulers in India, but after some inflation of titles over time, there is no clear hierarchy between the terms. Hence during the British raj, precedence was rather determined by the gun salute. Raja, Thakore and many variations, compounds and derivations including either of these were used in and around South Asia by most Hindu, and some Muslim, Buddhist, Jain and Sikh rulers, and still is commonly used in India, but Muslim princes rather used unrelated titles of Arabic/Persian origin like Nawab, Amir or Sultan. Raja (රජ) means King in"
"princely states, each with its own native ruler, often styled Raja or Rana or Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he were Muslim), with a host of less current titles as well. The British directly ruled two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent; the rest was under indirect rule by the above-mentioned princes under the considerable influence of British representatives, such as Residents, at their courts. The word Maharaja may be understood simply to mean ""ruler"" or ""king"", in spite of its literal translation as ""great king"". This was because only a handful of the states were truly powerful"
"Latin cognates ""magnum"" ""great"" and ""rex"" ""king"". Due to Sanskrit's major influence on the vocabulary of most languages in Greater India, the term Maharaja is common to many modern languages of India such as Kannada, Tamil, Hindi, Marathi, Rajasthani, Malvi, Telugu, Odia, Punjabi, Bengali, Sylheti and Gujarati. The Sanskrit title Maharaja was originally used only for rulers who ruled a considerably large region with minor tributary rulers under them. Since medieval times, the title was used by (Hindu) monarchs of lesser states claiming descent from ancient Maharajas. On the eve of independence in 1947, British India contained more than 600"
"British Raj The British Raj (; from ""rāj"", literally, ""rule"" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. The region under British control was commonly called British India or simply India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and those ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, and called the princely states. The whole was also informally called the Indian Empire. As India,"
"lives at peace"" because ""everyone knows his place"" and could easily be forced into that place if necessary. Ram's actions with regards to his wife Sita at the end of the Ramayana arguably serve as the best example of his utmost regard for his dharma as king, although other actions of his both before and after his defeat of Ravana are equally revered. Raja Raja (; also spelled rajah, from Sanskrit राजन् ""), is a title for a monarch or princely ruler in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and"
"Yuvraj Yuv(a)raj(a) (Hindi: युवराज), or Jubraj (Bengali: যুবরাজ) in various languages of India, especially Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati, and Sinhala, is an Indian title for crown prince, the heir apparent to the throne of an Indian (notably Hindu) kingdom or (notably in the Mughal Empire or British Raj) princely state. It is usually applied to the eldest son of a Raja (King) or Maharaja (Great King), a kshatriya chief ruling one of the former kingdoms or vassal-rank princely states. While the title ""Rajkumar"" (Hindi: राजकुमार, literally meaning ""Son of the King"") (for short also known as ""Kumar, Hindi: कुमार)"
"Sikhs. Narendra Modi Message To Yuvraj Singh Yuvraj Yuv(a)raj(a) (Hindi: युवराज), or Jubraj (Bengali: যুবরাজ) in various languages of India, especially Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati, and Sinhala, is an Indian title for crown prince, the heir apparent to the throne of an Indian (notably Hindu) kingdom or (notably in the Mughal Empire or British Raj) princely state. It is usually applied to the eldest son of a Raja (King) or Maharaja (Great King), a kshatriya chief ruling one of the former kingdoms or vassal-rank princely states. While the title ""Rajkumar"" (Hindi: राजकुमार, literally meaning ""Son of the King"") (for"
"Maharaja or Raja (""king""), Sultan, Nawab, Emir, Raje, Nizam, Wadiyar (by the Maharajas of Mysore), Agniraj Maharaj for the rulers of Bhaddaiyan Raj, Chogyal, Nawab (""governor""), Nayak, Wāli, Inamdar, Saranjamdar and many others. Whatever the literal meaning and traditional prestige of the ruler's actual title, the British government translated them all as ""prince,"" to avoid the implication that the native rulers could be ""kings"" with status equal to that of the British monarch. More prestigious Hindu rulers (mostly existing before the Mughal Empire, or having split from such old states) often used the title ""Raja,""Raje"" or a variant such as"
"visionary leadership to the nation. Other equivalent titles were ""Roy"" and ""Rao"". Rai (title) Rai (Sanskrit: ; , ) Rai is a historical title of honour in India. It is derived from ""Raja"" (king, prince or chief). The Marathi/Telugu variant is ""Rao"". When Babur conquered Hindustan, he found many principalities which had been subordinated by the Emperor of Hindustan and innumerable others which never have been effectively subdued. When Akbar ascended to the throne, Hindustan had numerous autonomous and semiautonomous rulers. These hereditary rulers were known by various names such as ""Rais"", ""Rajas"", ""Ranas"", and ""Rawals"". During British Rule, ""Rai"
"Rai (title) Rai (Sanskrit: ; , ) Rai is a historical title of honour in India. It is derived from ""Raja"" (king, prince or chief). The Marathi/Telugu variant is ""Rao"". When Babur conquered Hindustan, he found many principalities which had been subordinated by the Emperor of Hindustan and innumerable others which never have been effectively subdued. When Akbar ascended to the throne, Hindustan had numerous autonomous and semiautonomous rulers. These hereditary rulers were known by various names such as ""Rais"", ""Rajas"", ""Ranas"", and ""Rawals"". During British Rule, ""Rai Sahib"" and ""Rai Bahadur"" were titles of honour given for service of"
"Raju The Raju are a Telugu caste found mostly in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The Raju caste, which A. Satyanarayana calls the ""locally dominant landed gentry"", claims Kshatriya status in the varna system despite there being ""no real Kshatriya varna"" in the Andhra region. They also claim descent from the ancient royal dynasties of India such as the Eastern Chalukyas, Chalukya-Cholas, Vishnukundina, Gajapati, Chagi, Paricheda and Kota Vamsa. ""Raju"" is a Telugu language variant of the Sanskrit title ""Raja"", a term for a monarch or princely ruler. Cynthia Talbot describes the term as being: In medieval Andhra Pradesh,"
"language. Zinkin argues that in the long-run, what matters most about the legacy of the Raj is the British political ideologies which the Indians took over after 1947, especially the belief in unity, democracy, the rule of law and a certain equality beyond caste and creed. Zinkin sees this not just in the Congress party but also among Hindu nationalists in the Bharatiya Janata Party, which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions. British Raj The British Raj (; from ""rāj"", literally, ""rule"" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is"
"and wealthy enough for their rulers to be considered 'great' monarchs; the remaining were minor princely states, sometimes little more than towns or groups of villages. The word, however, can also mean emperor in contemporary Indian usage. The title of Maharaja was not as common before the gradual British colonisation of India, upon and after which many Rajas and otherwise styled Hindu rulers were elevated to Maharajas, regardless of the fact that scores of these new Maharajas ruled small states, sometimes for some reason unrelated to the eminence of the state, for example, support to the British in Afghanistan, World"
"Raj Ratna Raj Ratna / Raj Ratan / Rajya Ratna (literally ""Gem of the Raj""), was a highest title of honor or civilian award, which was prevalent in Princely India during British Raj. ""Raj Ratna"" awards were given by rulers of mostly Hindu Princely States of India to distinguished citizens of their kingdom. The title was bestowed upon with a Gold coin medallion. Another, title or civilian award, second in order, was Raj Bhushan (literally ""Ornament of the Raj"") was also prevalent, which was given with a Silver coin medallion. The title and awards of ""Raj Ratna"" & ""Raj Bhushan"""
"Proto-Indo-European ', a vrddhi formation to the root ' ""to straighten, to order, to rule"". The Sanskrit ""n""-stem is secondary in the male title, apparently adapted from the female counterpart ' which also has an ""-n-"" suffix in related languages, compare Old Irish ""rígain"" and Latin ""regina"". Cognates of the word ""rājan"" in other Indo-European languages include English ""reign"" and German ""Reich"". Rather common, practically equivalent variants in Rajasthani, Marathi and Hindi, used as equivalent royal style in parts of India include ""Rana, Rao, Rai, , Raol, Rawal"" as well as ""rawat"" (regional equivalents of Raja) and ""Yuv(a)raj(a/u)"" 'prince heir'."
"next birth. The great sage Vishvamitra was also called Rajarshi who later went on to become Brahmarshi. Another famous figure named Rajarshi in somehow present era was Purusottam Das Tandon. He was the one who is regarded as the person to make Hindi the ""Official Language"" of Independent India. He was awarded Bharat Ratna (India's Highest Civilian Award) in year 1961. Rajarshi Rajarishi (from Sanskrit ""Rajan"" a ""King"" + ""Rishi"" a ""Saint"" ) in Hinduism and Hindu mythology, is a Royal Saint. A Rajarshi is a king who turned into a royal sage. A Rajarshi will not have to leave"
"Rawal Rawal (also spelled Raval) or Raol originally is a (regional) variation -like Rawat- of the Hindi princely ruler title Ra(d)ja(h) (literally ""king"") used in some princely states in Rajputana and Western India (notably Gujarat), and is now also used as a caste designation or surname by several communities in Southern Asia. Rawal caste is mentioned at 50th number in the scheduled caste list of Rajasthan. The sovereign king of Jumla Kingdom and founder of the Kallala dynasty, Balirāja took the royal title of ""Rāulā"". Notable (but non-salute) states using this title for their ruling prince were, both under the"
"Raj such as the civil services, administration of sub-divisions, universities and stock exchanges. One major change was the rejection of its former separate princely states. Metcalf shows that over the course of two centuries, British intellectuals and Indian specialists made the highest priority bringing peace, unity and good government to India. They offered many competing methods to reach the goal. For example, Cornwallis recommended turning Bengali Zamindar into the sort of English landlords that controlled local affairs in England. Munro proposed to deal directly with the peasants. Sir William Jones and the Orientalists promoted Sanskrit, while Macaulay promoted the English"
"British Raj, also called the Indian Empire, was the imperial political structure in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947, comprising British India (a Crown colony: presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) and Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown exercised through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India. Within twenty years of the partition and independence in 1947 of British India (considered to be the most important colonial possession), most of the Empire's territories had achieved full independence. Today 14 former colonies (since 2002"
"Raja Sivaprasad Raja Śivaprasāda or Sivaprasad C.S.I Sitara-e-Hind (""Star of India"") (1823–23 May 1895) was an Indian scholar, linguist and historian. He was the title of Raja and old documents use the titular name or the prefix ""babu"", a term used for native Indian officers employed by the British Indian government. Born in Banaras he is known for the three-volume work on the history of India titled ""Itihāsa timiranāśaka"". He also translated several books from English to Hindi. Sivaprasad was born in a Parmar Kshatriya family that converted to Jainism and the Oswal caste that originated in Ranthambore. When Ranthambor"
"Rāja yoga In Sanskrit texts, Rāja yoga () was both the goal of yoga and a method of attaining it. The term also became a modern name for the practice of yoga, when in the 19th-century Swami Vivekananda equated raja yoga with the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Since then, Rāja yoga has variously been called ""royal yoga"", ""royal union"", ""sahaj marg"", ""classical yoga"", and ""aṣṭāṅga yoga"". Rāja (Sanskrit: राज) means ""chief, best of its kind"" or ""king"". Rāja yoga thus refers to ""chief, best of yoga"". The historical use of the term ""Rāja yoga"" is found in other contexts, quite"
"Rai Sahib Rao Sahib / Rao Saheb / Roy Sahib, abbreviated R.S., was a title of honour issued during the era of British rule in India to individuals who performed great service in visionary leadership to the nation. The title was accompanied by a medal. Translated, Rao means ""Prince"" ""sahib"" means ""leader"". This was the start level title usually awarded to civilians, which could later be upgraded to Rao Bahadur and then to Dewan Bahadur titles. The title styled ""Rao Sahib"" were awarded to Hindu people of North India, Rao Saheb in Maharashtra and styled ""Rao Sahib"" to Hindu people"
"Maharaja Mahārāja (; ; also spelled Maharajah, Moharaja, Moharaza) is a Sanskrit title for a ""great ruler"", ""great king"" or ""high king"". A few ruled mighty states informally called empires, including Jat ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire, and Maharaja Sri Gupta, founder of the ancient Indian Gupta Empire, but 'title inflation' soon led to most being rather mediocre or even petty in real power, while compound titles were among the attempts to distinguish some among their ranks. The female equivalent, Maharani (or Maharanee, Moharani, Mahārājñī, Maharajin), denotes either the wife of a Maharaja (or Maharana etc.),"
"""boat"" respectively) or had a large enough following. These ""datu"" either ruled over a single community (a ""pook"") or were part of a larger settlement (a ""bayan"", ""town""). They constituted a council (""lipon"", ""lupon"", or ""pulong"") and answered to a paramount chief, referred to as the ""[[Lakan]]"" (or the [[Hindu]] loanword ""Rajah""). During the Spanish conquest, these community ""datu"" were given the equivalent Spanish title of [[Don (honorific)|Don]]. [[File:Visayans 3.png|thumb|right|A couple from the [[Visayans|Visayan]] ""kadatuan"" (royal) class.]] Raja (; also spelled rajah, ([[Baybayin]]: ) from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ') is a title for a [[monarch]] or princely ruler in South and"
"also called 'Company Raj' (literally, 'Company Rule'), the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English. In colonized India, English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture, including Christianity. The political ascendancy of the British reflected into social and professional roles; this meant that the legal system as well as the studies in medicine and science were conducted in English. This led to an interest in the promotion of English into the society of Indian natives. Educated Indians, or 'brown sahibs', wished to participate in academia and pursue"
"its derivatives: ""dyāus"" in Sanskrit, ""deus"" in Latin and ""zeus"" in Ancient Greek. Rajah is an aristocratic title derived from the Sanskrit rājān- which is cognate to Latin rēx (genitive rēgis), Gaulish rīx etc., originally denoting tribal chiefs or heads of small 'city states'. It is ultimately derived from a PIE *h3rẽǵs, a vrddhi formation to the root *h3reǵ- ""to straighten, to order, to rule"". The Sanskrit n-stem is secondary in the male title, apparently adapted from the female counterpart rājñī which also has an -n- suffix in related languages, compare Old Irish rígain and Latin regina. Devarajah Devarajah (""English:"""
"to historian Ian Stone: It was the largest canal ever attempted in the world, five times greater in its length than all the main irrigation lines of Lombardy and Egypt put together, and longer by a third than even the largest USA navigation canal, the Pennsylvania Canal. Company rule in India Company rule in India (sometimes, Company ""Raj"", """"raj"", lit. ""rule"" in Hindi) refers to the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of the Indian subcontinent. This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when Mir Jafar, the new"
"and also in states where that was customary, a woman ruling without a husband. The widow of a Maharaja is known as a ""Rajmata"" ""queen mother"". Maharaja Kumar generally denotes a son of a Maharaja, but more specific titulatures are often used at each court, including Yuvaraja for the heir. The form Maharaj indicates a separation of noble and religious offices, although the fact that in Hindi the suffix -a is silent makes the two titles near homophones. The word ""Maharaja"" originates in Sanskrit and is a compound karmadhāraya term from ""mahānt-"" ""great"" and ""rājan"" ""ruler, king""). It has the"
"Raja (1943 film) Raja is a 1943 Hindi film directed by Kishore Sahu. It was the first film from the newly established ""Purnima Productions"". A social satire, it starred Kishore Sahu and Protima Das Gupta in the lead. The music was composed by Khan Mastana, and Kishore Sahu sang the songs picturised on him. The rest of the cast included Ramesh Gupta, Gulab, Moni Chatterjee, Badri Prasad and Rani Bala. The film performed well at the box-office in centres like Delhi and Bombay. Filmindia editor Baburao Patel stated that ""Raja"" ""remains a milestone of art and skill in motion pictures""."
"Rajarshi Rajarishi (from Sanskrit ""Rajan"" a ""King"" + ""Rishi"" a ""Saint"" ) in Hinduism and Hindu mythology, is a Royal Saint. A Rajarshi is a king who turned into a royal sage. A Rajarshi will not have to leave the kingship to become ""rishi"" as in the example of Vishwamitra (who later advanced to becoming a ""Brahmarishi"") but still while ruling the kingdom has reached a state of rishi and has attained self-realization. They still perform the kshatriya responsibility, and remain similar to most rishis, maharishis and brahmarishis descendents in their level of spiritual knowledge. Namely there are four types"
"Rao Bahadur Rai Bahadur (also Rao Bahadur in South India), abbreviated R.B., was a title of honour bestowed during British rule in India to individuals for their service to the Empire. The title was accompanied by a medal called a Title Badge. Translated, ""Rao"" means ""prince"", and ""Bahadur"" means ""brave"" or ""most honourable"". The equivalent title for Muslim and Parsi subjects was ""Khan Bahadur"". For Sikhs it was ""Sardar Bahadur"". Those awarded the Rai Sahib title were usually elevated to the next rank, that of Rao Bahadur, which was in turn below the rank of Dewan Bahadur. All these titles"