"to protect the remains, and White Cliffs Experience. All this has been widely criticised by, among others, Philp himself, who has said: Dubris Dubris, also known as Portus Dubris and Dubrae, was a port in Roman Britain on the site of present-day Dover, Kent, England. As the closest point to continental Europe and the site of the estuary of the Dour, the site chosen for Dover was ideal for a cross-channel port. The Dour is now covered over for much of its course through the town. In the Roman era, it grew into an important military, mercantile and cross-channel harbour"
"site of the investiture of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. At its peak, Dubris was a major trading centre, taking over from Rutupiae as the main Roman cross-Channel port. With Rutupiae, it was one of the starting points for Watling Street, the Roman road to Canterbury and, ultimately, London. During the construction of the new A256/York Street bypass in the 1970s Roman remains were discovered and an eight-week excavation followed. The archaeologists discovered a Roman mansio now known as the ""Roman Painted House"". The mansio, a hostel for government officials, was built in c. 200. It was discovered"
"of a Celtic ancient trackway. It was an important route for the Romans linking London with Canterbury and the three Channel ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubris (now Dover) and Portus Lemanis (in modern Lympne). It had river crossings at Rochester over the River Medway; Dartford (River Darent) and Crayford (River Cray). The Romans paved the road and constructed the first Rochester Bridge across the Medway. Access to London was via London Bridge which was first constructed by the Romans in AD 50. The road was known as 'Item a Londinio ad portum Dubris' and appeared in the Antonine Itinerary,"
"work has uncovered one of only three surviving forts occupied by the fleet's marines at Dubris (Dover), suggesting this was in fact a major base of the Classis. It may even have been its primary base, though one of the other surviving fleet forts, at Boulogne-sur-Mer, is far larger and thus said by some to be a more likely contender than Dover for that role. Portus Adurni (which was later adapted and known as Portchester Castle) at the north of Portsmouth harbour is another contender and believed to have been at the very least a major base for the fleet."
"Portus Lemanis Portus Lemanis, also known as Lemanae, was the Latin name of an ancient Roman fort, settlement and port in southern Kent. The modern village of Lympne derives its name from the ancient port. The first documentary mention of the site is found in the late 3rd century Antonine Itinerary, where it is mentioned as lying 68,000 paces (68 Roman miles) from Londinium (London) and 16,000 paces from the cantonal capital Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury). However, there is archaeological evidence of much earlier use as a naval base: tiles stamped ""CL BR"" have been found indicating that sailors or marines"
"Durobrivae (Water Newton) Durobrivae was a Roman fortified garrison town located at Water Newton in the English county of Cambridgeshire, where Ermine Street crossed the River Nene. More generally, it was in the territory of the Corieltauvi in a region of villas and commercial potteries. The name is a Latinisation of Celtic (or more accurately Brythonic) *""Durobrīwās"", meaning essentially ""fort (by the) bridges"". During the Iron Age Britain was divided into distinct tribal areas. The area lay between the Catuvellauni to the south and the Corieltauvi to the north, with the Iceni to the east. The origin of Durobrivae is"
"Peterborough. Durobrivae (Water Newton) Durobrivae was a Roman fortified garrison town located at Water Newton in the English county of Cambridgeshire, where Ermine Street crossed the River Nene. More generally, it was in the territory of the Corieltauvi in a region of villas and commercial potteries. The name is a Latinisation of Celtic (or more accurately Brythonic) *""Durobrīwās"", meaning essentially ""fort (by the) bridges"". During the Iron Age Britain was divided into distinct tribal areas. The area lay between the Catuvellauni to the south and the Corieltauvi to the north, with the Iceni to the east. The origin of Durobrivae"
"as it was called, was one of the three ports used for trade and the movement of the army; the other two being ‘’Lemanis’’ Lympne and ‘’Rutupiae’’ Richborough. All three connected to Watling Street at Canterbury. In due course the longshore drift along the coast silted up the latter two ports, and also the mouth of the River Dour, Kent on which Dover stands. The Romans, for whom the port was a base for their navy, the ‘’Classis Britannica’’, constructed breakwaters against the sea‘s depredations, and added two lighthouses on the heights either side of the estuary. It is possible"
"Portus Adurni Portus Adurni was a Roman fortress in the Roman province of Britannia situated at the north end of Portsmouth Harbour. Listed in the Notitia Dignitatum, it is generally accepted as having been located at adjoining Portchester in the English county of Hampshire and was later converted into a medieval castle known as Portchester Castle. It is the best preserved Roman fort north of the Alps. The name ""Portus Adurni"" appears only in the list of Saxon Shore forts in the 5th century ""Notitia Dignitatum"", and the name is usually identified with Portchester, although it has occasionally been identified"
"and garrisoned initially by the Classis Britannica, and later by troops based in a Saxon Shore Fort. At the start of his first attempt to conquer Britain in 55BC Julius Caesar initially tried to land at Dubris, whose natural harbour had presumably been identified by Volusenus as a suitable landing place. However, when he came in sight of shore, the massed forces of the Britons gathered on the overlooking hills and cliffs dissuaded him from landing there, since the cliffs were ""so close to the shore that javelins could be thrown down from"" them onto anyone landing there. After waiting"
"of the ""limes"" on the Saxon Shore in the 3rd century the fleet became more important again. Vegetius, a chronicler who published his works in the late 4th century, mentions the existence of the provincial fleet at this time. The main task of its warships was to secure the strategically and economically important passage between the British and Gallic coast, i.e. from Dover to Calais. Its main port on the British side was initially probably ""Dubris/Dobra"" (Dover). Under Carausius, the Fleet Command was temporarily based in ""Portus Adurni"" (Port Chester), after which it was transferred to ""Rutupiae"" (Richborough). Limes Britannicus"
"their artefacts reveal the earliest evidence that Dover was becoming a place of trade with the Continent and Ireland. The so-called Beaker Folk were here; and later Bronze Age peoples traded in gold: one such find has been found near Dover. In addition two other finds of great importance in Dover’s history are now displayed in Dover Museum: a boat and a hoard of axes, the latter discovered in Langdon Bay, off Dover. Sall Iron Age finds have also been discovered . From now on the history of Dover is completely one with the sea. Roman Dover, or ‘’Portus Dubris’’"
"was also inhabited during the Roman period, when Dover was used as a port. A lighthouse survives from this era, one of a pair at Dover which helped shipping navigate the port. It is likely the area around the surviving lighthouse was inhabited in the early medieval period as archaeologists have found a Saxon cemetery here, and the church of St Mary in Castro was built next to the lighthouse in the 10th or 11th century. It is thought that the Old English name for Britain, Albion, was derived from the latin ""albus"" (meaning 'white') as an allusion to the"
"Roman invasion in 43 AD, the Dumnonii - possibly meaning 'Deep Valley Dwellers' (Cornish: ""Dewnans"", Welsh: ""Dyfnaint"", Breton: ""Devnent"") or 'Worshippers of the god Dumnonos'. This tribal name carried on into the Roman and post-Roman periods. The Dumnonii did not mint coins, unlike their neighbours to the east the Durotriges, but coins of the Dobunni have been found in the area. Early trading ports are known to have existed at Mount Batten (Plymouth) and at Bantham where ancient tin ingots were found in 1991-92 according with classical reports of tin trading with the Mediterranean Aillen Fox, 1996. Devon was not"
"Port of Tyne The Port of Tyne comprises the commercial docks in and around the River Tyne in Tyne and Wear in the northeast of England. There has been a port on the Tyne at least since the Romans used their settlement of Arbeia to supply the garrison of Hadrian's Wall. Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river in Newcastle, an indication that trade was increasing. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool-exporting port in England. The principal exports at this"
"named the city Comorão, due to the presence of lobsters and crabs on its shores. In 1614, Comorão was taken by ‘Abbās the Great from the Portuguese and renamed Bandar-e ‘Abbās (""Port of ‘Abbās""). Backed by the English navy, ‘Abbās developed the city (known to the English-speaking world as Gombraun) into a major port. By 1622, the Portuguese and English names had been officially combined to form Combrù or Combu, although the inhabitants still called it Bandar-e ‘Abbās. Sir Thomas Herbert said the official English name was Gumbrown, but pronounced [gŏmrōōn]. He wrote in 1630 that ""some (but I commend"
"Watling Street Watling Street is a route in England that began as an ancient trackway first used by the Britons, mainly between the areas of modern Canterbury and using a natural ford near Westminster. The Romans later paved the route, which then connected the Kentish ports of Dubris (Dover), Rutupiae (Richborough), Lemanis (Lympne), and Regulbium (Reculver) to their bridge over the Thames at Londinium (London). The route continued northwest past Verulamium (St Albans) on its way to Viroconium (Wroxeter). The Romans considered the continuation on to Blatobulgium (Birrens) beyond Hadrian's Wall to be part of the same route, leading some"
"as Maryport, was fortified by the Romans. A series of milefortlets were placed along the coast beyond the western end of Hadrian's Wall to guard against coastal raids from across the Solway Firth. Milefortlet 17 was located at Dubmill, and would have been constructed from turf and timber. Its location has been discovered, though all that remains is a slight depression in the ground where one of the fort's ditches would have been. A mill was present at Dubmill in the medieval period, and during the reign of Henry VIII in 1538 it was valued at £5.18s. Farmers from as"
"the first port of call for foreign shipping bound for London, and the latter as a naval dockyard. There is archaeological evidence of Roman occupation. At the time, sea-levels had dropped, making the marshes habitable. There may well have been a Roman settlement on the site of what is now Tilbury Docks. In the 12th century the river, which had hitherto consisted of difficult channels with uncharted shoals, was changed by the process of embanking the river and enclosing areas of marsh. This improved the river's flow, and also resulted in improved land resources on the marsh. It was nevertheless"
"Dover Dover () is a major ferry port in Kent, South East England. It faces France across the Strait of Dover, the narrowest part of the English Channel, and lies south-east of Canterbury and east of Maidstone. The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Dover Calais ferry through the Port of Dover. The surrounding chalk cliffs are known as the White Cliffs of Dover. Archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain. The name derives from the River Dour that flows through it."
"Muziris Muziris (Tamil: Muchiri, roughly identified with medieval Muyirikode, or Mahodaya/Makotai Puram) was an ancient harbour - possible seaport and urban center - on the Malabar Coast (modern-day Indian state of Kerala) that dates from at least the 1st century BC, if not before it. Muziris, or Muchiri, has found mention in the bardic Tamil poems and a number of classical sources. Muziris was a key to the interactions between south India and the Persia, Middle East, North Africa and Mediterranean (Greeks and Romans) region. The important known commodities ""exported"" from Muziris were spices (such as black pepper and malabathron),"
"derived from the Latin word ""pharos"", which means ""lighthouse"", and refers to the famous lighthouse at Dubris built by the Romans after their conquest of Britain. In 1995, during the contest for leadership of the Conservative Party between Prime Minister John Major and John Redwood MP it was suggested in the media that Redwood briefly attended the school, however, a search of the school records by deputy headmaster, Dr. Alan Jackson, found no evidence to support this. Dover Grammar School for Boys Dover Grammar School for Boys is a selective secondary school located in Dover, United Kingdom. The school is"
"Drumburgh Drumburgh is a small settlement in Cumbria, England. It is northwest of the city of Carlisle and is on the course of Hadrian's Wall, near to Burgh by Sands. The village is sited on a gentle hill with a good view in all directions over the surrounding lowlands. The name means 'ridge near the fort' as derived from the Celtic language and the common Old English word 'burgh', pronounced as 'bruff' in this instance. Coggabata is the Roman fort referred to in the placename, which was linked by a Roman road to the nearby fort at Kirkbride to the"
"Chester-le-Street Chester-le-Street () is a town in County Durham, England. Its history goes back to the building of a Roman fort called Concangis. This Roman fort is the ""Chester"" (from the Latin ""castra"") of the town's name; the ""Street"" refers to the paved Roman road that ran north–south through the town, and which is now called Front Street. Chester-le-Street is located south of Newcastle upon Tyne and west of Sunderland on the River Wear. The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert remained for 112 years before being transferred to Durham Cathedral,"
"in the place called Arzew by the French colonists. Portus Magnus, Algeria Portus Magnus was a Roman port in western Mauretania Caesariensis. It was located near Roman Portus Divinus and actual Oran (Algeria). ""Portus Magnus, spatio appellatus, civium Romanorum oppidum. (the locality is called ""Portus Magnus"", a city of Roman citizens). Plinius"" Portus Magnus (Great Harbour) was even named ""Arsenaria"" under the Roman Empire (the name is the one that can be seen in its former coat of arms). It has several Roman remains, mosaics, and artworks, which were deplaced to the museum of nearby Oran. During Roman times, the"
"Port Way Port Way or the Portway was a Roman road in Britain. It is sometimes taken to be the entire major route between Roman Londinium (present-day London) and Durnovaria (present-day Dorchester), although it more precisely refers to the section of that route between Calleva of the Atrebates (present-day Silchester) and Sorviodunum (the abandoned site of Old Sarum). (The portion between Calleva and Londinium going by the name ""Devil's Highway"".) Port Way runs northeast to southwest and covers a distance of from Calleva to Soviodunum, in present-day Hampshire and Wiltshire. At East Anton, just outside Andover, it crossed the Roman"
"by archaeologists, but much of the land has been disturbed by the succeeding two millennia of continuous occupation. Alternatively, ""Durobrivae"" may refer to a small fort set up by Aulus Plautius, the general in charge of the first phase of the Roman conquest of Britain; it was not needed for long, as Kent was soon settled. More fundamentally, there was no bridge in AD 43. The Romans did eventually bridge the river: see the article Rochester Bridge. The Roman pioneers may even have initially built a pontoon bridge to supply the advancing army, replacing it with this permanent structure later."
"Sutton Harbour Sutton Harbour, formerly known as Sutton Pool, is the original port of the City of Plymouth in Devon, England. It is still a busy fishing port and marina and is bounded on one side by the historic Barbican district. It is famous as the last departure point in England of the ""Mayflower"", the ship that carried the Pilgrim Fathers to the New World. Sutton is the original name for Plymouth, which was originally settled in about 700 AD and is recorded in the Domesday Book as ""Sudtone"", meaning ""south settlement"" in the Old English language. In 1588, the"
"Mers El Kébir Mers El Kébir (, ""The Great Harbor"") is a port on the Mediterranean Sea, near Oran in Oran Province, northwest Algeria. It is famous for the attack on the French fleet in 1940, in the Second World War. Originally a Roman port called ""Portus Divinus"", Mers-el-Kébir became an Almohad naval arsenal in the 12th century, fell under the rulers of the Kingdom of Tlemcen in the 15th century, and eventually became a center of pirate activity around 1492. It was occupied variously by the Ottoman Turks, Portuguese and Spanish, with the Spanish (who named it ""Mazalquivir"") capturing"
"Dudbridge Dudbridge is a suburb on the southern edge of Stroud in Gloucestershire, England. Dudbridge gains its name from the first bridge in the location, which spanned the River Frome. This made it an important crossing point for traffic heading south from the Cotswolds to the port of Bristol, which is reflected in that it is the meeting point of four parishes: Stroud in which lies, plus Rodborough to its east, and Stonehouse and Kings Stanley to its south. The fast-flowing river made Dudbridge a natural location for early industry, with the earliest record of a mill dating from 1235."
"ships which he designed, with experience of Venetic shipbuilding technology, to be more suitable to a beach landing than those used in 55 BC being broader and lower for easier beaching. This time he names Portus Itius as the departure point. Labienus was left at Portus Itius to oversee regular food transports from there to the British beachhead. The military ships were joined by a flotilla of trading ships captained by Romans and provincials from across the empire, and local Gauls, hoping to cash in on the trading opportunities. It seems more likely that the figure Caesar quotes for the"
"Portus Magnus, Algeria Portus Magnus was a Roman port in western Mauretania Caesariensis. It was located near Roman Portus Divinus and actual Oran (Algeria). ""Portus Magnus, spatio appellatus, civium Romanorum oppidum. (the locality is called ""Portus Magnus"", a city of Roman citizens). Plinius"" Portus Magnus (Great Harbour) was even named ""Arsenaria"" under the Roman Empire (the name is the one that can be seen in its former coat of arms). It has several Roman remains, mosaics, and artworks, which were deplaced to the museum of nearby Oran. During Roman times, the main exports from the area used to be grain"
"in the decades before the advent of the Romans, was at Hengistbury Head. Numismatic evidence shows progressive debasing of the coinage, suggesting economic retrenchment accompanying the increased cultural isolation. Analysis of the body of Durotrigan ceramics suggests to Cunliffe that the production was increasingly centralised, at Poole Harbour (Cunliffe 2005:183). Burial of Durotriges was by inhumation, with a last ritual meal provided even under exiguous circumstances, as in the eight burials at Maiden Castle, carried out immediately after the Roman attack. Not surprisingly, the Durotriges resisted Roman invasion in AD 43, and the historian Suetonius records some fights between the"