"1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed 1 million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the German economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname ""Heimliche Hauptstadt"" (""secret capital"") in the decades after World War II. Munich was the site of the 1972 Summer Olympics, during which Israeli athletes were assassinated by Palestinian fedayeen in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian ""Black September"" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team. Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of"
"perpetrated during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. 11 members of the Israeli team were taken hostage by Palestinian terrorists. A botched German rescue attempt led to the death of all 11 Israeli athletes and coaches. Five of the terrorists were shot and three survived unharmed. The three surviving Palestinians were released without charge by the German authorities a month later. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon. Other notable events include the hijacking of several civilian airliners, the Savoy Hotel attack, the Zion Square explosive refrigerator"
"GSG 9 Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG 9) () is the elite Police Tactical Unit of the German Federal Police (). GSG 9 counterparts on the state level are the Special Deployment Commandos (). On September 5, 1972, the Palestinian terrorist movement Black September infiltrated the Summer Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany, to kidnap 11 Israeli athletes, killing two in the Olympic Village in the initial assault on the athletes' rooms. The incident culminated when German police - who were not trained or equipped for counter-terrorism operations, and had underestimated the number of terrorists involved - attempted to rescue the athletes."
"Luttif Afif Luttif Afif (1937 or 1945 – 6 September 1972), ""alias"" Issa (Jesus in Arabic), was the commander of the group of Palestinian fedayeen, who led the invasion into the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972 and took as hostage nine members of Israel's Olympic team after killing two members who resisted. He was the chief negotiator on behalf of the Palestinians, who were members of the Black September offshoot of Yassir Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization. The various pictures of Afif, wearing a white beach hat and a linen safari suit and his face covered with charcoal or"
"Israel at the 1972 Summer Olympics Israel competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, which began on August 26. On September 5 and 6, in the Munich massacre, 11 members of the Israeli delegation—5 athletes, 2 referees, and 4 coaches (names bolded on this page)—were taken hostage by PLO terrorists and murdered. The remainder of the team left Munich on September 7. Shaul Ladany, a Holocaust survivor, competed in the 50-kilometer walk. He had been imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as a child, and wore a Star of David on his warm-up jersey. When he was congratulated"
"Munich that led to the deaths of 11 athletes and coaches representing the Israeli Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Games who had been taken as hostages at the Olympic village on the morning of September 5, 1972. Israeli security forces carried out a series of killings of individuals believed to have been involved with the massacre. Hindi never acknowledged his involvement in the attack and may have been the last living person involved with plotting the attack following the death of Abu Daoud, the Palestinian terrorist known as the planner, architect and mastermind of the Munich massacre. Israel permitted"
"1972 Olympics he and 10 other members of the Israel Olympic team were taken hostage by Arab terrorists at the games. Two of the Israelis were shot in the beginning of the ordeal and the other nine (including Shapira) were held hostage and then later were murdered on the tarmac of Furstenfeldbruck airbase during a botched rescue attempt by Munich police and Bavarian border guards. Shapira was the coach of Esther Shachamarov who later became an Israeli Olympic athlete (in 1976, she became the first Israeli to reach an Olympic final). When she heard the news that her coach had"
"Eliezer Halfin Eliezer Halfin (18 June 1948, Riga – 6 September 1972, Munich) was a Latvian-born wrestler with the Israeli Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Along with 10 other athletes and coaches he was taken hostage by Palestinian Black September terrorists on 5 September 1972. Eventually they were brought to a German airport and during an attempted rescue mission staged by the German police, all nine hostages were killed on 6 September. Five of the terrorists and one German policeman were also killed. The subsequent autopsy, carried out by the Forensic Institute of the University"
"eleven civilians. At the Munich Olympic Games, Black September kidnapped and killed eleven Israeli athletes. A number of sources, including Mohammed Oudeh (""Abu Daoud""), one of the masterminds of the Munich massacre, and Benny Morris, a prominent Israeli historian, have stated that Black September was an armed branch of Fatah used for paramilitary operations. According to Abu Daoud's 1999 book, ""Arafat was briefed on plans for the Munich hostage-taking."" The killings were internationally condemned. In 1973–74, Arafat closed Black September down, ordering the PLO to withdraw from acts of violence outside Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In 1974,"
"Jamal Al-Gashey Jamal Al-Gashey (; born 1953) was a member of the Black September offshoot of the Palestine Liberation Organization and is the last surviving member of the group of eight Black September members who carried out the massacre of eleven Israeli athletes during the 1972 Munich Olympics. He is visible several times in videos of the event, identifiable by his blue and white striped jacket. During the abortive rescue attempt by Bavarian border guards and Munich police which resulted in the deaths of nine hostages and five of the Black September members, Al-Gashey was shot in the wrist attempting"
"the early morning of September 5, 1972, Palestinian terrorists from the organization Black September entered the Olympic Village and took 11 Israelis hostage, demanding freedom for hundreds of Palestinians held in Israeli custody. Brundage, once informed, rushed to the Olympic Village, where he conferred with German and Bavarian state officials through the day, playing what Guttmann describes as a modest role in the discussions. German officials moved the hostages and their captors to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base, where German police and troops tried a rescue late that evening. The attempt was bungled; the nine remaining hostages (two had been murdered earlier)"
"people from Tripoli's Martyrs' Square, were buried in the Sidi Munaidess Cemetery. Afif Ahmed Hamid Afif Ahmed Hamid (d. 5 September 1972) was one of eight Black September terrorists that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games that took hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. Like several of the younger fedayeen involved in the Munich operation, Hamid had grown up in the Chatila refugee camp in Lebanon as a youngster. He joined Fatah in 1968 and"
"in 1964, which initially committed itself to ""armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland"". In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon. On 6 October 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in"
"visas and persecuted by the authorities. Some were arrested and sent to Gulag camps, becoming known as Prisoners of Zion. During 1971, violent demonstrations by the Israeli Black Panthers, made the Israeli public aware of resentment among Mizrahi Jews at ongoing discrimination and social gaps. In 1972 the US Jewish Mafia leader, Meyer Lansky, who had taken refuge in Israel, was deported to the United States. At the 1972 Munich Olympics, two members of the Israeli team were killed, and nine members taken hostage by Palestinian terrorists. A botched German rescue attempt led to the death of the rest along"
"the Israelis taken hostage and murdered by Black September terrorists at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The Israeli team was sleeping in their quarters in the early morning hours of 5 September 1972, when the terrorists raided the compound, murdered two of the Israeli athletes and took the others hostage. Kehat Shorr was photographed standing next to fellow coach Andre Spitzer at the second-floor window of their besieged building while terrorists trained guns on the pair. The German authorities failed to rescue 9 hostages, including Kehat Shorr, resulting in their deaths. Shorr's team members, Henry Hershkowitz and Zelig Stroch, survived the"
"Spielberg's film ""Munich"" (2005). Luttif Afif Luttif Afif (1937 or 1945 – 6 September 1972), ""alias"" Issa (Jesus in Arabic), was the commander of the group of Palestinian fedayeen, who led the invasion into the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972 and took as hostage nine members of Israel's Olympic team after killing two members who resisted. He was the chief negotiator on behalf of the Palestinians, who were members of the Black September offshoot of Yassir Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization. The various pictures of Afif, wearing a white beach hat and a linen safari suit and his face"
"Afif Ahmed Hamid Afif Ahmed Hamid (d. 5 September 1972) was one of eight Black September terrorists that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games that took hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. Like several of the younger fedayeen involved in the Munich operation, Hamid had grown up in the Chatila refugee camp in Lebanon as a youngster. He joined Fatah in 1968 and like his fellow fedayeen had a familiarity with Germany, living and studying"
"Mohammed Safady Mohammed Safady (1953 - ?) was one of eight Black September terrorists that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games taking hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. In the early morning of 5 September 1972, Safady and seven of his fellow fedayeen broke into the Israeli delegations headquarters at 31 Connollystraße. After the fedayeen had captured the Israel's in apartment number one and three, they led the Israeli's under guard down the stairs to"
"at Munich"" and Merik Tadros in Steven Spielberg's 2005 film ""Munich"". Yusuf Nazzal Yusuf Nazzal (1937 – 6 September 1972) alias 'Tony', was the second in command of eight Palestinian terrorists that invaded 31 Connollystraße in the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972. Nine members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage after two members, weightlifter Yossef Romano and wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg, were killed in the initial takeover. Television images broadcast to the billions of people watching around the world show Nazzal frequently throughout the crisis, seemingly always smoking, wearing sunglasses, open neck red shirt and a"
"and notorious terrorist acts was the capture and eventual murder of 11 Israeli athletes during the 1972 Olympic Games. Fighting among rival Palestinian and Arab movements has played a crucial role in shaping Israel's security policy towards Palestinian militants, as well as in the Palestinian leadership's own policies. As early as the 1930s revolts in Palestine, Arab forces fought each other while also skirmishing with Zionist and British forces, and internal conflicts continue to the present day. During the Lebanese Civil War, Palestinian baathists broke from the Palestine Liberation Organization and allied with the Shia Amal Movement, fighting a bloody"
"1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon and Operation Wrath of God, tracking down and killing Palestinians suspected of involvement in the Munich massacre. Two days prior to the start of the 2016 Summer Olympics, in a ceremony led by Brazilian and Israeli officials, the International Olympic Committee honored the eleven Israelis that were killed at Munich. At the time of the hostage-taking, the 1972 Summer Olympics were in their second week. The West German Olympic Organizing Committee had hoped to discard the military image of Germany. The Committee was wary of the image portrayed by the 1936 Summer Olympics, which Nazi"
"Adnan Al-Gashey Adnan Al-Gashey (1946 - 1978 or 1979) was one of eight Black September terrorists that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games that took hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. He was the Uncle of Jamal Al-Gashey, who also took part in the Munich operation. Al-Gashey was a former student of nursing in Tripoli, Libya and had won a scholarship to study chemistry at the American University of Beirut. Unlike some of his fellow"
"Adnan Al-Gashey Adnan Al-Gashey (1946 - 1978 or 1979) was one of eight Black September terrorists that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games that took hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. He was the Uncle of Jamal Al-Gashey, who also took part in the Munich operation. Al-Gashey was a former student of nursing in Tripoli, Libya and had won a scholarship to study chemistry at the American University of Beirut. Unlike some of his fellow"
"an Olympic Games for the 11 Olympians who had been killed in Munich, but her request has always been denied. Andre Spitzer Andre Spitzer (; July 4, 1945 – September 6, 1972), was a fencing master and coach of Israel's 1972 Summer Olympics team. He was one of 11 athletes and coaches taken hostage and subsequently killed by Palestinian terrorists in the Munich massacre. Spitzer was born in Timișoara in Romania, and was Jewish. His parents survived the Holocaust in Nazi forced labor camps. After his father died in 1956 when he was 11, Andre and his mother moved to"
"Yusuf Nazzal Yusuf Nazzal (1937 – 6 September 1972) alias 'Tony', was the second in command of eight Palestinian terrorists that invaded 31 Connollystraße in the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972. Nine members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage after two members, weightlifter Yossef Romano and wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg, were killed in the initial takeover. Television images broadcast to the billions of people watching around the world show Nazzal frequently throughout the crisis, seemingly always smoking, wearing sunglasses, open neck red shirt and a cowboy hat, which led him to be identified as the 'Cowboy'."
"The liberated Munich attackers were granted asylum by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. For its actions, the West German government was criticised by Israel and other parties, in some cases combined with allegations that the hijacking had been staged or at least tolerated with theories of a secret agreement between the German government and Black September Organization - release of the surviving terrorists in exchange for assurances of no further attacks on Germany. On 5 September 1972, during the Munich Summer Olympics, eight Terrorists of the Palestinian group Black September took hostage eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team. Eventually, all"
"Operation Wrath of God Operation ""Wrath of God"" ( ""Mivtza Za'am Ha'el""), also known as Operation ""Bayonet"", was a covert operation directed by the Mossad to assassinate individuals involved in the 1972 Munich massacre in which 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team were killed. The targets were members of the Palestinian armed militant group Black September and operatives of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Authorized by Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in the autumn of 1972, the operation is believed to have continued for over twenty years. The operation was depicted in the television film ""Sword of Gideon"" (1986)"
"Black September Organization The Black September Organization (BSO) (, ""Munaẓẓamat Aylūl al-aswad"") was a Palestinian terrorist organization founded in 1970. It was responsible for the assassination of the Jordanian prime minister Wasfi Al-Tal, and the Munich massacre, in which eleven Israeli athletes and officials were kidnapped and killed, as well a West German policeman losing his life, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, their most publicized event. These events led to the creation or specialization of permanent counter-terrorism forces in many European countries. The group's name is derived from the Black September conflict which began on 16 September 1970,"
"reasons. Some civilian commercial tourist flights came into Fürstenfeldbruck instead during the Olympics. There was an extraordinarily heavy army presence on the base, with armoured vehicles escorting aircraft on landing and automatic weapons in common sight in the Terminal, something unheard of at this time. A military brass band was playing in the terminal to calm tourists' nerves at the sight of this extraordinary security. On September 5, 1972, eight Palestinian terrorists from the group Black September took eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team hostage. Two hostages were murdered in one of the Israeli apartments in the Olympic Village."
"handed over to Libya and after a procession of 30,000 people from Tripoli's Martyrs' Square, were buried in the Sidi Munaidess Cemetery. Khalid Jawad Khalid Jawad(1954–6 September 1972) was one of eight Black September terrorists that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games taking hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. Khalid had grown up in the Chatila refugee camp in Lebanon with several other of his fellow fedayeen, even playing on the same football team as"
"returned to the athletes' Olympic Village and went to sleep. In the early hours of September 5, 1972, the Munich Massacre began. Eight rifle-carrying Palestinian terrorists, who were members of the Black September faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization, broke into the Israeli quarters in the Olympic Village to take the Israeli Olympic delegation athletes and coaches hostage. The terrorists captured wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg. They shot and killed Weinberg, and threw his body out a window onto the sidewalk. Early in the morning somebody wakens me, I open my eyes and that's when my roommate from the Mexico Olympic"
"second place in the international competition in Bucharest, Romania. In 1972 in Greece he placed 3rd. Participating in the 20th Olympic Games was the highlight of his career and his dream. Eliezer is buried in Kiryat Shaul cemetery in Tel Aviv. Eliezer Halfin Eliezer Halfin (18 June 1948, Riga – 6 September 1972, Munich) was a Latvian-born wrestler with the Israeli Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Along with 10 other athletes and coaches he was taken hostage by Palestinian Black September terrorists on 5 September 1972. Eventually they were brought to a German airport and"
"Khalid Jawad Khalid Jawad(1954–6 September 1972) was one of eight Black September terrorists that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games taking hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. Khalid had grown up in the Chatila refugee camp in Lebanon with several other of his fellow fedayeen, even playing on the same football team as some of them and was described as 'soccer mad'. Khalid had lived in Germany for two years with his brother Farud before"