"of these letters is a matter of some debate. Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape: the letter Ϻ (""san""), which had been in competition with Σ (""sigma"") denoting the same phoneme /s/; the letter Ϙ (""qoppa""), which was redundant with Κ (""kappa"") for /k/, and Ϝ (""digamma""), whose sound value /w/ dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period. Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left, just like Phoenician, but scribes could freely alternate between directions. For a time, a writing style with"
"the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Sigma Sigma (uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not all caps), the final form (ς) is used, e.g. (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end. The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from Phoenician shin 𐤔 . The name"
"Omicron Omicron (uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, literally ""small o"": όμικρον < ὂ μικρόν - ""ò mikrón"", micron meaning 'small' in contrast to ""omega"") is the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 70. This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter ayin . In classical Greek, omicron represented the sound in contrast to ""omega"" and ""ου"" . In modern Greek, omicron represents the . Letters that arose from omicron include Roman O and Cyrillic O. The upper-case letter of omicron (O) was originally used in mathematics as a symbol for"
"Sigma Sigma (uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word (when the word is not all caps), the final form (ς) is used, e.g. (Odysseus); note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end. The shape and alphabetic position of sigma is derived from Phoenician shin 𐤔 . The name of sigma, according to one hypothesis, may continue that of Phoenician Samekh."
"R R (named ""ar/or"" ) is the 18th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for ""tp"", ""head"". It was used for by Semites because in their language, the word for ""head"" was ""rêš"" (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek 'Ρ' (""rhô"") and Latin R. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing ""rho"" as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants"
"Chi (letter) Chi (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; ) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced or in English. Its value in Ancient Greek was an aspirated velar stop (in the Western Greek alphabet: /ks/). In Koine Greek and later dialects it became a fricative (/) along with Θ and Φ. In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of high or front vowels ( or ) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative , as in German ""ich"" or like the ""h"" in some pronunciations of the English words ""hew"" and ""human"". In front of"
"Minuscule 18 Minuscule 18 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 411 (Soden). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament. According to the colophon it was written in 1364 CE. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia. It is one of few copies of the whole New Testament and the Book of Psalms. It contains also liturgical books with hagiographies: synaxaria and Menologion. The biblical text is written on 444 parchment leaves () in one column per page with 23 lines per page in large uncial letters. The initial letters in red. The text is divided according to"
"Theta Theta (, ; uppercase Θ or ϴ, lowercase θ (which resembles digit 0 with horizontal line) or ϑ; ""thē̂ta"" ; Modern: ""thī́ta"" ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals it has the value 9. In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or point in circle"
"indicate text style. Theta Theta (, ; uppercase Θ or ϴ, lowercase θ (which resembles digit 0 with horizontal line) or ϑ; ""thē̂ta"" ; Modern: ""thī́ta"" ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals it has the value 9. In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or"
"Tau Tau (uppercase Τ, lowercase τ; ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 300. The name in English is pronounced or , but in modern Greek it is . This is because the pronunciation of the combination of Greek letters αυ has changed from ancient to modern times from one of to either or , depending on what follows (see Greek orthography). Tau was derived from the Phoenician letter taw (𐤕). Letters that arose from tau include Roman T and Cyrillic Te (Т, т). The letter occupies"
"Upsilon Upsilon (; or ; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ""ýpsilon"" ) or ypsilon is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 400. It is derived from the Phoenician waw . The name of the letter was originally just “υ” (""y;"" also called ""hy"", hence ""hyoid"", meaning ""shaped like the letter υ""), but the name changed to “υ ψιλόν”, (""u psilon"", meaning 'simple u') to distinguish it from οι, which had come to have the same pronunciation. In early Greek it was pronounced like English ""oo"" . In Classical Greek, it"
"Xi (letter) Xi (uppercase Ξ, lowercase ξ; ) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is pronounced in Modern Greek, and generally or in English. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. Xi was derived from the Phoenician letter samekh . Xi is not to be confused with the letter chi, which gave its form to the Latin letter X. Both in classical Ancient Greek and in Modern Greek, the letter Ξ represents the sound . In some archaic local variants of the Greek alphabet, this letter was missing. Instead, especially in the"
"Rho Rho (; uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings. Rho is classed as a liquid consonant (together with lambda and sometimes the nasals mu and nu), which has important implications for morphology. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, it represents a trilled or tapped r. In polytonic orthography, a rho"
"Lectionary 18 Lectionary 18, designated by siglum ℓ ""18"" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering). It is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on vellum leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th-century. The codex contains Lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary (""Evangelistarium""), with numerous lacunae. The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 276 parchment leaves (), 2 columns per page, 21-24 lines per page. Beginning of lectionary in John 4:53. It was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Johann Jakob Wettstein. It was partially examined by Mill (""Bodleianus 4"") and"
"Papyrus 18 Papyrus 18 (in the Gregory–Aland numbering), designated by formula_1, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript containing the beginning of the Book of Revelation. It contains only Rev 1:4–7. It is written against the fibres of the papyrus. On the other side of the papyrus is the ending of the book of Exodus. It is unclear whether the papyrus was a scroll of Exodus later reused for a copy of Revelation or a leaf from a codex with miscellaneous contents. The two sides of the papyrus were copied in different"
"Omega Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/Isopsephy (Gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means ""great O"" (""ō mega"", mega meaning ""great""), as opposed to omicron, which means ""little O"" (""o mikron"", micron meaning ""little""). In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω is a long open-mid ""o"" , comparable to the vowel of British English ""raw"". In Modern Greek, Ω represents the , the same sound as omicron. The letter omega is transcribed ""ō"" or"
"Nu (letter) Nu (; uppercase Ν lowercase ν; ""ni"" ) or ny is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 50. It is derived from the ancient Phoenician language nun . Its Latin equivalent is N, though the lowercase resembles the Roman lowercase v (formula_1). The name of the letter is written in Ancient Greek and traditional Modern Greek polytonic orthography, while in Modern Greek it is written . The uppercase Nu is not used, because it is normally identical to Latin N. The lower-case letter ν is used"
"Zeta Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; , , classical or ""zē̂ta""; ""zíta"") is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 7. It was derived from the Phoenician letter zayin . Letters that arose from zeta include the Roman Z and Cyrillic З. Unlike the other Greek letters, this letter did not take its name from the Phoenician letter from which it was derived; it was given a new name on the pattern of beta, eta and theta. The word ""zeta"" is the ancestor of ""zed"", the name of the"
"for the design of steel structures. In graph theory, a lowercase chi is used to represent a graph's chromatic number. Chi (letter) Chi (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; ) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced or in English. Its value in Ancient Greek was an aspirated velar stop (in the Western Greek alphabet: /ks/). In Koine Greek and later dialects it became a fricative (/) along with Θ and Φ. In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of high or front vowels ( or ) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative , as"
"Alpha Alpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , ""álpha"", ""álfa"") is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 1. It was derived from the Phoenician and Hebrew letter aleph - an ox or leader. Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin A and the Cyrillic letter А. In English, the noun ""alpha"" is used as a synonym for ""beginning"", or ""first"" (in a series), reflecting its Greek roots. In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ([aː]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long"
"Pi (letter) Pi (; uppercase Π, lowercase π and ϖ; ) is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound . In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 80. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Pe (). Letters that arose from pi include Cyrillic Pe (П, п), Coptic pi (Ⲡ, ⲡ), and Gothic pairthra (𐍀). The upper-case letter Π is used as a symbol for: The lower-case letter π is used as a symbol for: An early form of pi was , appearing almost like a gamma with a hook. Variant pi or"
"Mu (letter) Mu (uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek , or μυ—both ) or my is the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 40. Mu was derived from the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for water, which had been simplified by the Phoenicians and named after their word for water, to become 𐤌 (mem). Letters that arose from mu include the Roman M and the Cyrillic М. In Ancient Greek, the name of the letter was written and pronounced [mŷː]. In Modern Greek, the letter is spelled and pronounced . In"
"Psi (letter) Psi (; uppercase ', lowercase '; ""psi"" ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 700. In both Classical and Modern Greek, the letter indicates the combination /ps/ (as in English word ""lapse""). For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets, psi is usually transliterated as ""ps"". The letter's origin is uncertain. It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet. It appears in the 7th century BC, expressing /ps/ in the Eastern alphabets, but /kʰ/ in the Western alphabets (the sound expressed by Χ in the"
"Phi Phi (; uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; ""pheî"" ; ""fi"" ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Ancient Greek, it represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive (), which was the origin of its usual romanization as ""ph"". In modern Greek, it represents a voiceless labiodental fricative () and is correspondingly romanized as ""f"". Its origin is uncertain but it may be that phi originated as the letter qoppa and initially represented the sound before shifting to Classical Greek . In traditional Greek numerals, phi has a value of 500 () or 500,000 (). The Cyrillic"
"Minuscule 318 Minuscule 318 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Θ (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The codex contains the text of the John 7:9-12:8 on 16 parchment leaves (). The text is written in two columns per page, in 58-63 lines per page. Text is in red ink. The biblical text is surrounded by a catena. It contains the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11). Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category. The manuscript was added to the list of"
"Minuscule 818 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 818 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Θ (von Soden), is a 14th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on paper, with a commentary. The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels, on 373 cotton paper leaves (size ), with a commentary. The leaves are arranged in quarto (four leaves in quire). It has ornamented headpieces. The text is written in one column per page, 32 lines per page. It contains a commentary of Theophylact. The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V."
"Kappa Kappa (uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive ϰ; , ""káppa"") is the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter kaph . Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman K and Cyrillic К. Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with ""c"" due to the Romans' transliterations into the Latin alphabet: Constantinople, Corinth, Crete. The cursive form is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but"
"formatting to indicate the style of text. Omega Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/Isopsephy (Gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means ""great O"" (""ō mega"", mega meaning ""great""), as opposed to omicron, which means ""little O"" (""o mikron"", micron meaning ""little""). In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω is a long open-mid ""o"" , comparable to the vowel of British English ""raw"". In Modern Greek, Ω represents the , the same sound as omicron."
"should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. Zeta Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; , , classical or ""zē̂ta""; ""zíta"") is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 7. It was derived from the Phoenician letter zayin . Letters that arose from zeta include the Roman Z and Cyrillic З. Unlike the other Greek letters, this letter did not take its name from the Phoenician letter from which it was derived; it was given a new name on the pattern of"
"Uncial 0118 Uncial 0118 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 62 (Soden); is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th-century. The codex contains a small fragment of the Gospel of Matthew 11:27-28, on one parchment leaves (11 cm by 10 cm). It is written in 10 lines per page, in uncial letters. The letters are large and leaned into right; it has breathings and accents. The text-type of the Greek text of this codex is unknown. Text is too brief to classify. Aland did not placed it in any Category. <poem> ΟΥΔΕ]ΤΟΝ[ΠΡ]Α ΤΙΣΕΠΙΓΙΝΩΣ ΚΕΙ.ΕΙΜΗΟΥΣ ΚΑΙΩΕΑΝΒΟΥ"
"S S (named ""ess"" , plural ""esses"") is the 19th letter in the Modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Northwest Semitic šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative (as in '""sh""ip'). It originated most likely as a pictogram of a tooth () and represented the phoneme via the acrophonic principle. Greek did not have a phoneme, so the derived Greek letter Sigma (Σ) came to represent the voiceless alveolar sibilant . While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician ""šîn"", its name ""sigma"" is taken from the letter ""samekh"", while the shape of ""samekh"" but name and position of"
"Epsilon Epsilon (uppercase ', lowercase ' or lunate ; ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. The name of the letter was originally (), but the name was changed to (""e psilon"" ""simple e"") in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph , a former diphthong that had come"
"Lambda Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase ', lowercase '; ""lám(b)da"") is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the sound /l/. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Latin L and the Cyrillic letter El (Л, л). The ancient grammarians and dramatists give evidence to the pronunciation as () in Classical Greek times. In Modern Greek the name of the letter, Λάμδα, is pronounced . In early Greek alphabets, the shape and orientation of lambda varied."