"carat, or (~ ). The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to . In both British Imperial and U.S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, and 5,760 grains per troy pound or apothecaries pound. The grain is commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants. The term also refers to a single particle of gunpowder, the size of which varies according to requirements. In archery, the grain is the standard unit used to weigh arrows. In dentistry, gold foil, used as a material to restore teeth, is measured in"
"gold is denoted as ""750"". Many European countries use decimal hallmark stamps (i.e., ""585"", ""750"", etc.) rather than ""14K"", ""18K"", etc., which is used in the United Kingdom and United States. It is an extension of the older karat system of denoting the purity of gold by fractions of 24, such as ""18 karat"" for an alloy with 75% (18 parts per 24) pure gold by mass. The millesimal fineness is usually rounded to a three figure number, particularly where used as a hallmark, and the fineness may vary slightly from the traditional versions of purity. Here are the most"
"Carat (mass) The carat (ct) (not to be confused with the karat, sometimes spelled carat, a unit of purity of gold alloys), is a unit of mass equal to 200 mg (0.2 g; 0.007055 oz) and is used for measuring gemstones and pearls. The current definition, sometimes known as the metric carat, was adopted in 1907 at the Fourth General Conference on Weights and Measures, and soon afterwards in many countries around the world. The carat is divisible into one hundred ""points"" of two milligrams each. Other subdivisions, and slightly different mass values, have been used in the past in"
"purity of sample. Karatmeter The Karatmeter is a scientific device bought and named by India-based Titan Company Limited (TATA Group) which uses X-rays to give an exact reading of the purity of gold. Due to its very high precision and fast result, X-ray analysis has been adopted by international agencies in India as part of the certification process used to hallmark gold. It is an accurate, non-destructive means of testing the purity of gold and other related elements. X-Ray method of Gold analysis gives the purity of gold upto 10-12 microns and hence it gives the analysis of coating only."
"to Uranium (92), and provides detection limits at the sub-ppm level. There are many models of Gold Purity Testing machines available - from portable (light weight) to industrial grade machines. Apart from X-ray spectrometer technique, other older traditional methods are using the TouchStone and Acid to test the gold purity. But TouchStone and Acid are destructive testing - a tiny sample of gold is cut and then tested. The sample is rubbed on TouchStone and a drop of acid is put on it and the goldsmith observes the residue using a magnifying lens. Based on experience, gold smith can determine"
"example, a gold ingot identified as being .999 fine will be 999/1000 pure gold, with the other 1/1000 being impurities. Karat weight (K or kt) is a traditional fraction-based system used to denote the fineness of gold, with one karat being equal to 1/24 part of pure gold in an alloy. With the precision of modern assaying techniques, however, the fineness of gold ingots and bullion is more likely to appear as a decimal measurement. In this system, pure gold would be denoted as 1.000 fine. However, since absolutely pure gold is very soft and therefore not suitable for coinage"
"nearly impossible: as the percentage of impurities diminishes, it becomes progressively more difficult to purify the metal further. Historically, coins had a certain amount of weight of alloy, with the purity a local standard. The Krugerrand is the first modern example of measuring in ""pure gold"": it should contain at least 12/11 ounces of at least 11/12 pure gold. Other bullion coins (for example the British Sovereign) show neither the purity nor the fine-gold weight on the coin but are recognized and consistent in their composition. Many coins historically showed a denomination in currency (example: American double eagle: $20). Many"
"copper, by mass. Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver and 7.5%, by mass, of other metals, usually copper. Various ways of expressing fineness have been used and two remain in common use: ""millesimal fineness"" expressed in units of parts per 1,000 and ""karats"" used only for gold. Karats measure the parts per 24, so that 18 karat = = 75% and 24 karat gold is considered 100% gold. Millesimal fineness is a system of denoting the purity of platinum, gold and silver alloys by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in the alloy. For example, an alloy containing 75%"
"mass). Gold nuggets in Australia often are 23K or slightly higher, while Alaskan nuggets are usually at the lower end of the spectrum. Purity can be roughly assessed by the nugget color, the richer and deeper the orange-yellow the higher the gold content. Nuggets are also referred to by their fineness, for example ""865 fine"" means the nugget is 865 parts per thousand in gold by mass. The common impurities are silver and copper. Nuggets high in silver content constitute the alloy electrum. In literature, there are two nuggets that claim their status as the biggest gold nuggets in the"
"or ingots, it is generally accepted worldwide that anything above .999 fine qualifies as 24K. Below is a karat weight to fineness conversion chart. Correlation between karats and fineness The fineness is often converted to a percent, as well. If a gold coin has a fineness of .900, that is 90.0% pure gold. If a gold coin has a fineness of .850, then the gold coin is 85.0% pure. Coins have varied greatly in fineness through history. Notable historical standards that were closely adhered-to include the crown gold (22 karat) used in all English gold coins intended for circulation from"
"g or possibly up to 5 g less. Therefore, the metric equivalent of 1 ""siliqua"" was approximately 189 mg. The Greeks had a similar unit of the same value. Gold fineness in carats comes from carats and grains of gold in a solidus of coin. The conversion rates 1 solidus = 24 carats, 1 carat = 4 grains still stand. Woolhouse's ""Measures, Weights and Moneys of all Nations"" gives gold fineness in carats of 4 grains, and silver in pounds of 12 troy ounces of 20 pennyweight each. Carat (mass) The carat (ct) (not to be confused with the karat,"
"Karatmeter The Karatmeter is a scientific device bought and named by India-based Titan Company Limited (TATA Group) which uses X-rays to give an exact reading of the purity of gold. Due to its very high precision and fast result, X-ray analysis has been adopted by international agencies in India as part of the certification process used to hallmark gold. It is an accurate, non-destructive means of testing the purity of gold and other related elements. X-Ray method of Gold analysis gives the purity of gold upto 10-12 microns and hence it gives the analysis of coating only. Using this technique,"
"the volume of gold in an alloy, divide the volume of gold in cubic centimetres or in millilitres by the total volume of the alloy in cubic centimetres or in millilitres. For 10-carat gold, the gold volume in the alloy represents about 26% of the total volume for standard yellow gold. Talking about purity according to mass could lead to some misunderstandings; for many people, purity means volume. ""Karat"" is a variant of ""carat"". First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word ""carat"" came from Middle French , in turn derived either from Italian or Medieval Latin ."
"the bar. A refiner doing $1 billion of business each year that marked .980 pure bars as .999 fine would make about an extra $20 million in profit. In the United States, the actual purity of gold articles must be no less than .003 less than the marked purity (e.g. .996 fine for gold marked .999 fine), and the actual purity of silver articles must be no less than .004 less than the marked purity. A piece of alloy metal containing a precious metal may also have the weight of its precious component referred to as its fine weight. For"
"Colored gold Pure gold is slightly reddish yellow in color, but colored gold in various other colors can be produced. Colored golds can be classified to three groups: Pure 100% (in practice, 99.9% or better) gold is 24 karat by definition, so all colored golds are less than this, with the common being 18K (75%), 14K (58.5%), 10K (41.6%), and 9K (37.5%). ""White gold"" is an alloy of gold and at least one white metal (usually nickel, manganese, or palladium). Like yellow gold, the purity of white gold is given in karats. White gold's properties vary depending on the metals"
"Nine (purity) Nines are an informal, yet common method of grading the purity of materials. very fine precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver. Based on the system of millesimal fineness, a metal is said to be ""one nine"" or ""one nine fine"" if it is 900 fine, or 90% pure. A metal that is 990 fine is then described as ""two nines fine"" and one that is 999 fine is described as ""three nines fine"". Thus, nines are a logarithmic scale of purity for very fine precious metals. Similarly, percentages ending in a 5 have conventional names, traditionally"
"2006, the United States Mint began producing the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda. , gold is valued at around $42 per gram ($1,300 per troy ounce). Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured by ""karat"" (k), with 24 karat (24k) being pure gold, and"
"to 19. Mithqal Mithqāl () is a unit of mass equal to 4.5 grams which is mostly used for measuring precious metals, such as gold, and other commodities, like saffron. The name was also applied as an alternative term for the gold dinar, a coin that was used throughout much of the Islamic world from the 8th century onward and survived in parts of Africa until the 19th century. The name of Mozambique's currency since 1980, the ""metical"", is derived from ""mithqāl"". The word ""mithqāl"" (; “weight, unit of weight”) comes from the Arabic ""thaqala"" (), meaning “to weigh”. Other"
"and keep them from becoming damaged. A hologram security feature known as a Kinegram can also be inserted into the packaging. Bars that contain these are called Kinebars. Gold is measured in troy ounces, often simply referred to as ounce when the reference to gold is evident. One troy ounce is equivalent to 31.1034768 grams. Commonly encountered in daily life is the avoirdupois ounce, an Imperial weight in countries still using British weights and measures or United States customary units. The avoirdupois ounce is lighter than a troy ounce; one avoirdupois ounce equals 28.349523125 grams. The standard gold bar held"
"commodities markets. The gold Philharmonic has a fineness of 999.9 (often written 0.9999, also known as 24 carat or 99.99% pure). In most countries in Europe, the gold Philharmonic is traded VAT-free while the Silver Philharmonic is partly subject to a reduced VAT rate. The coins are minted according to demand and production varies from year to year accordingly. The design on the coin remains the same each year; only the year of issue changes. From the outset, the obverse of the coin depicts the pipe organ in the Vienna Musikverein's Golden Hall. The reverse of the coin shows instruments"
"increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold future contract. Though the gold stock grows by only 1 or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed. Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices. The gold proportion (fineness) of alloys is measured by karat (k). Pure gold (commercially termed ""fine"" gold) is designated as 24 karat, abbreviated 24k. English gold coins"
"Mithqal Mithqāl () is a unit of mass equal to 4.5 grams which is mostly used for measuring precious metals, such as gold, and other commodities, like saffron. The name was also applied as an alternative term for the gold dinar, a coin that was used throughout much of the Islamic world from the 8th century onward and survived in parts of Africa until the 19th century. The name of Mozambique's currency since 1980, the ""metical"", is derived from ""mithqāl"". The word ""mithqāl"" (; “weight, unit of weight”) comes from the Arabic ""thaqala"" (), meaning “to weigh”. Other variants of"
"gold is then cast into anodes for electrolytic purification to 9999 fine using the Wohlwill process. In May 2007, the Mint produced the world's first and only 99.999% pure gold Maple Leaf Bullion (GML) coins. Offered in limited-edition one–troy ounce gold bullion coins, three series of these special GML coins were produced (2007, 2008, 2009) in addition to the 99.99% pure GML coin, which is produced on demand. A 100 kg version of the 99.999% pure GML coin was produced as a promotional tool and was later sold as a product when interested buyers came forward. The Mint's core mandate"
"at ""nine-tenths fine"" (90% purity), equivalent to 23.22 grains (1.5046 grams) of pure gold. The Gold Standard Act confirmed the United States' commitment to the gold standard by assigning gold a specific dollar value (just over $20.67 per Troy ounce). This took place after McKinley sent a team to Europe to try to make a silver agreement with France and Great Britain. On April 19, 1933, the United States domestically abandoned the gold standard, whereafter independent states would remain assured of their US dollar holdings by an implied guarantee on their convertibility on demand: the Bretton Woods system formalized this"
"metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold: while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as ""0.940 fine"". As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures. Other than in currency and as an investment medium (coins and bullion), silver is used in solar panels, water filtration, jewellery, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils (hence the term silverware), in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window"
"precious metals. Bullion Bullion is gold, silver, or other precious metals in the form of bars or ingots. Typically, bullion is used for trade on a market. The word ""bullion"" comes from the old French word ""bouillon"", which meant ""boiling"", and was the term for the activity of a melting house. The value of bullion is typically determined by the value of its precious metals content, which is defined by its purity and mass. To assess the purity of gold bullion, the centuries-old technique of fire assay is still employed, together with modern spectroscopic instrumentation, to accurately determine its quality"
"and traded internationally by central banks and bullion dealers is the ""Good Delivery"" bar with a 400 oz (troy-ounce) (12.4 kg or 438.9 ounces) nominal weight. However, its precise gold content is permitted to vary between 350 oz and 430 oz. The minimum purity required is 99.5% gold. These bars must be stored in recognized and secure gold bullion vaults to maintain their quality status of Good Delivery. The recorded provenance of this bar assures integrity and maximum resale value. Tola is a traditional Indian measure for the weight of gold and prevalent to this day. Many international gold manufacturers"
"will not cause it to go away. Though the condition is often not life-threatening and the condition is considered cosmetic, silver is slightly toxic to humans and makes the choice of silver for any piercing less than ideal. Purity is indicated on jewelry with a stamp noting silver in parts per thousand. For example, sterling silver is stamped 925, indicating 92.5% silver, and 7.5% other metals, usually copper. Gold is a noble metal. It is a beautiful metal for use in jewelry and has an old tradition. When using gold for piercings, a lower purity than 14 or 18 carat"
"of confusion is that gold is often priced on the open market in the more traditional troy ounce (one troy ounce is exactly 31.1034768 grams, which is larger than the avoirdupois ounce generally in use in the United States and has a mass of 28.35 grams). Kilogram gold prices are commonly used by the Zurich Gold Pool where 1,000 kilograms = one metric tonne. Gold gram A gold gram is the amount of value represented by exactly one gram of gold. It is a unit of account frequently used for digital gold currencies. It is sometimes denoted by the symbol"
"different locations. In terms of diamonds, a paragon is a flawless stone of at least 100 carats (20 g). The ANSI X.12 EDI standard abbreviation for the carat is CD. First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word ""carat"" comes from Italian ""carato"", which comes from Arabic ""qīrāṭ"" قيراط, in turn borrowed from Greek ""kerátion"" κεράτιον 'carob seed', a diminutive of ""keras"" 'horn'. It was a unit of weight, though unlikely to have been used to measure gold in classical times. Carob seeds have been used throughout history to measure jewelry, because it was believed that there was"
"the last two decades, a number of for-profit gemological grading laboratories have also been established, many of them also based in Antwerp or New York. These entities serve to provide similar services as the non-profit associations above, but in a less expensive and more timely fashion. They produce certificates that are similar to those of the GIA. The ""carat weight"" measures the mass of a diamond. One carat is defined as 200 milligrams (about 0.007 ounces avoirdupois). The ""point"" unit—equal to one one-hundredth of a carat (0.01 carat, or 2 mg)—is commonly used for diamonds of less than one carat."
"example, 1 troy ounce of 18 karat gold (which is 75% gold) may be said to have a fine weight of 0.75 troy ounces. Fineness of silver in Britain was traditionally expressed as the mass of silver expressed in troy ounces and pennyweights ( troy ounce), in one troy pound (12 troy ounces) of the resulting alloy. Britannia silver has a fineness of 11 troy ounces, 10 pennyweights, or about 95.833% silver, whereas sterling silver has a fineness of 11 troy ounces, 2 pennyweights, or exactly 92.5% silver. Fineness The fineness of a precious metal object (coin, bar, jewelry, etc.)"
"""precious"" metal can also be determined by high demand or market value. Precious metals in bulk form are known as bullion and are traded on commodity markets. Bullion metals may be cast into ingots or minted into coins. The defining attribute of bullion is that it is valued by its mass and purity rather than by a face value as money. The level of purity varies from issue to issue. ""Three nines"" (99.9%) purity is common. The purest mass-produced bullion coins are in the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf series, which go up to 99.999% purity. A 100% pure bullion is"