"Newfoundland are margins of the Laurasian continent—only separated by inland seas flooding its margins. Plate tectonics offers yet another way of defining continents. Today, Europe and most of Asia constitute the unified Eurasian Plate, which is approximately coincident with the geographic Eurasian continent excluding India, Arabia, and far eastern Russia. India contains a central shield, and the geologically recent Himalaya mobile belt forms its northern margin. North America and South America are separate continents, the connecting isthmus being largely the result of volcanism from relatively recent subduction tectonics. North American continental rocks extend to Greenland (a portion of the Canadian"
"Bosnian, Cornish (Standard Written Form), Estonian, Icelandic, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Scottish Gaelic, Slovenian, Turkish, or Welsh alphabets. The capital letter Q is used as the currency sign for the Guatemalan quetzal. The Roman numeral Q is sometimes used to represent the number 500,000. The capital letter Q is used to designate a fictional character in the James Bond films and film novelizations, and another in the ""Star Trek"" franchise. Q Q (named ""cue"" ) is the 17th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In nearly all languages using the Latin script it"
"Q with stroke Q with stroke (Ꝗ, ꝗ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from writing the letter Q with the addition of a bar through the letter's descender. The letter was used by scribes during the Middle Ages, where it was employed primarily as an abbreviationa modern parallel of this would be abbreviating the word ""and"" with an ampersand (&). The letter was also used to write some modern languages. Between 1928 and 1938 it was used in the Lezgin language, but that language now uses a Cyrillic alphabet without the letter. The Dargin language was also"
"Q Q (named ""cue"" ) is the 17th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In nearly all languages using the Latin script it is a consonant, not a vowel. The Semitic sound value of Qôp was (voiceless uvular stop), and the form of the letter could have been based on the eye of a needle, a knot, or even a monkey with its tail hanging down. is a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in many European languages. Some have even suggested that the form of the letter Q is even more"
"other letters of interest to scholars of medieval manuscripts, was added to the Unicode Standard in 2006 after a request by Michael Everson. It resides in the Latin Extended-D block of the Basic Multilingual Plane. Q with stroke Q with stroke (Ꝗ, ꝗ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from writing the letter Q with the addition of a bar through the letter's descender. The letter was used by scribes during the Middle Ages, where it was employed primarily as an abbreviationa modern parallel of this would be abbreviating the word ""and"" with an ampersand (&). The letter"
"suggested that the glyph derives from the Latin ""quaestiō"" meaning ""question"", which was abbreviated during the Middle Ages to ""qo"". The lowercase ""q"" was written above the lowercase ""o"", and this mark was transformed into the modern symbol. However, evidence of the actual use of the Q-over-o notation in medieval manuscripts is lacking; if anything, medieval forms of the upper component seem to be evolving towards the q-shape rather than away from it. According to a 2011 discovery by Chip Coakley, a Cambridge University manuscript expert, Syriac was the first language to use a punctuation mark to indicate an interrogative"
"Q with hook tail Q with hook tail (uppercase: Ɋ, lowercase: ɋ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet, based on the letter Q. It was introduced by Lutheran missionaries in Papua New Guinea for use in the Numanggang language in the 1930s or 1940s. In 2002, it was decided to discontinue using Q with hook tail. It is still used in the Kâte language to represent a voiced labial-velar plosive. In some forms of handwriting for English (and presumably other languages based on the Latin alphabet), lowercase q ""always"" has a hook tail. This is particularly evident in"
"geometric sans-serif typefaces used to teach children how to write. Q with hook tail Q with hook tail (uppercase: Ɋ, lowercase: ɋ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet, based on the letter Q. It was introduced by Lutheran missionaries in Papua New Guinea for use in the Numanggang language in the 1930s or 1940s. In 2002, it was decided to discontinue using Q with hook tail. It is still used in the Kâte language to represent a voiced labial-velar plosive. In some forms of handwriting for English (and presumably other languages based on the Latin alphabet), lowercase q"
"and ""thank-yous"", the latter of which contains a sound similar to the pronunciation of the name of the letter ""Q"". Another proposed origin is from the English pubs and taverns of the 17th century. Bartenders would keep a watch on the alcohol consumption of the patrons; keeping an eye on the pints and quarts that were consumed. As a reminder to the patrons, the bartender would recommend they ""mind their Ps and Qs"". This may also have been a reminder to bartenders not to confuse the two units, written as ""p"" and ""q"" on the tally slate. Other origin stories,"
"and was therefore closer in shape to Greek Ν than Μ when it was remodeled as 𐊪. Indeed, many of the regional variants of Carian letters parallel Greek variants: 𐊥 𐅝 are common graphic variants of digamma, 𐊨 ʘ of theta, 𐊬 Λ of both gamma and lambda, 𐌓 𐊯 𐌃 of rho, 𐊵 𐊜 of phi, 𐊴 𐊛 of chi, 𐊲 V of upsilon, and 𐋏 𐊺 parallel Η 𐌇 eta. This could also explain why one of the rarest letters, 𐊱, has the form of one of the most common Greek letters. However, no such proto-Carian cursive script"
"q — In block letters, some Europeans like to cross the descender to prevent confusion with the numeral ""9"", which also can be written with a straight stem. In North America the descender often ends with a hook curving up to the right. () In Polish, the lowercase q is disambiguated from g by a serif extending from the bottom tip of the descender to the right. The lowercase letter s — See long s. The lowercase letter t — In block letters, t is often written with straight mark without the hook bottom. In modern cursive, the descender often"
"a q in other writing traditions. The letter q, which is only used in foreign words and is extremely rare, is then disambiguated from g by adding a serif (often undulated) extending to the right from the bottom tip of the descender. The lowercase letter p — The French way of writing this character has a half-way ascender as the vertical extension of the descender, which also does not complete the bowl at the bottom. In early Finnish writing, the curve to the bottom was omitted, thus the resulting letter resembled a 'n' with a descender ('ɲ'). The lowercase letter"
"or the back of a head and neck (""qāf"" in Arabic meant ""nape""). According to an older suggestion, it may also have been a picture of a monkey and its tail (the Hebrew means ""monkey""). Besides Aramaic ""Qop"", which gave rise to the letter in the Semitic abjads used in classical antiquity, Phoenician ""qōp"" is also the origin of the Latin letter Q and Greek Ϙ (""qoppa"") and Φ (""phi""). The Arabic letter is named """". It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word: It is usually transliterated into Latin script as ""q"", though some"
"Luxembourg, while some of the private sector prefer the Belgian layout . Other places use either or the US layout. Liechtenstein, which mostly speaks Swiss German and the Liechtenstein German dialect, also use the Swiss German layout without an ß character. QWERTZ The QWERTZ or QWERTZU keyboard is a typewriter and keyboard layout widely used in Central Europe. The name comes from the first six letters at the top left of the keyboard: ( ). The main difference between QWERTZ and QWERTY is that the positions of the and keys are switched (hence the nickname ""kezboard""). This change was made"
"""yellow jack"" but this was also a name for yellow fever, which probably derives its common name from the flag, not the color of the victims (cholera ships also used a yellow flag). The plain yellow flag (""Quebec"" or Q in international maritime signal flags) probably derives its letter symbol for its initial use in ""quarantine"", but this flag in modern times indicates the opposite—a ship that declares itself free of quarantinable disease, and requests boarding and routine port inspection. Australia has perhaps the world's strictest quarantine standards. Quarantine in northern Australia is important because of its proximity to South-east"
"use for stems from the linguistic tradition of representing such sounds (and similar ones) by ""q"" in Turkic languages and in transcriptions of Arabic or Persian (compare kaf and qaf). In alphabetical order, it comes between G and H. In Unicode, the majuscule Ƣ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at U+01A2 and the minuscule ƣ is encoded at U+01A3. The assigned names, ""LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI"" and ""LATIN SMALL LETTER OI"" respectively, are acknowledged by the Unicode Consortium to be mistakes, as gha is unrelated to the letters O and I. The Unicode Consortium therefore has provided the"
"written with ꝗ before 1938. When used to write the Latin language, ꝗ could be used alone or as part of a word. Alone, it stood for """"; as part of a word, it stood for either ""quan-"" (as in ""ꝗdo"" for """") or ""qui-"" (as in ""ꝗlꝫ"" for """"). In the French language, ꝗ was used as an abbreviation for the word ""que""; in Irish, it abbreviated ""ar"". Closely related is the letter Q with diagonal stroke (Ꝙ, ꝙ), which stood alone to abbreviate """", """" and """" in Latin. In Portuguese, ꝙ also abbreviated """". Ꝗ, along with"
"H with stroke Ħ (minuscule: ħ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from H with the addition of a bar. It is used in Maltese and in Tunisian Arabic transliteration (based on Maltese with additional letters) for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative consonant (corresponding to the letter ""heth"" of Semitic abjads). Lowercase is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the same sound. In quantum mechanics, an italic ℏ (U+210F) with a line, represents the reduced Planck constant. In this context, it is pronounced ""h-bar"". The lowercase resembles the Cyrillic letter Tshe (ћ), or the astronomical symbol of Saturn"
"Ê Ê, ê (e-circumflex) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, found in Afrikaans, Dutch, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Welsh. It is used to transliterate Ukrainian and Chinese. Ê is considered not a separate letter in Afrikaans but a variation of ""e"". The circumflex forces the pronunciation of ""e"" to be , but ""e"", without the circumflex, is pronounced as , or , depending on its placement in the Aerd. In the Pinyin romanization of Standard Mandarin Chinese, ""ê"" represents . It corresponds to Zhuyin ㄝ. The circumflex occurs only if ""ê"" is the only letter"
"major style difference typically seen between the descenders of the ""g"" (a loop) and ""q"" (vertical). When handwritten, or as part of a handwriting font, the descender of the ""q"" sometimes finishes with a rightward swash to distinguish it from the letter ""g"". The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the voiceless uvular stop. In English, the digraph most often denotes the cluster ; however, in borrowings from French, it represents , as in 'plaque'. See the list of English words containing Q not followed by U. is the 25th letter in relative frequency in the English language, with a frequency"
"Also, international direct dialling was being introduced and as other countries (such as the USA) had different assignments of letters to digits the opportunity for confusion existed. An earlier modification to get round this problem for European dialling was the addition of the letter Q to the digit 0, which previously represented only the letter O. This was because some French exchanges had alphabetic codes including Q, but in the event France moved to all-digit codes before direct dialling from the UK was introduced. The use of alphabetic exchange (area) codes was abandoned in the UK in 1966 in favour"
"commonly throughout continental Europe, parts of the United States and frequently in Australia. In Taiwan two horizontal bars are sometimes used, although an extra-long serif is the feature which most clearly distinguishes ""7"" from ""1"". When the cross is added in the center it can cause confusion with a script capital ""F"". The numeral 9 — In parts of Europe, this numeral is written with the vertical ending in a hook at the bottom. This version resembles how the lowercase letter codice_1 is commonly written. () Elsewhere the usual shape is to draw the vertical straight to the baseline. A"
"mean ""safety"" or ""pay attention"". It is still used in this sense in international telecommunications. The letters CQ, when pronounced in French, resemble the first two syllables of ', and were therefore used as shorthand for the word. It sounds also like the French ""c'est qui?"" which in English means ""who's there?"". In English-speaking countries, the origin of the abbreviation was popularly changed to the phrase ""seek you"" or, later, when used in the CQD distress call, ""Calling all distress"". CQ was adopted by the Marconi Company in 1904 for use in wireless (spark) telegraphy, and was adopted internationally at"
"(♄). A white uppercase Ħ on a red square is the logo of Heritage Malta. As a part of WGL-4, Ħ should be displayable on most computers. H with stroke Ħ (minuscule: ħ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from H with the addition of a bar. It is used in Maltese and in Tunisian Arabic transliteration (based on Maltese with additional letters) for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative consonant (corresponding to the letter ""heth"" of Semitic abjads). Lowercase is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the same sound. In quantum mechanics, an italic ℏ (U+210F) with a"
"appeared around the same time as the Latin one, in the 8th century. It was adopted by Church Slavonic and eventually settled on a form essentially similar to the Latin semicolon. In Unicode, it is separately encoded as , but the similarity is so great that the code point canonically decomposes as equivalent to , making the marks identical in practice. In Arabic and other languages that use Arabic script such as Persian and Urdu, which are written from right to left, the question mark ؟ is mirrored right-to-left from the English question mark. In Unicode, two encodings are available:"
"the letters C, K and Q were all used to represent the two sounds and , which were not differentiated in writing. Of these, Q was used before a rounded vowel (e.g. 'ego'), K before /a/, and C elsewhere. Later, the use of C (and its variant G) replaced most usages of K and Q: Q survived only to represent /k/ when immediately followed by a /w/ sound. Depending on the typeface used to typeset the letter Q, the letter's tail may either bisect its bowl as in Helvetica, meet the bowl as in Univers, or lie completely outside the"
"look similar as well: 𐎅 h resembles its assumed Greek cognate E, while 𐎆 w, 𐎔 p, and 𐎘 θ are similar to Greek Y, Π, and Σ turned on their sides. Jared Diamond believes the alphabet was consciously designed, citing as evidence the possibility that the letters with the fewest strokes may have been the most frequent. Lists of Ugaritic letters (abecedaria, singular abecedarium) have been found in two alphabetic orders: the ""Northern Semitic order"" more similar to the one found in Arabic (earlier order), Hebrew and Phoenician, and more distantly, the Greek and Latin alphabets; and the ""Southern"
"(^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. Note that while the diagram on the right depicts the Q key as if having upper-case and lower-case Greek Omega, that is not in conformance to the Canadian Multilingual Standard, which calls for a single extra character, an Omega-like Ohm symbol, not Omega. The lower-case Omega symbol does not belong in the diagram. This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards targeting French speakers. Unlike the French layout used in France"
"Other ascender letters with carons, such as letters ""ȟ"" (used in Finnish Romani and Lakota) and ""ǩ"" (used in Skolt Sami), did not modify their carons to superscript commas. In 16th-century Guatemala, the archaic letter cuatrillo with a comma (Ꜯ, ꜯ) was used to write Mayan languages. Comma The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe ( ' ) or single closing quotation mark in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text. Some typefaces render it as"
"typeface that bears his name, remarked that most of his typefaces feature a Q tail that meets the bowl and then extends horizontally. Frutiger considered such Qs to make for more ""harmonious"" and ""gentle"" typefaces. Some typographers, such as Sophie Elinor Brown, have listed ""Q"" as being among their favorite letters. The lowercase ""q"" is usually seen as a lowercase ""o"" with a descender (i.e., downward vertical tail) extending from the right side of the bowl, with or without a swash (i.e., flourish), even a reversed lowercase p. The ""q""'s descender is usually typed without a swash due to the"
"the ""hard"" sound . It represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate in the following languages: It previously represented a voiceless palatal click in Juǀʼhoansi and Naro, though the former has replaced it with and the latter with . The similarly-shaped letter the (Ҫ ҫ) is used in the Cyrillic alphabets of Bashkir and Chuvash to represent and respectively. On Albanian, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish and Italian keyboards, is directly available as a separate key; however, on most other keyboards, including the US/British keyboard, a combination of keys must be used: Ç Ç or ç (c-cedilla) is a Latin script letter, used"
"this individual letter is consistent with the phoneme's presence in Greek (τζ), and Albanian (x), both non-Slavic neighbours to the Macedonian language. In the early 21st century, the same letter also appeared in Vojislav Nikčević's proposal for the new alphabet for the modern Montenegrin language. The most common early letterform () resembles the Latin letter S (S s), but it is also seen reversed () like the Latin letter Reversed S (Ƨ ƨ), or with a tail and a tick (). Abkhaz has Abkhazian Dze, with an identical function and name but a different shape. The letter is descended from"
"States and Canada for Direct Distance Dialing (DDD), and began to convert all central offices to this format. This process was complete by the early 1960s. In the UK, letters were assigned to numbers in a similar fashion to North America, except that the letter O was allocated to the digit 0 (zero); digit 6 had only M and N. The letter Q was later added to the zero position on British dials, in anticipation of direct international dialing to Paris, which commenced in 1963. This was necessary because French dials already had Q on the zero position, and there"