"All politics is local The phrase, ""all politics is local"" is a common phrase in U.S. politics. The former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Tip O'Neill is most closely associated with this phrase. Andrew Gelman argues that the ""local"" refers to ""need[ing] local skills to win the primary election that gets them into their safe seat, and they need backroom political skills in the state legislature to keep their safe seats every 10 years."" Gelman also argues, citing data for elections since 1968, that politics is ""less local than it used to be"". Chris Matthews, former chief"
"and is the root of the word psephology, the study of elections. Carr began accumulating Australian election statistics in the mid-1980s, with the intention of publishing a complete print edition of Australian national elections statistics dating back to 1901. With the advent of the World Wide Web, Carr abandoned this idea and began to place election statistics at his personal website. In 2001 he founded Psephos, and began to include statistics from other countries. He has also included historical statistics, such as figures for all U.S. presidential elections and for British House of Commons elections since 1900. In 2015 Carr"
"Political sociology Political sociology is concerned with the sociological analysis of political phenomena ranging from the State, to civil society, to the family, investigating topics such as citizenship, social movements, and the sources of social power. The lineage of this discipline is typically traced from such thinkers as Montesquieu, Smith and Ferguson through the ""founding fathers"" of sociology – Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber – to such contemporary theorists as Gellner, Giddens, Habermas and Mann. Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been ""Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote?"" or even ""What"
"vast majority of the population. While some in the normal population are more susceptible to pathocratic influence, and become its lackeys, the majority instinctively resist. Political ponerology The political ponerology is an interdisciplinary study of social issues primarily associated with Polish psychiatrist Andrzej Łobaczewski. As a discipline it makes use of data from psychology, sociology, philosophy, and history to account for such phenomena as aggressive war, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and despotism. During World War II, Łobaczewski worked for the Polish Home Army, an underground Polish resistance organization. After the war, he studied at Jagiellonian University under professor of psychiatry Edward"
"Political ponerology The political ponerology is an interdisciplinary study of social issues primarily associated with Polish psychiatrist Andrzej Łobaczewski. As a discipline it makes use of data from psychology, sociology, philosophy, and history to account for such phenomena as aggressive war, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and despotism. During World War II, Łobaczewski worked for the Polish Home Army, an underground Polish resistance organization. After the war, he studied at Jagiellonian University under professor of psychiatry Edward Brzezicki. Łobaczewski's class was the last to receive an education uninfluenced by Soviet ideology and censorship, after which psychiatry was restricted to Pavlovian concepts. The"
"by portrayed as illegitimate. Political sociology Political sociology is concerned with the sociological analysis of political phenomena ranging from the State, to civil society, to the family, investigating topics such as citizenship, social movements, and the sources of social power. The lineage of this discipline is typically traced from such thinkers as Montesquieu, Smith and Ferguson through the ""founding fathers"" of sociology – Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber – to such contemporary theorists as Gellner, Giddens, Habermas and Mann. Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been ""Why do so few American or European citizens choose to"
"Psychosociology Psychosociology or psycho-sociology is the study of problems common to psychology and sociology, particularly the way individual behavior is influenced by the groups the person belongs to. For example, in the study of criminals, ""psychology"" studies the personality of the criminal shaped by the criminal's upbringing. ""Sociology"" studies the behavior of the entire group itself: the methods the criminal group uses to recruits members and the way the group changes over time. ""Psychosociology"" studies the criminal's behavior, which is created by the group they belong to, such as the young people living in the same neighborhood block. There are"
"L. Parlow (2009) Biol Res Nurs 11, 129-143 Psychophysiology Psychophysiology (from Greek , ""psȳkhē"", ""breath, life, soul""; , ""physis"", ""nature, origin""; and , ""-logia"") is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. While psychophysiology was a general broad field of research in the 1960s and 1970s, it has now become quite specialized, and has branched into subspecializations such as social psychophysiology, cardiovascular psychophysiology, cognitive psychophysiology, and cognitive neuroscience. Some people have difficulty distinguishing a psychophysiologist from a physiological psychologist, two very different perspectives. Psychologists are interested in why we may fear spiders and"
"decree of VKP(b) Central Committee ""On Pedological Perversions in the Narkompros System"" on July 4, 1936 . Paedology Pedology (paidology, paedology) is the study of children's behavior and development (as distinct from pedagogy, the art or science of teaching, and pediatrics, the field of medicine relating to children). The origins of this trend in psychology and pedagogy go back to the end of the 18th century with the separation of a branch of psychology that would form the basis of pedagogy, a pedagogic psychology or ""experimental pedagogic psychology"", ""experimental pedagogy"", ""experimental education"". G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) fostered pedology as a"
"Penology Penology (from ""penal"", Latin ""poena"", ""punishment"" and the Greek suffix ""-logia"", ""study of"") is a sub-component of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences. The Oxford English Dictionary defines penology as ""the study of the punishment of crime and prison management,"" and in this sense it is equivalent with corrections. Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, via the repression or inhibition"
"Psychiatric epidemiology Psychiatric epidemiology is a field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness. It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology. It has roots in sociological studies of the early 20th century. However, while sociological exposures are still widely studied in psychiatric epidemiology, the field has since expanded to the study of a wide area of environmental risk factors, such as major life events, as well as genetic exposures. Increasingly neuroscientific techniques like MRI are used to explore the mechanisms behind how exposures to risk factors"
"Psychophysiology Psychophysiology (from Greek , ""psȳkhē"", ""breath, life, soul""; , ""physis"", ""nature, origin""; and , ""-logia"") is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. While psychophysiology was a general broad field of research in the 1960s and 1970s, it has now become quite specialized, and has branched into subspecializations such as social psychophysiology, cardiovascular psychophysiology, cognitive psychophysiology, and cognitive neuroscience. Some people have difficulty distinguishing a psychophysiologist from a physiological psychologist, two very different perspectives. Psychologists are interested in why we may fear spiders and physiologists may be interested in the input/output system"
"with international politics. The study of personality in political psychology focuses on the effects of leadership personality on decision-making, and the consequences of mass personality on leadership boundaries. Key personality approaches utilized in political psychology are psychoanalytic theories, trait-based theories and motive-based theories. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) made significant contributions to the study of personality in political psychology through his theories on the unconscious motives of behavior. Freud suggested that a leader's behavior and decision making skill were largely determined by the interaction in their personality of the id, ego and superego, and their control of the pleasure principle and reality"
"ways that people think while at the same time, society can be influenced by the externalized psychological thinking of the individuals within the society itself. Due to this, one could see how psychology is instrumental in helping the sociologist to view the wide spread effects of social facts within an individuals behavior. Psychosociology Psychosociology or psycho-sociology is the study of problems common to psychology and sociology, particularly the way individual behavior is influenced by the groups the person belongs to. For example, in the study of criminals, ""psychology"" studies the personality of the criminal shaped by the criminal's upbringing. ""Sociology"""
"Psychohistory Psychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events. It attempts to combine the insights of psychoanalysis with the research methodology of the social sciences to understand the emotional origin of the social and political behavior of groups and nations, past and present. Its subject matter is childhood and the family, and psychological studies of anthropology and ethnology. Psychohistory derives many of its concepts from areas that are perceived to be ignored by conventional historians and anthropologists as shaping factors of human history, in particular, the effects of parenting practice and child abuse. According to conventional historians"
"Psychobiography Psychobiography aims to understand historically significant individuals, such as artists or political leaders, through the application of psychological theory and research. Through its merging of personality psychology and historical evidence, psychobiography may be considered a historical form of therapeutic case study: it represents a growing field in the realm of biography. Psychopathography is sometimes used as a term to indicate that the person being analyzed was not mentally healthy, ""path"" coming from ""pathos"" (πάθος)—Ancient Greek for suffering or illness. Psychobiography is a field within the realms of psychology and biography that analyzes the lives of historically significant individuals through"
"Political psychology Political psychology is an interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to understanding politics, politicians and political behavior from a psychological perspective. The relationship between politics and psychology is considered bi-directional, with psychology being used as a lens for understanding politics and politics being used as a lens for understanding psychology. As an interdisciplinary field, political psychology borrows from a wide range of other disciplines, including: anthropology, sociology, international relations, economics, philosophy, media, journalism and history. Political psychology aims to understand interdependent relationships between individuals and contexts that are influenced by beliefs, motivation, perception, cognition, information processing, learning strategies, socialization and"
"difference does it make if women get elected?"", political sociologists also now ask: ""How is the body a site of power?"", ""How are emotions relevant to global poverty?"", or ""What difference does knowledge make to democracy?"" Traditionally there were four main areas of research: In other words, political sociology was traditionally concerned with how social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes, as well as exploring how various social forces work together to change political policies. From this perspective, we can identify three major theoretical frameworks: pluralism, elite or managerial theory, and class analysis (which overlaps with"
"Psychologism Psychologism is a philosophical position, according to which psychology plays a central role in grounding or explaining some other, non-psychological type of fact or law. The ""Oxford English Dictionary"" defines ""psychologism"" as: ""The view or doctrine that a theory of psychology or ideas forms the basis of an account of metaphysics, epistemology, or meaning; (sometimes) spec. the explanation or derivation of mathematical or logical laws in terms of psychological facts."" Psychologism in epistemology, the idea that its problems ""can be solved satisfactorily by the psychological study of the development of mental processes"", was argued in John Locke's ""An Essay"
"Psychology, philosophy and physiology Psychology, philosophy and physiology (PPP) was a degree at the University of Oxford. It was Oxford's first psychology degree, beginning in 1947, but admitted its last students in October 2010. It has been, in part, replaced by philosophy, psychology and linguistics (PPL, in which students usually study two of three subjects). PPP covered the study of thought and behaviour from the differing points of view of psychology, physiology and philosophy. Psychology includes social interaction, learning, child development, mental illness and information processing. Physiology considers the organization of the brain and body of mammals and humans, from"
"Epsychology Epsychology is a form of psychological intervention delivered via information and communication technology. epsychology interventions have most commonly been applied in areas of health; examples are depression, adherence to medication, and smoking cessation. Future applications of epsychology interventions are likely to become increasingly more common in information, organization, and management sciences (e.g. organizational change, conflict management and negotiation skills). Recently, several meta-analyses have documented the effects of epsychology interventions. In general, it appears that intensive theory-based interventions that include multiple behaviour change techniques and modes of delivery (e.g. mobile phones and the Internet) are the most effective. More specifically,"
"Metapsychology Metapsychology (Greek: ""meta"" 'beyond, transcending', and ""ψυχολογία"" 'psychology') is that aspect of any psychological theory which refers to the structure of the theory itself (hence the prefix ""meta"") rather than to the entity it describes. The psychology is about the psyche; the metapsychology is about the psychology. The term is used mostly in discourse about psychoanalysis, the psychology developed by Sigmund Freud, which today is regarded as a branch of science (with roots in the work of Freud's scientific mentors and predecessors, especially Helmholtz, Brucke, Charcot, and Janet) and/or a hermeneutics of understanding (with roots in Freud's literary sources,"
"Sexology Sexology is the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, behaviors and functions. The term ""sexology"" does not generally refer to the non-scientific study of sexuality, such as political science or social criticism. Sexologists apply tools from several academic fields, such as biology, medicine, psychology, epidemiology, sociology, and criminology. Topics of study include sexual development (puberty), sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual relationships, sexual activities, paraphilias, atypical sexual interests. It also includes the study of sexuality across the lifespan, including child sexuality, puberty, adolescent sexuality, and sexuality among the elderly. Sexology also spans sexuality among the mentally and/or"
"Psephos Psephos: Adam Carr's Electoral Archive is an online archive of election statistics, and claims to be the world's largest online resource of such information. Psephos is maintained by Dr Adam Carr, of Melbourne, Australia, a historian and former aide to Australian MP Michael Danby and Senator David Feeney. It includes detailed statistics for presidential and legislative elections from 182 countries, with at least some statistics for every country that has what Carr considers to be genuine national elections. ""Psephos"" is a Greek word meaning ""pebble"", a reference to the Ancient Greek method of voting by dropping pebbles into urns,"
"Political science Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources. Political scientists ""see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works."" Political science -- occasionally called politicology -- comprises numerous subfields, including comparative politics, political economy, international relations, political theory,"
"Psychopathology Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to understand their genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes; develop classification schemes (nosology) which can improve treatment planning and treatment outcomes; understand the course of psychiatric illnesses across all stages of development; more fully understand the manifestations of mental disorders; and investigate potentially effective treatments. At least conceptually, psychopathology is a subset of pathology, which is the ""... scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences."" Early explanations for mental illnesses were influenced by religious belief and superstition. Psychological conditions that are now"
"Psychology Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought. It is an academic discipline of immense scope and diverse interests that, when taken together, seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, and all the variety of epiphenomena they manifest. As a social science it aims to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases. In this field, a professional or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of"
"Paedology Pedology (paidology, paedology) is the study of children's behavior and development (as distinct from pedagogy, the art or science of teaching, and pediatrics, the field of medicine relating to children). The origins of this trend in psychology and pedagogy go back to the end of the 18th century with the separation of a branch of psychology that would form the basis of pedagogy, a pedagogic psychology or ""experimental pedagogic psychology"", ""experimental pedagogy"", ""experimental education"". G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) fostered pedology as a separate study, and also became instrumental in the development of modern educational psychology. An American researcher, Oscar"
"R. B. McCallum Ronald Buchanan McCallum (28 August 1898, Paisley, Renfrewshire – 18 May 1973, Letcombe Regis, Berkshire) was a British historian. He was a fellow (and later Master) of Pembroke College, Oxford, where he taught modern history and politics and was a member of J. R. R. Tolkien's ""Inklings"". McCallum was also the creator of the term ""psephology"" (statistical analysis of elections). The fourth and youngest son of Andrew Fisher McCallum, a master dyer, and his wife, Catherine Buchanan Gibson, he was educated at Paisley Grammar School and Trinity College, Glenalmond. During the First World War, he served for"
"subfields of political science include political economy, political theory and philosophy, civics and comparative politics, theory of direct democracy, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, international relations, foreign policy, international law, politics, public administration, administrative behaviour, public law, judicial behaviour, and public policy. Political science also studies power in international relations and the theory of great powers and superpowers. Political science is methodologically diverse, although recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the use of the scientific method, that is, the proliferation of formal-deductive model building and quantitative hypothesis testing. Approaches to the discipline"
"the molecular level to the organism as a whole. Philosophy is concerned with ethics, knowledge, the mind, etc. Psychology, philosophy and physiology Psychology, philosophy and physiology (PPP) was a degree at the University of Oxford. It was Oxford's first psychology degree, beginning in 1947, but admitted its last students in October 2010. It has been, in part, replaced by philosophy, psychology and linguistics (PPL, in which students usually study two of three subjects). PPP covered the study of thought and behaviour from the differing points of view of psychology, physiology and philosophy. Psychology includes social interaction, learning, child development, mental"
"Political philosophy Political philosophy, also known as political theory, is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if they are needed and why, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever. In a vernacular sense, the term ""political philosophy"" often refers to a general view, or specific ethic,"
"Sophrology Sophrology, a popular self-help method in continental Europe, uniquely combines Western science and Eastern wisdom to help you manage stress, sleep better and discover mindful living."" Sophrology is a self-development method and practice using body and mind allowing each individual to create more balance and harmony in themselves and the world around them. The word Sophrology come from Ancient Greek σῶς / SOS (""harmony""), φρήν / PHREN (""mind""), and -λογία / -LOGOS (""study/science""), is the study of the consciousness in harmony. This method was developed by Professor Alfonso Caycedo, a Colombian neuro-psychiatrist, in the 1960s to support his patient"