"The first seven chapters can be played in any order, and the final two chapters open up after they are completed. In prehistoric times, a tribe of cavemen prepares to sacrifice a woman named Bel (べる ""Beru"") to their deity, a living Tyrannosaurus rex named O-D-O (おーでぃーおー ""Ōdīō""). She escapes to the south and hides in a cave belonging to another tribe, stealing their food to survive. She is discovered by a young caveman named Pogo, who falls in love with her and decides to help her hide from the rest of the tribe. The northern tribe attacks to retrieve"
"Cave dweller A cave dweller, or troglodyte (not to be confused with troglobite), is a human being who inhabits a cave or the area beneath the overhanging rocks of a cliff. Some prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not. (""See"" Homo and Human evolution.) Such early cave dwellers, and other prehistoric peoples, are also called ""cave men"" (the term also has other meanings). Despite the name, only a small portion of humanity has ever dwelt in caves: caves are rare across most of the world; most caves are dark, cold, and damp; other cave inhabitants, such as bears"
"changes in the Pleistocene epoch, certain creatures wandered into the caves for a more stable environment and over time evolved into the invertebrates they are today. Troglobites prefer to inhabit the dark zone of the cave where the humidity and temperature are relatively constant. High temperatures nearly 100% humidity is required for most troglobites. There are some 7,700 species of troglobites, but this is probably only a small portion of the population because most of them have not been discovered. Even though they spend their entire life under ground in total darkness they depend very much on the world above."
"Troglofauna Troglofauna are small cave-dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna are associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include spiders, insects, myriapods and others. Some troglofauna live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell. Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most troglofauna. Troglofauna"
"also pose a threat to troglofauna. Mismanagement of contaminants (e.g. pesticides and sewage) may poison troglofaunal communities, whilst removal of habitat, either directly or indirectly (e.g. rising watertable) is also a major threat. Troglofauna Troglofauna are small cave-dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna are associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include spiders, insects, myriapods and others. Some troglofauna live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave"
"Trogloxene Trogloxenes or subtroglophiles, also called cave guests, are animal species which periodically live in underground habitats such as caves or at the very entrance, but cannot live exclusively in such habitats. Among many scientists, trogloxenes and subtroglophile have slightly different but closely related meanings, with the former covering species that are occasional visitors to underground habitat and the latter species that live more permanently there, but have to go outside (for example, to find food). Both these are in contrast to troglobites, which strictly live in underground habitats. Examples of trogloxene/subtroglophile species are bats, rats, raccoons and some opiliones"
"the Australian mining towns of Coober Pedy and Lightning Ridge, many families have carved homes into the underground opal mines, to escape the burning desert heat. In the Loire Valley, abandoned caves are being privately renovated as affordable housing. Cave dweller A cave dweller, or troglodyte (not to be confused with troglobite), is a human being who inhabits a cave or the area beneath the overhanging rocks of a cliff. Some prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not. (""See"" Homo and Human evolution.) Such early cave dwellers, and other prehistoric peoples, are also called ""cave men"" (the term"
"(e.g larger claws), making troglomorphic adaptations subject to strong factors that affect an organism's morphology. Troglomorphism occurs in molluscs, velvet worms, arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans, insects, fish, amphibians (notably cave salamanders) and reptiles. To date no mammals or birds have been found to live exclusively in caves. Pickerel frogs are classed as either trogloxenes, or possibly troglophiles. Troglomorphism Troglomorphism is the morphological adaptation of an animal to living in the constant darkness of caves, characterised by features such as loss of pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and frequently with attenuated bodies and/or appendages. The terms troglobitic, stygobitic, stygofauna, troglofauna, and hypogean"
"Stygofauna Stygofauna are any fauna that live in groundwater systems or aquifers, such as caves, fissures and vugs. Stygofauna and troglofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna are associated with water and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the water table. Stygofauna can live within freshwater aquifers and within the pore spaces of limestone, calcrete or laterite, whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes and stygobites. Extensive"
"to exist in the cave environment, postulating that troglofauna ""have lost many of the water conservation mechanisms of surface relatives, and more nearly resemble permanently aquatic arthropods in water balance mechanisms, including cuticular permeability."" Troglofauna thrive in a humid environment and when a ""chamber is too dry ... animals display either agitated or comatose behavior"", indicating they are highly susceptible to changes in temperature and humidity. To survive in an environment where food is scarce and oxygen levels are low, troglofauna often have very low metabolism. As a result, troglofauna may live longer than other terrestrial species. Reproduction varies by"
"cave environment. Examples include chemotrophic bacteria, some species of flatworms, collembola, and cavefish. Troglophiles can live part or all of their lives in caves, but can also complete a life cycle in appropriate environments on the surface. Examples include cave crickets, bats, millipedes, pseudoscorpions and spiders. Trogloxenes frequent caves, and may require caves for a portion of its life cycle, but must return to the surface (or a ""parahypogean"" zone) for at least some portion of its life. Oilbirds and the Daddy longlegs are trogloxenes. Cave environments fall into three general categories: Endogean environments are the parts of caves that"
"insects may exhibit a lack of wings and longer appendages. Troglofauna are divided into three main categories based on their ecology: Troglofauna usually live in moderate cave regions. The overall climates of these caves do not significantly change throughout the year. Humidity in such caves is generally high ranging from 95 to 100 percent; evaporation rates are low. The cave ecosystem in which troglofauna reside can be divided into four zones: entrance, twilight, transition and deep cave. The entrance zone is where the surface and underground environments meet. Light becomes scarcer in the twilight zone. The transition zone is almost"
"stygobites), such as the endangered Alabama cave shrimp, live in bodies of water found in caves and get nutrients from detritus washed into their caves and from the feces of bats and other cave inhabitants. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish, and cave salamanders such as the olm and the Texas blind salamander. Cave insects such as Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching in length. They have extensive distribution and have been studied fairly widely. Most specimens are female, but a male specimen was collected from St Cuthberts Swallet in 1969. Bats, such as the gray bat and Mexican"
"free-tailed bat, are trogloxenes and are often found in caves; they forage outside of the caves. Some species of cave crickets are classified as trogloxenes, because they roost in caves by day and forage above ground at night. Because of the fragile nature of the cave ecosystem, and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves harbor a number of endangered species, such as the Tooth cave spider, liphistius trapdoor spider, and the gray bat. Caves are visited by many surface-living animals, including humans. These are usually relatively short-lived incursions, due to the lack of"
"a home for many unique biota. Cave ecologies are very diverse, and not sharply distinct from surface habitats. Generally however, the deeper the cave becomes, the more rarefied the ecology. Cave environments fall into three general categories: Cave organisms fall into three basic classes: There are also so-called ""accidental trogloxenes"" which are surface organisms that enter caves for no survival reason. Some may even be ""troglophobes"" (“cave haters”), which cannot survive in caves for any extended period. Examples include deer which fell through a sinkhole, frogs swept into a cave by a flash flood, etc. The two factors that limit"
"to 2.7 millimeters long and has long legs. The lack of eyes and body pigment and the long legs are adaptations for life as a troglobite, an animal which spends its whole life in dark caves. It consumes invertebrates. It is sensitive to humidity and cannot tolerate dry conditions. During dry times it seeks the most moist corners of its cave environment. This animal is known from 168 karst caves on the Edwards Plateau of Texas. This and other species that live in these cave networks are threatened by a number of processes. The worst threat is the outright loss"
"The scientific name is taken from the Greek word ""troglodytes"" (from ""trogle"" a hole, and ""dyein"" to creep), meaning ""cave-dweller"", and refers to its habit of disappearing into cavities or crevices whilst hunting arthropods or to roost. The taxonomy of the genus ""Troglodytes"" is currently unresolved, as recent molecular studies have suggested that ""Cistothorus"" spp. and ""Thryorchilus"" spp. are within the clade currently defined by ""Troglodytes"". It was estimated that ""Troglodytes pacificus"" and ""Troglodytes troglodytes"" last shared a common ancestor approximately 4.3 million years ago, long before the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene, thought to have promoted speciation in many"
"Troglomorphism Troglomorphism is the morphological adaptation of an animal to living in the constant darkness of caves, characterised by features such as loss of pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and frequently with attenuated bodies and/or appendages. The terms troglobitic, stygobitic, stygofauna, troglofauna, and hypogean or hypogeic, are often used for cave-dwelling organisms. A 2012 study by a team from the National University of Singapore found that reductive changes in freshwater cave crabs evolved at the same rate as constructive changes. This shows that both selection and evolution have a role in advancing reductive changes (e.g smaller eyes) and constructive changes"
"adapted by increased fur and resorting far more than previously to the shelter of caves. The cave bear (""Ursus spelaeus"") was the most habitual in its use of caves, and occupied caves before humans began to do so. Trogloxene Trogloxenes or subtroglophiles, also called cave guests, are animal species which periodically live in underground habitats such as caves or at the very entrance, but cannot live exclusively in such habitats. Among many scientists, trogloxenes and subtroglophile have slightly different but closely related meanings, with the former covering species that are occasional visitors to underground habitat and the latter species that"
"streams near cave entrances. As adults, They migrate deep into the caves themselves and live out their lives underground. They prefer waters between 5.5 and 16.5 °C, and feed on small, cave-dwelling invertebrates such as ""Gammarus"", though they are also known to eat guano as well. Grotto salamander The grotto salamander (""Eurycea spelaea"") — also called the Ozark blind salamander — is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is now considered a member of the genus ""Eurycea"", but was originally described as ""Typhlotriton speleus"". It is endemic to the United States, specifically the karst regions beneath the"
"free-living organisms or nest-associates. In domestic settings, they feed on cereals, paste, paper, starch in clothes, rayon fabrics and dried meats. In nature, they will feed on organic detritus. Silverfish can sometimes be found in bathtubs or sinks at night, because they have difficulty moving on smooth surfaces and so become trapped if they fall in. Wild species often are found in dark, moist habitats such as caves or under rocks, and some are commensals living in association with ant colonies, e.g., ""Trichatelura manni"". There are no current species formally considered to be at conservation risk, though several are troglobites"
"Cave insect Cave dwelling insects are among the most widespread and prominent troglofauna (cave-dwelling animals), including troglobites, troglophiles, and trogloxenes. As a category of ecological adaptations, such insects are significant in many senses, ecological, evolutionary, and physiological. A cave is an unusually well-defined ecological habitat in terms of its nature, time and place. Accordingly, it is not surprising that A number of insects that permanently inhabit caves, especially at the deepest levels, and are markedly specialised for niches in some of the extreme conditions. These are the true cavernicole species; troglobites rather than troglophiles or trogloxenes. Cavernicolous insect species rarely"
"completely dark; however some outside environmental effects can still be felt. Finally, the deep cave zone is completely dark, relatively stable, and exhibits no evaporation. Troglobites are usually found in the deep cave zone. Troglofauna have adapted to the limited food supply and are extremely energy efficient. Food is found from ""twigs, leaves, bacteria and epigean animals (including zooplankton)."" Food is also found from trogloxene carcasses, egg deposits, and faeces such as bat guano. Troglofaunal beetles are predators and may feed on other troglofaunal animals rather than bacteria, twigs and guano. Francis G. Howarth hypothesized on adaptations troglofauna have made"
"North America. A 2014 study based on ribosomal DNA found that ""Trogloraptor"" fell outside the Dysderoidea and concluded that it should not be included in this clade. The specific name is in honor of Neil Marchington. The generic name ""Trogloraptor"" means ""cave robber"", in reference to the spider's habitat and hooked raptorial tarsi. Additional live specimens recovered in 2010 and 2011 from Oregon were all found deep inside caves. Except for a single juvenile specimen recovered from the understory debris of old growth redwood forests of northwest California, none have been found outside the caves. This specimen has different markings"
"Subterranean fauna Subterranean fauna refers to animal species that are adapted to live in underground environment. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna. Both are associated with hypogean habitats – troglofauna is associated with terrestrial subterranean environment (caves and underground spaces above the water table), and stygofauna with all kind of subterranean waters (groundwater, aquifers, subterranean rivers, dripping bowls, gours, etc.). Subterranean fauna is found worldwide and includes representatives of many animal groups, mostly arthropods and other invertebrates. However, there is a number of vertebrates (such as cavefishes and cave salamanders), although they are less common. Because"
"fezzensis"" is a troglophile. ""Neaphaenops tellkampfi"" occurs in caves in Kentucky. The American stenopelmatid ""Hadenoecus subterraneus"" is recorded from Kentucky caves. The remarkable carabid ""Comstockia subterranea"" is a true cave species found in Texas. The exclusively cave-dwelling silphid ""Adelops hirtus"" occurs in Kentucky caves and has very minute, unpigmented, atrophied eyes. Cave insect Cave dwelling insects are among the most widespread and prominent troglofauna (cave-dwelling animals), including troglobites, troglophiles, and trogloxenes. As a category of ecological adaptations, such insects are significant in many senses, ecological, evolutionary, and physiological. A cave is an unusually well-defined ecological habitat in terms of its"
"family. There are several other karst invertebrates that are also endangered in Travis County and neighboring Williamson County. They include ""Texella reddelli"" (Bee Creek cave harvestman), ""Texella reyesi"" (Bone Cave harvestman), ""Tartarocreagris texana"" (Tooth Cave pseudoscorpion), ""Neoleptoneta myopica"" (Tooth Cave spider), ""Rhadine persephone"" (Tooth Cave ground beetle), ""Batrisodes texanus"" (Coffin Cave mold beetle). All of these karst invertebrates are considered troglobites, which are characterized by living their entire lives underground, have small or absent eyes, elongated appendages, and other adaptations to their subterranean environment. A widely accepted theory for the evolution of troglobites is that during a series of climatic"
"Chaudhuriidae (earthworm eels), Glanapteryginae and Sarcoglanidinae live buried in the bottom of aboveground waters, and can show adaptions similar to traditional underground-living (troglobitic) fish. It has been argued that such species should be recognized as a part of the group of troglobitic fish. , the following underground-living fish species with various levels of troglomorphism (ranging from complete loss of eyes and pigment, to only a partial reduction of one of these) are known. ""Prietella phreatophila"", the only species with underground populations in more than one country, is listed twice. Excluded from the table are species that live buried in the"
"of mudflats, or sometimes not even attached at all but living freely. It can retract into a spherical form when disturbed and no longer be visible from the surface. Like other sea anemones, ""S. troglodytes"" is a carnivore and feeds on small invertebrates which it traps with its tentacles and channels into its mouth. Any undigested pieces are expelled from the mouth over the period of a few hours or days. ""S. troglodytes"" is a hermaphrodite with gonads inside the body cavity. The eggs are discharged from the mouth, being wafted out individually by cilia on the tentacles. The sperm"
"(this last group also has fully troglobitic species). Several extinct trogloxenes are known like cave bears, cave lions, cave leopards, and cave hyenas. Indications trusted by geologists and archaeologists combine to show that these animals lived there in the latter part, at least, of the third interglacial epoch, and on through the fourth and last glacial advance, when, although central Europe was free from an ice cap, an almost Arctic climate prevailed, with much rain. This is what is known as the Upper Paleolithic when humanity in Europe was represented by the Neanderthals. During the Upper Paleolithic, many carnivores gradually"
"aboveground fish may enter caves on occasion, but obligate cavefish (fish that require underground habitats) are extremophiles with a number of unusual adaptations known as troglomorphism. In some species, notably the Mexican tetra, shortfin molly, Oman garra, ""Indoreonectes evezardi"" and a few catfish, both ""normal"" aboveground and cavefish forms exist. Many adaptions seen in cavefish are aimed at surviving in a habitat with little food. Living in darkness, pigmentation and eyes are useless, or an actual disadvantage because of their energy requirements, and therefore typically reduced in cavefish. Other examples of adaptations are larger fins for more energy-efficient swimming, and"
"It breeds in temporary pools that form after rains. Tree frogs live high in the canopy, where they scramble around on the branches, twigs, and leaves, sometimes never coming down to earth. The ""true"" tree frogs belong to the family Hylidae, but members of other frog families have independently adopted an arboreal habit, a case of convergent evolution. These include the glass frogs (Centrolenidae), the bush frogs (Hyperoliidae), some of the narrow-mouthed frogs (Microhylidae), and the shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae). Most tree frogs are under in length, with long legs and long toes with adhesive pads on the tips. The surface"
"Sagartia troglodytes Sagartia troglodytes is a species of sea anemone in the family Sagartiidae, also known as the mud sagartia or the cave-dwelling anemone. The base is anchored in holes in the rock and is a little wider than the column. This is smooth and firm, extending to a length several times its width, and covered in sticky suckers on its upper part. The usually flat oral disc is finely patterned and surrounded by four or five rings of numerous short tentacles, the longest ones being nearest the mouth. This is raised on a slight mound at the centre of"