"in Addis Ababa. Over the years that ADFA have been visiting Tikur Anbessa, they have helped build the orthopaedic training program and in 2013 there are 16 orthopaedic residents in training, up from just a few five years earlier. ADFA provides basic orthopaedic surgical skills courses for these trainees. Furthermore, it has helped establish a talipes program based on education, early referral and assessment as well as treatment for children with talipes. The latest capacity building project at Tikur Anbessa is aid with building two new specific orthopaedic operating theatres which begin construction in 2013. Multiple sea containers of medical"
"was described in the Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. As a consequence two strikingly similar cases were identified and a review of the literature revealed three more patients with similar characteristics and a novel multisystem disease, the TEMPI syndrome, was reported. As of September 2018, a total of 14 patients worldwide with the TEMPI syndrome have been identified (D.B.Sykes, Personal Communication). TEMPI syndrome TEMPI Syndrome is an orphan disease where the person share five characteristics from which the acronym is derived: telangiectasias, elevated erythropoietin and erythrocytosis, monoclonal gammopathy, perinephric fluid collection, and intrapulmonary shunting. The patients were all"
"Tabes dorsalis Tabes dorsalis, also known as syphilitic myelopathy, is a slow degeneration (specifically, demyelination) of the neural tracts primarily in the dorsal columns (posterior columns) of the spinal cord (the portion closest to the back of the body) and dorsal roots. These nerves normally help maintain a person's sense of position (proprioception), vibration, and discriminative touch. Signs and symptoms may not appear for decades after the initial infection and include weakness, diminished reflexes, paresthesias (shooting and burning pains, pricking sensations, and formication), hypoesthesias (abnormally diminished cutaneous, especially tactile, sensory modalities), tabetic gait (locomotor ataxia), progressive degeneration of the joints,"
"TEMPI syndrome TEMPI Syndrome is an orphan disease where the person share five characteristics from which the acronym is derived: telangiectasias, elevated erythropoietin and erythrocytosis, monoclonal gammopathy, perinephric fluid collection, and intrapulmonary shunting. The patients were all diagnosed at middle age. The symptoms were slowly and steadily progressive. Telangiectasias developed over the face, trunk and arms. Increased serum erythropoietin levels, eventually exceeding 5000 mU /ml, preceded the intrapulmonary shunting and the development of hypoxemia. Sampling of the perinephric fluid revealed a clear, serous fluid with low levels of protein, few leukocytes and no cholesterol or triglycerides. A monoclonal gammopathy was"
"treat syphilis leads to progressive degeneration of the nerve roots and posterior columns. The bacteria Treponema pallidum that causes syphilis results in locomotor ataxia and tabes dorsalis. Further complications from tabes dorsalis include optic nerve damage, blindness, shooting pains, urinary incontinence, and degeneration of the joints. In most cases, lesions present bilaterally. However, in rare cases, lesions have been seen unilaterally. Moreover, general symptoms of posterior spinal artery infarcts include ipsilateral loss of proprioceptive sensation, fine touch, pressure, and vibration below the lesion; deep tendon areflexia; and in severe circumstances, complete paralysis below the portion of the spinal cord affected."
"Tropical spastic paraparesis Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), also called HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a medical condition that causes weakness, muscle spasms, and sensory disturbance by human T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis, weakness of the legs. As the name suggests, it is most common in tropical regions, including the Caribbean. Blood transfusion products are screened for HTLV-1 antibodies, as a preventive measure. Some of the signs of Tropical spastic paraparesis are: Individuals with TSP may also exhibit uveitis (inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye), arthritis (inflammation of one or more joints), pulmonary lymphocytic"
"Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) is a rare medical condition in which there is uveitis (inflammation of the uvea in the eye) together with tubulointerstitial nephritis (inflammation of the tubules inside the kidney). Uveitis may cause pain of the affected eye together with changes in vision. It may be accompanied by nonspecific systemic symptoms such as fever, involuntary weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and joint pains. It is a very rare disease. Approximately 200 cases were reported in medical journals in the 35 years after its initial description. Altogether, more than 100 cases"
"Tethered spinal cord syndrome Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) or occult spinal dysraphism sequence refers to a group of neurological disorders that relate to malformations of the spinal cord. Various forms include tight filum terminale, lipomeningomyelocele, split cord malformations (diastematomyelia), dermal sinus tracts, and dermoids. All forms involve the pulling of the spinal cord at the base of the spinal canal, literally a cord. The spinal cord normally hangs loose in the canal, free to move up and down with growth, and with bending and stretching. A tethered cord, however, is held taut at the end or at some point in"
"""tabetic ocular crises"", an attack is characterized by sudden, intense eye pain, tearing of the eyes and sensitivity to light. ""Tabes dorsalgia"" is a related lancinating back pain. ""Tabetic gait"" is a characteristic ataxic gait of untreated syphilis where the person's feet slap the ground as they strike the floor due to loss of proprioception. In daylight the person can avoid some unsteadiness by watching their own feet. Tabes dorsalis is caused by demyelination by advanced syphilis infection (tertiary syphilis), when the primary infection by the causative spirochete bacterium, ""Treponema pallidum"", is left untreated for an extended period of time"
"and with chronic nutritional deficiencies (such as avitaminosis) or exposure to potentially toxic foods (such as bitter cassava). Tropical myeloneuropathies are classified as two separate syndromes: tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) and tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). They are placed together because they are found in tropical countries, although tropical spastic paraparesis has occurred in temperate countries (e.g., Japan). Tropical spastic paraparesis Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), also called HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a medical condition that causes weakness, muscle spasms, and sensory disturbance by human T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis, weakness of the legs. As the"
"Salpingitis Salpingitis is an infection and inflammation in the Fallopian tubes. It is often used synonymously with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), although PID lacks an accurate definition and can refer to several diseases of the female upper genital tract, such as endometritis, oophoritis, myometritis, parametritis and infection in the pelvic peritoneum. In contrast, salpingitis only refers to infection and inflammation in the fallopian tubes. There are two types of salpingitis: acute salpingitis and chronic salpingitis. The symptoms usually appear after a menstrual period. The most common are: The infection usually has its origin in the vagina and ascends to the"
"TAR syndrome TAR syndrome (thrombocytopenia with absent radius) is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by the absence of the radius bone in the forearm and a dramatically reduced platelet count. Other common links between people with TAR seem to include anemia, heart problems, kidney problems, knee joint problems, frequently lactose intolerance. Different cases with leukemia in patients with TAR are described in. A mutation in the RBM8A gene is responsible for the TAR syndrome. Approximately 95% of TAR patients have one non-functional copy of the RBM8A gene. Treatments range from platelet transfusions to surgery aimed at either centralizing"
"Tumid lupus erythematosus Tumid lupus erythematosus (also known as ""lupus erythematosus tumidus"") is a rare, but distinctive entity in which patients present with edematous erythematous plaques, usually on the trunk. Lupus erythematosus tumidus (LET) was reported by Henri Gougerot and Burnier R. in 1930. It is a photosensitive skin disorder, a different subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) from discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) or subacute CLE (SCLE). LET is usually found on sun-exposed areas of the body. Skin lesions are edematous, urticarialike annular papules and plaques. Topical corticosteroids are not effective as treatment for LET, but many will respond to"
"Calcific tendinitis Calcific tendinitis is a form of tendinitis, a disorder characterized by deposits of hydroxyapatite (a crystalline calcium phosphate) in any tendon of the body, but most commonly in the tendons of the rotator cuff (shoulder), causing pain and inflammation. The condition is related to and may cause adhesive capsulitis (""frozen shoulder""). It most often occurs in females aged 30 to 60 years. Calcifications are usually located within the supraspinatus tendon (80% of cases), followed by the infraspinatus (15% of cases) and subscapularis (5% of cases) tendons; and are present in 5% or more of asymptomatic shoulders in healthy"
"(past the point of blood infection by the organism).. The spirochete invades large myelinated fibers, leading to the involvement of the dorsal column medial leminiscus pathway rather than the spinothalamic tract. Intravenously administered penicillin is the treatment of choice. Associated pain can be treated with opiates, valproate, or carbamazepine. Those with tabes dorsalis may also require physical therapy to deal with muscle wasting and weakness. Preventive treatment for those who come into sexual contact with an individual with syphilis is important. Left untreated, tabes dorsalis can lead to paralysis, dementia, and blindness. Existing nerve damage cannot be reversed. The disease"
"expert in the disease, applied novel diagnostic methods to stored tissue samples from Whipple's original patient, and demonstrated ""T. whipplei"" in these tissues. Whipple's disease Whipple's disease is a rare, systemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium ""Tropheryma whipplei"". First described by George Hoyt Whipple in 1907 and commonly considered a gastrointestinal disorder, Whipple's disease primarily causes malabsorption but may affect any part of the body including the heart, brain, joints, skin, lungs and the eyes. Weight loss, diarrhea, joint pain, and arthritis are common presenting symptoms, but the presentation can be highly variable and approximately 15% of patients do"
"Malpuech facial clefting syndrome Malpuech facial clefting syndrome, also called Malpuech syndrome or Gypsy type facial clefting syndrome, is a rare congenital syndrome. It is characterized by facial clefting (any type of cleft in the bones and tissues of the face, including a cleft lip and palate), a caudal appendage (a ""human tail""), growth deficiency, intellectual and developmental disability, and abnormalities of the renal system (kidneys) and the male genitalia. Abnormalities of the heart, and other skeletal malformations may also be present. The syndrome was initially described by Guilliaume Malpuech and associates in 1983. It is thought to be genetically"
"Louping ill Louping-ill (also known as Ovine Encephalomyelitis, Infectious Encephalomyelitis of Sheep, Trembling-ill) is an acute viral disease primarily of sheep that is characterized by a biphasic fever, depression, ataxia, muscular incoordination, tremors, posterior paralysis, coma, and death. Louping-ill is a tick-transmitted disease whose occurrence is closely related to the distribution of the primary vector, the sheep tick ""Ixodes ricinus"". It also causes disease in red grouse, and can affect humans. The name 'louping-ill' is derived from an old Scottish word describing the effect of the disease in sheep whereby they 'loup' or spring into the air. Louping ill is"
"Transverse myelitis Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological condition in which the spinal cord is inflamed. ""Transverse"" implies that the inflammation extends across the entire width of the spinal cord. Partial transverse myelitis and partial myelitis are terms used to define inflammation of the spinal cord that affects part of the width of the spinal cord. TM is characterized by weakness and numbness of the limbs, deficits in sensation and motor skills, dysfunctional urethral and anal sphincter activities, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system that can lead to episodes of high blood pressure. Signs and symptoms are variable"
"Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome (KTS or KT), formerly Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome and sometimes angioosteohypertrophy syndrome and hemangiectatic hypertrophy, is a rare congenital medical condition in which blood vessels and/or lymph vessels fail to form properly. The three main features are nevus flammeus (port-wine stain), venous and lymphatic malformations, and soft-tissue hypertrophy of the affected limb. It is similar to, though distinctly separate from, the less common Parkes-Weber syndrome. The classical triad of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome consists of: The birth defect is diagnosed by the presence of a combination of these symptoms (often on approximately ¼ of the body, though some cases may"
"Carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a medical condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel. The main symptoms are pain, numbness and tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring fingers. Symptoms typically start gradually and during the night. Pain may extend up the arm. Weak grip strength may occur, and after a long period of time the muscles at the base of the thumb may waste away. In more than half of cases, both sides are affected. Risk factors"
"Whipple's disease Whipple's disease is a rare, systemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium ""Tropheryma whipplei"". First described by George Hoyt Whipple in 1907 and commonly considered a gastrointestinal disorder, Whipple's disease primarily causes malabsorption but may affect any part of the body including the heart, brain, joints, skin, lungs and the eyes. Weight loss, diarrhea, joint pain, and arthritis are common presenting symptoms, but the presentation can be highly variable and approximately 15% of patients do not have these classic signs and symptoms. Whipple's disease is significantly more common in men, with 87% of the patients being male. When"
"Tarsal tunnel syndrome Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS), also known as posterior tibial neuralgia, is a compression neuropathy and painful foot condition in which the tibial nerve is compressed as it travels through the tarsal tunnel. This tunnel is found along the inner leg behind the medial malleolus (bump on the inside of the ankle). The posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, and tendons of the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles travel in a bundle through the tarsal tunnel. Inside the tunnel, the nerve splits into three different segments. One nerve (calcaneal) continues to the heel, the"
"get the disease in Asian countries. About 16 million cases occur a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide. Paratyphoid fever Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of ""Salmonella enterica"". Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may"
"Terry's nails Terry's nails is a physical condition in which a person's fingernails or toenails appear white with a characteristic ""ground glass"" appearance without any lunula. The condition is thought to be due to a decrease in vascularity and an increase in connective tissue within the nail bed. It frequently occurs in the setting of liver failure, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, hyperthyroidism, or malnutrition. Eighty percent of patients with severe liver disease have Terry's nails, but they are also found in patients with kidney failure, in patients with congestive heart failure and are described as a brown arc"
"Tauopathy Tauopathy belongs to a class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of tau protein in neurofibrillary or gliofibrillary tangles in the human brain. Tangles are formed by hyperphosphorylation of a microtubule-associated protein known as tau, causing the protein to dissociate from microtubules and form aggregates in an insoluble form. (These aggregations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are also referred to as paired helical filaments). The precise mechanism of tangle formation is not completely understood, and it is still controversial as to whether tangles are a primary causative factor in the disease or play a more peripheral role. Neurofibrillary"
"Treponema pallidum Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel, and yaws. It is a helically coiled microorganism usually 6–15 µm long and 0.1–0.2 µm wide. The treponemes have a cytoplasmic and an outer membrane. Using light microscopy, treponemes are visible only by using dark field illumination. Three subspecies of ""T. pallidum"" are known: These bacteria were originally classified as members of separate species, but their close genetic relationship as demonstrated by DNA hybridization analysis indicated they were members of the same species. ""Treponema carateum"", the cause of pinta, remains a separate species because"
"a form of tinea capitis in which crusts are seen on the scalp. Infected hair shafts are broken off just at the base, leaving a black dot just under the surface of the skin, and alopecia can result. Scraping these residual black dot will yield the best diagnostic scrapings for microscopic exam. Numerous green arthrospores will be seen under the microscope inside the stubbles of broken hair shafts at 400x. Tinea capitis cannot be treated topically, and must be treated systemically with antifungals. In most cases of tinea manuum, only one hand is involved. Frequently both feet are involved concurrently,"
"Schimmelpenning syndrome Schimmelpenning syndrome is a neurocutaneous condition characterized by one or more sebaceous nevi, usually appearing on the face or scalp, associated with anomalies of the central nervous system, ocular system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system, and genitourinary system. Synonyms include: ""Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS)"", ""Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome"", ""Feuerstein-Mims syndrome"", ""sebaceous nevus syndrome"", ""Solomon syndrome"", and ""Jadassohn's nevus phakomatosis"". ""Nevus"" is sometimes spelled ""naevus"" and ""sebaceous"" may also be spelled ""sebaceus"". ""Epidermal nevus syndrome"" is sometimes used as a synonym, but more often as a broader term referring to Schimmelpenning syndrome in addition to nevus comedonicus syndrome, CHILD syndrome, Becker's"
"mild case of scoliosis, a medical condition in which the spine deviates to the side from the normal position. X-rays clearly show that the king suffered from Klippel–Feil syndrome, the congenital fusion of any two of the cervical vertebrae. All seven vertebrae in his neck were completely fused together, so he was unable to move his head. Examination of Tutankhamun's body has also revealed deformations in his left foot, caused by necrosis of bone tissue. The affliction may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb. In DNA tests"
"Jay Traver Jay Traver, an entomologist, published a paper in ""Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington"" called ""Unusual Scalp Dermatitis in Humans Caused by the Mite, Dermatophagoides (Acarina, epidermoptidae)."" in 1951. This paper was a comprehensive study of a mite infestation of her scalp. Travers was the only one who could detect the mites, and they resisted all forms of treatment. This was a hallucination. Travers was diagnosed with Delusory Parasitosis (Ekbom syndrome). This is an illness in which the victim believes that there are bugs living underneath their skin that will not go away, and that nobody else"
"Trigeminal trophic syndrome Trigeminal trophic syndrome (Trigeminal trophic lesion) is a rare disease caused by the interruption of peripheral or central sensory pathways of the trigeminal nerve. A slowly enlarging, uninflammed ulcer can occur in the area that has suffered the trigeminal nerve damage; including but not limited to the cheek beside the ala nasi. These sores affect the skin supplied by the sensory component of the trigeminal nerve. Similar lesions may also occur in the corners of the eyes, inside the ear canal, on the scalp or inside the mouth. It has been stated that the ulceration is due"
"Tendinopathy Tendinopathy, also known as tendinitis or tendinosis, is a type of tendon disorder that results in pain, swelling, and impaired function. The pain is typically worse with movement. It most common occurs around the shoulder (rotator cuff tendinitis, biceps tendinitis), elbow (tennis elbow, golfer's elbow), wrist, hip, knee (jumper's knee), or ankle (Achilles tendinitis). Causes may include an injury or repetitive activities. Groups at risk include people who do manual labor, musicians, and athletes. Less common causes include infection, arthritis, gout, thyroid disease, and diabetes. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms, examination, and occasionally medical imaging. A few weeks"