"Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, (; 24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916), was a senior British Army officer and colonial administrator who won notoriety for his imperial campaigns, most especially his scorched earth policy against the Boers and his establishment of concentration camps during the Second Boer War, and later played a central role in the early part of the First World War. Kitchener was credited in 1898 for winning the Battle of Omdurman and securing control of the Sudan for which he was made Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, becoming a"
"of 1914. She was assigned to the 7th Cruiser Squadron upon her return home. She was transferred to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron in 1916 and was present at the Battle of Jutland. Several days later she was sailing to Russia, carrying the Secretary of State for War, Field Marshal Lord Kitchener, when she is believed to have struck a mine laid by a German submarine on 5 June. She sank with heavy loss of life, including Kitchener and his staff. Rumours later circulated of German spies and sabotage being involved in the sinking. Her wreck is listed under the Protection"
"methodical invasion was launched in 1896. slowly moving south supported by a railway that the army built along its route. The force reached Berber in September 1897 and Atbara in April 1898. The British and Egyptian force led by General Kitchener defeated the Kalifa at the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898. The battle is known as the Battle of Karari to Mahdists. In his book ""The River War"", Sir Winston Churchill, who was present at the Battle, summed up the result: ""The River War is over. In its varied course, which extended over fourteen years and involved the"
"and promoted to KCB in 1911. He was president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1913 and 1914. He was one of the advisers selected to accompany the Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener on a mission to Russia in June 1916 and perished, aged fifty-nine, with all but 12 others when their ship, , struck a German mine off the Orkney Islands. His body was never recovered and he is commemorated on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Hollybrook Memorial at Southampton, Hampshire. On 15 July 1884, he married Selina Beresford (1859–1938), daughter of Colonel Marcus Beresford MP."
"4 June. Lord Kitchener sailed from Scrabster to Scapa Flow on 5 June 1916 aboard HMS ""Oak"" before transferring to the armoured cruiser HMS ""Hampshire"" for his diplomatic mission to Russia. Shortly before 19:30 hrs the same day, steaming towards the Russian port of Arkhangelsk during a Force 9 gale, ""Hampshire"" struck a mine laid by the newly launched German U-boat ""U-75"" (commanded by Curt Beitzen) and sank west of the Orkney Islands. Recent research has set the death toll of those aboard ""Hampshire"" at 737. Only twelve survived. Amongst the dead were all ten members of his entourage. Kitchener"
"Sir Henry Bunbury, 7th Baronet Sir Henry Edward Bunbury, KCB, 7th Baronet (4 March 1778 – 13 April 1860) was a British soldier and historian. Sir Henry, son of the famous caricaturist, Henry William Bunbury and Catherine Horneck, was educated at Westminster, and served on active service in the army from 1795–1809, notably in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799, the Egyptian Campaign 1801, and the campaigns in the Mediterranean, where Bunbury served as Quartermaster-General. He particularly distinguished himself at the Battle of Maida in 1806. He served as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1809-16."
"from the Emperor of Japan in October 1917, and was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour by the President of the French Republic in September 1919, in recognition of his service during the First World War. In 1919 he was elected an honorary fellow of Exeter College. Oswyn Alexander Ruthven Murray Sir Oswyn Alexander Ruthven Murray (17 August 1873 – 10 July 1936) was a British civil servant who spent most of his career at the Admiralty, eventually serving as Permanent Secretary from 1917 until 1936. Murray was born in Mill Hill, Middlesex, the fourth son (of eleven"
"was posted to Egypt in 1897 and served as a Staff officer in charge of organising supplies during the Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan in 1898 before being attached to the Intelligence Department before the Battle of Omdurman where he was an aide to Sir Herbert Kitchener, the commander in chief of British forces. He was mentioned in despatches after the battle and received the Khedive's Sudan Medal and Queen's Sudan Medal as well as the Order of Osmanieh, fourth class. He was Director of Works and Stores for the Egyptian Army from 1900 to 1904, during which he received the"
"force in the Battle of Atbara in April 1898, the Anglo-Egyptians reached Omdurman, the Mahdist capital in September. The bulk of the Mahdist army attacked, but was cut down by British machine-guns and rifle fire. The remnant, with the Khalifa Abdullah, fled to southern Sudan. During the pursuit, Kitchener's forces met a French force under Major Jean-Baptiste Marchand at Fashoda, resulting in the Fashoda Incident. They finally caught up with Abdullah at Umm Diwaykarat, where he was killed, effectively ending the Mahdist regime. The casualties for this campaign were: The British set up a new colonial system, the Anglo-Egyptian administration,"
"the French, not a desire to ""avenge Gordon"" that led the British to end the ""Mahdiyah"" state in 1898. However the British public and Kitchener himself saw the expedition as one to ""avenge Gordon"". As the Mahdi was long dead, Kitchener had to content himself with blowing up the Mahdi's tomb as revenge for Gordon. After the Battle of Omdurman, Kitchener opened a letter from the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, and for the first time learned the real purpose of the expedition had been to keep the French out of the Sudan and that ""avenging Gordon"" was merely a pretext."
"could pass unmolested. Preparations then continued for an advance on Omdurman. The railway was extended southwards and additional reinforcements arrived. By mid-August 1898 Kitchener had at his command 25,800 troops, composed of the British Division under Major-General Gatacre, with two British infantry brigades; and the Egyptian Division with four Egyptian brigades under Major General Hunter. The gunboat ""Zafir"", proceeding upriver, foundered and sank opposite Metemma on 28 August. Meanwhile, the Khalifa attempted to lay a mine in the river to prevent the Egyptian boats from bombarding Omdurman, but this resulted in the mine-laying ship ""Ismailia"" being blown up with its"
"the Caliph established a more traditional administration. The state was expansionary, and engaged in wars with Ethiopia. In 1892 General Herbert Kitchener was appointed commander of the Egyptian army. After careful preparations and a slow advance, on 2 September 1898 the main Anglo-Egyptian forces engaged with a Mahdist army of 52,000 at the Battle of Omdurman. With greatly superior firepower, the British won a crushing victory. Caliph Abdillahi fled, and a year later was killed with other Mahdist leaders at the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat (25 November 1899). According to the ""hadith"", ""no one will more resemble me than al-Mahdi""."
"became Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion of his Regiment in 1893 and went on to be Commanding Officer of the 2nd Battalion of his Regiment in Ireland. He went on to be Assistant Adjutant-General at Headquarters in December 1894 and Assistant Military Secretary there in October 1897 and took part in the state funeral of Former Prime Minister William Gladstone in May 1898. He was given command of 2nd Brigade with the temporary rank of brigadier general on 13 July 1898 and led his brigade at the battle of Omdurman in September 1898 during the Mahdist War. He returned"
"captured by the Greeks, threatened with execution, and only released on his recognition by a Greek officer who happened to have known him at Oxford. In 1898, he joined the British expedition to Khartoum led by General Kitchener, again as a war correspondent. He witnessed the Battle of Omdurman, in which an Anglo-Egyptian army of 25,000 defeated some 50,000 Ansar (or Dervish) followers of the Khalifa to the Mahdi. The Dervish army suffered around 23,000 casualties compared to only 330 from the British-led force. He wrote an article shortly afterwards for the Contemporary Review in which he complained of British"
"the life of Hector MacDonald, and includes the battle and Kitchener's railway-building drive through Sudan. The 2005 novel ""The Triumph of the Sun"" by Wilbur Smith depicts the siege of Khartoum and the Battle of Omdurman with a mixture of historical and fictional characters The novel ""With Kitchener in the Soudan"" by G.A. Henty tells the story of the British military expedition and the destruction of the Mahdi's followers during the Mahdist War (1881–1899). It was first published in 1903. The subject of the battle made its appearance in several oil paintings exhibited in Britain at the time. In particular,"
"expeditions against the hill tribes. After the Waziristan Campaign in 1894–95 he was made KCSI. He became a full general in 1896, and in 1897 he was given the command against the Afridis and Mohmands, and conducted the difficult Tirah Expedition with great skill. He returned to England in 1898 and was made GCB, and was appointed Commander-in-Chief, India and, after a brief visit to Scotland, returned to India. He took up residence in 'Treasury Gate', Fort William, India and at 'Snowdon' in Simla when the government migrated to the hill station for the summer months. He died of malaria"
"1914, five months prior to the outbreak of World War I, between Lord Kitchener, then Consul-General in Egypt, and Abdullah bin al-Hussein, the second son of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca. Hussein had grown uncomfortable with the newly appointed Ottoman governor in his Hejaz Vilayet, Wehib Pasha, reflecting rising tensions since the 1908 completion of the Hejaz railway which threatened to support increased Ottoman centralization in the region. Discussions eventually culminated in a telegram of 1 November 1914, from Kitchener (recently appointed as Secretary of War) to Hussein wherein Great Britain would, in exchange for support from the Arabs"
"further fighting, and the Khalifa escaped before he could be captured. British gunboats bombarded Omdurman before and during the battle, damaging part of the city walls and the tomb of the Mahdi, although destruction was not very widespread. There is some controversy about the conduct of Kitchener and his troops during and immediately following the battle. In February 1899, Kitchener responded to criticisms by categorically denying that he had ordered or permitted the Mahdist wounded in the battlefield to be massacred by his troops; that Omdurman had been looted; and that civilian fugitives in the city had been deliberately fired"
"to survive (out of 310 on board). Her aunt, who accompanied her, was lost. Sir Charles died in Paris, age 63. Lady Townshend died more than four decades later, aged 89. Charles Townshend (British Army officer) Major General Sir Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend, (21 February 1861 – 18 May 1924) was a British Imperial soldier who during the First World War led an overreaching military campaign in Mesopotamia, which led to the defeat and destruction of his command. Known as the Siege of Kut, it lasted from December 1915 to April 1916 and was possibly the worst suffered by the"
"on. There is no evidence for the last accusation, but some foundation for the others. In ""The River War"", Winston Churchill was critical of Kitchener's conduct, and in private correspondence he said that "" 'the victory at Omdurman was disgraced by the inhuman slaughter of the wounded and that Kitchener was responsible for this.' "" The Mahdi's tomb, the largest building in Omdurman, had already been looted when Kitchener gave the order for it to be blown up. Kitchener ordered that the Mahdi's remains be dumped in the Nile. He considered and discussed keeping his skull, either as some kind"
"– and stripped of his control over munitions and strategy. On 5 June 1916, Kitchener was making his way to Russia to attend negotiations, on HMS ""Hampshire"", when it struck a German mine west of the Orkney, Scotland, and sank. Kitchener was among 737 who died. Kitchener was born in Ballylongford near Listowel, County Kerry, in Ireland, son of army officer Henry Horatio Kitchener (1805–1894) and Frances Anne Chevallier (d. 1864; daughter of John Chevallier, a priest, of Aspall Hall, and his third wife, Elizabeth, ""née"" Cole). His father had only recently bought land in Ireland, under a scheme to"
"present with her flotilla at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916. She was one of seven destroyers to go with the First Destroyer Flotilla when it was transferred from the Grand Fleet to screen the Third Battle Squadron in November 1916. On 18 February 1917, 50 miles west of Portland Bill, HMAT ""Berrima"" was struck a mine in the English Channel. Four lives were lost, but the greater part of the crew took to the lifeboats and were picked up by ""Forester"". A tow was passed and she was taken under tow into Portland Harbour the next day."
"Archibald Hunter General Sir Archibald Hunter, (6 September 1856 – 28 June 1936) was a senior officer in the British Army who distinguished himself during the Boer War. He was Governor of Omdurman, in Sudan, and later of Gibraltar. Archibald Hunter, born a twin, was the son of an Archibald Hunter (1805–1868), a London businessman and Mary Jane Graham (1833–1905). Having chosen not to follow his father's business routes, Hunter began military education in Glasgow, and then at the Royal Military College Sandhurst. In 1875, the nineteen-year-old sub lieutenant joined the King's Own 4th Lancashire Regiment. Between 1884 and 1885,"
"was present at the Battle of Maharajpore. He became a Lieutenant in April 1850 and in June 1856 he was promoted to captain. As a Captain he was employed in the Expeditionary Force under Neville Bowles Chamberlain against the Mahsood Wuzleerees in 1860 and was present at the actions of Paloseen and Bunrah for which he had a medal with clasp. He was made a Major in June 1861 and Lieutenant Colonel in June 1867. He retired in 1874, and the following January he was gazetted a Major General. He died on 24 January 1898 in Leatherhead, England at the"
"own mine. The final advance on Omdurman began on 28 August 1898. The defeat of the Khalifah's forces at Omdurman marked the effective end of the Mahdist state, though not the end of campaigning. Over 11,000 Mahdist fighters died at Omdurman, and another 16,000 were seriously wounded. On the British, Egyptian and Sudanese side there were fewer than fifty dead and several hundred wounded. The Khalifa retreated into the city of Omdurman but could not rally his followers to defend it. Instead they scattered across the plains to the west and escaped. Kitchener entered the city, which formally surrendered without"
"continued in Egyptian service, concentrating on training Sudanese troops. In 1889 he received the Distinguished Service Order for his conduct at the Battle of Toski and in 1891, after the action at Tokar, he was promoted substantive major. During the Mahdist War MacDonald commanded a brigade of the Egyptian army in the Dongola Expedition (1896), and subsequently distinguished himself at Abu Hamed (7 August 1897) and Atbara (8 April 1898). At the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898) the British commander, Lord Kitchener, unwittingly exposed his flanks to the Dervish (i.e., Mahdist) army. MacDonald swung his men by companies in"
"The River War The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan (1899), by Winston Churchill, concerning his experiences as a British Army officer, during the Mahdist War (1881–99) in the Sudan. ""The River War"" is a history of the British imperial involvement in the Sudan, and the Mahdi War between the British forces, led by Lord Kitchener, and the Dervish forces, led by Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, ""The Mahdi”, heir to the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad who had embarked on a campaign to conquer Egypt, to drive out the Ottomans. ""The River War"" was Churchill's second"
"John Morley John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, (24 December 1838 – 23 September 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor. Initially a journalist, he was elected a Member of Parliament in 1883. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1886 and between 1892 and 1895, Secretary of State for India between 1905 and 1910 and again in 1911 and Lord President of the Council between 1910 and 1914. Morley was a distinguished political commentator, and biographer of his hero, William Gladstone. Morley is best known for his writings and for his ""reputation as the last"
"established the Mahdi's control over the Sudan. When the British re-invaded the Sudan, at the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898) he led a force of 5,000 fighting under his green flag. For the next year he remained loyal to the Khalifa 'Abd Allah as he wandered in the regions of the White Nile, Nuba Mountains and Kordofan. Ali wad Hilu was killed at the Battle of Umm Dibaikarat (25 November 1899), where the Khalifa 'Abd Allah and other Mahdist leaders also died. Sources Ali wad Hilu Ali wad Hilu (died 25 November 1899) was one of the three Kalifas"
"Gerald de Gaury Gerald Simpson Hillairet Rutland Vere de Gaury MC (1 April 1897 – 12 January 1984) was a British military officer, Arabist, explorer, historian and diplomat. He served in the Hampshire Regiment in the First World War, where he fought at the Somme, and was wounded on several occasions, including in the Gallipoli Campaign. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1917: De Gaury served as the British political agent in Kuwait in the 1930s, and organized and took part in the official visit of Sir Andrew Ryan to Riyadh in November 1935, to present Ibn Sa'ud with"
"and served on the Western Front as orderly and interpreter, distinguishing himself for bravery under fire. He then underwent a short period of training, and joined the Royal Navy in August 1915. He was lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, and was serving on HMS ""Invincible"" when she was sunk in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 with the loss of 1026 lives. The biographer of his sister Adeline's husband describes Charles Fisher as ""brilliant and most dashing of Adeline's brothers"" and tells how his death was ""a blow from which she never recovered"". An obituary in"
"March 1884, troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad started a siege of Khartoum, against defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. The siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison when on 26 January 1885 the heavily-damaged city fell to the Mahdists. On 2 September 1898, Omdurman was the scene of the bloody Battle of Omdurman, during which British forces under Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist forces defending the city. In 1973, the city was the site of an anomalous hostage crisis in which members of Black September held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five"
"exaggerated, and some wholly false. In February 1916, Major John Pretyman Newman, MP, asked in the British Parliament for any information about the fighting near Aden. Austen Chamberlain, then Secretary of State for India, responded that the Ottoman claim of success which had recently been put forward would seem to have been founded on an engagement which took place on 12 January between a reconnoitring column of the Aden garrison and an Ottoman force in the neighbourhood of Shaikh Othman. The loss on our side was one British officer and thirty-five Indian rank and file killed, and four British and"