"Basic copper carbonate Basic copper carbonate is a chemical compound, more properly called copper(II) carbonate hydroxide. It is an ionic compound (a salt) consisting of the ions copper(II) , carbonate , and hydroxide . The name most commonly refers to the compound with formula (). It is a green crystalline solid that occurs in nature as the mineral malachite. It has been used since antiquity as a pigment, and it is still used as such in artist paints, sometimes called verditer, green bice, or mountain green. Sometimes the name is used for ()(), a blue crystalline solid also known as"
"collector. Maucherite Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group ""P4""22 or ""P4""22. It has the chemical formula: NiAs and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities. It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German"
"Maucherite Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group ""P4""22 or ""P4""22. It has the chemical formula: NiAs and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities. It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German mineral"
"Muscovite Muscovite (also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula KAl(AlSiO)(FOH), or (KF)(AlO)(SiO)(HO). It has a highly perfect basal cleavage yielding remarkably thin laminae (sheets) which are often highly elastic. Sheets of muscovite 5 meters × 3 meters (16.5 feet × 10 feet) have been found in Nellore, India. Muscovite has a Mohs hardness of 2–2.25 parallel to the [001] face, 4 perpendicular to the [001] and a specific gravity of 2.76–3. It can be colorless or tinted through grays, browns, greens, yellows, or (rarely) violet or red,"
"characteristic of having two elemental magnesium molecules, whereas magnesium malate has a single elemental magnesium molecule. Magnesium malate Magnesium malate, the magnesium salt of malic acid, is a mineral supplement often used for nutritional concerns. It is represented by the chemical formula C4H4MgO5 and has a molecular weight of 156.376 g/mol. Magnesium malate is discussed as being a more bioavailable form of magnesium, along with other forms such as citrate and glycinate. Dimagnesium malate is another common form of this compound seen in the dietary supplement market, produced by such dimetalhydroxy malate-yielding processes as the one described by a 1997"
"ZrOCl·8HO was found to be the chloride salt of a tetrameric cation [Zr(OH)(HO)] in which there is a square of Zr ions with two hydroxide groups bridging between Zr atoms on each side of the square and with four water molecules attached to each Zr atom. The mineral malachite is a typical example of a basic carbonate. The formula, CuCO(OH) shows that it is halfway between copper carbonate and copper hydroxide. Indeed, in the past the formula was written as CuCO·Cu(OH). The crystal structure is made up of copper, carbonate and hydroxide ions. The mineral atacamite is an example of"
"Magnesium malate Magnesium malate, the magnesium salt of malic acid, is a mineral supplement often used for nutritional concerns. It is represented by the chemical formula C4H4MgO5 and has a molecular weight of 156.376 g/mol. Magnesium malate is discussed as being a more bioavailable form of magnesium, along with other forms such as citrate and glycinate. Dimagnesium malate is another common form of this compound seen in the dietary supplement market, produced by such dimetalhydroxy malate-yielding processes as the one described by a 1997 patent awarded to Albion Minerals. The primary difference in this compound can be seen by its"
"Malachite green Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineral malachite, and the name just comes from the similarity of color. Malachite green is classified in the dyestuff industry as a triarylmethane dye and also using in pigment industry. Formally, malachite green refers to the chloride salt [CHC(CHN(CH))]Cl, although the term malachite green is used loosely and often just refers to the"
"Calclacite Calclacite is a mineral and an organic compound. Its name references the components, which are calcium ions (Ca), chloride (Cl) and acetate CHCOO. Calclacite is an organic compound with chemical formula Ca(CHCOO)Cl·5HO. It forms crystals in the monoclinic system, with silky hairlike efflorescences up to 4 cm long. According to the Nickel-Strunz classification, calclacite is an organic acid salt and occurs with formicaite, acetamide, dashkovaite, paecite and hoganite. It is white and its hardness on the Mohs scale is 1.5. Calclacite is formed on samples of rocks, fossils, and on fragments of ceramics, by the action of acetic acid"
"with the dye malachite green. Molybdate In chemistry a molybdate is a compound containing an oxoanion with molybdenum in its highest oxidation state of 6. Molybdenum can form a very large range of such oxoanions which can be discrete structures or polymeric extended structures, although the latter are only found in the solid state.The larger oxoanions are members of group of compounds termed polyoxometalates, and because they contain only one type of metal atom are often called isopolymetalates. The discrete molybdenum oxoanions range in size from the simplest , found in potassium molybdate up to extremely large structures found in"
"Clintonite Clintonite is a calcium magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral. It is a member of the margarite group of micas and the subgroup often referred to as the ""brittle"" micas. Clintonite has the chemical formula: Ca(Mg,Al)(AlSi)O(OH). Like other micas and chlorites, clintonite is monoclinic in crystal form and has a perfect basal cleavage parallel to the flat surface of the plates or scales. The Mohs hardness of clintonite is 6.5, and the specific gravity is 3.0 to 3.1. It occurs as variably colored, colorless, green, yellow, red, to reddish-brown masses and radial clusters. The brittle micas differ chemically from the micas"
"Margarite Margarite is a calcium rich member of the mica group of the phyllosilicates with formula: CaAl(AlSi)O(OH). It forms white to pinkish or yellowish gray masses or thin laminae. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. It typically has a specific gravity of around 3 and a Mohs hardness of 4. It is translucent with perfect 010 cleavage and exhibits crystal twinning. It occurs commonly as an alteration product of corundum, andalusite and other aluminous minerals. It has been reported as forming alteration pseudomorphs of chiastolite along with muscovite and paragonite. The margarite in this occurrence forms preferentially along the"
"is the main source for aluminium. Bauxite is a variety of laterite (residual sedimentary rock), so it has no precise chemical formula. It is composed mainly of hydrated alumina minerals such as gibbsite [Al(OH) or AlO . 3HO)] in newer tropical deposits; in older subtropical, temperate deposits the major minerals are boehmite [γ-AlO(OH) or AlO.HO] and some diaspore [α-AlO(OH) or AlO.HO]. The average chemical composition of bauxite, by weight, is 45 to 60% AlO and 20 to 30% FeO. The remaining weight consists of silicas (quartz, chalcedony and kaolinite), carbonates (calcite, magnesite and dolomite), titanium dioxide and water. Bauxites of"
"elements in kamacite are gallium, germanium, cobalt, copper, and chromium. Cobalt is the most notable of these where the nickel content varies from 5.26% to 6.81% and the cobalt content can be from 0.25% to 0.77%. All of these trace elements are metallic and their appearance near the kamacite taenite border can give important clues to the environment the meteorite was formed in. Mass spectroscopy has revealed kamacite to contain considerable amounts of platinum to be an average of 16.31 (µg/g), iridium to be an average of 5.40 (µg/g), osmium to be an average of 3.89 (µg/g), tungsten to be"
"chloride, but it is less corrosive. It is also used in agriculture, veterinary medicine and cattle breeding to increase the crop yield and treat animals. Bischofite Bischofite (bischofit) is a hydrous magnesium chloride mineral with formula MgCl·6HO. It belongs to halides and is a sea salt concentrate. Bischofite is ecologically pure natural magnesium poly-mineral with a unique composition. It contains many macro- and micro-elements vital for human health, in much higher concentrations than can be found in sea or ocean salt. The main bischofit compound is magnesium chloride (up to 350 g/L), moreover, it contains about 70 other elements as"
"unicellular tasmanitid algae of marine origin. Marinite is a gray to dark-gray to black oil shale of marine origin in which the chief organic components are lamalginite and bituminite derived from marine phytoplankton with varied admixtures of bitumen, telalginite, and vitrinite. As a sapropel fuel, oil shale differs from humus fuels in its lower content of organic matter. The organic matter has an atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon of about 1.5 – approximately the same as that of crude oil and four to five times higher than coals. The organic matter in oil shales forms a complex macromolecular structure"
"Plancheite Plancheite is a hydrated copper silicate mineral with the formula CuSiO(OH)•(HO). It is closely related to shattuckite in structure and appearance, and the two minerals are often confused. Plancheite is a chain silicate (inosilicate), with double chains of silica tetrahedra parallel to the c crystal axis. It occurs as sprays of acicular or fibrous radial clusters, with fibers extended parallel to the chains, i.e. along the c crystal axis; it can also form tiny tabular or platy crystals. It is a member of the orthorhombic crystal class m m m (2/m 2/m 2/m), which is the most symmetrical class"
"Kamacite Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is found on Earth only in meteorites. The proportion iron:nickel is between 90:10 and 95:5; small quantities of other elements, such as cobalt or carbon may also be present. The mineral has a metallic luster, is gray and has no clear cleavage although its crystal structure is isometric-hexoctahedral. Its density is about 8 g/cm and its hardness is 4 on the Mohs scale. It is also sometimes called balkeneisen. The name was coined in 1861 and is derived from the Greek root ""καμακ-"" ""kamak"" or ""κάμαξ"" ""kamaks"", meaning vine-pole. It"
"charnockite and migmatite. The results of the chemical analysis of samples of these laterites indicate the following composition. Spatial variations have been recorded in the chemical composition of laterites in Kerala. The economic importance of laterites comes from the mining of metals, particularly nickel and aluminium. Bauxite is an aluminium-rich laterite variety, which is commercially in demand. Bauxite patches are found with laterites overlying for a thickness varying from about . Worldwide resources inventory indicates that laterites are a major source of nickel and account for 70% of resources. But nickel production from this source is limited to about 40%"
"and keep evil spirits at bay. Malachite often results from the weathering of copper ores, and is often found together with azurite (Cu(CO)(OH)), goethite, and calcite. Except for its vibrant green color, the properties of malachite are similar to those of azurite and aggregates of the two minerals occur frequently. Malachite is more common than azurite and is typically associated with copper deposits around limestones, the source of the carbonate. Large quantities of malachite have been mined in the Urals, Russia. Ural malachite is not being mined at present, but G.N Vertushkova reports the possible discovery of new deposits of"
"Kochite Kochite is a rare silicate mineral with chemical formula of (Na,Ca)Ca(Mn,Ca)ZrTi[(F,O)(SiO) or double that. Kochite is a member of the rosenbuschite group. Kochite is triclinic with angles intersecting at approximately α 90.192°, β 100.192°, γ 111.551°. This mineral belongs to the space group P and is centrosymmetric, i.e. contains a center of symmetry. Kochite is an anisotropic mineral. The light entering the mineral is split into two rays that vibrate at 90° to each other. Kochite is biaxial, meaning it has two optic axes (lines of symmetry). In plane polarized light, this mineral is colorless to light brown and"
"Mohawkite Mohawkite is a rare rock consisting of mixtures of arsenic , silver, nickel, skutterudite and copper, with the formula CuAs up to CuAs, and the most desirable material was usually found in white quartz matrix. It has a hardness of 3-3.5 and a metallic luster. It is named after the Mohawk mine where it was originally found. Colors range from brassy-yellow to metallic gray, and sometimes will have a blue or greenish surface tarnish. These colors come from its two main ingredients, the arsenic-rich copper minerals algodonite and domeykite. Its color may resemble pyrrhotite, but unlike pyrrhotite, mohawkite is"
"Manganite Manganite is a mineral composed of manganese oxide-hydroxide, MnO(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system (pseudo-orthorhombic). Crystals of manganite are prismatic and deeply striated parallel to their length; they are often grouped together in bundles. The color is dark steel-grey to iron-black, and the luster brilliant and submetallic. The streak is dark reddish brown. The hardness is 4, and the specific gravity is 4.3. There is a perfect cleavage parallel to the brachypinacoid, and less-perfect cleavage parallel to the prism faces. Twinned crystals are not infrequent. The mineral contains 89.7% manganese sesquioxide; it dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of"
"produced from the oak of the storage cabinets. Calclacite Calclacite is a mineral and an organic compound. Its name references the components, which are calcium ions (Ca), chloride (Cl) and acetate CHCOO. Calclacite is an organic compound with chemical formula Ca(CHCOO)Cl·5HO. It forms crystals in the monoclinic system, with silky hairlike efflorescences up to 4 cm long. According to the Nickel-Strunz classification, calclacite is an organic acid salt and occurs with formicaite, acetamide, dashkovaite, paecite and hoganite. It is white and its hardness on the Mohs scale is 1.5. Calclacite is formed on samples of rocks, fossils, and on fragments"
"Polyhalite Polyhalite is an evaporite mineral, a hydrated sulfate of potassium, calcium and magnesium with formula: KCaMg(SO)·2HO. Polyhalite crystallizes in the triclinic system, although crystals are very rare. The normal habit is massive to fibrous. It is typically colorless, white to gray, although it may be brick red due to iron oxide inclusions. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 and a specific gravity of 2.8. It occurs in sedimentary marine evaporites and is a major potassium ore mineral in the Carlsbad deposits of New Mexico. It is also present as a 2–3% contaminant of Himalayan salt. Polyhalite was first"
"an extreme amount compared to the average 5 ppb discovered in fish. After a period of two years, an increase in lung adenomas in male rats was discovered but no incidences of liver tumors. Therefore, it could be concluded that malachite green caused carcinogenic symptoms, but a direct link between malachite green and liver tumor was not established. Malachite green Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye"
"Congo. JMol: http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/viewJmol.php?id=00578 Plancheite Plancheite is a hydrated copper silicate mineral with the formula CuSiO(OH)•(HO). It is closely related to shattuckite in structure and appearance, and the two minerals are often confused. Plancheite is a chain silicate (inosilicate), with double chains of silica tetrahedra parallel to the c crystal axis. It occurs as sprays of acicular or fibrous radial clusters, with fibers extended parallel to the chains, i.e. along the c crystal axis; it can also form tiny tabular or platy crystals. It is a member of the orthorhombic crystal class m m m (2/m 2/m 2/m), which is the"
"Galaxite Galaxite, also known as 'mangan-spinel' is an isometric mineral belonging to the spinel group of oxides with the ideal chemical formula MnAlO. Galaxite is the manganese (Mn) rich endmember of the aluminium (Al) series of the spinel group. Divalent iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) readily substitute for the manganese in the crystal structure. Trivalent iron may also substitute for the aluminium. Thus, reflecting most natural samples, the formula may be better represented as (Mn,Fe,Mg)(Al,Fe)O. Galaxite generally occurs as small granular aggregates with a red-brownish tone. It has a vitreous luster and leaves a brownish-red streak. It is rated 7.5"
"consists of minerals of the general formula XYO. X and Y are usually Fe (2+ and 3+), Mg, Al, and Ti. End members are armalcolite ((Mg,Fe)TiO), pseudobrookite (FeTiO), ferropseudobrookite (FeTiO) and karrooite (MgTiO). They are isostructural and all have orthorhombic crystal structure and occur in lunar and terrestrial rocks. Chemical composition of most armalcolite samples can be decomposed into a sum of metal oxides as follows: TiO (concentration 71–76%), FeO (10–17%), MgO (5.5–9.4%), AlO (1.48-2%), CrO (0.3-2%) and MnO (0-0.83%). Whereas the titanium content is relatively constant, the ratio of magnesium to iron varies and is usually lower than 1."
"produce different pigmentation. If malayaite is chromium-doped, it produces a pink-red color while with nickel, it produces a purple color. Pink chromium-doped malayaite Ca(Sn,Cr)SiO is among a few important minerals used in producing pigments for the ceramic industry, specifically for coloring glazes as it produces a resilient color. This mineral is generally found in tin-rich contact metamorphic skarn deposits. There is a possibility that malayaite is a hydrothermal altered form of cassiterite-quartz assemblage or some tin-bearing mineral. There have been specimens that were found with malayaite as a coating mineral on cassiterite. Malayaite Malayaite is a calcium tin silicate mineral"
"metabolized into LMG. Only the cation MG is deeply colored, whereas the leuco and alcohol derivatives are not. This difference arises because only the cationic form has extended pi-delocalization, which allows the molecule to absorb visible light. The leuco form of malachite green was first prepared by Hermann Fischer in 1877 by condensing benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline in the molecular ratio 1:2 in the presence of sulfuric acid. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye. Kilotonnes of MG and related triarylmethane dyes are produced annually for this purpose. MG is active against the oomycete ""Saprolegnia"", which infects fish eggs in"
"Trachyte Trachyte is an igneous volcanic rock with an aphanitic to porphyritic texture. It is the volcanic equivalent of syenite. The mineral assemblage consists of essential alkali feldspar; relatively minor plagioclase and quartz or a feldspathoid such as nepheline may also be present. (See the QAPF diagram). Biotite, clinopyroxene and olivine are common accessory minerals. Chemically, trachyte contains 60 to 65% silica content; less SiO than rhyolite and more (NaO plus KO) than dacite. These chemical differences are consistent with the position of trachyte in the TAS classification, and they account for the feldspar-rich mineralogy of the rock type. Trachytes"
"Samarium monochalcogenides Samarium monochalcogenides are chemical compounds with the composition SmX, where Sm stands for the lanthanide element samarium and X denotes any one of three chalcogen elements, sulfur, selenium or tellurium, resulting in the compounds SmS, SmSe or SmTe. In these compounds, samarium formally exhibits oxidation state +2, whereas it usually assumes the +3 state, resulting in chalcogenides with the chemical formula SmX. Single crystals or polycrystals of samarium monochalcogenides can be obtained by reacting the metal with sulfur, selenium or tellurium vapors at high temperature. Thin films can be obtained by magnetron sputtering or electron beam physical vapor"