"Hibernia Express Hibernia Express is a submarine communications cable which was privately owned by Hibernia Networks linking Canada, Ireland, and the UK. Hibernia Express is now owned by telecommunications provider GTT Communications, Inc. after their acquisition of Hibernia Networks. At 58.95ms of latency, the cable is currently the lowest latency fiber optic route between the NY4 data center in Secaucus, New Jersey and London. The cable was considered operational on September 15, 2015. Hibernia Express spans 4,600km between its landing stations in Halifax, Nova Scotia; Slough, UK; and Cork, Ireland. The cable is constructed with 6 fiber pairs, with a"
"because of an overlapping in political and geographic perspectives. The Latin word ""Hiberia"", similar to the Greek ""Iberia"", literally translates to ""land of the Hiberians"". This word was derived from the river Ebro, which the Romans called ""Hiberus"". ""Hiber"" (Iberian) was thus used as a term for peoples living near the river Ebro. The first mention in Roman literature was by the annalist poet Ennius in 200 BC. Virgil refers to the ""Ipacatos Hiberos"" (""restless Iberi"") in his Georgics. The Roman geographers and other prose writers from the time of the late Roman Republic called the entire peninsula ""Hispania"". As"
"Roman writers, such as Caesar, Pliny and Tacitus, derived from """"Ivernia"""" the name Hibernia. Thus the name Hibernian also comes from this root (although the Romans tended to call the isle Scotia, and the Gaels """"Scoti""""). From the 5th to 10th centuries, early Scotland was home to the following people and cultures: the Picts, Dál Riata also known as Gaels, the Britons, Angles and the Vikings. The Romans began to use the term ""Scoti"" to describe the Gaels in Latin from the 4th century onward. In the context of the times, the Gaels were raiding the west coast of Britain"
"Ireland (also called Hibernia by the Romans) and later for Scotland, the Scoti peoples having originated in Ireland and resettled in Scotland. Another, post-conquest, Roman name for the island of Great Britain was Albion, which is cognate with the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland: ""Alba"". Caledonia Caledonia () is the Latin name given by the Romans to the land in today's Scotland, north of their province of ""Britannia"", beyond the frontier of their empire. The etymology of the name is probably from a P-Celtic source. Its modern usage is as a romantic or poetic name for Scotland as a whole,"
"Aquilonia (Conan) Aquilonia is a fictional country created by Robert E. Howard for the fictional character Conan the Barbarian, who eventually becomes its king. The mythical country existed during the Hyborian Age. Howard was precise concerning the geographic relationships between his fictional world and the real world, placing it in modern France and southern Britain, but left the origins of Aquilonia vague. In the real world, it was an ancient battle, and a Roman city. See Aquilonia. Stygia (Egypt) was far to the south in the Hyborian age. Howard first described Aquilonia in an essay about the nine Hyborian kingdoms"
"Hibernia are the same country"" (Isidore, lib. xii. c. 6), but the connotation is still ethnic. This is how it is used, for instance, by King Robert I of Scotland (Robert the Bruce) and Domhnall Ua Néill during the Scottish Wars of Independence, when Ireland was called ""Scotia Maior"" (greater Scotia) and Scotland ""Scotia Minor"" (lesser Scotia). After the 11th century, ""Scotia"" was used mostly for the kingdom of Alba or Scotland, and in this way became the fixed designation. As a translation of ""Alba"", ""Scotia"" could mean both the whole kingdom belonging to the King of Scots, or just"
"strongly hints at an ancient name for the country of ""*Hispa"", an Iberian or Celtic root whose meaning is now lost. Isidore of Sevilla considered Hispania derived from Hispalis. ""Hispalis"" may alternatively derive from ""Heliopolis"" (Greek for ""city of the sun""). According to Manuel Pellicer Catalán, the name derives from Phoenician ""Spal"" ""lowland"", rendering this explanation of ""Hispania"" dubious. Occasionally Hispania was called ""Hesperia Ultima"", ""the last western land"" in Greek, by Roman writers, since the name ""Hesperia"" had already been used by the Greeks to indicate the Italian peninsula. Another theory holds that the name derives from ""Ezpanna"", the"
"Caledonia Caledonia () is the Latin name given by the Romans to the land in today's Scotland, north of their province of ""Britannia"", beyond the frontier of their empire. The etymology of the name is probably from a P-Celtic source. Its modern usage is as a romantic or poetic name for Scotland as a whole, comparable with Hibernia for Ireland and Cambria for Wales. The original use of the name, by Tacitus, Ptolemy, Lucan and Pliny the Elder, referred to the area (or parts of the area) later known as ""Pictavia"" or Pictland north of Hadrian's Wall in today's Scotland."
"they became politically interested in the former Carthaginian territories, the Romans began to use the names ""Hispania Citerior"" and ""Hispania Ulterior"" for 'near' and 'far' Hispania. At the time Hispania was made up of three Roman provinces: Hispania Baetica, Hispania Tarraconensis, and Hispania Lusitania. Strabo says that the Romans use ""Hispania"" and ""Iberia"" synonymously, distinguishing between the ""near"" northern and the ""far"" southern provinces. (The name ""Iberia"" was ambiguous, being also the name of the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus.) Whatever language may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of"
"Hispania Ulterior Hispania Ulterior (English: ""Further Iberia"", or occasionally ""Thither Iberia"") was a region of Hispania during the Roman Republic, roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of modern Spain and extending to all of Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of Salamanca province) and Gallaecia (modern Northern Portugal and Galicia). Its capital was Corduba. Hispania is the Latin term given to the Iberian peninsula. The term can be traced back to at least 200 BC by the poet Quintus Ennius. The word is possibly derived from the Punic אי שפן ""I-Shaphan"" meaning ""coast of hyraxes"","
"Pannonia Pannonia () was a province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Julius Pokorny believed the name ""Pannonia"" is derived from Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root ""*pen-"", ""swamp, water, wet"" (cf. English ""fen"", ""marsh""; Hindi ""pani"", ""water""). Others believe that the name is related to the god of the nature, goats and shepherds Pan and/or"
"Hispellum Hispellum (modern Spello) was an ancient town of Umbria, Italy, north of Fulginiae, on the road between it and Perusia. Hispellum is mentioned in Pliny (III.xiv.113), Strabo (V.2.10), and Ptolemy's ""Geography"" (III.1), but apparently by no earlier author: the town seems to have been established by Augustus, who at any rate founded a colony there (Colonia Julia Hispellum) as a reward for soldiers who fought on his side in the Perusine War. Augustus extended its territory to the springs of the Clitunno, which had originally belonged to the territory of Mevania. Hispellum received the name of ""Flavia Constans ""by"
"Ireland by this name too in its Latinised form, ""Hibernia"", or Scotia. Ptolemy records sixteen nations inhabiting every part of Ireland in 100 AD. The relationship between the Roman Empire and the kingdoms of ancient Ireland is unclear. However, a number of finds of Roman coins have been made, for example at the Iron Age settlement of Freestone Hill near Gowran and Newgrange. Ireland continued as a patchwork of rival kingdoms but, beginning in the 7th century, a concept of national kingship gradually became articulated through the concept of a High King of Ireland. Medieval Irish literature portrays an almost"
"Hispania Citerior Hispania Citerior (English: ""Hither Iberia"", or ""Nearer Iberia"") was a Roman Province in Hispania during the Roman Republic. It was on the eastern coast of Iberia down to the town of Cartago Nova, today's Cartagena, Spain in the autonomous community of Murcia, Spain. It roughly covered today's Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia and Valencia. Further south there was the Roman Province of Hispania Ulterior (""Further Iberia""), being further away from Rome. The two provinces were formed in 197 BC, four years after the end of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC). During this war Scipio Africanus defeated the"
"in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time, the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's 'Iberia' was delineated from Keltikē (Gaul) by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass southwest (he says ""west"") of there. The noun ""Hiberia"" fell into disuse when the Romans decided to call the most western part of the peninsula ""Lusitania"" (today Portugal) and the remaining territory ""Hispania"" (modern Spain). With the fall of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the new Castillian language in Spain, the word ""Iberia"" appeared for the first time"
"Hispania Hispania (; ) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces"
"Cimmeria (Conan) Cimmeria is a fictional land of barbarians in the Hyborian Age, and the homeland of Conan the Barbarian in the works of Robert E. Howard. Howard originally described Cimmeria in a poem by that name and went on later to expand the idea into book form. Although the rest is Howard's creation, the original name and description of Cimmeria are from ""The Odyssey"", Book 11, lines 12-18. The origins of the Cimmerians stretch back to the Thurian Age. The Cimmerians are the descendants of colonists from Atlantis. Living on the main Thurian continent, the colonists survived the great"
"country. Each province was to be ruled by a praetor. Members of the tribal elite of Hispania were introduced into the Roman aristocracy and allowed to participate in their own governance. Roman emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius I were all born in Hispania. Roman latifundia were granted to members of the aristocracy throughout the region. Cities in Hispania Citerior such as Valencia were enhanced, and irrigation aqueducts were introduced. The economy thrived as a granary as well as by exporting gold, olive oil, wool, and wine. Hispania Ulterior Hispania Ulterior (English: ""Further Iberia"", or occasionally ""Thither Iberia"") was a region"
"entitled ""Punica"", mentions a former Viriatus who would have been a contemporary of Hannibal. He is referenced as ""primo Viriatus in aeuo"", and was a leader of the Gallaeci and of the Lusitanians. The historical Viriatus would be the one who received the title of ""regnator Hiberae magnanimus terrae"", the ""magnanimous ruler of the Iberian land"". In the 3rd century BC, Rome started its conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Roman conquest of Iberia began during the Second Punic War, when the senate sent an army to Iberia to block Carthaginian reinforcements from helping Hannibal in the Italian Peninsula. This"
"century. Other tribal names associated with the south-east, including the Domnainn, related to the British Dumnonii, and the Menapii, also known from Gaul (Roman France), may also date from such an invasion. Irish religious belief and practices became Romanized after Saint Patrick and Saint Palladius began in the 5th century the slow process of spreading Christianity throughout Hibernia. One of the first churches in Hibernia was founded by Saint Palladius in 420 AD, with the name ""House of the Romans"" (Teach-na-Roman, actual Tigroney). However, actual contacts with Rome and Italy seem to have been erratic for much of this period,"
"with a Celtic name. Also, Howard portrays him cursing by Celtic gods. In Howard's poem ""Cimmeria"" the region is described as a rugged wilderness, hilly, probably mountainous, heavily forested, and often cold and overcast. Based on the Hyborian map as it overlaps a modern map of Europe, there was likely a mountain range along Cimmeria's western border. Howard confirms this in ""The Hyborian Age"": ""...the ocean flowed around the mountains of western Cimmeria to form the North Sea; these mountains became the islands later known as England, Scotland and Ireland..."" According to Howard, ""the Cimmerians are tall and powerful, with"
"name ""Liburnia"" was used not only for the territory settled by the Liburnians, but also for previously ""Iapodian"" territory in official usage; the Iapodians were included with the Liburnians to the court jurisdiction county of ""Scardona"" (Skradin), one of the convent seats in the provinces of Dalmatia. By the end of 330s AD, Liburnia was administratively attached to Dalmatia. However, it was still treated and recognized as a special and different area. After the fall of the Roman Empire and probably already from 490 AD, Liburnia within Dalmatia passed to the rule of the Ostrogoths, which lasted for six decades."
"out that ""Bohemia"" was also a rare name for Apulia in southern Italy. More influential was Thomas Hanmer's 1744 argument that Bohemia is a printed error for Bithynia, an ancient nation in Asia Minor; this theory was adopted in Charles Kean's influential 19th-century production of the play, which featured a resplendent Bithynian court. At the time of the medieval Kingdom of Sicily, however, Bithynia was long extinct and its territories were controlled by the Byzantine Empire. On the other hand, the play alludes to Hellenistic antiquity (e.g. the Oracle of Delphos, the names of the kings), so that the ""Kingdom"
"Raetia Raetia (; ; also spelled Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian (""Raeti"" or ""Rhaeti"") people. It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii, on the east with Noricum, on the north with Vindelicia, on the south-west with Transalpine Gaul and on the south with Venetia et Histria. It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance), southern Bavaria and the Upper Swabia, Vorarlberg, the greater part of Tyrol, and part of Lombardy. Later Vindelicia (today south-eastern Wuerttemberg and"
"remain of the old Pictish Empire and its predecessors. Their descendants, the Picts, would only enter history again when they encounter the Roman Empire. Howard addresses their further history in his Bran Mak Morn series. No further reference is mentioned to Aquilonians or their possible descendants. Aquilonia (Conan) Aquilonia is a fictional country created by Robert E. Howard for the fictional character Conan the Barbarian, who eventually becomes its king. The mythical country existed during the Hyborian Age. Howard was precise concerning the geographic relationships between his fictional world and the real world, placing it in modern France and southern"
"AD 634 Eastern Roman emperor Heraclius invited the ""Chrovates"" or ""Chrobati"" (ancestors of the Croats), who lived on the north side of the Carpathians, in what is now southern Poland (or Galicia), to occupy the province as vassals of the Empire. Their presence had a permanent effect on the Romanized culture, and the Liburnians faded as a distinct ethnic group. Liburnians The Liburnians (or Liburni) were an ancient Illyrian tribe inhabiting the district called Liburnia, a coastal region of the northeastern Adriatic between the rivers ""Arsia"" (Raša) and ""Titius"" (Krka) in what is now Croatia. According to legend they populated"
"Magna (Large Britain) for Britain and Hibernia or Britannia Parva (Small Britain) for Ireland. The post-Roman era saw Brythonic kingdoms established in all areas of Britain except the Scottish Highlands, but coming under increasing attacks from Picts, Scotti and Anglo-Saxons. At this time Ireland was dominated by the Gaels or Scotti, who subsequently gave their names to Ireland and Scotland. In classical geography, the Mediterranean world was thought to be surrounded by a fast-flowing river, personified as the Titan Oceanus. As a result, islands off the north and west shores of continental Europe were termed (in Latin) the ""Oceani Insulae"""
"Age. Howard's Conan the Barbarian also has various adventures set in this locale, including as a pirate on the inland sea. Although the below list is incomplete, they are the known governors of Hyrcania. Hyrcania Hyrcania () ( ""Hyrkania"", Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 ""Varkâna"", Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 ""Gurgān"", Akkadian: ""Urqananu"") is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran, bound in the south by the Alborz mountain range and the Kopet Dag in the east. The region served as a satrapy (province) of the Median Empire, a sub-province of the Achaemenid Empire, and a"
"Britain"" is also used for the period, mainly in non-archaeological contexts; ""sub-Roman"" and ""post-Roman"" are both terms that apply to the old Roman province of Britannia, i.e. Britain south of the Forth–Clyde line. The history of the area between Hadrian's Wall and the Forth–Clyde line is similar to that of Wales (see Rheged, Bernicia, Gododdin and Strathclyde). North of the line lay a thinly-populated area including the kingdoms of the Maeatae (in Angus), Dalriada (in Argyll), and the kingdom whose ""kaer"" (castle) near Inverness was visited by Saint Columba. The Romans referred to these peoples collectively as ""Picti"" Picts, meaning"
"""land of rabbits"" or ""edge"", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a rabbit at her feet, and Strabo called it the ""land of the rabbits"". The word in question (compare modern Hebrew ""Shafan"") actually means ""Hyrax"", possibly due to Phoenicians confusing the two animals. ""Hispania"" may derive from the poetic use of the term ""Hesperia"", reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a ""western land"" or ""land of the setting sun"" (""Hesperia"", ""Ἑσπερία"" in Greek) and Spain, being still"
"southeastern Poland, western Ukraine, western Romania, northern Serbia (Vojvodina), the tip of northeast Croatia (Slavonia), northeastern Slovenia, and eastern Austria. The name ""Pannonian"" comes from Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire. Only the western part of the territory (the so-called Transdanubia) of modern Hungary formed part of the ancient Roman Province of Pannonia; this comprises less than 29% of modern Hungary, therefore Hungarian geographers avoid the terms ""Pannonian Basin"" and ""Pannonian Plain"". In English-language, the terms ""Pannonian Basin"" and ""Carpathian Basin"" are used synonymously. The name ""Pannonian"" is taken from that of Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire."
"Hyrcania Hyrcania () ( ""Hyrkania"", Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 ""Varkâna"", Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 ""Gurgān"", Akkadian: ""Urqananu"") is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran, bound in the south by the Alborz mountain range and the Kopet Dag in the east. The region served as a satrapy (province) of the Median Empire, a sub-province of the Achaemenid Empire, and a province within its successors, the Seleucid, Arsacid and Sasanian empires. Hyrcania bordered Parthia to the east (later known as Abarshahr), Dihistan to the north, Media to the south and Mardia to the west. After"
"Kingdom of Iberia In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia (Ancient Greek: ; ) was an exonym (foreign name) for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli (), known after its core province, which during Classical Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages was a significant monarchy in the Caucasus, either as an independent state or as a dependent of larger empires, notably the Sassanid and Roman empires. Iberia, centered on present-day Eastern Georgia, was bordered by Colchis in the west, Caucasian Albania in the east and Armenia in the south. Its population, the Iberians, formed the nucleus of the Georgians (Kartvelians). Iberia, ruled by the"