"imperial relations, as well as a few high-ranking and distinguished officials, and only rarely awarded to foreigners. The title developed into the Slavic term ""tsar"". In the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, ""Caesar"" continued in existence as a title marking out the heir-apparent, although since the time of Theodosius I, most emperors chose to solidify the succession of their intended heirs by raising them to co-emperors. Hence the title was more frequently awarded to second- and third-born sons, or to close and influential relatives of the Emperor: thus for example Alexios Mosele was the son-in-law of Theophilos (ruled 829–842), Bardas"
"Caesar (title) Caesar (English Caesars; Latin ""Caesares"") is a title of imperial character. It derives from the ""cognomen"" of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about AD 68/69, the so-called ""Year of the Four Emperors"". For political and personal reasons, Octavian chose to emphasize his relationship with Julius Caesar by styling himself simply ""Imperator Caesar"" (whereto the Roman Senate added the honorific ""Augustus"", ""Majestic"" or ""Venerable"", in 27 BC), without any of the other elements of his full name. His successor as"
"the usage of the titles Tsar and Autocrat (""samoderzhets""). His insistence on recognition as such by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire since 1489 resulted in the granting of this recognition in 1514 by Emperor Maximilian I to Vasili III. His son Ivan IV emphatically crowned himself Tsar of Russia on 16 January 1547. The word ""Tsar"" derives from Latin Caesar, but this title was used in Russia as equivalent to ""King""; the error occurred when medieval Russian clerics referred to the biblical Jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate Roman and Byzantine rulers —"
"Decline of the West"". Caesar (title) Caesar (English Caesars; Latin ""Caesares"") is a title of imperial character. It derives from the ""cognomen"" of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about AD 68/69, the so-called ""Year of the Four Emperors"". For political and personal reasons, Octavian chose to emphasize his relationship with Julius Caesar by styling himself simply ""Imperator Caesar"" (whereto the Roman Senate added the honorific ""Augustus"", ""Majestic"" or ""Venerable"", in 27 BC), without any of the other elements of his full"
"Caesar (Byzantine title) Caesar or kaisar () was a senior court title in the Byzantine Empire. Originally, as in the late Roman Empire (""caesar""), it was used for a subordinate co-emperor or the heir apparent, and was first among the ""awarded"" dignities. The office enjoyed extensive privileges, great prestige and power. When Alexios I Komnenos created the title of ""sebastokratōr"", ""kaisar"" became third in importance, and fourth after Manuel I Komnenos created the title of ""despotēs"", which it remained until the end of the Empire. The feminine form was ""kaisarissa"". It remained an office of great importance, usually awarded to"
"word ""Caesar""), the German word for emperor. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary, successor of the Austrian Empire, would both fall in the aftermath of the First World War along with the Russian and Ottoman Empires who had both claimed succession from the Eastern Roman Empire. With junior colleagues titled Caesar listed below the reign of each emperor. Maximian was elevated to ""caesar"" by Diocletian in 285, after Diocletian defeated Carinus. He became Western Emperor in 286, with the establishment of the Tetrarchy. On 1 May 305, both Maximian and Diocletian abdicated, leaving Constantius and Galerius as emperors. Constantius Chlorus was"
"Gheisari The Gheisari (Arabic قیصری) surname is falsely known to have been derived from the Latin Cæsar (plural Cæsares), is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to an imperial title can be loosely dated to AD 68/69, the so-called ""Year of the Four Emperors"". However it must be mentioned that the Gheisari version of the name, found in its Arabic and Persian forms are irrelevant from its Latin etymology due to its own etymological root from Arabic. The main branches of the Qays"
"history of ""Caesar"" as an imperial title is reflected by the following monarchic titles, usually reserved for ""Emperor"" and ""Empress"" in many languages (note that the name Caesar, pronounced in English, was pronounced in Classical Latin): Germanic languages: Baltic languages: Slavic languages: Afro-Asiatic languages: Indo-Iranian languages: Kartvelian languages Turkic languages: Uralic languages: Austronesian languages: Albanian: Armenian: Romance languages In various Romance and other languages, the imperial title was rather based on the Latin Imperator (in fact a military mandate or a victory title), but Caesar or a derivation is then still used for both the name and the minor ranks"
"Tsarina Tsaritsa or tsarina , ) is the title of a female autocratic ruler (monarch) of Bulgaria, Serbia or Russia, or the title of a tsar's wife. The English spelling is derived from the German ""czarin"" or ""zarin"", in the same way as the French ""tsarine""/""czarine"", and the Spanish and Italian ""czarina""/""zarina"". For a Tsar's daughters see tsarevna. ""Tsaritsa"" was the title of the female supreme ruler in the following states: Since 1721, the official titles of the Russian male and female monarchs were Emperor (, ""imperator"") and Empress (, ""imperatritsa""), respectively, or Empress Consort. Officially the last Russian tsarina"
"borrowed from the Gothic language and ultimately from Greek. The evolution of the name would have been ""καισαρ"" → ""kaisar"" → *""kēsar"" → ""Kíarr"" → ""Kiárr"". A third possibility is that it originates from contacts with Rome beside the probably early borrowing ""Rúm"" in words such as ""Rúmverjar"" (""Roman soldiers""). A less common theory is that it stems from Old Irish ""Kíarr"" or from Cearbhall of Valland (Wales). Kjárr Kjárr, or ""Kíarr"", is a figure of Norse mythology that is believed to be the reflection of the Roman Emperors. Kjárr is regarded as the Norse equivalent of Russian Tsar, etymologically"
"""Caesar"". On 31 October 1721, Peter I was proclaimed Emperor by the Senate. The title used was Latin """"Imperator"""", which is a westernizing form equivalent to the traditional Slavic title """"Tsar"""". He based his claim partially upon a letter discovered in 1717 written in 1514 from Maximilian I to Vasili III, in which the Holy Roman Emperor used the term in referring to Vasili. A formal address to the ruling Russian monarch adopted thereafter was 'Your Imperial Majesty'. The crown prince was addressed as 'Your Imperial Highness'. The title has not been used in Russia since the abdication of Emperor"
"full name ""Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus"" upon his posthumous adoption in 44 BC, and the name became fused with the imperial dignity; in this sense it is preserved in the German and Bulgarian words ""Kaiser"" and ""Tsar"" (sometimes spelled ""Czar""), both of which refer to an emperor. Compare the Hungarian, Slavic and Turkish words for ""king"", forms of """", all adapted from ""Karl"", the personal name of Charlemagne. The name of the dictator Julius Caesar—Latin script: ""CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR""—was often extended by the official filiation ""Gai filius"" (""son of Gaius""), rendered as ""Gaius Iulius Gai filius Caesar"". A longer version"
"Emperors and still survive slightly changed to this date. Prince derives from ""Princeps"" and Emperor from ""Imperator"", Caesar became ""Kaiser"" (German) and ""Czar"" (Russian). The Roman Empire had been born. Once Octavian named Tiberius as his heir, it was clear to everyone that even the hope of a restored Republic was dead. Most likely, by the time Augustus died, no one was old enough to know a time before a dictator ruled Rome. The Roman Republic had been changed into a despotic régime, which, underneath a competent and strong Emperor, could achieve military supremacy, economic prosperity, and a genuine peace,"
"and the title of ""king"" outside Greece. ""Tsar""– was used once by Church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev. This may be connected to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople. However, other princes of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as ""czars"". After the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders and the Mongol invasion of Rus' (1237–1240), the term ""tsar"" was applied by some people of Kievan Rus' to the Mongol (Tatar) overlords of the Rus' principalities. The title of ""tsar"" (sr. ""car"") was used officially by"
"of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources. Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. His cognomen was subsequently adopted as a synonym for ""Emperor""; the title ""Caesar"" was used throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern cognates such as Kaiser or Tsar. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic works, and his political philosophy, known as ""Caesarism"" inspired politicians into the modern era. Gaius Julius Caesar was born into a patrician family, the ""gens Julia"", which claimed descent from Iulus, son"
"Specific instances of the term are often a media creation. In the United Kingdom, the term is more loosely used to refer to high-profile appointments who devote their skills to one particular area. The word 'czar' is of Balkan origin, etymologically originating from the name ""Caesar,"" as does the word 'tsar,' a title of sovereignty adopted by late Rurukid-dynasty (Ivan III and Ivan IV the Terrible in particular) rulers of Muscovy. Confusion emerged when a German traveler recorded that the ruler of Muscovy at the time was titled 'czar,' due to a linguistic mistake derived from the fact that the"
"title ""Emperor (Tsar) of the Bulgarians"", in the early reigns with the addition of ""and the Vlachs"", but Ivan Asen II (r. 1218–41), who after the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 expanded his control over most of the Byzantine Empire's former European possessions, also adopted the title of ""Tsar and ""autokrator"" of all the Bulgarians and the Greeks"", a title which had first been claimed by Prince Simeon I (r. 893–927). Similarly, when the Serbian king Stefan Dušan claimed the imperial title in 1345/46, he used the title """"basileus"" and ""autokratōr"" of Serbia and of Romania"" in Greek, and ""Tsar"
"who would be the final Tsar and Tsaritsa of Russia. The Russian Imperial regalia survived the subsequent Russian Revolution and the Communist period, and are currently on exhibit in a museum at the Kremlin Armoury. Starting with the reign of Ivan IV, the ruler of Russia was known as ""Tsar"" rather than ""Grand Prince""; ""Tsar"" being a Slavonic equivalent to the Latin term ""Caesar"". This continued until 1721, during the reign of Peter I, when the title was formally changed to ""Imperator"" (Emperor). Peter's decision reflected the difficulties other European monarchs had in deciding whether to recognize the Russian ruler"
"X expressed doubts that it would be appropriate for him to address Alexis as ""tsar"", because the word is ""barbarian"" and because it stands for an ""emperor"", a title reserved for the Holy Roman Emperor. Abbot Scarlati's opined that the term is not translatable and therefore may be used by the Pope without any harm. In order to settle the matter and to assert his imperial ambitions more clearly, Peter I the Great issued an edict that raised Russia to an empire and decreed that the Latin title Imperator should be used instead of Tsar (1721). The title tsar remained"
"Kjárr Kjárr, or ""Kíarr"", is a figure of Norse mythology that is believed to be the reflection of the Roman Emperors. Kjárr is regarded as the Norse equivalent of Russian Tsar, etymologically in close proximity to 'Ceasar', possibly a variation of Kvasir. In Old Norse sources, he appears as a king of the Valir (Celtic/Romance southerners) who were the people of Valland (the Celtic/Roman south). Many scholars have suggested that the name is derived from ""Caesar"", but the route it took to Scandinavia is not clear. In his ""Skáldskaparmál"", Snorri Sturluson lists Kjárr as a descendant of Auði, the founder"
"Then, the plosive before front vowels began, due to palatalization, to be pronounced as an affricate, hence renderings like in Italian and in German regional pronunciations of Latin, as well as the title of Tsar. With the evolution of the Romance languages, the affricate became a fricative (thus, ) in many regional pronunciations, including the French one, from which the modern English pronunciation is derived. The original is preserved in Norse mythology, where he is manifested as the legendary king Kjárr. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible, which contains the famous verse ""Render unto"
"note that she was not the heiress of the Byzantine throne, her brother Andreas, who in fact was). Being the most powerful Orthodox Christian state, the Tsars were thought of in Russia as succeeding the Eastern Roman Empire as the rightful rulers of the Orthodox Christian world. There were also competing Bulgarian, Wallachian and Ottoman claims for legal succession of the Roman Empire, Mehmet II ""the Conqueror"" claiming the title ""Kayser-i Rûm"", meaning Caesar of Rome. In the early 20th century, the Italian fascists under their ""Duce"" Benito Mussolini dreamed of a new Roman Empire as an Italian one, encompassing"
"was written ""Καῖσαρ,"" which was pronounced more or less the same. Roman nomenclature is somewhat different from the modern English form. ""Gaius"", ""Iulius"", and ""Caesar"" are Caesar's praenomen, nomen, and cognomen, respectively. In modern usage, his full name might be something like ""Gaius Iulius, the Caesar"", where 'Caesar' denoted him as a member of the 'Caesarian' family branch of the 'Iulian' clan, and 'Gaius' was his personal name. Though contemporary writers sometimes referred to him as ""Gaius Caesar,"" the name's historical usage was not the same as it is in the 21st century. His grand-nephew, Gaius Octavius, duly took the"
"Imperator The Latin word imperator derives from the stem of the verb ""imperare"", meaning 'to order, to command'. It was originally employed as a title roughly equivalent to ""commander"" under the Roman Republic. Later it became a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen. The English word ""emperor"" derives from ""imperator"" via Old French ""Empereür"". The Roman emperors themselves generally based their authority on multiple titles and positions, rather than preferring any single title. Nevertheless, ""imperator"" was used relatively consistently as an element of a Roman ruler's title throughout the principate (derived from ""princeps"","
"powerful had this right extended. Pompey and Caesar are both thought to have worn the triumphal toga and other triumphal dress at public functions. Later emperors were distinguished by wearing ""togae purpurae"", purple togas; hence the phrase ""to don the purple"" for the assumption of imperial dignity. The titles customarily associated with the imperial dignity are ""imperator"" (""commander""), which emphasizes the emperor's military supremacy and is the source of the English word ""emperor""; ""Caesar"", which was originally a name but came to be used for the designated heir (as ""Nobilissimus Caesar"", ""Most Noble Caesar"") and was retained upon accession. The"
"refer to the Empire centered in Constantinople. Following the end of the Eastern Roman Empire after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title of ""Emperor"" became widespread among European monarchs. The Austrian Empire laid claim to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria's Habsburgs attempted to unite Germany under their rule. The German Empire, established in 1871, also claimed to be a successor of Rome through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire. Both of these empires used the imperial title ""Kaiser"" (derived from the Latin"
"started to use the title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West. From about 1480, he is designated as ""imperator"" in his Latin correspondence, as ""keyser"" in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, as ""kejser"" in his correspondence with the Danish king, Teutonic Knights, and the Hanseatic League. Ivan's son Vasily III continued using these titles. Sigismund von Herberstein observed that the titles of ""kaiser"" and ""imperator"" were attempts to render the Russian term ""tsar"" into German and Latin, respectively. This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox ""Third Rome"", after the Fall of Constantinople."
"both the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire (', literally ""Tsar realm""). The Eastern Realm (') of the Holy Roman Empire is still the name used today for Austria. In the history of Germany specifically, it is used to refer to: The term ""Third Reich"" was adopted by the Nazis as propaganda to legitimize their government as a successor to the retroactively renamed ""First"" and ""Second"" Reichs. The terms ""First Reich"" and ""Second Reich"" are not used by historians, whilst the term ""Fourth Reich"" is used mainly in fiction and for political humour; however, it also used by those"
"Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He is also known as an author of Latin prose. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as ""Populares"" were opposed by the"
"of False Demetrius I, argues that the title of ""tsar"" is more honorable for Muscovites than ""kaiser"" or ""king"" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel. Samuel Collins, a court physician to Tsar Alexis in 1659-66, styled the latter ""Great Emperour"", commenting that ""as for the word ""Czar"", it has so near relation to ""Cesar""... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperour. The Russians would have it to be an higher title than King, and yet they call David ""Czar"", and our"
"a Tsar. By assuming that title, the sovereign of Moscow tried to emphasize that he was a major ruler or emperor on par with the Byzantine emperor or the Mongol khan. Indeed, after Ivan III's marriage to Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the Moscow court adopted Byzantine terms, rituals, titles, and emblems such as the double-headed eagle, which survives as the Coat of Arms of Russia. At first, the Byzantine term ""autokrator"" expressed only the literal meaning of an independent ruler, but in the reign of Ivan IV (1533-1584) it came to mean unlimited rule. Ivan IV"
"tradition of titles, because of the shining example of the original – thus various styles of Emperors trace back to the Roman ""Imperator"" (strictly speaking a republican military honorific), the family surname Caesar (turned into an imperial title since Diocletian's Tetrarchy). As the conventional use of ""King"" and its equivalents to render various other monarchical styles illustrates, there are many roughly equivalent styles, each of which may spawn a ""Great ""X"""" variant, either unique or becoming a rank in a corresponding tradition; in this context ""Grand"" is equivalent to ""Great"" and sometimes interchangeable if convention does not firmly prescribe one"
"German Austria became a republic and the other kingdoms and lands represented in the Imperial Council established their independence or adhesion to other states. Byzantium's close cultural and political interaction with its Balkan neighbors Bulgaria and Serbia, and with Russia (Kievan Rus', then Muscovy) led to the adoption of Byzantine imperial traditions in all of these countries. In 913, Simeon I of Bulgaria was crowned Emperor (Tsar) by the Patriarch of Constantinople and imperial regent Nicholas Mystikos outside the Byzantine capital. In its final simplified form, the title read ""Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Romans"" (""Tsar i samodarzhets"