"orchard programs in response to growing markets. At the same time, horticulturists from the USDA and agricultural colleges were bringing new varieties to the United States from foreign expeditions, and developing experimental lots for these fruits. In response to this increased interest and activity, USDA established the Division of Pomology in 1886 and named Henry E. Van Deman as chief pomologist. An important focus of the division was to publish illustrated accounts of new varieties and to disseminate research findings to fruit growers and breeders through special publications and annual reports. During this period Andrew Jackson Downing and his brother"
"Pomology Pomology (from latin ""pomum"" (fruit) + ""-logy"") is a branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruit. The denomination fruticulture—introduced from Romance languages (from Latin ""fructus"" and ""cultura"")—is also used. Pomological research is mainly focused on the development, enhancement, cultivation and physiological studies of fruit trees. The goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of production periods, and reduction of production cost. One involved in the science of pomology is called a pomologist. Pomology has been an important area of research for centuries. During the mid-19th century in the United States, farmers were expanding fruit"
"Scatology In medicine and biology, scatology or coprology is the study of feces. Scatological studies allow one to determine a wide range of biological information about a creature, including its diet (and thus where it has been), health and diseases such as tapeworms. The word derives from the Greek ( ) meaning ""dung, feces""; ""coprology"" derives from the Greek of similar meaning. A comprehensive study of scatology was documented by John Gregory Bourke under the title "" Rites of All Nations"" (1891). An abbreviated version of the work (with a foreword by Sigmund Freud), was published as ""The Portable Scatalog"""
"Anthecology Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. Floral biology is a bigger field that includes these studies. Most flowering plants, or angiosperms, are pollinated by animals, and especially by insects. The major flower-frequenting insect taxa include beetles, flies, wasps, bees, ants, thrips, butterflies, and moths. Insects carry out pollination when visiting flowers to obtain nectar or pollen, to prey on other species, or when pseudo-copulating with insect-mimicking flowers such as orchids. Pollination-related interactions between plants and insects are considered mutualistic, and the relationships between plants and their"
"other attitude is one of self-disgust and misanthropy. This is found in the works of the Earl of Rochester and Jonathan Swift. Scatology In medicine and biology, scatology or coprology is the study of feces. Scatological studies allow one to determine a wide range of biological information about a creature, including its diet (and thus where it has been), health and diseases such as tapeworms. The word derives from the Greek ( ) meaning ""dung, feces""; ""coprology"" derives from the Greek of similar meaning. A comprehensive study of scatology was documented by John Gregory Bourke under the title "" Rites"
"20th century, including the unexplained and sudden disappearance of honey bees in a phenomenon known as colony collapse disorder. Anthecology Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. Floral biology is a bigger field that includes these studies. Most flowering plants, or angiosperms, are pollinated by animals, and especially by insects. The major flower-frequenting insect taxa include beetles, flies, wasps, bees, ants, thrips, butterflies, and moths. Insects carry out pollination when visiting flowers to obtain nectar or pollen, to prey on other species, or when pseudo-copulating with insect-mimicking flowers"
"generally acknowledged as jump-starting the entire field of molecular biology. Zymology Zymology, also known as zymurgy (from the Greek: ζύμωσις+ἔργον, ""the workings of fermentation"") is an applied science which studies the biochemical process of fermentation and its practical uses. Common topics include the selection of fermenting yeast and bacteria species and their use in brewing, wine making, fermenting milk, and the making of other fermented foods. Fermentation can be simply defined, in this context, as the conversion of sugar molecules into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast. French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first ""zymologist"" when in 1857 he connected"
"Somatology Somatology is defined as the study or science of the human body as a branch of anthropology. This also includes the study of material substances, as in physics, chemistry, biology, botany which are under the general heading of physicalism. It is also defined as the study of material bodies or substances, as in physics, chemistry, biology, botany which are under the general heading of physicalism.[Soma is from the New Latin, somatologia, from the Greek somatos + logia, -logy, the study of]. In ancient times, Greek was the lingua franca of much of the Mediterranean. Ancient writers, including St.Paul (see"
"Protistology Protistology is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists, a highly diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. Its field of study overlaps with more traditional disciplines of phycology, mycology, and protozoology, just as protists, which, being a paraphyletic group embrace algae, some organisms regarded previously as primitive fungi, and protozoa (""animal"" motile protists lacking chloroplasts). As the term ""protozoology"" has become dated as our understanding of the evolutionary relationships of the eukaryotes has improved, the term ""protistology"" become more common. For example, the Society of Protozoologists, founded in 1947, was renamed International Society of Protistologists in 2005. However,"
"Limnology Limnology ( ; from Greek λίμνη, ""limne"", ""lake"" and λόγος, ""logos"", ""knowledge""), is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. The study of limnology includes aspects of the biological, chemical, physical, and geological characteristics and functions of inland waters (running and standing waters, fresh and saline, natural or man-made). This includes the study of lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, springs, streams, wetlands, and groundwater. A more recent sub-discipline of limnology, termed landscape limnology, studies, manages, and seeks to conserve these ecosystems using a landscape perspective, by explicitly examining connections between an aquatic ecosystem and its watershed. Recently, the need to understand"
"Zymology Zymology, also known as zymurgy (from the Greek: ζύμωσις+ἔργον, ""the workings of fermentation"") is an applied science which studies the biochemical process of fermentation and its practical uses. Common topics include the selection of fermenting yeast and bacteria species and their use in brewing, wine making, fermenting milk, and the making of other fermented foods. Fermentation can be simply defined, in this context, as the conversion of sugar molecules into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast. French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first ""zymologist"" when in 1857 he connected yeast to fermentation. Pasteur originally defined fermentation as ""respiration without"
"magnification to see detail. The study of pollen is called palynology and is highly useful in paleoecology, paleontology, archaeology, and forensics. Pollen in plants is used for transferring haploid male genetic material from the anther of a single flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination. In a case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower. Pollen itself is not the male gamete. Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive)"
"Pedology Pedology (from Greek: πέδον, ""pedon"", ""soil""; and λόγος, ""logos"", ""study"") is the study of soils in their natural environment. It is one of two main branches of soil science, the other being edaphology. Pedology deals with pedogenesis, soil morphology, and soil classification, while edaphology studies the way soils influence plants, fungi, and other living things. Soil is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the pedosphere, the locus of numerous interactions between climate (water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues, the mineral material of the original and added rock, and its position"
"Phonology Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called ""phonemics"", or ""phonematics""), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning. Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages."
"pistillate flowers on different individuals. Arrangements other than hermaphroditic help to ensure outcrossing. The development of the embryo and gametophytes is called embryology. The study of pollens which persist in soil for many years is called palynology. Reproduction occurs when male and female gametophytes interact. This generally requires an external agent such as wind or insects to carry the pollen from the stamen to the vicinity of the ovule. This process is called pollination. In gymnosperms (literally ""naked seed"") pollen comes into direct contact with the exposed ovule. In angiosperms the ovule is enclosed in the carpel, requiring a specialised"
"is Landscape Beautiful?: The Science of Strollology Strollology Strollology or Promenadology is the ""science of strolling"" () as a method in the field of aesthetics and cultural studies with the aim of becoming aware of the conditions of perception of the environment and enhancement of environmental perception itself. Based on traditional methods in cultural studies as well as experimental practices like taking reflective walks and aesthetically interventions. The term and special field of studies was created in the 1980s by the Swiss sociologist Lucius Burckhardt, who, at that time, was a professor at the University of Kassel, as an alternative"
"Forensic palynology Forensic palynology is the study of pollen, spores and other acid-resistant microscopic plant bodies, including dinoflagellates, to prove or disprove a relationship between objects, people and places that pertain to both criminal and civil cases. Pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, countries, and even different parts of a garden will have a distinctive pollen assemblage. Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen. Pollen has been used to trace activity at mass graves in Bosnia, catch a burglar"
"Cosmology Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, ""kosmos"" ""world"" and -λογία, ""-logia"" ""study of"") is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe. Physical cosmology is the scientific study of the universe's origin, its large-scale structures and dynamics, and its ultimate fate, as well as the scientific laws that govern these areas. The term ""cosmology"" was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's ""Glossographia"", and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher Christian Wolff, in ""Cosmologia Generalis"". Religious or mythological cosmology is a body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature"
"who brushed against a ""Hypericum"" bush during a crime, and has even been proposed as an additive for bullets to enable tracking them. For instance, a dead body may be found in a wood, and the clothes may contain pollen that was released after death (the time of death can be determined by forensic entomology), but in a place other than where it was found. That indicates that the body was moved. Palynology is the study of pollen, spores and other microscopic plant bodies such as dinoflagellates (marine algal cysts). Pollen carries the male gametes (sex cells) of flowering plants"
"Malacology Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many of which have shells. One division of malacology, conchology, is devoted to the study of mollusk shells. Malacology derives from Greek , ""malakos"", ""soft""; and , ""-logia"". Fields within malacological research include taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications, for example mollusks as vectors of disease, as in schistosomiasis."
"Mammalogy In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. Mammalogy has also been known as ""mastology,"" ""theriology,"" and ""therology."" There are about 4,200 different species of mammals. The major branches of mammalogy include natural history, taxonomy and systematics, anatomy and physiology, ethology, ecology, and management and control. The approximate salary of a mammalogist varies from $20,000 to $60,000 a year, depending on their experience. Mammalogists are typically involved in activities such as conducting research, managing personnel, and writing proposals. Mammalogy branches off"
"into other taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as primatology (study of primates), and cetology (study of cetaceans). Like other studies, mammalogy is also a part of zoology which is also a part of biology. This is a list of scientific journals broadly serving mammalogists. In addition, many other more general zoology, ecology and evolution, or conservation journals also deal with mammals, and several journals are specific to only certain taxonomic groups of mammals. Mammalogy In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. Mammalogy has"
"Entomology Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term ""insect"" was more vague, and historically the definition of entomology included the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such as arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, land snails, and slugs. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use. Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology, entomology is a taxon-based category; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is, by definition, entomology. Entomology therefore overlaps with a cross-section"
"etymology, but nomenography may well delve into etymological analysis to construct such neologisms as are needed to satisfy logical requirements for terms within a domain of discourse. Orismology and nomenography are studies overlapping both terminology and specialized lexicography. Orismology Orismology is the study of the process and the products of definition, in practice, in praxis, and in theory. ""Orismology"" is particularly applicable to the analysis and the writing of stipulative, normative definitions that explain and delimit the use of technical terms. The word is constructed from the Greek: ""orismos"" (definition) and ""logos"" (word, reasoning, study). The word was coined by"
"the older term persists in some cases (e.g., the Polish journal Acta Protozoologica). Dedicated academic journals include: Other less specialized journals, important to protistology before the appearance of the more specialized: Some societies: The field of protistology was idealized by Haeckel, but its widespread recognition is more recent. In fact, many of the researchers cited below considered themselves as protozoologists, phycologists, mycologists, microbiologists, microscopists, parasitologists, limnologists, biologists, naturalists, zoologists, botanists, etc., but made significant contributions to the field. Protistology Protistology is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists, a highly diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. Its field of"
"Orismology Orismology is the study of the process and the products of definition, in practice, in praxis, and in theory. ""Orismology"" is particularly applicable to the analysis and the writing of stipulative, normative definitions that explain and delimit the use of technical terms. The word is constructed from the Greek: ""orismos"" (definition) and ""logos"" (word, reasoning, study). The word was coined by William Kirby and William Spence in their ""Introduction to Entomology"" in the early 1800s: ""In the ""terminology"", or what, to avoid the barbarism of a word compounded of Latin and Greek, [Kirby and Spence] would beg to call"
"Floral biology Floral biology is an area of ecological research that studies the evolutionary factors that have moulded the structures, behaviour and physiological aspects involved in the flowering of plants. The field is broad and interdisciplinary and involves research requiring expertise from multiple disciplines that can include botany, ethology, biochemistry, entomology and a range of analytical techniques. A slightly narrower area of research within floral biology is sometimes termed as pollination biology or anthecology. Flowers are structures that are produced by angiosperms and their evolution is intricately associated with their pollinators, particularly insects. Flowers are costly structures that target pollinators"
"order to preserve the present and protect endangered species. Forensic palynology Forensic palynology is the study of pollen, spores and other acid-resistant microscopic plant bodies, including dinoflagellates, to prove or disprove a relationship between objects, people and places that pertain to both criminal and civil cases. Pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, countries, and even different parts of a garden will have a distinctive pollen assemblage. Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen. Pollen has been used to trace"
"Mesology Mesology (Ancient Greek μέσος, ""mésos"" ""middle"" and -λογια ""-logia"" ""branch of study"") is a former term for the science ecology or the study of the mutual interrelationships between the living creatures and their biological, social, and environmental surroundings. (Not to be confused with mesology as being """"the study of ways of achieving happiness"""".) The term mesology was introduced by the English color theorist and philosopher, George Field (1777-1854) in a book published in 1839, ""Outlines of Analogical Philosophy"". The term was later discussed in 1860 in a book by Louis-Adolphe Bertillon. Similar in spirit to Field's interpretation, Bertillon's aim"
"Rumpology Rumpology, Asstrology or bottom reading is a pseudoscience akin to physiognomy, performed by examining crevices, dimples, warts, moles and folds of a person's buttocks in much the same way a chirologist would read the palm of the hand. The term ""rumpology"" is a neologism. The American astrologer Jackie Stallone claims that rumpology is known to have been practiced in ancient times by the Babylonians, the Indians, and the Ancient Greeks and Romans, although she provides no evidence for this claim. Stallone has been largely responsible for the supposed ""revival"" of rumpology in modern times. Rumpologists have a variety of"
"Conchology Conchology (from ""konkhos"", ""cockle"") is the study of mollusc shells. Conchology is one aspect of malacology, the study of molluscs; however, malacology is the study of molluscs as whole organisms, whereas conchology is confined to the study of their shells. It includes the study of land and freshwater mollusc shells as well as seashells and extends to the study of a gastropod's operculum. Conchology is now sometimes seen as an archaic study, because relying on only one aspect of an organism's morphology can be misleading. However, a shell often gives at least some insight into molluscan taxonomy, and historically"
"Morphology (biology) Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or eidonomy), as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs, i.e. internal morphology (or anatomy). This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of gross structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. The word ""morphology"" is from"
"Codicology Codicology (from Latin , genitive , ""notebook, book""; and Greek , ""-logia"") is the study of codices or manuscript books written on parchment (or paper) as physical objects. It is often referred to as 'the archaeology of the book', concerning itself with the materials (parchment, sometimes referred to as membrane or vellum, paper, pigments, inks and so on), and techniques used to make books, including their binding. There are no clear-cut definitions: some codicologists say that their field encompasses palaeography, the study of handwriting, while some palaeographers say that their field encompasses codicology. The study of written features such"