"pollution exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical plants and chemical production plants. However, these are often referred to as flue gases. Catalytic converters in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst. Scrubbers in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only. One of the advantages claimed for advanced steam technology engines is"
"meet emissions goals. Therefore, technologies to detoxify the exhaust are an essential part of emissions control. One of the first-developed exhaust emission control systems is secondary air injection. Originally, this system was used to inject air into the engine's exhaust ports to provide oxygen so unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons in the exhaust would finish burning. Air injection is now used to support the catalytic converter's oxidation reaction, and to reduce emissions when an engine is started from cold. After a cold start, an engine needs an air-fuel mixture richer than what it needs at operating temperature, and the catalytic"
"controlling pollution from automobiles was the PCV (positive crankcase ventilation) system. This draws crankcase fumes heavy in unburned hydrocarbons — a precursor to photochemical smog — into the engine's intake tract so they are burned rather than released unburned from the crankcase into the atmosphere. Positive crankcase ventilation was first installed on a widespread basis by law on all new 1961-model cars first sold in California. The following year, New York required it. By 1964, most new cars sold in the U.S. were so equipped, and PCV quickly became standard equipment on all vehicles worldwide. The first legislated exhaust (tailpipe)"
"technique can reduce the amounts of both unburnt fuel and oxides of nitrogen entering the atmosphere. Unburnt fuel is pollution in the form of air-borne hydrocarbons, while oxides of nitrogen (NO gases) are a result of combustion chamber temperatures exceeding 1300 kelvins, due to excess air in the fuel mixture therefore contribute to smog and acid rain. Volvo was the first automobile manufacturer to employ this technology in the late 1970s, along with the three-way catalyst used in the catalytic converter. The sensor does not actually measure oxygen concentration, but rather the difference between the amount of oxygen in the"
"Hush kit A hush kit is an aerodynamic device used to help reduce the noise produced by aircraft jet engines. These devices are typically installed on older turbojet and low-bypass turbofan engines, as they are much louder than later high-bypass turbofan engines. Hush kits are used because the engines on jet aircraft generate a large amount of noise, which significantly increases noise pollution near airports. The most common form of hush kit is a multi-lobe exhaust mixer. This device is fitted to the rear of the engine and mixes the jet core's exhaust gases with the surrounding air and a"
"both system types, a PM filter and additional oxidation catalyst technologies. The combined system incorporates two turbochargers, the first on the exhaust manifold, with variable geometry and containing the EGR system; and a second a fixed geometry turbocharger. Recirculated exhaust gas and the compressed air from the turbochargers have separate coolers, and air merges before entering the intake manifold, and all subsystems are controlled by a central engine control unit that optimizes minimization of pollutants released in the exhaust gas. A new technology being tested in 2016 has been created by Air Ink which collects carbon particles using a ""Kaalink"""
"is designed to mitigate. Some aftermarket mufflers claim to increase engine output and/or reduce fuel consumption by dint of reduced back pressure. This usually entails less noise reduction (i.e., more noise). The legality of altering a motor vehicle's original equipment exhaust system varies by jurisdiction; in many developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, such modifications are highly regulated or strictly prohibited. Aftermarket mufflers usually alter the way vehicle performs due to back pressure decrease. Muffler A muffler (silencer in British English) is a device for reducing the noise emitted by the exhaust of an internal combustion"
"light-duty diesel manufacturers in the U.S. added catalytic systems to their vehicles to meet new federal emissions requirements. There are two techniques that have been developed for the catalytic reduction of emissions under lean exhaust conditions: selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and the lean trap or adsorber. Instead of precious metal-containing absorbers, most manufacturers selected base-metal SCR systems that use a reagent such as ammonia to reduce the into nitrogen. Ammonia is supplied to the catalyst system by the injection of urea into the exhaust, which then undergoes thermal decomposition and hydrolysis into ammonia. One trademark product of urea solution, also"
"reduction, car exhaust reduction, and air purification are just some of the major thrusts that these nanomaterials are being utilized within. Certain applications are not widely spread, but other are more popular. Indoor air pollution is barely on the market yet, but it is being developed more efficiently due to complications with health effects. Car exhaust emission reduction is widely used in diesel fueled automobiles currently being one of the more popular applications. Industrial emission reduction is also widely used. It is n integral method specifically at coal fired power plants as well as refineries. According to Macrothink Institute process"
"Muffler A muffler (silencer in British English) is a device for reducing the noise emitted by the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. The US Patent for an ""Exhaust muffler for engines"" was awarded to Milton O. Reeves and Marshall T. Reeves of Columbus, Indiana of the Reeves Pulley Company on 11 May 1897. US Patent Office application № 582485 states that they ""have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Exhaust-Mufflers for engines"". Mufflers are installed within the exhaust system of most internal combustion engines. The muffler is engineered as an acoustic device to reduce the loudness of the"
"black carbon particles found in petrol or diesel carbon emissions is captured from the tailpipes of cars and diesel generators through a device called 'Kaalink.' A separate ensures that carbon particulate is recycled into safe inks without heavy metals/toxins A single Air Ink pen contains 30–50 minutes of air pollution. The emissions from 2,500 hours of driving one standard diesel vehicle produces about 150 litres of ink. Kaalink is a cylindrical device that is retrofitted into a diesel generators' exhaust system to collect the emissions. It can collect up to 93% of the total exhaust, which is then processed to"
"formation of NO. The catalytic converter is a device placed in the exhaust pipe, which converts hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and NO into less harmful gases by using a combination of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts. There are two types of catalytic converter, a two-way and a three-way converter. Two-way converters were common until the 1980s, when three-way converters replaced them on most automobile engines. See the catalytic converter article for further details. Evaporative emissions are the result of gasoline vapors escaping from the vehicle's fuel system. Since 1971, all U.S. vehicles have had fully sealed fuel systems that do"
"for vehicles with upgraded engines, or whose owners prefer an exhaust system with larger-than-stock capacity. In addition, the transformation of nitrous oxides in to CO2 and water will cause increased formation of rust in the exhaust system resulting in premature failure. Vehicles fitted with catalytic converters emit most of their total pollution during the first five minutes of engine operation; for example, before the catalytic converter has warmed up sufficiently to be fully effective. In 1995, Alpina introduced an electrically heated catalyst. Called ""E-KAT,"" it was used in Alpina's B12 5,7 E-KAT based on the BMW 750i. Heating coils inside"
"assist with catalysis of unburned hydrocarbons. Pumped air injection systems use a vane pump called the air pump, AIR pump, or colloquially ""smog pump"" turned by the engine via a belt or electric motor. The pump's air intake is filtered by a rotating screen to exclude dirt particles large enough to damage the system. Air is delivered under light pressure to the injection point(s). A check valve prevents exhaust forcing its way back through the air injection system, which would damage the pump and other components. Carbureted engines' exhaust raw fuel content tends to spike when the driver suddenly releases"
"NOx is reduced only by mechanical means such as a compactly designed cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. Kubota’s original E-CDIS (Center Direct Injection System) combustion system, renowned for clean combustion in the Kubota V3 (DI) Series, has been renovated. The fuel injection pressure was increased and the combustion chamber was redesigned to achieve a 25% lower particulate matter (PM) level, resulting in a better condition when compared to engines that only meet EPA Tier 3 regulations in this class. These new engines have been designed to reduce transmitted vibrations and radiated sound, resulting in lower noise levels. A Side"
"Aftermarket exhaust parts Aftermarket exhaust parts are intended to replace the factory fitted exhaust components of a car, motorcycle, or other motor vehicle in order to improve the performance, visual appeal, or sound of the vehicle. Generally, performance enhancements are achieved by reducing the back pressure of the factory exhaust system. Frequently a side effect of a free-flowing exhaust system is either a ""different"" sound, a higher noise level, or both, which is desirable to some people. Aftermarket exhaust parts can also be a styling upgrade by changes to the visible parts of the exhaust like the exhaust tips. The"
"Detuner (engine) Detuner is a generic term for a jet engine test cell exhaust system muffler. Aircraft jet engine testing facilities typically require a means to vent and dampen the engine exhaust. The engine exhaust flow is ""augmented"" with a relatively large flow of cooling air induced by a Venturi effect into the exhaust silencing system, so the exhaust muffler is generally referred to as an ""augmenter tube,"" or ""detuner"" (UK). Interest by Douglas Jack W.Cullum in the noise generated by aircraft engines and propellers led to the design of a silencer for the W2 700 jet engine developed by"
"reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas before being recirculated through the intake. A unique feature to the emissions system is that the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and the DPF have been combined into one singular unit as opposed to the traditional two separate units. Exhaust treatment continues with SCR which is done by the injection of diesel exhaust fluid in the exhaust to reduce NOx. The engine features a variable geometry turbo which allows for intake air flow tuning on the fly to increase power and fuel economy. The engine also features a variable-flow oil pump to avoid wasting"
"slow and increase the pressure of the air. Early automobile intake systems were simple air inlets connected directly to carburetors. The first air filter was implemented on the 1915 Packard Twin Six. The modern automobile air intake system has three main parts, an air filter, mass flow sensor, and throttle body. Some modern intake systems can be highly complex, and often include specially-designed intake manifolds to optimally distribute air and air/fuel mixture to each cylinder. Many cars today now include a silencer to minimize the noise entering the cabin. Silencers impede air flow and create turbulence which reduce total power,"
"excess and released when it was needed, allowing all three pollutants to be removed in a single catalytic component. The three-way catalytic converter reduces nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen, oxidizes carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and oxidizes unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. The initial catalytic converters were installed in cars in the 1975 model year. In 1976, the three-way catalyst was introduced, which, after updates, has been able to eliminate 97% of tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions, 96% of carbon monoxide and 90% of nitrogen oxides produced in automobile engines and those used in light trucks and sport utility"
"are designed as acoustic resonators that work with the muffler to reduce noise, by making sound waves ""cancel each other out"". The ""exhaust note"" is an important feature for some vehicle owners, so both the original manufacturers and the after-market suppliers use the resonator to enhance the sound. In ""tuned exhaust"" systems designed for performance, the resonance of the exhaust pipes can also be used to remove combustion products from the combustion chamber at a particular engine speed or range of speeds. In many keyboard percussion instruments, below the centre of each note is a tube, which is an acoustic"
"Catalytic converter A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (an oxidation and a reduction reaction). Catalytic converters are usually used with internal combustion engines fueled by either gasoline or diesel—including lean-burn engines as well as kerosene heaters and stoves. The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United States automobile market. To comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's stricter regulation of exhaust emissions, most gasoline-powered vehicles starting with the 1975 model year must"
"Secondary air injection Secondary air injection (commonly known as air injection) is a vehicle emissions control strategy introduced in 1966, wherein fresh air is injected into the exhaust stream to allow for a fuller combustion of exhaust gases. The mechanism by which exhaust emissions are controlled depends on the method of injection and the point at which air enters the exhaust system, and has varied during the course of the development of the technology. The first systems injected air very close to the engine, either in the cylinder head's exhaust ports or in the exhaust manifold. These systems provided oxygen"
"4-2-1 engine exhaust systems 4-2-1 engine exhaust systems for automobiles are designed to ease the flow of exhaust gases of combustion leaving an internal combustion engine, thereby achieving optimal power output. Conventional exhaust systems, which are outfitted as standard components by automakers, are typically of the 4-1 type. The system goes by the name ""4-2-1"" as a reference to the exhaust pipe layout for a 4-cylinder engine: four pipes (primary) come off the cylinder head, and merge into two pipes (secondary), which in turn finally link up to form one collector pipe. This collector then leads to the catalytic converter"
"the future. Scientists are now turning to nanotechnology in an attempt to develop diesel engines with cleaner exhaust fumes. Platinum is currently used as the diesel engine catalyst in these engines. The catalyst is what cleans the exhaust fume particles. First a reduction catalyst is employed to take nitrogen atoms from NOx molecules in order to free oxygen. Next the oxidation catalyst oxidizes the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and water. Platinum is used in both the reduction and the oxidation catalysts. Using platinum though, is inefficient in that it is expensive and unsustainable. Danish company InnovationsFonden"
"not vent directly to the atmosphere; mandates for systems of this type appeared contemporaneously in other jurisdictions. In a typical system, vapors from the fuel tank and carburetor bowl vent (on carbureted vehicles) are ducted to canisters containing activated carbon. The vapors are adsorbed within the canister, and during certain engine operational modes fresh air is drawn through the canister, pulling the vapor into the engine, where it burns. Some US states are also using a technology developed by Dr. Donald H. Stedman of the University of Denver, which uses infra-red and ultraviolet light to detect emissions while vehicles pass"
"Ejector venturi scrubber An ejector or venturi scrubber is an industrial pollution control device, usually installed on the exhaust flue gas stacks of large furnaces, but may also be used on any number of other air exhaust systems. This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls collectively referred to as wet scrubbers. Like a spray tower an ejector venturi scrubber uses a preformed spray. However, in an ejector venturi scrubber only a single nozzle is used instead of many nozzles. This nozzle operates at higher pressures and higher injection rates than those in most"
"is induced in the exhaust, air from the atmosphere enters the exhaust manifold through a one-way reed valve and serves to oxidize the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust. This system consists of a spring-loaded diaphragm, and a shaft which is attached to the bottom. A manifold vacuum is applied over the diaphragm where the shaft end is towards the opening of the atmosphere. During deceleration, the engine vacuum rises and acts against the spring to push the shaft downwards, thereby blocking the opening through which atmospheric air is passed to the exhaust. Though there is a negative pulse"
"leads to generation of nitrogen oxides (), which are harmful pollutants, from the nitrogen in the air. Selective catalytic reduction is used to reduce the amount of released into the atmosphere. Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) from a separate tank is injected into the exhaust pipeline, where the aqueous urea vaporizes and decomposes to form ammonia and carbon dioxide. Within the SCR catalyst, the are catalytically reduced by the ammonia () into water () and nitrogen (), which are both harmless; and these are then released through the exhaust. DEF is a 32.5% solution of urea, . When it is injected"
"of nitrogen (usually referred to as ""NOx"", since the number of oxygen atoms in the compound can vary, thus the ""X"" subscript). This mixture, along with the unused nitrogen and other trace atmospheric elements, is what are found in the exhaust. In the past 3–4 years, GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) increased the efficiency of the engines equipped with this fueling system up to 35%. Currently, the technology is available in a wide variety of vehicles produced by Mazda, Ford and Chevrolet, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen Auto Group. Engines using the Diesel cycle are usually more efficient, although the Diesel cycle"
"air pollution emissions as well as sound levels, with favorable impacts upon respiratory health and decrease of noise health effects. Ford has launched the production of hydrogen-powered shuttle buses, using hydrogen instead of gasoline in a standard internal combustion engine, for use at airports and convention centers. At the 2006 Greater Los Angeles Auto Show, Ford showcased a hydrogen fuel cell version of its Explorer SUV. The Fuel cell Explorer has a combined output of . It has a large hydrogen storage tank which is situated in the center of the car taking the original place of the conventional model's"
"in the air intake to prevent the carburetor from icing and making the engine warm up quicker, the carburetor was also modified again and a return style fuel system was adopted and a vacuum operated choke in the air filter housing were also added, this and a Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system were also early forms of emissions control. The camshaft gear was also made slightly stronger by using steel with nylon teeth instead of being completely made from nylon as on previous ones. Aftermarket steel, aluminium, and alloy gears have been produced as replacements to prevent the gear from"
"assisted brakes, emission control devices, cruise control, ignition advance, windshield wipers, power windows, ventilation system valves, etc. This vacuum can also be used to draw any piston blow-by gases from the engine's crankcase. This is known as a positive crankcase ventilation system, in which the gases are burned with the fuel/air mixture. The intake manifold has historically been manufactured from aluminium or cast iron, but use of composite plastic materials is gaining popularity (e.g. most Chrysler 4-cylinders, Ford Zetec 2.0, Duratec 2.0 and 2.3, and GM's Ecotec series). The carburetor or the fuel injectors spray fuel droplets into the air"