"in his ""Cratylus"" dialog that ""... sentences are, I conceive, a combination of verbs [""rhêma""] and nouns [""ónoma""]"". Aristotle added another class, ""conjunction"" [""sýndesmos""], which included not only the words known today as conjunctions, but also other parts (the interpretations differ; in one interpretation it is pronouns, prepositions, and the article). By the end of the 2nd century BC grammarians had expanded this classification scheme into eight categories, seen in the ""Art of Grammar"", attributed to Dionysius Thrax: It can be seen that these parts of speech are defined by morphological, syntactic and semantic criteria. The Latin grammarian Priscian (fl."
"""and"", ""but"", and ""or"" are not conjunctive adverbs, but they are used as ""coordinating conjunctions"" (to join two words, phrases, or internal or independent clauses). Some speakers and writers of colloquial American English, do sometimes use ""and"", ""but"", and ""or"" as adverbial logical transitions. See Transitions (linguistics), or search online lists of adverbial connectives or logical transitions. Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs can be placed in one of three places: Conjunctive adverb A conjunctive adverb, adverbial conjunction, or subordinating adverb is an adverb that connects two clauses by converting the clause it introduces into an adverbial modifier. Like any adverb,"
"And/or And/or (also and or) is a grammatical conjunction used to indicate that one or more of the cases it connects may occur. For example, the sentence ""He will eat cake, pie, and/or brownies"" indicates that although the person may eat any of the three listed desserts, the choices are not mutually exclusive; the person may eat one, two, or all three of the choices. It is used as an inclusive ""or"" (as in logic and mathematics), while an ""or"" in spoken language might be inclusive or exclusive. ""And/or"" has been used in official, legal and business documents since the"
"or at least to certain words. The idea has also been associated with Wittgenstein's dictum that in many cases we can say, ""meaning is use"". Most contemporary logicians prefer to think that the introduction rules and the elimination rules for an expression are equally important. In this case, ""and"" is characterized by the following rules: An apparent problem with this was pointed out by Arthur Prior: Why can't we have an expression (call it ""tonk"") whose introduction rule is that of OR (from ""p"" to ""p tonk q"") but whose elimination rule is that of AND (from ""p tonk q"""
"Butterfield described this perceived prohibition as one of ""the folk commandments of English usage"". The ""Chicago Manual of Style"" says: There is a widespread belief—one with no historical or grammatical foundation—that it is an error to begin a sentence with a conjunction such as 'and', 'but', or 'so'. In fact, a substantial percentage (often as many as 10 percent) of the sentences in first-rate writing begin with conjunctions. It has been so for centuries, and even the most conservative grammarians have followed this practice. Regarding the word ""and"", ""Fowler's Modern English Usage"" states, ""There is a persistent belief that it"
"""and"", ""nor"", ""but"", ""or"", ""yet"", ""so"") must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction. In the following sentences, where the second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary: In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is not an independent clause (because it does not contain an explicit subject), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted: However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause is very short, typically when the second independent clause is"
"linguists have been snickering at it for decades, yet children are still taught this false 'rule'."" In his grammar book ""A Plea for the Queen's English"" (1864), Henry Alford claimed that because ""to"" was part of the infinitive, the parts were inseparable. This was in line with a 19th-century movement among grammarians to transfer Latin rules to the English language. In Latin, infinitives are single words (e.g., """"amare, cantare, audire""""). Misconception: ""The words ""and"" and ""but"" must not begin a sentence"". Those who impose this rule on themselves are following a modern English ""rule"" that was not used historically. Jeremy"
"""to whom you were talking"" is a post-modifier (a relative clause in this case). Notice the order of the pre-modifiers; the determiner ""that"" must come first and the noun adjunct ""college"" must come after the adjectival modifiers. Coordinating conjunctions such as ""and"", ""or"", and ""but"" can be used at various levels in noun phrases, as in ""John, Paul, and Mary""; ""the matching green coat and hat""; ""a dangerous but exciting ride""; ""a person sitting down or standing up"". See below for more explanation. Noun phrases can also be placed in ""apposition"" (where two consecutive phrases refer to the same thing),"
"of speech. Although sometimes classified as interjections, they do not qualify as such, and they are not adverbs. They are sometimes classified as a part of speech in their own right, sentence words, word sentences, or pro-sentences, although that category contains more than ""yes"" and ""no"" and not all linguists include them in their lists of sentence words. Sentences consisting solely of one of these two words are classified as minor sentences. The differences among languages, the fact that in different languages the various words for ""yes"" and ""no"" have different parts of speech and different usages, and that some"
"word's part of speech is generally determined by its relationship with and location within the phrase. Phrases typically consist of two lexemes, with one acting as the ""head-word,"" defining the function, and the other performing a syntactic operation. The most frequently-occurring lexeme, or in some cases just the lexeme that occurs first, is the ""head-word."" All phrases are either verb phrases (e.g. Noun + Finite Verb, Pronoun + Non-Finite Verb, etc.) or noun phrases (e.g. Noun + Modifier, Determiner + Noun, etc.). If the non-head lexeme occurs ""after"" the ""head-word,"" then it modifies the ""head-word."" If it occurs ""before"", different"
"had declared that certain particles, like את, גם and או, were inclusive and certain others, such as אך, רק and מן, were exclusive. These two principles are: Hence he interprets the following forms of expression as amplifications: an infinitive before a finite verb, e.g., הכרת תכרת (Sanhedrin 64b); the doubling of a word, e.g., איש איש (Yeb. 71a); and the repetition of a term by a synonym, e.g., ודבר ואמר (Jerusalem Talmud Soṭah viii. 22b). Ishmael, on the contrary, lays down the principle, (דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם = ""the Torah speaks in the language of men""; Sifre, Num. 112)."
"eloquence” - “voice, gesture, expression of countenance,…action,…and memory.”. There are four parts of a speech: two of them explain a subject – “narration” and “confirmation;” two of them excite the minds of the hearers – “the opening” and “the peroration” (the conclusion). The narration and confirmation add credibility to the speech while the opening and conclusion should produce feelings. He then goes on to say the “cause” or subject of a speech is “divided according to the divisions of hearers.” There are three kinds of subjects: embellishment, aimed to give pleasure; judicial, aimed to either make a judge punish or"
"which characters represent which operation, and many accept more than one character, so more than one possibility is given for many of the operators. Contrary to most other languages, AND, OR, and XOR are unary operators, which work on consecutive bits of their argument; the most significant bit of the result is the operator applied to the least significant and most significant bits of the input, the second-most-significant bit of the result is the operator applied to the most and second-most significant bits, the third-most-significant bit of the result is the operator applied to the second-most and third-most bits, and"
"and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Common discourse markers used in the English language include ""you know"", ""actually"", ""basically"", ""like"", ""I mean"", ""okay"" and ""so"". Data shows that discourse markers often come from different word classes, such as adverbs (""well"") or prepositional phrases (""in fact""). The process that leads from a free construction to a discourse marker can be traced back through grammaticalisation studies and resources. Traditionally, some of the words or phrases that were considered discourse markers were treated as ""fillers"" or ""expletives"": words or phrases that had no function at all. Now they are assigned functions in different"
"are formed with a wh-word, which usually immediately precedes the predicate (verbal or non-verbal. Indirect questions are introduced by either ""(a)su"" 'if, whether' or a wh-expression, depending on the kind of question. ""Wan"" or ""iwan"" (which is also the preposition and relational 'with') serves as an all-purpose coordinating conjunction. There seem not to be any specialised native words for 'but' and 'or' (unless ""ush"" 'or' is one), and the Spanish words ""pero"" and ""o"" are sometimes used. ""N(i)an"" 'nor' may be used to coordinate negative statements. ""Mal"" or ""melka"" 'although, even though' can form adversative clauses, e.g., ""Niyaw niyaw, mal-te/melka"
"the noun phrases ""a card"" and ""a code"" represents a plural object. Coordination by ""or"" is possible between sentences, verb phrases, and relative clauses. Coordination by ""and"" and ""or"" is governed by the standard binding order of logic, i.e. ""and"" binds stronger than ""or"". Commas can be used to override the standard binding order. Thus the sentence: means that the customer inserts a VisaCard and a code, or alternatively a MasterCard and a code. There are four constructs of subordination: relative sentences, ""if-then"" sentences, modality, and sentence subordination. Relative sentences starting with ""who"", ""which"", and ""that"" allow to add detail"
"of English phrasal verbs rather than an inherent function of Spanish verbs or prepositions. The Spanish conjunctions ""y"" ('and') and ""o"" ('or') alter their form in both spoken and written language to ""e"" and ""u"" respectively when followed by an identical vowel sound. Thus, ""padre e hijo"" ('father and son'), ""Fernando e Isabel"" ('Ferdinand and Isabella'), ""sujeto u objeto"" ('subject or object'), ""vertical u horizontal"" ('vertical or horizontal'). The change does not take place before the ""(h)i"" of a diphthong, as in ""acero y hierro"" ('steel and iron'). Nor does the conjunction ""y"" change when initial in a question (where"
"composition or structure, thus anything that can be either the subject or the predicate of a proposition. The text begins with an explication of what is meant by ""synonymous,"" or words, what is meant by ""homonymous,"" or words, and what is meant by ""paronymous,"" or (sometimes translated ""derivative"") words. It then divides forms of speech as being: Only composite forms of speech can be true or false. Next, he distinguishes between what is said ""of"" a subject and what is ""in"" a subject. What is said ""of"" a subject describes the kind of thing that it is as a whole,"
"or, if used adverbially, at the beginning of the sentence or after the verb. There are 22 basic prepositions in LFN: Some prepositions can be used as adverbs by placing a or de before them. There are three coordinating conjunctions in LFN and three correlative conjunctions: There are a number of interrogative words that are used to introduce questions: For example: Questions may include one of these words or may be indicated by rising intonation alone. One may also express questions by beginning the sentence with the interrogative particle esce (""is it that... ?"") or by adding no (no) or"
"of some sentence or also can mean ""whether"", ""or"" and ""if"". For example, ""Lejduje ni niénso/niéso, bÿ sźwÿnina, bÿ réntozina"". Translation to Polish: ""Lubię mięso, czy to wieprzowinę, czy wołowinę"" Verb of senses + object + verb ""rż"" – Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill ""ó"" – Close-mid back rounded vowel ""á"" – Open back unrounded vowel ""é"" (after ""i"") – Close-mid front unrouended vowel ""ä"" – Near-open front unrouended vowel ""w"" – Voiced bilabial fricative ""f"" – Voiceless bilabial fricative ""sz"" – Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant ""ż"" – Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant ""cz"" – Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate ""dż"" – Voiced palato-alveolar affricate ""ÿ"""
"insert an ""o"" between the words in a compound noun if placing them together directly without the ""o"" would make the resulting word hard to say or understand. The different parts of speech are marked by their own suffixes: all common nouns end in , all adjectives in , all derived adverbs in , and all verbs end in , specifically in one of six tense and mood suffixes, such as the present tense . Nouns and adjectives have two cases: nominative for grammatical subjects and in general, and accusative for direct objects and (after a preposition) to indicate direction"
"to questions) are often expressed using particles or words such as ""yes"" and ""no"", where ""yes"" is the affirmative and ""no"" the negative particle. Special affirmative and negative words (particles) are often found in responses to questions, and sometimes to other assertions by way of agreement or disagreement. In English, these are ""yes"" and ""no"" respectively, in French ""oui"", ""si"" and ""non"", in Swedish ""ja"", ""jo"" and ""nej"", and so on. Not all languages make such common use of particles of this type; in some (such as Welsh) it is more common to repeat the verb or another part of"
"for three persons: first, second, and third; two numbers: singular, plural; two tenses: present, and past; three moods: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative; and are strong (exhibiting ablaut) or weak (exhibiting a dental suffix). Verbs have two infinitive forms: bare, and bound; and two participles: present, and past. The subjunctive has past and present forms. Finite verbs agree with subjects in person, and number. The future tense, passive voice, and other aspects are formed with compounds. Adpositions are mostly before but often after their object. If the object of an adposition is marked in the dative case, an adposition may conceivably"
"way to indicate inclusive or. Kenneth Adams, lecturer at Pennsylvania Law School and Alan Kaye, professor of linguistics at California State University, wrote, ""It does, after all, have a specific meaning—X and/or Y means X or Y or both."" The legal usage authority Bryan A. Garner stated that use of the term is particularly harmful in legal writing because a bad-faith reader of a contract can pick whichever suits them, the ""and"" or the ""or."" Courts called on to interpret it have applied a wide variety of standards, with little agreement. And/or And/or (also and or) is a grammatical conjunction"
"the position in the sentence that would be occupied by the item being asked about. For example, ""What did you say?"" is phrased as ""nǐ shuō shé[n]me"" (, literally ""you say what""). The word ""shénme"" (, ""what"" or ""which""), remains in the object position after the verb. Other interrogative words include: Disjunctive questions can be made using the word ""háishì"" () between the options, like English ""or"". This differs from the word for ""or"" in statements, which is ""huòzhě"" (). Yes-no questions can be formed using the sentence-final particle ""ma"" (), with word order otherwise the same as in a"
"the prepositions take the form and (e.g. ""in Wrocław""). These forms are also used before the first-person singular pronouns in ""mn-""; several other prepositions also have longer forms before these pronouns (""przeze mnie, pode mną"" etc.), and these phrases are pronounced as single words, with the stress on the penultimate syllable (the ""-e""). Common prepositions include: Common Polish conjunctions include (and less commonly ) meaning ""and"", and meaning ""or"", meaning ""but"", meaning ""but"" chiefly in phrases of the type ""not ""x"" but ""y"""", (or more formally sometimes ) meaning ""that"", meaning ""if"" (also , where is the conditional particle), meaning"
"formed with may have more than one stressed syllable (e.g. 'willingly'; 'lightning conductor') but every lexical word has just one stressed syllable. Any consonant, as well as and may be an onset. Clusters may consist of a consonant plus a semivowel (C, C) or an obstruent plus a liquid. Some speakers may have one of these obstruent-plus-liquid clusters preceding a semivowel, e.g. ('watermelon'); for other speakers, this is pronounced (i.e. the semivowel must be syllabic in this context). Word-medial codas are restricted to one consonant + ( ). In the coda position, voice contrasts among obstruents are neutralized. Although there"
"or tense and can be half close tense and half open lax. All vowels can be short or long though this is interpreted in the phonology as a sequence of two vowels rather than as the existence of long vowel phonemes. The two high vowels and are lowered slightly when followed by , , or . Vowels are subject to two rules: penultimate lengthening which means that external realisations may be long vowels while the underlying form is a short vowel and epenthesis which means the insertion of a vowel where the underlying form of the morpheme does not contain"
"order may be freely changed for style or emphasis. Kannada sentences have two basic parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject consists of the central topic of the sentence, declined to the nominative case, while the predicate consists of a verb, often with an object (which formally should be in the accusative case), ""or"" may have no verb and object at all but rather simply have another noun declined in the nominative case, known as the predicate nominative, where an equivalency statement is intended. ""Example: ನಾನು (subject) ಮೇಜನ್ನು (object) ಕಟ್ಟಿದೆನು (verb). ('I built the table.' Here, the subject is"
"can be singular or plural, and one of two genders, animate or inanimate. Separate personal pronouns exist, but are usually used for emphasis; they distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person plurals. Verbs constitute the most complex word class. Verbs are inflected for one of three ""orders"" (""indicative"", the default; ""conjunct"", used for participles and in subordinate clauses; and ""imperative"", used with commands), as negative or affirmative, and for the person, number, animacy, and proximate/obviative status of both the subject and object, as well as for several different ""modes"" (including the ""dubitative"" and ""preterit"") and tenses. Although it does contain a"
"(genitive etc. of ""poezja"" ""poetry"") is ; ""racji"" (genitive etc. of ""racja"" ""reason"") is . The letters and , when followed by plosives and affricates, represent an oral vowel followed by a nasal consonant, rather than a nasal vowel. For example, in ""dąb"" (""oak"") is pronounced , and in ""tęcza"" (""rainbow"") is pronounced (the nasal assimilates with the following consonant). When followed by or (and in the case of , often at the end of words) these letters are pronounced as just or . Apart from the cases in the sections above, there are three sounds in Polish that can"
"is a ligature for the letters ""Et"". In English and many other languages it is used to represent the word ""and"" and occasionally the Latin word ""et"", as in the abbreviation ""&c"" (et cetera). The apostrophe, while not considered part of the English alphabet, is used to contract English words. A few pairs of words, such as ""its"" (belonging to ""it"") and ""it's"" (""it is"" or ""it has""), ""were"" (form of 'to be') and ""we're"" (we are), and ""shed"" (to get rid of) and ""she'd"" (""she would"" or ""she had"") are distinguished in writing only by the presence or absence"
"noun phrase. That is, it only affects a noun when the noun is alone, as above; any determiner ('the', 'my', etc.) will take the gender or number marking instead: Parts of speech are derived from verbs by lengthening (or perhaps stressing; the description is not clear) one of the syllables: abstract noun (1st syllable), agent/doer (2nd syllable), adjective (penult), adverb (last syllable). For example, Questions are formed by inverted subject and verb. The various tense-and-mood particles are the double syllables, as given in vocabulary above. In addition, passive verbs are formed with ""faremi"" between this particle and the verb. The"