"notable. He sought a city which Europeans had heard rumor of since their early 16th-century colonial contact, and he disappeared in the jungle in 1925. David Grann wrote an article about his exploration, followed by an expanded book, ""The Lost City of Z"" (2009) on the same subject and with the same title. It documents those early explorations. It also explores archeological evidence found since the late 20th century of large-scale indigenous civilizations that pre-date Spanish and Portuguese contacts and colonization. Xingu Indigenous Park The Xingu Indigenous Park (, pronounced ) is an indigenous territory of Brazil, first created in"
"the Xingu River. It adjoins the Capoto/Jarina Indigenous Territory to the west. Its boundary to the north is the border with the state of Pará. To the east the Fontourinha stream defines its boundary. The park is in the Amazon biome. 81.87% of the park is covered by savanna/pioneer contact, and 18% by savanna/rainforest contact. Xingu State Park was created by decree 3.585 of 7 December 2001 with an area of about . It was redefined by law 8054 of 29 December 2003, signed by the state governor Blairo Maggi, which reduced its size to . The reduction was justified"
"Xingu, a southeastern tributary river of the River Amazon. The final letter, written from Dead Horse Camp, gave their location and was generally optimistic. Many people assumed that local Indians killed them, as several tribes were nearby at the time: the Kalapalos, the last tribe to have seen them, the Arumás, the Suyás, and the Xavantes whose territory they were entering. The Kalapalo have an oral story of the arrival of three explorers which states that the three went east, and after five days the Kalapalo noticed that the group no longer made camp fires. The Kalapalo say that a"
"Xingu (film) Xingu is a 2011 Brazilian drama film directed by Cao Hamburger and scripted by him, Elena Soárez and Anna Muylaert. Starring João Miguel, Felipe Camargo and Caio Blat, the film tells the Villas-Bôas brothers trajectory from the moment in which they joined the Roncador-Xingu expedition, part of the Westward March of Getúlio Vargas, in 1943. It was shot in Tocantins, Xingu National Park, and in the Greater São Paulo. The film was exhibited for the first time in 2011, at the 8th Amazonas Film Festival. The official premiere took place on April 6, 2012. The film was watched"
"by about 370,000 spectators and has raised more than four million reals in box office. A television adaptation in four episodes was aired on Rede Globo between 25 and December 28, 2012. The story takes place in the 1940s when the Villas-Bôas brothers—Claudio (João Miguel), Leonardo (Caio Blat) and Orlando (Felipe Camargo)—start an exploratory expedition into the Xingu River. They make contact with the local tribes, learn to live in the rainforest, and persuade a reluctant government to found the Xingu National Park. Xingu (film) Xingu is a 2011 Brazilian drama film directed by Cao Hamburger and scripted by him,"
"xinguense"" is restricted to rapids in the Xingu River basin in the Brazilian Amazon. It has been confirmed from Volta Grande do Xingu in the lower Xingu River and lower Iriri River near its confluence with Xingu, but possibly also occurs further upstream on these rivers (perhaps as far as São Félix do Xingu). This species is strictly rheophilic and found in rapids, but prefers sheltered, Podostemaceae-covered rocky crevices. Young individuals of up to can be observed in schools of 20–30 individuals, sheltered under broad stones. The species is primarily a herbivore and a diet analysis of 10 specimens revealed"
"the northern slope of the valley. The drainage area of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is about , and, below, only about (around 20%), exclusive of the of the Tocantins basin. The Tocantins River enters the southern portion of the Amazon delta. In the lower reaches of the river, the north bank consists of a series of steep, table-topped hills extending for about from opposite the mouth of the Xingu as far as Monte Alegre. These hills are cut down to a kind of terrace which lies between them and the river. On the south bank, above the Xingu,"
"outlet, in the region of the Xingu River confluence, the range extends southward and is in the lower two-thirds of the drainage of this north-flowing river. In the west the species range is adjacent to the Andes foothills. In the north, the range extends into southeastern Venezuela, and only the upper third of the Caribbean north-flowing Orinoco River drainage, the area of the eastern Orinoco River Basin and uplands bordering western Guyana. In the very headwaters of the southern Amazon Basin, the ""upstream half of the river drainages"", both in the southeast and southwest, the range overlaps with its sister"
"encountered explorer Colonel Percy Fawcett and may have been the last to see his expedition alive. These stories suggest that the Caribs of the Xingu region left the Caribbean area after being in contact with Spaniards, possibly to escape from them after experiencing violent contact, some time in the second half of the 18th century. Among the Cariban-speaking Indians, the tribe is known as Aifa Otomo, or ""those who live in a ripe area."" Before the creation of the Xingu National Park in 1961, the Kalapalos lived at the confluence of the Tanguro and Kuluene, which are tributaries of the"
"April. The headwaters of the Xingu River are in the south of the park. The area covered by the park was defined in 1961 and covers parts of the municipalities of Canarana, Paranatinga, São Félix do Araguaia, São José do Xingu, Gaúcha do Norte, Feliz Natal, Querência, União do Sul, Nova Ubiratã and Marcelândia in the state of Mato Grosso. The national park was created after a campaign by the Villas-Bôas brothers for protection of the region. An account of the exploration of this area by the Villas-Bôas brothers and their efforts to protect the region is documented in the"
"many smaller blackwater rivers including the Pacajá and Anapu tributaries of the Amazon River, the Bacajá and Fresco tributaries of the Xingu, and the Parauapebas and Catete tributaries of the Tocantins. The ecoregion is in the neotropic ecozone and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. The Köppen climate classification is ""Am"": equatorial, monsoonal. Temperatures are fairly steady throughout the year, slightly higher in April and slightly lower in July. Average temperatures range from , with a mean of . The region is drier than the ecoregions further to the west. In the middle Xingu annual rainfall is ."
"in the Xingu River Basin and it is estimated that the total is around 600 fish species, including many endemics. At least 193 fish species living in rapids are known from the lower Xingu, and at least 26 of these are endemic. From 2008 to 2018 alone, 24 new fish species have been described from the river. Many species are seriously threatened by the dam, which will significantly alter the flow in the Volta Grande rapids. In the Upper Xingu region was a highly self-organized pre-Columbian anthropogenic landscape, including deposits of fertile agricultural terra preta, black soil in Portuguese, with"
"areas of the states of Pará and Amapá, with an area of . Water levels are affected by freshwater flowing down the river and by tidal flows from the Atlantic Ocean. The várzea forest in the ecoregion starts where the Xingu River joins the Amazon, which begins to broaden out. It covers the west of Marajó Island and many smaller islands in the Amazon channel, as well as parts of the mainland to the north and south of the river mouth including a small area of French Guiana. The nutrient-rich sediments from the river are deposited on the islands. The"
"Kuhikugu Kuhikugu is an archaeological site located in Brazil, at the headwaters of the Xingu River, in the Amazon Rainforest. The area around Kuhikugu is located in part of the Xingu National Park today. Kuhikugu was first uncovered by anthropologist Michael Heckenberger, working alongside the local Kuikuro people, who are the likely descendants of the original inhabitants of Kuhikugu. In the broad sense, the name refers to an archaeological complex including twenty towns and villages, spread out over an area of around , where close to 50,000 people may have once lived. Kuhikugu was likely inhabited from a period of"
"the Xingu. The rivers vary greatly in volume depending on the season, and in the dry season include waterfalls, rocks and rapids. The ESEC borders the Serra do Pardo National Park to the southeast. The proposed South Amazon Ecological Corridor would link the ESEC to other protected areas and indigenous territories in the region. The Terra do Meio Ecological Station is in the Amazon biome. Temperatures range from with an average of . Average annual rainfall is . During the dry season from May to November there is elevated risk of natural or man-made fires. Soils are generally poor in"
"river Xingu. Since then, the Brazilian government has convinced them to settle near the Leonardo station, where medical treatment was made available. However, they frequently return to their former villages where they can grow cassava and cotton and where they can gather shellfish for art and craft-making purposes. The Kalapalos have a strict code of ethics established by them that distinguish them from other peoples inhabiting the Upper Xingu. They all collectively share their culture as their fishing. Any public quarrels and fights are a serious violation of their code and are punished. They refrain from hunting land animals for"
"have to be built. Reportedly, Brazil's National Council for Power Policies approved a resolution, previously sanctioned by then president Lula, that only one hydroelectric dam would be built on the Xingu. With one dam, critics don't see an advantage regarding the dam's cost-to-benefit ratio and question why the government would just want to construct one. Additional upstream dams would directly and indirectly affect 25,000 indigenous peoples in the entire Xingu basin. Of particular note is the Altamira (Babaquara) Dam, which would flood an additional of reservoir, according to its original design. The project is developed by Norte Energia. The consortium"
"the Xingu River to the east. The Renascer Extractive Reserve is to the west. It drains into the Amazon and Xingu. The Jaraucu and the Acarai tributaries of the Xingu and the Guajará tributary of the Amazon run through the reserve. Settlements are scattered along the wetlands, streams and tributaries of the Amazon and Xingu. The climate is hot and humid, with temperatures ranging from and averaging . Average annual rainfall is . The region is covered by dense rainforest (68.5%) and pioneer formations (31.5%). The floodplain forest contains stands of forest dominated by palms: ""babaçu"" (Attalea genus), ""palmeira açaí"""
"extracting from the river most of what they need for food and water. The Brazilian government is building the Belo Monte Dam, which will be the world's third-largest hydroelectric dam, on the Lower Xingu. Construction of this dam is under legal challenge by environment and indigenous groups, who assert the dam would have negative environmental and social impacts along with reducing the flow by up to 80% along a stretch known as the Volta Grande (""Big Bend""). The river flow in this stretch is highly complex and includes major sections of rapids. More than 450 fish species have been documented"
"dam on the Xingu River, one of the Amazon's major tributaries. The Belo Monte dam complex would divert 80 percent of the Xingu River's flow, devastating an area of over 1,500 square kilometers of rainforest and result in the forced displacement of up to 40,000 people. Together with the people of the Xingu and a network of Brazilian and international NGOs, Amazon Watch is working to document and publicize the dam's devastating impacts on local and indigenous populations. Amazon Watch reports that the current rate of deforestation threatens to push the Amazon past a tipping point from which it cannot"
"at its widest point, east to west from Recife, Brazil to Lima, Peru. They were the first explorers to make this journey. In 1961, with the aid of the Society once again and additional funding from the ""Daily Express"" newspaper, Mason organized his second, and more ambitious expedition to South America. This would involve the exploration and mapping of the 1,100-kilometre Iriri River, a tributary of the Xingu in central Brazil, then believed to be the longest unexplored river in the world. He took with him fellow Oxford graduates, John Hemming, who was deputy leader of the expedition, and Christopher"
"about 5,500 inhabitants, including 1,000 Kaiabi, from 17 different clans; Parque Indígena do Xingu. The Kaiabi People first began moving into Xingu Indigenous Park during the early 1950s. The Kaiabi People faced encroachment of their lands and culture by commercial companies, therefore they fled to the Xingu Indigenous Park. There were three distinct migrations; the first in the 1950s from the upper Teles Pires River area in the state of Mato Grosso, another in 1966 from the Peixes River area (a tributary of the Arinos River), lastly during the 1970s and the early 1990s other Kaiabi families migrated from the"
"get the two girls back, and as a result of disease and war, the population of the Ikpeng was cut in half. In October 19, 1964, Orlando and Cláudio Villas-Boas encountered Ikpeng villages as they were flying over the Ronuro River in Mato Grosso (Pacheco, 2005). They lived near the Ronuro and Jabotá rivers and, when they were found malnourished and exposed to disease, they accepted resources and later relocation to the Xingu National Park in 1967 (Menget & Troncarelli, 2003). The Ikpeng dispersed for a short time, with different family groups living in different parts of the park, but"
"Ikpeng The Ikpeng (also known as Txikāo) are an indigenous community that now lives in the Xingu Indigenous National Park in Mato Grosso, Brazil. They had a population of 459 in 2010, up from a low of 50 in 1969. The Ikpeng are also called Txicão, Txikão, Txikân, Chicao, Tunuli, or Tonore people. The Ikpeng were known to inhabit the same land as the Txipaya peoples, near the Iriri River, and they a strong alliance with that group in times of war. One oral history traces the Ikpeng ancestral territory as far as the Jari River (Rodgers, 2013). By 1850,"
"Ossubtus xinguense Ossubtus xinguense, the parrot pacu or eaglebeak pacu, is a species of fish in the family Serrasalmidae endemic to rapids in the Xingu River basin in the Brazilian Amazon. This endangered species is primarily a herbivore. The body of ""Ossubtus xinguense"" is ovoid in shape. The profile of the snout is blunt. In young fish, the mouth is terminal (pointing forward); however, as the fish grows, the mouth turns downward and becomes strictly ventral in individuals longer than . This gives the mouth a beak-like appearance. It reaches up to in total length and about in weight. ""Ossubtus"
"(2003). In October 19, 1964, Orlando and Cláudio Villas-Boas encountered Ikpeng villages as they were flying over the Ronuro River in Mato Grosso (Pacheco, 2005). They lived near the Ronuro and Jabotá rivers and, when they were found malnourished and exposed to disease, they accepted resources and later relocation to the Xingu National Park in 1967 (Menget & Troncarelli, 2003). The Ikpeng dispersed for a short time, with different family groups living in different parts of the park, but later regrouped in the early 1970s near the Leonardo Villas-Boas Indigenous Post (2003). By the 1980s, they had moved to the"
"Tapajós-Xingu moist forests The Tapajós-Xingu moist forests (NT0168) is an ecoregion in the eastern Amazon basin. It is part of the Amazon biome. The ecoregion extends southwest from the Amazon River between its large Tapajós and Xingu tributaries. The Tapajós-Xingu moist forests lie between the Tapajós river to the west and the Xingu rivers to the east, tributaries of the Amazon River to the north. They have an area of . The rivers act as barriers to the movement of plants, animals and insects to and from adjacent regions. In the south the rugged Serra do Cachimbo divides the ecoregion"
"Xingó Dam The Xingó Dam is a concrete face rock-fill dam on the São Francisco River on the border of Alagoas and Sergipe, near Piranhas, Brazil. The dam was built for navigation, water supply and hydroelectric power generation as it supports a power station. It was constructed between 1987 and 1994 and the last of its generators was commissioned in 1997. In Portuguese, the dam is called the Usina Hidrelétrica de Xingó. Studies for the Xingó Dam were done in the 1950s and contracts for construction were not awarded until 1982. Construction on the dam began in March 1987 but"
"State of Pará located down the Teles Pires River. As mentioned before the Kaiabi began moving to the Park not only to protect their culture but also to evade persecution from rubber tappers, loggers, farmers, miners and other Euro-Brazilians who forced them from their lands, raped their women, or murdered them. Presently, about 200 Kayabi still live in their traditional homelands outside of the Xingu Reserve, these stay only because of the ancestors who are buried on there. The Kaiabi fervently believe that spirits exist even after their bones have turned to dust. They believe that these spirits can be"
"Kalapalo The Kalapalo are an indigenous people of Brazil. They are one of seventeen peoples who inhabit the Xingu National Park in the Upper Xingu River region of the state of Mato Grosso. They speak the Amonap language, a Cariban language, and are one of four peoples speaking languages in this family in the area. They have a population of 569 as of 2010. The Kalapalo were the first Xingu tribe to be contacted by the Villas-Bôas brothers, in 1945. Before the arrival of the Villas Boas, the people had sporadic contact with Europeans; therefore, the name Kalapalo was given"
"Kuhikugu, suggesting that the people there were farmers. Dams and ponds which appear to have been constructed in the area also suggest that the inhabitants of Kuhikugu may have been involved with fish farming, which is still practised by some of their modern day Kuikuro descendants. There is a possibility that legends regarding Kuhikugu may have influenced the British explorer Lieutenant Colonel Percy Fawcett to go on his ill-fated last expedition in 1925, looking through the Amazon rainforest for what he called ""City Z"". Kuhikugu Kuhikugu is an archaeological site located in Brazil, at the headwaters of the Xingu River,"
"Trumai The Trumai (or Trumaí; native name: Ho kod ke) are an indigenous people of Brazil. They currently reside within the Xingu National Park, in the state of Mato Grosso. They have a population of 258 in 2014. They were 97 in 2011 and 120 in 2006, up from a low of 26 in 1966. The Trumai are one of the last groups to have settled on the upper Xingu River, moving there in the 19th century from the region between the Xingu and Araguaia Rivers, as a result of attacks from another people. They currently live in four villages"
"the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest."