"and argon signs; it is named after the ionized air glow produced during electrical discharges. The first recorded use of ""electric blue"" as a color name in English was in 1884. Green-blue had been a Crayola color since 1958. It was continued as a Crayola crayon color until 1990. At right is displayed the color keppel. The color name ""keppel"" has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona.com Color List. At right is displayed the web color light cyan. At right is displayed the web color light sea green. Midnight"
"""cobalt turquoise"". Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call ""cerulean"", as the ""colour of the millennium"". The source of this colour is the ""Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)"" colour list, colour #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean. This bright tone of cerulean is the colour called ""cerulean"" by Crayola crayons. At right is displayed the colour cerulean frost. ""Cerulean frost"" is one of the colours in the special set of metallic coloured Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colours of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990. Cerulean Cerulean (), also spelled caerulean, is a"
"colour from the so called blue-green algae which have been recognised and described since the 18th century and probably before that. Cerulean is a medium blue-green color that is used to represent or symbolize either the sky or the ocean. The first recorded use of ""cerulean"" as a color name in English was in 1590. Teal is a medium blue-green color. It is named after the common teal, a member of the duck family, whose eyes are surrounded by the color. The color ""teal"" has a hue that is exactly halfway between blue and green and a value (brightness) that"
"was used to describe blue pigments, particularly mixtures of copper and cobaltous oxides, like azurite and smalt. These early attempts to create sky blue colours were often less than satisfactory due to a limited saturation and the tendency to discolour in reaction with other pigments. See also Tekhelet. The pigment Cerulean blue was discovered in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner. Subsequently there was a limited German production under the name of ""Cölinblau"". It was in 1860 first marketed in the United Kingdom by colourman George Rowney, as ""coeruleum"". Other nineteenth century English pigment names included ""ceruleum blue"" and"
"right is displayed the color uranian blue of Uranus. Blue (Crayola) is the color called ""blue"" in Crayola crayons. ""Blue"" was one of the original Crayola crayons formulated in 1903. In this section, the term shade is used in its technical sense as used in color theory, meaning a blueish color mixed with black or dark gray. The colors arranged in order of their value (brightness) (V in the HSV code), the brighter colors toward the top and the darker colors toward the bottom. Displayed at right is the web color medium blue. It is a shade of the standard"
"the palette of artists. Cobalt violet was used by Paul Signac (1863–1935), Claude Monet (1840–1926), and Georges Seurat (1859–1891). Today, cobalt ammonium phosphate, cobalt lithium phosphate, and cobalt phosphate are available for use by artists. Cobalt ammonium phosphate is the most reddish of the three. Cobalt phosphate is available in two varieties — a deep less saturated blueish type and a lighter and brighter somewhat more reddish type. Cobalt lithium phosphate is a saturated lighter-valued bluish violet. A color similar to cobalt ammonium phosphate, cobalt magnesium borate, was introduced in the later twentieth-century but was not deemed sufficiently lightfast for"
"use of ""cerulean"" as a color name in English was in 1590. The word is probably derived from the Latin word ""caeruleus"", ""dark blue, blue, or blue-green"", which in turn probably derives from ""caelulum"", diminutive of ""caelum"", ""heaven, sky"". Displayed at right is the color air force blue, also known as RAF blue. This is the tone of ""air force blue"" used by the Royal Air Force, the first air force to choose an ""air force blue"" color by which to identify itself, in 1920. The color ""air force blue"" is a medium tone of azure since it has a"
"Ceramic colorants Ceramic colorants are added to a glaze or a clay to create color. Carbonates and oxides of certain metals, characterize most colorants including the commonly used cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide, chrome oxide, red iron oxide, and copper carbonate. These colorants can create a multitude of colors depending on other materials they interact with and to which temperature and in which atmosphere they are fired. Cobalt is commonly used in either its carbonate (CoCO) or its oxide (CoO) forms. In the presence of most fluxes, it yields blue colors ranging from low saturation pastels to high saturation midnight blues"
"with hue codes between 255 and 225 (degrees), azure colors are those colors with hue codes between 195 and 225, and cyan colors are those colors with hue codes between 165 and 195. Another way of describing it could be that cyan is a mixture of blue and green light, azure is a mixture of blue and cyan light, and indigo is a mixture of blue and violet light. All of the colors shown below in the section ""shades of azure"" are referenced as having a hue between 195 and 225 degrees, with the exception of the very pale X11"
"versatile CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) triad had been adopted, with the cyan sometimes referred to as ""process blue"" and the magenta as ""process red"". In color printing, the usual primary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY). Cyan is the complement of red, meaning that the cyan serves as a filter that absorbs red. The amount of cyan applied to a white sheet of paper controls how much of the red in white light will be reflected back from the paper. Ideally, the cyan is completely transparent to green and blue light and has no effect on those parts of"
"Teal Teal is a medium blue-green color, similar to cyan. Its name comes from that of a bird—the common teal (""Anas crecca"")—which presents a similarly colored stripe on its head. It can be created by mixing blue with green into a white base, or deepened as needed with black or gray. The complementary color of teal is maroon. It is also one of the initial group of 16 HTML/CSS web colors formulated in 1987. In the RGB model used to create colors on computer screens and televisions, teal is created by turning down the brightness of cyan to about one"
"Cobalt blue Cobalt blue is a blue pigment made by sintering cobalt(II) oxide with alumina at 1200 °C. Chemically, cobalt blue pigment is cobalt(II) oxide-aluminium oxide, or cobalt(II) aluminate, CoAlO. Cobalt blue is lighter and less intense than the (iron-cyanide based) pigment Prussian blue. It is extremely stable and has historically been used as a coloring agent in ceramics (especially Chinese porcelain), jewelry, and paint. Transparent glasses are tinted with the silica-based cobalt pigment smalt. Cobalt blue in impure forms had long been used in Chinese porcelain, but it was independently discovered as a pure alumina-based pigment by Louis Jacques"
"(cyan, yellow, green, magenta) is a CFA that uses mostly secondary colors, again to allow more of the incident light to be detected rather than absorbed. Other variants include CMY and CMYW matrices. Diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)-novolac photoresist is one material used as the carrier for making color filters from color dyes. There is some interference between the dyes and the ultraviolet light needed to properly expose the polymer, though solutions have been found for this problem. Color photoresists sometimes used include those with chemical monikers CMCR101R, CMCR101G, CMCR101B, CMCR106R, CMCR106G, and CMCR106B. A few sources discuss other specific chemical substances, attending"
"his palette consisted of vermilion, white, naples yellow, two different yellow ochres, two red ochres, raw sienna, light red, burnt sienna, crimson lake, Prussian blue, peach black, ivory black, cassel earth and bitumen. Bitumen has a velvety, lustrous appearance when first painted, but over a period of time discolours to a black treacle, while contracting and thus creating a wrinkled surface, which cannot be renovated. As a result of this, details in large areas of the work can hardly be discerned today. Géricault drew an outline sketch of the composition onto the canvas. He then posed models one at a"
"Cobalt glass Cobalt glass—known as ""smalt"" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue colored glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense glass colorant and very little is required to show a noticeable amount of color. Cobalt blue glass is also used as an optical filter in flame tests to filter out the yellow flame caused by contamination with sodium, and expand the ability to see violet and blue hues. Moderately ground cobalt glass (potassium cobalt silicate)—called ""smalt""—has been historically important as a pigment in"
"stands for copper (yielding a brown solid), iron (dark purple), zinc (yellow), nickel (green), manganese (dark green), or cobalt (purple). These complexes all have the same orthorombic crystal structure, consisting of chains of alternating croconate and metal ions. Each croconate is bound to the preceding metal by one oxygen atom, and to the next metal through its two opposite oxygens, leaving two oxygens unbound. Each metal is bound to three croconate oxygens and to one water molecule. Calcium also forms a compound with the same formula (yellow) but the structure appears to be different. The croconate anion also forms compounds"
"involving 1,2-dioxetanedione (note that many side-groups of the aromatic rings are not shown.): The reaction rate is pH dependent, and slightly alkaline conditions achieved by adding a weak base, e.g. sodium salicylate, will produce brighter light. Developed by American Cyanamid in the 1960s, the formulation containing CPPO, a fluorescor, and a glass capsule containing hydrogen peroxide and a base catalyst, all in dialkyl phthalate solvents, was marketed as Cyalume. The following colors can be produced by using different dyes: Bis-(2,4,5-trichloro-6-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl)oxalate Bis-[2,4,5-trichloro-6-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]oxalate (also known as bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenyl) oxalate or CPPO) is a solid ester whose oxidation products are responsible for the chemiluminescence"
"it is a combination of blue/green but where the green is stronger with a hint of grey Teal Teal is a medium blue-green color, similar to cyan. Its name comes from that of a bird—the common teal (""Anas crecca"")—which presents a similarly colored stripe on its head. It can be created by mixing blue with green into a white base, or deepened as needed with black or gray. The complementary color of teal is maroon. It is also one of the initial group of 16 HTML/CSS web colors formulated in 1987. In the RGB model used to create colors on"
"Egyptian blue Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate (CaCuSiO or CaOCuO(SiO) (calcium copper tetrasilicate)) or cuprorivaite, is a pigment used in ancient Egypt for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. It was known to the Romans by the name ""caeruleum"" – see also the English word cerulean. After the Roman era, Egyptian blue fell from use and the manner of its creation was forgotten. The ancient Egyptian word wꜣḏ signifies blue, blue-green, and green. The first recorded use of ""Egyptian blue"" as a color name in English was in 1809. Egyptian blue"
"""Cy"" and ""CyDye"" as trademarks. Cyanines dyes are available with different modifications such as methyl, ethyl or butyl substituents, carboxyl, acetylmethoxy, and sulfo groups which alter their hydrophilicity. Ex (nm): Excitation wavelength in nanometers <br> Em (nm): Emission wavelength in nanometers <br> MW: Molecular weight<br> QY: Quantum yield Cyanines can advantageously replace conventional dyes such as fluorescein and rhodamines because they yielding brighter and more stable fluorescence. Cy3 fluoresces greenish yellow (~550 nm excitation, ~570 nm emission), while Cy5 is fluorescent in the red region (~650 excitation, 670 nm emission). Cy3 can be detected by various fluorometers, imagers, and microscopes"
"with a clear, brilliant hue. The pigment was originally made by grinding a powder of cinnabar (mercury sulfide). Like most mercury compounds, it is toxic. Vermilion is not one specific hue; mercuric sulfides make a range of warm hues, from bright orange-red to a duller reddish-purple that resembles fresh duck liver. Differences in hue are caused by the size of the ground particles of pigment. Larger crystals produce duller and less-orange hue. Cinnabar pigment was a side-product of the mining of mercury, and mining cinnabar was difficult, expensive and dangerous, because of the toxicity of mercury. The Greek philosopher Theophrastus"
"same color schema. In 1965 Koltun patented an improved version of the Corey and Pauling modeling technique. In his patent he mentions the following colors: Typical CPK color assignments include: Several of the CPK colors refer mnemonically to colors of the pure elements or notable compound. For example, hydrogen is a colorless gas, carbon as charcoal, graphite or coke is black, common sulfur is yellow, chlorine is a greenish gas, bromine is a dark red liquid, iodine in ether is violet, amorphous phosphorus is red, rust is dark orange-red, etc. For some colors, such as those of oxygen and nitrogen,"
"difference in hue as , where . CIELUV In colorimetry, the CIE 1976 ""L""*, ""u""*, ""v""* color space, commonly known by its abbreviation CIELUV, is a color space adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1976, as a simple-to-compute transformation of the 1931 CIE XYZ color space, but which attempted perceptual uniformity. It is extensively used for applications such as computer graphics which deal with colored lights. Although additive mixtures of different colored lights will fall on a line in CIELUV's uniform chromaticity diagram (dubbed the ""CIE 1976 UCS""), such additive mixtures will not, contrary to popular belief,"
"state. Common indicators are cobalt(II) chloride and methyl violet. Cobalt (II) chloride is deep blue when dry and pink when wet, but it is toxic and carcinogenic, and was reclassified by the European Union in July 2000 as a toxic material. Methyl violet can be formulated to change from orange to green, or orange to colorless. It is also toxic and potentially carcinogenic, but is safe enough to have medicinal uses. Silica gel is non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive and stable with ordinary usage. It will react with hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride, strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizers."
"if they exist at all, though indigo and scarlet are standard for blue–violet and red–vermilion. In another sense, a tertiary color is obtained by mixing secondary-colored pigments. These three colors are russet (orange–purple), slate (purple–green), and citron (green–orange), with the corresponding three quaternary colors plum (russet–slate), sage (slate–citron), buff (citron–russet) (with olive sometimes used for either slate or citron). Beyond that are shades of grey (blue grey and brown greys), which approach but never quite reach black. The RYB color terminology outlined above and in the color samples shown below is ultimately derived from the 1835 book ""Chromatography"", an analysis"
"in both oxidation and reduction atmospheres. However, in the presence of magnesium, cobalt can become purple, pink or reddish blue depending on whether it was fired in oxidation (yields purple) or reduction. Cobalt is also commonly used in black glazes and in washes as decorative medium. Common saturation percentages for low saturation range from (.25 to .5%) and in high saturation from (1 to 2%). ""Chrome is a rather versatile and fickle colorant,"" (Chappell). Chrome oxide (CrO) is commonly used for achieving greens. However, in the presence of zinc, chrome can produce brown. Glazes with tin oxide present will often"
"sometimes misspelled as ""vermillion"". Also known as ""cinnabar"" and in its deeper form known as ""China red"", vermilion is reddish orange, much like scarlet, only more orange than scarlet. It can be produced naturally (from the mineral cinnabar) and artificially. Cinnabar is a deep red-orange mineral, mercuric sulfide, HgS; the principal ore of mercury; the pigment vermilion is extracted from this ore. The web color ""tomato"" is a medium reddish-orange color that is the color of actual supermarket tomatoes. Many vine-ripened tomatoes are a bit redder. The color of tomato soup is slightly less saturated. The color ""tomato"" is displayed"
"of or resembling ashes, or a gray color tinged with coppery brown. It is derived from the Latin ""cinereous"", from ""cinis"" (ashes). The first recorded use of ""cinereous"" as a color name in English was in 1661. Displayed at right is the color ""rocket metallic"". Rocket metallic is a purplish tone of gray. This is supposed to be a metallic color; however, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a flat computer screen. ""Rocket metallic"" is one of the colors on the Resene Color List, a color list widely popular in Australia and New Zealand. The color ""rocket"
"are four colours – red, green, yellow, and blue – each represented by a clear gem (red – Carbuncle, green – Heliodor, yellow – Chrysolite, blue – Amethyst), an opaque gem (red – Carnelian/red Jasper, green – green Jasper, yellow – yellow Jasper/yellow Serpentine, blue - Lapis Lazuli), and a striped gem (red – Sardonyx, green – Malachite, yellow – pale golden Agate, blue – sky-blue Agate). The four colours of red, green, yellow, and blue, are the first four colours (apart from black and white) distinguished by languages, and are distinguished in all cultures with at least six colour"
"pure color that would then mix on the retina of the beholder to achieve the desired color impression instead of the usual practice of mixing individual pigments. Seurat's palette consisted of the usual pigments of his time such as cobalt blue, emerald green and vermilion. Additionally, Seurat used then new pigment zinc yellow (zinc chromate), predominantly for yellow highlights in the sunlit grass in the middle of the painting but also in mixtures with orange and blue pigments. In the century and more since the painting's completion, the zinc yellow has darkened to brown—a color degeneration that was already showing"
"CIELUV In colorimetry, the CIE 1976 ""L""*, ""u""*, ""v""* color space, commonly known by its abbreviation CIELUV, is a color space adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1976, as a simple-to-compute transformation of the 1931 CIE XYZ color space, but which attempted perceptual uniformity. It is extensively used for applications such as computer graphics which deal with colored lights. Although additive mixtures of different colored lights will fall on a line in CIELUV's uniform chromaticity diagram (dubbed the ""CIE 1976 UCS""), such additive mixtures will not, contrary to popular belief, fall along a line in the CIELUV"
"a pale cyan or white cyan. All of the colors shown below in the section ""variations of azure"" are referenced as having a hue code of between 195 and 225 (the hue code is the ""h"" code in the HSV color space), signifying that these colors are tones of azure. The only exception, as noted below, is the web color azure which, with a color code of 180, is actually a tone of cyan. Strictly speaking, according to the mathematical logic of the , indigo colors are those colors with hue codes of between 255 and 225, azure colors are"
"Citrine (colour) Citrine is a colour, the most common reference for which is certain coloured varieties of quartz which are a medium deep shade of golden yellow. Citrine has been summarized at various times as yellow, greenish-yellow, brownish yellow or orange. The original reference point for the citrine colour was the citron fruit. The first recorded use of ""citrine"" as a colour in English was in 1386. It was borrowed from a medieval Latin and classical Latin word with the same meaning. In late medieval and early modern English the citrine colour-name was applied in a wider variety of contexts"