"welding was invented in 1893, and around that time another process, oxyfuel welding, became well established. Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, but its use was not practical in welding until about 1900, when a suitable torch was developed. At first, oxyfuel welding was one of the more popular welding methods due to its portability and relatively low cost. As the 20th century progressed, however, it fell out of favor for industrial applications. It was largely replaced with arc welding, as advances in metal coverings (known as flux) were made. Flux covering the electrode primarily shields the base"
"the health of men and animals."" Edmund Davy Edmund Davy FRS (1785 – 5 November 1857) was a professor of Chemistry at the Royal Cork Institution from 1813 and professor of chemistry at the Royal Dublin Society from 1826. He discovered acetylene, as it was later named by Marcellin Berthelot. He was also an original member of the Chemical Society, and a member of the Royal Irish Academy. Edmund Davy was a cousin of Humphry Davy, the famous chemist who invented the Davy lamp for the safety of miners. Edmund, the son of William Davy, was born in Penzance, Cornwall,"
"Edmund Davy Edmund Davy FRS (1785 – 5 November 1857) was a professor of Chemistry at the Royal Cork Institution from 1813 and professor of chemistry at the Royal Dublin Society from 1826. He discovered acetylene, as it was later named by Marcellin Berthelot. He was also an original member of the Chemical Society, and a member of the Royal Irish Academy. Edmund Davy was a cousin of Humphry Davy, the famous chemist who invented the Davy lamp for the safety of miners. Edmund, the son of William Davy, was born in Penzance, Cornwall, and lived there throughout his teen"
"Marcellin Berthelot rediscovered this hydrocarbon compound in 1860, for which he coined the name ""acetylene."" Davy was active in promoting scientific knowledge, whereby popular courses of lectures were established throughout Ireland. In some of his own lectures at the Royal Dublin Society, Davy showed his special interest in the applications of chemistry in agriculture. He published several papers concerning manures and chemical aids useful to farmers. These included """"An Essay on the Use of Peat or Turf as a Means of Promoting Public Health and the Agriculture of the United Kingdom"""" (1850), and """"An account of some Experiments made to"
"tannates of commercial quinine, artificial tannins, etc. Pietro Biginelli Pietro Biginelli (25 July 1860 – 15 January 1937) was an Italian chemist, who discovered a three-component reaction between urea, acetoacetic ester and aldehydes (Biginelli reaction). He also was studying various aspects of sanitation chemistry and chemical products' quality control. Biginelli was born on 25 July 1860 in Palazzolo Vercellese which was back then the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. He attended the University of Turin, studying under Professor Icilio Guareschi, a well-known Italian chemist and chemistry historian. It is known that at 1885 he was already a 4th year student. By 1891"
"William A. Tilden Sir William Augustus Tilden (15 August 1842 – 11 December 1926) was a British chemist. He discovered that isoprene could be made from turpentine. He was unable to turn this discovery into a way to make commercially viable synthetic rubber. Educated at Bedford Modern School, Tilden obtained a B Sc in 1868 and a D Sc in 1871, both from the University of London. From 1872 to 1880 he was Senior Teacher of Science at Clifton College, Bristol. From 1880 to 1894 he was Professor of Chemistry at Mason College, (which later became the University of Birmingham)."
"Pietro Biginelli Pietro Biginelli (25 July 1860 – 15 January 1937) was an Italian chemist, who discovered a three-component reaction between urea, acetoacetic ester and aldehydes (Biginelli reaction). He also was studying various aspects of sanitation chemistry and chemical products' quality control. Biginelli was born on 25 July 1860 in Palazzolo Vercellese which was back then the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. He attended the University of Turin, studying under Professor Icilio Guareschi, a well-known Italian chemist and chemistry historian. It is known that at 1885 he was already a 4th year student. By 1891 Biginelli works at the chemical laboratory at"
"streams and lakes released flammable gas. In 1778, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), the father of Electrochemistry, scientifically identified that gas as methane. In 1808 Sir Humphry Davy proved the presence of methane in the gases produced by cattle manure. The first known anaerobic digester was built in 1859 at a leper colony in Bombay in India. In 1895, the technology was developed in Exeter, England, where a septic tank was used to generate gas for the sewer gas destructor lamp, a type of gas lighting. Also in England, in 1904, the first dual-purpose tank for both sedimentation and"
"Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh FRS (28 August 1875 – 13 December 1947) was a British peer and physicist. He discovered ""active nitrogen"" and was the first to distinguish the glow of the night sky. Strutt was born at Terling Place, the family home near Witham, Essex, the eldest son of John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh and his wife Evelyn Georgiana Mary (née Balfour). He was thus a nephew of Arthur Balfour and of Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he initially read mathematics, but"
"in 1944. During his life he had filed more than 2,000 patent applications. In 1946 Camille Dreyfus set up the Henry Dreyfus Foundation in memory of his brother, ""to advance the science of chemistry, chemical engineering and related sciences as a means of improving human relations and circumstances around the world."" Henri Dreyfus Henri Dreyfus (or Henry Dreyfus, January 7, 1882 – December 30, 1944) was a Swiss chemist. He and his brother Camille Dreyfus invented Celanese, an acetate yarn. The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, originally the Henry Dreyfus Foundation, was founded in his honor by his brother. Henri"
"of vitriol). August Sigmund Frobenius gave the name ""Spiritus Vini Æthereus"" to the substance in 1730. Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) was an English polymath who discovered nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride and (along with Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier) oxygen. Beginning in 1775, Priestley published his research in ""Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air"", a six-volume work. The recent discoveries about these and other gases stimulated a great deal of interest in the European scientific community. Thomas Beddoes (1760–1808) was an English philosopher, physician and teacher of medicine, and like his older colleague Priestley, was also"
"John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, (; 12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919), was a British scientist who made extensive contributions to both theoretical and experimental physics. He spent all of his academic career at the University of Cambridge. Among many honours, he received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics ""for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies."" He served as President of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908 and as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from"
"was used for gas lighting, as it produces a much brighter light than natural gas or water gas. Illuminating gas was much less toxic than other forms of coal-gas, but less could be produced from a given quantity of coal. The experiments with distilling coal were described by John Clayton in 1684. George Dixon's pilot plant exploded in 1760, setting back the production of illuminating gas a few years. The first commercial application was in a Manchester cotton mill in 1806. In 1901, studies of the defoliant effect of leaking gas pipes led to the discovery that ethylene is a"
"was discovered by chemist John Ulric Nef in 1899 while experimenting with reactions of elemental sodium, phenylacetylene, and acetophenone. For this reason, the reaction is sometimes referred to as Nef synthesis. Sometimes this reaction is erroneously called the Nef reaction, a name more often used to describe a different reaction (see Nef reaction). Chemist Walter Reppe coined the term ethynylation during his work with acetylene and carbonyl compounds. In the following reaction (""scheme 1""), the alkyne proton of ethyl propiolate is deprotonated by ""n""-butyllithium at -78 °C to form lithium ethyl propiolate to which cyclopentanone is added forming a lithium"
"Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. At the time, chemistry was still in a quite primitive state; it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds and chemical industry was still in its infancy. Perkin's accidental discovery was that aniline could be partly transformed into a crude mixture which when extracted with alcohol produced a substance with an intense purple colour. He scaled up production of the new ""mauveine"", and commercialized it as the world's first synthetic dye. After the discovery of mauveine, many new aniline dyes appeared"
"ethylene but never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientist Frederick Guthrie synthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting. Also in 1860, chemist Albert Niemann, known as a pioneer in cocaine chemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886, Viktor Meyer published a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined 2-chloroethanol with aqueous potassium sulfide, and then treated the resulting thiodiglycol"
"lead was also the astrological symbol for the planet Saturn)). In 1832, French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas and German chemist Justus von Liebig determined the empirical formula for acetone. In 1833, the French chemist Antoine Bussy named acetone by adding the suffix ""-one"" to the stem of the corresponding acid (viz, acetic acid). By 1852, English chemist Alexander William Williamson realized that acetone was methyl acetyl; the following year, the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt concurred. In 1865, the German chemist August Kekulé published the modern structural formula for acetone. Johann Josef Loschmidt had presented the structure of acetone in 1861,"
"constitution of several cobalt amine complexes, such as hexamminecobalt(III) chloride, were later completed by Alfred Werner earning Werner a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Some of his organic research was connected to isomerism of chemical molecules. The experimental work on the hydrolysis of 1,1-dichloroethane, which yielded glycol, and the chlorination of acetaldehyde giving 1,2-dichloroethane provided a good starting point for the development of the theory of the constitution of compounds with the same chemical formula, but different bond structure. Geuther is best known for his discovery of ethyl acetoacetate. Although he discovered the compound in 1863, it took him two years"
"professor of chemistry in 1921. Richard Wolffenstein (chemist) Richard Wolffenstein (21 August 1864 – 5 June 1926) was a German chemist. He discovered acetone peroxide in 1895 by reacting acetone with hydrogen peroxide. The Wolffenstein-Böters reaction, which he discovered in 1913, was an alternative production method for explosives. Wolffenstein studied in Leipzig, Heidelberg, Munich and Berlin. He was awarded his doctor title in 1888, and became an assistant at the veterinary ""hochschule"" in Berlin, and later in Breslau under Albert Ladenburg. In 1893, he returned to the Technical Hochschule, now called the Technical University of Berlin, where he gained his"
"paints, resins, and polymers. In 1881, the Russian chemist Mikhail Kucherov described the hydration of acetylene to acetaldehyde using catalysts such as mercury(II) bromide. Before the advent of the Wacker process, this reaction was conducted on an industrial scale. The polymerization of acetylene with Ziegler–Natta catalysts produces polyacetylene films. Polyacetylene, a chain of CH centres with alternating single and double bonds, was one of the first discovered organic semiconductors. Its reaction with iodine produces a highly electrically conducting material. Although such materials are not useful, these discoveries led to the developments of organic semiconductors, as recognized by the Nobel Prize"
"Otto Loewi Otto Loewi (3 June 1873 – 25 December 1961) was a German-born pharmacologist and psychobiologist who discovered the role of acetylcholine as an endogenous neurotransmitter. For his discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936, which he shared with Sir Henry Dale, who was a lifelong friend who helped to inspire the neurotransmitter experiment. Loewi met Dale in 1902 when spending some months in Ernest Starling's laboratory at University College, London. Loewi was born in Frankfurt, Germany on June 3, 1873 in a Jewish family. He went to study medicine at the University"
"Henry Hallett Dale Sir Henry Hallett Dale (9 June 1875 – 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist and physiologist. For his study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses (neurotransmission) he shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Otto Loewi. Henry Hallett Dale was born in Islington, London, to Charles James Dale, a pottery manufacturer from Staffordshire, and his wife, Frances Anne Hallett, daughter of a furniture manufacturer. Henry was the third of seven children, one of whom (his younger brother, Benjamin Dale) became an accomplished composer and warden of the Royal"
"to have eaten a spoonful of it every day. He died at his house in Spring Lake, New Jersey. He also, reportedly, during a serious bout of pleurisy in his mid-50s, had his nurse rub him from head to foot with the substance. He soon recovered. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Robert Chesebrough Robert Augustus Chesebrough, (January 9, 1837 – September 8, 1933) was an American chemist. He discovered petroleum jelly which he marketed as Vaseline and he founded the Chesebrough Manufacturing Company. Born in London to American parents, he was raised in"
"E. A. Letts Prof Edmund Albert Letts FRSE FCS FIC (1852-1918) was a 19th-century British chemist. He was a pioneer of analytical chemistry. The Letts Nitrile Synthesis is named after him. He spent much time analysing the content of carbon dioxide in air and water and the latter part of his life looked at pollution in tidal waters. Queens University Belfast give a Letts Chemical Research Scholarship in his memory. He was born at Clare Lodge in Sydenham in Kent on 27 August 1852 the son of Thomas Letts and his wife, Emma Harwood Barrie. He was educated at Bishop's"
"ethylene, usually using Pd–Ag catalysts. Until the 1950s, when oil supplanted coal as the chief source of reduced carbon, acetylene (and the aromatic fraction from coal tar) was the main source of organic chemicals in the chemical industry. It was prepared by the hydrolysis of calcium carbide, a reaction discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862 and still familiar to students: Calcium carbide production requires extremely high temperatures, ~2000 °C, necessitating the use of an electric arc furnace. In the US, this process was an important part of the late-19th century revolution in chemistry enabled by the massive hydroelectric power project"
"based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia"". Otto Unverdorben Otto Unverdorben (13 October 1806 – 28 November 1873) was a German chemist and merchant who was born in Dahme/Marke. After completing his schooling in Dresden, he studied chemistry at Halle, Leipzig and Berlin. In 1826 at the age of 20, Unverdorben discovered aniline, which he obtained from the distillation of natural vegetable indigo. He called his discovery ""Crystallin"". Aniline is important in the manufacture of dyes, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. In 1829 he returned to his hometown of Dahme/Mark and became successful in the cigar industry. Today"
"Henri Dreyfus Henri Dreyfus (or Henry Dreyfus, January 7, 1882 – December 30, 1944) was a Swiss chemist. He and his brother Camille Dreyfus invented Celanese, an acetate yarn. The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, originally the Henry Dreyfus Foundation, was founded in his honor by his brother. Henri Dreyfus was born in Basel, Switzerland, in 1882, younger brother of Camille Dreyfus (1878–1856). Their father was involved in the chemical industry. The brothers both went to school in Basel and then studied at the Sorbonne, Paris. In 1904 Henri Dreyfus earned a PhD from the University of Basel with the"
"Anprolene Anprolene is a registered trade name for ethylene oxide that belongs to Andersen Sterilizers. Harold Willids Andersen invented Anprolene in 1967 and used plastic bags and small ampoules, hence, substantially less ethylene oxide (EtO) than traditional chamber type sterilizers. The ""gas diffusion"" method of using ethylene oxide was particularly useful to Andersen whose invention of the first double lumen nasogastric tube was being used by his colleagues at Bellevue Hospital in New York, NY, where he was chief resident. At that time a single lumen Levin tube was employed clean and packaged, but not sterile. Andersen recognized the need"
"rope 1895 Acetylene domestic lighting 1895 Universal AC/DC electric motor 1895 Improved pedal bicycle 1895 Manual/electric hybrid massaging machine 1897 Device for automatic bottling of acetylene 1897 Device for hermetically sealing containers of acetylene 1897 Windmill toy for hats and canes 1898 Multi-task manual-electric industrial gyratory pump 1899 Carburetor for internal combustion engines 1900 Battery electric inflatable wearable lifejacket 1901 Phototherapy instruments 1902 Spring-loaded harpoon gun toy 1902 Propulsion of model boat or submarine by acetylene Gustave Trouvé Gustave Pierre Trouvé (2 January 1839 – 27 July 1902) was a French electrical engineer and inventor in the 19th century. Trouvé"
"Charles Greville Williams Charles H. Greville Williams (22 September 1829 – 15 June 1910), was an English scientist and analytical chemist who published many scientific papers from 1853. He was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. He died in Horley and is buried in Streatham. He was elected as a Fellow of The Royal Society in 1862. Throughout the later 19th century, many chemists attempted to determine the makeup of natural rubber, with the goal of reproducing it. In 1860, Williams analyzed rubber by destructive distillation and obtained a large quantity of a light oil which he termed isoprene (polymer of the"
"at Roslin Institute in Edinburgh), became a celebrity in the 1990s. Other famous scientists, engineers, theorists and inventors from the UK include Sir Francis Bacon, Richard Trevithick (Train), Thomas Henry Huxley, Francis Crick (DNA), Rosalind Franklin (Photo 51), Robert Boyle (Boyle's Law), Robert Hooke, Thomas Young, Humphry Davy (discovered ""laughing gas"" (nitrous oxide), isolated many elements (such as calcium), invented Davy lamp), Robert Watson-Watt (radar), J. J. Thomson (discovered Electron), James Chadwick (discovered Neutron), Frederick Soddy (discovered Isotope), John Cockcroft, Henry Bessemer, Edmond Halley (Halley's comet), Sir William Herschel (discovered Uranus), Charles Parsons (Steam turbine), Alan Blumlein (Stereo sound), John"
"1816, together with Jean-Jacques Colin, they obtain a new component which they call ""éther hydrochlorique"", (1,2-Dichloroethane), which they will try to promote as a reinvigorating medicine (a common pursuit in those days, as is shown by the early uses of mixture such as Coca-Cola). In 1830, together with , Robiquet obtains a new molecule which he calls amygdalin; this component presented strange properties and was actually the first glycoside ever to be evidenced. This discovery was opening the door to the huge family of aromatic molecules, that are based on the cyclic 6 carbon benzenoic structure. In their various attempts"
"virtually everything in his native France better. Gerard Bérchet Gérard Berchet (December 3, 1902 – November 26, 1990) was a French-American chemist who played a pivotal role in the invention of both nylon and neoprene. Berchet worked under the direction of Wallace Carothers at DuPont Experimental Station and first synthesized nylon 6,6 on February 28, 1935 from equal parts hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid. Berchet was the first to synthesize neoprene. However, Arthur Collins is credited with its discovery on April 17, 1930 after he accidentally reacted hydrochloric acid with vinylacetylene. Berchet's leaving of his sample unexamined on a laboratory bench"