"the CIA estimate that the budget of Soviet propaganda abroad was between $3.5 and $4.0 billion. Propaganda abroad was partly conducted by Soviet intelligence agencies. GRU alone spent more than $1 billion for propaganda and peace movements against Vietnam War, which was a ""hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost"", according to GRU defector Stanislav Lunev. He claimed that ""the GRU and the KGB helped to fund just about every antiwar movement and organization in America and abroad"". According to Oleg Kalugin, ""the Soviet intelligence was really unparalleled. ... The KGB programs -- which would run all sorts of"
"of the United States in Moscow. Once the seduction took place, she put him in touch with a KGB handler. The espionage continued after his transfer to Vienna, although he eventually turned himself in. The Soviets used sex not only for direct recruitment, but as a contingency for a possible future need of kompromat of an American officer. The CIA itself made limited use of sexual recruitment against foreign intelligence services. ""Coercive recruitment generally didn't work. We found that offers of money and freedom worked better"". If the Agency found a Soviet intelligence officer had a girlfriend, they would try"
"Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies <br> There was a succession of Soviet secret police agencies over time. The first secret police after the October Revolution, created by Vladimir Lenin's decree on December 20, 1917, was called ""Cheka"" (ЧК). Officers were referred to as ""chekists"", a name that is still informally applied to people under the Federal Security Service of Russia, the KGB's successor in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. For most agencies listed here secret policing operations were only part of their function; for instance, the KGB was both the secret police and the intelligence agency."
"CIA's Chief of Soviet analysis said that even if the CIA had told the President, the NSC, and Congress about the cuts beforehand, it would have been ignored. ""We never would have been able to publish it."" All the CIA numbers on the USSR's economy were wrong. Too often the CIA relied on people inexperienced with that which they were supposed to be the expert on. Bob Gates had preceded Doug MacEachin as Chief of Soviet analysis, and he had never visited Russia. Few officers, even those stationed in country spoke the language of the people they were spying on."
"service (from 1956 the BND): the CIC were already, in 1953, including Felfe on a list of potential defectors, but the available indications are that the CIC never shared their doubts with the CIA which was in some ways a rival operation. In the end it was a Soviet defector, a KGB major called Anatoliy Golitsyn, who in October 1961 provided the decisive information that led to Felfe. Golyzin was unable to supply Felfe's name, but he provided sufficient detail to make identification of the Soviet mole easy. It was later pointed out that both the US and West German"
"to operate as well. Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies <br> There was a succession of Soviet secret police agencies over time. The first secret police after the October Revolution, created by Vladimir Lenin's decree on December 20, 1917, was called ""Cheka"" (ЧК). Officers were referred to as ""chekists"", a name that is still informally applied to people under the Federal Security Service of Russia, the KGB's successor in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. For most agencies listed here secret policing operations were only part of their function; for instance, the KGB was both the secret police"
"Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union) The MGB (), an initialism for ""Ministerstvo gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti SSSR"" (, translated in English as Ministry for State Security), was the name of the Soviet state security apparatus dealing with internal and external security issues: secret police duties, foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence, etc from 1946 to 1953. The MGB was just one of many incarnations of the Soviet State Security apparatus. After the revolution, the Bolsheviks relied on a strong political police or security force to support and control their regime. During the Russian Civil War, the Cheka were in power, relinquishing"
"de Silva was appointed chief of operations in the ""Soviet Russia Division"". At that time the CIA possessed no assets (intelligence agents) in the USSR. Without much success, the CIA had been parachuting Russian-speaking volunteers into the Soviet Union, with false papers. Almost all of them, however, were being captured and forced to serve the Soviets; any further information received was doctored, or worthless. One CIA operation in Russia that did meet with success involved a joint reconnaissance mission with the Navy, sending a small team to a newly built Soviet airfield in eastern Siberia. On occasion the CIA encountered"
"the CIA station, and a corresponding reduction in the number of Soviet GRU and KGB intelligence agents. The CIA station in Vienna remained active and contrived to surreptitiously overhear preparations made by a neutral power (probably India) for a conference in Moscow. Also accomplished by bugging, the CIA discovered several Austrian nationals who'd been recruited as agents by Soviet intelligence; the CIA then managed to double them. In 1956 de Silva filled the position of the departing COS. Fraternizing with Soviet agents had been prohibited by the CIA station, but changes encouraged and welcomed by de Silva allowed informal meetings"
"in Pullach, near Munich, in the newly independent Bundesrepublik Deutschland. The CIA then began replacing Army intelligence regarding its role doing liaison work during the Allied occupation of Germany with the reconstituted Gehlen organization. Also headquartered in Pullach, this West German intelligence organization was led by Reinhard Gehlen, who had in World War II commanded German military intelligence in the east. A major part of de Silva's job in Pullach was to assist with the various West German efforts to collect information from the occupied Soviet Zone of Germany. The chief target was the Russian military establishment, its intentions and"
"them out to Soviet tourists on holiday in Western Europe and had them smuggled into the Soviet Union: ""After working secretly to publish the Russian-language edition in the Netherlands, the CIA moved quickly to ensure that copies of Doctor Zhivago were available for distribution to Soviet visitors at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair. By the end of the Fair, 355 copies of Doctor Zhivago had been surreptitiously handed out, and eventually thousands more were distributed throughout the Communist bloc. [...] Subsequently, the CIA funded the publication of a miniature, lightweight paperback edition of Doctor Zhivago that could be easily mailed"
"his financial debt, gave thousands of pages of classified documents to the Soviets and later admitted to disclosing over 100 CIA, FBI, military, and allied operations; he was deemed responsible for the arrests and executions of ten U.S. sources. Moreover, by compromising CIA methods, Ames enabled the KGB and its successor, the SVR, to filter feed material to the CIA from 1986 to 1993. In 1987, KGB agent Aleksandr Zhomov offered to sell the CIA intelligence on how the Soviets had detected and arrested the CIA's agents. The SE Division accepted Zhomov and assigned him the cryptonym GTPROLOGUE. Zhomov, who"
"SMERSH (James Bond) SMERSH is a fictional Soviet counterintelligence agency featured in Ian Fleming's early James Bond novels as agent 007's nemesis. SMERSH is the acronym of ""Spetsialnye MEtody Razoblacheniya SHpionov"", meaning ""Special Methods of Spy Detection"" (in Russian Cyrillic СМЕРШ: Специальные Методы Разоблaчения Шпионов). Fleming's version of SMERSH supposedly was modelled upon the real SMERSH organisation, which existed 1943–1946 (the real name is a portmanteau of two Russian words: ""SMERt' SHpionam"" [Смерть Шпионам, Směrť Špionam] meaning ""Death to Spies""). However, the novels portray SMERSH as a massive Soviet counterintelligence organisation, much more resembling the real-life KGB, which aims its"
"""The Intelligence Men"", and STENCH in ""Carry On Spying"". SMERSH (James Bond) SMERSH is a fictional Soviet counterintelligence agency featured in Ian Fleming's early James Bond novels as agent 007's nemesis. SMERSH is the acronym of ""Spetsialnye MEtody Razoblacheniya SHpionov"", meaning ""Special Methods of Spy Detection"" (in Russian Cyrillic СМЕРШ: Специальные Методы Разоблaчения Шпионов). Fleming's version of SMERSH supposedly was modelled upon the real SMERSH organisation, which existed 1943–1946 (the real name is a portmanteau of two Russian words: ""SMERt' SHpionam"" [Смерть Шпионам, Směrť Špionam] meaning ""Death to Spies""). However, the novels portray SMERSH as a massive Soviet counterintelligence organisation,"
"the authorities of the erstwhile Soviet Union through the regime in Kabul and received financial and logistics support from Moscow. When the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as well as Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), trained and armed the Afghan mujahideen and other Islamic fundamentalist elements and used them to bleed the Soviet troops in Afghanistan, the Marris and the Mengals kept away from the anti-Soviet jihad and helped the KGB, the Soviet intelligence agency, and the KHAD, the Afghan intelligence agency, in the collection of intelligence regarding the activities of the CIA and the ISI on the Pakistani side of the"
"the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR RF). Although the agency ""SVR"" restyle in 1991 implies a generic foreign surveillance activity, the primary foreign intelligence service in Russia and the Soviet Union has been the GRU, a military intelligence organization and special operations force shrouded in secrecy, most famed for stealing the blueprints of the atomic bomb during the Manhattan Project and barring entry into its headquarters to anyone, even the leader of the Soviet Union proper, without a formal authentication. From the beginning, foreign intelligence played an important role in Soviet foreign policy. In the Soviet Union, foreign intelligence was formally"
"secret peace overtures to Castro, the Cuban revolutionary and undercover CIA agent Rolando Cubela was tasked with killing Castro by the CIA official Desmond Fitzgerald, who portrayed himself as a personal representative of Robert Kennedy. The idea of overthrowing Castro's dictatorship first emerged within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), an independent civilian intelligence agency of the United States government, in early 1960. Founded in 1947 by the National Security Act, the CIA was ""a product of the Cold War"", having been designed to counter the espionage activities of the Soviet Union's own national security agency, the KGB. As the perceived"
"First Chief Directorate The First Main Directorate (or First Chief Directorate, Russian: Первое главное управление, ""Pervoye glavnoye upravleniye"") of the Committee for State Security under the USSR council of ministers (PGU KGB) was the organization responsible for foreign operations and intelligence activities by providing for the training and management of covert agents, intelligence collection administration, and the acquisition of foreign and domestic political, scientific and technical intelligence in the Soviet Union. The First Chief Directorate was formed within the KGB directorate in 1954, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union was renamed as the Central Intelligence Service and finally"
"rival the CIA. Instead, under Blee, each ""defector"" volunteering information was to be questioned, analyzed and appraised on bona fides particular to each case. These substantial changes in CIA method eventually led to the early departure of James J. Angleton from his post as chief of counterintelligence. Angleton's influence had worked to compel a harsh, aggressive scrutiny of every putative defector from the Soviet Union. Angleton had previously enjoyed a dominant role in the CIA. By the mid-1960s, however, his convoluted analysis of Soviet deception caused him to become extreme. He mandated a rigorous suspicion of any Soviet volunteer as"
"from the Russian ""dezinformatsiya"", and began to utilize similar strategies during the Cold War and in conflict with other nations. ""The New York Times"" reported in 2000 that during the CIA's effort to substitute Mohammed Reza Pahlavi for then-Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mossadegh, the CIA placed fictitious stories in the local newspaper. Reuters documented how, subsequent to the 1979 Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War, the CIA put false articles in newspapers of Islamic-majority countries, inaccurately stating that Soviet embassies had ""invasion day celebrations"". Reuters noted a former U.S. intelligence officer said they would attempt to"
"Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors. United States Air Force general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out"
"FAPSI FAPSI () or Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (FAGCI) () was a Russian government agency, which was responsible for signal intelligence and security of governmental communications. The present-day FAPSI successor agencies are the relevant departments of the Federal Security Service (FSB) and Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) as well as the ""Spetssvyaz"" (part of the Federal Protective Service of the Russian Federation) (FSO RF). FAPSI was created from the 8th Main Directorate (Government Communications) and 16th Directorate (Electronic Intelligence) of the KGB. It is the equivalent to the USA National Security Agency. On September 25, 1991, Soviet president"
"initially conducted by other agencies such as the Office of Policy Coordination. See Approval of Clandestine and Covert Operations and Clandestine HUMINT and Covert Action for details of the eventual merger of these operations with the CIA, as well as how the equivalent functions were done in other countries. During the first years of its existence, other branches of the U.S. Federal government did not exercise very much supervision over the Central Intelligence Agency. Supposedly justified by the desire to match and defeat Soviet actions throughout the Eastern Hemisphere, it undertook a task that many believed could be accomplished only"
"KGB The KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti, ), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. As a direct successor of such preceding agencies as Cheka, NKGB, NKVD and MGB, the committee was attached to the Council of Ministers. It was the chief government agency of ""union-republican jurisdiction"", acting as internal security, intelligence and secret police. Similar agencies were constituted in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia, and consisted of many ministries, state committees and state commissions. The agency was"
"orders of the Communist Party of the USSR in the late 1940s and for over forty years carried out campaigns against western, mainly American, military action. Many organisations controlled or influenced by Communists affiliated themselves with it. According to Oleg Kalugin, ... the Soviet intelligence [was] really unparalleled. ... The [KGB] programs—which would run all sorts of congresses, peace congresses, youth congresses, festivals, women's movements, trade union movements, campaigns against U.S. missiles in Europe, campaigns against neutron weapons, allegations that AIDS ... was invented by the CIA ... all sorts of forgeries and faked material—[were] targeted at politicians, the academic"
"Pasternak could win the Nobel prize and harm the international credibility of the Soviet Union. He repeats and elaborates upon Feltrinelli's claims that the CIA operatives had photographed a manuscript of the novel and secretly printed a small number of books in the Russian language. More recently, Anna Sergeyeva-Klyatis wrote that the first Russian edition of ""Doctor Zhivago"", which was a pirated version with numerous typographical errors and omissions, was actually initiated by the Central Association of Postwar Émigrées, in response to a growing demand among Russian émigrés. The issue of whether or not the CIA had a hand in"
"and the media with a new policy, ""Improve the military effectiveness of the Afghan resistance,"" signing it on 27 March 1985, known as National Security Decision Directive Number 166 declassified 22 April 2010. With the new policy, the CIA replaced the non armor-piercing 12.7mm ammunition with the armor-piercing version. The losses of Soviet Mi-24 and Mi-8 helicopters in Afghanistan increased. Two months after coming to power, Secretary-General Mikhail Gorbachev unleashed a knock-out attempt against the resistance. Yet administration kept opposing effective man-portable air-defense missiles, like the Stinger, for the resistance. At this point, Eiva concluded that the CIA deputy director,"
"All the CIA numbers on the USSR's economy were wrong. Too often the CIA relied on people inexperienced with that which they were supposed to be the expert. Bob Gates had preceded Doug MacEachin as Chief of Soviet analysis, and he had never visited Russia. Few officers, even those stationed in country spoke the language of the people they were spying on. And the CIA had no capacity to send agents to respond to developing situations. The CIA analysis of Russia during the entire cold war was either driven by ideology, or by politics. William J Crowe, the Chairman of"
"Comintern. But the OMS maintained its own set of operations and had its own representative on the central committees of each Communist party abroad. In 2014, Soviet expert Boris Volodarsky called the OMS a ""little known intelligence services"" and referred to the it as the ""intelligence branch of the Comintern,"" preceded by the Sluzhba Svyazi or ""Communication Service."" Most sources agree that the OMS ""acted as an adjuct between the two main Soviet intelligence services."" Milder descriptions exist: ""The OMS... arranged for financial support of parties abroad, transmitted instructions, prepared papers, took care of visiting Communist leaders quartered in Moscow's"
"George Kisevalter George Kisevalter (4 April 1910 – October 1997) was an American operations officer of the CIA, who handled Major Pyotr Popov, the first Soviet GRU officer run by the CIA, and Colonel Oleg Penkovsky. George Kisevalter was born on 4 April, 1910, in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire, the son of an Imperial Russian Army munitions expert, and grandson of a Russian deputy finance minister. In 1915, Kisevalter's father, accompanied by his family, was sent to the United States in order to purchase weapons for the Russian military, however, during the extensive trip the Bolshevik Revolution occurred two years"
"this and similar monitoring programs were revealed to the public, prompting major public contention and major reforms of the CIA. The CIA was particularly damaged by the Senate (Church Committee) and House (Pike Committee) Intelligence Committees, and then did little to respond to anti-American disinformation. In October 1979 Stanislav Levchenko, head of the Active Measures Line of the KGB Rezidentura in Tokyo, contacted American officials and was granted political asylum in the United States. Levchenko explained the workings of the Soviet apparatus and how it was carried out, under his direction, in Japan. Levchenko's information, combined with that of Ladislav"
"poaching each other's agents, a lopsided competition, the better funded OPC often claiming victory. In the early days of the cold war, successes for the CIA were few and far between. The gradual Soviet takeover of Romania, the Soviet takeover of Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, CIA assessments of the Soviet atomic bomb project, the Korean War, and then, when the 300,000 Chinese troops waiting at the Korean border entered the war, all, arguably, failures of Central intelligence of the highest profile imaginable. The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him"
"US Central Intelligence Group, the precursor to the CIA. Until 1970, Diamanski was under surveillance from the East German Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, also known as the Stasi. In December 1953, Diamanski and his family moved to the Bundesrepublik Deutschland, West Germany. Since then, he lived in Frankfurt and, after some temporary jobs, became shipping clerk for a group of local newspapers. Due to the torture and mistreatment suffered during his imprisonment, Diamanski suffered from memory loss, unrest and panic attacks. On March 19, 1964, Diamanski was a witness during the first Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial. He gave witness in particular about"