"penance for any monk caught in homosexual acts includes a xerophagic diet for three years along with other punishments. Xerophagy Xerophagy (""dry eating"", from Greek ""dry"" and ""eat"") is the practice of eating dry food, especially food cooked without oil. In Eastern Christianity, xerophagy is the form of fasting observed during Great Lent and certain other fasts, in which vegetables cooked with water and salt are eaten, together with such things as fruit, nuts, bread and sometimes honey. It many cases in that tradition it can be considered an extreme form of veganism. In some historic and modern military organizations,"
"Xylophagy Xylophagy is a term used in ecology to describe the habits of an herbivorous animal whose diet consists primarily (often solely) of wood. The word derives from Greek ""ξυλοφάγος"" (""xulophagos"") ""eating wood"", from ""ξύλον"" (""xulon"") ""wood"" and ""φαγεῖν"" (""phagein"") ""to eat"", an ancient Greek name for a kind of a worm-eating bird. Animals feeding only on dead wood are called sapro-xylophagous or saproxylic. Most such animals are arthropods, primarily insects of various kinds, in which the behavior is quite common, and found in many different orders. It is not uncommon for insects to specialize to various degrees; in some"
"Xenophagy Xenophagy (Greek ""strange"" + ""eating"") and allotrophy (Greek ""other"" + ""nutrient"") are changes in established patterns of biological consumption, by individuals or groups. • In entomology, xenophagy is a categorical change in diet, such as an herbivore becoming carnivorous, a predator becoming necrophagous, a coprophage becoming necrophagous or carnivorous, or a reversal of such changes. Allotrophy is a less extreme change in diet, such as in the case of the seven-spot ladybird, which can diversify a diet of aphids to sometimes include pollen. There are several apparent cases of allotrophy in Israeli ""Longitarsus"" beetles. • In microbiology, xenophagy is"
"fibers. Such insects often carry the spores of the fungi in special structures on their bodies (called ""mycangia""), and infect the host tree themselves when they are laying their eggs. Xylophagy Xylophagy is a term used in ecology to describe the habits of an herbivorous animal whose diet consists primarily (often solely) of wood. The word derives from Greek ""ξυλοφάγος"" (""xulophagos"") ""eating wood"", from ""ξύλον"" (""xulon"") ""wood"" and ""φαγεῖν"" (""phagein"") ""to eat"", an ancient Greek name for a kind of a worm-eating bird. Animals feeding only on dead wood are called sapro-xylophagous or saproxylic. Most such animals are arthropods, primarily"
"Durophagy Durophagy is the eating behavior of animals that consume hard-shelled or exoskeleton bearing organisms, such as corals, shelled mollusks, or crabs. It is mostly used to describe fish, but is also used when describing reptiles, including fossil turtles, placodonts and invertebrates, as well as ""bone-crushing"" mammalian carnivores such as hyenas. Durophagy requires special adaptions, such as blunt, strong teeth and a heavy jaw. Bite force is necessary to overcome the physical constraints of consuming more durable prey and gain a competitive advantage over other organisms by gaining access to more diverse or exclusive food resources earlier in life. Those"
"Oligophagy Oligophagy refers to the eating of only a few specific foods. The term is usually associated with insect dietary behaviour. Organisms may exhibit narrow or specific oligophagy where the diet is restricted to a very few foods or broad oligophagy where the organism feeds on a wide variety of specific foods but none other. Polyphagy, on the contrary, refers to eating a broad spectrum of foods. In the insect world it refers usually to insects that feed on plants belonging to different families. The diet of the yucca moths is restricted to the developing fruits of species of yucca"
"Geophagia Geophagia (), also known as geophagy (), is the practice of eating earth or soil-like substrates such as clay or chalk. It occurs in non-human animals where it may be a normal or abnormal behaviour, and also in humans, most often in rural or preindustrial societies among children and pregnant women. Human geophagia may be related to pica, an eating disorder in the ""Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"" (DSM) characterized by abnormal cravings for non-nutritive items. Some researchers believe that humans first ate soil in Africa: Geophagia is nearly universal around the world in tribal and traditional"
"Ophiophagy Ophiophagy (Greek ""snake eating"") is a specialized form of feeding or alimentary behavior of animals which hunt and eat snakes. There are ophiophagous mammals (such as the skunks and the mongooses), birds (such as snake eagles, the secretarybird, and some hawks), lizards (such as the common collared lizard), and even other snakes, such as the Central and South American mussuranas and the North American common kingsnake. The genus of the venomous king cobra (""Ophiophagus hannah"") is named for this habit. A snake-eating bird of prey appears in a legend of the Mexican people, who gave rise to the Aztec"
"Myrmecophagy Myrmecophagy is a feeding behavior defined by the consumption of termites or ants, particularly as pertaining to those animal species whose diets are largely or exclusively composed of said insect types. Literally, myrmecophagy means ""ant eating"" (Ancient Greek: ""murmēx"", ""ants"" and ""phagein"", ""to eat"") rather than ""termite eating"" (for which the strict term is termitophagy). However, the two habits often overlap, as both of these eusocial insect types often live in large, densely populated nests requiring similar adaptations in the animal species that exploit them. Myrmecophagy is found in a number of land-dwelling vertebrate taxa, including reptiles and amphibians"
"sometimes referred to as xylophagia. Lignophagia Lignophagia is the abnormal behaviour of chewing and eating wood. It has been recorded in several species, but perhaps most commonly in horses where it is usually called, simply, ""wood chewing"". Lignophagia is a form of the pica disorder, in which normally non-nutritive substances are chewed or eaten. For some animals, wood is the normal primary food source; such animals are known as xylophagous. A related stereotypy in horses is cribbing, where a horse grabs a board or other edged object with its teeth, arches its neck and sucks in air. While this activity"
"Thanatophage Thanatophages, are olophages that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing dead plant biomass. In food webs, thanatophages generally play the roles of decomposers. The eating of wood, whether live or dead, is known as xylophagy. Τhe activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous. ""Saprophyte"" (""-phyte"" meaning ""plant"") is a botanical term that is no longer in popular use. There are no real saprotrophic organisms that are embryophytes, and fungi and bacteria are no longer placed in the plant kingdom. Plants that were once considered saprophytes, such as non-photosynthetic orchids and monotropes, are"
"necrophages which consume dead animal biomass, and thanatophages which consume dead plant biomass. Saprophagy Saprophages are olophages that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing dead plant or animal biomass. They are distinguished from detritivores in that saprophages are sessile consumers while detritivore are mobile. Typical saprophagic animals include sedentary polychaetes such as amphitrites (""Amphitritinae"", worms of the family Terebellidae) and other terebellids. The eating of wood, whether live or dead, is known as xylophagy. Τhe activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous. In food webs, saprophages generally play the roles of decomposers. There"
"Entomophagy Entomophagy (, from Greek ἔντομον ""éntomon"", ""insect"", and φᾰγεῖν ""phagein"", ""to eat"") describes the practice of eating insects by humans (as well as by non-human species). The eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of certain insects have been eaten by humans from prehistoric times to the present day. The total number of ethnic groups recorded to practice entomophagy is around 3,000. Human insect-eating is common to cultures in most parts of the world, including Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. 80% of the world's nations eat insects, for a total of approximately 1,000 to 2,000 species."
"back far behind the level of the condyles to provide attachments for the relatively enormous temporalis muscles, creating a powerful bite force. Durophagy Durophagy is the eating behavior of animals that consume hard-shelled or exoskeleton bearing organisms, such as corals, shelled mollusks, or crabs. It is mostly used to describe fish, but is also used when describing reptiles, including fossil turtles, placodonts and invertebrates, as well as ""bone-crushing"" mammalian carnivores such as hyenas. Durophagy requires special adaptions, such as blunt, strong teeth and a heavy jaw. Bite force is necessary to overcome the physical constraints of consuming more durable prey"
"Saprophagy Saprophages are olophages that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing dead plant or animal biomass. They are distinguished from detritivores in that saprophages are sessile consumers while detritivore are mobile. Typical saprophagic animals include sedentary polychaetes such as amphitrites (""Amphitritinae"", worms of the family Terebellidae) and other terebellids. The eating of wood, whether live or dead, is known as xylophagy. Τhe activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous. In food webs, saprophages generally play the roles of decomposers. There are two main branches of saprophges, broken down by nutrient source. There are"
"the process by which a cell directs autophagy against pathogens, as reflected in the study of antiviral defenses. Cellular xenophagy is an innate component of immune responses, though the general importance of xenophagy is not yet certain. • In ecology, allotrophy is also reflected in eutrophication, being a change in nutrient source such as an aquatic ecosystem that starts receiving new nutrients from drainage of the surrounding land. Xenophagy Xenophagy (Greek ""strange"" + ""eating"") and allotrophy (Greek ""other"" + ""nutrient"") are changes in established patterns of biological consumption, by individuals or groups. • In entomology, xenophagy is a categorical change"
"Hematophagy Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα ""haima"" ""blood"" and φάγειν ""phagein"" ""to eat""). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy has evolved as a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., ""Hirudo medicinalis""), a free-living worm, are hematophagous. Some"
"Oophagy Oophagy ( ) sometimes ovophagy, literally ""egg eating"", is the practice of embryos feeding on eggs produced by the ovary while still inside the mother's uterus. The word oophagy is formed from the classical Greek ᾠόν (ōion, egg) and classical Greek φᾱγεῖν (phāgein, to eat). In contrast, adelphophagy is the cannibalism of a multi-celled embryo. Oophagy is thought to occur in all sharks in the order Lamniformes and has been recorded in the bigeye thresher (""Alopias superciliosus""), the pelagic thresher (""A. pelagicus""), the shortfin mako (""Isurus oxyrinchus"") and the porbeagle (""Lamna nasus"") among others. It also occurs in the"
"Omophagia Omophagia, or omophagy (from Greek ""raw"") is the eating of raw flesh. The term is of importance in the context of the cult worship of Dionysus. Omophagia is a large element of Dionysiac myth; in fact, one of Dionysus' epithets is ""Omophagos"" ""Raw-Eater"". Omophagia may have been a symbol of the triumph of wild nature over civilization, and a symbol of the breaking down of boundaries between nature and civilization. It might also have been symbolic that the worshippers were internalizing Dionysus’ wilder traits and his association with brute nature, in a sort of “communion” with the god. Mythology"
"now known to be parasites on fungi. These species are now termed myco-heterotrophs. Thanatophage Thanatophages, are olophages that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing dead plant biomass. In food webs, thanatophages generally play the roles of decomposers. The eating of wood, whether live or dead, is known as xylophagy. Τhe activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous. ""Saprophyte"" (""-phyte"" meaning ""plant"") is a botanical term that is no longer in popular use. There are no real saprotrophic organisms that are embryophytes, and fungi and bacteria are no longer placed in the plant kingdom."
"Coprophagia Coprophagia () or coprophagy () is the consumption of feces. The word is derived from the Greek κόπρος ""copros"", ""feces"" and φαγεῖν ""phagein"", ""to eat"". ""Coprophagy"" refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own (autocoprophagy) – those once deposited or taken directly from the anus. In humans, coprophagia has been described in individuals with mental illnesses, as well as an unconventional sexual act since the late nineteenth century. Some animal species eat feces as a normal behavior, in particular in the Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas) doing"
"dollars to research entomophagy as a human protein source. Entomophagy Entomophagy (, from Greek ἔντομον ""éntomon"", ""insect"", and φᾰγεῖν ""phagein"", ""to eat"") describes the practice of eating insects by humans (as well as by non-human species). The eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of certain insects have been eaten by humans from prehistoric times to the present day. The total number of ethnic groups recorded to practice entomophagy is around 3,000. Human insect-eating is common to cultures in most parts of the world, including Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. 80% of the world's nations eat insects,"
"performing hematophagy also exist. Sucking or licking one's own blood from a wound is also a common human behavior, and in small enough quantities is not considered taboo. Finally, human vampirism has been a persistent object of literary and cultural attention. Hematophagy Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα ""haima"" ""blood"" and φάγειν ""phagein"" ""to eat""). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy has evolved as a preferred form of feeding for many"
"eating of wood, whether alive or dead, is known as xylophagy. Τhe activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous. In food webs, detritivores generally play the roles of decomposers. Detritivores are often eaten by consumers and therefore commonly play important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Many detritivores live in mature woodland, though the term can be applied to certain bottom-feeders in wet environments. These organisms play a crucial role in benthic ecosystems, forming essential food chains and participating in the nitrogen cycle. Fungi, acting as decomposers, are"
"Russian writer Vladimir Sorokin's novel ""Norma"" describes a society where coprophagia is institutionalised and mandatory. Coprophagia Coprophagia () or coprophagy () is the consumption of feces. The word is derived from the Greek κόπρος ""copros"", ""feces"" and φαγεῖν ""phagein"", ""to eat"". ""Coprophagy"" refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own (autocoprophagy) – those once deposited or taken directly from the anus. In humans, coprophagia has been described in individuals with mental illnesses, as well as an unconventional sexual act since the late nineteenth century. Some animal species eat"
"stems from histomorphological changes that calabash chalk causes to the stomach and oesophagus. Calabash chalk Calabash chalk is a geophagic material popularly consumed in West African countries for pleasure, and by pregnant women as a cure for nausea. Geophagia is the practice of eating the earth, including soil and chalk. This practice is neither new nor outdated and can be associated with religious beliefs, medication or as part of a regular diet. This act can expose the consumer to toxic substances and parasites found in the ingested earth. Calabash chalk is identified by different names such as: calabar stone (English),"
"Lignophagia Lignophagia is the abnormal behaviour of chewing and eating wood. It has been recorded in several species, but perhaps most commonly in horses where it is usually called, simply, ""wood chewing"". Lignophagia is a form of the pica disorder, in which normally non-nutritive substances are chewed or eaten. For some animals, wood is the normal primary food source; such animals are known as xylophagous. A related stereotypy in horses is cribbing, where a horse grabs a board or other edged object with its teeth, arches its neck and sucks in air. While this activity may cause some tooth marks"
"possibly due to the unnecessary expending of energy and resources. This behavior has also been observed in some bee species. Bee species include ""Xylocopa sulcatipes"" and ""Bombus ruderatus"", where queen bees will eat the larva deposited by workers or ejected them from the nest in order to maintain dominance over the female workers. Oophagy Oophagy ( ) sometimes ovophagy, literally ""egg eating"", is the practice of embryos feeding on eggs produced by the ovary while still inside the mother's uterus. The word oophagy is formed from the classical Greek ᾠόν (ōion, egg) and classical Greek φᾱγεῖν (phāgein, to eat). In"
"Placentophagy Placentophagy (from 'placenta' + Greek ""φαγειν"", to eat; also referred to as placentophagia) is the act of mammals eating the placenta of their young after childbirth. There is also a school of thought that holds that placentophagy naturally occurred to hide any trace of childbirth from predators in the wild. Many placental mammals participate in placentophagy, including herbivores; exceptions include mainly humans, Pinnipedia, Cetacea, and camels. Placentophagy has been observed in Insectivora, Rodentia, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla (with the camel as a noted exception), and Primates. Marsupials, which are an order of metatherian (pouched) mammals, resorb rather than"
"Eating mucus Eating mucus is the act of extracting nasal mucus with one's finger (rhinotillexis) and the succeeding action of ingesting the mucus from the nose-picking (mucophagy). Nasal mucus is also termed as boogers, snot, bogeys, mucus secretion, and other related terms. Mucophagy is a common behavior in children and many adults. However, this action is frowned upon and stigmatized in most cultures and societies which try to prevent development of the habit and attempt to break it if already established. However, there seems to be great health benefits to eating your own mucus. Scientists at a number of universities"
"Exocannibalism Exocannibalism (from Greek ""exo-"", ""from outside"" and cannibalism, ""to eat humans""), as opposed to endocannibalism, is the consumption of flesh outside one's close social group—for example, eating one's enemy. When done ritually, it has been associated with being a means of imbibing valued qualities of the victim or as an act of final violence against the deceased in the case of sociopathy, as well as a symbolic expression of the domination of an enemy in warfare. Such practices have been documented in cultures including the Aztecs from Mexico, the Carib and the Tupinambá from South America. Historically, it has"
"the maximum amount of soft tissue from their prey as possible often resulting in the consumption of the prey’s entire body. The digestible materials are broken down while the indigestible material (i.e. bone) forms a pellet which is then regurgitated. While the regurgitation of the bone is advantageous in that it frees space in the stomach for new prey, the behavior can be harmful in that the pellets are often larger than the digestive tract and could cause damage or obstruction. Pica is the craving and consumption of non-nutrient substances that can cause health risks. Osteophagy in humans would be"
"while the sea hare, ""Aplysia juliana"" (Quoy & Gaimard), is found on and feeds only on a single alga, ""Ulva lactuca"" (Linnaeus) in east Australian waters. These are both narrow oligophages. Conversely the migratory locust may be said to be broadly oligophagous or even polyphagous. Oligophagy Oligophagy refers to the eating of only a few specific foods. The term is usually associated with insect dietary behaviour. Organisms may exhibit narrow or specific oligophagy where the diet is restricted to a very few foods or broad oligophagy where the organism feeds on a wide variety of specific foods but none other."