"lice cannot fly, and their short, stumpy legs render them incapable of jumping, or even walking efficiently on flat surfaces. The nondisease-carrying head louse differs from the related disease-carrying body louse (""Pediculus humanus humanus"") in preferring to attach eggs to scalp hair rather than to clothing. The two subspecies are morphologically almost identical, but do not normally interbreed, although they will do so in laboratory conditions. From genetic studies, they are thought to have diverged as subspecies about 30,000–110,000 years ago, when many humans began to wear a significant amount of clothing. A much more distantly related species of hair-clinging"
"Pediculosis Pediculosis is an infestation of lice (blood-feeding ectoparasitic insects of the order Phthiraptera). The condition can occur in almost any species of warm-blooded animal (i.e. mammals and birds), including humans. Although ""pediculosis"" in humans may properly refer to lice infestation of any part of the body, the term is sometimes used loosely to refer to ""pediculosis capitis"", the infestation of the human head with the specific head louse. Pediculosis may be divided into the following types: Head-lice infestation is most frequent on children aged 3–10 and their families. Approximately 3% of school children in the United States contract head"
"Pediculosis pubis Pediculosis pubis (also known as ""crabs"" and ""pubic lice"") is a disease caused by the pubic louse, ""Pthirus pubis"", a parasitic insect notorious for infesting human pubic hair. The species may also live on other areas with hair, including the eyelashes, causing pediculosis ciliaris. Infestation usually leads to intense itching in the pubic area. Treatment with topic agents such as permethrin or pyrethrin with piperonyl butoxide is effective. Worldwide, pediculosis pubis affects about 2% of the population. The main symptom is itching, usually in the pubic-hair area, resulting from hypersensitivity to louse saliva, which can become stronger over"
"Pedicularis Pedicularis is a genus of perennial green root parasite plants currently placed in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae (the genus previously having been placed in Scrophulariaceae ""sensu lato""). Between 350 and 600 species are accepted by different authorities, mostly from the wetter northern temperate zones, as well as from South America. The highest diversity is in eastern Asia, with 352 species accepted in China alone. The common name lousewort, applied to several species, derives from an old belief that these plants, when ingested, were responsible for lice infestations in livestock. The genus name Pedicularis is from the Latin ""pediculus"" meaning"
"Cattle infested with bovine pediculosis are generally treated chemically, by drugs like ivermectin and cypermethrin. In the 15th century, topical mercury treatment was used to treat pediculosis. Pediculosis Pediculosis is an infestation of lice (blood-feeding ectoparasitic insects of the order Phthiraptera). The condition can occur in almost any species of warm-blooded animal (i.e. mammals and birds), including humans. Although ""pediculosis"" in humans may properly refer to lice infestation of any part of the body, the term is sometimes used loosely to refer to ""pediculosis capitis"", the infestation of the human head with the specific head louse. Pediculosis may be divided"
"some parts of the world. Infestation with pubic lice is also called phthiriasis or phthiriasis pubis, while infestation of eyelashes with pubic lice is called ""phthiriasis palpebrarum"" or ""pediculosis ciliarum"". The disease is spelled with ""phth"", but the scientific name of the louse ""Pthirus pubis"" is spelled with ""pth"" (an etymologically incorrect spelling that was nonetheless officially adopted in 1958). Humans are the only known hosts of this parasite, although a closely related species, ""Pthirus gorillae"", infects gorilla populations. Pediculosis pubis Pediculosis pubis (also known as ""crabs"" and ""pubic lice"") is a disease caused by the pubic louse, ""Pthirus pubis"","
"front legs and then inserts its long beak into its victim's body. It usually reinserts its beak several times until the soft body of the host has been emptied, leaving behind the drained exoskeleton. ""Orius insidiosus"" occasionally bites humans. Although the bite can be considered disproportionately painful relative to the size of this species, it is not harmful. This species can be found on numerous crops, including most deciduous fruits, grapes, alfalfa, cotton, corn, and soybeans. Orius insidiosus Orius insidiosus, common name the insidious flower bug, is a species of minute pirate bug, a predatory insect in the order Hemiptera"
"louse, the pubic or crab louse (""Pthirus pubis""), also infests humans. It is visually different from the other two species and is much closer in appearance to the lice which infest other primates. Lice infestation of any part of the body is known as pediculosis. Head lice (especially in children) have been, and still are, subject to various eradication campaigns. Unlike body lice, head lice are not the vectors of any known diseases. Except for rare secondary infections that result from scratching at bites, head lice are harmless, and they have been regarded by some as essentially a cosmetic rather"
"Pediculosis corporis Pediculosis corporis (also known as ""pediculosis vestimenti"" and ""vagabond's disease"") is a cutaneous condition caused by body lice (specifically ""Pediculus corporis"") that lay their eggs in the seams of clothing. Body lice are a nuisance in themselves and cause intense itching. They are also vectors (transmitters) of other diseases and can spread epidemic typhus, trench fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever. Body lice are spread through prolonged direct physical contact with a person who has them or through contact with articles such as clothing, beds, bed linens, or towels that have been in contact with an infested person. In"
"Reduvius personatus Reduvius personatus or the masked hunter is an insect belonging to the assassin bug (Reduviidae) family. The name is because its nymphs camouflage themselves with dust. The masked hunter is a predator of small arthropods, including woodlice, lacewings, earwigs, bed bugs and termites. Masked hunters do not feed on human blood, but can bite humans in self-defense when mishandled. The bite can be extremely painful, but masked hunters are not known to transmit any diseases and medical attention is rarely needed. Adult masked hunters are uniformly dark brown to black in color and vary in length from 17–22"
"Capillaria plica Capillaria plica (dog bladder worm) is a parasitic nematode which is most often found in the urinary bladder, and occasionally in the kidneys, of dogs and foxes. It has also been found in the domestic cat, and various wild mammals. Its presence usually produces no clinical symptoms, but in some cases, it leads to hematuria (blood in the urine), cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), or difficulty in urination. This species was originally described in 1819, and named ""Capillaria plica"". In 1982, the suggestion was made that ""C. plica"" be transferred to the genus ""Pearsonema"" Freitas & Mendonça"
"Capillaria feliscati Capillaria feliscati (also known as Pearsonema feliscati, the cat bladder worm is a worm that affects cats, and seldom dogs. Its main final hosts are wild carnivores (foxes, wolves, coyotes, hedgehogs, etc.). It is a urinary tract nematode, though its occurrence is rare. ""C. feliscati"" are small, delicate, yellowish, thread-like worms. Adults are approximately between in length. The parasite can irritate the mucosa of the urinary system (bladder and tract), sometimes with painful urination and incontinence. They reportedly infect the large intestine but have been found in the urinary bladder of the cat, resulting in feline lower urinary"
"louse which infests humans and is adapted to lay eggs in clothing, rather than at the base of hairs, and is thus of recent evolutionary origin. Pediculosis is a more serious threat due to possible contagion of diseases such as typhus. Epidemiology and treatment of human body lice is described in the article on body lice. The pubic or crab louse (""Pthirus pubis"") is a parasitic insect which spends its entire life on human hair and feeds exclusively on blood. Humans are the only known host of this parasite, although it is more closely related to the louse parasites in"
"pubis""). Human head and body lice (genus ""Pediculus"") share a common ancestor with chimpanzee lice, while pubic lice (genus ""Pthirus"") share a common ancestor with gorilla lice. Using phylogenetic and cophylogenetic analysis, Reed et al. hypothesized that ""Pediculus"" and ""Pthirus"" are sister taxa and monophyletic. In other words, the two genera descended from the same common ancestor. The age of divergence between ""Pediculus"" and its common ancestor is estimated to be 6-7 million years ago, which matches the age predicted by chimpanzee-hominid divergence. Because parasites rely on their hosts, host-parasite cospeciation events are likely. Genetic evidence suggests that our human"
"or athletes foot is common, while tinea unguium is rare. Additionally tinea manuum, of the thighs may occur as nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis, has been noted with infection of the thighs. Favus, (a severe form of tinea capitis) is rarely seen to be caused by this fungus. However the most common cause in humans seems to be tinea capitis and tinea corporis. As such clinical manifestations are localized to localization of contact. Transmission from animals to humans is supported; especially in those constrained to agricultural work. Handlers of laboratory animals, including guinea pigs, cats, and rabbits can also be at risk"
"fluids. Ptilocnemus lemur Ptilocnemus lemur is a species of feather-legged bug in the family Reduviidae native to Australia. Commonly known as the feather-legged assassin bug, it is a predator with a specialized gland called a trichome that it uses to attract and paralyse ants before feeding on them. ""Ptilocnemus lemur"" is a moderate sized assassin bug. It has a small head with a pair of feathery antennae with three segments, and a large down-curving proboscis, a wide thorax and a moderately broad abdomen. The wings have three veins. The hind pair of legs are much larger than the other two"
"June. It produces a broad whorl of tubular, hooded flowers on top of a segmented stalk. The flowers range in color from a greenish-yellow to purplish-red, clustered on short, dense spikes. They are pollinated by bumblebees. The fruit is a long brown seed capsule, which disperses through explosive dehiscence. The genus name ""Pedicularis"" is from Latin meaning ""of or relating to mice"", from the belief that cows caught lice when grazing in pastures with the European ""Pedicularis palustris"". The specific epithet ""canadensis"" refers to Canada. It was formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae but is now considered to be in"
"Ptilocnemus lemur Ptilocnemus lemur is a species of feather-legged bug in the family Reduviidae native to Australia. Commonly known as the feather-legged assassin bug, it is a predator with a specialized gland called a trichome that it uses to attract and paralyse ants before feeding on them. ""Ptilocnemus lemur"" is a moderate sized assassin bug. It has a small head with a pair of feathery antennae with three segments, and a large down-curving proboscis, a wide thorax and a moderately broad abdomen. The wings have three veins. The hind pair of legs are much larger than the other two pairs"
"Rissooidea. The most prominent species of Paragonimus in human medicine is ""Paragonimus westermani"", an infectious lung fluke originating in eastern Asia. Worldwide, about nine species of ""Paragonimus"" are known to cause human paragonimiasis in which many of the species reside in East Asia, West Africa, and in North and South America. Species of ""Paragonimus"" vary in size; the adult stage might attain a length of up to and a width of up to . The adult flatworm has an oval shape body with spines covering its thick tegument. Both the oral sucker and acetabulum are round and muscular. The acetabulum"
"habitat is the colon of pigs, and has also been found in rhesus monkeys, orang-utans, fish, field rats and Napu mouse-deer. In humans the habitat is on the wall of the cæcum. Humans are considered an accidental host, as the parasite can survive without humans. It causes a helminthic disease called gastrodiscoidiasis. ""G. humanis"" is unique among helminths because it was first discovered and described from a human infection. The worm was discovered and described by two British medical doctors, Timothy Richard Lewis and James McConnell, in 1876, from the caecum of an Assamese man in India. Their description of"
"was not until 1972 that the existence of two separate species was confirmed. Demodex folliculorum Demodex folliculorum is a microscopic mite that can only survive on the skin of humans. Most people have ""D.folliculorum"" on their skin. Usually, the mites do not cause any harm, and are therefore considered an example of commensalism rather than parasitism. If ""D.folliculorum"" does cause disease, this is known as demodicosis. ""D. folliculorum"" is adapted to live inside hair follicles, and therefore is thin and worm-like, with short legs. As an adult, ""D.folliculorum"" measures long. Adults have four pairs of legs, larvae and nymphs have"
"is located at inaccessible places like inside the inner canthus of the eye. Dermatobia hominis The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Greek δέρμα, skin + βίος, life, and Latin ""hominis"", of a human), is one of several species of flies, the larvae of which parasitise humans (in addition to a wide range of other animals, including other primates). It is also known as the torsalo or American warble fly, though the warble fly is in the genus ""Hypoderma"" and not ""Dermatobia"", and is a parasite on cattle and deer instead of humans. ""Dermatobia"" fly eggs have been shown to be vectored"
"albicans"" and ""Oidium albicans"". The current classification is ""nomen conservandum"", which means the name is authorized for use by the International Botanical Congress (IBC). The genus ""Candida"" includes about 150 different species; however, only a few are known to cause human infections. ""C. albicans"" is the most significant pathogenic species. Other species pathogenic in humans include ""C. tropicalis"", ""C. glabrata"", ""C. krusei"", ""C. parapsilosis"", ""C. dubliniensis"", and ""C. lusitaniae"". The name ""Candida"" was proposed by Berkhout. It is from the Latin word ""toga candida"", referring to the white toga (robe) worn by candidates for the Senate of the ancient Roman"
"Capillaria hepatica Capillaria hepatica is a parasitic nematode which causes hepatic capillariasis in rodents and numerous other mammal species, including humans. The life cycle of ""C. hepatica"" may be completed in a single host species. However, the eggs, which are laid in the liver, must mature outside of the host body (in the environment) prior to infecting a new host. So the death of the host in which the adults reach sexual maturity, either by being eaten or dying and decomposing, is necessary for completion of the life cycle. This species was first described in 1893, from specimens found in"
"other primate species, than are human head or body lice which probably evolved from it as the ""original"" louse infestation of humans. Epidemiology and treatment of pubic lice is discussed in the article on pubic lice. Pediculosis is more common in cattle than any other type of domesticated animal. This is a significant problem, as it can cause weight loss of 55 to 75 pounds per animal. Some species of lice infesting cattle include the cattle biting louse (""Bovicola bovis""), the shortnosed cattle louse (""Haematopinus eurysternus""), the longnosed cattle louse (""Linognathus vituli""), and the little blue cattle louse (""Solenopotes capillatus"")."
"Dermatobia hominis The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Greek δέρμα, skin + βίος, life, and Latin ""hominis"", of a human), is one of several species of flies, the larvae of which parasitise humans (in addition to a wide range of other animals, including other primates). It is also known as the torsalo or American warble fly, though the warble fly is in the genus ""Hypoderma"" and not ""Dermatobia"", and is a parasite on cattle and deer instead of humans. ""Dermatobia"" fly eggs have been shown to be vectored by over 40 species of mosquitoes and muscoid flies, as well as one"
"is slightly bigger than the oral sucker – 0.19 mm and 0.12 mm, respectively. Ovaries are located behind the acetabulum and posterior to the ovary are the testes. The seminal receptacle, the uterus and its metraterm, the thick-walled terminal part, lie between the acetabulum and the ovary. The parasite passes through two intermediate hosts, an aquatic snail and a crustacean. It enters its mammalian definitive hosts when they eat infected freshwater crustaceans. Typical hosts include dogs, cats, and humans. Humans usually contract paragonimiasis when they eat undercooked freshwater crabs or crayfish, that contain live metacercariae. In the intestine, the parasite"
"Capillaria aerophila Capillaria aerophila is a nematode parasite found in the respiratory tract of foxes, dogs, and various other carnivorous mammals. A few cases of human infestation have also been reported. Though it is sometimes called a ""lungworm"", this term usually refers to other species of nematodes. Infestation by ""C. aerophila"" is referred to as ""pulmonary capillariasis"" (occasionally spelled ""capillariosis), ""bronchial capillariasis,"" or (rarely) ""thominxosis."" This parasite has a direct life cycle, meaning that the life cycle can be completed in a single host. ""C. aerophila"" usually causes only minor clinical symptoms, such as irritation of the respiratory tract and"
"Crab louse The crab louse or pubic louse (""Pthirus pubis"") is an insect that is an obligate ectoparasite of humans, feeding exclusively on blood. The crab louse usually is found in the person's pubic hair. Although the louse cannot jump, it can also live in other areas of the body that are covered with coarse hair, such as the eyelashes. It is of the order Psocodea. Humans are the only known hosts of the crab louse, although a closely related species, ""Pthirus gorillae"", infects gorilla populations. The human parasite diverged from ""Pthirus gorillae"" approximately 3.3 million years ago. It is"
"Demodex folliculorum Demodex folliculorum is a microscopic mite that can only survive on the skin of humans. Most people have ""D.folliculorum"" on their skin. Usually, the mites do not cause any harm, and are therefore considered an example of commensalism rather than parasitism. If ""D.folliculorum"" does cause disease, this is known as demodicosis. ""D. folliculorum"" is adapted to live inside hair follicles, and therefore is thin and worm-like, with short legs. As an adult, ""D.folliculorum"" measures long. Adults have four pairs of legs, larvae and nymphs have only three pairs. ""D.folliculorum"" has a rudimentary gut, and no anus. The entire"
"Enfermedades Infecciosas http://www.gefor.4t.com/parasitologia/hymenolepis.html Hymenolepis (tapeworm) Hymenolepis is a genus of cyclophyllid tapeworms responsible for hymenolepiasis. They are parasites of humans and other mammals. The focus in this article is in ""Hymenolepis"" commonly parasitizing humans. Species include: Most infections do not have many worms and therefore can have no symptoms. Patients with more than 15,000 eggs per gram of stool may experience cramps, diarrhea, irritability, anorexia, or enteritis caused by cystercoids destroying the intestinal villi in which they develop. [1] Hymenolepiasis is the most common cestode parasite in the human body. Infections are seen more often among children. It is most"
"to be unsatisfactory and has been declared a ""nomem nudum"" (a name without a recognised species). Two species are currently considered to be capable of causing human infection: ""S. bovihominis"" (""S. hominis"") and ""S. suihominis"". Other species including ""Sarcocystis nesbitti"" have occasionally been reported infecting humans. Infection occurs when undercooked meat is ingested. The incubation period is 9–39 days. Human outbreaks have occurred in Europe. Rats are a known carrier. It has been suggested that contaminated water may be able to cause infection but this presently remains a theoretical possibility. The pathology is of two types: a rare invasive form"
"Ixodes persulcatus Ixodes persulcatus, the taiga tick, is a species of hard-bodied tick distributed from Europe through central and northern Asia to the People’s Republic of China and Japan. The sexual dimorphism of the species is marked, the male being much smaller than the female. Hosts include wild and domestic ungulates, man, dog, rabbit, and other small mammals including the dormouse, Amur hedgehog, and occasionally birds. ""I. persulcatus"" ticks transmit Lyme disease, babesiosis, and Siberian (TBEV-Sib) and Far Eastern (TBEV-FE) tick-borne encephalitis, and probably human granulocytic anaplasmosis as well. A recent study of the northernmost tick-borne encephalitis focus in Simo,"