"extra granaries (""horrea""). Around 200, the gatehouses of the fort were rebuilt in stone and the walls surrounding the fort were given a stone facing. The concentration of furnaces in sheds in part of the ""vicus"" associated with the fort has been described as an ""industrial estate"", which would have been the first in Manchester. Mamucium was included in the Antonine Itinerary, a 3rd-century register of roads throughout the Roman Empire. This and inscriptions on and repairs to buildings indicate that Mamucium was still in use in the first half of the 3rd century. The ""vicus"" may have been abandoned"
"could refer to a harbour or a market so the names could be old and new market. A Roman fort (""), Mamucium or Mancunium was established in what is now Castlefield around 79 near a crossing place on the River Medlock. The fort was sited on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the River Medlock and Irwell in a naturally defensible position. It was erected as a series of fortifications established by Gnaeus Julius Agricola during his campaign against the Brigantes, who were the Celtic tribe in control of most of northern England. It guarded a central stage of"
"to make way for new developments such as the construction of the Rochdale Canal and the Great Northern Railway. The site is now part of the Castlefield Urban Heritage Park that includes renovated warehouses. A section of the fort's wall along with its gatehouse, granaries, and other ancillary buildings from the ""vicus"" have been reconstructed and are open to the public. Mamucium is generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, either from ""mamm-"" (""breast"", in reference to a ""breast-like hill"") or from ""mamma"" (""mother"", in reference to a local river goddess). Both meanings are preserved in"
"output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the world's first inter-city passenger railway station; scientists first split the atom, developed the stored-program computer and produced graphene in the city. Manchester hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The name Manchester originates from the Latin name ""Mamucium"" or its variant ""Mancunium"" and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians (). These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, either from ""mamm-"" (""breast"", in reference to a ""breast-like hill"") or from ""mamma"" (""mother"", in reference to a local river goddess). Both"
"of the city centre is Britain's only Urban Heritage Park that aims to preserve the character and history of the area. The Roman fort, Mamucium, on the sandstone bluff at the junction of the Rivers Irwell and Medlock gave Castlefield its name. The fort's remains including a short, seven feet high section of wall are protected as a scheduled monument. The Romans left Mamucium in 410 AD and the settlement was subsequently occupied by Saxons who renamed it ""Manigcastre"". It was taken by the Danes in 870 AD, the significance of which is seen in the street patterns and names."
"in the 1st century, General Agricola ordered the construction of a fort named Mamucium in the year 79 to ensure that Roman interests in Deva Victrix (Chester) and Eboracum (York) were protected from the Brigantes. Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. The Roman habitation of Manchester probably ended around the 3rd century; its civilian settlement appears to have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although the fort may have supported a small garrison until the late 3rd or early 4th"
"ramparts, measuring between and thick. The ""vicus"" associated with Mamucium surrounded the site on the west, north, and east sides, with the majority lying to the north. The ""vicus"" covered about and the fort about . Buildings within the ""vicus"" would have generally been one storey, timber framed, and of wattle and daub construction. There may have been a cemetery to the south east of the fort. Templeborough Roman Fort in Yorkshire was rebuilt in stone in the 2nd century and covered an area of , similar to Mamucium which covered . Mamucium Mamucium, also known as Mancunium, is a"
"2nd-century Antonine Itinerary mentions a Roman settlement called ""Coccium"" from the Roman fort at Manchester (Mamucium) and from the fort at Ribchester (Bremetennacum). Although the distances are slightly out, it has been assumed that Coccium is Roman Wigan. Possible derivations of Coccium include from the Latin ""coccum"", meaning ""scarlet in colour, scarlet cloth"", or from ""cocus"", meaning ""cook"". Over the years chance finds (coins and pottery) provided clear indications that a Roman settlement existed at Wigan, although its size and status remained unknown. In 2005 investigations ahead of the Grand Arcade development, and in 2008 at the Joint Service Centre"
"Mamucium (Manchester) and Cataractonium (Catterick). Britannia Inferior extended as far north as Hadrian's Wall, which was the northernmost border of the Roman Empire. Although the Romans invaded modern-day Northumberland and part of Scotland beyond it, they never succeeded in conquering the reaches of Britain beyond the River Tyne. After the end of Roman rule in Britain and the arrival of the Angles, Yr Hen Ogledd (the ""Old North"") was divided into rival kingdoms, Bernicia, Deira, Rheged and Elmet. Bernicia covered lands north of the Tees, Deira corresponded roughly to the eastern half of modern-day Yorkshire, Rheged to Cumbria, and Elmet"
"legionary fortresses of Deva Victrix (Chester) and Eboracum (York) the other ran north to Bremetennacum (Ribchester). In addition, Mamucium may also have overlooked a lesser road running north west to Coccium (Wigan). The fort was one of a chain of fortifications along the Eboracum to Deva Victrix road, with Castleshaw Roman fort lying to the east, and Condate (Northwich) to the west. Stamps on tegulae indicate that Mamucium had administrative links not only with Castleshaw, but also with Ardotalia, the nearest fort (12 miles), Slack and Ebchester; all the forts probably got the tegulae from the same place in Grimescar"
"rebuild, this time enhancing the defences by replacing the gatehouse with a stone version and facing the walls with stone. The fort would have been garrisoned by a cohort, about 500 infantry, of auxiliary troops. Evidence of both pagan and Christian worship has been discovered. Two altars have been discovered and there may be a temple of Mithras associated with Mamucium. A word square was discovered in the 1970s that may be one of the earliest examples of Christianity in Britain. A civilian settlement (the first in Manchester), or ""vicus"", grew in association with the fort, made up of traders"
"the general line of Roman road to Ribchester. The first archaeological investigation of Mamucium was in 1906. Francis Bruton, who would later work on the Roman fort at Castleshaw, excavated the fort's western defences. A series of small-scale excavations were undertaken intermittently between 1912 and 1967, generally exploring the northern defences of the fort. In the mid-20th century, historian A. J. P. Taylor called the surviving stretch of Roman wall ""the least interesting Roman remains in Britain"". The first excavation of the ""vicus"" was carried out in the 1970s under Professor Barri Jones. In 1982 the fort, along with the"
"Lactodurum Lactodurum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Towcester, located in the English county of Northamptonshire. Towcester lays claim to being the oldest town in Northamptonshire and possibly, because of the antiquity of recent Iron Age finds in the town, to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the country. There is evidence that it was settled by humans since the Mesolithic era (middle stone age). There is also evidence of Iron Age burials in the area. In Roman times, the Watling Street road (now the A5) was built through"
"and families of the soldiers. An area which has a concentration of furnaces and industrial activity has been described as an industrial estate. The ""vicus"" was probably abandoned by the mid 3rd century, although a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. The Castlefield area of Manchester is named after the fort. Once the Romans left Britain, the focus of settlement in Manchester shifted to the confluence of the rivers Irwell and Irk. During the Dark Ages that followed – and persisted until the Norman conquest – the settlement of Manchester was"
"Christian worship has been discovered. Two altars have been found and there may be a temple of Mithras at the site. A word square was discovered in the 1970s that may be one of the earliest examples of Christianity in Britain. A civilian settlement ("") grew in association with the fort, made up of traders and the soldiers' families. An area which has a concentration of furnaces and industrial activity has been described as an industrial estate. The civilian settlement was probably abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late 3rd"
"79 during the campaigns of General Julius Agricola against the Brigantes after a treaty failed. Excavations show the fort had three main phases of construction: first 79, second around 160, and third in 200. The first phase of the fort was built from turf and timber. Mamucium's dimensions indicate it was to be garrisoned by a cohort, about 500 infantry. These troops were not Roman citizens but foreign auxiliaries who had joined the Roman army. By the late 1st and early 2nd centuries, a civilian settlement (called a ""vicus"") had grown up around the fort. Around 90, the fort's ramparts"
"rebuilt on a larger scale and flourished, growing larger in size than its pre-Boudican levels (to 108 acres/45 ha) despite its loss of status to Londinium, reaching its peak in the Second and 3rd centuries. The town's official name was ""Colonia Claudia Victricensis"" (City of Claudius’ Victory), but it was known colloquially by contemporaries (such as on the monument of Gnaeus Munatius Aurelius Bassus in Rome - ""see below"") as ""Camulodunum"" or simply ""Colonia"". The colonia became a large industrial centre, and was the largest, and for a short time the only, place in the province of Britannia where samian"
"axe-hammer found near Mode Wheel, during the excavation of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1890, and a Bronze Age cremation urn during the construction of a road on the Broughton Hall estate in 1873. The Brigantes were the major Celtic tribe in what is now Northern England. With a stronghold at the sandstone outcrop on which Manchester Cathedral now stands, opposite Salford's original centre, their territory extended across the fertile lowland by the River Irwell that is now Salford and Stretford. Following the Roman conquest of Britain, General Agricola ordered the construction of a Roman fort named ""Mamucium"" (Manchester) to"
"most northern capital. Isurium Brigantum Isurium or Isurium of the Brigantes () was a Roman fort and town in the province of Britannia at the site of present-day Aldborough in North Yorkshire, England, in the United Kingdom. Its remains—the Aldborough Roman Site—are in the care of English Heritage. The Roman road through the town formed a leg of both Dere Street—connecting Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall—and the Roman equivalent of Watling Street, which here connected Eboracum with Luguvalium (Carlisle). The modern village retains part of the Roman street plan and the church stands on the site of the forum."
"the original A-text), who may have come from Gloucester, taking part in the Battle of Dyrham in 577, when the city was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons. http://www.glosarch.org.uk/Gloucestercityresearch.html#GLEVUM Glevum Glevum (or, more formally, Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or occasionally ""Glouvia"") was a Roman fort in Roman Britain that became a ""colonia"" of retired legionaries in AD 97. Today, it is known as Gloucester, located in the English county of Gloucestershire. The name Glevum is taken by many present-day businesses in the area and also by the 26-mile ""Glevum Way"", a long-distance footpath or recreational walk encircling modern Gloucester. Glevum was established around"
"protect the routes to ""Deva Victrix"" (Chester) and ""Eboracum"" (York) from the Brigantes. The fort was completed in AD 79, and for over 300 years the ""Pax Romana"" brought peace to the area. Both the main Roman road to the north, from Mamucium to Ribchester, and a second road to the west, ran through what is now Salford, but few Roman artefacts have been found in the area. The withdrawal of the Romans in AD 410 left the inhabitants at the mercy of the Saxons. The Danes later conquered the area and absorbed what was left of the Brigantes. Angles"
"Calcaria Calcaria was a small town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today, it is known as Tadcaster, located in the English county of North Yorkshire. The Romans founded the settlement and named it ""Calcaria"" from the Latin word for ""lime kilns"", reflecting the importance of the area's Magnesian Limestone geology as a natural resource for quarrying. The nature of the settlement is uncertain. It is possible that it started as an Imperial staging post with a mansio because of its location at a river crossing on the road from Danum (Doncaster) to Eburacum (York). Just to the north-west is"
"Eboracum Eboracum (Latin /ebo'rakum/, English or ) was a fort and city in the Roman province of Britannia. In its prime it was the largest town in northern Britain and a provincial capital. The site remained occupied after the decline of the Roman Empire and ultimately evolved into the present-day city York, occupying the same site in North Yorkshire, England. Two Roman emperors died in Eboracum: Septimius Severus in 211 AD, and Constantius Chlorus in 306 AD. The first known recorded mention of Eboracum by name is dated and is an address containing the genitive form of the settlement's name,"
"A reconstructed part of the Roman fort of Mamucium is open to the public in Castlefield. The Museum of Science and Industry, housed in the former Liverpool Road railway station, has a large collection of steam locomotives, industrial machinery, aircraft and a replica of the world's first stored computer program (known as the Manchester Baby). The Museum of Transport displays a collection of historic buses and trams. Trafford Park in the neighbouring borough of Trafford is home to Imperial War Museum North. The Manchester Museum opened to the public in the 1880s, has notable Egyptology and natural history collections. The"
"Tripontium Tripontium (Latin for ""Place of three bridges"") was a town in Roman Britain. It lay just off the Roman road later called Watling Street (and known today as the A5) at a site now chiefly within the civil parish of Newton and Biggin in the English county of Warwickshire and partly in Leicestershire, some 3.4 miles north-east of Rugby and 3.1 miles south of Lutterworth. Tripontium was established as a military frontier post soon after the Roman invasion of Britain in 47. Its name references the bridges over the River Avon and two of its tributaries. Tripontium was a"
"Camulodunum Camulodunum (; ), the Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester in Essex, was an important town in Roman Britain, and the first capital of the province. It is claimed to be the oldest town in Britain. Originally the site of the Brythonic-Celtic oppidum of Camulodunon (meaning ""stronghold of Camulos""), capital of the Trinovantes and later the Catuvellauni tribes, it was first mentioned by name on coinage minted by the chieftain Tasciovanus sometime between 20 and 10 BC. The Roman town began life as a Roman Legionary base constructed in the AD 40s on the site of the"
"Magnae Dobunnorum Magnae, sometimes Magnae Dobunnorum (Latin for ""The Greats of the Dobunni"") to distinguish it from the Magnae of the Carvetii in northern Britain, was a Romano-British town and an important market centre for the British Dobunni tribe, located near modern-day Kenchester in Herefordshire, England. The town was shaped as an irregular hexagon, with a single main street along the line of the main Roman Road running east–west through the area, and an irregular pattern of side streets with tightly packed buildings leading off it. The Roman town is securely identified with the ""Magnis"" which appears both in the"
"Luguvalium Luguvalium was a Roman town in northern Britain in antiquity. It was located within present-day Carlisle, Cumbria, and may have been the capital of the 4th-century province of Valentia. The Romans called the settlement at what is today Carlisle . This was originally thought to mean ""wall[ed town] of Lugus"" but has since been explained as a borrowed Brittonic placename reconstructed as *Luguwalion, meaning ""[city] of Luguwalos"", Luguwalos being a masculine Celtic given name meaning ""strength of Lugus"". The name apparently continued in use among Brythonic speakers in the Hen Ogledd and Wales and it was during that time"
"Viroconium Cornoviorum Viroconium or Uriconium, formally Viroconium Cornoviorum, was a Roman town, one corner of which is now occupied by Wroxeter, a small village in Shropshire, England, about east-south-east of Shrewsbury. At its peak, Viroconium is estimated to have been the 4th-largest Roman settlement in Britain, a ""civitas"" with a population of more than 15,000. The settlement probably lasted until the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th. Extensive remains can still be seen. ""Viroconium"" is a Latinised form of a toponym that was reconstructed as Common Brittonic *Uiroconion ""[city] of *Uirokū"". *Uirokū ( ""man-wolf"") is"
"Wood near Huddersfield. There is no evidence that a prehistoric settlement occupied the site before the arrival of the Romans. However, Stone Age activity has been recorded in the area. Two Mesolithic flints and a flint flake as well as a Neolithic scraper have been discovered. A shard of late Bronze Age pottery has also been found ""in situ"". Although the area was in the territory of the Celtic tribe Brigantes, it may have been under the control of the Setantii, a sub-tribe of the Brigantes, when the Romans took control from the ancient Britons. Construction of Mamucium started around"
"languages derived from Common Brittonic, ""mam"" meaning ""breast"" in Irish and ""mother"" in Welsh. The neuter suffix -ium is used in Latin placenames, particularly those representing Common Brittonic ""-ion"" (a genitive suffix denoting ""place or city of ~""). The Welsh name for Manchester is """" and presumably derives from the original Brittonic form. The Romans built the fort on a naturally defensible sandstone bluff that overlooked a nearby crossing over the River Medlock. The area became an important junction for at least two major military roads through this part of the country. One highway ran east to west between the"
"a corruption of the French ""les mamelles"", meaning 'the breasts'. Another possible source of the name is from the word Mamucium which is generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brythonic name, either from mamm- (""breast"", in reference to a ""breast-like hill"") or from mamma (""mother"", in reference to a local river goddess). The Mumbles Lighthouse was built during the 1790s, and was converted to solar powered operation in 1995. The nearby pier was opened in 1898 at the terminus of the Swansea and Mumbles Railway, which in its time was one of the oldest passenger railways in"
"houses, workshops, storehouses and cemeteries. The Roman city is mentioned in Robert Heinlein's novel ""Have Space Suit—Will Travel"". It also features in """" as the base of a fictional group of Roman families who stayed on after the evacuation by Rome of Britannia. The Roman City is the location for Semper Fidelus, a detective novel by Ruth Downie, part of her Medicus series. Eboracum also appears in the video game as a provincial capital. Eboracum Eboracum (Latin /ebo'rakum/, English or ) was a fort and city in the Roman province of Britannia. In its prime it was the largest town"