"that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the ""will of the people"" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period. The Berlin Wall was officially referred to as the ""Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart"" () by GDR authorities, implying that the NATO countries and West Germany in particular were ""fascists."" The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ""Wall of Shame""—a term coined by"
"""Anti-Fascist Protective Rampart,"" was built in 1961. The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany signed in Moscow, mandated the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Germany by the end of 1994. Conclusion of the final settlement cleared the way for unification of East and West Germany. Formal political union occurred on 3 October 1990. One result of the occupation was children fathered by Russian soldiers either through romantic relationships, relationships of convenience or rape. These children experienced societal discrimination for decades, but after the troops' withdrawal and the development of perestroika, some of these ""Lost Red Army"
"and separated it from East Berlin and the GDR. In 1961 the government of East Germany named the erected wall as the ""Anti-Fascist Protection Wall"", a part of the inner German border; many Berliners, however, called it """"Schandmauer"""" (""Wall of Shame""). The term was coined by governing mayor Willy Brandt. Outside Germany it first appeared as ""Wall of Shame"" in a cover story published by Time Magazine in 1962, and President of the United States John F. Kennedy used the term in his Annual Message to the US Congress on the State of the Union, January 14, 1963. The Berlin"
"in a strict sense, as it has no crossings over the Moskva River. The rampart was built in 1731-1742 by Kamer Collegium (tax authority, one of 12 colleges of Peter I), originally as an earth wall with 16 (later 18) guarded checkpoints (застава, zastava) for internal passport control and taxing the cargoes. By 1806, it became Moscow's police border, by 1864 - the administrative border between the city, controlled by Moscow City Hall and country, controlled by Zemstvo. Checkpoints were abandoned in 1852, and all fortifications gradually demolished. Names of streets and squares on the site of old rampart end"
"Germantown Redoubt The Germantown Redoubt (more commonly known as Fort Germantown) is a redoubt built during the Civil War by Union troops. This was built along a relatively sharp bend of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad (now the Memphis Subdivision of the Norfolk Southern Railway). It is located a couple miles east of the Old Germantown neighborhood in Germantown, Tennessee. Federal troops built the garrison after they took control of Corinth, Mississippi (about 90 miles east of Memphis) and the railroad. From an archaeological standpoint, it is significant in that it is one of the few intact defense structures found"
"Kamer-Kollezhsky rampart Kamer-Kollezhsky rampart (Russian: Камер-Коллежский вал, ""Kamer-Kollezhsky val"", also translated as Kamer-Collegium barriers or Chamber-Collegium wall) was a rampart which was built built by Kamer Collegium (Collegium of State Income of the Russian Empire) and became the last of the Moscow city walls. After demolishing of the ramparts and gates it became a ring of streets around the center of Moscow, Russia. It is the third historical ring of Moscow (after Boulevard Ring and Garden Ring), with a total length of 37 kilometers, partially integrated into the modern Third Ring circular highway. Kamer-Kollezhsky Val is not a road ring"
"of another defence ring. When the Time of troubles ended, instead of rebuilding Skorodom, Mikhail Romanov government replaced it with a new, taller rampart known as Zemlyanoy Val (Земляной Вал, Earth Rampart), completed in 1630-1638. Its name survives in present-day Zemlyanoy Val Street (former Chkalov Street) in the south-eastern segment of Garden Ring. Instead of towers, the Rampart had 34 gates for passage. As a defense measure, Streltsy slobodas were located next to these gates, especially in southern Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye Districts. Effective against Tatar raiders, Streltsy were politically unstable. After Streltsy Uprising of 1698, Peter I arranged mass executions"
"Atlantic Wall The Atlantic Wall () was an extensive system of coastal defence and fortifications built by Nazi Germany between 1942 and 1944 along the coast of continental Europe and Scandinavia as a defence against an anticipated Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe from the United Kingdom during World War II. The manning and operation of the Atlantic Wall was administratively overseen by the German Army, with some support from Luftwaffe ground forces. The German Navy maintained a separate coastal defence network, organised into a number of sea defence zones. Hitler ordered the construction of the fortifications in 1942. Almost a"
"The leadership declared it would protect the country against what they represented as the negative elements of West German and NATO societies, particularly fascist sympathisers (the wall was officially called the ""anti-fascist protection rampart"") and help on the way to a crime-free workers' state. The official oath that all Volkspolizei officers swore was: With the exception of the Kasernierte Volkspolizei, whose grey-green uniforms follow the style of the East German National People’s Army (Nationale Volksarmee - NVA), all Volkspolizei services wore the same basic uniform adopted in 1956 when it was officially established. There were various kinds of uniforms, worn"
"Fort Lookout (Arkansas) Fort Lookout, also known as Redoubt A, is a defensive earthworks erected during the American Civil War on the outskirts of Camden, Arkansas. It was the northernmost of a series of five redoubts built in defense of the city by Confederate Army forces in early 1864, preparatory to the Union Army's Camden Expedition (March–May 1864). The site has been designated a National Historic Landmark as part of the Camden Expedition Sites, a collection of military sites related to the expedition. Fort Lookout is a rectangular earthworks located on a bluff overlooking a bend in the Ouachita River."
"in Russian words ""Val"" (Rampart) and ""Zastava"" (Checkpoint), i.e. Rogozhsky Val. Exceptions: Territories around the rampart developed in the second half of the 19th century as industrial, working-class neighborhoods. The Third Ring, built in the 1990s, coincides with the rampart in its northern segment; in the north-eastern segment (Lefortovo), the rampart extends beyond Third Ring; elsewhere, the Third Ring extends beyond the rampart. Likewise, the boundary of Central Administrative District is distinct from both Kamer-Kollezhsky Val and Third Ring. Kamer-Kollezhsky rampart Kamer-Kollezhsky rampart (Russian: Камер-Коллежский вал, ""Kamer-Kollezhsky val"", also translated as Kamer-Collegium barriers or Chamber-Collegium wall) was a rampart which"
"Railroad Redoubt The Railroad Redoubt (a/k/a ""Fort Beauregard"" in post-War accounts) was one of several redoubts, or small defensive earthworks, that were constructed during the American Civil War to protect the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, from Union attack. It was so named because it was constructed along a major east-west railroad track into Vicksburg. On May 22, 1863, the Union XIII Corps, under the command of Major General John A. McClernand, attacked this portion of the Vicksburg defenses at 10:00 a.m. Within the hour, several units were fighting in or near the ditch fronting the position. One regiment, the 22nd"
"(now Wilson Boulevard), at the hill's topmost point. This fort was originally called Fort Upton but was later renamed Fort Ramsay. Several drawings, photographs and lithographs of it survive, and show an imposing structure fortified by multiple long-range cannon and manned accordingly. Surrounding the fort at various places on the hill were several large Union army encampments-—Camp Bliss, Camp Dupont, Camp Graham, Camp Keyes, Camp Marion, Camp Niagara, and Camp Upton. These replaced earlier Confederate fortifications. By the end of the war the Union Army built a tall wooden observation tower atop Congressman Upton's home, affording it line-of-sight communications with"
"constructed as part of the program of the Esposizione Universale Roma, a large business center and suburban complex, initiated in 1935 by Benito Mussolini for the planned 1942 world exhibition and as a symbol of fascism for the world. The Palazzo was designed by the architects Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno Lapadula and Mario Romano and constructed between 1938 and 1943. It was inaugurated on 30 November 1940 as the centerpiece of the Esposizione and continues to be its most iconic building. The structure is also considered one of the most representative examples of Fascist architecture at the EUR. The exhibition"
"fort through a clearing. Germantown Redoubt The Germantown Redoubt (more commonly known as Fort Germantown) is a redoubt built during the Civil War by Union troops. This was built along a relatively sharp bend of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad (now the Memphis Subdivision of the Norfolk Southern Railway). It is located a couple miles east of the Old Germantown neighborhood in Germantown, Tennessee. Federal troops built the garrison after they took control of Corinth, Mississippi (about 90 miles east of Memphis) and the railroad. From an archaeological standpoint, it is significant in that it is one of the few"
"signs or emblems of the fascist regime. At present, only the Bolzano former ""Casa Littoria"" has been recontextualized, displaying from 2017 onwards a quote from Hannah Arendt placed over a monumental bas-relief with at its center Mussolini himself and publicly contradicting him. Casa del Fascio A casa del Fascio, casa Littoria, or casa del Littorio () was a building housing the local branch of the National Fascist Party and later the Republican Fascist Party under the regime of Italian Fascism, in Italy and its colonies. In major urban centers, it was called the palazzo del Littorio or palazzo Littorio. ""Littorio"""
"rampart were built out with private and state properties, including the triumphal Red Gates and a similar triumphal arch in Triumphalnaya Square (continuously rebuilt in 1721, 1731, 1742, 1762 and 1775). In the same 1775, local authorities entertained the idea of restoring the rampart but were set back by the number of ""state"" institutions that had to be demolished. The Fire of Moscow (1812) destroyed these properties, so nothing stood in the way of city development plans. Instead of rebuilding the useless rampart, the city levelled it; census records set demolition date as 1818-1826. The new free land was developed"
"Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall (, ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall cut off (by land) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the ""death strip"") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, ""fakir"
"and the rest of East Germany, as a response to massive numbers of East German citizens fleeing into West Berlin as a way to escape. The wall was built overnight with no warning. This separated families for as long as the wall was up. The East German government called the Wall the ""anti-fascist protection wall"". The tensions between east and west were exacerbated by a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie on 27 October 1961. West Berlin was now a de facto part of West Germany, but with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was a de facto part of"
"Rastatt Fortress Rastatt Fortress () was built from 1842 to 1852. The construction of this federal fortress was one of the few projects that the German Confederation was able to complete. The fortress site covered the Baden town of Rastatt and, in 1849, played an important role during the Baden Revolution. It was abandoned in 1890 and most of it was eventually demolished. On 3 November 1815, in the margins of the Paris Peace Conference the four victorious powers - Austria, Great Britain Prussia and Russia Mainz, Luxemburg and Landau were designated as fortresses of the German Confederation and, moreover,"
"Moscow Triumphal Gate The Moscow Triumphal Gate (, ""Moskovskiye Triumfalnye vorota"") is a Neoclassical triumphal arch in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The monument — built mainly in cast iron — was erected in 1834–1838 to commemorate the Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. At the beginning, the triumphal gate was supposed to be erected by the Obvodny Canal, but as the city expanded further to the south, the site for the gate was moved to the intersection of the Moscow highway (today: the Moscow Avenue) and the Ligovsky Canal. In addition, two guard posts were erected on both sides of"
"Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen The Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen (Fortified Front Oder-Warthe-Bogen), also called the Festung im Oder-Warthe-Bogen or Ostwall (East Wall), and in Polish the Międzyrzecki Rejon Umocniony, MRU (Międzyrzecz Fortification Region), was a fortified military defence line of Nazi Germany between the Oder and Warta rivers, near Międzyrzecz. Built in 1934–44, it was the most technologically advanced fortification system of Nazi Germany, and remains one of the largest and the most interesting systems of this type in the world today. It consists of around 100 concrete defence structures partially interconnected by a network of underground tunnels. Some of the forts and tunnels"
"removal commenced in September 1950, the process taking four months and consuming 19 tons of dynamite. So solid was its construction that the dome and its entire mount remained intact even after it is fell to the ground. Only one section was preserved, a portal from the balcony of which Karl Liebknecht had declared the German Socialist Republic. It was later added to the Council of State building (Staatsratsgebäude), with an altered cartouche, where it forms the main entrance. The empty space where the Stadtschloss had stood was named Marx-Engels-Platz and used as a parade ground. In 1964, the GDR"
"Casa del Fascio A casa del Fascio, casa Littoria, or casa del Littorio () was a building housing the local branch of the National Fascist Party and later the Republican Fascist Party under the regime of Italian Fascism, in Italy and its colonies. In major urban centers, it was called the palazzo del Littorio or palazzo Littorio. ""Littorio"" means ""lictor"", the bearer of the ""fasces lictorii"", the symbol of Roman power adopted by the Fascist party. There were about 11,000 ""case del Fascio"" in all. Around 5,000 buildings were constructed specifically as ""case del Fascio"". Many of them were designed"
"by the Italian architect Basilio della Scuola and carries coat of arms of the latest Grand master in Rhodes Philippe Villiers de l’Isle Adam. Post of Italy or Del Carretto Bastion. This is the place where the troops of Mehmed II breached the walls and were then repelled by the knights during the siege of 1481. Grand Master Fabrizio del Carretto had it armoured with a chemin de ronde to hold cannon emplacements. It was built between 1396 and 1421 by the Grand Master Philibert de Naillac before the development of the cannons on the mole east of the Gate"
"Rampart (fortification) In fortification architecture, a rampart is a length of bank or wall forming part of the defensive boundary of a castle, hillfort, settlement or other fortified site. It is usually broad-topped and made of excavated earth or masonry or a combination of the two. Many types of early fortification, from prehistory through to the Early Middle Ages, employed earth ramparts usually in combination with external ditches to defend the outer perimeter of a fortified site or settlement. Hillforts, ringforts or ""raths"" and ringworks all made use of ditch and rampart defences, and of course they are the characteristic"
"Bastille The Bastille (; ) was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was stormed by a crowd on 14 July 1789, in the French Revolution, becoming an important symbol for the French Republican movement, and was later demolished and replaced by the Place de la Bastille. The Bastille was built to defend the eastern approach to the city of Paris from the English threat in the Hundred"
"Nazis for the party convention ""party congress"" of 1934. Its monumental neo classic facade featured a shell limestone facing with three enormous entrance portals. It was in this building during the ""party congress"" of 1935, that the Nuremberg laws were adopted which deprived ""German Jews"" and other minorities of their citizenship. The structure was severely damaged by allied bombs in early 1945 and a few years later replaced by a parking lot. The granite staircase leading to the building remains intact today. The Congress Hall (Kongresshalle) is the biggest preserved national socialist monumental building and is landmarked. It was planned"
"Rotunda Zamość The Rotunda Zamość or the Museum of Martyrdom of the Zamość region - Rotunda (), is a Polish museum devoted to remembering the atrocities committed at the former Rotunda Zamość Nazi German camp located in Zamość near Lublin. The Nazi German Gestapo camp was set up in occupied Poland during World War II, as part of the Polish extermination program known as the German AB-Aktion in Poland, Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany... Rotunda was built between 1825–1831 in accordance with the design of General Jean-Baptiste Mallet de Grandville. Was part of the fortifications of the Zamość"
"defensive rampart over 80 kilometres long, protected the heartland of the Roman Empire. This was located in the provinces of: The ""claustra alpium iuliarum"" lay on the present-day territories of Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Italy. It was a system of ramparts, camps, watchtowers and ""burgi"" in the Julian Alps that was to protect the mountain passes into Italy, especially the ""Via Gemina"", from invaders. The first fieldworks and signal towers were built in the 1st century AD. When Barbarian attacks on the Roman Empire intensified during the 3rd century, the defensive barrier was massively expanded and strengthened in the late"
"Alpine Wall The Alpine Wall (""Vallo Alpino"") was an Italian system of fortifications along the 1851 km of Italy's northern frontier. Built in the years leading up to World War II at the direction of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, the defensive line faced France, Switzerland, Austria and Yugoslavia. It was defended by the ""Guardia alla Frontiera"" (GaF), Italian special troops. The Alpine line was similar in concept to other fortifications of the same era, including the Maginot Line of France, the Siegfried Line of Germany, and the National Redoubt of Switzerland. Italy's land frontiers were in most places mountainous and"
"Circular rampart A circular rampart (German: ""Ringwall"") is an embankment built in the shape of a circle that was used as part of the defences for a military fortification, hill fort or refuge, or was built for religious purposes or as a place of gathering. The period during which these structures appeared stretches from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. The key feature of a circular rampart is the embankment forming the primary means of the defensive fortification. It can be constructed in various ways: as a simple earth embankment, as a wood and earth structure or as a wall."
"expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin, but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move. They considered the Wall as an end to concerns about a GDR/Soviet retaking or capture of the whole of Berlin; the Wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat. Thus they concluded that the possibility of a Soviet military conflict over Berlin had decreased. The East German government claimed that the Wall was an ""anti-fascist protective rampart"" () intended to dissuade aggression from the West. Another official justification was the"