"the legion of laborers on Jupiter to the all-female society on Venus. ""Dawn really understood Cory’s notion of groups of isolated men and women and how fashion would get translated under those circumstances,"" says producer Taylor. W. Mott Hupfel III photographed ""The American Astronaut"". He worked closely with McAbee to achieve a black and white that could help audiences suspend disbelief about an outer space where there is no atmosphere to filter light, while still leaving a lot up to the imagination. ""We wanted the audience to see much of what is happening in shadow,"" explains McAbee. The Boy's performance"
"Soviet space program The Soviet space program (Russian: Космическая программа СССР, ""Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR"") comprised several of the rocket and space exploration programs conducted by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1930s until its collapse in 1991. Over its sixty-year history, this primarily classified military program was responsible for a number of pioneering accomplishments in space flight, including the first intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7), first satellite (Sputnik 1), first animal in Earth orbit (the dog Laika on Sputnik 2), first human in space and Earth orbit (cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1), first woman in space and Earth orbit (cosmonaut"
"Vostok (spacecraft) The Vostok (, translated as ""East"") was a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Union. The first human spaceflight was accomplished with Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. The spacecraft was part of the Vostok programme, in which six manned spaceflights were made, from 1961–63. Two further manned space flights were made in 1964 and 1965 by Voskhod spacecraft, which were modified ""Vostok"" spacecraft. By the late 1960s both were superseded by the Soyuz spacecraft, which are still used . The Vostok spacecraft was originally designed for use both as a camera"
"Soyuz programme The Soyuz programme ( , ; , meaning ""Union"") is a human spaceflight programme that was initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programme. The programme consists of the Soyuz spacecraft and the Soyuz rocket and is now the responsibility of the Russian Roscosmos. Since the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, all human spaceflights to and from the International Space Station have been carried out"
"Vostok programme The Vostok programme (, , ""Orient"" or ""East"") was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet citizens into low Earth orbit and return them safely. Competing with the United States Project Mercury, it succeeded in placing the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin, in a single orbit in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. The Vostok capsule was developed from the Zenit spy satellite project, and its launch rocket was adapted from the existing R-7 Semyorka intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) design. The name ""Vostok"" was treated as classified information until Gagarin's flight was first publicly"
"name of a military satellite launched by the Soviet Union. Polus Polus (Greek: Πῶλος, ""colt""; fl. c. 5th century BCE) was an Ancient Greek Athenian philosophical figure best remembered for his depiction in the writing of Plato. He was a pupil of the famous orator Gorgias, and teacher of oratory from the city of Acragas, Sicily. All that is known of Polus derives from the Socratic dialogues of Plato, which suggests he was an associate of Socrates. He features heavily in the ""Gorgias"", a dialogue on the nature of rhetoric. Polus also appears in the ""Phaedrus"" and ""Theages"" dialogues, and"
"Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps Soviet space exploration history has been well documented on Soviet stamps. These Soviet stamps cover a broad spectrum of subjects related to the Soviet space program. While much of the focus has been placed on the nation's notable ""firsts"" in space flight, including: earth orbiting satellite, Sputnik 1; animal in space, the dog Laika on Sputnik 2; human in space and earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1; first spacewalk, Alexey Leonov on Voskhod 2; woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6; Moon impact, 1959, and unmanned landing; space station; and interplanetary"
"Pavel Yablochkov, Aleksandr Butlerov, Andrei Sakharov, Dmitry Ivanovsky, Sergey Korolyov and Mstislav Keldysh (creators of the Soviet space program), Aleksandr Lyapunov, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Andrei Tupolev, Yuri Denisyuk (the first practicable method of holography), Mikhail Lomonosov, Vladimir Vernadsky, Pyotr Kapitsa, Igor Sikorsky, Ludvig Faddeev, Konstantin Novoselov, Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, and Nikolai Trubetzkoy. The first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, was a Russian, and the first artificial satellite to be put into outer space, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union and was developed mainly by Russian aerospace engineer Sergey Korolyov. Russian Literature representatives like Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Anton"
"beyond. In 1957 the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, ""Sputnik 1"", was launched; in 1961 on 12 April the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yury Gagarin; and many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued, including the first spacewalk performed by Alexey Leonov, the first space exploration rover ""Lunokhod-1"" and the first space station ""Salyut 1"". Nowadays Russia is the largest satellite launcher and the only provider of transport for space tourism services. Famous Russian battle tanks include T-34, the best middle tank design of World War II, and further tanks of T-series, including the most"
"the Soviet Union that it had ever engaged in a manned lunar spaceflight program. In September 1983, a Soyuz rocket being launched to carry cosmonauts to the Salyut 7 space station exploded on the pad, causing the Soyuz capsule's abort system to engage, saving the two cosmonauts on board. In addition to these, there have been several unconfirmed accounts of Lost Cosmonauts whose deaths were allegedly covered up by the Soviet Union. See also the complete list of space disasters. Soviet space program The Soviet space program (Russian: Космическая программа СССР, ""Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR"") comprised several of the rocket and"
"Yuri Gagarin Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He became the first human to journey into outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour. Vostok 1 was his only spaceflight, but he served as the backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission, which ended in a fatal crash. Gagarin later served as the deputy training director of the Cosmonaut"
"All these original missions were cancelled in early 1964 and the components recycled into the Voskhod programme, which was intended to achieve more Soviet firsts in space. Vostok programme The Vostok programme (, , ""Orient"" or ""East"") was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet citizens into low Earth orbit and return them safely. Competing with the United States Project Mercury, it succeeded in placing the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin, in a single orbit in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. The Vostok capsule was developed from the Zenit spy satellite project, and its launch"
"I Was a Satellite of the Sun I Was a Satellite of the Sun - () Soviet feature dramatic science-fiction film of 1959 with animation elements. The story is told as an autobiography of the astronaut character Andrew, and set in the future, where space flight is common. Scientist/Astronaut Petrovich pioneers the way to the Sun, but his spacecraft is never heard from again. Later, Andrew's laboratory investigates means of protection from deadly radiation. Andrew repeats Petrovich's journey, and risks his life to rescue an orbiting science laboratory, which holds the solution to the problem. Altered matter near the Sun"
"Tyazhely Sputnik Tyazhely Sputnik, ( meaning ""Heavy Satellite""), also known by its development name as Venera 1VA No.1, and in the West as Sputnik 7, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was intended to be the first spacecraft to explore Venus. Due to a problem with its upper stage it failed to leave low Earth orbit. In order to avoid acknowledging the failure, the Soviet government instead announced that the entire spacecraft, including the upper stage, was a test of a ""Heavy Satellite"" which would serve as a launch platform for future missions. This resulted in the upper stage being considered"
"the next crew at least six months. Soyuz 14 Soyuz 14 (, ""Union 14"") was a 1974 manned spaceflight to the Salyut 3 space station. ""Soyuz 14"" is also the name given to the Soyuz spacecraft which was used to bring the cosmonauts to and from the station. The mission was part of the Soviet Union's Almaz program to evaluate the military applications of human spaceflight. The mission's crew members were cosmonauts Yuri Artyukhin and Pavel Popovich. At the time, the military nature of this mission and the station itself were not acknowledged by Soviet authorities. The flight was the"
"the honorary title ""Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR"". Georgy Dobrovolsky and Viktor Patsayev, who were killed during the Soyuz 11 reentry, did not receive the title. Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR The honorary title Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR () was a state award of the Soviet Union presented to all cosmonauts who flew for the Soviet Space Agency. Usually accompanying the distinction was the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the highest title that could be awarded to a Soviet citizen for performing heroic deeds while in service of the state. The title was established by Decree of the Presidium of"
"one of the five branches of Soviet lunar exploration. Stage 1 (Л1) would be a crewed circumlunar flight (only partially realized); stage 2 (Л2) would be an unmanned lunar rover (realized as Lunokhod), stage 3 (Л3) would be the crewed landing, stage 4 (Л4) would be a manned spacecraft in lunar orbit, and stage 5 (Л5) would be a heavy manned lunar rover to support a crew of 3–5 people. N1 (rocket) The N1 (Russian: Н1, from ""Ракета-носитель"", ""Raketa-Nositel"", carrier) was a super heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to deliver payloads beyond low Earth orbit, acting as the Soviet counterpart to"
"Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR The honorary title Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR () was a state award of the Soviet Union presented to all cosmonauts who flew for the Soviet Space Agency. Usually accompanying the distinction was the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the highest title that could be awarded to a Soviet citizen for performing heroic deeds while in service of the state. The title was established by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 14 April 1961. It was awarded until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 where it was retained by the"
"develop the capability for astronauts to work outside a two-man Earth orbiting spacecraft. However, the Soviet Union was fiercely competitive in holding the early lead it had gained in manned spaceflight, so the Soviet Communist Party, led by Nikita Khrushchev, ordered the conversion of its single-pilot Vostok capsule into a two- or three-person craft named Voskhod, in order to compete with Gemini and Apollo. The Soviets were able to launch two Voskhod capsules before U.S. was able to launch its first manned Gemini. The Voskhod's avionics required cooling by cabin air to prevent overheating, therefore an airlock was required for"
"N1 (rocket) The N1 (Russian: Н1, from ""Ракета-носитель"", ""Raketa-Nositel"", carrier) was a super heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to deliver payloads beyond low Earth orbit, acting as the Soviet counterpart to the US Saturn V. It was designed with crewed extra-orbital travel in mind. Development work started on the N1 in 1959. Its first stage is the most powerful rocket stage ever built. The N1-L3 version was developed to compete with the United States Apollo program to land a man on the Moon, using the same lunar orbit rendezvous method. The basic N1 launch vehicle had three stages, which was to"
"space travelers), Yuri Gagarin. Gagarin's flight, part of the Soviet Vostok space exploration program, took 108 minutes and consisted of a single orbit of the Earth. On August 7, 1961, Gherman Titov, another Soviet cosmonaut, became the second man in orbit during his Vostok 2 mission. By June 16, 1962, the Union launched a total of six Vostok cosmonauts, two pairs of them flying concurrently, and accumulating a total of 260 cosmonaut-orbits and just over sixteen cosmonaut-days in space. On May 5, 1961, the US launched its first suborbital Mercury astronaut, Alan Shepard, in the Freedom 7 capsule. The US"
"Sputnik 1 Sputnik 1 ( or ; ""Satellite-1"", or ""PS-1"", Простейший Спутник-1 or ""Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1"", ""Elementary Satellite 1"") was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957, orbiting for three weeks before its batteries died, then silently for two more months before falling back into the atmosphere. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable even by radio amateurs, and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made its"
"Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov (; born February 20, 1943) is a former Soviet cosmonaut and twice Hero of the Soviet Union (November 23, 1983, and December 29, 1987). Born in Moscow, Russia, he graduated from Moscow Bauman-Highschool in 1969 with a doctorate degree, specialised on spacecraft steering systems. He was selected as cosmonaut on December 1, 1978. For his first spaceflight, he flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz T-9, which lasted from June to November 1983. For his second spaceflight, he replaced one of the long-duration crew members of Mir EO-2. For the spaceflight, he was launched with"
"Sputnik (rocket) The Sputnik rocket was an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, it was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing ""Sputnik 1"" into a low Earth orbit. Two versions of the Sputnik were built, the Sputnik-PS (GRAU index 8K71PS), which was used to launch ""Sputnik 1"" and later ""Sputnik 2"", and the Sputnik (8A91), which failed to launch a satellite in April 1958, and subsequently launched ""3"" on 15 May 1958. A later member of the R-7 family, the Polyot,"
"SuitSat SuitSat (also known as Mr. Smith, Ivan Ivanovich, RadioSkaf, Radio Sputnik and AMSAT-OSCAR 54) was a retired Russian Orlan spacesuit with a radio transmitter mounted on its helmet. SuitSat-1 was deployed in an ephemeral orbit around the Earth on February 3, 2006. The idea for this novel OSCAR satellite was first formally discussed at an AMSAT symposium in October 2004, although the ARISS-Russia team is credited with coming up with the idea as a commemorative gesture for the 175th anniversary of the Moscow State Technical University. ""SuitSat is a Russian brainstorm,"" according to Frank Bauer of NASA's Goddard Space"
"""Virus"" (1999), an alien intelligence inhabits the computer system of the research vessel ""Akademic Vladislav Volkov"" via a transmission from space. According to Brian Harvey's book ""Russia In Space"", there was also a real Soviet communications ship called the Vladislav Volkov, but it was sold by the Russian government following the fall of the USSR. An account of Volkov's life and space career appears in the 2003 book ""Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon"" by Colin Burgess. Vladislav Volkov Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov (; November 23, 1935June 30, 1971) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz"
"exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from the 1930s till its collapse in 1991. The Sputnik 1 became the first artificial Earth satellite on 4 October 1957. The satellite transmitted a radio signal, but had no sensors otherwise. Studying the Sputnik 1 allowed scientists to calculate the drag from the upper atmosphere by measuring position and speed of the satellite. Sputnik 1 broadcast for 21 days until its batteries depleted on 4 October 1957, and the satellite finally fell from orbit on 4 January 1958. The Luna programme was a series of unmanned robotic satellite launches with the goal"
"Soyuz 7K-LOK The Soyuz 7K-LOK, or simply LOK ( meaning ""Lunar Orbital Craft"") was a Soviet manned spacecraft designed to launch men from Earth to orbit the Moon, developed in parallel to the 7K-L1. The LOK would carry two cosmonauts, acting as a mother ship for the LK Lander which would land one crew member to the surface. It was part of the N1-L3 programme which also included the LK lander and the N1 rocket. Like the 7K-OK model, the 7K-LOK was divided into three sections, an ellipsoid Orbital Module, the ""headlight""-shaped Descent Module, and a cylindrical equipment module. Like"
"Soyuz 7K-LOK The Soyuz 7K-LOK, or simply LOK ( meaning ""Lunar Orbital Craft"") was a Soviet manned spacecraft designed to launch men from Earth to orbit the Moon, developed in parallel to the 7K-L1. The LOK would carry two cosmonauts, acting as a mother ship for the LK Lander which would land one crew member to the surface. It was part of the N1-L3 programme which also included the LK lander and the N1 rocket. Like the 7K-OK model, the 7K-LOK was divided into three sections, an ellipsoid Orbital Module, the ""headlight""-shaped Descent Module, and a cylindrical equipment module. Like"
"VA spacecraft The Vozvraschaemyi Apparat (, GRAU index 11F74), or VA spacecraft, was a Soviet crew capsule, intended to serve as a manned launch and reentry vehicle. Initially designed for the LK-1 manned lunar flyby spacecraft for one of the Soviet manned lunar programs, then the LK-700 redesign, it was later repurposed for the Almaz military space station program. The VA capsule on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum was labeled as Merkur, following a mistranslation of the original documentation – while incorrect, the name is being used in the West for the VA spacecraft and capsule."
"Vladimir Ilyushin Major General Vladimir Sergeyevich Ilyushin (; March 31, 1927 – March 1, 2010) was a Soviet general and test pilot, and the son of aerospace engineer Sergei Ilyushin. He spent most of his career as a test pilot for the Sukhoi OKB (rivalrous to Ilyushin OKB.) In 1961, Ilyushin was the subject of rumors that he, rather than Yuri Gagarin, was the first cosmonaut in space. According to those rumours, his mission ended badly, and the Soviet Union had covered it up. Ilyushin was also a rugby union administrator who was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of"
"Soyuz 35 Soyuz 35 (, ""Union 35"") was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the 10th mission to and eighth successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 35 crew were the fourth long-duration crew to man the space station. Cosmonauts Leonid Popov and Valery Ryumin spent 185 days in space, setting a new space endurance record. Ryumin had completed a previous mission only eight months before. They hosted four visiting crews, including the first Hungarian, Cuban and Vietnamese cosmonauts. As long-duration crews now routinely swapped spacecraft with incoming crew, the Soyuz"
"Voskhod (spacecraft) The Voskhod (, """"Sunrise"""") was a spacecraft built by the Soviet Union's space program for human spaceflight as part of the Voskhod programme. It was a development of and a follow-on to the Vostok spacecraft. Voskhod 1 was used for a three-man flight whereas Voskhod 2 had a crew of two. They consisted of a spherical descent module (diameter 2.3 meters), which housed the cosmonauts, and instruments, and a conical equipment module (mass 2.27 tonnes, 2.25 m long, 2.43 m wide), which contained propellant and the engine system. Voskhod was superseded by the Soyuz spacecraft in 1967. The"