"of the archaeological record is so direct an indicator. A process that preserves feces in a way that they may be analyzed later is called the Maillard reaction. This reaction creates a casing of sugar that preserves the feces from the elements. To extract and analyze the information contained within, researchers generally have to freeze the feces and grind it up into powder for analysis. Animal dung occasionally is used as a cement to make adobe mudbrick huts, or even in throwing sports such as cow pat throwing or camel dung throwing contests. Kopi Luwak (pronounced ), or civet coffee,"
"has two farms with 200 (in Davao City) and 100 (Iligan City) wild civets. But the archipelago of Indonesia where the famous ""kopi luwak"" was first discovered and produced is leading in supplying the world market for almost three centuries, where many small-scale civet farms are proliferating in the countryside. Several studies have examined the process in which the animal's stomach acids and enzymes digest the beans' covering and ferment the beans. Research by food scientist Massimo Marcone at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada showed that the civet's endogenous digestive secretions seep into the beans. These secretions carry"
"have been eaten and partly digested by the Asian palm civet, then harvested from its fecal matter. The civets digest the flesh of the coffee cherries but pass the pits (beans) inside, where stomach enzymes affect the beans, which adds to the coffee's prized aroma and flavor. can cost up to $600 in some parts of the world and about $100 a cup in others. The Malay civet is found in many habitats, including forests, secondary habitats, cultivated land, and the outskirts of villages, and is highly adaptable to human disturbances, including ""selecting logging"" (partial forest removal). African civets (""Civettictis"
"delicacy, costing about €20 per kilogram in 2010 in the Netherlands. In Indonesia, a similar-sized ""lapis legit"" can cost up to Rp 400,000 (about €12.50). In Malang, East Java, kue lapis malang or spiku malang refers to a two-layered cake, prepared using a different technique. Two batter mixes are prepared, one with naturally produced yellow colour, the other mixed with cocoa powder to produce a dark brown colour. The batter mixes are poured into two different baking tin and baked in the oven. To assemble, the cake is layered on top of the other with a thin layer of fruit"
"called “luwak”. The coffee beans, still coated with mucilage, are then stored for up to a day. Afterwards the mucilage is washed off and the parchment coffee is partially dried for sale, retaining only 30% to 35% of the moisture content. Processors and collectors then hull the coffee in a semi-wet state, which gives the beans a unique bluish-green appearance. This method is thought to reduce acidity and increase body, resulting in the classic Indonesian cup profile. The Giling Basah process can create a ""goat's foot,"" a split on one end, in green coffee beans. Sometimes the hulling machine partially"
"the taste of Indonesian Robusta (Coffea Canephora), popularity of Indonesian Fine Robusta is rising among coffee aficionados. Farmers are now set aside their red picked coffee cherries to be processed in more elaborate method. Their efforts will be rewarded by the exceptional flavor that yields premium price. SCAI members export 45% of Indonesia’s Arabica coffee. The value of this coffee is more than $65 million, based on an average Free On Board price for Indonesia specialty coffee of $3,200 per metric ton. More than 8,000 Indonesian farmers have joined SCAI through their cooperatives. Coffee retailers who are members of SCAI"
"amount of nicotine and tar levels. In South Africa they are also sold in smaller packs of 10 with between 10–12 mg tar, and 1-1.2 mg nicotine. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of clove cigarettes, and exports up to US$500 million of the product a year. Kretek Kretek are cigarettes made with a blend of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The word ""kretek"" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves. Partly due to favorable taxation compared to ""white"" cigarettes, kreteks are by far the most widely smoked form of cigarettes in Indonesia, where they"
"to be made as ""kripik singkong"" crackers (cassava chips or tapioca chips). Next to potato chips, cassava chips is a popular snack in Indonesia, and are often spiced with various flavors. Some are mass-produced and purveyed under various brand names in stores and supermarkets. A variant of hot and spicy ""kripik singkong"" coated with sugar and chili pepper is known as ""kripik balado"" or ""keripik sanjay"", a specialty of Bukittinggi city in West Sumatra. Tapioca chips and pellets are also produced, sold and traded in bulk as a commodity, and are used to make starch, alcohol and biofuel. The product"
"is not a threatened species, though it is locally rare in some parts of its range. It serves as an important part of the diet of several endangered species, including cloud rats of the genus ""Phloeomys"". The sap is harvested for commercial use in southeast Asia, yielding a sugar known in India as ""gur"" or in Indonesia as ""gula aren"". The sap is collected and made as ""lahang"", a traditional cold sweet drink, and is also fermented into vinegar and ""tuak"" palm wine. Edmund Roberts talks about drinking an alcoholic beverage made in the Cavite area. He described it as"
"biggest Filipino brands, but one of the biggest Asian companies. These are similar crackers, however commonly not considered as krupuk. In Indonesia, major producing centres of krupuk usually are coastal fishing towns. Sidoarjo in East Java, Cirebon and Garut in West Java, Karimun Jawa island, Padang, Palembang and Medan in Sumatra, Bangka Island, Samarinda and Pontianak in Kalimantan, and Makassar in Sulawesi are major producers of krupuk, and many recipes originate from there. Most of the coastal towns in Malaysia such as Mukah, Malacca Town, Pangkor Island and Lumut produce keropok from large scale manufacturing to small scale home factories."
"most expensive coffees, at US$1,100 per kilogram. It has limited availability, and at a few luxury hotels it is available at the price of US$50 a cup. The supply of Black Ivory coffee depends on the availability of coffee cherries, the appetite of the elephants, the number of beans destroyed through chewing of the beans and the ability of the mahouts and their wives to recover intact beans. The high price of the product is largely due to the large number of coffee cherries needed to produce the finished product: 33 kilograms (72 pounds) of raw coffee cherries results in"
"'Pisang Awak' (known locally as ""kayinja"") is grown in Uganda for making banana beer. In Cambodia, 'Pisang Awak' (known locally as ""chek nam va"") is favored over varieties for its multiple uses while other varieties are valued for the fruit. The banana blossoms (at the stage of male flower production) and pseudostem, although astringent, are eaten as a vegetable. The leaves used as a wrap for cooking food such as ""amok"" and ""ansom chek"" in which the fragrance of the banana leaves is transferred to the food being cooked. Pisang Awak Pisang Awak is an edible banana cultivar belonging to"
"is coffee made from coffee berries that have been eaten by and passed through the digestive tract of the Asian palm civet (""Paradoxurus hermaphroditus""). Giant pandas provide fertilizer for the world's most expensive green tea. In Malaysia, tea is made from the droppings of stick insects fed on guava leaves. In northern Thailand, elephants are used to digest coffee beans in order to make Black Ivory coffee, which is among the world's most expensive coffees. Dog feces were used in the tanning process of leather during the Victorian era. Collected dog feces, known as ""pure"", ""puer"", or ""pewer"", were mixed"
"The marketplaces of the mountainous town of Tomohon and Tondano are notorious for selling various kinds of exotic bushmeats; from wild boar, field rats, ""patola"" snake (python), frog legs, paniki or fruit bats, to cat and dog meat. Sometimes protected endangered animals such as ""yaki"" (Sulawesi black macaque), ""kuse"" (slow loris), tapir and anoa are illegally sold in marketplace as food. Among Indonesian ethnicities, Minahasans are well known for their affinities with European culture. A number of European-influenced cakes and pastries made their way into the Minahasan kitchen. The most notable probably is klappertaart (from Dutch language, lit. coconut tart)."
"also exported arak to the Netherlands and had an office in Amsterdam. Some of the arrack brand produced by Batavia Arak Company were KWT (produced in the Bandengan (Kampung Baru) area of old Jakarta) and OGL. Batavia-Arrack is said to enhance the flavor when used as a component in other products, as in the herbal and bitter liqueurs. It is used as a component in liqueurs (like the punsch), pastries (like the Scandinavian Runeberg torte or the Dresdner Stollen), and also in the confectionery and flavor industries. In Indonesia, arrack is often created as a form of moonshine. Such illicit"
"Indonesian dishes such as gado-gado, karedok, ketoprak, lontong sayur, nasi uduk, asinan and bubur ayam are known to require specific type of krupuk as toppings. There are wide variations of ""krupuk"" available across Indonesia. The most popular ones would be ""krupuk udang"" (prawn crackers) and ""krupuk kampung"" or ""krupuk putih"" (cassava crackers). Other popular types include ""krupuk kulit"" (dried buffalo-skin crackers), ""emping melinjo"" (gnetum gnemon crackers), and ""kripik"" (chips or crisps), such as ""kripik pisang"" (banana chips) and ""keripik singkong"" (Cassava chips), ""rempeyek"", is a flour-based cracker with brittle of peanuts, anchovies or shrimp bound by crispy flour cracker, ""rengginang"""
"that the illegal coffee is sold to Western companies such as Nestlé and Kraft Foods. ""Coffea robusta"" is grown at lower altitudes than ""Coffea arabica"". The island of Sumatra is the largest producer, with the provinces of Lampung, South Sumatra and Bengkulu accounting for 50% of total national coffee production and up to 75% of Robusta production. Smaller volumes are also grown in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali and Flores. Robusta is grown on small farms that average one hectare. The crop is harvested by stripping off all the fruit on the branch, resulting in a mix of ripe and green cherries."
"as Jakarta, Cirebon and Bandung (where the most popular swikee restaurant chain is """"Swikee Jatiwangi""""), Yogyakarta, Semarang or Surabaya. Normally, a restaurant will use the name """"Swikee Purwodadi"""" or """"Swikee Jatiwangi"""" on its restaurant sign and menu. Currently Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of frog meat, exporting more than 5000 tonnes of frog meat each year, mostly to France, Belgium and Luxembourg. In the past, the frogs could be obtained from the wild, especially during rainy seasons. Lately, there are more and more farms that raise frogs due to increasing demand, especially from France. ""Swikee"" can be served in"
"Brazil (25% of the world's production), Indonesia (15%), India (6%), and Uganda (4,5%). Brazil is still the biggest coffee producer in the world, producing one-third of the world's coffee, though 70% of that is ""C. arabica"". Robusta is easier to care for and has a greater crop yield than ""C. arabica"", so is cheaper to produce. Roasted robusta beans produce a strong, full-bodied coffee with a distinctive, earthy flavour, but usually with more bitterness than arabica due to their pyrazine content. Since arabica beans are believed to have a smoother taste with more acidity and a richer flavour, they are"
"from the Indonesian Archipelago. The colloquial name for coffee, Java, comes from the time when most of Europe and America's coffee was grown in Java. Today Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world, mainly for export. However coffee is enjoyed in various ways around the archipelago like traditional ""Kopi Ende"" which is with ginger to fancy new ways in Jakartas many coffee shops like Anomali. The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of commercially viable coffee: Arabica, Liberica (Barako), Excelsa and Robusta. Climatic and soil conditions in the Philippines –"
"(side dishes) always consist of coconut milk. In Solo, nasi liwet is usually eaten for breakfast, but also a popular choice for lunch or supper. In Keprabon subdistrict, Surakarta, nasi liwet is only served for supper at the nighttime. Similar rice-coconut milk dishes can be found in other parts of Indonesia, such as ""nasi uduk"" Betawi, ""nasi gurih"" Aceh, and neighboring ""nasi lemak"" from Malaysia. Nasi liwet Nasi liwet is a succulent rice dish cooked in coconut milk, chicken broth and spices, from Solo, Central Java, Indonesia. Common steamed rice is usually cooked in water, but nasi liwet is rice"
"Kretek Kretek are cigarettes made with a blend of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The word ""kretek"" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves. Partly due to favorable taxation compared to ""white"" cigarettes, kreteks are by far the most widely smoked form of cigarettes in Indonesia, where they are preferred by about 90% of smokers. In Indonesia, there are hundreds of kretek manufacturers, including small local makers and major brands. Most of the widely known international brands, including , Bentoel, Minak Djinggo, Djarum, Gudang Garam, and Wismilak originate from Indonesia. Nat Sherman of the United"
"pottery, wood, and woven bamboo or a rattan container or filter, while contemporary cookingwares, plates and containers use metals – iron, tin, stainless steel, aluminium, ceramics, plastics, and also glass. Diverse and eclectic, Betawi cuisine of Jakarta draw culinary influences from Chinese, Malay, Sundanese, to Arab, Indian and European. Popular Betawi dishes include ""nasi uduk"" (coconut rice), ""sayur asem"" (sweet and sour vegetable soup), ""asinan"" (salad of pickled vegetables), ""gado-gado"", (boiled or blanched vegetables salad in peanut sauce), ""ketoprak"", (vegetables, tofu, rice vermicelli and rice cake in peanut sauce), and ""kerak telor"" (spiced coconut omelette). Born from a creole or"
"civet) which is usually the priciest of all cultivars. Musang King is known for its bright yellow flesh and is like a more potent or enhanced version of the D24. The durian is native to Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and is cultivated in other areas with a similar climate. It is strictly tropical and stops growing when mean daily temperatures drop below . There is some debate as to whether the durian is native to the Philippines or was introduced, particularly the Davao region on the island of Mindanao. The centre of ecological diversity for durians is the island of"
"try to preserve the politeness and methods of old Japanese tea serving. Kopitiam is a traditional Southeast Asian coffeehouse, and is most popular in Singapore and Malaysia. All generations hang out at kopitiams, while drinking strong green tea and coffee with milk in their traditional forms. While these exist in almost every neighborhood, more modern versions of coffee are spreading across major cities and coffee centers. While urban areas have adopted the trend of nano- and micro-roasters, coffee growing cities (e.g. Bangkok and Jakarta) have created their own speciality blends that are sold in local speciality coffee shops. As the"
"or a little wine, and eaten alone or with cream. Krupuk, or Indonesian traditional crackers, is a major use of tapioca starch in Indonesia. The most common krupuk is ""kerupuk kampung"" or ""kerupuk aci"" made of tapioca starch. The tapioca starch might be flavoured with minced shrimp as ""krupuk udang"" (prawn cracker) or ""krupuk ikan"" (fish cracker). The thinly sliced or sometimes quite thick cassava were also sun dried and deep fried to be made as ""kripik singkong"" crackers (cassava chips or tapioca chips). A variant of hot and spicy ""kripik singkong"" coated with sugar and chili pepper is known"
"products. The domestic market consumes about 150,000 metric tons of robusta annually. The main markets are the United States, western Europe and Japan, although demand from emerging markets such as Russia, China, Taiwan, South Korea and Malaysia is increasing. Robusta is also an important part of traditional espresso blends, where it adds characteristic flavours and the all important crema on top of the coffee. Coffee production in Indonesia Indonesia was the fourth-largest producer of coffee in the world in 2014. Coffee cultivation in Indonesia began in the late 1600s and early 1700s, in the early Dutch colonial period, and has"
"Kumi Kumi Kumi Kumi (from Swahili 'kumi' for 'ten') is an illegal liquor brewed in Kenya from sorghum, maize or millet. The cheap, widely brewed drink grows in popularity among the lower classes and disadvantaged of the region, as the economy and the value of the shilling has declined. Kumi Kumi is known for its exceptional alcohol content. The brew is often doctored in unsafe and poisonous ways, and its regular abuse frequently has resulted in alcohol poisoning related hospitalizations, blindness, and death. Kumi Kumi is so named for its cheap price, Sh10 for a mug, which in 2006 comes"
"uses for this waste is the production of kiwifruit vinegar, produced commercially in New Zealand since at least the early 1990s, and in China in 2008. Coconut vinegar, made from fermented coconut water or sap, is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine (notably the Philippines), as well as in some cuisines of India and Sri Lanka, especially Goan cuisine. A cloudy white liquid, it has a particularly sharp, acidic taste with a slightly yeasty note. Vinegar made from dates is a traditional product of the Middle East. Pomegranate vinegar (Hebrew: חומץ רימונים) is used widely in Israel as a dressing"
"Kopiko (confectionery) Kopiko is a brand of coffee confectioneries originally produced in Indonesia by PT. Mayora Indah Tbk. Kopiko Candy is available in at least 45 countries. Kopiko Candy has also been consumed by astronauts on the International Space Station. A second variety is kosher, supervised by the KF Federation of Synagogues in London, UK. The second variety is no longer kosher certified by the KF Kosher Federation, though there might be products on the market, with Cholov Yisroel. The product contains extract from real coffee beans. Ingredients include sugar, glucose, coconut oil, coffee extract (4.9%), butter, soy lecithin, caramel"
"is served wrapped in a banana leaf and paper. ""Nasi kucing"" is often sold at a low price (sometimes as low as Rp 1000 [US$0.12] for ""nasi kucing"" and Rp 4000 [US$0.48] for ""sega macan"") at small, road-side food stalls called ""angkringan"", which are frequented by lower-class people, or ""wong cilik"", including pedicab and taxi drivers, students, and street musicians. This has led to ""angkringan"" being considered the ""lowest class of eatery"". The owners of the ""angkringan"" themselves often come from lower socio-economic classes, may have few or no marketable skills, or originate from remote villages. In order to open"
"and tubers. The most popular are ""kripik singkong"" (cassava crackers) and ""kripik pisang"" (Banana chips); other types of fruit, yam or tuber crackers are also available. ""Kripik"" is closely related to ""krupuk"" since it is popularly considered as a smaller sized ""krupuk"". In Indonesia, the term ""krupuk"" refers to a type of relatively large crackers, while ""kripik"" or ""keripik"" refers to smaller bite-size crackers; the counterpart of chips (or crisps) in western cuisine. For example, potato chips are called ""kripik kentang"" in Indonesia. Usually ""krupuk"" are made from a dried paste consisting of a mixture of starch and other ingredients,"
"can afford it. As a replacement for Dutch wives made from bamboo, they can also be made of cotton or other synthetic fibers. Dutch wives made of cotton or other synthetic fiber are still widely used in Indonesia. Because ""chikufujin"" are hand-woven from cheap materials, they are an item used to connote the poverty of the manufacturer. In the Japanese film ""Lady Snowblood"", a supporting character (Kobue) pretends to make her living by weaving ""chikufujin"" to conceal her profession as a prostitute from her father. Bamboo wife A bamboo wife (; Mandarin: zhúfūrén; Cantonese: jūkfūyàhn; Vietnamese: trúc phu nhân; ;"