"Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty A centennial conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty (""Liberty Enlightening the World"") occurred between 1984 and 1986. The Statue of Liberty, by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, is a colossal artwork on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, and is a part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Much of the restoration effort was based on unprecedented restorative methods, as metallurgical repair work on such a large scale had never been attempted. Many scientists, engineers, government organizations, and professional consultants evaluated and dealt with the various problems and tasks facing the restoration effort."
"Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (; 2 August 1834 – 4 October 1904) was a French sculptor who is best known for designing ""Liberty Enlightening the World"", commonly known as the Statue of Liberty. Bartholdi was born in Colmar, France, 2 August 1834. He was born to a family of German Protestant (Alsatian) and Italian heritage, with his family name Romanticized from Barthold. Jean Charles Bartholdi (1791–1836) and Augusta Charlotte Bartholdi ( Beysser; 1801–1891), Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi was the youngest of their four children, and one of only two to survive infancy, along with the oldest brother, Jean-Charles, who"
"born, at 30 Rue des Marchands. Bartholdi's other major works include a variety of statues at Clermont-Ferrand, in Paris, and in other places. Notable works include: Notes Sources Further reading Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (; 2 August 1834 – 4 October 1904) was a French sculptor who is best known for designing ""Liberty Enlightening the World"", commonly known as the Statue of Liberty. Bartholdi was born in Colmar, France, 2 August 1834. He was born to a family of German Protestant (Alsatian) and Italian heritage, with his family name Romanticized from Barthold. Jean Charles Bartholdi (1791–1836) and Augusta"
"Édouard René de Laboulaye Édouard René Lefèbvre de Laboulaye () (18 January 1811 – 25 May 1883) was a French jurist, poet, author and anti-slavery activist. In 1865 he originated the idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States that resulted in the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. He got the idea thinking that this would help strengthen their relationship with the United States. Laboulaye was received at the bar in 1842, and was chosen professor of comparative law at the Collège de France in 1849. Following the Paris Commune of 1870, he"
"Emmanuel Frémiet Emmanuel Frémiet (6 December 1824 – 10 September 1910) was a French sculptor. He is famous for his sculpture of Joan of Arc in Paris (and its ""sister"" statues in Philadelphia and Portland, Oregon) and the monument to Ferdinand de Lesseps in Suez. The noted sculptor Pierre-Nicolas Tourgueneff was one of many students who learned sculpture under the tutelage of Frémiet. Born in Paris, he was a nephew and pupil of Sophie Frémiet, and later he became a pupil of her husband François Rude. He chiefly devoted himself to animal sculpture. His earliest work was in scientific lithography"
"Auguste Rodin François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917), known as Auguste Rodin (; ), was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. He was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Paris's foremost school of art. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surface in clay. Many of his most notable sculptures were criticized during his lifetime. They clashed with predominant figurative"
"flood-level indicator. Georges Diebolt was the contemporary of better known artists such as James Pradier (1792–1852, a friend of Victor Hugo), Antoine-Louis Barye (1796–1875), the sculptor of animals, or Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827–1875, whose celebrated group ""The Dance"" dates to 1869). He also knew Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1834–1904), creator of (among other works) the Statue of Liberty in New York and the ""Lion de Belfort"", and Emmanuel Frémiet (1824–1910), who sculpted the ""Joan of Arc"" in place des Pyramides and the Saint Michael on the top of the spire at Mont-Saint-Michel. Among Diebolt's students was the sculptor Louis-Léon Cugnot. Georges Diebolt"
"Jean-Antoine Houdon Jean-Antoine Houdon () (25 March 1741 – 15 July 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor. Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment. Houdon's subjects included Denis Diderot (1771), Benjamin Franklin (1778-09), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1778), Voltaire (1781), Molière (1781), George Washington (1785–88), Thomas Jefferson (1789), Louis XVI (1790), Robert Fulton, (1803–04), and Napoléon Bonaparte (1806). He was born in Versailles, on 25 March 1741. In 1752, he entered the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, where he studied with René-Michel Slodtz, Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, and Jean-Baptiste Pigalle. From"
"Lion of Belfort The Lion of Belfort is the monumental sculpture by Frédéric Bartholdi, sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, located in Belfort, France. It was finished in 1880 and is entirely made of red sandstone. The blocks it is made from were individually sculpted then moved under Belfort castle to be assembled. The colossal work is 22 meters long and 11 meters high and dominates the local landscape. The lion symbolizes the heroic French resistance during the Siege of Belfort, a 103-day Prussian assault (from December 1870 to February 1871). The city was protected from 40,000 Prussians by merely"
"Gustave Eiffel Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (born Bonickhausen dit Eiffel; ; ; 15 December 183227 December 1923) was a French civil engineer. A graduate of École Centrale Paris, he made his name building various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct. He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, and his contribution to building the Statue of Liberty in New York. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making significant contributions in both fields. Gustave Eiffel was born in Burgundy, France, in"
"and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty. A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Eiffel, and Laboulaye—are depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner. In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The UNESCO ""Statement of Significance"" describes the statue as a ""masterpiece of the human spirit"" that ""endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy"
"Rochambeau, Oscar Gilbert Lafayette, François Charles Lorraine, and Louis François Lorraine. Bartholdi broached the idea of a massive statue. Bartholdi's design approved on, the Union Franco-Americaine raised more than 1 million francs throughout France for the building of the statue. In 1879, Bartholdi was awarded design patent for the Statue of Liberty. On 4 July 1880, the statue was formally delivered to the American minister in Paris, the event being celebrated by a great banquet. In October 1886, the structure was officially presented as the joint gift of the French and American people, and installed on Bedloe's Island in New"
"engineer to help him to realise the Statue of Liberty. Some work had already been carried out by Eugène Viollet-Le-Duc, but he had died in 1879. Eiffel was selected because of his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a four-legged pylon to support the copper sheeting which made up the body of the statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel works in Paris before being dismantled and shipped to the United States. In 1886 Eiffel also designed the dome for the Astronomical Observatory in Nice. This was the most important building in a complex"
"Eugène Secrétan Pierre-Eugène Secrétan, (1836, Saulx – 1899, Paris), was a French industrialist and art collector. According to the Museum of the City of New York he was a French copper industrialist who made his fortune in copper production. He donated 60,000 kilos of copper in the 1870s to make ""Liberty Enlightening the World"", commonly known as the Statue of Liberty. He later lost his wealth in the when his ""Société industriel et commerciale des métaux"" went bankrupt after an attempt to corner the market on copper. After the copper crash in March 1889, he sold his extended art collection"
"Jean Cardot Jean Cardot (20 July 1930 - ) is a French sculptor, born in Saint-Etienne, France. He was elected member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts on 9 November 1983 and president in 1992 and 1997. He is best known for his statues in Paris of Sir Winston Churchill 1998 on the Right Bank of the Seine in front of the Petit Palais and on Avenue Winston Churchill ; of General Charles de Gaulle 2000 on the Champs-Elysées in front of the Grand Palais; and of Thomas Jefferson 2006 on the Left Bank of the Seine, facing the Musée d'Orsay"
"1806 along with a bust of General Béraud, also commissioned by the government. Corbet died in 1808. He was unmarried, and left no children. Charles-Louis Corbet Charles-Louis Corbet (January 1758 – 10 December 1808) was a French sculptor. He is known for a bust that he made of Napoleon and a statue of a French Dragoon on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. Charles Louis Corbet was born in 1758 in Douai, and baptized in the parish of Saint-Pierre on 27 January 1758. His mother was not married. He studied in Douai, than in Paris in the studio of the"
"1871, not finishing the massive sandstone statue until 1880. In 1871, he made his first trip to the United States, where he pitched the idea of a massive statue gifted from the French to the Americans in honor of the centennial of American independence. The idea, which had first been broached to him in 1865 by his friend Édouard René de Laboulaye, resulted in the Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. After years of work and fundraising, the statue was inaugurated in 1886. During this period, Bartholdi also sculpted a number of monuments for American cities, such as a"
"Bartholdi Park Bartholdi Park is a public park named after French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who is known primarily for designing the Statue of Liberty. It is located at the corner of Independence Avenue and Washington Avenue. Bartholdi Park is part of the United States Botanic Garden located on the grounds of the United States Capitol. Bartholdi Park was created as an exclave of the United States Botanic Garden in 1932, following the gardens move from their original location at the base of the Capitol in 1927. Originally created as a showcase for American horticulture, the park has continued this"
"Daniel Chester French Daniel Chester French (April 20, 1850 – October 7, 1931), one of the most prolific and acclaimed American sculptors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is best known for his design of the monumental work the statue of ""Abraham Lincoln"" (1920) in the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC. Parents: Mother, Anne Richardson (1811–1856), daughter of William Merchant Richardson (1774–1838), chief justice of New Hampshire. Father, Henry Flagg French (1813–1885) French was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, to Henry Flagg French (1813–1885), a lawyer, judge, Assistant US Treasury Secretary, and author of a book that described the"
"of the Marne, as a gift to the French people in exchange for the Statue of Liberty. Called, in French, ""La Liberté éplorée"" (""The Tearful Liberty"") the statue, located in Meaux, France, is over seven stories tall, at . While work started on the statue in 1924, it was not finished until 1932. At the time of its dedication, it was the world's largest stone monument. In 2011, the opened next to the monument. The World War I Memorial, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, houses a bronze version of the statue. Selected to sculpt the fourth issue of the long"
"with a nurse take the Concorde one last time to Paris where he would live his remaining days in their apartment at 16 rue de Chazelles, just up the street from the studio of the sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi who is best known for the Statue of Liberty. Vincent Fourcade Vincent Gabriel Fourcade (27 February 1934 – 23 December 1992) was a French interior designer and the business and life partner of Robert Denning. ""Outrageous luxury is what our clients want,"" he once said. ""Born...to a family of distinguished French aesthetes, the designer spent many of his formative years in a"
"newspaper, the ""Flame of Liberty"", more broadly, is a lasting symbol of the friendship uniting the two countries, just as the statue itself was when it was given to the United States by France. This project was overseen by the director of the French craft unions at that time, Jacques Graindorge. He foresaw an installation of the ""Flame of Liberty"" in a public square called Place des États-Unis (United States Square) in the 16th arrondissement, but the mayor of Paris at the time, Jacques Chirac, was opposed to it. After a protracted period of negotiations, it was decided that the"
"Charles-Louis Corbet Charles-Louis Corbet (January 1758 – 10 December 1808) was a French sculptor. He is known for a bust that he made of Napoleon and a statue of a French Dragoon on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. Charles Louis Corbet was born in 1758 in Douai, and baptized in the parish of Saint-Pierre on 27 January 1758. His mother was not married. He studied in Douai, than in Paris in the studio of the sculptor Pierre-François Berruer. He won a medal from the Académie Royal. In 1780, when he was twenty-two, he had moved to Lille, where he"
"Liberty (goddess) Liberty is a loose term in English for the goddess or personification of the concept of liberty, and is represented by the Roman Goddess Libertas, by Marianne, the national symbol of France, and by many others. The Statue of Liberty (""Liberty Enlightening the World"") by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi is a well-known example in art, a gift from France to the United States. The ancient Roman goddess Libertas was honored during the second Punic War by a temple erected on the Aventine Hill in Rome by the father of Tiberius Gracchus. A statue in her honor also was raised"
"Alfred Laliberté Alfred Laliberté (19 May 1877 - 13 January 1953) was a French Canadian sculptor and painter based in Montreal. His output includes more than 900 sculptures in bronze, marble, wood, and plaster. Many of his sculptures depict national figures and events in Canada and France such as Louis Hébert, François-Xavier-Antoine Labelle, Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, and the Lower Canada Rebellion. Although he produced hundreds of paintings as well, he is chiefly remembered for his work as a sculptor. Born in Sainte-Élisabeth-de-Warwick, Quebec, in the district of Arthabaska, Laliberté was the son of Joseph Laliberté, a farmer, and Marie"
"Augustin Pajou Augustin Pajou (19 September 1730, Paris – 8 May 1809) was a French sculptor, born in Paris. At eighteen he won the Prix de Rome, and at thirty exhibited his ""Pluton tenant Cerbère enchaîné"" (now in the Louvre). Pajou's portrait busts of Buffon and of Madame du Barry (1773), and his statuette of Bossuet (all in the Louvre), are amongst his best works. When Bernard Poyet constructed the ""Fontaine des Innocents"" from the earlier edifice of Pierre Lescot, Pajou provided a number of new figures for the work. Mention should also be made of his bust of Carlin"
"""Elmore's French Patent Copper Depositing Company"". Eugène Secrétan Pierre-Eugène Secrétan, (1836, Saulx – 1899, Paris), was a French industrialist and art collector. According to the Museum of the City of New York he was a French copper industrialist who made his fortune in copper production. He donated 60,000 kilos of copper in the 1870s to make ""Liberty Enlightening the World"", commonly known as the Statue of Liberty. He later lost his wealth in the when his ""Société industriel et commerciale des métaux"" went bankrupt after an attempt to corner the market on copper. After the copper crash in March 1889,"
"Death and the Sculptor Death and the Sculptor, also known as the Milmore Monument and The Angel of Death and the Young Sculptor is a sculpture in bronze, and one of the most important and influential works of art created by sculptor Daniel Chester French. The work was commissioned to mark the grave in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts, of the brothers Joseph (1841-1886), James and Martin Milmore (1844-1883). It has two figures effectively in the round, linked to a background relief behind them. The right-hand figure represents a sculptor, whose hand holding a chisel is gently"
"Vittor arrived. The youth, having little money and knowing very limited English, decided to stay in America and soon opened an art studio. He met his future wife, Ade Mae Humphreys, a resident of Pittsburgh, and made the move to her home town. Aviator Charles Lindbergh’s first solo trans-Atlantic flight between Long Island, New York and Paris, France was immortalized in bronze by Vittor with a sculpture showing a winged youth spanning the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower. Congress approved the expenditure in 1928, and the work was completed in 1929. Perhaps no work by Vittor created as"
"François-Léon Sicard François-Léon Sicard (April 21, 1862 – July 8, 1934) was a French sculptor in the late 19th and early 20th century. His credits include work on the adornments of the Louvre, and numerous sculptures around the world. Sicard was born in Tours, studied with Louis-Ernest Barrias, and is known for his lithography and his fiercely patriotic original works of art. Despite the prolific populace of noted works throughout Europe, surprisingly little is known about Sicard himself. His work is very similar to that of Gustave Crauk (1827–1920) and Antoine-Augustin Préault (1809–1879), and he may have worked in collaboration"
"the judges allowed Thierry to remain free in the State of NY. Following September 11, Judge Eaton sorted out all the confusions and decrees the judgment in favor of Thierry. The charge of deterioration of the Statue was not upheld, and he was fined $7,065 for the paramotor landing. The judge asked that the fine be covered by the auction of the equipment. The media has overshadowed Thierry's message against anti-personnel mines. Thierry Devaux Thierry Devaux was born on November 16, 1959 in Bourg-en-Bresse. He developed acrobatic bungee jumping. His landing on the Statue of Liberty was the feat that"
"L'Âme de la France L'Âme de la France (""The Soul of France"") is the name given by the French sculptor Carlo Sarrabezolles to three identical monumental statues that he executed in three different materials during the interwar period, the first in plaster in 1921, the second in stone in 1922, and the last in bronze in 1930. 3.2 metres tall, they represent a female warrior with naked breasts raising her arms toward the sky. Executed from the first of the three models, the newest sculpture is currently located on a pedestal at the entrance to Hell-Bourg on the Heights of"
"as monuments for North and South America. He was also the author of portrait busts and statues of Victor Hugo, Léo Delibes, Ferdinand Fabre and a large output of classical subjects. He gained the Grand Prix at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900. His portrait bust, sculpted by Ernest Henri Dubois, is at the Musée des Augustins, Toulouse, which also has a considerable series of statuettes and ""maquettes"", or sculptural sketches. His papers are conserved at the Centre historique des archives nationales. Laurent Marqueste Laurent-Honoré Marqueste (Toulouse 12 June 1848 — Paris, 5 April 1920) was a French sculptor in"