"and a spare diet"". Indeed, this became the popular model in England for many decades. Within Britain, prison reform was spearheaded by the Quakers, and in particular, Elizabeth Fry during the Victorian Age. Elizabeth Fry visited prisons and suggested basic human rights for prisoners, such as privacy and teaching prisoners a trade. Fry was particularly concerned with women's rights. Parliament, coming to realize that a significant portion of prisoners had come to commit crimes as a result of mental illness, passed the County Asylums Act (1808). This made it possible for Justice of the Peace in each county to build"
"Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth Fry (née Gurney, often referred to as ""Betsy""; 21 May 1780 – 12 October 1845) was an English prison reformer, social reformer and, as a Quaker, a Christian philanthropist. She has sometimes been referred to as the ""angel of prisons"". Fry was a major driving force behind new legislation to make the treatment of prisoners more humane, and she was supported in her efforts by Queen Victoria. She was depicted on the Bank of England £5 note from 2001–2016. Fry kept extensive and revealing diaries. Elizabeth Fry was born in Gurney Court, off Magdalen Street, Norwich, Norfolk,"
"Caroline Neave Caroline Hannah Neave (23 March 1781 — 7 December 1863) was a British philanthropist and penal reformer. Neave was born in 1781 to Richard and Frances Neave. In 1822, she founded and ran Tothill Fields Asylum, a shelter for female former prisoners in Westminster after conversation with Elizabeth Fry, during which Fry lamented ""Often have I known the career of a promising young woman, charged with a first offence, to end in a condemned cell!"". Initially, the asylum hosted four inmates, increasing to nine by 1824. Neave joined Fry's ""British Ladies' Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female"
"Select Committee on Criminal and Destitute Children. Through her career, she also worked in prisons, refuges and convict-ships. Caroline Neave Caroline Hannah Neave (23 March 1781 — 7 December 1863) was a British philanthropist and penal reformer. Neave was born in 1781 to Richard and Frances Neave. In 1822, she founded and ran Tothill Fields Asylum, a shelter for female former prisoners in Westminster after conversation with Elizabeth Fry, during which Fry lamented ""Often have I known the career of a promising young woman, charged with a first offence, to end in a condemned cell!"". Initially, the asylum hosted four"
"Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton (12 January 1869 – 2 May 1923), usually known as Constance Lytton, was an influential British suffragette activist, writer, speaker and campaigner for prison reform, votes for women, and birth control. She sometimes used the name Jane Warton. Although born and raised in the privileged ruling class of British society, Lytton rejected this background to join the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the most militant group of suffragette activists campaigning for ""Votes for Women"". She was subsequently imprisoned four times, including once in Walton gaol in Liverpool under the ""nom de guerre"""
"Award was established in her honour. Margery Fry Sara Margery Fry (11 March 1874 – 21 April 1958) was a British prison reformer as well as one of the first women to become a magistrate. She was the secretary of the Howard League for Penal Reform and the principal of Somerville College, Oxford. Fry was born in London in 1874. She was the child of Quakers Sir Edward Fry, a judge, and his wife, Mariabella Hodgkin (1833–1930). Her siblings included Joan Mary Fry, the social reformer, Roger Fry of the Bloomsbury Group, the biographer Agnes Fry and pacifist Anna Ruth"
"of UK commemorative stamps in 1976. Fry kept extensive diaries which give unique insight into her work, life and personality. Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth Fry (née Gurney, often referred to as ""Betsy""; 21 May 1780 – 12 October 1845) was an English prison reformer, social reformer and, as a Quaker, a Christian philanthropist. She has sometimes been referred to as the ""angel of prisons"". Fry was a major driving force behind new legislation to make the treatment of prisoners more humane, and she was supported in her efforts by Queen Victoria. She was depicted on the Bank of England £5 note"
"Margery Fry Sara Margery Fry (11 March 1874 – 21 April 1958) was a British prison reformer as well as one of the first women to become a magistrate. She was the secretary of the Howard League for Penal Reform and the principal of Somerville College, Oxford. Fry was born in London in 1874. She was the child of Quakers Sir Edward Fry, a judge, and his wife, Mariabella Hodgkin (1833–1930). Her siblings included Joan Mary Fry, the social reformer, Roger Fry of the Bloomsbury Group, the biographer Agnes Fry and pacifist Anna Ruth Fry. She was home schooled until"
"of the University of the Free State is named after Hobhouse. There is a statue of Hobhouse at the parish church at St Ive, Cornwall, where she was born. In 1990 Dirk de Villiers directed the South African film ""That Englishwoman: An Account of the Life of Emily Hobhouse"" with Veronica Lang as Emily. Emily Hobhouse Emily Hobhouse (9 April 1860 – 8 June 1926) was a British welfare campaigner, who is primarily remembered for bringing to the attention of the British public, and working to change, the deprived conditions inside the British concentration camps in South Africa built to"
"Lydia Irving Lydia Irving (15 May 1797 – 22 February 1893) was a British philanthropist & prison visitor. She was a leading Quaker and she worked closely with Elizabeth Fry seeking to improve conditions for women in prisons and on convict ships filled with those to be transported. Irving was born in Welbury in Yorkshire in 1797 and she was raised by her Quaker grandparents. Her father was a clerk at a tea merchants. In 1825 she joined the ""British Ladies Society for promoting the reformation of female prisoners"" which had been founded for years previously. She worked on outfitting"
"Norah Elam Norah Elam, also known as Norah Dacre Fox (née Norah Doherty, 1878–1961), was a militant suffragette, anti-vivisectionist, feminist and fascist in the United Kingdom. Born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1878 to John and Charlotte Doherty, she moved to England with her family and by 1891 was living in London. Norah married Charles Richard Dacre Fox in 1909. Norah was a prominent member of the Women's Social and Political Union and served as general secretary. From May to July 1914 she was imprisoned three times in Holloway Prison for ""acts of terrorism""; she received a WSPU hunger strike medal"
"of her time. Carpenter was active in the anti-slavery movement; she also visited India, visiting schools and prisons and working to improve female education, establish reformatory schools and improve prison conditions. In later years she visited Europe and America, carrying on her campaigns of penal and educational reform. Carpenter publicly supported women's suffrage in her later years and also campaigned for female access to higher education. She is buried in Arnos Vale Cemetery in Bristol and has a memorial in the North transept of Bristol Cathedral. Carpenter was born in 1807, in Exeter, the first child of Lant Carpenter, a"
"Mary Astell Mary Astell (Newcastle upon Tyne, 12 November 1666 – London, 11 May 1731) was an English feminist writer and rhetorician. Her advocacy of equal educational opportunities for women has earned her the title ""the first English feminist."" Few records of Mary Astell's life have survived. As biographer Ruth Perry explains: ""as a woman she had little or no business in the world of commerce, politics, or law. She was born, she died; she owned a small house for some years; she kept a bank account; she helped to open a charity school in Chelsea: these facts the public"
"her will. Vera Wentworth Vera Wentworth born Jessie Alice Spink (1890 – 1957) was a British suffragette. She went to jail for the cause and was force fed. She door stepped and then assaulted the Prime Minister twice. She wrote ""Three Months in Holloway"" Wentworth was born in 1890. After leaving school she found work in a shop going on to become an active trade unionist. In 1908 Wentworth joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), having formally changed her name to 'Vera Wentworth' in 1907. Soon afterwards she was arrested during a demonstration outside the House of Commons."
"after moving out of Homewood to a flat in Paddington, London, in an attempt to restart an active life. She was buried with the purple, white and green Suffragette colours laid on her coffin. Her remains lie in the family mausoleum. Edited extract from the Knebworth House memorial Letter of Constance Lytton are held at The Women's Library at London Metropolitan University, ref 9/21 Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton (12 January 1869 – 2 May 1923), usually known as Constance Lytton, was an influential British suffragette activist, writer, speaker and campaigner for prison reform, votes for women, and"
"Lady Anne Tree Lady Anne Evelyn Beatrice Tree (née Cavendish, 6 November 1927 – 9 August 2010) was a British philanthropist, prison visitor, prisoner rights activist, and the founder of the charity Fine Cell Work, which gives prisoners the opportunity to do worthwhile work and acquire useful job skills for life after prison. She was born Lady Anne Evelyn Beatrice Cavendish on 6 November 1927 at 2 Upper Belgrave Street, London, the third daughter of Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire (1895–1950), and his wife, Lady Mary Gascoyne-Cecil (1895–1988), granddaughter of Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. She"
"the Church of England. Henrietta Barnett Dame Henrietta Octavia Weston Barnett, DBE (""née"" Rowland; 4 May 1851 – 10 June 1936) was a notable English social reformer, educationist, and author. She and her husband, Samuel Augustus Barnett, founded the first ""University Settlement"" at Toynbee Hall (in the East End of London) in 1884. They also worked to establish the model Hampstead Garden Suburb in the early 20th century. Born in Clapham, London, Henrietta Octavia Weston Rowland lost her mother (Henrietta Monica Margaretta Ditges) at an early age. Her father, Alexander William Rowland, a wealthy businessman associated with the Macassar Oil"
"Eliza Farnham Eliza Farnham (November 17, 1815 – December 15, 1864) was a 19th-century American novelist, feminist, abolitionist, and activist for prison reform. She was born in Rensselaerville, New York. She moved to Illinois in 1835, and there married Thomas J. Farnham in 1836, but returned to New York in 1841. In 1844, through the influence of Horace Greeley and other reformers, she was appointed matron of the women's ward at Sing Sing Prison. She strongly believed in the use of phrenology to treat prisoners. Farnham was influential in changing the types of reading materials available to women prisoners. The"
"more than twenty pamphlets and other works on subjects as diverse as bull-baiting, prison reform, war, the plight of the poor, vagrancy, wages, corporal punishment and electoral reform. Towards the end of her life she became involved in the campaign against capital punishment. It was said that she fell in love with a slave. Elizabeth Heyrick never lived to see the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. She died on 18 October 1831 and is buried in Leicester, where she was born. Elizabeth Heyrick Elizabeth Heyrick (née Coltman; 4 December 1769 – 18 October 1831) was an English philanthropist"
"Agnes Cotton Agnes Cotton (27 February 1828 – 20 May 1899) was an English social reformer and philanthropist. She founded and ran a home in Leytonstone for ""fallen girls"" called The Pastures. Cotton was born in Leytonstone to the banker William and Sarah Cotton. Her siblings included the judge Henry Cotton, the philanthropist Sarah Acland, and the missionary William Cotton. Cotton was educated by her mother until she was 14, when she was sent to boarding school. Cotton fell ill at age 14, and after her recovery devoted herself to God. Letters written by her during the 1840s show that"
"Catherine Osler Catherine Osler or Catherine Courtauld Osler; Catherine Courtauld Taylor (26 February, 1854 – 16 December, 1924) was a British social reformer and suffragist. Osler was born in Bridgwater in 1854 to William and Catherine Taylor. Her Unitarian parents were members of the Birmingham Women's Suffrage Society from its formation. Catherine was their eldest child and she rose through the ranks of the society as she went from treasurer to secretary in 1885. She married Alfred Osler who ran the family firm of F & C Osler of Birmingham, a firm famous for the design and manufacture of fine"
"efforts in 1870s and 1880s. Carole D. Spencer argues that Coffin's work represents ""a feminist's fight for women's rights in a male-dominated society,"" while Thomas D. Hamm considers her involvement in the Quaker renewal movement as a behind-the-scenes effort in partnership with her husband. Hamm maintains that Coffin was ""content to remain in the socially acceptable and subordinate roles"" that the more radical Quaker women reformers had rejected. Rhoda Coffin Rhoda Coffin, (1826–1909), was a Quaker social reformer, author, temperance crusader, and women's rights advocate who is best known for her efforts in prison reform. She held an integral role"
"popular and often translated well into the 19th century, on both sides of the Atlantic. She is little read today, but scholars note she was stylistically and thematically radical for her time. Born on 11 September 1674 at Ilchester, Somerset, she was the eldest daughter of Elizabeth Portnell and Walter Singer, a dissenting minister. Her parents met while Portnell was doing charity work in the prison at Ilchester where Singer was being held with other Dissenters. He left the ministry after marrying Portnell and became a clothier. In her youth, Elizabeth was ""doted on by her father"" and well educated."
"in Brighton and Bruges', in Myself when Young, Countess of Oxford and Asquith (1938) 313-60<br> ""Life is good: an autobiography"" (1939)<br> ""In the Land of my Fathers"" (Cardiff, 1946)<br> ""Should Women be Priests and Ministers?"" (repr. From B.H.Streeter and E. Picton-Turbervill, Women and the Church (1917) [1953] 52 pp.<br> Preface to ""A.B. Temple, The Story of Algar Temple and the Indian Mutiny"" (Cardiff, 1957 ?) Edith Picton-Turbervill Edith Picton-Turbervill (13 June 1872 – 31 August 1960) was an English social reformer, writer and Labour Party politician. From 1929-1931, she served as the Member of Parliament for The Wrekin in Shropshire."
"subsequently. On 9 August 2010, she died of lung cancer at her home, Lower Lane House in Compton Abbas, Dorset, and was survived by her two daughters. Lady Anne Tree Lady Anne Evelyn Beatrice Tree (née Cavendish, 6 November 1927 – 9 August 2010) was a British philanthropist, prison visitor, prisoner rights activist, and the founder of the charity Fine Cell Work, which gives prisoners the opportunity to do worthwhile work and acquire useful job skills for life after prison. She was born Lady Anne Evelyn Beatrice Cavendish on 6 November 1927 at 2 Upper Belgrave Street, London, the third"
"witnessed by Helen Pankhurst, dozens of her relatives and hundreds of people. Alice Hawkins Alice Hawkins (Stafford, 1863 – Leicester, 1946) was a leading English suffragette among the boot and shoe machinists of Leicester. She went to prison five times for acts committed as part of the Women’s Social and Political Union militant campaign. Her husband Alfred Hawkins was also an active suffragette and received £100 when his kneecap was fractured as he was ejected from a meeting in Bradford. In 2018 a statue of Alice was unveiled in Leicester Market Square. Hawkins was born in 1863 in Stafford and"
"Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018. Annot Robinson Annot Robinson, née Wilkie, nicknamed Annie, (8 June 1874 – 29 September 1925) was a Scottish suffragette and pacifist. She was sentenced to six months for trying to break in to the House of Commons. She helped to found the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. Born Annot Erskine Wilkie on 8 June 1874 in Montrose, Scotland, to John Wilkie (a draper) and Catherine Jane Erskine (a teacher)."
"Vera Wentworth Vera Wentworth born Jessie Alice Spink (1890 – 1957) was a British suffragette. She went to jail for the cause and was force fed. She door stepped and then assaulted the Prime Minister twice. She wrote ""Three Months in Holloway"" Wentworth was born in 1890. After leaving school she found work in a shop going on to become an active trade unionist. In 1908 Wentworth joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), having formally changed her name to 'Vera Wentworth' in 1907. Soon afterwards she was arrested during a demonstration outside the House of Commons. She was"
"Elsie Howey Rose Elsie Neville Howey (1 December 1884 – 13 March 1963), known as Elsie Howey, was an English suffragette. She was a militant activist with the Women's Social and Political Union and was jailed at least six times between 1908 and 1912. Elsie Howey was born in Finningley in 1884 to Thomas Howey, the parish's rector, and Emily Gertrude (née Oldfield). When her father died in 1887, the family moved to Malvern, Worcestershire. In 1902 Howey began studying English, French and German at the University of St Andrews. She left the university in 1904 so that she could"
"Adeline Marie Russell, Duchess of Bedford Adeline Marie Russell, Duchess of Bedford, (née Somers; 24 September 1852 – 12 April 1920) was a British advocate for penal reform. She led the European War Fund that cared for the wounded of the First World War. Lady Adeline Marie Somers was born in 1852 to Virginia and Charles Somers-Cocks, 3rd Earl Somers. She was educated at home with the curriculum set by her mother. She became Adeline Russell after she married George Sackville Russell on 24 October 1876. In 1882 Virginia Woolf was born and her mother gave her the first name"
"Sarah Jane Baines Sarah Jane Baines (30 November 1866 – 20 February 1951) was a British-Australian feminist, suffragette and social reformer. She was the first suffragette to be tried by jury. Sarah Jane Baines was born in Birmingham, England, in 1866 to Sarah Ann (""née"" Hunt) and James Edward Hunt, a gun maker. She began work at Joseph Chamberlain's ordnance factory aged eleven. At age fourteen, she joined her parents in working with the Salvation Army. Upon attaining the rank of lieutenant, now aged twenty, she was sent to work as an evangelist in an independent working men's mission in"
"said to have been too much for either herself or Mary Priestman to bear."" Anna Maria Priestman Anna Maria Priestman (23 March 1828 – 9 October 1914), was a British social reformer and women's rights activist. Anna Maria Priestman was born on 23 March 1828, the seventh of nine children of Jonathan Priestman (d. 1863), a wealthy Quaker tanner from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Rachel Bragg (1791–1854), a travelling minister in the Society of Friends, and the daughter of Margaret Wilson Bragg, also a Quaker minister. They lived in the Summerhill district of Newcastle. Priestman , along with members of hers and"
"Emily Hobhouse Emily Hobhouse (9 April 1860 – 8 June 1926) was a British welfare campaigner, who is primarily remembered for bringing to the attention of the British public, and working to change, the deprived conditions inside the British concentration camps in South Africa built to incarcerate Boer women and children during the Second Boer War. Born in St Ive, near Liskeard in Cornwall, she was the daughter of Caroline (née Trelawny) and Reginald Hobhouse, an Anglican rector and the first Archdeacon of Bodmin. She was the sister of Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, a peace activist and proponent of social liberalism."