"by physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. It supports assumptions that form the foundation of behaviorism. These basic ideas suggest that all learning occurs through interactions within the environment, and that environment shapes behavior. Various similarities exist between cupboard love and classical conditioning. Pavlov, known for Pavlov's dog experiment, discovered that his dog would salivate at the sound of a bell, associating the ringing with food. Eventually, the dog would salivate each time he heard the bell ring. When there was no food, the dog would still show affection to Pavlov in an attempt to be fed. Similarly, the cupboard love theory suggests"
"had learned that the ringing of the bell signaled ""food is on the way"" in his experiment in which dogs were trained to salivate upon hearing a bell ring. This was accomplished by ringing a bell just prior to feeding the dogs. After repeating this procedure for some time it was found that the dogs would salivate after hearing the bell - without the need for food being presented. Something that is not often discussed in context with this experiment is the fact that the dogs would not salivate unless they were wearing a special harness. When exposed to the"
"to salivate through an arbitrary external stimuli. This was done by pairing natural stimuli (such as food) with a new stimulus (e.g., a metronome) to provoke the desired response in dogs. That proved his thesis that he could make a dog salivate by just the presentation of the sound of a bell. Pavlov's approach to learning was behavioristic and later known as classical conditioning. John Broadus Watson (1878–1958) also used this method of learning (e.g., he cause a young child, not previously afraid of furry animals, to become frightened of them) and argued that it was sufficient for the science"
"the dogs salivate—salivating is a reflexive response to the meat powder. Meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the salivation is the unconditioned response (UR). Pavlov rang a bell before presenting the meat powder. The first time Pavlov rang the bell, the neutral stimulus, the dogs did not salivate, but once he put the meat powder in their mouths they began to salivate. After numerous pairings of bell and food, the dogs learned that the bell signaled that food was about to come, and began to salivate when they heard the bell. Once this occurred, the bell became the"
"unconditioned stimulus. Ivan Pavlov conducted multiple experiments investigating digestion in dogs in which neutral, unconditioned, and conditioned stimuli were used. In these experiments, the neutral stimulus was the sound of a bell ringing. This sound was presented to the dogs along with food, which acted as an unconditioned stimulus. The presentation of a neutral stimulus does not result in any particular response, but the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus results in an unconditioned response, which was the dogs salivating in Pavlov's experiments. After conditioning, the bell ringing became a conditioned stimulus. Pavlov later used the sound of a metronome as"
"The Mischievous Dog The Mischievous Dog is one of Aesop's Fables, of which there is a Greek version by Babrius and a Latin version by Avianus. It is numbered 332 in the Perry Index. The story concerns a dog that bites the legs of others. Its master therefore ties a bell around its neck to warn people. The dog, thinking the bell is a reward, shows it off in the streets until an older dog reminds him that the bell is not a reward but a sign of disgrace. Victorian editors of the fables supplied the moral that 'notoriety is"
"a year earlier. During his research on the physiology of digestion in dogs, Pavlov developed a procedure that enabled him to study the digestive processes of animals over long periods of time. He redirected the animal's digestive fluids outside the body, where they could be measured. Pavlov noticed that his dogs began to salivate in the presence of the technician who normally fed them, rather than simply salivating in the presence of food. Pavlov called the dogs' anticipatory salivation ""psychic secretion"". Putting these informal observations to an experimental test, Pavlov presented a stimulus (e.g. the sound of a metronome) and"
"doing seminars on dog training using his system of dog whispering, which Sims believes treats the dog as an intelligent partner rather than as a creature needing domination. Graeme Sims Graeme Sims (born 1937) is a dog trainer. Sims developed his own system of dog whispering in 1986. During the next ten years he worked as a sheepdog demonstrator at two theme parks in Devon (""The Big Sheep"" and ""The Milky Way""). He managed The North Devon Sheepdog Breeding and Training Centre for five years. He is the only sheepdog handler to work up to nine dogs simultaneously under testing"
"Filippovitch Tolochinov in 1901. He had come to learn this concept of conditioned reflex when examining the rates of salivations among dogs. Pavlov had learned that when a buzzer or metronome was sounded in subsequent time with food being presented to the dog in consecutive sequences, the dog would initially salivate when the food was presented. The dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of that stimulus. Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been ""reflex at a distance"", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural"
"bell ringing without wearing the harness, the dogs did not salivate. The dogs only salivated upon hearing the bell ""while wearing the harness"". The bell ringing was direct communication of information, but the context of the communication also conveyed information. The concept of metacommunication has also been related to Communication Theory. Mateus (2017), influenced by Derrida's Graphematic Structure of Communication, suggested to see MetaCommunication as a self-differentiating redundancy. The concept here ""describes communication as an ad infinitum process in which every communication supposes always more communication. Metacommunication is the answer to the relationship level of communication and that’s why we"
"then gave the dog food; after a few repetitions, the dogs started to salivate in response to the stimulus. Pavlov concluded that if a particular stimulus in the dog's surroundings was present when the dog was given food then that stimulus could become associated with food and cause salivation on its own. In Pavlov's experiments the unconditioned stimulus (US) was the dog food because its effects did not depend on previous experience. The metronome's sound is originally a neutral stimulus NS because it does not elicit salivation in the dogs. After conditioning, the metronome's sound becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS)"""
"Carl Spitz Carl Spitz (August 26, 1894 – September 15, 1976) was a Hollywood dog trainer, most famous for owning and training the Cairn Terrier Terry, who portrayed Toto in the movie ""The Wizard of Oz"". Spitz developed the method of using silent hand signals to direct an animal. Spitz was born in Germany where he trained military and police dogs in WW1. He trained under Konrad Most, a pioneer of dog training. Spitz emigrated to the United States in 1926 and opened the Hollywood Dog Training School. According to screenwriter Jane Hall, Spitz went through the book ""The Wonderful"
"describe people, and correct misspellings. Max Müller, a veterinarian at the University of Munich, visited the school in 1942, at which time there was also a cat. The dogs could speak some words but were limited by the structure of their vocal apparatus; they responded more fluently using a code of a number of barks (or rings of an electric bell in the case of the terrier) for each letter. However, the training was only a show; the dogs' utterances were largely incomprehensible and their counting was a trained response. Another person who had attended a performance compared it to"
"experiments with dogs provide the most familiar example of the classical conditioning procedure. In simple conditioning, the dog was presented with a stimulus such as a light or a sound, and then food was placed in the dog's mouth. After a few repetitions of this sequence, the light or sound by itself caused the dog to salivate. Although Pavlov proposed some tentative physiological processes that might be involved in classical conditioning, these have not been confirmed. The idea of classical conditioning helped behaviorist John Watson discover the key mechanism behind how humans acquire the behaviors that they do, which was"
"with dogs, Pavlov usually used the salivary reflex, namely salivation (unconditioned response) following the taste of food (unconditioned stimulus). Pairing a neutral stimulus, for example a bell (conditioned stimulus) with food caused the bell to elicit salivation (conditioned response). Thus, in classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus becomes a signal for a biologically significant consequence. Note that in respondent conditioning, unlike operant conditioning, the response does not ""produce"" a reinforcer or punisher (e.g. the dog does not get food ""because"" it salivates). The environment is the entire constellation of stimuli in which an organism exists. This includes events both inside and"
"Dog whistle A dog whistle (also known as silent whistle or Galton's whistle) is a type of whistle that emits sound in the ultrasonic range, which people cannot hear but some other animals can, including dogs and domestic cats, and is used in their training. It was invented in 1876 by Francis Galton and is mentioned in his book ""Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development"", in which he describes experiments to test the range of frequencies that could be heard by various animals, such as a house cat. The upper limit of the human hearing range is about 20"
"bark-detection circuits in an effort to curb barking behaviour. This kind of whistle can also be used to determine the hearing range for people and for physics demonstrations requiring ultrasonic sounds. Dog whistle A dog whistle (also known as silent whistle or Galton's whistle) is a type of whistle that emits sound in the ultrasonic range, which people cannot hear but some other animals can, including dogs and domestic cats, and is used in their training. It was invented in 1876 by Francis Galton and is mentioned in his book ""Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development"", in which he"
"Stephen Hales measured blood pressure in the horse. In the 1780s, Luigi Galvani demonstrated that electricity applied to a dead, dissected, frog's leg muscle caused it to twitch, which led to an appreciation for the relationship between electricity and animation. In the 1880s, Louis Pasteur convincingly demonstrated the germ theory of medicine by giving anthrax to sheep. In the 1890s, Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to describe classical conditioning. In 1921 Otto Loewi provided the first substantial evidence that neuronal communication with target cells occurred via chemical synapses. He extracted two hearts from frogs and left them beating in an"
"room (Pavlov 1927: 142–143 [Lecture VIII]). Another of Zeliony's experiments was described by Pavlov as follows: An alimentary reflex was established in a dog to a compound stimulus made up of the sound of a whistle and the sound of the tone d sharp of a pneumatic tuning-fork. Both these sounds appeared to the human ear to be of equal intensity, and both when tested separately elicited a secretion of 19 drops of saliva during one minute. In addition to this, another compound stimulus was established, made up of the same sound of the whistle plus the tone a of"
"antiseptics in the operating room, and as a result decreased death rate from surgery by a substantial amount. The Physiological Society was founded in London in 1876 as a dining club. The American Physiological Society (APS) is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1887. The Society is, ""devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences."" In 1891, Ivan Pavlov performed research on ""conditional responses"" that involved dogs' saliva production in response to a bell and visual stimuli. In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with"
"food (UCS), and paired the sound of a bell (CS) with receiving food, and later the dog salivated (CR) to the bell alone, indicating that an association had been established between the bell and food. In operant conditioning, behaviors are changed due to the experienced outcomes of those behaviors. Stimuli do not cause behavior, as in classical conditioning, but instead the associations are created between stimulus and consequence, as an extension by Thorndike on his Law of Effect. B.F. Skinner was well known for his studies of reinforcers on behavior. His studies included the aspect of contingency, which refers to"
"an accidental discovery made in 1958 by William Bennett Kouwenhoven, Guy Knickerbocker, and James Jude at Johns Hopkins University. They were studying defibrillation in dogs when they noticed that by forcefully applying the paddles to the chest of the dog, they could achieve a pulse in the femoral artery. Further meticulous experimentation involving dogs answered such basic questions as how fast to press, where to press, and how deep to press. This information gave them the belief that they were ready for human trials. The first person saved with this technique was recalled by Jude: ""She was rather an obese"
"that the animal be anaesthetized and used once before being euthanized. (Other licences permitted the vivisection of conscious animals.) Coleridge accused Bayliss in public of having broken the law. Bayliss responded with a lawsuit. The trial opened in November 1903, by which time the diary had been published by Ernest Bell of Covent Garden, first as ""Eye-Witnesses"", later as ""The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology"". Lind af Hageby and Schartau testified that they had watched as the dog was brought into the lecture theatre, said they had not smelled or seen any apparatus"
"the Dog"" (1997), features bell ringers in her earlier novel ""Doomsday Book"" (1992); a group of American women led by a Mrs. Taylor frequently appears practising for or ringing both handbells and changes. The British television series ""Midsomer Murders"" aired an episode in the fifth season on a series of murders within a bell-ringing team, in ""Ring Out Your Dead"". In the science-fiction novel ""Anathem"" by Neal Stephenson (2008) changes are rung in a cloistered monastery for mathematicians to signal different ceremonies. Change ringing Change ringing is the art of ringing a set of tuned bells in a controlled manner"
"Graeme Sims Graeme Sims (born 1937) is a dog trainer. Sims developed his own system of dog whispering in 1986. During the next ten years he worked as a sheepdog demonstrator at two theme parks in Devon (""The Big Sheep"" and ""The Milky Way""). He managed The North Devon Sheepdog Breeding and Training Centre for five years. He is the only sheepdog handler to work up to nine dogs simultaneously under testing arena conditions. His work at country fairs in Britain involved working large groups of Border Collies, each in a different language, in precise movements. He works in Italy"
"a door bell is subjected to repeated ringing without accompanying visitors, and stops reacting to the meaningless stimuli. It becomes habituated to the noise. On the other side of habituation is sensitization. Some dogs' reactions to the stimuli become stronger instead of them habituating to the repeated stimuli or event. Desensitization is the process of pairing positive experiences with an object, person, or situation that causes fear or anxiety. Consistent exposure to the feared object in conjunction with rewards allows the animal to become less stressed, thereby becoming desensitized in the process. This type of training can be effective for"
"episode of ""Hell's Kitchen"". Cesar Millan César Felipe Millán Favela (; ; born August 27, 1969) is a Mexican-American dog behaviorist with over 25 years of canine experience. He is widely known for his Emmy-nominated television series ""Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan"", which was produced from 2004 to 2012 and is broadcast in more than 80 countries worldwide. Millan is a New York Times best-selling author and has his own line of dog products and instructional DVDs. Prior to ""The Dog Whisperer"" series, Millan focused on rehabilitating severely aggressive dogs and founded a rehab complex, the Dog Psychology Center, in"
"conditioning into animal training."" The Brelands coined the term ""bridging stimulus"" in the 1940s to refer to the function of a secondary reinforcer such as a whistle or click. ABE continued operations until 1990, with the assistance of Bob Bailey after Keller Breland died in 1965. They report having trained over 15,000 animals and over 150 species during their time in operation. Although the Brelands tried to promote clicker training for dogs in the 1940s and 1950s, the method failed to catch on until the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1992, animal trainers Karen Pryor and Gary Wilkes started"
"mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding ""Ow ah oo ga ma ma"". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate ""How are you, grandma?"" Indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a ""talking dog"". These initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance. At age 19, Bell wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed"
"during World War II, when pigeons were taught to ""bowl"" (push a ball with their beaks). They believed that traditional animal training was being needlessly hindered because methods of praise and reward then in use did not inform the animal of success with enough promptness and precision to create the required cognitive connections for speedy learning. They saw the potential for using the operation conditioning method in commercial animal training. The two later married and in 1947 created Animal Behavior Enterprises (ABE), ""the first commercial animal training business to intentionally and systematically incorporate the principles of behavior analysis and operant"
"more than 140 species. Their work had significant public exposure through press coverage of ABE-trained animals, bringing the principles of behavior analysis and operant conditioning to a wide audience. Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian scientist who is regarded as developing the foundations of ethological research, further popularised animal behaviorism with his books, ""Man Meets Dog"" and ""King Solomon's Ring"". Lorenz stated that there were three essential commands to teach a dog: ""lie down"" (stay where you are), ""basket"" (go over there) and ""heel"" (come with me). In 1935, the American Kennel Club began obedience trials, and in the following years popular"
"the main chemicals aiding neural signaling in these regions, and dopamine was suggested to be the brain's ""pleasure chemical"". Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist who used the reward system to study classical conditioning. Pavlov used the reward system by rewarding dogs with food after they had heard a bell or another stimulus. Pavlov was rewarding the dogs so that the dogs associated food, the reward, with the bell, the stimulus. Edward L. Thorndike used the reward system to study operant conditioning. He began by putting cats in a puzzle box and placing food outside of the box so that the"
"had promised his daughter in marriage as a reward to the one who brought back the enemy general's head, but due to the perceived difficulties of a dog marriage with a human bride (especially an imperial princess), the dog proposed to magically turn into a human being, by means of a process in which he would be sequestered beneath a bell for 280 days. However, the curious emperor, unable to restrain himself, lifted up the rim of the bell on the 279th day: the spell was thus broken before the transformation was completed, and, although the rest of the body"