"King of Italy at Milan with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. Emperor Napoleon III chose not to have a coronation ceremony. Nevertheless, a small consort's crown was fabricated for his wife, Empress Eugenie, which remains in the possession of the French government. The last French royal coronation was that of Charles X, in 1825 by Jean-Baptiste de Latil in Rheims cathedral. Charles' decision to be crowned, in contrast to his predecessor, Louis XVIII, proved unpopular with the French public, and Charles was ultimately overthrown in a revolution in 1830. His successor, Louis Philippe, opted not to have a coronation. The"
"the working class was excluded from voting. Louis Philippe appointed notable bourgeois as Prime Minister, like banker Casimir Périer, academic François Guizot, general Jean-de-Dieu Soult, and thus obtained the nickname of ""Citizen King"" (""Roi Bourgeois""). The July Monarchy was beset by corruption scandals and financial crisis. The opposition of the King was composed of Legitimists, supporting the Count of Chambord, Bourbon claimant to the Throne, and of Bonapartists and Republicans who fought against royalty and supported the principles of democracy. The King tried to suppress the opposition with censorship, but when the ""Campagne des banquets"" (""Banquets' Campaign"") was repressed in"
"Louis XIV of France Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (') or the Sun King ('), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. Starting on 14 May 1643 when Louis was 4 years old, his reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in the growing centralisation of power. Louis"
"only to the better-known and legitimised. Louis XIV of France Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (') or the Sun King ('), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. Starting on 14 May 1643 when Louis was 4 years old, his reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in"
"Emperor of the French Emperor of the French (French: ""Empereur des Français"") was the monarch of the First French Empire and the Second French Empire. A title and office used by the House of Bonaparte starting when Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the French Senate and was crowned emperor of the French on 2 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, in Paris, with the Crown of Napoleon. The title emphasized that the emperor ruled over ""the French people"" (the nation) and not over France (the state). The old formula of ""King of France"""
"and colony founded in 1642). Louis XIV, known as the ""Sun King"", reigned over France from 1643 until 1715 although his strongest period of personal rule did not begin until 1661 after the death of his Italian chief minister Cardinal Mazarin. Louis believed in the divine right of kings, which asserts that a monarch is above everyone except God, and is therefore not answerable to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or the Church. Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from Paris, sought to eliminate remnants of feudalism in France, and subjugated and weakened"
"the streets of Paris, known as the 1830 July Revolution. Charles was forced to flee and Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, a member of the Orléans branch of the family, and son of Philippe Égalité who had voted the death of his cousin Louis XVI, ascended the throne. Louis-Philippe ruled, not as ""King of France"" but as ""King of the French"" (an evocative difference for contemporaries). On 7 August 1830, the 1814 Charter was revised. The preamble reviving the ""Ancien Régime"" was suppressed, and the King of France became the ""King of the French"", (also known as the ""Citizen King"") establishing the principle"
". . . of production in France and often worldwide."" Sadly, the 1820s for Chaptal were clouded by the financial ruin of his son, Jean-Baptiste Chaptal. To cover his son's enormous debts due to large-scale business speculations, Chaptal was forced to sell Chanteloup and his home in Paris. He was left with only a small pension. During his last years he resided in a small apartment in Paris at No.8 rue Grenelle. It was there that he lived long enough to witness the Revolution of 1830 that brought Louis Philippe I(the Citizen King) to the throne. He was 76 years"
"Henry IV of France Henry IV (, read as ; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. He was assassinated in 1610 by François Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII. Baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother Jeanne d'Albret, Queen"
"from the wealthy ""bourgeoisie"". At first, he was much loved and called the ""Citizen King"" and the ""bourgeois monarch"", but his popularity suffered as his government was perceived as increasingly conservative and monarchical, despite his decision to have Napoleon's remains returned to France. Under his management, the conditions of the working classes deteriorated, and the income gap widened considerably. An economic crisis in 1847 led to the 1848 Revolutions, and Louis Philippe's abdication. The dissonance between his positive early reputation and his late unpopularity was epitomized by Victor Hugo in ""Les Misérables"" as an oxymoron describing his reign as ""Prince"
"Paris; the republicans, who had set up barricades in the capital; and the liberal bourgeoisie. However, at the end of his reign, the so-called ""Citizen King"" was overthrown by similar citizen uprisings and use of barricades during the February Revolution of 1848. This resulted in the proclamation of the Second Republic. After Louis-Philippe's ousting and subsequent exile to Britain, the liberal Orleanist faction (opposed by the counter-revolutionary Legitimists) continued to support a return of the House of Orléans to the throne. But the July Monarchy proved to be the last Bourbon-Orleans monarchy of France (although monarchy was re-established under Napoleon"
"Louis XIV, ""The Sun King"", builder of Versailles Palace. In the late 18th century the monarchy and associated institutions were overthrown in the French Revolution. The country was governed for a period as a Republic, until the French Empire was declared by Napoleon Bonaparte. Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870. France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I, fighting alongside"
"the King of the French on 9 August 1830. Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Penthièvre Charles d'Orléans (""Charles Ferdinand Louis Philippe Emmanuel""; 1 January 1820 – 25 July 1828) was the eighth child of the Duke and Duchess of Orléans, future Louis Philippe I and la Reine Marie Amélie. He was created Duke of Penthièvre, a title previously held by his great grandfather. Charles d'Orléans was born at the Palais Royal in Paris, the official city residence of the Orléans family since 1692. Inside his family, he was nicknamed ""Pimpin"". He was the fourth of six sons born to the Orléans;"
"27 years old, met with acclaim. The next year, his second play, ""Christine"", was equally popular. These successes gave him sufficient income to write full-time. In 1830, Dumas participated in the Revolution that ousted Charles X and replaced him with Dumas' former employer, the Duke of Orléans, who ruled as Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King. Until the mid-1830s, life in France remained unsettled, with sporadic riots by disgruntled Republicans and impoverished urban workers seeking change. As life slowly returned to normal, the nation began to industrialise. An improving economy combined with the end of press censorship made the times rewarding for"
"Charles VII of France Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), called the Victorious () or the Well-Served (), was King of France from 1422 to his death in 1461, the fifth from the House of Valois. In the midst of the Hundred Years' War, Charles VII inherited the throne of France under desperate circumstances. Forces of the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Burgundy occupied Guyenne and northern France, including Paris, the most populous city, and Reims, the city in which the French kings were traditionally crowned. In addition, his father Charles VI had disinherited him"
"Popular monarchy Popular monarchy is a term used by Kingsley Martin (1936) for royal titles referring to a people rather than a territory. This was the norm in classical antiquity and throughout much of the Middle Ages, and such titles were retained in some of the monarchies of 19th- and 20th-century Europe. During the French Revolution Louis XVI had to change his title to indicate he was ""king of the French"" rather than ""king of France"", paralleling the title of ""king of the Franks"" (""rex Francorum"") used in medieval France. Currently, Belgium has the only explicit popular monarchy, the formal"
"Funès (1914-1983) - Actor and comedian. 18. Jean Gabin (1904-1976) - Actor. 19. Daniel Balavoine (1952-1986) - Singer, songwriter and musician. 20. Serge Gainsbourg (1928-1991) - Singer and songwriter. 21. Zinedine Zidane (1972) - Footballer. 22. Charlemagne (748-814) – Emperor. 23. Lino Ventura (1919-1987) - Actor. 24. François Mitterrand (1916-1996) – President. 25. Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) – Architect. 26. Émile Zola (1840-1902) - Novelist. 27. Sœur Emmanuelle (1908-2008) - Nun and humanitarian. 28. Jean Moulin (1899-1943) - Leader of French resistance during World War II. 29. Charles Aznavour (1924-2018) - Singer, songwriter and actor. 30. Yves Montand (1921-1991) - Actor"
"Georges Ernest Boulanger Georges Ernest Jean-Marie Boulanger (29 April 1837 – 30 September 1891), nicknamed Général Revanche, was a French general and politician. An enormously popular public figure during the Third Republic, he won a series of elections and was feared to be powerful enough to establish himself as dictator at the zenith of his popularity in January 1889. His base of support was the working districts of Paris and other cities, plus rural traditionalist Catholics and royalists. He promoted an aggressive nationalism, known as Revanchism, which opposed Germany and called for the defeat of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) to"
"various laws including the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the abolition of feudalism, and a fundamental change in the relationship between France and Rome. At first the king agreed with these changes and enjoyed reasonable popularity with the people. As anti-royalism increased along with threat of foreign invasion, the king tried to flee and join France's enemies. He was captured and on 21 January 1793, having been convicted of treason, he was guillotined. On 20 September 1792 the National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Due to the emergency of war, the"
"Napoleon Napoléon Bonaparte (, ; ; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over"
"the French monarchy in 1792, Monseigneur equated to His Royal Highness or His Serene Highness when used as part of the title of a royal prince, as in ""Monseigneur le comte de Provence"". King Louis XIV promoted the use of ""Monseigneur"" without the title as a style for the dauphin de France but this use lapsed in the 18th century. French royalists commonly style the current pretender ""Monseigneur"". In his book ""A Tale of Two Cities"" Charles Dickens uses this honorific as a collective noun denoting the great nobility as a class. This form of formal address is currently still"
"Charles, who reigned as Charles V of France, known as ""The Wise."" John II of France John II (; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: ""Jean le Bon""), was King of France from 1350 until his death, the second monarch from the House of Valois. When John II came to power, France was facing several disasters: the Black Death, which caused the death of nearly half of its population; popular revolts known as ""Jacqueries""; free companies (""Grandes Compagnies"") of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in disastrous military losses, including"
"Emperor, Leopold II of Belgium, Anne Long (c.1681-1711), Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, Louis XIII of France, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, Hortense Mancini, Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Marguerite de Valois, Maria Theresa of Austria, Increase Mather, Jan Masaryk, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Cardinal Mazarin, Giuseppe Mazzini, Leopoldo de' Medici, Philipp Melanchthon, François Mitterrand, Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Raimondo Montecuccoli, Benito Mussolini, Napoleon, Jacques Necker, Max Nordau Charles I de Valois, Duke of Orléans, Nicolas IV de Neufville, Siegneur de Villeroy, Pasquale Paoli, Peter the Great, Samuel Pepys, Johann Patkul,"
"Borgias"", Charles VIII is portrayed by French actor Michel Muller. In the 2011 French-German historical drama ""Borgia"", Charles VIII is played by Simon Larvaron. The event of the king's death is depicted in the TV series ""Borgia"" with a small twist: in the episode, Charles ""himself"" plays a game of jeu de paume with Cesare Borgia and loses; while ""leaving"" the game, Charles strikes his head on the lintel of a door. Charles VIII of France Charles VIII, called the Affable, (30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498, the"
"Jean-Baptiste Lynch Jean-Baptiste Lynch (3 June 1749 – 15 August 1835) was a Count of the First French Empire, Mayor of Bordeaux and a peer of France, sitting in the upper house of the French Senate. Lynch opposed the French Revolution (1789–1799), and was later imprisoned under the Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 8 July 1794). In 1808, he was appointed mayor of Bordeaux, and was for a time entirely devoted to Napoleon. In 1813, he contacted the royalist agents, and in 1814 he surrendered the city to the British. Louis XVIII later appointed him a peer of"
"July Monarchy The July Monarchy () was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. It marks the end of the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30). It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X, the last king of the House of Bourbon. Louis Philippe, a member of the more liberal Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as ""Roi des Français"" (""King of the French"") rather than ""King of France"", emphasizing the popular origins of his reign. The king promised"
"is one of the oldest in Europe. Henri, Count of Chambord Henri, Count of Chambord (; 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was disputedly King of France from 2 to 9 August 1830 as Henry V, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. Afterwards, he was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844 to 1883. He was nearly received as king in 1871 and 1873. Henri was the posthumous son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of Charles X of France, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King"
"king of France, Henry IV. Much of Catholic France, organized into the Catholic League, refused to recognize a Protestant monarch and instead recognized Henry IV's uncle, Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, as rightful king, and the civil war continued. Henry won a crucial victory at Ivry on 14 March 1590 and, following the death of the Cardinal the same year, the forces of the League lacked an obvious Catholic candidate for the throne and divided into various factions. Nevertheless, as a Protestant, Henry IV was unable to take Paris, a Catholic stronghold, or to decisively defeat his enemies, now supported by"
"Louis XVI of France Louis XVI (; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months before he was guillotined. In 1765, at the death of his father, Louis, son and heir apparent of Louis XV, Louis-Auguste became the new Dauphin of France. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he assumed the title ""King of France and Navarre"", which he used until 4 September 1791, when he received the title"
"Napoleon III Napoleon III (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870 and, as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the President of France from 1848 to 1852. He was the only president of the French Second Republic and the founder of the Second French Empire. The nephew and heir of Napoleon I, he was the first head of state of France to hold the title of president, the first elected by a direct popular vote and the youngest until the election of Emmanuel Macron in 2017. Barred by the Constitution"
"born King of France but lived for only a few days. On December 16, 1431, Henry VI of England was crowned as ""King of France"" in the Notre Dame de Paris, according to a ritual similar to that established by his great-grandfather Charles V of France. This was an attempt to counter the coronation of Henry's uncle and rival, Charles VII of France, who had been crowned at Reims in 1429. On February 27, 1594, in the Chartres Cathedral, Henry of Navarre was anointed King of France as Henry IV. Reims was then held by his enemies, the House of"
"Calais. The claim to the title of ""King of France"" was nonetheless not relinquished until the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, by which time the French monarchy had been overthrown by the French Revolution. After 1422 the royal style remained unchanged for almost a century. Numerous amendments, however, were effected during Henry VIII's reign. After Henry wrote a book against the Protestant Martin Luther, Pope Leo X rewarded him by granting the title ""Defender of the Faith"". After disagreements with the Papacy over his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII broke away"
"Louis XVIII of France Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as ""the Desired"" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. He spent twenty-three years in exile, from 1791 to 1814, during the French Revolution and the First French Empire, and again in 1815, during the period of the Hundred Days, upon the return of Napoleon I from Elba. Until his accession to the throne of France, he held the"