"How Many More Times ""How Many More Times"" is the ninth and final track on English rock band Led Zeppelin's 1969 debut album ""Led Zeppelin"". The song is credited in the album liner to Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham, but Robert Plant was later added to the ASCAP credits. At eight and a half minutes, ""How Many More Times"" is the longest song on the album. It is one of three Led Zeppelin songs on which Page used bowed guitar. In an interview he gave to ""Guitar World"" magazine in 1993, Page stated that the song ""was"
"in other bases. Several conventional names are used for collections or groups of bits. Historically, a byte was the number of bits used to encode a character of text in the computer, which depended on computer hardware architecture; but today it almost always means eight bits – that is, an octet. A byte can represent 256 (2) distinct values, such as non-negative integers from 0 to 255, or signed integers from −128 to 127. The IEEE 1541-2002 standard specifies ""B"" (upper case) as the symbol for byte (IEC 80000-13 uses ""o"" for octet in French, but also allows ""B"" in"
"eight bits per byte, as it is widely used today. However, because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design, the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight bits. Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size, conventionally named ""words"". Like the byte, the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design, and is typically between 8 and 80 bits, or even more in some specialized computers. In the 21st century, retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits. The International System"
"can be converted into a string of bits, or binary digits, each of which has a value of 1 or 0. The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits. A piece of information can be handled by any computer or device whose storage space is large enough to accommodate ""the binary representation of the piece of information"", or simply data. For example, the complete works of Shakespeare, about 1250 pages in print, can be stored in about five megabytes (40 million bits) with one byte per character. Data are encoded by assigning a bit pattern"
"Octet (computing) The octet is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that consists of eight bits. The term is often used when the term byte might be ambiguous, as the byte has historically been used for storage units of a variety of sizes. The term ""octad(e)"" for eight bits is no longer common. A variable-length sequence of octets, as in Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), is referred to as an octet string. The international standard IEC 60027-2, chapter 3.8.2, states that a byte is an octet of bits. However, the unit byte has historically been platform-dependent and"
"Nibble In computing, a nibble (occasionally nybble or nyble to match the spelling of byte) is a four-bit aggregation, or half an octet. It is also known as half-byte or tetrade. In a networking or telecommunication context, the nibble is often called a semi-octet, quadbit, or quartet. A nibble has sixteen (2) possible values. A nibble can be represented by a single hexadecimal digit and called a hex digit. A full byte (octet) is represented by two hexadecimal digits; therefore, it is common to display a byte of information as two nibbles. Sometimes the set of all 256 byte values"
"Bit rate In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable ""R"") is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is quantified using the bits per second unit (symbol: ""bit/s""), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as ""kilo"" (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), ""mega"" (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), ""giga"" (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or ""tera"" (1 Tbit/s = 1000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation ""bps"" is often used to replace the standard symbol ""bit/s"", so that, for example, ""1 Mbps"" is used to mean one million"
"disks used ~984,573 atoms to store each bit. In January 2012, IBM researchers announced they compressed 1 bit in 12 atoms using antiferromagnetism and a scanning tunneling microscope with iron and copper atoms. This could mean a practical jump from a disk to a disk. Orders of magnitude (data) An order of magnitude is a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10,000 or 10. This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for digital information storage measured in bits. The byte is a"
"bytes. Assuming a monochrome display, 8 bits per byte, and a standard size of 8 times 8 bits for each character, a framebuffer large enough to hold every pixel on the resulting screen would require at least 128,000 bits, 16,000 bytes, or just under 16 kilobytes. By the standards of modern computers, these may seem like trivial amounts of memory, but to put them in context, the original Apple II was released in 1977 with only four kilobytes of memory and a price of $1,300 in U.S. dollars (at a time when the minimum wage in the United States was"
"48-bit In computer architecture, 48-bit integers can represent 281,474,976,710,656 (2 or 2.814749767×10) discrete values. This allows an unsigned binary integer range of 0 through 281,474,976,710,655 (2 − 1) or a signed two's complement range of -140,737,488,355,328 (-2) through 140,737,488,355,327 (2 − 1). A 48-bit memory address can directly address every byte of 256 tebibytes of storage. 48-bit can refer to any other data unit that consumes 48 bits (6 octets) in width. Examples include 48-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. Computers with 48-bit words include the"
"""false"" and ""true"" respectively. This type can be stored in memory using a single bit, but is often given a full byte for convenience of addressing and speed of access. A four-bit quantity is known as a ""nibble"" (when eating, being smaller than a ""bite"") or ""nybble"" (being a pun on the form of the word ""byte""). One nibble corresponds to one digit in hexadecimal and holds one digit or a sign code in binary-coded decimal. The term ""byte"" initially meant 'the smallest addressable unit of memory'. In the past, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-bit bytes have all been"
"example, codice_3 and codice_4. In Common Lisp: Nibble In computing, a nibble (occasionally nybble or nyble to match the spelling of byte) is a four-bit aggregation, or half an octet. It is also known as half-byte or tetrade. In a networking or telecommunication context, the nibble is often called a semi-octet, quadbit, or quartet. A nibble has sixteen (2) possible values. A nibble can be represented by a single hexadecimal digit and called a hex digit. A full byte (octet) is represented by two hexadecimal digits; therefore, it is common to display a byte of information as two nibbles. Sometimes"
"English, which is what is actually being used). Bytes, or multiples thereof, are almost always used to specify the sizes of computer files and the capacity of storage units. Most modern computers and peripheral devices are designed to manipulate data in whole bytes or groups of bytes, rather than individual bits. A group of four bits, or half a byte, is sometimes called a nibble or nybble. This unit is most often used in the context of hexadecimal number representations, since a nibble has the same amount of information as one hexadecimal digit. Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of"
"has represented various storage sizes in the history of computing. Due to the influence of several major computer architectures and product lines, the byte became overwhelmingly associated with eight bits. This meaning of ""byte"" is codified in such standards as ISO/IEC 80000-13. While ""byte"" and ""octet"" are often used synonymously, those working with certain legacy systems are careful to avoid ambiguity. Octets can be represented using number systems of varying bases such as the hexadecimal, decimal, or octal number systems. The binary value of all eight bits set (or activated) is , equal to the hexadecimal value , the decimal"
"bits per second. In most environments, one byte per second (1 B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s. When quantifying large bit rates, SI prefixes (also known as metric prefixes or decimal prefixes) are used, thus: Binary prefixes are sometimes used for bit rates. The International Standard (IEC 80000-13) specifies different abbreviations for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g. 1 KiB/s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1 MiB/s = 1024 KiB/s). In digital communication systems, the physical layer ""gross bitrate"", ""raw bitrate"", ""data signaling rate"", ""gross data transfer rate"" or ""uncoded transmission rate"" (sometimes written as a variable ""R"" or"
"on an 8-bit system might limit the score or the number of items the player can hold to 255—the result of using a byte, which is 8 bits long, to store the number, giving a maximum value of . For example, in the original ""Legend of Zelda"" the main character was limited to carrying 255 rupees (the currency of the game) at any given time, and the video game Pac-Man famously shuts down at level 255. Powers of two are often used to measure computer memory. A byte is now considered eight bits (an octet, resulting in the possibility of"
"Bit The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit) is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications. A binary digit can have only one of two values, and may be physically represented with a two-state device. These state values are most commonly represented as either a . The two values of a binary digit can also be interpreted as logical values (true/false, yes/no), algebraic signs (+/−), activation states (on/off), or any other two-valued attribute. The correspondence between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention, and different assignments"
"two-state quantum system. The symbol for binary digit is either simply ""bit"" (recommended by the IEC 80000-13:2008 standard) or lowercase ""b"" (recommended by the IEEE 1541-2002 and IEEE Std 260.1-2004 standards). A group of eight binary digits is commonly called one byte, but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined. As a unit of information in information theory, the bit has alternatively been called a ""shannon"", named after Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory. This usage distinguishes the quantity of information from the form of the state variables used to represent it. When the logical values"
"is not a coincidence that those numbers are exact powers of two (the binary code): 2 = 4, 2 = 16 and 2 = 256. While 256 values can be fit into a single 8-bit byte (and then a single indexed color pixel also occupies a single byte), pixel indices with 16 (4-bit, a nibble) or fewer colors can be packed together into a single byte (two nibbles per byte, if 16 colors are employed, or four 2-bit pixels per byte if using 4 colors). Sometimes, 1-bit (2-color) values can be used, and then up to eight pixels can be"
"a fixed size, conventionally called ""words"". The number of bits in a word is usually defined by the size of the registers in the computer's CPU, or by the number of data bits that are fetched from its main memory in a single operation. In the IA-32 architecture more commonly known as x86-32, a word is 16 bits, but other past and current architectures use words with 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 26, 32, 36, 39, 40, 48, 56, 60, 64, 80 bits or others. Some machine instructions and computer number formats use two words (a ""double word"" or ""dword""),"
"schemes, etc.) the ""actual"" bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using µlaw or A-law companding (pulse code modulation) yield 64 kbit/s. Bit rate In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable ""R"") is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is quantified using the bits per second unit (symbol: ""bit/s""), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as ""kilo"" (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), ""mega"" (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), ""giga"""
"to mean eight bits (1 B = 8 bit). Therefore, 1 kB = 8000 bit. One thousand kilobytes (1000 kB) is equal to one megabyte (1 MB), where 1 MB is one million bytes. The kilobyte has traditionally been used to refer to 1024 bytes (2 B), a usage still common. The usage of the metric prefix ""kilo"" for binary multiples arose as a convenience, because 1000 approximates 1024. The binary interpretation of metric prefixes is still prominently used by the Microsoft Windows operating system, which is used on 90% of the world's personal computers. They are also used for"
"necessarily 8, hence the distinction of ""bytes"" and ""octets"" or of ""nibbles"" and ""quartets"" (or ""quadbits""). Today, the terms 'byte' and 'nibble' almost always refer to 8-bit and 4-bit collections respectively and are very rarely used to express any other sizes. The sixteen nibbles and their equivalents in other numeral systems: The terms ""low nibble"" and ""high nibble"" are used to denote the nibbles containing, respectively, the less significant bits and the more significant bits within a byte. In graphical representations of bits within a byte, the leftmost bit could represent the most significant bit (MSB), corresponding to ordinary decimal"
"Kilobit The kilobit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix ""kilo-"" (symbol k) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 10 (1 thousand), and therefore, The kilobit has the unit symbol kbit or kb. Using the common byte size of 8 bits, 1 kbit is equal to 125 bytes. The kilobit is commonly used in the expression of data rates of digital communication circuits as kilobits per second (kbit/s or kb/s), or abbreviated as ""kbps"", as in, for example, ""a 56 kbps PSTN circuit"", or ""a"
"are present in the message and fields 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 are not. The bitmap may be represented as 8 bytes of binary data or as 16 hexadecimal characters (0-9, A-F) in the ASCII or EBCDIC character sets. A message will contain at least one bitmap, called the ""primary bitmap"", which indicates which of data elements 1 to 64 are present. The presence of an optional secondary bitmap is also indicated by the first bit in the primary bitmap. If present, the secondary bitmap indicates whether data elements 65 to 128 are present. Similarly, a tertiary bitmap"
"base 2 (11111111), in base 4 (3333), and in base 16 (FF). 255 is a special number in some tasks having to do with computing. This is the maximum value representable by an eight-digit binary number, and therefore the maximum representable by an unsigned 8-bit byte (the most common size of byte, also called an octet), the smallest common variable size used in high level programming languages (bit being smaller, but rarely used for value storage). The range is 0 to 255, which is 256 total values. For example, 255 is the maximum value The use of eight bits for"
"1 bits the transmitter guarantees a maximum of six (SDLC) or seven (USB) bit times between transitions. The receiver can synchronise its clock against the transitions to ensure proper data recovery. In SDLC the transmitted bit sequence ""01111110"" containing six adjacent 1 bits is the Flag byte. Bit stuffing ensures that this pattern can never occur in normal data, so it can be used as a marker for the beginning and end of frame without any possibility of being confused with normal data. The main disadvantage of bit-stuffing is that the code rate is unpredictable; it depends on the data"
"Hextet In computing, a hextet is a sixteen-bit aggregation, or four nibbles. As a nibble typically is notated in hexadecimal format, a hextet consists of 4 hexadecimal digits. A hextet is the unofficial name for each of the 8 blocks in an IPv6 address. Bob Bemer suggested the use of hextet for 16-bit groups in 2000. In 2011 an Internet Draft explored various alternatives for hextet such as ""quibble"", short for ""quad nibble"". ""Hextet"" would more properly describe a 6-bit aggregation, whereas the exact term for 16 bits should be ""hexadectet"", directly related to the term octet (for 8 bits)."
"Orders of magnitude (data) An order of magnitude is a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10,000 or 10. This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for digital information storage measured in bits. The byte is a common unit of measurement of information (kilobyte, kibibyte, megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, terabyte, tebibyte, etc.); for the purpose of this article, a byte is a group of 8 bits (octet), a nibble is a group of four bits. Historically, both assumptions have not always been"
"bytes, is the minimum unit of storage that is read from and written to a disk by a disk driver. The earliest disk drives had fixed block sizes (e.g. the IBM 350 disk storage unit (of the late 1950s) block size was 100 6 bit characters) but starting with the 1301 IBM marketed subsystems that featured variable block sizes: a particular track could have blocks of different sizes. The disk subsystems on the IBM System/360 expanded this concept in the form of Count Key Data (CKD) and later Extended Count Key Data (ECKD); however the use of variable block size"
"can adopt one of two possible values (0 or 1), whereas a bit is the maximum amount of information that can be conveyed by a binary digit (when averaged over both of its states). By analogy, just as a pint-sized bottle can contain between zero and one pint, so a binary digit can convey between zero and one bit of information. A less confusing terminology is to refer to bits as shannons (see below). In quantum computing, a ""quantum bit"" or qubit is a quantum system that can exist in superposition of two classical (i.e., non-quantum) bit values; see also"
"this transition be completed prior to 2013.) Often single transmission channels contain blocks of data at more than one of the rates. Transmission use 32-bit blocks called codewords. Each codeword carries 21 bits of information (bits 31 through 11), 10 bits of error-correcting code (bits 10 through 1), and an even parity bit (bit 0). Bits 31 through 1 are a cyclic code (31, 21). The error-correcting code has a 6-bit Hamming distance: each 31-bit codeword differs from ever other codeword in at least 6 bits. Consequently, the code can detect and correct up to 2 errors in a codeword."
"(MAC address) of a computer uses a 48-bit address space. This can be changed to 64-bit addressing. In digital images, 48 bits per pixel, or 16 bits per each color channel (red, green and blue), is used for accurate processing. For the human eye, it is almost impossible to see any difference between such an image and a 24-bit image, but the existence of more shades of each of the three primary colors (65,536 as opposed to 256) means that more operations can be performed on the image without risk of noticeable banding or posterization. 48-bit In computer architecture, 48-bit"