"Vienna, when it was detached from the Duchy of Warsaw and given to Prussia, where it became reorganized as the Grand Duchy of Posen. The King of Prussia gave the Grand Duchy the right to call a parliament in 1823, with specific decrees defining its competences in 1826. The parliament carried the traditions of the General Sejmik of Greater Poland, and insisted on using the Polish word ""sejm"" in its name. The Sejm met for the first time on 24 December 1827. The second sejm session begun on 30 January 1830. Following the suppression of the Sejm of the Congress"
"and must pass a motion of confidence in the ""Sejm"" within two weeks. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament, ""Sejm"" and Senate. Members of Sejm are elected by proportional representation, with the proviso that non-ethnic-minority parties must gain at least 5% of the national vote to enter the lower house. Currently five parties are represented. Parliamentary elections occur at least every four years. The president, as the head of state, is the supreme commander of the Armed Forces, has the power to veto legislation passed by parliament, which may be overridden by a majority of three"
"5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (requirements waived for ethnic minorities). The senate is elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member districts. To be included on a ballot, a senate candidate must present 2,000 signatures of support from their constituents. For Sejm elections, the threshold is 5,000 signatures per constituency, though that requirement is waived for parties that have already registered lists in at least half of all constituencies (21 out of 41 as of this election). Overall, the Sejm includes 460 MPs. Should a party have 231 or more deputies in Parliament, it has an absolute"
"of the Sejm summons the National Assembly, a joint session of the members of both houses. Its function is mostly ceremonial in nature, and it only convenes occasionally, such as to witness the inauguration of the President. Under exceptional circumstances, the constitution endows the National Assembly with significant responsibilities, such as the power to bring the President before the State Tribunal (impeachment).The current leading party is Law and Justice (PiS) with 234 out of 460 seats in Sejm and 61 out of 100 seats in Senate. The two debating halls have designated seats for the deputies, senators and the Marshals,"
"country. The 460 members of the Sejm are elected by open party-list proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. Seats are allocated using the D'hondt method, with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (although requirements waived for national minorities). The Senate is elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member districts. Candidates for Deputies are nominated either by the electoral committees of the various political parties and or by individual voter committees. Overall, the Sejm includes 460 MPs. Should a party have 231 or more deputies in Parliament, it has an absolute majority and could thus govern autonomously, without"
"the first Legislative ""Sejm"" of 1919, a Constituent Assembly, passed the Small Constitution of 1919, which introduced a parliamentary republic and proclaimed the principle of the ""Sejm""'s sovereignty. This was then strengthened, in 1921, by the March Constitution, one of the most democratic European constitutions enacted after the end of World War I. The constitution established a political system which was based on Montesquieu's doctrine of separation of powers, and which restored the bicameral ""Sejm"" consisting of a lower house (to which alone the name of """"Sejm"""" was from then on applied) and an upper house, the Senate. In 1919,"
"the name of the lower house of the Polish National Assembly. The word ""sejmik"" was consciously chosen by lawmakers during regional reorganization reforms in the 1990s to eliminate the term ""rada wojewódzka"" (voivodeship council), as the definition conjured memories of people's councils during the communist People's Republic of Poland era. Initially, elected regional assemblies were created by the government of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki under his administration's decentralization programme, with the regional assemblies acting as advisory bodies to the centrally-appointed voivode. Under the administration of Jerzy Buzek in 1998, the contemporary regional assemblies were created by the Sejm with the"
"After the end of communism in 1989, the Senate was reinstated as the upper house of a bicameral national assembly, while the ""Sejm"" became the lower house. The ""Sejm"" is now composed of 460 deputies elected by proportional representation every four years. Between 7 and 19 deputies are elected from each constituency using the d'Hondt method (with one exception, in 2001, when the Sainte-Laguë method was used), their number being proportional to their constituency's population. Additionally, a threshold is used, so that candidates are chosen only from parties that gained at least 5% of the nationwide vote (candidates from ethnic-minority"
"Sejm (lower house of Parliament) in the 2005 Parliamentary election on the Polish Labour Party electoral committee list. The list comprised candidates from other parties including the Anticlerical Progress Party REASON (RACJA), Communist Party of Poland, Polish Ecological Party – Greens and Polish Socialist Party. The grouping obtained 0.77% of the vote and was unsuccessful in electing a member to Parliament. She is a vegetarian. Maria Szyszkowska Maria Szyszkowska (born October 7, 1937 in Warsaw) is a Polish academic, writer and former Senator. Szyszkowska was a member of the Alliance of the Democratic Left (SLD) and chaired that Party's Ethics"
"Polish Parliament has two chambers. The lower chamber (""Sejm"") has 460 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies using the d'Hondt method similar to that used in many parliamentary political systems, with a 5% threshold (8% for coalitions, threshold waived for national minorities). The Senate (""Senat"") has 100 members elected for a four-year term under the single member, one-round first-past-the-post voting method. When sitting in joint session, members of the Sejm and Senate form the National Assembly, (Polish ""Zgromadzenie Narodowe""). The National Assembly is formed on three occasions: Taking the oath of office by a"
"German Minority Electoral Committee German Minority (, ) are representatives of the German minority in Poland in the Sejm, or the lower house of Polish parliament. Candidates of the German minority are proposed by the Social-Cultural Association of Germans in Silesian Opole (""Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Niemców na Śląsku Opolskim"") and the Social-Cultural Association of Germans in Silesian Voivodeship (""Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Niemców Województwa Śląskiego""). German Minority supports Polish integration with the European Union and the development of the region of Silesia, and argues for laws supportive of minority groups (in particular, the German minority in Poland). As a national minority, it is"
"election. The election was for all 460 seats of the Sejm and all 100 seats of the Senate. Candidates for Deputies are nominated either by the electoral committees of the various political parties and or by individual voter committees. The process of election for the Sejm is through party-list proportional representation via the D'hondt method in multi-seat constituencies (41 in total), with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (requirements waived for national minorities). The election was the first one to take place under a new Election Code which altered the electoral system in the Senate"
"House of Representatives (Netherlands) The House of Representatives (, pronounced ; commonly referred to as the ', literally Second Chamber) is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate. It has 150 seats which are filled through elections using a party-list proportional representation. It sits in the Binnenhof in The Hague. Although this body is called the ""House of Representatives"" in English, this is not a direct translation of its Dutch name, the ""Second Chamber"" or more colloquially just the ""Chamber"". Rather than ""representatives"" (""afgevaardigden""), members of the House"
"Senate of Poland The Senate () is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'. The history of the Polish Senate is rich in tradition and stretches back over 500 years. It was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the dismemberment of the Polish state in 1795. After a brief period of existence in the inter-war period the Senate was again abolished (by many accounts illegally) by the authorities of the People's Republic of Poland. It was not re-established until the collapse of the"
"are kept regardless). The threshold is 3.25% in Israel's Knesset (it was 1% before 1992, 1.5% in 1992–2003 and 2% until March 2014) and 10% in the Turkish parliament. In Poland, ethnic minority parties do not have to reach the threshold level to get into the parliament and so there is always a small German minority representation in the Sejm. In Romania, for the ethnic minority parties there is a different threshold than for the national parties that run for the Chamber of Deputies. There are also countries such as Portugal, South Africa, Finland, the Netherlands and the Republic of"
"Great Sejm The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm (Polish: respectively, ""Sejm Wielki"" or ""Sejm Czteroletni""; Lithuanian: ""Didysis seimas"" or ""Ketverių metų seimas"") was a Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the Commonwealth politically and economically. The Sejm's great achievement was the adoption of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, often described as Europe's first modern written national constitution, and the world's second, after the United States Constitution. The Polish Constitution was designed to redress long-standing political defects of"
"supported the abolition, while the centrist Fianna Fáil was alone among major parties in supporting the retention of the Seanad. Upper house An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. Examples of upper houses in countries include the United Kingdom's House of Lords, India's Rajya Sabha, Pakistan's Senate of Pakistan, Russia's Federation Council, Ireland's Seanad, Malaysia's Dewan Negara, Germany's"
"in the Realm withdrew from the EEC (later expanded to become the EU). Currently, all constituencies various forms of proportional representation (PR), except the single-seat German-speaking electoral college in Belgium, which uses first-past-the-post. The parliament as a whole is not PR, because seats are apportioned between member states by degressive proportionality; also, Poland and Belgium's constituencies are apportioned with wide population variance. Data are for the 2014–2019 legislature. European Parliament constituency Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are elected by the population of the member states of the European Union (EU), divided into constituencies. Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland and"
"one-seat majority after the longest time since an election took place, 209 days, surpassing the previous record of 208 days set after the 1977 general elections. House of Representatives (Netherlands) The House of Representatives (, pronounced ; commonly referred to as the ', literally Second Chamber) is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate. It has 150 seats which are filled through elections using a party-list proportional representation. It sits in the Binnenhof in The Hague. Although this body is called the ""House of Representatives"" in English, this"
"on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly has two chambers. The parliament (""Sejm"") has 460 members, elected for a four-year term by party lists in multi-seat constituencies with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions, (requirement waived for national minorities). The ""Senate"" (""Senat"") has 100 members elected for a four-year term via the first past-the-post system, with 100 single member constituencies. Prior to the 2011 parliamentary elections, elections to the Senate were conducted through plurality"
"Contract Sejm Contract Sejm () is a term commonly applied to the ""Sejm"" (parliament) elected in the Polish parliamentary elections of 1989. The ""contract"" refers to an agreement reached by the Polish United Workers' Party and the Solidarity (Solidarność in Polish) movement during the Polish Round Table Agreement. The final agreement was signed on April 5, 1989. As a result, real political power was vested in a newly created bicameral legislature and in a president who would be the chief executive. Solidarność became a legitimate and legal political party. Perhaps the most important decision reached during the talks was to"
"since 1991), but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold. However, during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents. Tickets like Civic Platform during the 2001 election were formally non-partisan, Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party, as it is now. The situation in the Senate is different, as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right. In the last parliamentary election (2015) four independents won seats in the Senate. Three Presidents since 1990 have technically been independents. Lech Wałęsa was"
"Chamber of Representatives (Belgium) The Chamber of Representatives (Dutch: , , ) is one of the two chambers in the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Senate. It is considered to be the ""lower house"" of the Federal Parliament. Article 62 of the Belgian Constitution fixes the number of seats in the Chamber of Representatives at 150. There are 11 electoral districts, which correspond with the ten Provinces (five Dutch- and five French-speaking) and the Brussels-Capital Region. Prior to the sixth Belgian state reform, the province of Flemish Brabant was divided into two electoral districts: one for"
"result, nearly all Belgian governments since the end of World War I have been coalitions between two or more parties or party families. Current party standings, as of May 2014: 1978–1981 1981–1985 1985–1987 1987–1991 1991–1995 1995–1999 1999–2003 2003–2007 2007–2010 2010–2014 2014–present Chamber of Representatives (Belgium) The Chamber of Representatives (Dutch: , , ) is one of the two chambers in the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Senate. It is considered to be the ""lower house"" of the Federal Parliament. Article 62 of the Belgian Constitution fixes the number of seats in the Chamber of Representatives at"
"Sejm of Congress Poland until its abolishment in 1831. Even in the Lithuanian territories incorporated into the Russian Empire, some judicial sejmiks were allowed to elect lower court judges; it was the only elective representative institution to survive in the Lithuanian territories after the partition. In the Prussian partition there were provincial sejmiks (Provinziallandtag) and powiat sejmiks (Kreistag). Near the turn of the century, some limited local representative institutions existed in the Russian partition and Austrian partition, but they did not bear the name of sejmiks. After Poland regained independence, provincial sejms were restored in the Second Polish Republic, although"
"Partition Sejm The Partition Sejm () was a Sejm lasting from 1773 to 1775 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, convened by its three neighbours (the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland. During its first days in session, that Sejm was the site of Tadeusz Rejtan's famous gesture of protest against Partition. The Sejm also passed other legislation, notably establishing the Permanent Council and the Commission of National Education. Cardinal Laws were confirmed. The new legislation was guaranteed by the Russian Empire, giving it another excuse to interfere in the Commonwealth politics if the"
"lower house in the ""Landtag"" assembly of Prussia was called ""Abgeordnetenhaus"", as distinct from the upper House of Lords. In 1934, the Nebraska voters approved a unicameral legislature dissolving the House of Representatives and granting its powers to the Senate. The Kenyan House of Representatives was combined with the Senate in 1966, to form an enlarged single chamber parliament, known as the National Assembly. The Senate was re-established as an upper house following the 2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum. The House of Representatives of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was the lower chamber of the parliament established in 1947 according to the"
"Seimas The Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (), or simply the Seimas (), is the unicameral parliament of Lithuania. The Seimas constitutes the legislative branch of government in Lithuania, enacting laws and amendments to the Constitution, passing the budget, confirming the Prime Minister and the Government and controlling their activities. Its 141 members are elected for a four-year term, with 71 elected in individual constituencies, and 70 elected in a nationwide vote based on open list proportional representation. A party must receive at least 5%, and a multi-party union at least 7%, of the national vote to qualify for"
"PVV, SP and D66 from the Netherlands and VB from Belgium are not part of any faction. Dutch politician André Postema is the President of the Benelux Parliament for the period 2017–2018. The seat of the Benelux Parliament rotates among the cities of Brussels, The Hague and Luxembourg. Each of these cities hosts the plenary meetings of the Benelux Parliament for two consecutive years. The Benelux Parliament met in Luxembourg in 2013 and 2014, in Brussels in 2015 and 2016, and meets in The Hague in 2017 and 2018. The Secretariat of the Benelux Parliament is located in Brussels. Benelux"
"replaced with a 'Permanent Council' of senators and envoys headed by the King. In 1791 a particularly important development took place when the May 3rd Constitution removed the king from the three estate Sejm and transformed the previously equal House of Envoys and Senate into a modern parliament comprising a lower house (Chamber of Envoys) and upper house (Senate). The Senate, however, lost much of its right to legislate and, whilst still appointed by the King, Senators were now to be chosen and put forward by provincial legislative bodies known as Sejmiks. The Senate continued to exist until 1794, right"
"the nobility and townspeople, and the separation of powers into legislative (a bicameral Sejm), executive (""the King and the Guardians,"" the Guardians of the Laws being the newly established top governmental entity) and judicial branches. It advanced the democratization of the polity by limiting the excessive legal immunities and political prerogatives of landless nobility. Legislative power, as defined in Article VI, rested with the bicameral parliament (an elected Sejm and an appointed Senate) and the king. The Sejm met every two years, and when required by national emergency. Its lower chamberthe Chamber of Deputies (""Izba Poselska"")had 204 deputies (2 from"
"cabinet is not responsible to the Senat, and does not rely on the upper house's confidence to continue its term of office. During sessions of the Sejm, members of the council of ministers, including the prime minister and deputy prime minister, are seated in the government box within the chamber's plenary hall. The seating area faces the central lectern, located on the lectern's right side. The Sejm can pass a vote of no confidence on an individual minister if the motion receives the support of at least 69 deputies. If the motion is successful, passed by a majority vote, the"
"the realm, the Sejm, the Senate, and the monarch. The lower chamber's rule of unanimity had not been rigorously enforced during the first half of the 17th century. General sejm was the highest organ of collective and consensus-based state power. The Sejm's supreme court, presided over by the king, decided the most serious of legal cases. During the second half of the 17th century, for a variety of reasons, including abuse of the unanimity rule (""liberum veto""), sejm's effectiveness had declined, and the void was being increasingly filled by sejmiks, where in practice the bulk of government's work was getting"