"there are often conflicts between trademarks and geographical indications. For instance, in Canada, only Canadian wines can be VQA approved but other certification trademarks can be registered under the intellectual property legal regime. The owner of a certification trademark is then allowed to sell licences to be used for certain products meeting the owner's criteria. Thus in the case of wines, one AOC certification trademark is owned by the French Republic, while another is owned by ""Maison des Futailles"", a wine producer, of which the publicly owned Société des alcools du Québec is a partner. Appellation d'origine contrôlée The appellation"
"Law of 6 May 1919 relating to the Protection of Appellations of Origin The Law of 6 May 1919 relating to the Protection of Appellations of Origin () is a French intellectual property law protecting geographical indications of the origins of products, particularly of wine and spirits. It is not the earliest such law but is probably the most influential, as it instituted the well-known system of ""appellations d'origine contrôlées"". As such it laid the base for the protection of geographical indications across Europe. It now forms Title II of Book VII of the ""Code de propriété intellectuelle"", where it"
"links the style of the wines to the specific locations where the grapes are grown and the wine is made, and the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) system, replaced by the Appellation d'Origin Protégée (AOP) system in 2012. Appellation rules closely define which grape varieties and winemaking practices are approved for classification in each of France's several hundred geographically defined appellations, which can cover entire regions, individual villages or even specific vineyards. France is the source of many grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Sauvignon blanc, Syrah) that are now planted throughout the world, as well as wine-making practices and"
"Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité The Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité (previously ""Institut National des Appellations d'Origine"") (INAO) is the French organization charged with regulating French agricultural products with Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs). Controlled by the French government, it forms part of the Ministry of Agriculture. The organization was co-founded by Châteauneuf-du-Pape producer Baron Pierre Le Roy. Every ""Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée"" (AOC), the French term for PDOs, is produced according to rules codified by the INAO. Because its primary purpose is to regulate the use of noteworthy names, one of its primary tasks"
"become genericized or otherwise fall into the public domain (Art. 10). A system of registration is implemented to follow the production from the vineyard through to wholesalers. The producers of spirits under an appellation of origin or of champagne must store their production separately from any production which does not qualify for an appellation of origin. Law of 6 May 1919 relating to the Protection of Appellations of Origin The Law of 6 May 1919 relating to the Protection of Appellations of Origin () is a French intellectual property law protecting geographical indications of the origins of products, particularly of"
"July 2 to extend the powers of the INAO to cover all agricultural produce. Since January 1, 2007, the Institute is renamed ""Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité"" and also guarantees organic and ""Label Rouge"" certifications. In spite of the name change it retains the abbreviation ""INAO"". Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité The Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité (previously ""Institut National des Appellations d'Origine"") (INAO) is the French organization charged with regulating French agricultural products with Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs). Controlled by the French government, it forms part of the Ministry"
"used in France from the early part of the twentieth century known as ""appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC). Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards may be endorsed with a government-issued stamp which acts as official certification of the origins and standards of the product to the consumer. Examples of products that have such 'appellations of origin' include Gruyère cheese (from Switzerland) and many French wines. Geographical indications have long been associated with the concept of terroir and with Europe as an entity, where there is a tradition of associating certain food products with particular regions. Under European Union Law,"
"des Appellations d'Origine"" created the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC) region for Chablis that mandated the grape variety (Chardonnay) and acceptable winemaking and viticultural practices within delineated boundaries. One of the objectives of the AOC establishment was to protect the name ""Chablis"", which by this time was already being inappropriately used to refer to just about any white wine made from any number of white grape varieties all across the world. In the early 1960s, technological advances in vineyard frost protection minimized some of the risk and financial cost associated with variable vintages and climate of Chablis. The worldwide ""Chardonnay-boom"" of"
"a year were being shipped from the port. The current law for the Côtes du Rhône Appellation d'origine contrôlée dates only from 1937, but there is a long history of attempts to regulate the quality of the wine from the region. In 1737 the Conseil d'Etat issued a royal decree on the production of wine in Roquemaure. It specified that neither wine nor harvested grapes could be brought into town from outside the area and to prevent wines from a poor vintage being passed off as coming from a better vintage, barrels of wine from Roquemaure and the surrounding villages"
"as were many vineyards. The devastation of the war did bring a silver lining. In 1919, the French government passed a series of laws that would lay the groundwork for the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC) system that would strictly define winemaking laws and regional boundaries. Measures were taken to eliminate fraud and illegal additives such as rhubarb and apple juice. Only grapes grown from the delineated Champagne region, which would eventually include the Aube, could be legally called ""Champagne"". The decimation of the region's vineyards provided the opportunity for vine growers to replant with phylloxera resistant rootstock and in more"
"wine designated as AOC actually declined in the first years after the CNAO was formed. After World War II the committee became the public-private ""Institut National des Appellations d'Origine"" (INAO). The regulations became a model for other European countries. Joseph Capus Joseph Marie Capus (18 August 1867 – 1 May 1947) was a French agriculturalist and expert on grape vines. He became a deputy in the French national parliament, and was Minister of Agriculture for a few months in 1924. He was active in legislation related to agriculture and was the driving force behind introduction of the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"""
"governing the description and labeling of wines, and imports from non-EU countries. In addition to regulations that apply to all EU members, each EU country has its own framework of laws which govern aspects of winemaking such as the percentage of a grape to be included in a wine labeled with that variety name. For instance, in France wine professionals acribe to the Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) system, which guarantees the origin of wine and other food products, such as cheese. In the United States, the wine laws are more flexible than European standards in regards to regulations on what"
"heiress of the Château Fortia, one of the most prestigious wine producing estates in the village of Châteauneuf-du-Pape in the Vaucluse department of southern France. He became a prominent figure in not only the history of Châteauneuf-du-Pape but also in the history of French wine. In 1935 he and Joseph Capus co-founded the ""Institut National des Appellations d'Origine"" (INAO) and spearheaded the creation of the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC) system that would become the basis of the French wine laws and continue to influence European wine laws into the twenty-first century. Pierre Le Roy de Boiseaumarié Pierre Le Roy de"
"parties united in defense of country and the Champagne region. Following the riots, the French government worked with a collaboration of vineyard owners and Champagne houses to delineate an ""Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée"" for the Champagne region. Only wines produced from grapes grown within the geographical boundaries (that included the Marne, Aube and parts of the Aisne departments) could be entitled to the name Champagne. Eventually these principles were enshrined by the European Union with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status. To deal with the problem of collusion among Champagne houses and fairness in pricing, a classification system of Champagne's villages"
"Croix de Mont. All of these regions (except the Libournais) have their own ""appellation"" and are governed by ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" laws which dictate the permissible grape varieties, alcohol level, methods of pruning and picking, density of planting and appropriate yields as well as various winemaking techniques. Bordeaux wine labels will usually include the region on the front if all the grapes have been harvested in a specific region and the wine otherwise complies with the AOC requirements. There are about 50 AOCs applicable to the Bordeaux region. Both red and white Bordeaux wines are almost invariably blended. The permissible"
"displayed, common EU rules apply: The recognized wine producing areas in France are regulated by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine – INAO in acronym. Every appellation in France is defined by INAO, in regards to the individual regions particular wine ""character"". If a wine fails to meet the INAO's strict criteria it is declassified into a lower appellation or even into Vin de Pays or Vin de Table. With the number of appellations in France too numerous to mention here, they are easily defined into one of the main wine producing regions listed below: Alsace is primarily a white-wine"
"called ""tequila""; failure to comply will result in legal action by the federal government. The ""appellation d'origine protégée"" (AOP, protected designation of origin) certifies that ""everything, from the raw material to the processing and the final product, comes from one clearly defined region of origin"". The ""indication géographique protégée"" (IGP, protected geographical indication) certifies that food products were ""either manufactured, processed or prepared at their place of origin"". The ""appellation d'origine contrôlé"" (AOC, controlled designation of origin) certifies wines. In the United States there are groups that have some degree of protection for their regional designation. For example, Vidalia onions"
"set on May 6, 1919, when the Law for the Protection of the Place of Origin was passed, specifying the region and commune in which a given product must be manufactured, and has been revised on many occasions since then. On July 30, 1935, the ""Comité National des appellations d'origine"" (CNAO), with representatives of the government and the major winegrowers, was created to manage the administration of the process for wines at the initiative of deputy Joseph Capus. In the Rhône wine region Baron Pierre Le Roy Boiseaumarié, a trained lawyer and winegrower from Châteauneuf-du-Pape, successfully obtained legal recognition of"
"and alcohol levels. In the early 20th century, Châteauneuf-du-Pape was plagued by wine fraud; various rules for the production of Châteauneuf-du-Pape, drawn up and promulgated in 1923, were the first Appellation Contrôlée rules in France, and provided the prototype for subsequent AOC rules. The original AOC rules allowed ten varieties, and were amended to thirteen in 1936, and eighteen in 2009. Baron Pierre le Roy of Château Fortia was the principal architect of these regulations, which set the minimum alcohol level of the wines and set limits on yields as well as which types of grapes could be grown in"
"This early development of ""Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée"" regulation benefitted the Marne and Aisne districts to the significant exclusion of the Aube district which included the town of Troyes—the historic capital of the Champagne region. In the Champagne region, the production of Champagne is largely in the hands of producers who purchase grapes from independent growers. While some growers today produce wines under their own labels (known collectively as ""grower Champagne""), in the early 20th century the immense amount of capital needed to produce Champagne was beyond the reach of most growers. Champagne houses were able to bear the large risk"
"in the Jurançon, growers in the Gaillac region used the codification of wine laws for the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" in 1938 to dictate a minimum usage of Len de l'El for all white blends produced in the area—thus sustaining its presence. While the laws were later amended in the 21st century to allow the substitution of Sauvignon blanc, the effects of the initial mandate for Len de l'El's use helped maintain the variety's presence in the region. It is widely accepted that the name Len de l'El comes from the Toulouse Occitan dialect. Incidentally, it is phonetically similar to the"
"spearheaded the creation of the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC) system that would become the basis of the French wine laws and continue to influence European wine laws into the twenty-first century. The early plans for the INAO and AOC appellation were drawn up by Baron Le Roy in 1923 after a series of meetings among Châteauneuf-du-Pape growers. The growers were responding to the rising wine fraud that plague not only the Rhône but also most of France following the devastation of World War I and the phylloxera epidemic before it. This meeting would lead to the development of the ""Syndicat"
"to escape the state regulations imposed on bulk winemakers, and sought to join. However the CNAO enforced high standards and the percentage of French wine designated as AOC actually declined in the first years after the CNAO was formed. The first AOC laws were passed in 1936, and most of the classical wines from Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne and Rhône had their initial set of AOC regulations before the end of 1937. After World War II the committee became the public-private ""Institut National des Appellations d'Origine"" (INAO). In 1990, the economic success of the appellations led parliament in a law of"
"Pierre Le Roy de Boiseaumarié Pierre Le Roy de Boiseaumarié (1890-1967), nicknamed Baron Le Roy, was a World War I fighter pilot credited with five aerial victories. He was the co-founder of the ""Institut National des Appellations d'Origine"" (INAO) and guided the creation of the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC) system which is the basis of not only French wine laws but has also been influential in the laws and appellation systems across the globe. Pierre Le Roy was born in 1890 in Normandy. His father was a cavalry officer who was decommissioned from the army for protesting again the law"
"with no restrictions on the types of grape used or the way the wine was made. They reduced fraud but had little effect on quality. In 1906 Capus spoke at a congress of the ""Société des Viticulteurs de France"" in which attendees tried to describe the distinctive qualities of the wines from their regions. Capus represented growers of the Gironde, and when he spoke made the case for adding """"controllée"""" (controlled) to """"appellation d'origine"""". In his view the existing system, which simply identified the place of origin of the wine, was unable to prevent fraud. To confirm a wine's origin"
"is considered a special form of trademark law. The first part of the law creates both civil and criminal actions against false appellations applied to natural or manufactured products. An appellation may be false if it misstates the origin of the product or if it is applied contrary to ""local, loyal and constant usage"", in effect a quality clause. The criminal penalties (Art. 8) are three to twelve months imprisonment and 100 to 2000 francs fine. Wines and spirits in general, and champagne in particular, receive special protection under the law. The geographical indications associated with wines and spirits cannot"
"as first Mildew and then Phylloxera spread throughout the country, indeed across all of Europe, leaving vineyards desolate. Then came an economic downturn in Europe followed by two world wars, and the French wine industry didn't fully recover for decades. Meanwhile, competition had arrived and threatened the treasured French ""brands"" such as Champagne and Bordeaux. This resulted in the establishment in 1935 of the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" to protect French interests. Large investments, the economic upturn following World War II and a new generation of ""Vignerons"" yielded results in the 1970s and the following decades, creating the modern French wines"
"concept and the courts often took the side of the large winemakers, so quality did not automatically improve. Some progress was made in 1930, when the industry faced a crisis of declining consumption coupled with increased production. Édouard Barthe of the Hérault department, leader of the wine lobby in parliament, formed an alliance with the deputies who represented regions where fine wines were grown to pass legislation that increased state control of the industry. On 30 July 1935 Capus obtained passage of the law that originated the ""Appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC). Under this law the ""Comité National des appellations d'origine"""
"d'Origine Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure"" (AOVDQS), up to ""Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée"" (AOC) or similar, depending on the region. Portugal has developed a system resembling that of France and, in fact, pioneered this concept in 1756 with a royal charter creating the Demarcated Douro Region and regulating the production and trade of wine. Germany created a similar scheme in 2002, although it has not yet achieved the authority of the other countries' classification systems. Spain, Greece and Italy have classifications based on a dual system of region of origin and product quality. New World wines—those made outside the traditional wine"
"of European vines on American stock. The Appellation Controlée system was introduced in Burgundy in 1935. Montrachet and Bâtard-Montrachet (see below) were both recognised as AOC Grands Crus in 1937. In 2008, of vineyard surface was in production within the AOC, and 349 hectoliters of wine was produced, corresponding to just under 47,000 bottles. Wines from Montrachet are composed almost entirely of Chardonnay, unlike in other white Burgundy wines, where up to 15% of Pinot Blanc can be added. These are, like most French wines, referred to by their place of origin rather than by grape variety. The allowed base"
"below the intermediate category ""indication géographique protégée"" (IGP) and the highest category ""Appellation d'origine protégée"" (AOP). Unlike Vin de France, IGP and AOP wines indicate the wine's geographical origin within France. This system of three levels replaces the former system of four levels - ""vin de table"", ""vin de pays"", ""vin délimité de qualité supérieure"" (VDQS), and ""appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC) - and was fully introduced by 2012. The former ""vin de table"" category, which represented the simplest wines produced in France, had suffered from decreasing sales for several decades. These were simple everyday wines that were mainly produced in"
"1980s, though, a French-style Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée system started to be implemented, starting with the Canton of Geneva. These regulations are mainly implemented by the cantons themselves. Over the years, the Swiss have developed a number of unique specialty wines from grapes rarely found outside Switzerland. These include: Swiss wine Swiss wine is produced from nearly 15 000 hectares of vineyards, and the wines are mainly produced in the west and in the south of Switzerland, in the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Ticino, Valais and Vaud. White grapes varieties are grown on 42% of the country's vineyard surface, and red"
"Bourgueil AOC Bourgueil is an ""appellation d'origine contrôlée"" (AOC) for wine in the Loire Valley region, and produces primarily red wine from the grape variety Cabernet Franc, located in the commune of Bourgueil and surrounding communes. Bourgueil gained ""Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée"" (AOC) status when regulatory laws were passed on 31 July 1937. Like other wine regions in the Saumur region, Bourgueil has mostly a continental climate with some maritime influences that are enhanced the further west you go in the AOC. It is situated on the left bank of the Loire River, which provides some climate moderation, to the west"