"visible symptoms of the plant pathogen. They eventually will merge, and causing the rapid decline of plant morphological and physiological functions. Leaves with a large infectious lesions will start to degrade and collapse off the branches because the leaf spots interrupt the plant’s ability to perform photosynthesis, leading to the ultimate death of the plant. Yellow Leaf Streak is in the same genus as Black Leaf Streak that affects banana trees as well. Yellow Leaf Streak in contrast has smaller, yellow-green lesions, and appear on the top of the leaves. There are several ways to control for Black Sigatoka, either"
"Sigatoka is controlled with a combination of protectant and systemic fungicides in order to prevent resistance from developing. Mancozeb is applied as the primary protectant and fenbuconazole, tebuconazole, and azoxystrobin are applied as systemic fungicides. These fungicides are applied during summer. Yellow sigatoka derives its name from the Sigatoka valley in Fiji. This was where the disease was first documented in 1912. Over the course of the first half of the 20th century the disease spread to all major banana-producing countries of the world. It was first seen in Trinidad in 1934 and quickly spread to the mainland and up"
"Citrus Black Spot is present in Japan and New Zealand is controversial. In both countries the fungus was thought to have been found, but after further testing it was identified as the non-pathogenic strain, ""Guignardia mangiferae"", rather than the pathogenic strain ""Guignardia citricarpa"" which causes Citrus Black Spot. This disease is relatively new to North America; it was first seen in Southern Florida March, 2010. Though Florida has taken measures to try to control this disease it is expected to rapidly spread to other areas over the next few years. ""Guignardia citricarpa"" will infect all types of citrus plants; however,"
"of the disease. Inversely, less freckles corresponded to less disease. In addition, multiple fungicides have been seen to reduce Banana Freckle disease. In Hawaii, spraying the leaves and fruit with maneb (1 lb./100 gal water plus 4 oz of sticker-spreader) every 2 weeks or once a month throughout the year has remarkably reduced the spread of inoculum. In Taiwan, spraying fungicides, such as phaltan, orthocide, chlorothalonil, dithiocarbamates, and propiconazole, biweekly have produced effective results against the disease. In the Philippines, chemical controls used against Black or Yellow Sigatoka disease have been helpful. These consist of mancozeb, triazoles, tridemorph, and strobilurin."
"Citrus black spot Citrus black spot is a fungal disease caused by Guignardia citricarpa. This Ascomycete fungus affects citrus plants throughout subtropical climates, causing a reduction in both fruit quantity and quality. Symptoms include both fruit and leaf lesions, the latter being critical to inter-tree dispersal. Strict regulation and management is necessary to control this disease since there are currently no citrus varieties that are resistant. ""Guignardia citricarpa"" is a plant pathogen, some strains of which cause a leaf condition called ""black spot"" on citrus plants. As a result, such strains are subject to phytosanitary legislation in the European Union"
"to areas where the climate is suitable for its establishment. Citrus black spot Citrus black spot is a fungal disease caused by Guignardia citricarpa. This Ascomycete fungus affects citrus plants throughout subtropical climates, causing a reduction in both fruit quantity and quality. Symptoms include both fruit and leaf lesions, the latter being critical to inter-tree dispersal. Strict regulation and management is necessary to control this disease since there are currently no citrus varieties that are resistant. ""Guignardia citricarpa"" is a plant pathogen, some strains of which cause a leaf condition called ""black spot"" on citrus plants. As a result, such"
"but under high humidity can cover the entire fruit. Because of this direct damage to the fruit, this type of lesion can be economically devastating. Leaf symptoms are only noticeable on highly susceptible citrus plants; lemons in particular. The symptoms generally develop from latent infections after the leaves have died. Red-brown, pin-point dots may develop into larger, circular necrotic lesions with gray centers and red or brown margins. To confirm a diagnosis of Citrus Black Spot, the pathogenic fungus must be isolated in culture. This can be difficult, as culturing of the fruit lesions takes up to 14 days with"
"name is ""Thielaviopsis paradoxa"" and is the common cause of Black rot or stem-end rot of its hosts. One of the most well-known diseases caused by ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" is Black rot or stem-end rot of pineapple, but it can also infect tropical fruit plants such as banana and coconuts as well as sugarcane. The pathogen infects the fruits through wounds or other openings after harvest has already happened and the fruit is fresh. This is because the time to processing takes too long. Symptoms for this disease are very obvious black lesions on the fruit, the main infection part of"
"Botryosphaeria obtusa Botryosphaeria obtusa is a plant pathogen that causes Frogeye leaf spot, black rot and cankers on many plant species. On the leaf it is referred to as Frogeye leaf spot; this phase typically affects tree and shrubs. In fruit such as the apple, cranberry and quince, it is referred to as black rot, and in twigs and trunks it causes cankers. Black rot ""B. obtusa"" enters the fruit through wounds. These can be made by insects, birds or growth cracks. At first a brown spot, near the calyx, appears on the fruit. The spot on the fruit then"
"by spraying them with a fungicide. The treatment for the fungicide should be also kept up to date via the manufacturer's instructions. Botryosphaeria obtusa Botryosphaeria obtusa is a plant pathogen that causes Frogeye leaf spot, black rot and cankers on many plant species. On the leaf it is referred to as Frogeye leaf spot; this phase typically affects tree and shrubs. In fruit such as the apple, cranberry and quince, it is referred to as black rot, and in twigs and trunks it causes cankers. Black rot ""B. obtusa"" enters the fruit through wounds. These can be made by insects,"
"Phytophthora nicotianae Phytophthora nicotianae or Black Shank is an oomycete belonging to the order Peronosprales and family Peronosporaceae. ""Phytophthora nicotinae"" has a broad host range comprising 255 genera from 90 families. Hosts include tobacco, onion, tomato, ornamentals, cotton, pepper, and citrus plants. This pathogen can cause root rot, crown rot, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, poinsettia, tomato, pineapple, watermelon, and African violet. Fruit rots occur on tomato, papaya, and eggplant. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. In tobacco Black Shank affects the roots and basal stem area, but all parts"
"threat to subsistence banana farmers, as most of the world’s export-grade bananas are highly susceptible to the disease. Though less aggressive than Black Sigatoka, Yellow Sigatoka, if unmanaged or poorly managed, can reduce yields to the same tune as Black Sigatoka. For this reason, Yellow Sigatoka is also considered a very prominent threat to subsistence banana farmers. A number of studies have acknowledged the partial resistances to Black Sigatoka and Yellow Sigatoka inherent in the FB920 cultivar; however, it is difficult to determine what degrees of resistance are possessed by the cultivar as information regarding the specific performance of the"
"Pineapple black rot Pineapple black rot, also known as butt rot, base rot, or white blister, is a disease caused by ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" (teleomorph) (""Thielaviopsis paradoxa"": anamorph). ""C. paradoxa"" also causes disease in a variety of other tropical plants such as banana, coconut, and sugarcane making it a somewhat dangerous pathogen. Pineapple black rot is the most common and well-known post-harvest disease of the pineapple fruit and is responsible for serious losses in the fresh pineapple fruit world industry. The pathogen is a polyphagous wound parasite and gains entry into the fruit via wounds sustained during and after harvest. The"
"black rot causes a 10% yield loss. It also leads to a loss of planting material for the following growing season. French Guiana has ""C. paradoxa"" identified as a quarantine pathogen because it can be so detrimental to the pineapple industry in that region. Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocremycetidae Order: Microascales Family: Ceratocysidaceae Genus: ""Ceratocystis"" Species: ""paradoxa"" Pineapple black rot Pineapple black rot, also known as butt rot, base rot, or white blister, is a disease caused by ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" (teleomorph) (""Thielaviopsis paradoxa"": anamorph). ""C. paradoxa"" also causes disease in a variety of"
"causes defoliation and fruit-drop, but it can be adequately controlled. Lesser diseases are sooty mould, brown rot and leaf-spot. Leafspot results from infestation by ""Cercospora"" spp. and ""Isariopsis indica"" var. ""zizyphi"". In 1973, a witches'-broom disease caused by a mycoplasma-like organism was found in jujube plants near Poona University. It proved to be transmitted by grafting or budding diseased scions onto healthy ""Z. mauritiana"" seedlings. Leaf rust, caused by ""Phakopsora zizyphivulgaris"", ranges from mild to severe on all commercial cultivars in the Punjab. In storage, the fruits may be spotted by fungi. Fruit rots are caused by ""Fusarium"" spp., ""Nigrospora"
"and the United States. Metabolite secreted by ""G. citricarpa"" have an inhibitory growth effect on some endophytic bacterial species, and stimulatory growth effect on others. An isolate of ""G. citricarpa"" was found to produce the medically important compound, taxol under certain growth conditions. Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia, in 1879 and then appeared in South Africa along the coast of Natal in 1929. It can be found in many countries around the world. These countries include: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, Mozambique, Philippines, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Taiwan, The United States and Uruguay. Whether or not"
"to harvest and treat the plants. Other diseases have been observed such as Okka and Woqa which occur respectively in case of severe drought and in situations of too much water in the soil which causes the proliferation of bacteria. These problems can be solved by either watering the field when drought is present or by draining the soil to avoid too much water. Another disease can strike enset even though it has been more observed on Banana plants (Musacea). This disease is caused by Mycospharella spp. and is commonly called black Sigatoka leaf streaks. The symptoms are basically dark/brown"
"sprayed onto the fruit. Ceratocystis paradoxa ""Ceratocystis paradoxa"" or Black Rot of Pineapple is a plant pathogen that is a fungus part of the phylum Ascomycota. It is characterized as the teleomorph or sexual reproduction stage of infection. This stage contains ascocarps, or sacs/fruiting bodies, which contain the sexually produced inoculating ascospores. These are the structures which are used primarily to survive long periods of time or overwinter to prepare for the next growing season of its host. Unfortunately, the sexual stage is not often seen in the natural field but instead the anamorph, or asexual stage is more commonly"
"yet been observed developing on fruit. There is no resistance to Citrus Black Spot and once a tree has been infected there is no known cure causing tree removal to be the best option. Both federal and state governments have recommended the following preventative measures. To control ""Guignardia citriparpa"" fungicides like copper and/or strobilurins should be applied monthly from early May to the middle of September (in the northern hemisphere). Applications of the fungicides are recommended in early April (northern hemisphere) if that month has experienced more rainfall than usual resulting in the ideal conditions for citrus black spot to"
"Sooty blotch and flyspeck Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) or apple summer disease is a plant disease caused by a complex of saprophytic fungi which colonize the epicuticular wax layer of apple (""Malus"" x ""domestica"" Borkh.). It is found worldwide in regions with moist growing seasons. Sooty blotch and flyspeck is a descriptive term for a condition of darkly pigmented blemishes and smudges caused by a number of different fungi affecting fruit including apples, pear, persimmon, banana, papaya, and several other cultivated tree and vine crops. The greenish black coating resembling soot or flyspeck-like dots grow into irregular stains and"
"to grow best, in culture, at 25 to 30 °C [77 to 86 °F].) Lenticels and wounds provide locations for wood infection The cankers of white rot appear similar to those of black rot, caused by ""Diplodia seriata"" (formerly ""B. obtusa""). Girdling of limbs by cankers can result in yellowing (""chlorosis"") of leaves on affected branches in the spring. While the precise time of fruit infection is unclear, symptoms of fruit rot appear approximately four to six weeks before harvest. The name ""white rot"" comes from the light brown color of the surface of affected red-skinned apples. ""Botryosphaeria dothidea"" is"
"""Xanthomonas citri"" subsp. ""citri"" is an economically important disease of many citrus species (lime, orange, lemon, pamelo, etc.) Bacterial leaf spot has caused significant crop losses over the years. Causes of this disease include ""Xanthomonas euvesicatoria"" and ""Xanthomonas perforans"" = [""Xanthomonas axonopodis"" (syn. ""campestris"") pv. ""vesicatoria""], ""Xanthomonas vesicatoria"", and ""Xanthomonas gardneri"". In some areas where infection begins soon after transplanting, the total crop can be lost as a result of this disease. ""Xanthomonas campestris"" pv. ""punicae"" cause bacterial blight of pomogranate. Bacterial blight of rice, caused by ""Xanthomonas oryzae"" pv. ""oryzae"", is a disease found worldwide and particularly destructive in"
"Alternaria black spot of canola Alternaria Black Spot of Canola or grey leaf spot is an ascomycete fungal disease caused by a group of pathogens including: ""Alternaria brassicae"", ""A. alternata"" and ""A. raphani"". This pathogen is characterized by dark, sunken lesions of various size on all parts of the plant, including the leaves, stem, and pods. Its primary economic host is canola. In its early stages it only affects the plants slightly by reducing photosynthesis, however as the plant matures it can cause damage to the seeds and more, reducing oil yield as well. The major canola species that are"
"which may or may not have black spots, may appear in the epidermal cortical tissue and on the stems of infected plants. Black spots, if visible, are pycnidia and/or perithecia. Black rot is a common symptom on the fruit of Gummy Stem Blight infected cucurbits. Lesions formed on the fruit; start as water soaked spots that expand and exude gummy ooze. As the spots grow they develop fruiting bodies which turn the spots black. Fruit can also rot internally, with the only symptoms being shriveling and discoloration of centrally located tissue. Fruit rot can occur while in the field or"
"Dichapetalum cymosum Dichapetalum cymosum, commonly known as gifblaar from Afrikaans, or occasionally its English translation, poison leaf, is a small prostrate shrub occurring in the northern parts of Southern Africa. It is notable as a common cause of lethal cattle poisoning in this region and is considered one of the 'big 6' toxic plants of cattle in South Africa. A 1996 estimate of plant poisonings in South Africa attributes 8% of cattle mortality caused by poisonous plants to gifblaar. The majority (70%) of fatal cases are in Limpopo province, with 10% each in North West, Mpumalanga, and Gauteng. Fluoroacetate (the"
"Raspberry leaf spot Raspberry Leaf Spot is a plant disease caused by Sphaerulina rubi, an ascomycete fungus. Early symptoms of infection are dark green spots on young leaves. As the disease progresses, these spots turn tan or gray in color. Disease management strategies for Raspberry Leaf Spot include the use of genetically resistant raspberry plant varieties and chemical fungicide sprays. Raspberries are an important fruit, mainly grown in Washington, Oregon and California. Although they are also grown in the Midwest and northeastern states, the output is not nearly as great due to the colder weathers and shorter growing seasons. ""S."
"Rigidoporus microporus Rigidoporus microporus is a plant pathogen, known to cause white root rot disease on various tropical crops, such as cacao, cassava, tea, with economical importance on the para rubber tree (""Hevea brasiliensis""). ""Rigidoporus lignosus"" (klotzsch) Imazeki, the causal agent of white root rot, was first reported on rubber in 1904 from Botanical Gardens, Singapore. It belongs to the order – Basidiomycete, and in the family – Polyporaceae. The disease originates on roots and later spreads to collar region. Foliar symptoms are initiated subsequently with the destruction of the root system. Its above ground symptoms indicates that the trees"
"Dibotryon morbosum Dibotryon morbosum or Apiosporina morbosa is a plant pathogen, which is the causal agent of black knot. It affects cherry, plum, apricot and chokecherry trees in North America. The disease produces rough, black growths that encircle and kill the infested parts, and provide habitat for insects. The disease was first described in 1821 in Pennsylvania, but has spread across North America. While it was one of the most destructive diseases of plum and cherry trees in the late 19th century, today it is relatively well controlled in many cultivated areas and seen primarily in poorly managed orchards, or"
"in the form of black leaf spots, necrosis petal, and stem lesions. The most popular ornamental and commercial crop grown in New Zealand is ""Helleborus orientalis"" and it's hybrids, of which 90 percent of the ""H. orientalis"" in the Tauranga nursery contracted the disease after several days of moderate rainfall. The disease caused discoloration in the form of black leaf spots that were circular and about 1.5–2mm in diameter, black stem lesions, and dry, grey to brown lesions with distinct margins on the flower petals. The symptoms were different from other leaf-spotting hellebore diseases, such as those caused by the"
"gray spots on the underside of leaves or fruit. These spots enlarge and darken over time, developing a velvety or cracked texture in the center of the lesion.<ref name=""FL Crop/Pest Mgmt"">http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI05200.pdf</ref> The main lifestyle difference between these two is that anthracnose infections are caused by saprotrophic fungi, while ""E. mangiferae"" is exclusively a biotrophic pathogen. With severe infections, fruit drop and defoliation may occur, and surviving fruit and plants suffer scarring that reduce their commercial value. The symptoms of mango scab vary depending on the factors such as the part of the plant that is affected, age of tissue, inoculum"
"there are some plants that are more susceptible to the pathogen than others. Lemon and late maturing citrus such as Valencia orange are the most susceptible hosts. Moderately susceptible hosts are Hamlin sweet oranges, tangerine/ mandarin type fruit, and grapefruit. Though there are some hosts that are more susceptible to Citrus Black Spot than others, any citrus plant that is nutritionally stressed increases its chances of infection. Hard spots are the most common lesions. They are small, round, and sunken. The average diameter of hard spot lesions ranges from 3–10 mm (.12-.4 in). They have dark red to chocolate brown"
"infected 'ohi'a trees have been found on the Hawai'ian island of Kauai. The public has been asked to avoid transportation of 'ohi'a trees or products to slow the spread of the disease. Many other plants are harmed by ""C. fimbriata"". It has caused serious mortality in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil as well as in the Congo and Uganda. Almonds (""Prunus dulcis"") in California have been affected by the disease. It has also caused losses in pomegranates (""Punica granatum"") in India. It causes a dark, dry rot in Taro tubers. 3 Ceratocystis fimbriata Ceratocystis fimbriata is a fungus and a plant"
"E. Nyman on June 3, 1898. This species was also listed in Otto Warburg's Monsunia in 1900. This disease is mainly found in tropical climates in Southern Asia, however some scattering exists: ""Coffea"", ""Cinchona"", ""Thea"", ""Broussonetia"", ""Morus"", ""Citrus"", ""Manihot"", ""Fiscus elastica"", ""Solanum quitoense"", ""Erythrina"", ""Crotalaria"" sp., ""Tephrosia candida"", ""Leucaena glauca"", ""Sesbania aegyptiaca"", ""Lantana"", ""Stachytarpheta mutabilis"", ""Paritium"", ""Calosanthes indica"", ""Fraxinus"", ""Marsdenia"", ""Piper nigrum"", ""Polyosma"", ""Rosa"", ""Wigandia kunthii"", ""Macaranga tanarius"", ""Bougainvillea"", ""Hibiscus rosa sub.sp. sinensis"", and ""sub.sp. mangifera"". ""Thea"", ""Mangifera indica"", ""Magnolia virginiana"", and ""Artabotrys"". ""Thea"". Velvet blight Velvet Blight is a disease that affects the stems, branches, leaves, fruits or trunks"