"Goths ('). Some variant forms of the name Odin such as the Lombardic ' may point in the direction that the Lombardic form actually comes from Proto-Germanic '. Wōdanaz or Wōđinaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of a god of Germanic paganism, known as Odin in Norse mythology, Wōden in Old English, Wodan or Wotan in Old High German and Godan in the Lombardic language. Godan was shortened to God over time and was adopted/retained by the Germanic peoples of the British isles as the name of their deity, in lieu of the Latin word Deus used by the Latin"
"Germanic or to the North Germanic branch. The West Germanic group is the larger by far, further subdivided into Anglo-Frisian on one hand and Continental West Germanic on the other. Anglo-Frisian notably includes English and all its variants, while Continental West Germanic includes German (standard register and dialects), as well as Dutch (standard register and dialects). Modern classification looks like this. For a full classification, see List of Germanic languages. The earliest evidence of Germanic languages comes from names recorded in the 1st century by Tacitus (especially from his work ""Germania""), but the earliest Germanic writing occurs in a single"
"Germanic language originating in England, and the first language for most people in Australia, Canada, the Commonwealth Caribbean, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. One of the consequences of the French influence due to the Norman Conquest in the Middle Ages is that the vocabulary of the English language contains a massive number of non-Germanic words, i.e., Latin-derived words that entered the lexicon after the invasion. English vocabulary is, to an extent divided between Germanic words (mostly Old English) and ""Latinate"" words (Latin-derived, directly from Norman French or other Romance languages). For instance, pairs of words"
"Germanic parent language In historical linguistics, the Germanic parent language (GPL) includes the reconstructed languages in the Germanic group referred to as Pre-Germanic Indo-European (PreGmc), Early Proto-Germanic (EPGmc), and Late Proto-Germanic (LPGmc), spoken in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. The less precise term ""Germanic"", that appears in etymologies, dictionaries, etc., loosely refers to a language spoken in the 1st millennium AD, proposedly at that time developing into the group of Germanic languages—a stricter term for that same proposition, but with an alternative chronography, is ""Proto-Germanic language"". As an identifiable neologism, ""Germanic parent language"" appears to have been first used"
"was via this network that Maritime Bell Beakers first reached the Lower Rhine in about 2600 BCE. The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic starting during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The term ""Germanic"" originated in classical times, when groups of tribes were referred to using this term by Roman authors. For them, the term was not necessarily based upon language, but rather referred to tribal groups and alliances who were considered less civilised"
"(of Greek origin) but is a corruption of ""Almain furnace"". In modern German, ""Alemannisch"" (Alemannic German) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family, spoken by approximately ten million people in six different countries. Among the indigenous peoples of North America of former French and British colonial areas, the word for ""Germany"" came primarily as a borrowing from either French or English. For example, in the Anishinaabe languages, three terms for ""Germany"" exist: ᐋᓂᒫ (""Aanimaa"", originally ""Aalimaanh"", from the French ""Allemagne""), ᑌᐦᒋᒪᓐ (""Dechiman"", from the English ""Dutchman"") and ᒣᐦᔭᑴᑦ (""Meyagwed"", Ojibwe for ""foreign"
"preceded the application of Grimm's Law. Germanic parent language In historical linguistics, the Germanic parent language (GPL) includes the reconstructed languages in the Germanic group referred to as Pre-Germanic Indo-European (PreGmc), Early Proto-Germanic (EPGmc), and Late Proto-Germanic (LPGmc), spoken in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. The less precise term ""Germanic"", that appears in etymologies, dictionaries, etc., loosely refers to a language spoken in the 1st millennium AD, proposedly at that time developing into the group of Germanic languages—a stricter term for that same proposition, but with an alternative chronography, is ""Proto-Germanic language"". As an identifiable neologism, ""Germanic parent language"""
"Germanic verb The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It in turn divided into North, West and East Germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly: Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (North); English, Frisian, Dutch and German (West); and Gothic (East, extinct). The Germanic verb system lends itself to both descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) comparative analysis. This overview article is intended to lead into a series of specialist articles discussing historical aspects of these verbs, showing how they developed out of PIE,"
"Germanic peoples The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin identified by their use of the Germanic languages. Their history stretches from the 2nd millennium BCE up to the present day. Proto-Germanic peoples are believed to have emerged during the Nordic Bronze Age, which developed out of the Battle Axe culture in southern Scandinavia. During the Iron Age various Germanic tribes began a southward expansion at the expense of Celtic peoples, which led to centuries of sporadic violent conflict with ancient Rome. It is from Roman authors"
"""foreigner, one who does not speak [Slavic]"". The English term ""Germans"" is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term ""Germani"" used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced ""Dutch"" and ""Almains"", the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century. The Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War. These states eventually formed into modern Germany in the"
"for the traditional German speaking part of Lorraine (""Lorraine Thioise"") , The term is obsolete and derives from theodisc (see above). The name ""Germany"" and the other similar-sounding names above are all derived from the Latin ""Germania"", of the 3rd century BC, a word simply describing ""fertile land"" behind the limes. It was likely the Gauls who first called the people who crossed east of the Rhine ""Germani"" (which the Romans adopted) as the original Germanic tribes did not refer to themselves as ""Germanus"" (singular) or ""Germani"" (plural). Julius Caesar was the first to use ""Germanus"" in writing when describing"
"United States. Germanic peoples The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin identified by their use of the Germanic languages. Their history stretches from the 2nd millennium BCE up to the present day. Proto-Germanic peoples are believed to have emerged during the Nordic Bronze Age, which developed out of the Battle Axe culture in southern Scandinavia. During the Iron Age various Germanic tribes began a southward expansion at the expense of Celtic peoples, which led to centuries of sporadic violent conflict with ancient Rome. It is from"
"America, and Australasia. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), which was spoken in approximately the middle of the 1st millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic tribes moving south from northern Europe in the 2nd century BCE, to settle in north-central Europe. The most widely spoken Germanic languages are English and German, with"
"word ""Dutch"" is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic (""Dutch"" and ""German"") dialects and their speakers. While in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni (in what became Swabia) (some, like standard Italian ""tedeschi"", retain an older borrowing of the endonym, while the Romanian 'germani' stems from the historical correlation with the ancient region of Germania), the Old Norse, Finnish, and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of "" "" (singular """"), originally with a meaning"
"Proto-Germanic language Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three branches during the first half of the first millennium of the Common Era: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the Ingvaeonic languages (including English), which arose from West Germanic dialects and remained in continued contact with North Germanic. A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of Grimm's law, a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect"
"separate them from other Indo-European languages. There are no known documents in Proto-Germanic, which was unwritten, and virtually all our knowledge of this early language has been obtained by application of the comparative method. All modern Germanic languages (such as English, German, Dutch, etc.) gradually split off from Proto-Germanic, beginning around the Early Middle Ages. As the earliest surviving Germanic writing, there are a few inscriptions in a runic script from Scandinavia dated to c. 200. It obviously represents Proto-Norse spoken in Scandinavia after it had split as a local dialect from common Proto-Germanic. From the time of their earliest"
"Gothic language Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from the ""Codex Argenteus"", a 6th-century copy of a 4th-century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizable text corpus. All others, including Burgundian and Vandalic, are known, if at all, only from proper names that survived in historical accounts, and from loanwords in other languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, and French. As a Germanic language, Gothic is a part of the Indo-European language family. It is the earliest Germanic language that is attested in any sizable"
"disappeared in Proto-Germanic. The second version takes these differences into account, and is therefore closer to the language the Germanic people would have actually spoken. ""Proto-Germanic"", phonetic evolution from PIE only ""Proto-Germanic"", with contemporary grammar and vocabulary ""English"" Proto-Germanic language Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three branches during the first half of the first millennium of the Common Era: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the Ingvaeonic languages (including English),"
"fragmentation of much of Germanic Europe. The Germanic migrations forged the main component of the population of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Northern Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northern and central France, Lowland Scotland and England. The Germanic peoples were instrumental in shaping much of Western Europe's history from the Early Middle Ages to the present. In about 222 BCE, the first use of the Latin term """"Germani"""" appears in the ""Fasti Capitolini"" inscription ""de Galleis Insvbribvs et Germ(aneis)"". This may simply be referring to Gaul or related people; but this may be an inaccurate date since"
"Germanic language. For example, some scholars postulate that the original Teutonic language may have been a form of Celtic. The source of this confusion, whereby Teutons are lumped into the same category as German-speaking tribes, comes from their contact with the Romans in the 2nd century BCE, when they, along with the Cimbri and the Ambrones, led a frightening attack against the Romans. Teuton was the byword the Romans applied to the barbarians from the north and which they used to describe subsequent Germanic peoples. Under the leadership of Gaius Marius, who built his career on barbarian antagonists (like many"
"been put forward as evidence for the Germanic languages being ""non-substratic"" and having mutated of their own accord, away from other branches of Indo-European. Grimm's law affected all of the stops that were inherited from Proto-Indo-European. The Germanic languages also share common innovations in grammar as well as in phonology: the Germanic verb has been extensively remodelled and shows fewer grammatical moods and markedly fewer inflections for the passive voice. It has also been suggested that Proto-Germanic arose as a hybrid of two Indo-European dialects, one from the centum type (probably an archaic relative of P-Celtic and Osco-Umbrian, with *p"
"Elbe Germanic Elbe Germanic, also called Irminonic, is a term introduced by the German linguist Friedrich Maurer (1898–1984) in his book, ""Nordgermanen und Alemanen"", to describe the unattested proto-language, or dialectal grouping, ancestral to the later Alemannic, Lombardic, Thuringian and Bavarian dialects. During Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, its supposed descendants had a profound influence on the neighboring West Central German dialects and, later, in the form of Standard German, on the German language as a whole. The term ""Irminonic"" is derived from the Irminones, a culturo-linguistic grouping of Germanic tribes, mentioned by Tacitus in his ""Germania"".<nowiki> </nowiki>Pliny the"
"language existed and was distinguishable from the other Indo-European languages as far back as 500 BCE. The earliest known Germanic inscription was found at Negau (in what is now southern Austria) on a bronze helmet dating back to the first century BCE. Some of the other earliest known physical records of the Germanic language appear on stone and wood carvings in Runic script from around 200 CE. Runic writing likely disappeared due to the concerted opposition of the Christian Church, which regarded runic text as heathen symbols which supposedly contained inherent magical properties that they associated with the Germanic peoples'"
"the Germanic ""language of the people"" as opposed to Latin, the language of the learned (see also theodiscus). Only later did the word come to refer to the people who spoke a Germanic language, and only in the last 1-2 centuries to refer only to the people of the Netherlands. Other Germanic language variants for ""deutsch/deitsch/dutch"" are: Dutch ""Duits"" and ""Diets"", Yiddish ""daytsh"", Danish/Norwegian ""tysk"", or Swedish ""tyska."" The Japanese ""doitzu"" also derives from the aforementioned ""Dutch"" variations. There were few German Catholics in Pennsylvania before the 1810s. The Studebaker brothers, forefathers of the wagon and automobile makers, arrived in"
"EU. English and German are both West Germanic languages. Modern English has diverged significantly after absorbing more French influence after 1066. English has its roots in the languages spoken by Germanic peoples from mainland Europe, more specifically various peoples came from what is now the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, including a people called the Angles after whom the English are named. Many everyday words in English are of Germanic origin and are similar to their German counterparts, and more intellectual and formal words are of French, Latin or Greek origin, but German tends to form calques of many of these."
"spoken in their respective regions, altering both the pronunciation (especially the vowel system phonemes; ""e"", ""eu"", ""u"", short ""o"") and the syntax. They also introduced a number of new words (""see List of French words of Germanic origin""). Sources disagree on how much of the vocabulary of modern French (excluding French dialects) comes from Germanic words, ranging from just 500 words (≈1%) (representing loans from ancient Germanic languages: Gothic and Frankish) to 15% of modern vocabulary (representing all Germanic loans up to modern times: Gothic, Frankish, Old Norse/Scandinavian, Dutch, German and English) to even higher if Germanic words coming from"
"of Germanic languages and those who spoke Celtic or Romance languages. These words come from *""teuta"", the Proto-Indo-European word for ""people"" (Lithuanian ""tauta"", Old Irish ""tuath"", Old English ""þeod""). Also the Italian for ""German"", ""tedesco"" (local or archaic variants: ""todesco"", ""tudesco"", ""todisco""), comes from the same Old High German root, although not the name for ""Germany"" (""Germania""). Also in the standardised Romansh language ""Germania"" is the normal name for Germany but in Sursilvan, Sutsilvan and Surmiran it is commonly referred to as ""Tiaratudestga"", ""Tearatudestga"" and ""Tera tudestga"" respectively, with ""tiara/teara/tera"" meaning ""land"". French words ""thiois"", ""tudesque"", ""théotisque"" and ""Thiogne"" and"
"Germans Germans () are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the shared mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term ""Germans"" has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, German society has been characterized by a Catholic-Protestant divide. Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million"
"The English words ""german"" (as in ""cousin-german"") and the adjective ""germane"" are not connected to the name for the country, but come from the Latin ""germanus"", ""siblings with the same parents or father""; just like Spanish ""hermano"", that is ""brother"", that is not cognate by any mean to the word ""Germania"". The name ""Allemagne"" and the other similar-sounding names above are derived from the southern Germanic Alemanni, a Suebic tribe or confederation in today's Alsace, parts of Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland. In English, the name ""Almain"" or ""Alman"" was used for Germany and for the adjective German until the 16th century,"
"ongoing contact with the Romans), whereas the east Germanic languages were dying out. West Germanic languages include: German, Yiddish, Dutch, Luxemburgish, Frisian, and English. Combined, these languages are today spoken as a native tongue by more than 450 million people worldwide. North Germanic languages are Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic. Roughly 20 million people currently speak the North Germanic languages as their native tongue. Later manifestations of the western Germanic languages and their pursuant typological characteristics are due in part to the activities of the Hanseatic League where trade necessitated a ""lingua franca"" from the mainland of Scandinavia all"
"for at least two centuries. The SIL ""Ethnologue"" lists 48 different living Germanic languages, with the Western branch accounting for 42, and the Northern for 6 languages. The total number of Germanic languages is unknown, as some of them, especially East Germanic languages, disappeared shortly after the Migration Period. The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European language family originally spoken by Italic peoples. They include the Romance languages derived from Latin (Italian, Sardinian, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, French, Romanian, Occitan, etc.); a number of extinct languages of the Italian Peninsula, including Umbrian, Oscan, Faliscan, South Picene; and Latin itself."
"with ""German"" first attested in 1520, used at first as an alternative then becoming a replacement, maybe inspired mainly by the need to differ them from the more and more independently acting Dutch. In Othello ii,3, (about 1603), for example, Shakespeare uses both ""German"" and ""Almain"" when Iago describes the drinking prowess of the English: Andrew Boorde also mentions Germany in his "" Introduction to Knowledge"", c. 1547: Through this name, the English language has also been given the Allemande (a dance), the Almain rivet and probably the almond furnace, which is probably not really connected to the word ""almond"""
"and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful, respectively). German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns, pronouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), two numbers (singular, plural), and strong and weak verbs. German derives the majority of its vocabulary from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. A portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and Modern English. With slightly different standardized variants (German, Austrian and Swiss Standard German), German is a pluricentric language. It is also"