"Lakota language Lakota (), also referred to as Lakhota, Teton or Teton Sioux, is a Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of the Sioux tribes. Though generally taught and considered by speakers as a separate language, Lakota is mutually intelligible with the other two languages (such as Dakota language), and is considered by most linguists as one of the three major varieties of the Sioux language. Speakers of the Lakota language make up one of the largest Native American language speech communities in the United States, with approximately 2,000 speakers, who live mostly in the northern plains states of"
"Dances with Wolves Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed and produced by Kevin Costner. It is a film adaptation of the 1988 book of the same name by Michael Blake that tells the story of Union Army lieutenant John J. Dunbar (Costner) who travels to the American frontier to find a military post and of his dealings with a group of Lakota Indians. Costner developed the film with an initial budget of $15 million. ""Dances with Wolves"" had high production values. Much of the dialogue is spoken in Lakota with English subtitles. It was"
"claim that he did not work on the creation of the four-hour cut at all. Dances with Wolves Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed and produced by Kevin Costner. It is a film adaptation of the 1988 book of the same name by Michael Blake that tells the story of Union Army lieutenant John J. Dunbar (Costner) who travels to the American frontier to find a military post and of his dealings with a group of Lakota Indians. Costner developed the film with an initial budget of $15 million. ""Dances with Wolves"" had high"
"Albert White Hat Albert White Hat (November 18, 1938June 13, 2013) was a teacher of the Lakota language, and an activist for Sičháŋǧu Lakȟóta traditional culture. He translated the Lakota language for Hollywood movies, including the 1990 movie ""Dances with Wolves"", and created a modern Lakota orthography and textbook. Albert White Hat was born near St. Francis, South Dakota, on the Rosebud Reservation to a traditional family. ""His grandfather was Chief Hollow Horn Bear."" He spoke only Lakota as a child. He attended day school in Spring Creek, South Dakota. Unlike many of his peers at St. Francis Jesuit Mission"
"images in Westerns. The release of ""Dances with Wolves"" (1990) unexpectedly revived the Western genre. Arguably the most influential Native American-themed film of the last few decades, it paid reasonably careful attention to the depiction of Lakota life, traditions and clothing, at least compared to earlier efforts. However, the basic formula of the Hollywood stereotypes – at its heart the idea of the white lead 'going Native', the arrival of the 'White Saviour' – was not transcended, and there were still cultural errors in the film. Thus, the evaluation of scholarly criticism boiled down to granting the film good intentions,"
"Dances with Wolves (novel) Dances with Wolves is a 1988 novel written by Michael Blake. It was written as a possible source for a screenplay, and was later adapted by the author, and was produced as a film of the same name in 1990 by Kevin Costner, although there were many differences between the novel and film. The novel is set during the American Civil War. The protagonist of the novel, Lt. John Dunbar, is a white man who ends up in the wilderness and comes to live with a tribe of Comanche, eventually taking on the name Dances with"
"in which, according to Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, the narrative choice was to relate the Lakota story as told through a Euro-American voice, for wider impact among a general audience. Like the 1992 remake of ""The Last of the Mohicans"" and """" (1993), ""Dances with Wolves"" employed a number of Native American actors, and made an effort to portray Indigenous languages. In 2009 ""We Shall Remain"" (2009), a television documentary by Ric Burns and part of the ""American Experience"" series, presented a five-episode series ""from a Native American perspective"". It represented ""an unprecedented collaboration between Native and non-Native filmmakers"
"Native American film roles began to show more complexity, such as those in ""Little Big Man"" (1970), ""Billy Jack"" (1971), and ""The Outlaw Josey Wales"" (1976) which depicted Native Americans in important lead and supporting roles. Regardless, the European narrative perspective was prioritized in popular media. The ""sympathetic"" yet contradictory film ""Dances With Wolves"" (1990) intentionally, according to Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, related the Lakota story through a Euro-American voice for wider impact among a general audience. Like the 1992 remake of ""The Last of the Mohicans"" and """" (1993), ""Dances with Wolves"" employed a number of Native American"
"(Lakota) has been featured in the PBS documentary """" (2009). In 2000, Lisa Odjig (Odawa and Anishnaabe, from Ontario, Canada) became the first female adult Hoop Dance world champion. Hoop dance is usually called the ""entertaining dance"" in the Native American tribes. These kinds of dramatic dances are staples of Indian performances for non-Indian audiences, but are rare at powwows in Indian Country. Because the complexity of hoop dance, it takes years of practice remain the exceptions. The inventor of modern hoop dance, Tony White Cloud, popularized it to America by performing it in the movie ""Valley of the Sun"""
"are the indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and famous conflicts with settlers and the US Army have made the Plains Indians archetypical in literature and art for American Indians everywhere. Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications, with some degree of overlap. The first group were fully nomadic, following the vast herds of buffalo. Some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture, growing tobacco and corn primarily. These included the Blackfoot, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lakota, Lipan, Plains Apache (or"
"treaty is highly disputed. Low-intensity conflicts continued in the Black Hills. Fourteen years later, Sitting Bull was killed at Standing Rock reservation on December 15, 1890. The U.S. Army attacked Spotted Elk (aka Bigfoot), Mnicoujou band of Lakota at the Wounded Knee Massacre on December 29, 1890, at Pine Ridge. Today, the Lakota are found mostly in the five reservations of western South Dakota: Lakota also live on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana, the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation of northwestern North Dakota, and several small reserves in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Their ancestors fled to ""Grandmother's [i.e. Queen"
"were called Dakota. After they were pushed west by the Ojibwe People (Chippewa), they became a fixture of the Plains. Following the enormous herds of buffalo for the subsistence, the Lakota were nomadic in nature. Today there are about 70,000 Lakota, 20,500 of whom speak the Lakota language. Mogie and Rudy are Oglala Lakota as most residents of the Pine Ridge Reservation identify. Pine Ridge, the reservation where ""Skins"" takes place is the largest reservation in South Dakota but the poorest reservation in all of the United States, with unemployment at around 80% and 49% of its approximate 28,000 live"
"twelve Academy Award nominations and won seven, including Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay (Michael Blake), Best Director (Kevin Costner), and Best Picture of the Year. In 2007, the Library of Congress selected ""Dances with Wolves"" for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Native American activist and actor Russell Means was less kind about some aspects of the film's technical accuracy. In 2009, he said ""Remember ""Lawrence of Arabia""? That was Lawrence of the Plains. The odd thing about making that movie is that they had a woman teaching the actors the Lakota language, but Lakota has a male-gendered language"
"Mille Lacs Indians The Mille Lacs Indians (Ojibwe: Misi-zaaga'iganiwininiwag), also known as the Mille Lacs and Snake River Band of Chippewa, are a Band of Indians formed from the unification of the Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa (Ojibwe) with the Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Sioux (Dakota). Today, their successor apparent Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe consider themselves as being Ojibwe, but many on their main reservation have the ""ma'iingan"" (wolf) as their chief doodem (clan), which is an indicator of Dakota origins. Mille Lacs Indians, because of their mixed Chippewa-Sioux heritage, have become the cultural lynch-pin linking the"
"western Sioux quickly expanded their territory further to the Rocky Mountains (which they call ""Heska"", ""white mountains""). The Lakota once subsisted on the bison hunt, and on corn. They acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri River. The name Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ is archaic among the people, who prefer to call themselves ""Lakȟóta"". Today, the Lakota are the largest and westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. In the late 19th century, railroads wanted to build tracks through Indian lands. The"
"Nathan Lee Chasing His Horse Nathan Lee Chasing His Horse, aka Nathan Chasing Horse and Nathan Chases His Horse (born April 28, 1976) is a Native American actor. Formerly from the Rosebud Lakota Sioux Nation, he has spent most of his adult life in California, and now lives in Las Vegas, NV. Chasing His Horse played the part of ""Smiles A Lot"" (Lakota: ""Iȟá s’a"") in Kevin Costner's movie ""Dances with Wolves"". He appeared in three TNT telefilms with First Nations actor Eric Schweig: ""The Broken Chain"", ""Into the West"" and ""Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee"". On July 6,"
"trappers in an attack on an Arikara Indian village at Grand River (now South Dakota) in August 1823, named the Arikara War. Members of the Lakota, a part of them ""Ankpapat"", were the first Native Americans to fight in the American Indian Wars alongside US forces west of the Missouri. They may have formed as a tribe within the Lakota relatively recently, as the first mention of the Hunkpapa in European-American historical records was from a treaty of 1825. By signing the 1825 treaty, the Hunkpapa and the United States committed themselves to keep up the ""friendship which has heretofore"
"Brulé The Brulé are one of the seven branches or bands (sometimes called ""sub-tribes"") of the Teton (Titonwan) Lakota American Indian people. They are known as Sičháŋǧu Oyáte (in Lakota), or ""Burnt Thighs Nation"", and so, were called Brulé (literally ""burnt"") by the French. The name may have derived from an incident where they were fleeing through a grass fire on the plains. Many Sicangu people live on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota and are enrolled in the federally recognized Rosebud Sioux Tribe, known as Sicangu Oyate. A smaller population lives on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation,"
"Assiniboine The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people ( when singular, when plural; Ojibwe: ""Asiniibwaan"", ""stone Sioux""; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the endonym Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona), are a First Nations/Native American people originally from the Northern Great Plains of North America. Today, they are centered in present-day Saskatchewan. They have also populated parts of Alberta and southwestern Manitoba in Canada, and northern Montana and western North Dakota in the United States. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century, and were members of the"
"they named Floyd's River. During the final week of August, Lewis and Clark reached the edge of the Great Plains, a place abounding with elk, deer, bison, and beavers. The Lewis and Clark Expedition established relations with two dozen Indian nations, without whose help the expedition would have risked starvation during the harsh winters and/or become hopelessly lost in the vast ranges of the Rocky Mountains. The Americans and the Lakota nation (whom the Americans called Sioux or ""Teton-wan Sioux"") had problems when they met, and there was a concern the two sides might fight. According to Harry W. Fritz,"
"from the Great Lakes area. The word ""Dakota"" is a Sioux (Lakota/Dakota) word meaning ""allies"" or ""friends"". The primary historic tribal nations in or around North Dakota, are the Lakota and the Dakota (""The Great Sioux Nation"" or ""Oceti Sakowin,"" meaning the seven council fires), the Blackfoot, the Cheyenne, the Chippewa (known as Ojibwe in Canada), and the Mandan. The federally recognized tribes have Indian reservations in the state. Social gatherings are known as ""powwows"" (or wacipis in Lakota/Dakota) continue to be an important part of Native American culture and are held regularly throughout the state. Throughout Native American history,"
"Dakota people The Dakota people are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America. They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people, and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota. The Eastern Dakota are the Santee (""Isáŋyathi"" or ""Isáŋ-athi""; ""knife"" + ""encampment"", ″dwells at the place of knife flint″), who reside in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have federally recognized tribes established in several places. The Western Dakota are the Yankton, and the Yanktonai (""Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ"" and ""Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna""; ""Village-at-the-end"" and ""Little village-at-the-end""), who reside in"
"a Lakota character - Adam, played by Forrest Goodluck - is sent to a conversion camp for identifying as ""winkte"" and two-spirit. In 2012, a marker dedicated to two spirit people was included in the Legacy Walk, an outdoor public display in Chicago, Illinois that celebrates LGBT history and people. A traditional two spirit must be recognized as such by the Elders of their Indigenous community. Inclusion in this list is not an indication of whether or not that is the case. Two-spirit Two-Spirit (also two spirit or, occasionally, twospirited) is a modern, pan-Indian, umbrella term used by some indigenous"
"they encountered. A documentary film, ""Dakota 38"", was made of their journey, and they are distributing it for free, as part of the healing. Lower Brule Indian Reservation The Lower Brulé Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation that belongs to the Lower Brulé Lakota Tribe. It is located on the west bank of the Missouri River in Lyman and Stanley counties in central South Dakota in the United States. It is adjacent to the Crow Creek Indian Reservation on the east bank of the river. The ""Kul Wicasa Oyate"" (lower…men…nation), the Lower Brulé Sioux, are members of the Sicangu (Burnt"
", which had shown greater respect for the autonomy of Native American tribes. The Kiowa tribe is a Native American tribe that has historically inhabited the southern Great Plains what is now Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and New Mexico. Originally from the northern great plains along the Platte River, and under pressure from other tribes, they eventually moved and settled south of the Arkansas River primarily in present-day Oklahoma. The Kiowa had a long history of close association and alliance with the Kiowa-Apache or Plains Apache. Around 1790, the Kiowa also formed an alliance with the Comanche and formed a barrier"
"they are Indians. This decision of the U.S. Federal Court of Appeals was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in 2002. Many thousands of years ago groups classified by anthropologists as Paleo-Indians lived in what today is referred to as the American South. These groups were hunter-gatherers who hunted a wide range of animals, including a variety of megafauna, which became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene age. The 19th-century historian Horatio B. Cushman noted that Choctaw oral history accounts suggested their ancestors had known of mammoths in the Tombigbee River area; this suggests that the Choctaw ancestors"
"Show Indians Show Indians, or Wild West Show Indians, is a term for Native American performers hired by Wild West Shows, most notably in Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders. ""Show Indians"" were primarily Oglala Lakota from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. Performers took part in reenacting historic battles, demonstrating equestrianism and performing dances for audiences. Many veterans from the Great Plains Wars participated in Wild West Shows, during a time when the Office of Indian Affairs was intent on promoting Native assimilation. Many went on to act in silent films. Often central to the"
"Lenape The Lenape ( or ), also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in Canada and the United States. Their historical territory included present-day New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania along the Delaware River watershed, New York City, western Long Island, and the Lower Hudson Valley. Today, Lenape people belong to the Delaware Nation and Delaware Tribe of Indians in Oklahoma; the Stockbridge-Munsee Community in Wisconsin; and the Munsee-Delaware Nation, Moravian of the Thames First Nation, and Delaware of Six Nations in Ontario. The Lenape have a matrilineal"
"eastern Nations such as the Lakota were pushed across the Mississippi onto the Great Plains. There in the early 18th century, they adopted the horse culture and nomadic lifestyle for which they later became well known. Other refugees flooded the Great Lakes area, resulting in a conflict with existing nations in the region. In the Ohio Country the Shawnee and Miami tribes were the dominant tribes. The Iroquois quickly overran Shawnee holdings in central Ohio forcing them to flee into Miami territory. The Miami were a powerful tribe and brought together a confederacy of their neighboring allies, including the Pottawatomie"
"River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota. The actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton (""Thítȟuŋwaŋ""; possibly ""Dwellers on the prairie""), are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture. Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, and Alberta in Canada. The historical Sioux refer to the Great Sioux Nation"
"Ponca The Ponca (Páⁿka iyé: Páⁿka or Ppáⁿkka pronounced ) are a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan language group. There are two federally recognized Ponca tribes: the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. Their traditions and historical accounts suggest they originated as a tribe east of the Mississippi River in the Ohio River valley area and migrated west for game and as a result of Iroquois wars. The term Ponca was the name of a clan among the Kansa, Osage, and Quapaws. The meaning of the name is"
"scalps."" He identified these two leaders as: Other war leaders were: White Bull added: ""The old time Minconjou tribe had good leaders, men of high repute. Now they are all dead and their children have taken their places."" He listed the next generation as: Other noted Miniconjou: Miniconjou The Miniconjou (Lakota: Mnikȟówožu, Hokwoju – ‘Plants by the Water’) are a Native American people constituting a subdivision of the Lakota people, who formerly inhabited an area in western present-day South Dakota from the Black Hills in to the Platte River. The contemporary population lives mostly in west-central South Dakota. Perhaps the"
"innocent victims of what the white settlers are doing to them. One example of this can be found in the movie ""Dances with Wolves"". One scene shows the U.S. soldiers capturing the protagonist of the film, John Dunbar, and taking him as a prisoner away from his Native American land. Out of nowhere, the Native Americans race onto the scene and kill all of the U.S. soldiers while none of the Native Americans get killed. Some of them receive injuries, but they just ignore the pain and do not seem to even realize that they have been hurt. They are"