"percent of drivers worldwide want run-flat tires. U.S. market share is well below 1 percent. American Honda Motor Co. announced that the 2009 Honda Odyssey Touring and Acura RL were its last models available with run-flat tires and with Honda no longer using run-flats. This leaves only a handful of volume manufacturers offering them as standard fittings and only on some models. An exception is BMW, who are the largest fitter of run-flats as original equipment. Former US President Barack Obama's presidential limo, ""the Beast"", had Goodyear Kevlar lined run-flat tires. Besides the cost, which can be more than double"
"the wheel. Radial tire technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires, but other methods have been used. ""Bias tire"" (or cross ply) construction utilizes body ply cords that extend diagonally from bead to bead, usually at angles in the range of 30 to 40 degrees, with successive plies laid at opposing angles forming a crisscross pattern to which the tread is applied. The design allows the entire tire body to flex easily, providing the main advantage of this construction, a smooth ride on rough surfaces. This cushioning characteristic also causes the major disadvantages of a bias"
"Type A6, Saucony Fastwitch 5, Merrell Road Glove, Nike Zoom Streak, Nike Zoom Marathoner, Nike Lunaracer, Nike Flyknit Racer, Nike LunarSpider, Nike Mayfly, Adidas Adizero PR, Adizero RC, Asics DS Racer 10, Asics Piranha SP 4, Puma Taper, Mizuno Wave Universe 5, and numerous others. Racing flat Racing flats, or simply flats, are lightweight athletic shoes designed for ""long distance"" track and field, cross country, and most often, road races. They differ from normal training shoes mainly by the lack of a substantial heel (hence the name). Flats are more lightweight than regular running sneakers so they do not last"
"which in general has an elliptical cross-section rather than the circular cross-section produced by rotating L around L'; such surfaces are also called hyperboloids of one sheet, and again are ruled by two families of mutually skew lines. A third type of ruled surface is the hyperbolic paraboloid. Like the hyperboloid of one sheet, the hyperbolic paraboloid has two families of skew lines; in each of the two families the lines are parallel to a common plane although not to each other. Any three skew lines in R lie on exactly one ruled surface of one of these types ."
"These foresets are individually differentiable because of small-scale separation between layers of material of different sizes and densities. Cross-bedding can also be recognized by truncations in sets of ripple foresets, where previously-existing stream deposits are eroded by a later flood, and new bedforms are deposited in the scoured area. Cross-bedding can be subdivided according to the geometry of the sets and cross strata into subcategories. The most commonly described types are tabular cross-bedding and trough cross-bedding. Tabular cross-bedding, or planar bedding consists of cross-bedded units that are extensive horizontally relative to the set thickness and that have essentially planar bounding"
"Airfoil An airfoil (American English) or aerofoil (British English) is the cross-sectional shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine), or sail (as seen in cross-section). An airfoil-shaped body moved through a fluid produces an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of motion is called lift. The component parallel to the direction of motion is called drag. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic shape with a rounded leading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge, often with a symmetric curvature of upper and lower surfaces. Foils of similar function designed with water"
"adhered. There are two basic configurations, ""cross-cut"" and ""radial"". ""Cross-cut"" sails have the panels sewn parallel to one another, often parallel to the foot of the sail, and are the less expensive of the two sail constructions. Triangular cross-cut sail panels are designed to meet the mast and stay at an angle from either the warp or the weft (on the bias) to allow stretching along the luff, but minimize strutting on the luff and foot, where the fibers are aligned with the edges of the sail. ""Radial"" sails have panels that ""radiate"" from corners in order to efficiently transmit"
"varies from a nubbin to an extra, non-functional little finger part on a pedicle. According to the three-type classification, type I includes nubbins or floating little fingers, type II includes duplications at the MCPJ, and type III includes duplications of the entire ray. The Wassel classification is the most widely used classification of radial polydactyly, based upon the most proximal level of skeletal duplication. The most common type is Wassel 4 (about 50% of such duplications) followed by Wassel 2 (20%) and Wassel 6 (12%). The classification of central polydactyly is based on the extent of duplication and involves the"
"as a square tiling, V4.4.4.4, and can be created by crossing string of a dream catcher. Below is an example with dihedral hexagonal symmetry. Another face transitive tiling with kite faces, also a topological variation of a square tiling and with face configuration V4.4.4.4. It is also vertex transitive, with every vertex containing all orientations of the kite face. Rhombitrihexagonal tiling In geometry, the rhombitrihexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are one triangle, two squares, and one hexagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of rr{3,6}. John Conway calls it a rhombihexadeltille. It can"
"Both Dynasports and Rundle Sport designs utilize a flatter flex, and 2 companies that have taken out the pivoting but also achieve a degree of flatter flex are Quionne using carbon fiber with flex zones by the forks, and Pursuit utilizing spring steel forks. There are also types of roller skis that have 3 wheels, with one on the front and two on the back. These are less common more recently due to extra weight on rear created tail drop. Roller skis with pneumatic tires (such as skikes) are available for rough pavement and off-road use. Normal cross-country ski bindings"
"closing head: With the Radial riveting process, the tool itself does not rotate. The friction between tool and work-piece is thus at a minimum. The result is an excellent surface structure. Low workpiece loading: Even bakelite or ceramic parts can be riveted. Lateral forces are negligible. Clamping is usually unnecessary.. Rollerforming is a subset of orbital forming. Rollerforming uses the same powerhead as orbital forming but instead of a peen has multiple wheels that circle the workpiece and combine two similar or non-similar materials together with a seamless and smooth gentle bonding via downward pressure as the rollers move downward"
"are for heel-toe joggers/runners which are further subdivided into 'neutral', 'overpronation' and 'underpronation'. These are constructed with a complex structure of ""rubber"" with plastic/metal stiffeners to restrict foot movement. More advanced runners tend to wear flatter and flexible shoes, which allow them to run more quickly with greater comfort. According to the NPD Group, one in four pairs of running shoes that were sold in the United States in 2016 were bought from an online retailer. , brands with global popularity include: Adidas, Air Jordan, ASICS, Babolat, Brooks, Converse, DC, Diadora, Dunlop, Ethletic, Feiyue, Fila, Hoka One One, Hummel, Kappa,"
"Crossed square cupola In geometry, the crossed square cupola is one of the nonconvex Johnson solid isomorphs, being topologically identical to the convex square cupola. It can be obtained as a slice of the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron or quasirhombicuboctahedron. As in all cupolae, the base polygon has twice as many edges and vertices as the top; in this case the base polygon is an octagram. It may be seen as a cupola with a retrograde square base, so that the squares and triangles connect across the bases in the opposite way to the square cupola, hence intersecting each other. The"
"of aerodynamics. Various airfoils serve different flight regimes. Asymmetric airfoils can generate lift at zero angle of attack, while a symmetric airfoil may better suit frequent inverted flight as in an aerobatic airplane. In the region of the ailerons and near a wingtip a symmetric airfoil can be used to increase the range of angles of attack to avoid spin–stall. Thus a large range of angles can be used without boundary layer separation. Subsonic airfoils have a round leading edge, which is naturally insensitive to the angle of attack. The cross section is not strictly circular, however: the radius of"
"aerobatic manoeuvres, or on the wing on a racing car. Lift may also be largely horizontal, for instance on a sailing ship. The Lift discussed in this article is mainly in relation to airfoils, although marine hydrofoils and propellers share the same physical principles and work in the same way, despite differences between air and water such as density, compressibility, and viscosity. An airfoil is a streamlined shape that is capable of generating significantly more lift than drag. A flat plate can generate lift, but not as much as a streamlined airfoil, and with somewhat higher drag. There are several"
"tile a square, therefore these polyforms are also rep-36 rep-tiles. Similarly, if a polyiamond tiles an equilateral triangle, it will also be a rep-tile. A right triangle is a triangle containing one right angle of 90°. Two particular forms of right triangle have attracted the attention of rep-tile researchers, the 45°-90°-45° triangle and the 30°-60°-90° triangle. Polyforms based on isosceles right triangles, with sides in the ratio 1 : 1 : , are known as polyabolos. An infinite number of them are rep-tiles. Indeed, the simplest of all rep-tiles is a single isosceles right triangle. It is rep-2 when divided"
"English) is the shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine), or sail (as seen in cross-section). Wings with an asymmetrical cross section are the norm in subsonic flight. Wings with a symmetrical cross section can also generate lift by using a positive angle of attack to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher stalling speeds than cambered airfoils of the same wing area but are used in aerobatic aircraft as they provide practical performance whether the aircraft is upright or inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin membrane with no path-length"
"Structural shape rolling Structural shape rolling, also known as shape rolling and profile rolling, is the rolling and roll forming of structural shapes by passing them through a rolling mill to bend or deform the workpiece to a desired shape while maintaining a constant cross-section. Structural shapes that can be made with this metal forming process include: I-beams, H-beams, T-beams, U-beams, angle iron, channels, bar stock, and railroad rails. The most commonly rolled material is structural steel, however other include metals, plastic, paper, and glass. Common applications include: railroads, bridges, roller coasters, art, and architectural applications. It is a cost-effective"
"Cross-bedding In geology, cross-bedding is layering within a stratum and at an angle to the main bedding plane. The sedimentary structures which result are roughly horizontal units composed of inclined layers. The original depositional layering is tilted, such tilting not being the result of post-depositional deformation. Cross-beds or ""sets"" are the groups of inclined layers, which are known as cross strata. Cross-bedding forms during deposition on the inclined surfaces of bedforms such as ripples and dunes; it indicates that the depositional environment contained a flowing medium (typically water or wind). Examples of these bedforms are ripples, dunes, anti-dunes, sand waves,"
"every form of racing and most high-performance street vehicles..."""" Spring types in the front and rear can be transverse, parallel or coil setups—parallel is not used as frequently as the more common single-spring transverse setup and coil springs are still occasionally seen even though this spring type is less popular for aesthetic reasons. Rat rods will often be built with airbag suspension, thereby allowing the driver to raise and lower the car; this can be a useful feature due to the extremely low ground clearance of many rat rods. In many cases, the front suspension is mounted a considerable distance"
"tire flexes, reducing the tire's rolling friction. This allows vehicles with radial tires to achieve better fuel economy than with bias-ply tires. It also accounts for the slightly ""low on air"" (bulging) look that radial tire sidewalls have, especially when compared to bias-ply tires. With only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact with the ground. To add further stiffness, the entire tire is surrounded by additional belts oriented closer to the direction of travel, but usually at some ""spiral"" angle. These belts can be made of steel (hence the term steel-belted radial), polyester,"
"freely to reduce wear and rolling resistance. They are also usually oriented diagonally, forming bias plies. Radial ply has been attempted, and examples include Panasonic in the 1980s and the Maxxis in the 2010s, but often found to provide undesirable handling characteristics. The tread is the part of the tire that contacts the ground. The tread is made of natural and synthetic rubber that often includes fillers such as carbon black, which gives it its characteristic color, and silica. The type and amount of filler is selected based on characteristics such as wear, traction (wet and dry), rolling resistance, and"
"much as 0.6 m (two feet) vertically and 1.5 m (five feet) horizontally on level ground. If the soil is saturated, or if the rainfall rate is greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil, surface runoff occurs. If the runoff has sufficient flow energy, it will transport loosened soil particles (sediment) down the slope. ""Sheet erosion"" is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow. ""Rill erosion"" refers to the development of small, ephemeral concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Generally, where water"
"layers of rubber. In the past, the fabric was built up on a flat steel drum, with the cords at angles of about +60 and −60 degrees from the direction of travel, so they criss-crossed over each other. They were called cross ply or bias ply tires. The plies were turned up around the steel wire beads and the combined tread/sidewall applied. The green (uncured) tire was loaded over a curing bladder and shaped into the mold. This shaping process caused the cords in the tire to assume an S-shape from bead to bead. The angle under the tread, the"
"achieved. The final form often has height and/or diameter specifications. Pneumatic orbital riveting machines typically provide downward force in the range. Hydraulic orbital riveting machines typically provide downward force in the range. Radial riveting is subtly different from orbital forming. In most cases however, where high-quality joints are demanded, the radial riveting technology is the appropriate procedure due to the low cyle time, the little force needed and the high quality results obtained. The riveting peen describes a rose-petal path. The rivet is deformed in three directions. Radially outwards, radially inwards and overlying also tangentially. Excellent surface structure of the"
"Crossed pentagrammic cupola In geometry, the crossed pentagrammic cupola is one of the nonconvex Johnson solid isomorphs, being topologically identical to the convex pentagonal cupola. It can be obtained as a slice of the great rhombicosidodecahedron or quasirhombicosidodecahedron. As in all cupolae, the base polygon has twice as many edges and vertices as the top; in this case the base polygon is a decagram. It may be seen as a cupola with a retrograde pentagrammic base, so that the squares and triangles connect across the bases in the opposite way to the pentagrammic cuploid, hence intersecting each other more deeply."
"regular and semiregular ones. (All of them have 2 types of vertices, while one is 3-uniform.) Critchlow identifies 14 demi-regular tessellations, with 7 being 2-uniform, and 7 being 3-uniform. He codes letter names for the vertex types, with superscripts to distinguish face orders. He recognizes A, B, C, D, F, and J can't be a part of continuous coverings of the whole plane. Demiregular tiling In geometry, the ""demiregular tilings"" are a set of Euclidean tessellations made from 2 or more regular polygon faces. Different authors have listed different sets of tilings. A more systematic approach looking at symmetry orbits"
"error will always be present. Radial run-out is the result of a rotating component running off centre, such as a ball bearing with an offset centre. This means that the rotating tool or shaft, instead of being centrally aligned, will rotate about a secondary axis. In general, cutting tools are more tolerant of radial run-out since the edges are parallel to the line of cutting tending to keep the tool tip aligned. However, a rotating shaft may be less tolerant of radial run-out since the centre of gravity is displaced by the amount of run-out. Axial run-out is the result"
"Trioctagonal tiling In geometry, the trioctagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the hyperbolic plane, representing a rectified Order-3 octagonal tiling. There are two triangles and two octagons alternating on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of ""r""{8,3}. From a Wythoff construction there are eight hyperbolic uniform tilings that can be based from the regular octagonal tiling. Drawing the tiles colored as red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, there are 8 forms. It can also be generated from the (4 3 3) hyperbolic tilings: The trioctagonal tiling can be seen"
"blades. Airfoils are also found in propellers, fans, compressors and turbines. Sails are also airfoils, and the underwater surfaces of sailboats, such as the centerboard and keel, are similar in cross-section and operate on the same principles as airfoils. Swimming and flying creatures and even many plants and sessile organisms employ airfoils/hydrofoils: common examples being bird wings, the bodies of fish, and the shape of sand dollars. An airfoil-shaped wing can create downforce on an automobile or other motor vehicle, improving traction. Any object, such as a flat plate, a building, or the deck of a bridge, with an angle"
"the Honda Odyssey and Nissan Quest. Prior to the late 1990s introduction of the Michelin PAX System run-flat technology, both Michelin and Goodyear had introduced a ""zero-pressure"" run-flat technology, meaning that a pneumatic (air pressure-supported) tire could support itself with no air pressure. The new zero-pressure tire was a modified standard tire, constructed with a sidewall that was much stiffer and heavier, so as to support the weight of a car running at speed without careening out of control. The heavier sidewalls and special bead construction allowed a driver to drive a car with little or no air pressure at"
"rolls both forward and back, and ply steer is then calculated as one-half the sum of the values, keeping in mind that values have opposite signs. Radial run-out (RRO) describes the deviation of the tire’s roundness from a perfect circle. RRO can be expressed as the peak-to-peak value as well as harmonic values. RRO imparts an excitation into the vehicle in a manner similar to radial force variation. RRO is most often measured near the tire’s centerline, although some tire makers have adopted measurement of RRO at three positions: left shoulder, center, and right shoulder. Some tire manufactures mark the"
"often have aerofoil wings front and rear to produce downforce and enhance adhesion to the track. In Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as 'Formula', with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the 'Formula' terminology is not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport is usually arranged to follow an international format (such as F1), a regional format (such as the Formula 3 Euro Series), and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format (such as the German Formula 3 championship, or the British Formula Ford). In the United States, the most popular series is the National Championship, more"