"Châlus Châlus () is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. Richard I, King of England was besieging Châlus in 1199 when Pierre Basile wounded him with a crossbow bolt; Richard died of the wound. In 1275-1280, Géraud de Maumont built a second castle, Châlus Maulmont, in front of Châlus Chabrol. Chateau Châlus Maulmont was damaged extensively during the French Revolution, and was dismantled in 1790, then used as a prison. The tower of Châlus Maulmont collapsed on March 20, 1994. By 1745, the first map, in the 1/8628th, of Châlus is established to"
"handguns and heavy cavalry. The English longbow was greatly responsible for making England a major military power in the late medieval period, the English had introduced this deadly longbow during the Battle of Crecy. King Edward III was ravaging the countryside during the invasion of France, King Philip VI of France intercepted the English near the town of Crecy. The French had easily outnumbered the English. Apart from armoured knights the French army also had nearly 4,000 Genoese crossbowmen. But the English archers outnumbered the Genoese and rained arrows, the English could shoot five times faster than the Genoese crossbowmen."
"is generally accepted that it occurred in London, rather than in Oxford where Henry of Huntingdon claimed it to be in his sordid version of events, which included Edmund’s murder by suffering multiple stab wounds whilst on a privy tending to a call of nature. Geoffrey Gaimar states a similar occurrence with the weapon being a crossbow, but with a number of other medieval chroniclers including the ""Encomium Emmae Reginae"" not mentioning murder, it is thought Edmund’s cause of death may possibly have been caused by wounds received in battle or by some disease, but it is certainly a possibility"
"day on ""Saint Louis's Day, 1346, at the end of the ninth hour"". He mentions the failure of the Genoese crossbows to function, he states they were useless because they were wet and not given time to dry out. He states that the French King ordered the massacre of the crossbowmen because of what he conceived as cowardice. He blames this and the further disorder and confusion of the French on the ""undue haste"" of the French King. He describes the English longbowmans' arrows as ""rain coming from heaven and the sky's which were formerly clear, suddenly darkened"". Venette was"
"is shot to death by a man in the hire of Henry I, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, an event which precipitates the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in August 1572. William Shakespeare wrote ""The Life and Death of King John"" (1596), ""Henry V"" (1599), ""Henry VI, part 1"" (1592), ""Henry VI, part 2"" (1591), and ""Henry VI, part 3"" (1591), based on events during the reigns of John of England, king from 1199 to 1216, Henry V of England, king from 1413 to 1422, Henry VI of England, king from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to"
"him under cover of a rifle barrage but only succeeds in hitting him in the shoulder and wounding him, forcing him to retire from the field. As La Haye Sainte falls and with the French skirmishers and cannon slowly grinding down the British numbers, Colonel Ford, the Prince of Wales' Own Volunteers commander, goes to pieces and Sharpe's friend D'Alembord, who had been previously shot in the leg but insisted on returning to the battle, succumbs to his wound as he tries to take command. Just then, Napoleon decides to issue the final blow by advancing two columns of the"
"pawned) and his adventurism, fearing a repeat of the Hundred Years War. The King points out France’s allies in the forest – the King of Bohemia and mercenary Genoese crossbowmen, singing as they march on Crecy. ""Scene 7"" Battle of Crécy. When he sees that the Genoese are in his own army’s way, the French king orders their slaughter. The battle is won thanks to a blast from the English parliamentary cannon fired by the prime minister. ""Scene 8"" Now dead, the Genoese and the King of Bohemia march to Paris. An English archer drunkenly drags in a French prisoner"
"By the command of the king, an executioner strangled him to death, with the Franciscan cord which he wore around his waist. The year of his death has been questioned, with the ""Victoria County History"" for Kent placing the event in 1534. Anthony Brookby Anthony Brookby (Brorbey) (executed 19 July 1537) was an English Franciscan theologian. He offended Henry VIII, and became a Catholic martyr. Brookby was a lecturer in theology at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was well versed in Greek and Hebrew, and enjoyed a reputation as an eloquent preacher. In a sermon of Brookby's, he attacked the king's"
"crossbows led medieval monarchs to extreme measures. Emperor Frederick II, after the defeat at the siege of Parma triggered by a Genoese sally, ordered that the crossbowmen taken prisoner have their fingers cut off. During the Battle of Crécy, in August 1346, upwards of 5,000 Genoese crossbowmen were employed by the French in the first line against the English. At around 4 PM, a sudden rainstorm arose. The English longbowmen simply removed their bowstrings, and stored them under their water-resistant leather caps to keep them dry. Crossbows, on the other hand, cannot be unstrung and restrung without tools. The strings"
"personal device was a white boar. Richard III of England Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat at Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the protagonist of ""Richard III"", one of William Shakespeare's history plays. When his brother King Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was"
"Baugé on 22 March 1421, the Scottish army encountered the Duke's forces. Clarence rashly charged into the Scottish ranks. He and his knights were soon surrounded. During the battle Sir John Carmichael of Douglasdale broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence. Once on the ground, the Duke was slain by Sir Alexander, apparently with a mace. In other versions of the incident, Sir Alexander kills the Duke by piercing him with a lance. Sir Alexander held the prince's coronet aloft on his lance, bringing such dismay to the English that the battle was lost to them. In recognition of"
"by King Sebastian of Portugal). FitzMaurice went to make a vow at the monastery of the Holy Cross in Tipperary but became caught in a skirmish with the forces of his cousin, Theobald Burke, during which he was shot with a ball in the hollow of the chest, but cut his way through to Burke and his brother William, both of whom he killed with single strokes of his sword. The battle was won, but close to the scene his injuries overcame him; he made his will and ordered his friends to cut off his head after death in order"
"Cooke had forgotten to remove the epaulettes and recognised the danger they represented, but replied ""It is too late to take them off. I see my situation, but I will die like a man"". As the action continued, the Captain Pierre-Paul Gourège of ""Aigle"" ordered his crew to board and seize ""Bellerophon"", hoping to use their superiority of numbers to overwhelm the British crew. Cooke sent Cumby below to make sure that the lower-deck guns continued to fire into the French ship as the battle continued overhead, and threw himself at the French sailors pouring onto ""Bellerophon's"" quarterdeck, shooting an"
"of marauders for over a year. King Stephen built a ring of castles as his bases to contain the marauding, but could never draw him into a direct battle. Instead, de Mandeville's life was ended by a chance arrow shot from one of those castles at Burwell, on a hot August day when the one-time earl mistakenly removed his helmet and upper chain mail. The wound from the arrow led to an infection, fatal to him a month later on 16 September 1144. He had been excommunicated for his taking of Ramsey Abbey, such that only the Pope in person"
"and made ready for an engagement. When it was discovered that the approaching ship flew French colors, Captain Elton ordered ""Anglesea""s mainsail raised in preparation for a flight. The effect of this action was to blow the ship to one side and flood the lower gun decks of the vessel. ""Apollon"" laid down a withering fire onto ""Anglesea"", with the first broadside killing both Captain Elton and the ship's master, leaving Second Lieutenant Baker Phillips in command. ""Apollon's"" position granted it the advantage in maneuverability, and soon the British warship was crippled by repeated broadsides. Several more minutes saw ""Anglesea"""
"bearded man had walked out into the road after the carriage had passed; he removed a Winchester carbine rifle hidden under his overcoat, knelt on one knee and fired at the King from a distance of about . The shot struck the king's neck, killing him instantly; another gunman in the square opened fire at the carriage while onlookers ran in panic. The first assassin, later identified as Manuel Buíça (a teacher and former sergeant dismissed from the army), continued to fire. His second shot clipped the shoulder of the monarch, who slumped to the right with his back lying"
"of the crossbows thus became stretched upon being drenched by rain. When the rain-soaked and now-stretched crossbow strings were used roughly an hour later during the initial attack against the emplaced and defending English, the crossbows were largely rendered useless, with their maximum ranges and bolt speeds greatly reduced from their normal performance. When the Genoese crossbowmen came under heavy fire from the English longbowmen, the Genoese commander, Ottone Doria, ordered his troops to retreat. The French knights behind the Genoese crossbowmen saw this as cowardice and cut them down as they retreated. Most of the crossbowmen were killed, their"
"called King Charles' Tower) on the city walls. The King quickly withdrew to the Cathedral tower, but even this was not safe, as the captain standing next to him was shot in the head by musket fire from the victorious Parliamentarians who took residence in the St John's Church tower. The battle cost the lives of 600 Royalists and an unknown number of Parliamentarians. Among the Royalist dead was Lord Bernard Stuart (1622–1645) Earl of Lichfield, the king's cousin. His portrait is displayed in the National Gallery. Also slain at the same time was William Lawes (1602–1645) a noted English"
"at the Siege of Thérouanne, near Calais in France, on 24 June 1513, by a cannon ball fired from the town, while King Henry VIII sat in council, according to the ""Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans' Government unto the Death of King James"" (1643) by Richard Baker. He married Katherine Huddesfield (died 1499) one of the daughters and co-heiresses of Sir William Huddesfield (died 1499) of Shillingford St George in Devon, Attorney-General to Kings Edward IV (1461–1483) and Henry VII (1485–1509). He left numerous issue, who with their descendants """"multiplied into almost a"
"foresail raised in preparation for a retreat. The effect of this action was to blow the ship to one side and flood the lower gun decks. ""Apollon"" laid down a withering fire onto ""Anglesea"", with the first broadside killing both Captain Elton and the master of the ship, leaving Second Lieutenant Baker Phillips in command. Several more minutes saw 60 men killed or wounded by French fire. ""Apollon"" was able to engage the crippled ""Anglesea"" from its leeward side, granting the French ship an advantage in maneuverability. With ""Anglesea"" unable to fight and with the ship taking on water, Phillips"
"Saint Arthur of Glastonbury Saint Arthur of Glastonbury (died November 15, 1539), according to some French sources, was an English Roman Catholic faithful in the sixteenth century. He was martyred during the period of King Henry VIII's suppression of the Catholic Church due to his refusal to accept the king's claim to spiritual leadership of the Church in England. English Catholic sources lack information on St. Arthur of Glastonbury's martyrdom under Henry VIII. It is possible that the legendary King Arthur of Camelot, believed to have been connected with Glastonbury, and the story of a local martyr may have been"
"the 1640s, Prince Rupert—a Royalist general and cavalry commander during the English Civil War—is pictured carrying a battle axe, and this was not merely a decorative symbol of authority: the ""short pole-axe"" was adopted by Royalist cavalry officers to penetrate Roundhead troopers' helmets and cuirasses in close-quarters fighting, and it was also used by their opponents: Sir Bevil Grenville was slain by a Parliamentarian pole-axe at the Battle of Lansdowne, and Sir Richard Bulstrode was wounded by one at the Battle of Edgehill. In Scandinavia, however, the battle axe continued in use alongside the halberd, crossbow and pole-axe until the"
"Baker Phillips Baker Phillips was a second lieutenant in the Royal Navy during the War of the Austrian Succession. During the conflict, he served abroad . In 1745, an unprepared ""Anglesea"" was attacked and captured by a French warship. Phillips was court-martialed and executed for surrendering his ship while in command, his superiors having fallen to French fire. His court-martial was widely criticised and led to an amendment of the British Articles of War. On 28 March 1745, ""Anglesea"" sailed out of Kingsale to the mouth of the English Channel. The warship was under the command of Captain Jacob Elton,"
"finally having his elbow shattered by a French roundshot. Seeing his brother's predicament, Henry Harvey, who commanded sailed to his aid and raked ""Vengeur du Peuple"" twice, killing dozens of her crew and finally driving the ships apart. Both resembled wrecks, ""Vengeur du Peuple"" clearly sinking from the huge holes blasted in her sides. She finally surrendered to and who came up at the close of the battle, but her submission was too late and over 300 of her crew drowned when she suddenly heeled over and sank, the rest being picked up by British boats. Harvey had refused to"
"Alain Blanchard Alain Blanchard (born 14th century, executed in Rouen in 1419) was a commander of the crossbowmen of Rouen during the Hundred Years' War. He was active in the defence of the city during its siege by king Henry V of England. His habit of hanging English captives from the walls of the city incurred the wrath of the English. When the city capitulated on 20 January 1419 Henry demanded that three notable inhabitants be surrendered to be decapitated. One of them was Alain Blanchard. As a symbol of resistance to English power in France, Blanchard became a heroic"
"Baños noted that the Burians followed his example and complicated the battle for the Iberians. However, in the heat of the battle Miguel was fatally injured, having stayed in the frontline instead of falling back. It is not clear who was responsible for the death of the king, Aguado writes that he was stabbed by ""one of the Spaniards"", which Esteves names as Diego Gargía de Paredes, but Castellanos claims that Diego de Escorcha fired a crossbow at him. Captain Diego Ortega gave the credit to Diego García de Paredes. The king's men were immediately demoralized, with his death having"
"Rosseau had situated ""Amazone"" in a strong position, protected from close attack by rocks and shoals and in consequence the British ships could only fire as they wore around, resulting in scattered and inaccurate fire. As they advanced, the British ships came under fire from ""Amazone"", which killed one sailor on ""Berwick"" and killed one and wounded another on ""Amelia"", while the British fire had no effect on the French ship. At 18:00, Macnamara withdrew his ships from the bay, all three vessels having suffered considerable damage to their rigging and sails from ""Amazone""<nowiki>'</nowiki>s shot. Macnamara considered plans to use"
"bravely, but allows himself to be swept along with the ill-disciplined English cavalry as they continue the charge across the field and to the French artillery park. By the time a retaliatory charge of French lancers forms up behind them, the Englishmen's horses are exhausted, and they are easily slaughtered. Rossendale is crippled by a lance strike to his spine and blinded by a sword slash across the face, knocked off his horse, and left lying wounded on the battlefield. Sharpe, outraged to learn that the Prince has repeated his mistake and caused yet more needless deaths, gives the Prince"
"George Lee in his book ""The History, description and antiquities of the Prebendal Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Thame in the county and diocese of Oxford"" (and available to view at the UK's National Archives or in the Royal Collection) lays out a version of this story. This account of his death was given by Sir Robert Pye his son-in-law...""That in the action of Chalgrove Field, his pistol burst and shattered his hand in a terrible manner. He, however, rode off and got to his quarters but finding the wound mortal he sent for Sir Robert Pye then"
"the royal army and the king knighted several of his followers. About two hours before dusk, King Henry IV raised his sword. The battle opened with a massive archery barrage, arrows killing or wounding many men before they could meet hand to hand in the field. Percy's Cheshire bowmen proved generally superior. Thomas Walsingham recorded how the King's men ""fell like leaves in Autumn, every one [arrow] struck a mortal man"". According to the ""Dieulacres Chronicle"" the King's right wing under the command of the Earl of Stafford (who was killed) fled from the field. Far more than this wing"
"at Paul's Cross and incited a riot which saw the cathedral invaded, halted only by an appeal for calm by Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury. Osbern barricaded himself in nearby St Mary-le-Bow and was later executed, after which Paul's Cross was silent for many years. Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII, married Catharine of Aragon in St Paul's on 14 November 1501. Chroniclers are profuse in their descriptions of the decorations of the cathedral and city on that occasion. Arthur died five months later, at the age of 15, and the marriage was later to prove contentious during"
"of the Civil War, declaring, in what was later taken to be a prophetic curse; He eventually became a Royalist, joining King Charles, and was appointed lieutenant-general of royal forces in the counties of Lincoln, Rutland, Huntingdon, Cambridge and Norfolk. Whilst defending Gainsborough he was taken prisoner, and was killed on the 25 July 1643, aged 58, while being conveyed to Hull by boat along the River Trent. Royalist forces fired at his captors from the river bank, accidentally killing the Earl whose body was cut in two by a cannonball. He was succeeded in his peerage by his son"
"at ""Astraea"", Roquebert opened fire at close range but was soon surrounded, with ""Astraea"" on one side, ""Racehorse"" on the other and ""Phoebe"" raking her stern. In a ferocious 25 minute engagement, Roquebert was killed and the French flagship suffered severe damage, surrendering after a shot from ""Racehorse"" ignited her mainsail. The British ships were also badly damaged: ""Racehorse"" was unable to launch a boat to take possession of ""Renommée"" due to a fallen topmast on her deck and ""Astraea""<nowiki>'</nowiki>s boats all badly damaged by shot and leaked severely during the short row to the stricken French vessel. During the"