"While the governor Suetonius was pursuing a campaign on the isle of Anglesey, Boudicca, angered by maltreatment at the hands of the Romans, urged her people to rise up. They did, and marched on Camulodonum (now Colchester), where many former Roman soldiers had settled. The Romans in Camulodonum were massacred after a brief fight. Meanwhile, the Legio IX Hispana (Ninth Legion) had been sent south from Lindum (now Lincoln) to put down the revolt. It failed to arrive in time, and, when it encountered the Celts, was annihilated. The battle, however, may have enabled Governor Suetonius to arrive in Londinium"
"Camulodunum Camulodunum (; ), the Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester in Essex, was an important town in Roman Britain, and the first capital of the province. It is claimed to be the oldest town in Britain. Originally the site of the Brythonic-Celtic oppidum of Camulodunon (meaning ""stronghold of Camulos""), capital of the Trinovantes and later the Catuvellauni tribes, it was first mentioned by name on coinage minted by the chieftain Tasciovanus sometime between 20 and 10 BC. The Roman town began life as a Roman Legionary base constructed in the AD 40s on the site of the"
"coming from Reims, Arlon, Kruishoutem, Rindern, Mainz, Bar Hill Fort near the Antonine Wall, Sarmizegetusa and Southwark, London The town Camulodunum (now Colchester) in Essex may have been named after him (and is the conjectured basis for the legendary city Camelot). Camulodunum is a Latinised form of the Brittonic ""Camulodūnon"" from ""Camulos"" plus ""dūnon"" ""(hill)fort, stronghold"", a reference to the town's extensive Iron Age earthwork defences. Attempts from the 20th century and earlier to link the name ""Camulus"" with the nursery rhyme character Old King Cole, and with Irish mythological Cumhall, the hero Fionn's father, have been rejected by contemporary"
"Romanized Britons looked back to a golden age of peace and prosperity under Rome, the name ""Camelot"" of Arthurian legend may have referred to the capital of Britannia (""Camulodunum"", modern Colchester) in Roman times. It is unclear, however, where Chrétien de Troyes would have encountered the name ""Camulodunum"", or why he would render it as ""Camaalot"", though Urban T. Holmes argued in 1929 that Chretien had access to Book 2 of Pliny's ""Natural History"", where it is rendered as ""Camaloduno"". Given Chrétien's known tendency to create new stories and characters, being the first to mention the hero Lancelot's love affair"
"the Roman conquest of Britain it was already a centre of power for Cunobelin – known to Shakespeare as Cymbeline – king of the Catuvellauni (c.5 BC – AD 40), who minted coins there. Its Celtic name, Camulodunon, variously represented as CA, CAM, CAMV, CAMVL and CAMVLODVNO on the coins of Cunobelinus, means 'the fortress of [the war god] Camulos'. During the 30s AD Camulodunon controlled a large swathe of Southern and Eastern Britain, with Cunobelin called """"King of the Britons"""" by Roman writers. Camulodunon is sometimes popularly considered one of many possible sites around Britain for the legendary (perhaps"
"Britain led in person by the Emperor Claudius in 43 CE, a Legionary fortress was established at ""Camulodunon"", the Iron Age capital of the Trinovantes and Catuvellauni tribes. This fortress was later converted into a town for retired soldiers in 49 CE, and was renamed ""Camulodunum"", a Latin rendition of the Celtic name of the site. The town was the capital of the new province of Britannia, and had several public building befitting its status. These included a theatre, a ""curia"" (council chamber), forum and a large classical-style Temple. Construction of the Temple began during Claudius' reign, and was dedicated"
"the Catuvellauni, Britain's most powerful tribe at the time of Caesar's invasion of 54 BC. Some time before Claudius's conquest of AD 43, power shifted to the Trinovantes, who held the region northeast of the Thames Estuary from a capital at Camulodunum, nowadays Colchester in Essex. Claudius imposed a major ""colonia"" on Camulodunum, and made it the capital city of the new Roman province of Britannia. The first London Bridge was built by the Romans as part of their road-building programme, to help consolidate their conquest. The first bridge was probably a Roman military pontoon type, giving a rapid overland"
"the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The town's official name was ""Colonia Claudia Victricensis"" (City of Claudius’ Victory), but it was known colloquially by contemporaries as ""Camulodunum"" or simply ""Colonia"". The colonia became a large industrial centre, and was the largest, and for a short time the only, place in the province of Britannia where samian ware was produced, along with glasswork and metalwork, and a coin mint. Roman brick making and wine growing also took place in the area. Colonia Victricensis contained many large townhouses, with dozens of mosaics and tessellated pavements found, along with hypocausts and sophisticated waterpipes and"
"rebuilt on a larger scale and flourished, growing larger in size than its pre-Boudican levels (to 108 acres/45 ha) despite its loss of status to Londinium, reaching its peak in the Second and 3rd centuries. The town's official name was ""Colonia Claudia Victricensis"" (City of Claudius’ Victory), but it was known colloquially by contemporaries (such as on the monument of Gnaeus Munatius Aurelius Bassus in Rome - ""see below"") as ""Camulodunum"" or simply ""Colonia"". The colonia became a large industrial centre, and was the largest, and for a short time the only, place in the province of Britannia where samian"
"operating in Camulodunum in the First, Second and Third centuries are identified as immigrants from the Rhine Valley and East Gaul, including the Samian potter ""Minuso"" from Trier who also operated in other British towns, ""Miccio"", the mortaria potter ""G. Attius Marinus"" and several men called ""Sextus Valerius"". Pottery made in Camulodunum can be found across the East of England, and as far away as Eboracum. One of the most famous examples of locally made pottery is the ""Colchester Vase"" (c. 200), which depicts combat between gladiators called Memnon and Valentinus. As well as pottery, ceramics produced in Camulodunum also"
"Clausentum Clausentum was a small town in the Roman province of Britannia. The site is believed to be located in Bitterne, which is now a suburb of Southampton. Antonine Itinerary VII documents the Roman settlement of ""Clausentum"" as being west of ""Noviomagus Reginorum"" (Chichester) and from ""Venta Belgarum"" (Winchester). In 1610, William Camden identified Southampton as being the site of ""Clausentum"" and described how at Bitterne he had seen ""old broken walls, and trenches of an antient castle"". Around 1770, John Speed claimed that ""Clausentum"" was in the area that is now known as Bitterne Manor. In 1792, the Richard"
"Battle of Camulodunum The Battle of Camulodunum, also known as the Massacre of the Ninth Legion, (60 or 61 AD) was the major military victory of the Iceni and their allies over an organised Roman army during the revolt of Boudica against the Roman occupation of Britain. A large vexillation of the ""Legio IX Hispana"" were destroyed by the rebels. Attempting to relieve the besieged ""colonia"" of Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex), legionaries of the Legio IX Hispana led by Quintus Petillius Cerialis, were attacked by a horde of British tribes, led by the Iceni. Possibly 80% of the Roman foot-soldiers were"
"Roman departure from Britain around 410, but it has been identified as the listed among the 28 cities of Britain by the ""History of the Britons"" and the invading Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century. The settlement was served by the River Cam (then still known as the Granta) and two Roman roads: Akeman Street ran from Ermine Street north east through Cambridge to The Fens and the Via Devana ran northwest through the town on its way to Godmanchester. Duroliponte Duroliponte or Durolipons was a small town in the Roman province of Britannia."
"Brythonic-Celtic fortress following its conquest by the Emperor Claudius. After the early town was destroyed during the Iceni rebellion in 60/1 AD, it was rebuilt, reaching its zenith in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. During this time it was known by its official name Colonia Claudia Victricensis ('), often shortened to Colonia Victricensis""', and as ""Camulodunum"", a Latinised version of its original Brythonic name. The town was home to a large classical Temple, two theatres (including Britain's largest), several Romano-British temples, Britain's only known chariot circus, Britain's first town walls, several large cemeteries and over 50 known mosaics and tessellated"
"tenable Camelot. Modern archaeologists follow him in rejecting the name, calling it instead Cadbury Castle hill fort. Despite this, Cadbury remains widely associated with Camelot. The name of the Romano-British town of Camulodunum in Essex was derived from the Celtic god Camulus. However, it was located well within territory usually thought to have been conquered early in the 5th century by Saxons, so it is unlikely to have been the location of any ""true"" Camelot. The town was definitely known as Colchester as early as the ""Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"" in 917. Even Colchester Museum argues strongly regarding the historical Arthur: ""It"
"314 Council of Arles is patently corrupt but generally assumed to have mimicked the Roman administration: the identification of Lindum Colonia as a provincial capital rests on proposed emendations of one or the other of the bishops from the cities ""Londinensi"" and ""colonia Londinensium"". Those emendations are highly speculative: Bishop Ussher proposed ""Colonia"", Selden ""Camaloden"" or ""Camalodon"", and Spelman ""Camalodunum"" (all various names of Colchester); Camden took it as Caerleon, with Bishop Stillingfleet and Thackery proposing that a scribal error created ""Civ. Col. Londin."" from an original ""Civ. Col. Leg. II"" (Caerleon). Describing the metropolitan sees of the early British"
"a failed 'planned town' provincial capital to replace Londinium or Camulodunum. The remains of a ""mansio"", a combination post office, civic centre and hotel, lie beneath the streets of modern Moulsham, and the ruins of an octagonal temple are located beneath the Odeon roundabout. The town disappeared for a while after the Romans left Britain. In 1199, following the commissioning of a bridge over the River Can by Maurice, Bishop of London, William of Sainte-Mère-Eglise was granted a Royal Charter for Chelmsford to hold a market, marking the origin of the modern town. An under-cover market, operating Tuesday to Saturday,"
"as ""Colonia Victricensis"". This contained a large and elaborate Temple to the Divine Claudius, the largest classical-style temple in Britain, as well as at least seven other Romano-British temples. Colchester is home to two of the five Roman theatres found in Britain, the one at Gosbecks (site of the Iron Age royal farmstead) being the largest in Britain, able to seat 5,000. Camulodunum served as a provincial Roman capital of Britain, but was attacked and destroyed during Boudica's rebellion in AD 61. Sometime after the destruction, London became the capital of the province of Britannia. Colchester's town walls c. 3,000"
"with the River Avon acting as a transit route. Evidence of frogs' legs being eaten as well as 31,000 flints and animal bones have also been found. Colchester claims to be Britain's oldest ""recorded"" town. Its claim is based on a reference by Pliny the Elder, the Roman writer, in his ""Natural History"" (""Historia Naturalis"") in 77 AD. He described Anglesey as ""about from Camulodunum, a town in Britain"", where Camulodunum was the Roman name for Colchester. It is claimed that this is the first known reference to any named settlement in Britain, although coins minted by Tasciovanus mention the"
"Duroliponte Duroliponte or Durolipons was a small town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Cambridge, located in the English county of Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. The site of Roman Cambridge is located on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre. The fort () was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettle's Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill. It was originally an Iron"
"""Camulodensium"" (although Lincoln and Gloucester are other possible candidates). The formal collapse of Roman administration in the province occurred in the years 409-411. Activity in the 5th century continued in Camulodunum at a much reduced level, with evidence of at the Butt Road site showing that it briefly carrying on into the early 5th century. Several burials within the towns walls have been dated to the 5th century. These include two burials discovered at East Hill House in 1983, which have been surgically decapitated (in a fashion found in both Pre-Roman and some early pagan-Saxon burial practices), and other burials"
"that the area around Maidenhead's present town centre was a small Roman settlement called Alaunodunum. He stated that it had all but disappeared by the end of the Roman occupation. Although his source is unknown, there is documented and physical evidence of Roman settlement in the town. There are two well known villa sites in the town, one being in the suburb of Cox Green, and the other just west of the town centre on Castle Hill. This villa sat on the route of the Camlet Way which was a Roman road linking Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) and Colchester (Camulodunum) via"
"would be impossible and inconceivable to link him to the Colchester area, or to Essex more generally,"" pointing out that the connection between the name Camulodunum and Colchester was unknown until the 18th century. Professor Peter Fields has suggested that another Camulodunum, a former Roman fort, is a likely location of King Arthur's Camelot and that ""Slack, on the outskirts of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire,"" is where Arthur would have held court. This is because of the name, and also regarding its strategic location: it is but a few miles from the extreme South-West of Hen Ogledd (also making close"
"Londinium (London) and southeastern England. Following the Roman conquest of Britain, it was administered as a single province from Camulodunum (Colchester) and then Londinium (London) until the Severan Reforms following the revolt of its governor Clodius Albinus. These divided the territory into Upper and Lower Britain (""Britannia Superior"" and ""Inferior""), whose respective capitals were at Londinium and Eboracum (York). During the first phases of the Diocletian Reforms, Britain was under the control of the Allectus's Britannic Empire as part of the Carausian Revolt. At some point after the territory was retaken by Constantius Chlorus in 296, the Diocese of the"
"sites within the bounds of these defences are the Gosbecks farmstead, a large high-status settlement with associated religious site, the Sheepen river port and industrial area near the present location of St Helena School and the Lexden burial mounds, a group of barrows and cremation burials. Originally Camulodunon was a stronghold of the Trinovantes tribe, led by kings such as Addedomarus, but at some point in the 1st century AD the aristocracy and ruling families were from the Catuvellauni tribe. A Roman legionary fortress or ""castrum"", the first permanent legionary fortress to be built in Britain, was established within the"
"have made an impression on the Britons when they were displayed in the large tribal centre of Camulodunum, modern day Colchester. The Roman ""colonia"" of ""Colonia Claudia Victricensis"" was established as the provincial capital of the newly established province of Britannia at Camulodunum, where a large Temple was dedicated in his honour. He left after 16 days, but remained in the provinces for some time. The Senate granted him a triumph for his efforts. Only members of the Imperial family were allowed such honours, but Claudius subsequently lifted this restriction for some of his conquering generals. He was granted the"
"the ""Kingdom of East Anglia"". In AD 991 the Battle of Maldon resulted in complete defeat of the Anglo-Saxons by the Vikings, and is commemorated in the poem ""The Battle of Maldon"". The county was divided into the hundreds of: The area which Essex now occupies was ruled before Roman settlement by the Celtic Trinovantes tribe. A dispute between them and the Catuvellauni was used as an excuse for a Roman invasion in 54 BC , and they allied with Rome when Claudius returned in AD 43. This led to Camulodunum (Colchester) becoming the capital of Roman Britain. The Trinovantes"
"Avalon (under the influence of the Breton place name ""Cavallon""). He further suggested that ""Cavalon/Camelot"" became Arthur's capital due to confusion with Arthur's other traditional court at ""Carlion"" (""Caer Lleon"" in Welsh). Others have suggested a derivation from the British Iron Age and Romano-British place name ""Camulodunum"", one of the first capitals of Roman Britain and which would have significance in Romano-British culture. Indeed, John Morris, the English historian who specialized in the study of the institutions of the Roman Empire and the history of Sub-Roman Britain, suggested in his book ""The Age of Arthur"" that as the descendants of"
"Lactodurum Lactodurum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Towcester, located in the English county of Northamptonshire. Towcester lays claim to being the oldest town in Northamptonshire and possibly, because of the antiquity of recent Iron Age finds in the town, to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the country. There is evidence that it was settled by humans since the Mesolithic era (middle stone age). There is also evidence of Iron Age burials in the area. In Roman times, the Watling Street road (now the A5) was built through"
"was built into the corner of a junction between two Roman streets. The study concluded that Roman building ruins and old street remains were in some cases used as a template for later property divisions. The name of the town and the River Colne are also a legacy of the Romans. ""Colchester"" (first appearing in written form in the 10th Century as ""Colencaester"" and ""Colneceastre"") is a Saxon name derived from the Latin words ""Colonia"" and ""Castra"", with the River Colne also taking its name from ""Colonia"". Camulodunum Camulodunum (; ), the Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester"
"kind in Britain. The defences consist of lines of ditches and ramparts, possibly palisaded with gateways, that mostly run parallel to each other in a north-south direction. The Iron Age settlement was protected by rivers on three sides, with the River Colne bounding the site to the north and east, and the Roman River valley forming the southern boundary; the earthworks were mostly designed to close off the western gap between these two river valleys. Other earthworks close off eastern parts of the settlement. These earthworks gave the oppidum its Brythonic Celtic name - ""Camulodunon"" meant ""The Stronghold of Camulus"","
"Pye Road Pye Road is a Roman road running from the capital of the Iceni at Venta Icenorum (Caistor St Edmund near Norwich) to the original Roman provincial capital and legionary base at Camulodunum (Colchester). The road was later extended, connecting it to the new provincial capital north of the bridge over the Thames at Londinium (London), although that part of the route is also known by the name the The road runs from Venta Icenorum (Caistor St Edmund) to Camulodunum (Colchester), partly sharing a route with the A140 road. Between Colchester and London, the path of the former gravel"
"Corinium Dobunnorum Corinium Dobunnorum was the Romano-British settlement at Cirencester in the present-day English county of Gloucestershire. Its 2nd-century walls enclosed the second-largest area of a city in Roman Britain. It was the tribal capital of the Dobunni and is usually thought to have been the capital of the Diocletian-era province of First Britain (""Britannia I"" ). A Roman fort was established at Corinium in the territory of the friendly tribe of the Dobunni about a year after the Roman conquest of Britain. The main settlement in the area at the time was the hillfort at Bagendon. Three main Roman"