"terrorism increased, inspired by the Cuban example. The United States put down these rebellions by supporting Latin American countries in their counter-guerrilla operations through the Alliance for Progress launched by President John F. Kennedy. This thrust appeared to be successful. A Marxist, Salvador Allende, became president of Chile in 1970, but was overthrown three years later in a military coup backed by the United States. Despite civil war, high crime and political instability, most Latin American countries eventually adopted bourgeois liberal democracies while Cuba maintained its socialist system. Encouraged by the success of Guatemala in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état,"
"Salvador Allende Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (; ; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean democratic socialist politician and physician, President of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government; he was the first Marxist ever to be elected to the national presidency of a liberal democracy in the entire world. Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years. As a life-long committed member of the Socialist Party of Chile, whose foundation he had actively contributed to, he was a senator, deputy and cabinet minister. He"
"Rómulo Gallegos Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 – 5 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of some nine months during 1948, he was the first cleanly elected president in his country's history. Rómulo Gallegos was born in Caracas to Rómulo Gallegos Osío and Rita Freire Guruceaga, into a family of humble origin. He began his work as a schoolteacher, writer, classical music enthusiast, and journalist in 1903. His novel ""Doña Bárbara"" was first published in 1929, and it was because of the book's criticisms of the regime of longtime dictator"
"Moneda in 1973. A residential street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada has been named after him. Allende Avenue in Harlow, Essex, UK is named after him. There is also a square in the 7th arrondissement of Paris named after him, not far from the Chilean embassy. Salvador Allende Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (; ; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean democratic socialist politician and physician, President of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government; he was the first Marxist ever to be elected to the national presidency of a liberal"
"Latin American nation should become the first country in the hemisphere to freely choose an avowed Marxist as its elected president, the Department, CIA, and other agencies have embarked on a major campaign to prevent Allende's election and to support Frei, the only candidate who has a chance of beating him. Mann described a ten-point plan, which included: These efforts were successful in 1964 but reversed in 1970. In Bolivia, when General René Barrientos Ortuño led a takeover of the popular Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) government, which had been in power for twelve years, Mann secured aid for the new"
"Chile was ruled by President Salvador Allende, the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections. The United States government actively attempted to destabilize the Allende government, with U.S. President Richard Nixon ordering extensive use of economic warfare for this purpose. The Nixon administration also used the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to mount a major destabilization campaign. As the CIA revealed in 2000, ""In the 1960s and the early 1970s, as part of the US Government policy to try to influence events in Chile, the CIA undertook specific covert action projects in Chile"
"Presidency of Salvador Allende Salvador Allende was the president of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity government; he was the first Marxist ever to be elected to the national presidency of a liberal democracy. Though the 1970 election was lawful, in August 1973 the Chilean Senate declared the Allende government to be ""unlawful"" in large part due to its practice of unconstitutional expropriation of private property. Allende's presidency was ended by a military coup before he could complete a full term in office. During his tenure, Chilean politics reached a state of civil unrest amid"
"the revolution"". These free-market liberal reform policies were also followed by subsequent presidents, President Jaime Paz Zamora (1989–1993) and Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (1993–1997) which the latter liberalized the economy even further through these IMF (International Monetary Fund) structural adjustment programme. Lozada’s predecessor, the once before president Hugo Banzer Suárez (1997–2001) also continued the reforms, as well as pursued an aggressive coca-eradication and alternative-crop program that were followed by very strong protests, until Lozada’s return to power in the 2002 elections. When Lozada came back to power in 2002, the country by then was going through economic difficulties and the"
"process"". In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the crisis with a referendum. However, the Chilean military seized the initiative of the Chamber of Deputies' 22 August Resolution (which had implored Allende's military removal) to oust Allende on 11 September 1973. As the Presidential Palace was surrounded and bombed, Allende committed suicide. Presidency of Salvador Allende Salvador Allende was the president of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity government; he was the first Marxist ever to be elected to the national presidency of a liberal democracy. Though the 1970 election was lawful,"
"Adolfo López Mateos Adolfo López Mateos (; 26 May 1909 – 22 September 1969) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) who served as President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964. As president, he nationalized electric companies, created the National Commission for Free Textbooks (1959), the Chamizal dispute was solved, and the creation of prominent museums such as the Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City was promoted. Declaring his political philosophy to be ""left within the Constitution,"" López Mateos was the first self-declared left-wing politician to hold the presidency"
"Evo Morales Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959), commonly known as Evo Morales (), is a Bolivian politician and cocalero activist who has served as President of Bolivia since 2006. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come from the indigenous population, his administration has focused on the implementation of leftist policies, poverty reduction, and combating the influence of the United States and multinational corporations in Bolivia. A socialist, he is the head of the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party. Born to an Aymara family of subsistence farmers in Isallawi, Orinoca Canton, Morales undertook a basic education"
"Juan del Granado Juan Fernando del Granado Cosío (born 26 March 1953) is a Bolivian human-rights lawyer and politician, mayor of La Paz (2000–2010) and founder of the Movement without Fear (Movimiento Sin Miedo, MSM), a progressive political party. On November 11, 2013, he officially announced his candidacy for president of Bolivia for the 2014 election. He is known as John the Fearless (“Juan Sin Miedo”) for achieving in 1993 the first-ever successful prosecution of a Latin American dictator in the ordinary courts for crimes committed in office. Bolivia’s Supreme Court sentenced Gen. Luis García Meza Tejada, the ""cocaine dictator,"""
"of requiring cabinet member nominees to first pass appropriate examinations, unique among politicians anywhere. In 1993, the Liberal Party's Carlos Reina was elected president, promising to reform the judicial system and limit the power of the armed forces. In April 1995 compulsory military service was abolished. The Liberal Party's Carlos Roberto Flores Facussé was elected in 1997, also promising to restructure the armed forces; in 1999 the armed forces were brought under civilian control. In 2001, Ricardo Maduro was elected president on a platform that promised to stop rampant inflation afflicting the nation, and to put a stop to the"
"Bolivia. Evo Morales Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959), commonly known as Evo Morales (), is a Bolivian politician and cocalero activist who has served as President of Bolivia since 2006. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come from the indigenous population, his administration has focused on the implementation of leftist policies, poverty reduction, and combating the influence of the United States and multinational corporations in Bolivia. A socialist, he is the head of the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party. Born to an Aymara family of subsistence farmers in Isallawi, Orinoca Canton, Morales undertook a basic"
"world's poorest nations. In Chile, the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970, becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas. The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically, which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet's coup d'état on 11 September 1973. Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator, Allende's reforms of the economy were rolled back, and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA). The Pinochet regime would go"
"married to Teotiste Arocha Egui, who served as First Lady of Venezuela in 1948. Rómulo Gallegos Freire died in Caracas on 5 April 1969. Rómulo Gallegos Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 – 5 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of some nine months during 1948, he was the first cleanly elected president in his country's history. Rómulo Gallegos was born in Caracas to Rómulo Gallegos Osío and Rita Freire Guruceaga, into a family of humble origin. He began his work as a schoolteacher, writer, classical music enthusiast, and journalist in"
"Raúl Alfonsín Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Foulkes (March 12, 1927 – March 31, 2009) was an Argentine lawyer and statesman who served as the President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 8 July 1989. Alfonsín was the first democratically elected president after more than seven years of military dictatorship and is considered the ""father of modern democracy in Argentina"". Born in Chascomús, Buenos Aires Province, he began his studies of law at the National University of La Plata and was a graduate of the University of Buenos Aires. He was affiliated with the Radical Civic Union (UCR), joining the faction"
"Juan José Arévalo Juan José Arévalo Bermejo (10 September 1904 – 8 October 1990) was a professor of philosophy who became Guatemala's first democratically elected president in 1945. He was elected following a popular uprising against the United States-backed dictator Jorge Ubico that began the Guatemalan Revolution. He remained in office until 1951, surviving 25 coup attempts. He did not contest the election of 1951, instead choosing to hand over power to Jacobo Árbenz. As president, he enacted several social reform policies, including an increase in the minimum wage and a series of literacy programs. He also oversaw the drafting"
"ever recorded in the world. By 1985, the government's impotence prompted Congress to call early elections, citing the fact that Siles had been originally elected five years before. Having broken with Siles, the MIR this time ran on its own, led by the ubiquitous Paz as its presidential candidate. Paz finished a respectable third, and the MNR's Víctor Paz Estenssoro was elected president (1985–89). During the 1985-1989 period, the MIR underwent major ideologicl transformations, with Paz and Oscar Eid advocating a break with Marxist notions and with any call for class-based struggle. These were the days of Perestroika, and the"
"before his death. Roberto María Ortiz Jaime Gerardo Roberto Marcelino María Ortiz Lizardi (September 24, 1886 – July 15, 1942) was President of Argentina from February 20, 1938 to June 27, 1942. Ortiz was born in Buenos Aires. As a student at the University of Buenos Aires, he participated in an unsuccessful revolution in 1905. In 1909 he graduated from the university and became a lawyer. He became active in the Radical Civic Union and was elected to the Argentine National Congress in 1920. He served as minister of public works from 1925 to 1928. He supported the revolution of"
"Farabundo Martí Agustín Farabundo Martí Rodríguez (; May 5, 1893 – February 1, 1932), popularly known as Farabundo Martí, was a Marxist-Leninist activist and a revolutionary leader in El Salvador during the 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre. Martí was born in Teotepeque, a farming community located in Departamento de La Libertad, El Salvador. After graduating from the ""Salesian Secondary School"" of Saint Cecilia of Santa Tecla, he entered the University of El Salvador in San Salvador. Early on, Martí believed the exploitation of the country's poor was for the profit of the rich, and he became known as a Salvadoran revolutionary"
"the bait-and-switch argument as one of the core characteristics of a new kind of Latin American populism (broad-based and supported by the lower classes, but implementing market-driven policies) of which presidents Alberto Fujimori of Peru (1990–2000) and Carlos Menem of Argentina (1989–99) would be exemplars. However, the first scholar to propose and study the policy switch phenomenon on its own right was Susan Stokes, who studied 44 Latin American elections between 1982 and 1995. Stokes found that the policy switches in Latin America always occur from left to right. Her results show that a majority of presidents (27 out of"
"he is remembered as a man of principles. Over the years, as his luck rose and fell, his political direction oscillated wildly. He described himself as a ""non-Communist"" and a friend of Fidel Castro, and he told an interviewer in 1988 that he had never been Marxist. In 2009, the writer Evelyn Marte published a book named which details the life of Juan Bosch and the Family. Short stories: Novels: Essays: Juan Bosch (politician) Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño (June 30, 1909 – November 1, 2001) was a Dominican politician, historian, short story writer, essayist, educator, and the first democratically elected"
"influenced by the headmaster of the school, John A. Mackay, a Free Church missionary. In 1923 Haya de la Torre was exiled by the government of Augusto B. Leguía. On 7 May 1924, while in Mexico City, Haya de la Torre founded the APRA and the pan-Latin American movement known as ""Aprismo"". He returned to Peru in 1931 to run for president, but was defeated in the election by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro. That year, he was imprisoned for 15 months and his party was outlawed until 1934 and then also from 1935 to 1945. In 1945, José Luis Bustamante"
"CCF formed the first socialist government in North America. At the federal level, the NDP was the Official Opposition, from 2011 through 2015. For the ""Encyclopedia Britannica"", ""the attempt by Salvador Allende to unite Marxists and other reformers in a socialist reconstruction of Chile is most representative of the direction that Latin American socialists have taken since the late 20th century. [...] Several socialist (or socialist-leaning) leaders have followed Allende's example in winning election to office in Latin American countries"". Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega, Bolivian President Evo Morales and Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa refer to their"
"Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, the Somoza family in Nicaragua, Carlos Castillo Armas in Guatemala, Juan María Bordaberry in Uruguay, Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, Alfredo Stroessner inParaguay, François Duvalier in Haiti, Emílio Garrastazu Médici in Brazil and Marcos Pérez Jiménez in Venezuela, which caused a strong anti-American sentiment in wide sectors of the population. Following the third wave of democratization in the 1980s, the institutionalization of electoral competition in Latin America opened up the possibility for the left to ascend to power. For much of the region’s history, formal electoral contestation excluded leftist movements, first"
"Liberal Revolution in 1870, El Salvador as well). José Santos Zelaya was reelected president in 1902 and again in 1906. The possibility of building a canal across the isthmus of Central America had been the topic of serious discussion since the 1820s, and Nicaragua was long a favored location. When the United States shifted its interests to Panama, Zelaya negotiated with Germany (who happened to be in the middle of a cold war with the U.S over Caribbean ports) and Japan in an unsuccessful effort to have a canal constructed in his state. Fearful that president Zelaya might generate an"
"new political constitution, and elected Vinicio Cerezo (1986–91) president; then Jorge Serrano Elías (1991–93). In the book ""Canto General"" (General Song, 1950), the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1904–73) denounced foreign multinational corporate political dominance of Latin American countries with the four-stanza poem ""La United Fruit Co.""; the second-stanza excerpts read: ... The Fruit Company, Inc.<br> Reserved for itself the most succulent,<br> The central coast of my own land,<br> The delicate waist of the Americas. It rechristened its territories<br> As the ""Banana Republics"", <br> And over the sleeping dead,<br> Over the restless heroes<br> Who brought about the greatness,<br> The liberty and"
"1838 to January 27, 1840) within the federation. Pedro Molina Mazariegos Doctor Pedro José Antonio Molina Mazariegos (April 29, 1777, Guatemala — September 21, 1854) was a Central American politician, considered one of the founders of liberalism in Guatemala. At the head of a party named ""Los Cacos"" (The Thieves), he fought for the independence of Central America from Spain. Los Cacos were opposed by ""Los Serviles"" (The Slaves). In 1802 he was a professor at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. In 1820 he formulated a plan for the reform of medical education. His plan was accepted and"
"name of Liberal Nationalists, nominated Juan Bautista Sacasa; the smaller, under the party name of Liberal Republican, nominated Luís Corea. In the meantime President Martínez had developed a new party for the purpose of bringing about his own nomination""”. The above notwithstanding and with his chances to run again diminished, Bartolomé Martínez, in a last effort to prevent his arch-rival Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, now a lawful candidate, from garnering the votes, had little option but to follow a suggestion from the already highly influential and soon-to-be known as ""First Lady of Liberalism"", Doña Angélica Balladares Montealegre (December 19, 1872 –"
"reestablish democracy in Argentina. He was named ""Illustrious Citizen of Buenos Aires Province"" in 2008, and ""Illustrious Citizen of Buenos Aires"" in 2009. The latter award was granted posthumously and received by his son Ricardo Alfonsín. Raúl Alfonsín Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Foulkes (March 12, 1927 – March 31, 2009) was an Argentine lawyer and statesman who served as the President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 8 July 1989. Alfonsín was the first democratically elected president after more than seven years of military dictatorship and is considered the ""father of modern democracy in Argentina"". Born in Chascomús, Buenos Aires"
"from the junta in order to seek the presidency. He was elected and served a full term which concluded in 1967. His successor Colonel Fidel Sánchez Hernández was elected in March 1967, what was considered the most honest presidential election up to that point. In January 1932, labour leader Agustín Farabundo Martí led a peasant revolt in the western countryside of El Salvador. The revolt was in opposition to the military dictatorship and what is known as the Fourteen Families, the oligarchy which controls a disproportionate share of wealth. The two-day revolt was opposed and suppressed by Hernández Martínez, who"
"Francisco Javier Zaldúa Francisco Javier Martínez de Zaldúa y Racines was a Colombian, lawyer and politician, elected President of Colombia in 1882. Zaldúa was born in Bogotá, Cundinamarca, on December 3, 1811. He died in the same city, in the Government Palace, on December 21, 1882. He was the first Colombian President to die while in office. His father was don Manuel Maria Zaldúa, a prominent member of the Nueva Granada high society and a very wealthy man. He donated most of his fortune to the cause of independence and in particular to General Antonio Nariño. When the Spanish “Pacificador”,"