"snake can flatten head and neck into a hood. The head and hood are uniformly dark brown or black. The venom of ""Naja nigricincta"" can cause massive hemorrhaging, necrosis and paralysis in bite victims. These snakes can also spit their venom, hitting their enemies with great accuracy and causing temporary or permanent blindness. This species is native to parts of southern Africa (southern Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa). Naja nigricincta Naja nigricincta is a species of spitting cobra in the genus ""Naja"" belonging to the family Elapidae. This species had long been considered to be a subspecies of"
"""Paranaja"" with ""Naja"". According to that revision, the genus ""Naja"" now includes 38 species. The origin of this genus name is from the Sanskrit ""nāga"" (with a hard ""g"") meaning ""snake"". Some hold that the Sanskrit word is cognate with English ""snake"", Germanic: ""*snēk-a-"", Proto-IE: ""*(s)nēg-o-"", but this is unlikely. Mayrhofer calls this etymology """"unglaubhaft"" "", ""not credible"", and suggests a more plausible etymology connecting it with Sanskrit ""nanga,"" ""hairless, naked"". ""Naja"" species vary in length and most are relatively slender-bodied snakes. Most species are capable of attaining lengths of . Maximum lengths for some of the larger species of"
"Javan spitting cobra The Javan spitting cobra (""Naja sputatrix"") also called the southern Indonesian cobra, or Indonesian cobra, is a stocky and highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to Indonesia. ""Naja sputatrix"" was first described by German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1827. The generic name ""Naja"" is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word """" () meaning ""cobra"". The specific epithet ""sputatrix"" is the feminine version of ""sputator"", which is Latin for ""spitter"". The Javan spitting cobra is a medium to large, heavy-bodied species which, like other cobras, has long cervical ribs capable of expanding to form a hood when"
"Many-banded snake The many-banded snake (""Naja multifasciata"") is a species of venomous elapid snake. The species is found in the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon in Africa. Despite the common name, the species is not actually banded, but overall iridescent black, with cream colored blotching on each scale. The snakes grow to approximately in length. Not much is known about their venom, but it is likely a neurotoxin, like many other elapid snakes. The genus ""Paranaja"" was synonymised with ""Naja"" in a recent molecular phylogenetic study, as this species is closely related to the forest"
"Philippine cobra The Philippine cobra (""Naja philippinensis"") also called northern Philippine cobra, is a stocky, highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to the northern regions of the Philippines. The Philippine cobra is called ulupong in Tagalog, carasaen in Ilocano and agawason in Cebuano-Bisaya. ""Naja philippinensis"" was described by American herpetologist Edward Harrison Taylor in 1922. The generic name ""naja"" is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word () meaning ""cobra"". The specific epithet ""philippinensis"" is Latin and literally means ""from the Philippine Islands"". The Philippine cobra is a stocky snake of medium length with long cervical ribs capable of expanding,"
"Temporals are 2 + 3. The Oriental ratsnake ""Ptyas mucosus"" is often mistaken for the cobra; however this snake is much longer and can easily be distinguished by the more prominent ridged appearance of its body. Other snakes that resemble ""Naja naja"" are the banded racer ""Argyrogena fasciolata"" and the Indian smooth snake ""Coronella brachyura"". Also the monocled cobra (naja kaothia) may be confused with ""Naja naja"" however the monocled cobra has a ""O"" shaped pattern on the back of the hood, while the Indian cobra has a spectacle shaped pattern on its hood. The Indian cobra is native to"
"Indian cobra The Indian cobra (""Naja naja"") also known as the spectacled cobra, Asian cobra, or binocellate cobra is a species of the genus ""Naja"" found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan, and a member of the ""big four"" species that inflict the most snakebites on humans in India. It is distinct from the king cobra which belongs to the monotypic genus Ophiophagus. The Indian cobra is revered in Indian mythology and culture, and is often seen with snake charmers. It is now protected in India under the ""Indian Wildlife Protection Act"" (1972). The generic name and"
"naja"" is considered to be the prototypical cobra species within the subgenus ""Naja"", and within the entire genus ""Naja"". All Asiatic species of ""Naja"" were considered conspecific with ""Naja naja"" until the 1990s, often as subspecies thereof. Many of the subspecies were later found to be artificial or composites. This causes much potential confusion when interpreting older literature. The Indian cobra or spectacled cobra, being common in South Asia, is referred to by a number of local names deriving from the root of ""Nag"" (नाग) (Hindi, Marathi) <samp>(નાગ)(Gujarati)</samp>, ""Moorkhan"", മൂര്‍ഖന്‍ (Malayalam), ""Naya-නයා"" (Sinhalese), నాగు పాము (Nagu Paamu) (Telugu), ನಾಗರ ಹಾವು"
"Grass snake The grass snake (""Natrix natrix""), sometimes called the ringed snake or water snake, is a Eurasian non-venomous snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibians. The barred grass snake, ""Natrix helvetica"", was split off as a separate species in 2017. The name ""natrix"" is probably derived from the Latin ""nare"" or ""natare"" ""to swim""; it means ""something grammatically feminine which swims"". Many subspecies are recognized, including: ""Natrix natrix helvetica"" (Lacépède, 1789) was formerly treated as a subspecies, but following genetic analysis it was recognised in August 2017 as a separate species, ""Natrix helvetica"","
"subspecific name, ""schmidtleri"", is in honor of German herpetologist Josef Friedrich Schmidtler (born 1942). Σαϊτα (Greek), Saita, Стрелушка (Bulgarian), šilac (Croatian). Platyceps najadum Platyceps najadum, known commonly as Dahl's whip snake, is a species of snake in the genus ""Platyceps"" of the family Colubridae. ""Platyceps najadum"" was first described by Karl Eichwald in 1831, as ""Tyria najadum"". ""Platyceps najadum"" is found in the Balkans, Aegean, Cyprus, the Mid-East, and as far as Turkmenistan and the Caucasus Mountains. ""P. najadum"" occurs in dry and xeric environments in a wide range of habitats: in desert and rocky land, in forests, woodland scrub,"
"Navanax inermis Navanax inermis, common name the California aglaja, is a large species of predatory sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae. ""Navanax"" is not a nudibranch, even though it somewhat resembles one; it belongs to a more ancient lineage of opisthobranchs called the cephalaspideans or head shield slugs and snails. The body of ""N. inermis"" can be tan, black, or purple, with yellowish streaks. Yellow or orange streaks and blue dots are visible on the margins. It has two large parapodial folds that run the length of either side of the body, and almost touch"
"other organisms to break pursuit of the slug. Navanax inermis Navanax inermis, common name the California aglaja, is a large species of predatory sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae. ""Navanax"" is not a nudibranch, even though it somewhat resembles one; it belongs to a more ancient lineage of opisthobranchs called the cephalaspideans or head shield slugs and snails. The body of ""N. inermis"" can be tan, black, or purple, with yellowish streaks. Yellow or orange streaks and blue dots are visible on the margins. It has two large parapodial folds that run the length of"
"multifasciata"", now ""Naja (Boulengerina) multifasciata"". The generic name, ""Boulengerina"", is in honor of Belgian-born British herpetologist George Albert Boulenger. Boulengerina Boulengerina is a genus or subgenus of elapid snakes known commonly as water cobras, so named because of their semiaquatic nature. The genus was recognised to have two species, which are found in central and southern Africa. Some recent molecular studies have suggested that the genus ""Boulengerina"" should be synonymised with ""Naja"", because the water cobras are closely related to some species of ""Naja"". Wallach, Wüster and , re-ranked ""Boulengerina"" as a subgenus within ""Naja"" comprising the two species already"
"Nassarius albescens Nassarius albescens, common name : the whitish nassa, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. There is one subspecies : ""Nassarius albescens gemmuliferus"" (A. Adams, 1852) (synonyms : ""Nassa (Niotha) albescens"" var. ""fenestratus"" (Marrat, 1877); ""Nassa (Niotha) fenestrata"" (Marrat, 1877); ""Nassa fenestrata"" Marratt, 1877; ""Nassa gemmulifera"" A. Adams, 1852; ""Nassa isabellei"" Reeve, 1853; ""Nassarius (Niotha) albescens gemmuliferus"" (A. Adams, 1852); ""Nassarius (Niotha) fenestratus"" (Marrat, 1877); ""Nassarius (Niotha) fenestratus"" var. ""gestroi"" Bisacchi, 1930; ""Nassarius fenestratus"" (Marratt, 1877); ""Nassarius gemmuliferus"" (A. Adams, 1852) ) The length"
"specific epithet ""nigricollis"" is Latin for ""black-necked"": ""niger"", meaning ""black"", and ""collis"", meaning ""neck"". ""Naja nigricollis"" previously included two subspecies - ""Naja nigricollis nigricincta"" and ""Naja nigricollis woodi"". But genetic studies in 2007 by Wolfgang Wüster etal. have concluded that these subspecies should be treated under a separate species, ""Naja nigricincta"". ""N. nigricollis"" is a moderately sized, venomous snake with a moderately distinct head; the shape of the head is due primarily to two large venom glands found on each side of the head. Its colour can vary depending on region of origin. Some specimens are black or pale grey"
"Platyceps najadum Platyceps najadum, known commonly as Dahl's whip snake, is a species of snake in the genus ""Platyceps"" of the family Colubridae. ""Platyceps najadum"" was first described by Karl Eichwald in 1831, as ""Tyria najadum"". ""Platyceps najadum"" is found in the Balkans, Aegean, Cyprus, the Mid-East, and as far as Turkmenistan and the Caucasus Mountains. ""P. najadum"" occurs in dry and xeric environments in a wide range of habitats: in desert and rocky land, in forests, woodland scrub, and agricultural land from sea level to altitude. It is commonly found in fields, and seen crushed on roads. ""P. najadum"""
"Yellow anaconda The yellow anaconda (""Eunectes notaeus""), also known as the Paraguayan anaconda is a boa species endemic to southern South America. It is one of the largest snakes in the world but smaller than its close relative, the green anaconda. Like all boas and pythons, it is non-venomous and kills its prey by constriction. No subspecies are currently recognized. The genus name ""Eunectes"" derives from Greek and means ""good swimmer""; the Neo-Latin specific name ""notaeus"" derives from Greek νωταίος/nōtaios (poetic form of Greek νωτιαίος/nōtiaios), here meaning “dorsal”. In distinguishing his new species ""Eunectes notaeus"" from ""Eunectes murinus"", Edward Drinker"
"recognized phylogeographically traceable genetic lines in the species: the Western haplotype, Adriatic haplotype, the Danube haplotype and Eastern haplotype. The status of the Iranian enclave population remains unclear due to its specific morphological characteristics (smaller length, scale arrangement, darker underbelly), probably pending reclassification. The Aesculapian Snake was first described by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768 as ""Natrix longissima"", later it was also known as ""Coluber longissimus"" and for the most part of its history as ""Elaphe longissima"". The current scientific name of the species based on revisions of the large genus ""Elaphe"" is ""Zamenis longissimus"". ""Zamenis"" is of unknown origin,"
"Monocled cobra The monocled cobra (""Naja kaouthia""), also called monocellate cobra, is a cobra species widespread across South and Southeast Asia and listed as Least Concern by IUCN. In 1831, René Lesson first described the monocled cobra as a beautiful snake that is distinct from the spectacled cobra, with 188 ventral scales and 53 pairs of caudal scales. Since then, several monocled cobras were described under different scientific names: Several varieties of monocled cobras were described under the binomial ""Naja tripudians"" between 1895 and 1913. In 1940, Malcolm Arthur Smith classified the monocled cobra as a subspecies of the spectacled"
"north as southern Scotland, Switzerland, Italy, France and western Germany. The snake, which eats amphibians like newts and frogs, can grow to a length of over a metre. For more generalised information on the species, refer to the grass snake, which this species was recently split from. Five subspecies of ""Natrix natrix"" were transferred to ""Natrix helvetica"": Barred grass snake The barred grass snake (""Natrix helvetica"") is a non-venomous colubrid snake from Western Europe, living in and close to water. It was included within the grass snake species, ""Natrix natrix"", until August 2017, when genetic analysis suggested that it was"
"has a slim body, and is rarely over a metre (39 inches) in total length (including tail). ""P. najadum"" is threatened by direct persecution, forest fires and intensive agriculture, where its range interacts with human interests. ""P. najadum"" is an egg laying species. Females lay between 3 and 16 eggs in a clutch. Five or six subspecies are identified. ""Nota bene"": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than ""Platyceps"". Both the subspecific name, ""dahlii"", and the common name, Dahl's whip snake, are in honor of Swedish botanist Anders Dahl. The"
"to the family Elapidae and the genus ""Bungarus"". The genus is endemic to the continent of Asia. They are morphologically well connected, forming a close-knit and cohesive unit. The genus has 12–13 species who are morphologically distinct from the genus ""Naja"" and the Afro-elapids according to McDowell (1987). McDowell stated """"species diversity is greatest in Africa, but the Asiatic ""Bungarus"" and ""Ophiophagus"" are each so peculiar in anatomy as to suggest an ancient divergence"""". Others, including Slowinski, believed that the kraits (""Bungarus""), are part of a clade that clusters with a group including the king cobra (""Ophiophagus hannah"") and oddly"
"as the black spitting cobra, is solid black and is found only in the desert areas of southern Africa. Both subspecies are smaller than ""N. nigricollis""; with average adult lengths of less than . ""Naja nigricincta"" is an oviparous venomous spitting cobra with dark brown to black body and zebra-like vertical whitish or light yellow stripes along the dorsal side. These stripes are generally evenly spaced and can be complete or fragmented. The ventral scales range from white to orange in color. In juvenile snakes the overall coloration is lighter than in the adults. Like all other ""Naja"" species, this"
"Nassarius siquijorensis Nassarius siquijorensis, common name the burned nassa, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks. The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 43 mm. The ovate, conical shell is somewhat ventricose. It is of a pale fawn color. The spire is composed of eight whorls. The upper ones lare ongitudinally folded, and slightly striated transversely ; the two lower ones smooth, convex and strongly canaliculated. The body whorl is furrowed at the base, and frequently ornamented about the middle with two bands"
"Senegalese cobra The Senegalese cobra (""Naja senegalensis"") is a species of cobra in the genus ""Naja"" that is found in West Africa. This species was long thought to be identical to the Egyptian cobra (""Naja haje""), but morphological and genetic differences have led to its recognition as a separate species. It differs from ""Naja haje"" in normally having more than 23 dorsal scale rows around the neck and a uniformly dark head without any obvious pattern on the supralabial scales. Adults are uniformly dark grey-brown dorsally, with slightly lighter lower flanks. The throat is also dark brown with occasional lighter"
"where an ""N. gibbosulus"" bead has been found; this site was at least 190 km away from the sea at the time the shell was used there. Nassarius gibbosulus Nassarius gibbosulus, common name the swollen nassa, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. The length of the shell varies between 15 mm and 20 mm. The thick shell is smooth, ovate, somewhat gibbous upon the back of the body whorl, flattened and widened upon the sides. The spire is short and acute. It is formed of"
"Nassarius gibbosulus Nassarius gibbosulus, common name the swollen nassa, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. The length of the shell varies between 15 mm and 20 mm. The thick shell is smooth, ovate, somewhat gibbous upon the back of the body whorl, flattened and widened upon the sides. The spire is short and acute. It is formed of five or six whorls. The aperture is ovate, smooth and white. The interior of the cavity is brown. The outer lip is margined without, smooth within, joining"
"Nāga Naga (IAST: ""nāga""; Devanāgarī: नाग) or Nagi (f. of nāga; IAST: ""nāgī""; Devanāgarī: नागी) is a Sanskrit word which basically refers to a ""serpent"" or ""snake"", especially the King cobra. The term ""Naga"" in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism denotes divine, semi-divine deities, or a semi-divine race of half-human half-serpent beings that resides in the heavenly ""Patala"" (netherworld) and can occasionally take human form. They are principally depicted in three forms: wholly humans with snakes on the heads and necks; common serpents or as half-human half-snake beings. A female naga is a ""nagi"", ""nagin"", or ""nagini"". ""Nagaraja"" is seen as"
"cobra is known to be uncomfortable in open areas. The snake's metabolism would also have been impacted by the cold weather outdoors at that time in the Bronx. The cobra was found in a dark corner of the zoo's reptile house on March 31, 2011, in good health. After a contest, she was named ""Mia"" for ""missing in action."" ""Naja haje"" occurs in a wide variety of habitats like, steppes, dry to moist savannas, arid semi-desert regions with some water and vegetation. This species is frequently found near water. The Egyptian cobra is also found in agricultural fields and scrub"
"Elapotinus Elapotinus is a monotypic genus created for the rear-fanged species, Elapotinus picteti, found in Madagascar. It is also known as Jan's snake in honor of Giorgio Jan. No subspecies are currently recognized. Maxillary very short, with five teeth gradually increasing in size and followed, after an interspace, by a large grooved fang situated below the eye. Mandibular teeth decreasing in size posteriorly. Head small, not distinct from neck. Eye minute, with round pupil. Nostril between two nasals. No loreal. Body cylindrical; tail short. Dorsal scales smooth, without pits, in 17 rows. Ventrals rounded; subcaudals in two rows. Dorsally Elapotinus"
"is for other Asiatic cobras within the same region, like the Indian cobra (""Naja naja""), and massive amounts of antivenom are often required for patients. As a result, a monovalent antivenom serum is being developed by the Razi Serum and Vaccine Research Institute in Iran. The untreated mortality rate for this species is approximately 70-75%, which is among the highest of all cobra species of the genus ""Naja"". In both Central Asia and Iran this species is responsible for high rates of snakebites and resulting mortality. Caspian cobra The Caspian cobra (""Naja oxiana""), also called the Central Asian cobra, Oxus"
"found advantages in the drastic changes which have taken place in Nigeria's rainforests. A study by herpetologist Luca Luiselli suggests this snake now forages in much drier microhabitats. The range of ""Naja nigricollis"" is currently expanding from the southeastern regions of Nigeria to the more desert and arid conditions in the central part of the nation. They also live in coastal scrubs and dry grasslands. Like other cobra species, they may find abandoned termite mounds or rodent holes to hide or cool off. However, tree trunks seem to be their favourite hiding places. They are excellent tree climbers, thus can"
"Black-necked spitting cobra The black-necked spitting cobra (""Naja nigricollis"") is a species of spitting cobra found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. They are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a length of in length. Their coloration and markings can vary considerably. They prey primarily on small rodents. They possess medically significant venom, although the mortality rate for untreated bites on humans is relatively low (~5–10%, in endemic regions under 1%). Like other spitting cobras, they can eject venom from their fangs when threatened (one drop over and more in perfect accuracy). The neurotoxic venom irritates the skin, causing blisters and"