"constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind. On Earth, the common weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storms. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere). Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood. Weather occurs primarily"
"commonly known as a London particular or London fog; in a reversal of the idiom, ""London particular"" became the name for a thick pea and ham soup. From as early as the 1200s, air pollution became increasingly prevalent, and a predominant perception in the 13th century was that sea-coal smoke would affect one's health. From the mid-1600s, in U.K. cities, especially London, the incidence of ill-health was attributed to coal smoke from both domestic and industrial chimneys combining with the mists and fogs of the Thames Valley. Luke Howard, a pioneer in urban climate studies, published ""The Climate of London"""
"required the street lamps to be lit all day. Conditions for pedestrians were extremely dangerous: in 1873, 19 deaths were attributed to accidental drowning from victims who fell into the Thames, canals, or docks during foggy weather. There were also spikes in crimes like theft, rape, and assault on London streets because of the cover provided by the fog. Charles Dickens Jr. described the ""London particular"" in his ""Dictionary of London"" of 1879: There was wide awareness of the deleterious health effects of extended fogs in London, particularly for those suffering from respiratory illnesses. Mortality rates could spike well above"
"London has an oceanic climate (Köppen ""Cfb""), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen ""Cfa""), with the warm temperatures and moderation typical of the South African coastline. Although it has no true dry season, there is a drying trend in the winter, with the wettest times of year being ""spring"" and ""autumn"". There is also a shorter and lesser dry period in December and January. The all-time record low is , and the all-time record high is . The hottest temperatures have been recorded in springtime, rather than the summer months. Temperatures above have only been recorded early in the"
"Great Smog of London The Great Smog of London, or Great Smog of 1952, was a severe air-pollution event that affected the British capital of London in early December 1952. A period of cold weather, combined with an anticyclone and windless conditions, collected airborne pollutants—mostly arising from the use of coal—to form a thick layer of smog over the city. It lasted from Friday, 5 December to Tuesday, 9 December 1952 and then dispersed quickly when the weather changed. It caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas, far more severe than previous smog events experienced in"
"Climate of London London, the capital of England and largest city in the United Kingdom, has a temperate oceanic climate, with cool to warm summers and cold winters. While the city annually has modest precipitation, there are long periods of overcast skies and frequent light mist-type precipitation, which may account for the rainy image of the city. Within the current boundaries of Greater London, the coldest temperature ever measured was at Northolt in January 1963, and the highest temperature ever recorded was , measured at Kew Gardens during the European Heat Wave of 2003. London averages about 1600 hours of"
"with this threat. While the barrier is expected to function as designed until roughly 2070, concepts for its future enlargement or redesign are already being discussed. London has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: ""Cfb "") receiving less precipitation than Rome, Bordeaux, Lisbon, Naples, Sydney and New York City. Temperature extremes in London range from at Kew during August 2003 down to at Northolt during January 1962. Although, a temperature of was recorded in January 1795. Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (74 °F). On average London will see 31 days above each year,"
"sunshine annually. London's large built-up area creates a microclimate (an ""urban heat island""), with heat stored by the city's buildings. Sometimes temperatures are 5 °C (9 °F) warmer in the city than in the surrounding areas. The weather station enclosure is the most elevated of any in the London area, and as a result daytime temperatures are typically one degree lower than Heathrow, Kew, Northolt and Greenwich. Temperature extremes range from in August 2003, down to in January 1962. Climate of London London, the capital of England and largest city in the United Kingdom, has a temperate oceanic climate, with"
"stood at 10 million tons. ""The Smoke"", or ""The Big Smoke"", a nickname for London which persists into the modern day, originated during the Victorian period. One observer described the phenomenon in 1850: The smoky atmosphere meant that skin and clothing were quickly dirtied just by walking on the street. The grass of the Royal Parks took on a permanent soot-color, as did the sheep that were then allowed to graze in Regent's Park and Hyde Park. It was observed that certain varieties of flower refused to bloom in London or its' vicinity, and many trees perished due to pollution."
"sunny day and cooling faster after sunset, respectively. Our personal experience of on-shore breezes shows us that the thermals, or warm airs, that rise from the land and sea respectively have a sensible effect on the local microscale meteorology; and perhaps at times on the mesometeorology. Urban thermal plumes have as powerful although less localized an effect. London is generally 3 to 9 Celsius hotter than the Home Counties. London’s meteorological aberrations were first studied by Luke Howard, FRS in the 1810s, but the notion that this large warm area would produce a significant urban thermal plume was not seriously"
"constructed to protect the downriver areas from the catastrophic flooding which affected the city in 1883 and 1937. London has a humid continental climate (Köppen ""Dfb""), though due to its downwind location relative to Lake Huron and elevation changes across the city, it is virtually on the Dfa/Dfb (hot summer) boundary favouring the former climate zone to the southwest of the confluence of the South and North Thames Rivers, and the latter zone to the northeast (including the airport). Because of its location in the continent, London experiences large seasonal contrast, tempered to a point by the surrounding Great Lakes."
"(unusually?) northwards over France, against a cold continental high pressure ridge, causing the cyclone to discharge its moisture as snow over large areas of western Europe. The system was vigorous enough to produce a winter-time tornado in Málaga. On February 1 and 2, heavy snow fell overnight across large parts of the United Kingdom, causing widespread disruption to transport and education. London received its heaviest snowfalls in 18 years. Many roads, including the M25 London Orbital motorway, were blocked in the morning rush hour, whilst train services are disrupted and many airport runways closed. Transport for London suspended all London"
"London is provided by the Junction Independent School District. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, London has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated ""Cfa"" on climate maps. London, Texas London is an unincorporated community in Kimble County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 180 in 2000. Len L. Lewis, a horse trader and former Union Army officer, helped establish the community in the late 1870s or early 1880s. After marrying a local widow,"
"borderline humid subtropical (""Cfa"") and Mediterranean climate (""Csa""), since only one month receives less than . The city enjoys hot summers, chilly damp winters and very changeable and rainy autumns and springs. The average temperatures of the coldest month (January) are minimum and maximum. In the hottest month (July) they are minimum and maximum. Average annual precipitation is , more than twice that in London. Snow is extremely uncommon. Heavy snowfalls are exceptional events: only in 1985 was a snowfall of more than recorded. Another big snowfall occurred during the night of 18 December 2009, with approximately of snow and"
"many locations. This weather was connected to major perturbations to the Pacific and North Atlantic jet streams, which was partially caused by persistent rainfall over Indonesia and the tropical Pacific Ocean. The Northern Atlantic jet stream was also unusually strong, which was linked to an unusually strong westerly phase of the stratospheric Quasi-biennial oscillation which drove a very deep polar vortex and strong polar night jet. The first major area of low pressure moved across the British Isles between 5–6 December and was followed by another system on 18–19 December, while a system moved to the north of the UK"
"2006 London tornado The 2006 London tornado was a significant United Kingdom tornado spawned from a squall line moving over the city on 7 December 2006 at approximately 11:02 GMT. Its intensity is estimated to have been T4 on the TORRO scale, equating to F2 on the Fujita scale. On the morning of 7 December, the UK was under the influence of a strong Atlantic low pressure system, which was named ""Ulrike"", bringing unstable weather conditions to much of the UK, and the south in particular. At approximately 07:30 GMT, a small band of thunderstorms initialised over Cornwall moving east-northeast"
"Council rehoused 12 of the people affected. 2006 London tornado The 2006 London tornado was a significant United Kingdom tornado spawned from a squall line moving over the city on 7 December 2006 at approximately 11:02 GMT. Its intensity is estimated to have been T4 on the TORRO scale, equating to F2 on the Fujita scale. On the morning of 7 December, the UK was under the influence of a strong Atlantic low pressure system, which was named ""Ulrike"", bringing unstable weather conditions to much of the UK, and the south in particular. At approximately 07:30 GMT, a small band"
"lie on another outlier of Claygate beds. In south-west London the lower terraces of the Thames stop abruptly at a notable bluff cut into the London Clay and running south from Richmond Hill. The higher ground to the east is capped in places by Claygate Beds and older Thames gravels dissected by the valley of Beverley Brook, which separates Richmond Park from Wimbledon Common. The climate of London is broadly similar to the rest of the UK, with warm summers, cool winters, no wet or dry season, and often moderate to strong winds. It is classed as a temperate maritime"
"snowfall, or mixed precipitation. New London normally sees fewer than 25 days annually with snow cover. In mid-winter, there can be large differences in low temperatures between areas along the coastline and areas well inland, often as much as 15 F. Tropical cyclones (hurricanes/tropical storms) have struck Connecticut and the New London metropolitan area, although infrequently. Hurricane landfalls have occurred along the Connecticut coast in 1903, 1938, 1944, 1954 (Carol), 1960 (Donna), 1985 (Gloria). Tropical Storm Irene (2011) also caused moderate damage along the Connecticut coast, as did Hurricane Sandy (which made landfall in New Jersey) in 2012. Coastal Connecticut"
"of snow approaching in many areas. London recorded , with parts of Yorkshire recording . Bingley in West Yorkshire had and Pencelli in Powys . After temperatures dropped to on the night of 8–9 February, conditions eased slightly the following day and continued to do so on 10 February. However, night-time temperatures remained low, and there was a fresh snowfall on 12 February. After this high pressure began to move across the UK and despite further night time frosts a slow thaw began. On 20 February an Atlantic system arrived bringing mild south westerly winds and rain which escalated the"
"of water compared to land, and the wind following the lake's long axis. In retrospect, weather forecasters of the time did not have enough data or understanding of atmospheric dynamics to predict or comprehend the events of Sunday, November 9. Frontal mechanisms, referred to then as ""squall lines"", were not yet understood. Surface observations were collected only twice daily at stations around the country, and by the time these data were collected and hand-drawn maps created, the information lagged actual weather conditions by hours. On Monday morning, the storm had moved northeast of London, Ontario, dragging lake effect blizzards in"
"formed a persistent smog, which blanketed the capital the following day. The presence of tarry particles of soot gave the smog its yellow-black colour, hence the nickname ""pea-souper"". The absence of significant wind prevented its dispersal and allowed an unprecedented accumulation of pollutants. Although London was accustomed to heavy fogs, this one was denser and longer-lasting than any previous fog. Visibility was reduced to a few metres (""It's like you were blind"") making driving difficult or impossible. Public transport ceased, apart from the London Underground, and the ambulance service stopped, forcing users to transport themselves to hospital. The smog was"
"in several properties being flooded internally and widespread flooding of the highway. Strong thunderstorms spawned by unusually warm weather caused heavy rainfall and flash flooding across the south of England, particularly in London, where 35mm of rain was recorded in one hour, over two-thirds of the average monthly rainfall total for June. The south-east London suburbs of Mitcham, Croydon and Wallington were worst affected, with floodwater up to two metres deep recorded on roads in Wallington. The London Fire Brigade received over 100 emergency calls and attended to three incidents of cars being swept away by floods, rescuing one person."
"foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London, and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century. Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Also of significance is Letitia Elizabeth Landon's ""Calendar of the London Seasons"" (1834). Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a ""biography"" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. London has"
"intensity on approach to Cardiff, Wales. Only then did it encounter colder waters and the low-level eye was exposed to westerly wind shear, which had an adverse effect on Callum before it made impact on land. The system then brought intense winds with speeds of up to to parts of northern England, along with torrential rains to parts of Wales with recorded in Libanus but overall only made a minimal impact on land. Unexpected warm weather was reported soon after, with Donna Nook in Lincolnshire reaching 26.5 degrees Celsius in the afternoon. At 21:00 UTC, colder water surface temperatures and"
"eruption column reached the stratosphere at an altitude of more than . The coarser ash particles settled out one to two weeks after the eruptions, but the finer ash particles stayed in the atmosphere from a few months to a few years at altitudes of . Longitudinal winds spread these fine particles around the globe, creating optical phenomena. Prolonged and brilliantly coloured sunsets and twilights were seen frequently in London between 28 June and 2 July 1815 and 3 September and 7 October 1815. The glow of the twilight sky typically appeared orange or red near the horizon and purple"
"Canada. In England where express trains on the Manchester-Sheffield line where the signalling equipment was inoperable due to electrical disturbances. These coal trains who were moving halted and waited at these junctions for safety reasons. Many teletype systems at local Western Union offices were started, spewed out garbage data and suffered electrical shorts. Due to a particularly thick cloud cover at the beginning of January, only London based Royal Observatory Greenwich was able to observe a large sunspot on 15 January due to a short break in the cloud covers on earth. The latitude of the sunspot was on the"
"autumn in between are not long, and winters are cold but witness frequent thaws. Annual precipitation averages . Its winter snowfall totals are heavy, averaging about per year, although the localized nature of snow squalls means the total can vary widely from year to year. The majority of snow accumulation comes from lake effect snow and snow squalls originating from Lake Huron, some to the northwest, which occurs when strong, cold winds blow from that direction. From 5 December 2010, to 9 December 2010, London experienced record snowfall when up to of snow fell in parts of the city. Schools"
"low-pressure system sitting out in the Atlantic Ocean, at the time the UK was under the influence of a cold northerly wind. The low pressure system tracked towards the UK on the evening of February 7 and turned readily to snow as it hit the cold air. The snow turned back to rain across southern and western regions, but much of Wales, the Midlands and the south-east had significant snowfalls on the 8th. The West Midlands in particular was badly hit, with up to 6 inches (15 cm) reported over high ground – the most snow to fall in this"
"climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. In terms of the local climate profile, the temperature tends to increase towards the centre of the urban area, primarily because of the urban heat island effect, but also because London's topography results in the central area being the lowest part of the region in terms of altitude. Daytime winter temperatures in London are around , but can vary from as high as , down to as low as , as occurred during January 1987. Night time temperatures hover a little above freezing, with frosts typically on 25-45 nights, depending on location."
"rainfall or more in one day. The Met Office at RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire reported : a sixth of its annual rainfall. The college at Pershore in Worcestershire reported , causing the Environment Agency to issue 16 further severe flood warnings. By 21 July, many towns and villages were flooded, with Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, London and South Wales facing the brunt of the heavy rainfall. Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being"
"low pressure system formed over Labrador. This storm rapidly deepened as it moved towards the United Kingdom, which led to the Met Office issuing severe weather warnings. At the time, the forecast storms were considered to be equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The storm was only expected to strike parts of England and Wales. Forecasters at multiple meteorological agencies in the United Kingdom said that snow could fall in southern England which would have been the first of the season. They also said that winds could reach , however, there was not much confidence"
"and businesses were closed for three days and bus service was cancelled after the second day of snow. The highest temperature ever recorded in London was on 6 August 1918. The lowest temperature ever recorded was on 20 January 1892. London has a number of parks. Victoria Park in downtown London is a major centre of community events, attracting an estimated 1 million visitors per year. Other major parks include Harris Park, Gibbons Park, Fanshawe Conservation Area (Fanshawe Pioneer Village), Springbank Park, and Westminster Ponds. The city also maintains a number of gardens and conservatories. According to the 2011 census,"