"and possum. The import and sale of seal products was banned in the U.S. in 1972 over conservation concerns about Canadian seals. The import and sale is still banned even though the Marine Animal Response Society estimates the harp seal population is thriving at approximately 8 million. The import, export and sales of domesticated cat and dog fur were also banned in the U.S. under the Dog and Cat Protection Act of 2000. Fur clothing predates written history and has been recovered from various archaeological sites worldwide. Crown proclamations known as “sumptuary legislation” were issued in England limiting the wearing"
"Seal brown (horse) Seal brown is a hair coat color of horses characterized by a near-black body color; with black points, the mane, tail and legs; but also reddish or tan areas around the eyes, muzzle, behind the elbow and in front of the stifle. The term is not to be confused with ""brown"", which is used by some breed registries to refer to either a seal brown horse or to a dark bay without the additional characteristics of seal brown genetics. Like bay, the seal brown color is produced by the Agouti (""A"") gene acting upon a genetically black"
"points and a near-black body, differs from true seal brown in the absence of tan markings. The term ""seal brown"" is to be distinguished from the term ""brown."" Another mimic is the liver chestnut, an all-over dark brown coat including mane and tail, that is sometimes confused with seal brown. However, true seal browns have black points characteristic of all bay horses, while liver chestnuts do not. The research behind the classification of seal brown as distinct from dark bay is quite new, and as a result, opinions vary on what constitutes a true seal brown. In ""Equine Color Genetics"","
"Brown fur seal The brown fur seal (""Arctocephalus pusillus""), also known as the Cape fur seal, South African fur seal, and Australian fur seal, is a species of fur seal. The brown fur seal is the largest and most robust fur seal. It has a large and broad head with a pointed snout that may be flat or turned up slightly. They have external ear flaps (pinnae) and their whiskers (vibrissae) are long, and may extend backward past the pinnae, especially in adult males. The fore flippers are covered with sparse hair over about three-quarters of their length. The hind"
"Dan Phillip Sponenberg wrote ""In general, all dark colors with black points that are lighter than black but darker than bay are called brown."" In this text, he classifies black-pointed, clear reddish coats of any shade as bay, and black-pointed coats of any shade with black countershading as brown. These definitions, while precise, are no longer accurate in light of current research. True seal brown is best described as a black or nearly-black coat with reddish or tan hairs on the ""soft parts"": the muzzle, eyes, inner ears, underbelly, behind the elbow, and in front of the stifle. Like other"
"are seal brown in the presence of a dominant ""Extension"" allele ""E"". The ""Agouti"" locus is occupied by the ""Agouti signalling peptide"" (""Asip"") gene, which encodes the eponymous protein (ASIP). Agouti signalling peptide is a paracrine signaling molecule that competes with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) for melanocortin 1 receptor proteins (MC1R). MC1R relies on α-MSH to halt production of red-yellow pheomelanin, and initiate production of black-brown eumelanin in its place. In many species, successive pulses of ASIP block contact between α-MSH and MC1R, resulting in alternating production of eumelanin and pheomelanin; hairs are banded light and dark as a result."
"Point coloration Point coloration refers to animal coat coloration with a pale body and relatively darker extremities, i.e. the face, ears, feet, tail, and (in males) scrotum. It is most recognized as the coloration of Siamese and related breeds of cat, but can be found in dogs, rabbits, rats, sheep, and horses as well. Point coloration in cats originated in the Siamese and closely related Asian breeds, and is found in many Western-developed modern breeds. It is a form of partial albinism resulting from a mutation that affects tyrosinase, an enzyme involved with melanin production. The mutated enzyme is thermolabile;"
"""brown"" as a separate category, while the Arabian Horse Association labels all non-black, black-pointed shades ""bay."" Still other registries, such as The Jockey Club which registers Thoroughbreds and Appaloosa Horse Club, offer the designation ""dark bay or brown"" to cope with the ambiguity in terminology and identification. Among historically German breeds and registries, the term ""rappe"" indicates a black horse, ""braun"" is bay, while ""dunkelbraun"" indicates dark bay and ""schwarzbraun"" indicates seal brown (literally black-brown). In France, seal brown horses are recognized among the ""black coat family"". The presence of other coat color genes can modify a seal brown coat."
"Seal brown Seal brown is a rich dark brown color, resembling the color of the dyed fur from the fur seal. The specifications for the U.S. Army Air Corps Type A-2 jacket (regulation summer flying jacket), adopted in 1931 and the most familiar among all leather flight jackets, stated that it should be made of horsehide tanned to seal brown. However, initially, oxidation during the dyeing process caused the jackets to end up russet (a lighter, reddish brown) in color. Later in the decade, they were able to prevent oxidation during dyeing, and the jackets produced were a proper stone"
"darker on the back; rarely with a few faint spots on the back or dark spots on the sides. Occasionally the face and neck are reddish brown. Bearded seal pups are born with a greyish-brown natal fur with scattered patches of white on the back and head. The bearded seal is unique in the subfamily Phocinae in having two pairs of teats, a feature it shares with monk seals. Bearded seals reach about in nose-to-tail length and from in weight. The female seal is larger than the male, meaning that they are sexually dimorphic. Bearded seals, along with ringed seals,"
"to further complicate matters, the genetics that lead to darker coat colors are also under study, and there exists more than one genetic mechanism that darkens the coat color. One is a theorized sooty gene which produces dark shading on any coat color. The other is a specific allele of Agouti linked to a certain type of dark bay, called seal brown. The seal brown horse has dark brown body and lighter areas around the eyes, the muzzle, and flanks. A DNA test said to detect the seal brown (A) allele was developed, but the test was never subjected to"
"the 1990s, when discoveries of similar conditions in other species provided alternate explanations. For a period, the seal brown phenotype - black or near-black coat with tan or red hairs on the soft areas - was described as a true black coat affected by ""pangaré"", or mealy-factor. Pangaré is a quality common to the Przewalski's horse and so-called primitive horse breeds such as the Exmoor Pony. The trait is characterized by pale hairs, typically off-white to light tan, around the eyes, muzzle, and underside of the body. By this definition, seal browns would possess the recessive ""a/a"" Agouti genotype. Dan"
"Seal finger Seal finger, also known as sealer's finger and spekk-finger (from the Norwegian for ""blubber""), is an infection that afflicts the fingers of sealers and other people who handle pinnipeds, as a result of bites or contact with exposed seal bones; it has also been contracted by exposure to untreated seal pelts. The State of Alaska Section of Epidemiology defines it as ""a finger infection associated with bites, cuts, or scrapes contaminated by the mouths, blood, or blubber of certain marine mammals"". It can cause cellulitis, joint inflammation, and swelling of the bone marrow; untreated, the course of ""seal"
"Phillip Sponenberg described seal browns in this way, suggesting that dark browns - by his definition, sooty bays - could be distinguished from seal browns by a quality of redness, stating ""[the] mealy effect generally is lighter and more yellow than residual nonblack areas (which tend to be redder) on very sooty horses."" This theory was discarded when the equine Agouti gene (ASIP) was sequenced in 2001, and all horses fitting the seal brown phenotype did not possess the homozygous recessive ""a/a"" Agouti genotype. Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) is a protein involved in melanin synthesis, and is encoded by the"
"carries four white markings: a strip around the neck, one around the tail and a circular marking on each body side, which encloses the front fins. The contrast is particularly strong with the males, while with females the difference in color between bright and dark portions is often less conspicuous. Newborn ribbon seal pups have white natal fur. After moulting their natal fur, their color changes to blue-grey on their backs and silvery beneath. Over the course of three years, portions of the fur become darker and others brighter after every molt, and only at the age of four years"
"brown. Seal brown is one of the official colors of Lehigh University, Brown University, the Cleveland Browns football team, and the engineering honor society, Tau Beta Pi. Seal brown Seal brown is a rich dark brown color, resembling the color of the dyed fur from the fur seal. The specifications for the U.S. Army Air Corps Type A-2 jacket (regulation summer flying jacket), adopted in 1931 and the most familiar among all leather flight jackets, stated that it should be made of horsehide tanned to seal brown. However, initially, oxidation during the dyeing process caused the jackets to end up"
"rotate forward, which visibly distinguish them from other seals. They have a pointy nose with long pale whiskers. The fur seals are covered by two layers of fur. The coat is grey-brown on their back, and lighter on their belly. Some have white tips on longer upper hairs, which can give them a silver-like appearance. So called ""Upland Seals"" once found on Antipodes Islands and Macquarie Island have been claimed as a distinct subspecies with thicker furs by scientists although it is unclear whether these seals were genetically distinct. The species occurs in Australia and New Zealand. It is found"
"millenia until becoming standardized, making identification a difficult process; there is debate as to which hieroglyphs actually depict Set and the associated animal. Egyptologist Ken Moss has suggested the Set animal is in fact the Saluki, as it is one of the oldest breeds of domesticated dog, has a curved snout and nearly identical body, and is native to the region. Further, when the Saluki runs, its ears and tail become vertical, and cropped ears are a common and historic practice performed on hunting dogs throughout the Levant. The Saluki is further depicted in hieroglyphs without a connection to Set,"
"Hooded seal The hooded seal (""Cystophora cristata"") is a large phocid found only in the central and western North Atlantic, ranging from Svalbard in the east to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the west. The seals are typically silver-grey or white in colour, with black spots that vary in size covering most of the body. Hooded seal pups are known as ""blue-backs"" because their coats are blue-grey on the back with whitish bellies, though this coat is shed after 14 months of age when the pups molt. The generic name ""Cystophora"" means ""bladder-bearer"" in Greek, from the species' unusual"
"Pointer (dog breed) The Pointer, often called the English Pointer, is a medium to large-sized breed of dog (a Mastiff), developed in England as a gun dog. It is one of several pointing breeds. The coat of a Pointer is short, dense, smooth with a sheen. They are generally white with either liver, lemon, orange or black markings. Although pointers may have solid coloring in any of these hues, most Pointers are primarily white with some body markings. Lemon and white dogs have flesh-colored noses, while Pointers with orange, liver or black markings have dark (black or very dark brown)"
"on dogs includes point coloration on a black or dark base coat with tan cheek spots, eyebrows and feet, forelegs and tail vent. Typical tan point breeds include Dobermann and Rottweiler. In horses, point coloration is produced by the action of the agouti gene. It acts on the extension gene, when present, to suppress black color to all but the extremities of the horse; the legs, mane, tail and tips of the ears. If the extension gene is not present, the effect of agouti is not visible, as there is no black color present to suppress. Points are most typically"
"body, only gradually shading to lighter underparts. Faint colorpoint markings may be visible, but any barring or spotting is considered a serious fault. The eyes are green or gold depending on coat color. The breed's original standard color is a distinctively rich dark brown, variously known as sable (USA), brown (UK, Australia) or seal (New Zealand). It is the result of the Burmese gene (cb), part of the albino series. This gene causes a reduction in the amount of pigment produced, converting black into brown and rendering all other colours likewise paler than their usual expression. The action of the"
"colour. In some dogs there is a chestnut spot in the middle of the forehead: this is called the ""Blenheim"" spot. The Blenheim spot is also known as the mark of the ""Duchess Thumb Print"", based on the legend that Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough while awaiting news of her husband's safe return from the Battle of Blenheim, pressed the head of an expecting dam with her thumb, resulting in five puppies bearing the lucky mark after news that the battle had been won. Black and Tan are dogs with black bodies with tan highlights, particularly eyebrows, cheeks, legs and"
"also appear in any domesticated cat. A colorpointed cat has dark colors on the face, ears, feet, and tail, with a lighter version of the same color on the rest of the body, and possibly some white. The exact name of the colorpoint pattern depends on the actual color, so there are seal points (dark brown), chocolate points (warm lighter brown), blue points (dark gray), lilac or frost points (silvery gray-pink), red or flame points (orange), and tortie (tortoiseshell mottling) points, among others. This pattern is the result of a temperature sensitive mutation in one of the enzymes in the"
"Ribbon seal The ribbon seal (""Histriophoca fasciata"") is a medium-sized pinniped from the true seal family (Phocidae). A seasonally ice-bound species, it is found in the Arctic and Subarctic regions of the North Pacific Ocean, notably in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk. It is distinguished by its striking coloration, with two wide white strips and two white circles against dark brown or black fur. It is the only living species in the genus Histriophoca, although a possible fossil species, ""H. alekseevi"", has been described from the Miocene of Moldova. Adult seals are recognizable by their black skin, which"
"Its fur is dense and soft, and the coat is pale grey, with numerous black markings. The back and flanks are marked with about five rows of black spots, and a long black stripe runs along the middle of the back from the shoulders to the rump. There is also a black stripe on the forehead, and dark patches beneath the eyes, which are offset against the white fur of the chin and throat. The tail is striped, with anything from eight to thirteen rings along its length. Its body is long with a tail measuring . Males average on"
"Grey seal The grey seal (""Halichoerus grypus"", meaning ""hooked-nosed sea pig"") is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is a large seal of the family Phocidae which are commonly referred to as ""true seals"" or ""earless seals"". It is the only species classified in the genus Halichoerus. Its name is spelled gray seal in the US; it is also known as Atlantic seal and the horsehead seal. There are two recognized subspecies of this seal: The type specimen of ""H. g. grypus"" (specimen ZMUC M11-1525, caught off the island of Amager) was rediscovered in 2016, and"
"level’. The island is also known as Seal Rock. As of 1996, Seal Island was observed as having no vegetation while the only vertebrate animals observed was a breeding colony of Silver gulls. The island's name is reported as suggesting the presence of an Australian sea lion or a New Zealand fur-seal colony on the island during the early 19th century. Since 1979, Seal Island has been with the boundaries of the West Island Conservation Park. Since 2012, the waters surrounding its shores are located within the boundaries of the Encounter Marine Park. Seal Island (Encounter Bay) Seal Island, also"
"banned the offshore commercial hunting of whitecoats and bluebacks on December 30, 1987. Whitecoat A whitecoat is a newborn harp or grey seal with soft, white fur. Newborn seals have yellow fur because of amniotic fluid, and are still wet. When the pup dries, it is called a yellowcoat. The amniotic stain fades and the fur turns white within a few days, and it gets the name whitecoat. First it's called a ""thin whitecoat"", and when it becomes visibly fatter it is a ""fat whitecoat"". Nursing lasts for about 12 days. Cows frequently return to their pups to suckle. While"
"kg with the females being the largest. However, male and female bearded seals are not very dimorphic. The only member of the genus ""Erignathus"", the bearded seal is unique in that it is an intermediate. Bearded seals belong to the family ""Phocidae"" which contains two subfamilies: ""Phocinae"" and ""Monachinae."" The bearded seal possesses characteristics of both of these subfamilies. Fossils first described in 2002 indicated that, during the Pleistocene epoch, bearded seals ranged as far south as South Carolina. Distinguishing features of this earless seal include square fore flippers and thick bristles on its muzzle. Adults are greyish-brown in colour,"
"broad head and medium length neck, straight back, and long legs. The tail is held up and is slightly curved. Ears are drop unless they are cropped. The coat is a brindle of brown (pale brown is described as fawn) or grey, with black; it is short, smooth and harsh to the touch, with a short fringe on the tail (if undocked) and on the backs of the rear legs. The breed is named for São Miguel Island in the Azores, settled by the Portuguese, beginning in 1439. Another of the Azores, Terceira Island, is known for bullfights and cattle"
"MC1R gene, one from each parent, horses with one ""broken"" copy (""e"") can still produce eumelanin in the hair. However, if a horse has two copies of the ""broken"" allele and therefore no copies of the functional ""E"" allele, the horse is completely incapable of depositing black pigment in the hair. Such horses are chestnut, or at least, are not black, bay, or seal brown. The gene with the greatest role in the seal brown coat phenotype is Agouti signalling peptide (ASIP) or simply ""Agouti"". The functional Agouti signalling peptide (protein) acts as a switch between red-yellow phaeomelanin and black-brown"
"appear dark brown, although recently captured animals have a dark blue-green hue. Some animals are darker around the midline of the back, and all are a lighter colour at the flanks. The colour of the ventral fur varies between animals, with it being a yellow-brown colour in some, slightly lighter coloured than the dorsal fur in others, still others having gray hairs with brown or silver-coloured tips in the ventral fur, and finally some animals showing no difference between the dorsal and ventral fur at all. The tail is usually an even, dark colour, but in some animals the ventral"