"from each other as possible, to minimise the likelihood of ambiguity or mistaking one letter for another. For example, if a burst of static cuts off the start of an English-language utterance of the letter ""J"", it may be mistaken for ""A"" or ""K"". In the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet known as the ICAO (or NATO) phonetic alphabet, the sequence ""J–A–K"" would be pronounced ""Juliet–Alpha–Kilo"". Some voice procedure standards require numbers to be spelled out digit by digit, so some spelling alphabets replace confusable digit names with more distinct alternatives; for example, the NATO alphabet has “niner” for 9 to"
"NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. Although often called ""phonetic alphabets"", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood"
"Q, R, eSses, Toc, U, Vic, W, X, Y, Z"". By 1921, the RAF ""Telephony Spelling Alphabet"" had been adopted by all three armed services, and was then made mandatory for UK civil aviation, as announced in Notice to Airmen Number 107. In 1956, the NATO phonetic alphabet was adopted due to the RAF's wide commitments with NATO and worldwide sharing of civil aviation facilities. Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets The Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets prescribe the words that are used to represent each letter of the alphabet, when spelling other words out loud, letter-by-letter, and how the spelling"
"K K (named ""kay"" ) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive. The letter K comes from the Greek letter Κ (kappa), which was taken from the Semitic kaph, the symbol for an open hand. This, in turn, was likely adapted by Semitic tribes who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for ""hand"" representing D in the Egyptian word for hand, ""d-r-t"". The Semites evidently assigned it the sound value instead, because their word for hand started with that sound."
"where it is employed, this letter represents the sound (with or without aspiration) or some similar sound. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the voiceless velar plosive. K K (named ""kay"" ) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive. The letter K comes from the Greek letter Κ (kappa), which was taken from the Semitic kaph, the symbol for an open hand. This, in turn, was likely adapted by Semitic tribes who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for ""hand"""
"make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents. The NATO alphabet appeared in some United States Air Force Europe publications during the Cold War. A particular example was the Ramstein Air Base, Telephone Directory published between 1969 and 1973 (currently out of print). The USA and NATO versions had differences and the translation was provided as a convenience. Differences included Alfa, Bravo and Able, Baker for the first two letters. The NATO phonetic spelling alphabet was first adopted on January 1, 1956, while the ICAO radiotelephony spelling alphabet was still undergoing"
"underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized, and each syllable of the code words for the figures (1969–Present) should be equally emphasized. The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications. The ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet is used by the International Maritime Organization for international marine communications. NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone"
"research, and published the new official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. NATO was in the process of adopting the ICAO spelling alphabet, and apparently felt enough urgency that it adopted the proposed new alphabet with changes based on NATO's own research, to become effective on January 1, 1956, but quickly issued a new directive on March 1, 1956 adopting the now official ICAO spelling alphabet, which had changed by one word (November) from NATO's earlier request to ICAO"
"a modified form of the ""International Code of Signals"". Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally named the code words used to spell out messages by ""voice"" its ""phonetic alphabet"". The name ""NATO phonetic alphabet"" became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global. However, ATP-1 is marked ""NATO Confidential"" (or the lower ""NATO Restricted"") so it is not available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to"
"Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet The Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet was a radiotelephony alphabet made up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish. The Swedish Armed Forces are since 2006 instructed to use the NATO alphabet instead of the original Swedish alphabet, along with and adaption of the NATO voice procedures to communicate, since most activity is in various international UN and NATO missions. This has been changed back again since the administrative authorities are required to use the Swedish language according to Swedish"
"in the words ""knight,"" ""knife,"" ""knot,"" ""know,"" and ""knee"". Like J, X, Q, and Z, K is not used very frequently in English. It is the fifth least frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 0.8% in words. The SI prefix for a thousand is kilo-, officially abbreviated as k—for instance, prefixed to ""metre"" or its abbreviation ""m"", ""kilometre"" or ""km"" signifies a thousand metres. As such, people occasionally represent numbers in a non-standard notation by replacing the last three zeros of the general numeral with ""K"": for instance, 30K for 30,000. In most languages"
"just minutes after the bomb detonated. The footage can be seen at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KgKrHFuhgE. ""Able"" and ""Baker"" are the first two letters of the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, used from 1941 until 1956. ""Alpha"" and ""Bravo"" are their counterparts in the current NATO phonetic alphabet. ""Charlie"" is the third letter in both systems. According to eyewitness accounts, the time of detonation for each test was announced as H or ""How"" hour; in the official JTF-1 history, the term M or ""Mike"" hour is used instead. There were only seven nuclear bombs in existence in July 1946. The two bombs used in"
"law even the Swedish Armed Forces. Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet The Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet was a radiotelephony alphabet made up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish. The Swedish Armed Forces are since 2006 instructed to use the NATO alphabet instead of the original Swedish alphabet, along with and adaption of the NATO voice procedures to communicate, since most activity is in various international UN and NATO missions. This has been changed back again since the administrative authorities are required to use"
"or higher. For example, the collective ""Checkmate"" might be assigned to an entire company and thus ""Checkmate Red 6"" would be the first platoon leader (platoons are red for first, white for second, blue for third, black for headquarters, and often additional colors for other portions under the command), ""Checkmate white 6"" to the second platoon leader, etc. ""Checkmate 6"" is the Company Commander and ""Checkmate 6 Romeo"" is the commander's radio-telephone operator (Romeo the NATO phonetic of the letter R). Under NATO conventions, 6 is designated the commander or leader, 5 the second-in-command or executive officer, 7 the chief"
"aircraft, or ""F""ulcrum for a fighter aircraft. A one syllable name refers to a propeller aircraft, a two syllable name to refers aircraft with jet engines. NATO reporting name NATO reporting names are code names for military equipment of Russia, China, and, historically, the former Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw Pact). They provide unambiguous and easily understood English words in a uniform manner in place of the original designations, which either may have been unknown to the Western world at the time or easily confused codes. For example, the Russian bomber jet Tupolev Tu-160 is"
"for ""E"", or ""Yesterday"" for ""Y"". With the ultimate goal of clarity, especially in circumstances where signals can be garbled, the use of the word ""Ocean"" seems to be advantageous in the radio communication of the letter ""O"" because it begins with the long, clear vowel ""O"". The phonetic words ""Ida"" and ""Union"" feature this same advantage. However, spelling alphabets seem to rarely use initial long vowels. With the exception of ""Uniform"", none of the initial vowels in the NATO alphabet is like this. In an earlier U.S. military alphabet, ""A"" was indicated by ""Able"", which does start with a"
"which is used to represent the ""Y"". Dutch and Belgian armed forces use the official NATO phonetic alphabet, ""Y"" is ""Yankee"" and ""IJ"" is spelled out ""India Juliet"". In crossword puzzles (except for Scrabblesee next paragraph), and in the game Lingo, ""IJ"" is considered one letter, filling one square, but the ""IJ"" and the ""Y"" are considered distinct. In other word games, the rules may vary. The Dutch version of Scrabble has a ""Y"" with a face value of eight. Some players used it to represent ""IJ"" or ""Y"". The recent Dutch version comes with an example game, which clearly"
"are NATO colors and the polestar is the NATO emblem. NATO is North Atlantic Treaty Organization and OTAN is Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord which is NATO in French. The addition of the darker blue quartering signifies the Afghanistan national treasure of lapis lazuli gems. The yellow border along with the polestar and the annulet signifies the excellence in the Coalition and Joint Forces. The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 3 November 2010. A silver color metal and enamel device in height consisting of a design similar to the shoulder sleeve insignia. NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan The NATO Training"
"considered separate awards. NATO medals authorized for wear include the NATO Medal for Former Yugoslavia, the NATO Medal for Kosovo Service, both of the Article 5 Medals, the Non-Article 5 medals for the Balkans and Afghanistan (ISAF), The NATO Meritorious Service Medal and the Macedonia NATO Medal and the Non-Article 5 Medal for service in Iraq, under the NTM-I. The reverse of the medals state ""IN SERVICE OF PEACE AND FREEDOM"" in English and French, as well as the full name of NATO in English and French. The ribbon bar and suspension bar are both chiefly blue, specifically Reflex Blue"
"Company"" even after the U.S. military switched in 1956 from the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet (B for Baker) to the NATO phonetic alphabet (B for Bravo). In a 2002 speech about the Chosin Reservoir battle, General Ray Davis said that Lee was the bravest Marine he ever knew. In 2000, the California Military Museum mounted an exhibit describing the bravery and military service of the three Lee brothers. Lee is a member of the Legion of Valor, and represented the group in a meeting with President George W. Bush in 2007. The story of Lee's bravery in the Korean War"
"two parts: The first four digits are the NATO Supply Classification Group (NSCG) code. This relates the item to the NATO Supply Group (digits 1 & 2) and NATO Supply Class (digits 3 & 4) of similar items that it belongs to. For examples, see ""List of NATO Supply Classification Groups"". The next 9 digits make up the National Item Identification Number / NATO Item Identification Number (NIIN). The NIIN has lately become alphanumeric (digits and uppercase letters) due to the vast array of items in the NSN, recently adopting the use of the uppercase letter C in place of"
"for George"", etc. Several alphabets were used, before being superseded by the adoption of the NATO/ICAO radiotelephony alphabet. During World War I both the British Army and the Royal Navy had developed their own quite separate spelling alphabets. The Navy system was a full alphabet, starting: ""Apples, Butter, Charlie, Duff, Edward"", but the RAF alphabet was based on that of the ""signalese"" of the army signallers. This was not a full alphabet, but differentiated only the letters most frequently misunderstood: ""Ack (originally ""Ak""), Beer (or Bar), C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, eMma, N, O, Pip,"
"star are the words IN DEFENSE OF HUMANITY. The outline of the Province of Kosovo denotes the area of conflict, and is combined with the NATO star, the highlighted cardinal points of the compass, signifying the Alliance participants who stabilized the region and provided massive relief. The inscription reinforces the objective of the military action conducted during the campaign. Ribbon The ribbon consists of red, white, and blue pinstripes of equal width in the center; the ribbon to the wearer's right is dark blue and abuts to the red pinstripe; the ribbon to the wearer's left is red, and abuts"
"are from the ISO basic Latin alphabet, five are derived from basic Latin letters by the addition of diacritical marks, and the final character is the apostrophe, which signifies palatalization of the preceding sound. The entire range of sounds of native Karelian words is intended to be represented by this set of characters. This unified alphabet was approved in 2007 as a replacement for the separate Olonets Karelian and Karelian Proper alphabets. The letters Ä and Ö are vowels which, unlike the German umlauts, are considered to be distinct and are alphabetized separately from the corresponding vowels without the umlauts."
"NATO reporting name NATO reporting names are code names for military equipment of Russia, China, and, historically, the former Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw Pact). They provide unambiguous and easily understood English words in a uniform manner in place of the original designations, which either may have been unknown to the Western world at the time or easily confused codes. For example, the Russian bomber jet Tupolev Tu-160 is simply called Blackjack. NATO maintains lists of the names. The assignment of the names for the Russian and Chinese aircraft was once managed by the five-nation"
"being merged during World War II. The last WWII spelling alphabet continued to be used through the Korean War, being replaced in 1956 as a result of both countries adopting the ICAO/ITU Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, with the Allied nations calling their usage the ""NATO Phonetic Alphabet"". Sometime during WWII, the Allies had defined terminology to describe the scope of communications procedures among different services and nations. A summary of the terms used was published in a post-WWII NATO memo: Thus, the Combined Communications Board (CCB) spelling alphabet was mandated for use when any U.S. military branch was communicating with any"
"Juliet in the NATO phonetic alphabet. When cryptographic devices began to be used in large scale, those who had to update the key had to set a specific time to synchronize the re-key. This was accomplished at the hour (H) the Julian (J) Date changed, among crypto-accountants, managers and users the jargon ""HJ"" became the accepted term meaning it was time to change the crypto-key. During the Vietnam War, the United States issued its forces a series of secure voice encryption equipment code-named NESTOR. According to a U.S. Army history: ""To maintain compatibility, key changes had to occur simultaneously in"
"NATO Medal The NATO Medal is an international military decoration which is awarded to various militaries of the world under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is manufactured by Eekelers-Centini Intl, of Hemiksem, Belgium. There are currently fourteen versions of the NATO Medal in existence, for service in Yugoslavia, Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, two for service during Article 5 operations (Eagle Assist, Active Endeavour), and eight for Non-Article 5 NATO operations (International Support Afghanistan Freedom (ISAF), Resolute Support, Balkans, NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I), Africa, AMIS, OUP-Libya, and Pakistan). In addition, there are corresponding clasps for"
"at some points. On 10 June, the North Atlantic Council ratified the agreement and suspended air operations. On 12 June, after Milošević accepted the conditions, the NATO-led peacekeeping Kosovo Force (KFOR) began entering Kosovo. KFOR had been preparing to conduct combat operations, but in the end, its mission was only peacekeeping. It was based upon the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps headquarters commanded by then Lieutenant General Mike Jackson of the British Army. It consisted of British forces (a brigade built from 4th Armored and 5th Airborne Brigades), a French Army Brigade, a German Army brigade, which entered from the west"
"other, some efforts have been made in the past to translate the procedure words into the native language of member countries. For example, NATO memo SGM-623-56 from 1956, ""French Equivalents to English Expressions Used in ACP 125(B)"", includes the following table of prowords: ACP 125 ACP 125 is the short name for ""Allied Communications Publication 125: Communications Instructions—Radiotelephone Procedures"", developed and published by the Combined Communications Electronics Board, for use by the Five Eyes nations and the rest of NATO. According to the latest version, ""The aim of ACP 125 is to prescribe the voice procedure for use by the"
"Bosnian, Cornish (Standard Written Form), Estonian, Icelandic, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Scottish Gaelic, Slovenian, Turkish, or Welsh alphabets. The capital letter Q is used as the currency sign for the Guatemalan quetzal. The Roman numeral Q is sometimes used to represent the number 500,000. The capital letter Q is used to designate a fictional character in the James Bond films and film novelizations, and another in the ""Star Trek"" franchise. Q Q (named ""cue"" ) is the 17th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In nearly all languages using the Latin script it"
"""K"", although relatively older, is also rarely used and appears only in proper names and international neologisms such as ""kilogram"", ""broker"", ""karate"". These four letters are still perceived as foreign, which explains their usage for stylistic purposes in words such as ""nomenklatură"" (normally ""nomenclatură"", meaning ""nomenclature"", but sometimes spelled with ""k"" instead of ""c"" if referring to members of the Communist leadership in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc countries, as ""Nomenklatura"" is used in English). In cases where the word is a direct borrowing having diacritical marks not present in the above alphabet, official spelling tends to favor"
"other languages. It is the 42nd letter of the Czech, the 46th letter of Slovak, the 25th letter of the Slovenian alphabet, the 30th letter of the Croatian, Bosnian, and the same within the Latinic versions of Serbian, Montenegrin, and Macedonian (as a transliteration of Cyrillic Ж in the latter three). It is the 27th letter of the Sorbian alphabet, and it appears in the Belarusian latin alphabet. Occasionally it is used in Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian transliterations and even less frequently in Bulgarian transliteration. For most languages it represents a voiced postalveolar fricative except in Russian transliterations of Ж"