"was given the nickname ""Chinese Gordon"" and honours from both the Emperor of China and the British. He entered the service of the Khedive of Egypt in 1873 (with British government approval) and later became the Governor-General of the Sudan, where he did much to suppress revolts and the local slave trade. Exhausted, he resigned and returned to Europe in 1880. A serious revolt then broke out in the Sudan, led by a Muslim religious leader and self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. In early 1884 Gordon had been sent to Khartoum with instructions to secure the evacuation of loyal soldiers and"
"self proclaimed religious messiah, is seen as a hero in the country's fight for independence, while Gordon is seen as the Mahdi's enemy, and the enemy of such efforts at large. The Canadian historian C. Brad Faught wrote it was ""no coincidence"" that the Sudan, a place known as a hotbed of fundamentalist Islam produced both the Mahdi and the current regime of General Omar al-Bashir, which venerates the memory of the Mahdi and which for a time in the 1990s sheltered Osama bin Laden. Charles George Gordon Major-General Charles George Gordon CB (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885),"
"Tomb,"" or sometimes as ""Gordon's Calvary."" Gordon's interest was prompted by his religious beliefs, as he had become an evangelical Christian in 1854. King Leopold II then asked Gordon again to take charge of the Congo Free State. He accepted and returned to London to make preparations, but soon after his arrival the British requested that he proceed immediately to the Sudan, where the situation had deteriorated badly after his departure—another revolt had arisen, led by the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Mohammed Ahmed. The Mahdi is a messianic figure in Islam which tradition holds will appear at the dawn of every new"
"not just confined to Britain. In New York, Paris and Berlin, pictures of Gordon appeared in shop windows with black lining as all over the West the fallen general was seen as a Christ-like man who sacrificed himself resisting the advance of Islam. Despite the popular demand to ""avenge Gordon"", the Conservative government that came into office after the 1885 election did nothing of the sort. The Sudan was judged to be not worth the huge financial costs it would have taken to conquer it, the same conclusion that the Liberals had reached. After Khartoum, the Mahdi established his Islamic"
"the 1966 epic film ""Khartoum"", which deals with the siege of Khartoum. Laurence Olivier played Muhammad Ahmad. The British historian Alex von Tunzelmann criticised the film for portraying Gordon and the Mahdi regularly meeting and as ""frères ennemis"", though she added it is true Gordon and the Mahdi did exchange letters. For the six months after the British public learned of Gordon's death, newspapers and journals published hundreds of articles celebrating Gordon as a ""saint"". The American historian Cynthia Behrman wrote the articles all commented upon ""...Gordon's religious faith, his skill with native peoples, his fearlessness in the face of"
"seeking advice on the legality of communicating with ISIS. Monis claimed to have converted from Shia Islam to Sunni Islam. An announcement on his now-suspended website, posted a week before the Sydney siege, stated: ""I used to be a Rafidi, but not any more. Now I am a Muslim, Alhamdu Lillah."" ""Rafidi"", which means ""one who rejects"" in Arabic, ""is typically used by Sunnis to denigrate Shias as non-Muslim."" Monis also used his website to pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State whose 'main enemies' are the Shi'a. On the day prior to taking a group"
"the country was in danger of being cut off from Egypt by the Islamic Mahdist army. Britain withdrew its troops from the Sudan until Khartoum was the last outpost remaining under British control. Gordon differed with the British government's decision to abandon the Sudan. He thought that the Islamic revolt had to be crushed for fear that it might eventually overwhelm Egypt. He based this on the Mahdi’s claim of dominion over all Islamic lands. Defying orders from the British government to withdraw, General Gordon, leading a garrison of 6,000 men, began the defence of Khartoum. On March 18, 1884,"
"""jihad"" since 1881 and looked forward to taking on the famous General Gordon as a chance to win glory for Allah. Gordon energetically organised the defence of Khartoum right from the moment he arrived in Khartoum, using his training as a military engineer to turn the city into a fortress. Additionally, Gordon had guns and armoured plating attached to the paddle wheel streamers stationed at Khartoum to create his own private riverine navy that served as an effective force against the ""Ansar"". The Turkish troops at Khartoum were not part of the Ottoman Army, but rather ""bashi-bazouks"", irregulars whom Gordon"
"article rebutting Tariq over Tariq's attacks on Tarhuni. In an article published in the 19th edition of the Turkistan Islamic Party's magazine ""Islamic Turkistan"" Tariq Abdul Haleem named Buddhists as the enemy in ""Turkistan"". The Gulf, Jordan, the Levant, and Egypt were named was places of the internal enemy while the Caucasus, Chechnya, Afghanistan, and Turkistan were named as the places of the occupying enemy by Tariq Abdul Haleem. Tariq Abdelhaleem Tariq Abdul Haleem طارق عبد الحليم is an Egyptian Islamist cleric residing in Canada in Ontario's city of Mississauga and head of the Dar al-Arqam institution there. Tariq Abdul"
"and Holy War. The charismatic new religious leader, the Mahdi or ""Expected One"", has gathered his forces of Arab warlords in preparation for a siege on the city of Khartoum. The British are forced to intervene to protect their national interests and to attempt to rescue the hundreds of British subjects stranded in the city. British trader and businessman Ryder Courtney is trapped in the capital city of Khartoum under the orders of the iron-willed General Charles George Gordon. It is here that he meets skilled soldier and swordsman Captain Penrod Ballantyne of the 10th Hussars and the British Consul,"
"faded"". In his biography of Gordon, Anthony Nutting wrote Gordon was obsessed with ""the ever-present, constantly repeated desire for martyrdom and for that glorious immortality in union with God and away from the wretchedness of life on this earth"". Because his Turkish, Egyptian and many of his Sudanese troops were Muslim, Gordon refrained in public from describing his battle with the Mahdi as a religious war, but Gordon's diary showed he viewed himself as a Christian champion fighting against the Mahdi just as much for God as for Queen and country. The Mahdi and his followers had been fighting a"
"The wars against Buddhist, shamanist, and Manichaean Uyghurs were considered a jihad by the Kara-Khanids. Islam was the enemy of the Eastern Christian and Buddhist Turfan Uyghur Kingdom. The Imams and soldiers who died in the battles against the Uyghur Buddhists and Khotan Buddhist Kingdom during the Tarim Basin's Islamification at the hands of the Karakhanids are revered as saints. It was possible the Muslims drove some Uyghur Buddhist monks towards taking asylum in the Western Xia dynasty. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called the Asud or ""Right Alan Guard"", which was combined with ""recently"
"hero and martyr who had died nobly resisting the Islamic onslaught of the Mahdi. As late as 1901 on the anniversary of Gordon's death, ""The Times"" wrote in a leader (editorial) that Gordon was ""that solitary figure holding aloft the flag of England in the face of the dark hordes of Islam"". Gordon's death caused a huge wave of national grief all over Britain with 13 March 1885 being set aside as a day of mourning for the ""fallen hero of Khartoum"". In a sermon, the Bishop of Chichester stated: ""Nations who envied our greatness rejoiced now at our weakness"
"to the Islamic State's leader al-Baghdadi, explicitly rejecting and refuting his group's interpretations of Islamic scriptures, the Quran and hadith, which it used in order to justify its actions. ""[You] have misinterpreted Islam into a religion of harshness, brutality, torture and murder ... this is a great wrong and an offence to Islam, to Muslims and to the entire world"", the letter states. It rebukes the Islamic State for its killing of prisoners, describing the killings as ""heinous war crimes"" and its persecution of the Yazidis of Iraq as ""abominable"". Referring to the ""self-described 'Islamic State'"", the letter censures the"
"Ansar Dine Ansar Dine ( ""ʾAnṣār ad-Dīn"", also transliterated ""Ançar Deen""; meaning ""helpers of the (Islamic) religion"" or ""defenders of the faith"") also known as Ansar al-Din (abbreviated as AAD) is a militant Islamist group led by Iyad Ag Ghaly, one of the most prominent leaders of the Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995) who is suspected of having ties to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, which is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama. Ansar Dine seeks to impose strict Sharia law across Mali. The group's first action was in March 2012. The organization is not to be confused with the Sufi"
"of Ferkeh in 1896). In 1884, a Sudanese Islamic religious leader, Muhammad Ahmed, also known as ""The Mahdi"", planned and executed a series of attacks that left a British general, William Hicks, and thousands of ill-trained Egyptian soldiers dead at the hands of angry Arab rebels called Dervishes or (more accurately) Mahdists. The Sudan was controlled by an Anglo-Egyptian administration, and it was decided that something must be done. General Charles Gordon was sent by the British government to be the Egyptian Army's Governor-General there. General Gordon and his aide, Colonel John Donald Hamill Stewart, carried orders from both governments"
"general John Allen, the U.S. envoy appointed to co-ordinate the coalition; U.S. Army Lieutenant General James Terry, head of operations against the group; and Secretary of State John Kerry had all shifted towards use of the term Daesh by December 2014. ISIL is a theocracy, proto-state and a Salafi or Wahhabi group. ISIL's ideology represents radical Salafi Islam, a strict, puritanical form of Sunni Islam. Muslim organisations like Islamic Networks Group (ING) in America have argued against this interpretation of Islam. ISIS promotes religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates. According"
"to the post of Governor-general in January 1884 and arrived at Khartoum on 18 February 1884, less than one month prior to the siege. Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah, self-proclaimed Mahdi, engaged in an 18-year Mahdist War (1881–99) against the British Empire (Khedivate of Egypt), the Ethiopian Empire, the Congo Free State, and the Kingdom of Italy. In a series of telegrams in early March, 1884, Gordon informed the British government that the Mahdi were closing the roads, cutting off supplies and severing telegraph communications. As the fighting drew closer to the city walls, and the blockade tightened, the siege"
"30,000). The Punjab area was under the control of Alauddin's officer Malik Nayak, who was a Hindu convert to Islam. This officer is also called Naik, Manik, or Manak in some manuscripts; Isami wrongly calls him ""Nanak"". One manuscript of Amir Khusrau's ""Khaizan-ul-Futuh"" erroneously mentions the general's name as ""Malik Nayb""; some later chroniclers read this as ""Malik Na'ib"" (which was the title of a post later held by Malik Kafur); based on this, `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni wrongly names the general as Malik Kafur. Malik Nayak was a different officer, who held the title ""Akhurbeg-i-Maisrah"" (equivalent to ""Master of the"
"Amr ibn Hishām Amr ibn Hisham (), often known as Abu Jahl (), (born 556 — died 17 March 624), was one of the Meccan polytheist pagan Qurayshi leaders known for his critical opposition towards Prophet Muhammad the Islamic prophet and the early Muslims in Mecca. He was brother of Umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah and the uncle of Umar ibn al-Khattab and one of the arch-enemies of Muhammad and the flag-bearer of opposition towards Islam and the early Muslims. Islam views him as having malevolence and enmity to such an extent that Muhammad gave him the title of ""The Pharaoh"
"that it is one in which people can expect to be decently housed and clothed, to have enough to eat and to have access to healthcare and to education for their children"". Tony Benn, in his diary, summarised Gordon's contribution at a meeting of the Campaign Group in February 1989, shortly after the Iranian ""fatwa"" against Salman Rushdie for ""The Satanic Verses"" was announced. In Gordon's opinion, he wrote, ""all fundamentalists and all established churches were enemies of the workers and the people. All religions were reactionary forces keeping the people down and denying the aspirations of working people. She"
"its caliph, and group formally changed its name to the Islamic State. Four days later, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-proclaimed caliph of the new Islamic State, said that Muslims should unite to capture Rome in order to ""own the world."" He called on Muslims all over the world to unite behind him as their leader. On 24 July, ISIL blew up the Mosque and tomb of the Prophet Yunus (Jonah) in Mosul, with no reported casualties. Residents in the area said that ISIS had erased a piece of Iraqi heritage. Jonah's tomb was also an important holy site in the"
"defines this as a war against Islam that is focused on killing Muslims. On 16 November 2012, a fatwa was posted online that was attributed to al-Fahd. It said that the Jews were the greatest enemies of Islam and that jihad against them anywhere in the world is an important duty of Muslims. On 25 August 2015, PJ Media reported that al-Fahd had pledged his allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State (ISIS or ISIL). He encouraged other Muslims to join the Islamic State and also pledge allegiance. Nasir al-Fahd Nasir al-Fahd (, also known as Nasir"
"country's political and religious freedom, defending it against all Christian invaders"". Hassan issued a religious ordinance stipulating that any Somali national who did not accept the goal of unity of Somalia and would not fight under his leadership would be considered to be kafir, or ""gaal"". He soon acquired weapons from the Ottoman Empire, Sudan, other Islamic and Arabian countries, and appointed ministers and advisers to administer different areas or sectors of Somalia. In addition, he gave a clarion call for Somali unity and independence, in the process organizing his forces. Hassan's Dervish movement had an essentially military character, and"
"striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf of freedom, their countries were promulgating a vigorous African slave trade of their own. Charles George Gordon is known as the saint of all British colonial officers. A dedicated Christian, he spent his time between assignments living among the poor and donating his salary on their behalf. He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War. In his later career he became a high official in the Ottoman Empire, working as Governor of Egypt for the Ottoman khedive for the purpose of conducting campaigns against slavers and slavery in Egypt"
"or death. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the ""nom de guerre"" of an individual who has had various names and epithets attributed to him, including Abu Du'a ( '), Al-Shabah (the phantom or ghost), and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Husseini al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (, '). He is known to his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin, (""Caliph""), Caliph Abu Bakr, Caliph al-Baghdadi, or Caliph Ibrahim ( """"). This is besides his previous epithet, which was ""Sheikh Baghdadi"", Aliases used by al-Badri include the names Abu Duaa and Dr. Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai (c.f. Samarra). A reporter of the Washington Times states the so-called"
"Dew. When Hasan returned to the Horn of Africa, the Somali tradition states that he saw Somali children being converted to Christianity by missionaries in the British colony. Hasan began preaching against this religious conversion and the British colonization. He was opposed by the British powers who called him the 'mad mullah', and his Sufi teachings were also opposed by the rival Qadiriya Tariqah – another traditional Sufi group of the region, states Said M. Mohamed. Another version of the early events link the illegal sale of a gun to Hasan by a corrupt Somali officer in 1899, who reported"
"and was the spiritual head of the group of cameleers. In charge of the killing of animals, according to the principles of halal, for Muslim consumption, he was prosecuted twice for his allegedly unsanitary means of killing the animals, and for not joining the local Butchers' Union. This caused Abdullah to bear great ill-feeling towards the Union, as well as the local sanitary inspector, Brosnan, who prosecuted him. Another camel-driver and Abdullah's next-door neighbour, Gool Badsha Mahomed, was an Afridi tribesman from Afghanistan, and had fought in the Turkish Army. After the start of World War I, his religious and"
"Jewish rivals. Ma'adikarib was Christian and launched a campaign against the Lakhmids in southern Iraq, with the support of other Arab allies of Byzantium. The Lakhmids were a Bulwark of Persia, which was intolerant to a proselytizing religion like Christianity. After the death of Ma'adikarib Ya'fur around 521 CE, a Himyarite Jewish warlord named Yousef Asar Yathar rose to power with the honorary title of ""Yathar"" (meaning, ""to avenge""). Yemenite Christians, aided by Aksum and Byzantium, systematically persecuted Jews and burned down several synagogues across the land. Yousef avenged his people with great cruelty. He marched toward the port city"
"began to push into the Ottoman Empire. He believed that Safavid Shi'ism had intensified the conflict with the Sunni Ottoman Empire. His army was a mix of Shi'a and Sunni (with a notable minority of Christians) and included his own Qizilbash as well as Uzbeks, Afghans, Christian Georgians and Armenians, and others. He wanted Iran to adopt a form of religion that would be more acceptable to Sunnis and suggested that Iran adopt a form of Shi'ism he called ""Ja'fari"", in honour of the sixth Shi'a imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. He banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis,"
"there, he was recognized by Umar ibn al-Khattab, who said: This is the dog, the enemy of God, Umayr ibn Wahb. By God, he has only come to do evil. He led the Polytheists (Arabic: ""Mushrikeen"") against us in Mecca and he was a spy for them against us shortly before [the Battle of] Badr. Go to the Messenger of God, stand around him and warn him that this dirty traitor is after him. Umayr was arrested and brought to Muhammad, who gave him a warm welcome and asked for his motives. He replied that he wanted the Badr captives"
"that Jews and Muslims could never get along and that war was ""inevitable"" between them, and further accused the U.S. of stirring up anti-Islamic sentiment. He claimed that the U.S. State Department and U.S. Department of Defense were controlled by Jews, for the sole purpose of serving the Israeli state's goals. He often delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: ""These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery. They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next."" Shia Muslims have been listed along with ""heretics, ... America, and Israel"" as the four principal ""enemies of Islam"""
"conflict with the Sunni Ottoman Empire. His army was a mix of Shi'a and Sunni (with a notable minority of Christians) and included his own Qizilbash as well as Uzbeks, Afghans, Christian Georgians and Armenians, and others. He wanted Persia to adopt a form of religion that would be more acceptable to Sunnis and suggested that Persia adopt a form of Shi'ism he called ""Ja'fari"", in honour of the sixth Shi'a imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. He banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing of the first three caliphs. Personally, Nader is said to have"