"Matheson, and Oleg Menshikov. Yuri Zhivago Yuri Andreievich Zhivago is the protagonist and title character of the novel ""Doctor Zhivago"" by Boris Pasternak. Yuri Zhivago, a doctor and poet, is sensitive nearly to the point of mysticism. Zhivago's idealism and principles stand in contrast to the successive brutality of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, the subsequent Russian Civil War, and the Red Terror. A major theme of the novel is how mysticism and idealism are destroyed by both the Bolsheviks and the White Army alike, as both sides commit horrible atrocities. Yuri Zhivago has been portrayed by"
"Boris Pasternak Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (|p|æ|s|t|ər|ˌ|n|æ|k) (29 January 189030 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russian, Pasternak's first book of poems, ""My Sister, Life"" (1917), is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language. Pasternak's translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Calderón de la Barca and Shakespeare remain very popular with Russian audiences. As a novelist, Pasternak is also known as the author of ""Doctor Zhivago"" (1957), a novel which takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War. ""Doctor Zhivago"" was rejected for"
"director to win more than one Oscar for directing. Lean had his greatest box-office success with ""Doctor Zhivago"" (1965), a romance set during the Russian Revolution. The film, based on the banned novel by Nobel Prize-winning Russian poet Boris Pasternak, tells the story of a brilliant and warm-hearted physician and poet (Omar Sharif) who, while seemingly happily married into the Russian aristocracy, and a father, falls in love with a beautiful abandoned young mother named Lara (Julie Christie) and struggles to be with her in the chaos of the Bolshevik revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War. Initially, reviews for ""Doctor"
"believed that Feltrinelli's Communist affiliation would not only guarantee publication, but might even force the Soviet State to publish the novel in Russia. In a rare moment of agreement, both Olga Ivinskaya and Zinaida Pasternak were horrified by the submission of ""Doctor Zhivago"" to a Western publishing house. Pasternak, however, refused to change his mind and informed an emissary from Feltrinelli that he was prepared to undergo any sacrifice in order to see ""Doctor Zhivago"" published. In 1957, Feltrinelli announced that the novel would be published by his company. Despite repeated demands from visiting Soviet emissaries, Feltrinelli refused to cancel"
"Manya Harari Manya Harari (née Manya Benenson) (8 April 1905 – 24 September 1969) was a noted British translator of Russian literature and the co-founder of Harvill Press. Her best-known work is the translation of Boris Pasternak's epic novel ""Doctor Zhivago"", which she co-translated with Max Hayward. She also translated works by Konstantin Paustovsky, Andrey Sinyavsky, Ilya Ehrenburg and Evgenia Ginzburg, among others. Born in Russia, as the fourth child and youngest daughter of Jewish financier Grigory Benenson and his wife, Sophie Goldberg, she migrated in 1914 with her family to London from Germany, where they had been visiting. She"
"Boris Pasternak and other family members. Since 2003, the novel Doctor Zhivago has entered the Russian school curriculum, where it is read in the 11th grade of high-school. The first screen adaptation of ""Doctor Zhivago"", adapted by Robert Bolt and directed by David Lean, appeared in 1965. The film, which toured in the roadshow tradition, starred Omar Sharif, Geraldine Chaplin, and Julie Christie. Concentrating on the love triangle aspects of the novel, the film became a worldwide blockbuster, but was unavailable in Russia until Perestroika. In 2002, the novel was adapted as a television miniseries. Directed by Giacomo Campiotti, the"
"Soviet Union. The novel was made into a film by David Lean in 1965, and since then has twice been adapted for television, most recently as a miniseries for Russian TV in 2006. The novel Doctor Zhivago has been part of the Russian school curriculum since 2003, where it is read in 11th grade. The plot of ""Doctor Zhivago"" is long and intricate. It can be difficult to follow for two main reasons: first, Pasternak employs many characters, who interact with each other throughout the book in unpredictable ways, and second, he frequently introduces a character by one of his/her"
"international fame after his anti-communist novel ""Doctor Zhivago"" was smuggled out of the Soviet Union (where it was banned) and published in the West in 1957. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature, much to the chagrin of the Soviet authorities. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. Through his writings—particularly ""The Gulag Archipelago"" and ""One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"", his two best-known works—he made the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system. For these efforts, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 and was exiled from"
"1954, Giangiacomo Feltrinelli established a publishing company in Milan, ""Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore"". Its first published book was the autobiography of the first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. In late 1956 an Italian journalist showed Feltrinelli the manuscript of ""Doctor Zhivago"" by the Russian writer Boris Pasternak. Set in Russia, the novel follows a multitude of characters from 1903 to 1943, the period of revolution, bloody civil war, Leninism, Stalinism, and the early part of the Second World War. Feltrinelli's Slavist advisor told him, ""Not to publish a novel like this would constitute a crime against culture"". His son Carlo's biography"
"translation of ""Doctor Zhivago"" was hastily produced by Max Hayward and Manya Harari in order to coincide with overwhelming public demand. It was released in August 1958, and remained the only edition available for more than fifty years. Between 1958 and 1959, the English language edition spent 26 weeks at the top of ""The New York Times""' bestseller list. Ivinskaya's daughter Irina circulated typed copies of the novel in Samizdat. Although no Soviet critics had read the banned novel, ""Doctor Zhivago"" was pilloried in the State-owned press. Similar attacks led to a humorous Russian saying, ""I haven't read Pasternak, but"
"Olga Ivinskaya Olga Vsevolodovna Ivinskaya (; June 16, 1912, Tambov – September 8, 1995, Moscow) was a Russian poet and writer. She was friend and lover of Nobel Prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak during the last 13 years of his life and the inspiration for the character of Lara in his novel ""Doctor Zhivago"" (1957). Ivinskaya, of German-Polish descent, was born in Tambov to a provincial high school teacher. In 1915, the family moved to Moscow. After graduating from the Editorial Workers Institute in Moscow in 1936, she worked as an editor at various literary magazines. She was an admirer of"
"– see ""Nobel Prize"" section below), ""Doctor Zhivago"" became an instant sensation throughout the non-Communist world upon its release in November 1957. In the State of Israel, however, Pasternak's novel was sharply criticized for its assimilationist views towards the Jewish people. When informed of this, Pasternak responded, ""No matter. I am above race..."" According to Lazar Fleishman, Pasternak had written the disputed passages prior to Israeli independence. At the time, Pasternak had also been regularly attending Russian Orthodox Divine Liturgy. Therefore, he believed that Soviet Jews converting to Christianity was preferable to assimilating into atheism and Stalinism. The first English"
"mother's affair with Pasternak. Olga Ivinskaya Olga Vsevolodovna Ivinskaya (; June 16, 1912, Tambov – September 8, 1995, Moscow) was a Russian poet and writer. She was friend and lover of Nobel Prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak during the last 13 years of his life and the inspiration for the character of Lara in his novel ""Doctor Zhivago"" (1957). Ivinskaya, of German-Polish descent, was born in Tambov to a provincial high school teacher. In 1915, the family moved to Moscow. After graduating from the Editorial Workers Institute in Moscow in 1936, she worked as an editor at various literary magazines. She"
"Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (; 19 June 1926 – 14 March 1972) was an influential Italian publisher and businessman active following the Second World War. He founded a vast library of documents mainly in the history of international labor and socialist movements. He became a militant and clandestine left-wing activist preceding the Years of Lead. Feltrinelli is perhaps most famous for his decision to translate and publish Boris Pasternak's novel ""Doctor Zhivago"" in the West after the manuscript was smuggled out of the Soviet Union, in the late 1950s. He died violently under mysterious circumstances. Giangiacomo Feltrinelli was born in"
"but his script was considered unsatisfactory and he was replaced by John Briley. Bolt also had several unrealised projects, including a TV miniseries of Gore Vidal's novel ""Burr"" and an adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's ""A Wrinkle in Time"" for Norman Lear. After being paid $US400,000 plus ten per cent of profits for his ""Ryan's Daughter"" screenplay, Bolt became, for a time, the highest-paid screenwriter in Hollywood. Robert Bolt Robert Oxton Bolt, CBE (15 August 1924 – 21 February 1995) was an English playwright and a two-time Oscar-winning screenwriter, known for writing the screenplays for ""Lawrence of Arabia"", ""Doctor Zhivago"" and"
"was educated at Malvern Girls College and at Bedford College, London, where she read history, graduating in 1924. In 1925 she married Ralph Andrew Harari. In 1946 she co-founded the Harvill Press with Marjorie Villiers. Manya Harari Manya Harari (née Manya Benenson) (8 April 1905 – 24 September 1969) was a noted British translator of Russian literature and the co-founder of Harvill Press. Her best-known work is the translation of Boris Pasternak's epic novel ""Doctor Zhivago"", which she co-translated with Max Hayward. She also translated works by Konstantin Paustovsky, Andrey Sinyavsky, Ilya Ehrenburg and Evgenia Ginzburg, among others. Born in"
"to put me on trial. I owe my life and the fact that they did not touch me in those years to her heroism and endurance."" At that time of her arrest, Ivinskaya was pregnant by Pasternak and miscarried. She was released in 1953 after Stalin's death. ""Doctor Zhivago"" was published in Italy in 1957 by Feltrinelli, with Ivinskaya conducting all negotiations on Pasternak's behalf. After Pasternak's death in 1960, Ivinskaya was arrested for the second time, with her daughter, Irina Emelianova. She was accused of being Pasternak's link with Western publishers in dealing in hard currency for ""Doctor Zhivago""."
"like those of the Serapion Brothers group, who insisted on the right of an author to write independently of political ideology, were forced by authorities to reject their views and accept socialist realist principles. Some 1930s writers, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, author of ""The Master and Margarita"", and Nobel Prize–winning Boris Pasternak with his novel ""Doctor Zhivago"" continued the classical tradition of Russian literature with little or no hope of being published. Their major works would not be published until the Khrushchev Thaw, and Pasternak was forced to refuse his Nobel prize. Meanwhile, ""émigré"" writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich,"
"publication in the USSR. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958, an event which enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which forced him to decline the prize, though his descendants were later to accept it in his name in 1988. Doctor Zhivago has been part of the main Russian school curriculum since 2003. Pasternak was born in Moscow on 10 February, into a wealthy assimilated Jewish family. His father was the Post-Impressionist painter, Leonid Pasternak, professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. His mother was Rosa Kaufman, a concert pianist and the"
"case of a ""tamizdat"" publication was Boris Pasternak's novel ""Doctor Zhivago"", which, after it had been refused by Soviet publishers, was first published in an Italian translation in Italy in 1957. Because Italy was a member of both the UCC and the Berne Convention, the work was entitled to full copyright in all other member states of these two conventions. Early Soviet authors sometimes benefited from international copyright on their works just naturally. Maxim Gorky and Sergei Prokofiev, for instance, both had lived for some time abroad and published works in other countries that were members of the Berne Convention."
"the other hand, some critics praised it for being things that, in the opinion of translator Richard Pevear, it was never meant to be: a moving love story, or a lyrical biography of a poet in which the individual is set against the grim realities of Soviet life. Pasternak defended the numerous coincidences in the plot, saying that they are ""traits to characterize that somewhat willful, free, fanciful flow of reality."" In response to criticism in the West of his novel's characters and coincidences, Pasternak wrote to Stephen Spender: Doctor Zhivago (novel) Doctor Zhivago () is a novel by Boris"
"by mediocrities."" During this period, Pasternak delighted in reading a clandestine copy of George Orwell's ""Animal Farm"" in English. In conversation with Ivinskaya, Pasternak explained that the pig dictator Napoleon, in the novel, ""vividly reminded"" him of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Although it contains passages written in the 1910s and 1920s, ""Doctor Zhivago"" was not completed until 1956. Pasternak submitted the novel to Novy Mir, which refused publication due to its rejection of socialist realism. The author, like his protagonist Yuri Zhivago, showed more concern for the welfare of individual characters than for the ""progress"" of society. Censors also regarded"
"of Feltrinelli records the fascinating correspondence between him and Pasternak, as they successfully resisted clumsy attempts by the Soviet regime to halt publication of the novel. ""Doctor Zhivago"" immediately became an international best seller. Feltrinelli sold the film rights to Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer for $450,000 and, adjusting for inflation, it was produced in 1965, and became one of the highest-grossing films of all time; it was also critically aclaimed. As a result of his defiance of the communist leadership in Moscow, which had not wanted the book published, Feltrinelli was criticised, and he decided not to renew his party membership in 1957,"
"physician whose life is irreversibly altered by the Russian Revolution and subsequent Civil War, and Julie Christie as his married love interest Lara Antipova. The supporting cast includes Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, Alec Guinness, Tom Courtenay, Ralph Richardson, Siobhán McKenna and Rita Tushingham. Contemporary critics were generally disappointed, complaining of its length at over three hours, and claiming that it trivialized history, but acknowledging the intensity of the love story and the film's treatment of human themes. Over time, however, the film's reputation has improved greatly. At the 38th Academy Awards, ""Doctor Zhivago"" won five Oscars: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best"
"A 2009 book by Ivan Tolstoi reasserts claims that British and American intelligence officers were involved in ensuring Pasternak's Nobel victory however another Russian researcher disagrees. When Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak was questioned about this, he responded that his father was completely unaware of the actions of Western intelligence services. Yevgeny further declared that the Nobel Prize caused his father nothing but severe grief and harassment at the hands of the Soviet State. The Pasternak family papers are stored at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University. They contain correspondence, drafts of ""Doctor Zhivago"" and other writings, photographs, and other material, of"
"Lidia Charskaya Lidia Alekseyevna Charskaya (), January 31, 1875 – March 18, 1938, was a Russian writer and actress. Charskaya was her pseudonym; her real last name was Churilova. Charskaya worked as an actress at the Alexandrinsky Theatre from 1898 to 1924. From 1901 to 1916 she published about eighty books, several of which became bestsellers. Her most popular work was the novel ""Princess Dzhavakha"" (1903). In the 1940s, when Boris Pasternak was writing his novel ""Doctor Zhivago"", he said that he was ""writing almost like Charskaya"", because he wanted to be accessible and dreamed that his prose would be"
"Robert Bolt Robert Oxton Bolt, CBE (15 August 1924 – 21 February 1995) was an English playwright and a two-time Oscar-winning screenwriter, known for writing the screenplays for ""Lawrence of Arabia"", ""Doctor Zhivago"" and ""A Man for All Seasons"", the latter two of which won him the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He was born in Sale, Cheshire, to Methodist parents; his father owned a small furniture shop. At Manchester Grammar School his affinity for Sir Thomas More first developed. After leaving school aged sixteen, he worked in an insurance office, which he disliked; after studying in the evening"
"on his way home. While Waten wanted him to admire the achievements of the Soviet state, Clark was more interested in attending the Bolshoi Ballet, the Dostoyevsky Museum and the St Sergius Monastery at Zagorsk. Clark annoyed both Waten and his Soviet hosts by asking questions about Boris Pasternak, the dissident Soviet writer who was in trouble for having his novel ""Doctor Zhivago"" published in the West. Nevertheless, he was impressed by the material progress of the country after the devastation of World War II and by the limited political liberalisation which was taking place under Nikita Khrushchev. On his"
"War II, Zhivago's old friends Nika Dudorov and Misha Gordon meet up. One of their discussions revolves around a local laundress named Tanya, a ""bezprizornaya"", or war orphan, and her resemblance to both Yuri and Lara. Tanya tells both men of the difficult childhood she has had due to her mother abandoning her in order to marry Komarovsky. Much later, the two men meet over the first edition of Yuri Zhivago's poems. Although it contains passages written in the 1910s and 1920s, ""Doctor Zhivago"" was not completed until 1956. The novel was submitted to the literary journal ""Novy Mir"" (""Новый"
"German and Austrian stages under the direction of Goethe, and Joseph Schreyvogel. Later significant German adaptations include Hugo von Hofmannsthal's versions of ""La vida es sueño"" and """". Although best known abroad as the author of ""Doctor Zhivago"", Boris Pasternak produced acclaimed Russian translations of Calderón's plays during the late 1950s. According to his mistress, Olga Ivinskaya, In working on Calderón he received help from Nikolai Mikhailovich Liubumov, a shrewd and enlightened person who understood very well that all the mudslinging and commotion over the novel would be forgotten, but that there would always be a Pasternak. I took finished"
"first publication. If that country was a signatory of the UCC or the Berne Convention, the work was also granted copyright in all other signatories of these treaties, because they both extended copyright to works of citizens of non-member states, if these works were first published in a member state. A very famous case of a ""tamizdat"" publication was Boris Pasternak's novel ""Doctor Zhivago"", which, after it had been refused by Soviet publishers, was first published in an Italian translation in Italy in 1957. Because Italy was a member of both the UCC and the Berne Convention, the work was"
"its narrative, by the passionate voice of a poet who weaves a mass of diverse characters into a single tapestry. And this is precisely what David Lean's film lacks. Somewhere in the two years of the film's making the spirit of the novel has been lost."" Among the positive reviews, ""Time"" magazine called the film ""Literate, old-fashioned, soul-filling and thoroughly romantic"". ""Variety"" declared, ""The sween and scope of the Russian revolution, as reflected in the personalities of those who either adapted or were crushed, has been captured by David Lean in 'Doctor Zhivago,' frequently with soaring dramatic intensity. Director has"
"are hereby invited to watch me face the firing squad."" Despite desperate efforts by the Union of Soviet Writers to prevent its publication, Feltrinelli published an Italian translation of the book in November 1957. So great was the demand for ""Doctor Zhivago"" that Feltrinelli was able to license translation rights into eighteen different languages well in advance of the novel's publication. The Communist Party of Italy expelled Feltrinelli from their membership in retaliation for his role in the publication of a novel they felt was critical of communism. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency quickly realized that the novel presented an"