"Booklist wrote, ""Straight from the scientific frontier, Horner's work should excite anyone who's dreamed of walking with dinosaurs."" Brian Switek of ""Smithsonian"" wrote, ""The importance of ""How to Build a Dinosaur"" does not lie in Horner's wish to create a dinochicken. That makes up only a small part of the book. Instead the slim volume indicates how paleontology is becoming more of an interdisciplinary science where studies of development and genetics are just as important as fossilized bones."" Jeff Hecht of ""New Scientist"" wrote that Horner ""is at his best"" in the book, which he called ""provocative yet firmly grounded"
"with three small circles to the right of a letter as . It represented a now-obsolete /h/ or /x/ sound that has either become silent, or pronounced as /x/, /(a)k-/ or /-ka/ in careful speech. It is also placed before a consonant to transcribe some foreign phonemes, such as ஃப (/f/, as in ஃபேஷன் (fēṣaṉ, ""fashion"") and ஒஃபீஸ் (ōfīs, ""office"")), ஃஜ (/z/), ஃஸ் (/ks/), and ஃக் (/x/). In the Telugu alphabet, the visarga (which is called visarga) is represented with two small circles to the right of a letterః. It brings an ""aha"" sound to the end of the letter."
"the vowel, a dot for short and a small downward tick for long sounds. There are special vowel markings for certain diphthongs. The ow in ""how"" is just an ""a"" circle followed by a ""u"" hook. The ""io"" in ""lion"" , or any diphthong involving a long i and a vowel, is written with a small circle inside a large circle. The ""ia"" in ""piano"" and ""repudiate"" is notated as a large circle with a dot in its center. In ""Anniversary"" and back, if ""ea"" need be distinguished from ""ia"", it is notated with a small downward tick inside the"
"like a ""J."" (However, a smaller version of the same shape represents an extra consonant without a vowel.) Most of the syllables with the vowel ""i"" have a shape like the ""a"" series, except that the angle between the short tick and the long line is approximately 45° rather than 90°; there are a few ""i"" forms that do not fit the pattern (such as ""is"" and ""it"") because they are especially common, and some of the forms that might be expected to represent ""i"" plus a consonant have been turned to other purposes, such as the prefix ""circum-."" The"
"Open back unrounded vowel The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is codice_1. The letter is called ""script a"" because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter ""a"", which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. ""Script a"", which has its linear stroke on the bottom right, should not be confused with ""turned script a"", , which has its linear stroke"
"Open back rounded vowel The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is a ""near-open"" or ""near-low back rounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is called ""turned script ""a"""", being a rotated version of ""script (cursive) ""a"""", which is the variant of ""a"" that lacks the extra stroke on top of a ""printed ""a"""". Turned script ""a"" has its linear stroke on the left, whereas ""script ""a"""" (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke"
"Near-close back rounded vowel The near-close back rounded vowel, or near-high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some vocal languages. The IPA symbol that represents this sound is . It is informally called ""horseshoe u"". Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, , called ""closed omega""; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol (a small capital U) is used. Sometimes, especially in broad transcription, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol , which technically represents the close back rounded"
"and in phonemic/broad phonetic transcription. According to him, the endless repetition of the symbol in publications on BrE has given this vowel a familiarity out of all proportion to its scarcity in the world’s languages. Open back rounded vowel The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is a ""near-open"" or ""near-low back rounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is called ""turned script ""a"""", being a rotated version of ""script (cursive) ""a"""", which is the"
"removing part of the closed circular shape. Open-mid back rounded vowel The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a turned letter ""c"" and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called ""open-o"". The name ""open-o"" represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by , the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as"
"in turn derived from and replaced the inverted small capital A, ⟨⟩, that represented the sound before the 1928 revision to the IPA. The symbol was ultimately revised to be , ""ram's horns"", with a rounded top, in order to better differentiate it from the Latin gamma . Unicode provides only , but in some fonts this character may appear as a ""baby gamma"" instead. Close-mid back unrounded vowel The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a ""close-mid back-central unrounded vowel"". Its symbol"
"Near-open central vowel The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter a. While the IPA does not specify the rounding of , its rounded variant has been reported to occur as a phoneme only in Sabiny, which contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels. In certain languages (e.g. Bulgarian, Cantonese and Portuguese), the symbol is used instead of to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel. The near-open central unrounded vowel"
"a loop that starts from the preceding character acting as a tangent, continuing around the circle until reaching the tangent point of the following character, at which point the following letterform is written, with the two adjacent characters crossing to complete the ""circle"". Variants of the circle vowels have dots in the middle of the circle, or a protuberance in from the circle. Circle vowels may also take standard diacritic marks when used to write some languages. Orienting vowels are written by rotating the vowel to match the incoming angle of the preceding character, then mirrored along the axis of"
"these series, or as reduced vowels.) As in the , nasal vowels get a tilde (""ã""). A small circle below a letter is used to mark both the schwa (""e̥"", also ""ḁ"" etc. for other reduced vowels) and syllabic consonants (""r̥"" or ""l̥"", for instance). Diphthongs do not receive any special marking, they are simply juxtaposed (""ai"" ). A short sign can be used to distinguish which element of the diphthong is the on- or off-glide (""uĭ, ŭi"") Vowels in hiatus can be indicated with a diaeresis when necessary (""aï"" ). Other vowels are ""a"" with a subscript ""e"" for"
"the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front rounded vowel symbol: , or with the open back rounded vowel: . The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols and , respectively. Near-open central vowel The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter a. While the IPA does not specify the rounding of , its rounded variant has been reported to occur as a phoneme only in Sabiny, which contrasts"
"two small circles at the right of a letter as , and it should not be confused with the similar-looking ""yŭkôleăkpĭntŭ"" (, ""pair of dots""), which indicates a short vowel followed by a glottal stop like their equivalent visarga marks in the Thai and Lao scripts. In the Lao alphabet, the visarga is represented with two small curled circles to the right of a letter as . As in the neighboring related Thai script, it indicates a glottal stop after the vowel. In the Tamil alphabet, the visarga (known as the ""āyutha eḻuttu"" (ஆயுத எழுத்து) or ""āytam"" (ஆய்தம்)) is represented"
"Open-mid back unrounded vowel The open-mid back unrounded vowel, or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is an ""open-mid back-central unrounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase ""v"" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital without the crossbar). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as either a wedge, a caret, or a hat. In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel, and in transcriptions"
"Close back unrounded vowel The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a ""close back-central unrounded vowel"". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Typographically a turned letter ""m"", given its relation to the sound represented by the letter ""u"" it can be considered a ""u"" with an extra ""bowl"". It is not to be confused with , a sequence of the symbols and (which represent the close back rounded vowel and the near-close front unrounded vowel, respectively),"
"rounded high back vowel [u]. It has also, however, been recorded as [ɯ]. /ɛ/ is a low-mid front vowel. It is nasalized [ɛ̃]. /ɔ/ is a low back vowel. It is weakly rounded and nasalized [ɔ̃]. The following oral diphthongs occur in Seneca: ae, ai, ao, ea, ei, eo, oa, oe, and oi. The following nasal diphthongs occur as well: aö, eö, and oë. Vowel length is marked with a colon , and open juncture by word space. Long vowels generally occur in one of two environments: 1. In even-numbered (i.e. falling and even number of syllables from the beginning"
"value, and does not reflect all the phonetic detail that occurs. Accurate pronunciation cannot be learned without consulting a fluent speaker. The long vowels are paired with the short vowels , and are written with double symbols ""ii, oo, aa"" that correspond to the single symbols used for the short vowels ""i, o, a"". The long vowel does not have a corresponding short vowel, and is written with a single ""e"". The short vowels are: ""i, o, a"". The long vowels are: ""ii, oo, aa, e"". The short vowel represented as orthographic ""a"" has values centering on ; short ""i"""
"The smallest conga is the lead drum known as quinto. The following nine-measure quinto excerpt is from the guaguancó “La polémica” by Los Muñequitos de Matanzas (1988). This passage moves between the main modes of playing (A, B, C). The A section is the basic ""lock"" or ""ride"", as it is known in North America. It spans one clave (measure). An alternate phrase (B) is also one measure in length. Cross-beats, the basis of the third section (C), contradict the meter. By alternating between the lock and the cross, the quinto creates larger rhythmic phrases that expand and contract over"
"A-flat clarinet The A-flat (A) clarinet is a member of the clarinet family, smaller and sounding a perfect fourth higher than the E clarinet. The A is rare, but even less common, obsolete instruments in high C and A are listed by Sir Nicholas Shackleton. Some writers call the A and these other instruments octave clarinets, sopranino clarinets, or piccolo clarinets. The boundary between the octave and soprano clarinets is not well-defined, and the rare instruments in G and F might be considered as either. Shackleton, along with many early twentieth-century composers, uses the term ""piccolo clarinet"" to refer to"
"stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today. A calligraphic minuscule ""r"", known as r rotunda (ꝛ), was used in the sequence ""or"", bending the shape of the ""r"" to accommodate the bulge of the ""o"" (as in ""oꝛ"" as opposed to ""or""). Later, the same variant was also used where ""r"" followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right (such as ""b, h, p"") and to write the geminate ""rr"" (as ""ꝛꝛ""). Use of ""r rotunda"" was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell"
"""ii, oo, aa, e;"" Short ""i, o, a"" By convention the three long vowels that correspond to a short vowel are written double, while the single long vowel written as orthographic ""e"" that does not have a corresponding short vowel is not written doubled. The apostrophe ""<nowiki>’</nowiki>"" is used to distinguish primary (underlying) consonant clusters from secondary clusters that arise when the rule of syncope deletes a vowel between two consonants. For example, orthographic ""ng"" must be distinguished from ""n'g"". The former has the phonetic value (arising from place of articulation assimilation of to the following velar consonant , which"
"the ""i"" in ""trim"" and ""marine"" , and the vowel in ""her"" and ""learn"" . The ""ī"" represents the ""i"" in ""fine"" . The ""o"" is a small hook that represents the ""al"" in ""talk"" , the ""o"" in ""jot"" , ""cone"" , and ""order"" . The ""u"" is a tiny hook that expresses the three vowel sounds heard in the words ""who"" , ""up"" , and ""foot"" . It also expresses a ""w"" at the beginning of a word. In ""Anniversary,"" short and long vowel sounds for e, a, o and u may be distinguished by a mark under"
"""orange"", and a ninth sound (silence) in ""bread"". The speech-sounds are sometimes influenced by (a) the letters surrounding the target vowel, (b) by the sentence containing the word and (c) the stress, or lack thereof, given to the syllable containing the letter. Almost any combination of three letters with a central ""a"" can reasonably be pronounced in a number of different ways. For instance the ""a"" in ""pag"" could be pronounced as in ""page"" (long ""a""), ""pageant"" (short ""a""), creepage (short ""i"") or decoupage (short ""o"" as in ""dot""). It therefore follows that beginning students will have a difficult time"
"short vowel-like sound) before front vowels, which sounds like the English ""w"" but made without rounding the lips. The IPA symbol for this sound is . Thus ('nine') and ('way, manner') are pronounced and , respectively. This velar offglide is labialized (pronounced with lip-rounding, like ""w"") after labial consonants, so ('yellow') is pronounced . Similarly, slender (palatal or palatalized) consonants have a palatal offglide (like English ""y"") before back vowels, e.g. ('thick') is pronounced . When a broad consonant follows a front vowel, there is a very short vowel sound (called an onglide) just before the consonant, e.g. ('sell') is"
"Close-mid central unrounded vowel The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . This is a mirrored letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa , which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources transcribe this vowel . The letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ,"
"Near-close back unrounded vowel The near-close back unrounded vowel or near-high back unrounded vowel, is a type of a vowel sound, used in a few spoken languages. Acoustically it is a ""near-close back-central unrounded vowel"". The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound as (lowered ) or as (raised ). By analogy to , this vowel can be transcribed as a mid-centralized close back unrounded vowel (), a symbol equivalent to a more complex (lowered and centralized ). However, acoustic analysis of cardinal vowels as produced by Daniel Jones and John C. Wells has shown that basically ""all"" cardinal back"
"such symbols. Mid central vowel The mid central vowel (also known as schwa) is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter e. While the ""Handbook of the International Phonetic Association"" does not define the roundedness of , it is more often unrounded than rounded. The phonetician Jane Setter describes the pronunciation of the unrounded variant as follows: "" is a sound which can be produced by basically relaxing the articulators in the oral cavity and vocalising."" To produce the rounded"
"(a lowered ) in narrow transcription. For the close-mid (near-)back rounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol (or ), see close-mid back rounded vowel. In some other languages (such as Bengali, Korean and Luxembourgish) as well as some dialects of English (such as Scottish) there is a fully back near-close rounded vowel (a sound between cardinal and ), which can be transcribed in IPA with , or . There is even one language (Palula) that contrasts a long near-close back rounded vowel with a short close-mid near-back rounded vowel, but they tend to be transcribed simply as"
"pronounced as a simple vowel, sometimes ""i"" (as in ""meiosis"", pronounced as if ""miosis"") and sometimes ""e"": ""Cassiopeia, Deianira, Pleiades, onomatopœia"", pronounced as if ""Cassiopea, Deanira, Pleades, onomatopea"". The result was a system of five vowels, ""a, e, i, o, u"". These would subsequently split, according to their environment, into long, short, and (eventually) unstressed variants; and these variants would eventually also be altered based on neighboring sounds. However, in phonemic terms, A-L still has ""only"" five vowels, with multiple allophones. In addition, there were the diphthongs, ""ai"", ""oi"", ""ui"", ""au"" and ""eu"". Of these, ""ai"" and ""au"" eventually monophthongized,"
"Piccolo The piccolo (; Italian for ""small"", but named ""ottavino"" in Italy) is a half-size flute, and a member of the woodwind family of musical instruments. The modern piccolo has most of the same fingerings as its larger sibling, the standard transverse flute, but the sound it produces is an octave higher than written. This gave rise to the name ""ottavino"" (Italian for ""little octave""), which the instrument is called in the scores of Italian composers. It is also called ""flauto piccolo"" or ""flautino"", Vivaldi making use of the latter term. Piccolos are now mainly manufactured in the key of"
"Near-close front unrounded vowel The near-close front unrounded vowel, or near-high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , i.e. a small capital letter ""i"". The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends. Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification. Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: , the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. Despite that, some modern writings still use it. ""Handbook of the International Phonetic Association"" defines"