"is equally rich and 13,367 species of vascular plants have been found, approximately 40% of which is considered endemic. The shield is overlain by the largest expanse of tropical forest on any Precambrian shield area in the world. Guianan rain forest is similar in nature to Amazonian rain forest and known protected areas include the Iwokrama Forest of central Guyana, Kaieteur, Kanuku National Park of southern Guyana, the UNESCO World Heritage Site Central Suriname Nature Reserve of Suriname, the Guiana Amazonian Park in French Guiana and the Tumucumaque National Park in the Amapá State of Brazil. In Venezuela the forests"
"the constituent country have always been officially known as Surinam or Suriname, in both Dutch and English, the colony was often unofficially and semi-officially referred to as Dutch Guiana (Dutch: ""Nederlands Guiana"") in the 19th and 20th century, in an analogy to British Guiana and French Guiana. Using this term for Suriname is problematic, however, as historically Suriname was only one of many Dutch colonies in the Guianas, others being Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and Pomeroon, which after being taken over by the United Kingdom in 1814 were united into British Guiana in 1831. Before 1814, the term Dutch Guiana did"
"off most of its North American territory in the Louisiana Purchase and had lost all but Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guiana in the Caribbean region. The Dutch lost Berbice, Essequibo, and Demerara; these colonies were consolidated under a central British administration and would be known after 1831 as British Guiana. The Dutch retained Suriname. After 1814, the Guianas came to be recognized individually as British Guiana, French Guiana, and Dutch Guiana. The Guianas The Guianas, sometimes called by the Spanish loan-word Guayanas (""Las Guayanas""), are a region in north-eastern South America which includes the following three territories: In the wider"
"British Guiana British Guiana was the name of the British colony, part of the British West Indies (Caribbean), on the northern coast of South America, now known as the independent nation of Guyana (since 1966). Its indigenous people are the Arawak-speaking Lucayan, who are part of the Taino people. The first European to discover Guiana was Sir Walter Raleigh, an English explorer. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle there, starting in the early 17th century, when they founded the colonies of Essequibo and Berbice, adding Demerara in the mid-18th century. In 1796, Great Britain took over these three"
"seemed motivated for independence. On 25 November 1975, Dutch Guiana obtained its independence and changed its name to ""Suriname"". Crown Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands and Prime Minister Uyl were in attendance at the independence ceremony in Paramaribo. Soon after Suriname obtained its independence, most Europeans returned to the Netherlands and around 300,000 Surinamese also decided to move to Europe and take Dutch citizenship. In February 1980 Dési Bouterse, head of the Surinamese military, staged a violent coup d'état against Prime Minister Henck Arron and Bouterse became ""de facto"" military leader of the nation. In December 1982, 15 prominent young"
"Demerara Demerara () is a historical region in the Guianas on the north coast of South America which is now part of the country of Guyana. It was a Dutch colony until 1815 and a county of British Guiana from 1838 to 1966. It was located about the lower courses of the Demerara River, and its main town was Georgetown. The name ""Demerara"" comes from a variant of the Arawak word ""Immenary"" or ""Dumaruni"" which means ""river of the letter wood"". Demerara sugar is so named because originally it came from sugar cane fields in the colony of Demerara. In"
"Dutch Caribbean The Dutch Caribbean (historically known as the Dutch West Indies) are the territories, colonies, and countries, both former and current, of the Dutch Empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands that are located in the Lesser Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. Currently the Dutch Caribbean comprises the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba. The contemporary term is sometimes also used for the Caribbean Netherlands, an entity since 2010 consisting of the three islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, which are special municipalities of the Netherlands. The islands in the Dutch Caribbean"
"million. British Guiana British Guiana was the name of the British colony, part of the British West Indies (Caribbean), on the northern coast of South America, now known as the independent nation of Guyana (since 1966). Its indigenous people are the Arawak-speaking Lucayan, who are part of the Taino people. The first European to discover Guiana was Sir Walter Raleigh, an English explorer. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle there, starting in the early 17th century, when they founded the colonies of Essequibo and Berbice, adding Demerara in the mid-18th century. In 1796, Great Britain took over these"
"were controlled by the Society of Berbice and the Society of Suriname, respectively. Cayenne also came under brief periods of Dutch control. After the Napoleonic Wars in 1814, Britain gained control of the three colonies (Demerara, Berbice, and Essequibo) west of the Courantyne River, which became British Guiana and then modern Guyana. The remaining colony, Suriname (also called ""Dutch Guiana""), remained under Dutch control until its independence in 1975. The first written reference to the region was in a 1599 map, drawn by Flemish cartographer Jodocus Hondius. Beginning in 1600, the colonies were settled by Dutch colonists, most of whom"
"Netherlands–Suriname relations Netherlands–Suriname refers to the current and historical relations between the Netherlands and Suriname. Both nations share historic ties and a common language (Dutch) and are members of the Dutch Language Union. In February 1667, Suriname became a Dutch colony ( that became known as Dutch Guiana) after the signing of the Treaty of Breda between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom which ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In exchange for sugar-rich Guiana, the Netherlands surrendered New Netherland (in present-day United States) to the British. Immediately, the Dutch West India Company became partial owner of the colony and began"
"in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. The UK continued separate administration of the individual colonies until 1822, when the administration of Essequibo and Demerara was combined. In 1831, the administration Essequibo-Demerara and Berbice was combined, and the united colony became known as British Guiana. The economy of British Guiana was completely based on sugarcane production until the 1880s, when falling cane sugar prices stimulated a shift toward rice farming, mining and forestry. However, sugarcane remained a significant part of the economy (in 1959 sugar still accounted for nearly 50% of exports). Under the Dutch, settlement and economic activity was concentrated"
"but found themselves in fierce competition with the neighbouring English plantations. Eventually European land swapping would result in the creation of Dutch Guiana and British Guyana. French Guiana was settled by the French in 1604, although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostility from the local tribes and tropical diseases; even two hundred years later, the French sheltered along the coast on the islands called the ""Iles de Salut"" or the ""Islands of Salvation"". Further south, the Dutch West India Company attempted to take part of Brazil as New Holland, resulting in thirty years of conflict with"
"World War II, the Netherlands began providing more autonomy to Dutch Guiana and in December 1954 the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands came into affect which granted Dutch Guiana full autonomy within the nation, except in areas of defence, foreign policy, and nationality. After the independence of the Dutch colony of Indonesia, the Netherlands searched for ways to grant independence for its colonies in the Americas as maintaining the colonies was too costly. In 1973, Dutch Prime Minister Joop den Uyl declared that its last remaining Dutch colonies would be independent during his administration, however, only Dutch Guiana"
"of African descent. Suriname, formerly called Dutch Guiana, has been independent from the Netherlands since 1975. The 90,000 Saramaka (some of whom live in neighboring French Guiana) are one minority within this multi-ethnic nation, which includes approximately 27 per cent Hindustanis (East Indian descendants of contract laborers brought in after the abolition of slavery); 14.5 per cent Creoles (descendants of Africans brought as slaves); 14 per cent Javanese (descendants of contract workers brought during the early 20th century from Indonesia); 23.5 per cent Maroons (descendants of Africans brought as slaves); 3 per cent Chinese, Levantines, and Europeans; and 3.7 per"
"Netherlands New Guinea Netherlands New Guinea () refers to the Papua region of Indonesia while it was an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. Until 1949 it was a part of the Dutch East Indies. It was commonly known as Dutch New Guinea. It contained what are now Indonesia's two easternmost provinces, Papua and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name ""Irian Jaya"". During the Indonesian Revolution, the Dutch launched 'police actions' to capture territory from the Indonesian Republic. However, the harsh methods of the Dutch"
"importing slaves from West Africa to work on the sugar, cotton, coffee and indigo plantations in the colony. Dutch Guiana became the most important colony in the Americas for the Netherlands after the loss of Dutch Brazil in 1654. In the 1700s, many African slaves known as ""Maroons"" began escaping to the south of the colony and creating their own tribes and began a small uprising against Dutch rule. In 1762, the Maroons won their freedom and signed a treaty with the Dutch Crown to acknowledge their territorial rights and trading privileges. From 1799-1816, Dutch Guiana became a British colony"
"around 1812 when it merged into Demerara-Essequibo and was ceded to Britain by treaty between the Netherlands and Britain, becoming known as the county of British Guiana from 1838 to 1966. Its main town was Georgetown (which was known as Stabroek during Dutch rule). In 1790, due to the outbreak of yellow fever, he moved to New York City, first at 87 Liberty Street, as a merchant with the Dutch West India Company. In 1800, he moved to the corner of Broadway and Barclay Streets (which is the present site of the Woolworth Building). In 1801, he was elected a"
"Saba. Collectively, these special municipalities of the Netherlands are also known as the ""BES islands"" or the Caribbean Netherlands. The islands have also been informally grouped in the following ways: Dutch Caribbean The Dutch Caribbean (historically known as the Dutch West Indies) are the territories, colonies, and countries, both former and current, of the Dutch Empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands that are located in the Lesser Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. Currently the Dutch Caribbean comprises the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba. The contemporary term is sometimes also used for the"
"Netherlands Antilles The Netherlands Antilles (, ; Papiamentu: ""Antia Hulandes"") was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies, and was dissolved in 2010. The former Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All"
"the first European colony at Marshall's Creek along the Suriname River, spelled the name as ""Surinam"". When the territory was taken over by the Dutch, it became part of a group of colonies known as Dutch Guiana. The official spelling of the country's English name was changed from ""Surinam"" to ""Suriname"" in January 1978, but ""Surinam"" can still be found in English. A notable example is Suriname's national airline, Surinam Airways. The older English name is reflected in the English pronunciation, . In Dutch, the official language of Suriname, the pronunciation is , with the main stress on the third"
"under the French and Dutch respectively. Additionally, numerous Guyanese towns and villages have French and Dutch names which reflect the periods during which the country was colonized by the French and Dutch. As would be expected, the pronunciations of the names of those towns and villages are anglicized. Guyana (known as British Guiana under British colonial rule), gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 and subsequently became a republic in 1970. As a result of Guyana's long, 170-year history as a British colony, it is a part of the Anglophone world. Since the country is more culturally Caribbean"
"Dutch Guiana (modern Suriname) by imported West African slaves and was then used in local creole languages for types of local lizards. Linnaeus may have taken the name ""agama"" from some unidentified source in the mistaken belief that the reptiles came from the Americas as indicated by Seba. The name ""agama"" has no connection to either Greek ""agamos"" ""unmarried"" (as a supposed Latin feminine ""agama"") or to Greek ""agamai"" ""wonder"" as sometimes suggested. Because of the confusion over the actual taxon that was the basis for the name ""Agama agama"", Wagner, et al. (2009) designated a neotype (ZFMK 15222), using"
"Curaçao and Dependencies The Colony of Curaçao and Dependencies (; ) was a Dutch colony from 1815 until 1828 and from 1845 until 1936. Between 1936 and 1948, the area was officially known as the Territory of Curaçao (Dutch: '; Papiamento: '), and after 1948 as the Netherlands Antilles. With the proclamation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 15 December 1954, the Netherlands Antilles attained equal status with the Netherlands proper and Suriname in the overarching Kingdom of the Netherlands. Under the terms of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, the Netherlands regained control over its West"
"(""Kolonie Curaçao en Onderhorige Eilanden"") were colonies of the Netherlands. Suriname was a constituent country within the Kingdom from 1954 to 1975, while the Netherlands Antilles were a constituent country from 1954 until 2010. Suriname has since become an independent republic, and the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved into the constituent countries: Aruba (since 1986), Curaçao and Sint Maarten (since 2010), and the special municipalities of the Netherlands proper, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba. Netherlands New Guinea was a dependent territory of the Kingdom until 1962, but was not an autonomous country, and was not mentioned in the Charter. In 1955,"
"subsequent reinforcement later in the year, only two individuals remained alive long enough to reach the Dutch settlement on the Pomeroon River in 1645, begging for refuge. Though some trading outposts that could be considered permanent settlements were founded as early as 1624, French “possession” of the land now known as French Guiana is not recognized as having taken place until at least 1637. Cayenne itself, the first permanent settlement of comparable size to the Dutch colonies, experienced instability until 1643. The Dutch appointed a new commandeur of the Guiana settlements in 1742. In this year, Laurens Storm van 's"
"the Humboldt bay natives know the city as ""Port Numbay"". Upon these names, the city was known as ""Hollandia"". In 1945, the Dutch made Hollandia the capital of Netherlands New Guinea. After the territory was handed over to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority, on 1 October 1962, the city went by a dual Dutch/Indonesian name: ""Hollandia""/""Kota Baru"" (New Town). When Indonesia took control over the city on 1 May 1963, it became solely ""Kota Baru"". In 1964, the city was briefly renamed ""Sukarnapura"", after then-President Sukarno, until the end of 1968, when it acquired its present name. Before its"
"Arnhem. The captain of the Arnhem (Willem van Coolsteerdt) also named the large island, east of Arnhem Groote Eylandt, in modern Dutch spelling Groot Eiland: Large Island. There are many more Dutch geographical names in Australia. In the Surinamese Capital of Paramaribo, the Dutch Fort Zeelandia still stands today. The city itself also have retained most of its old street layout and architecture, which is part of the world's UNESCO heritage. In the centre of Malacca, Malaysia, the Stadthuys Building and Christ Church still stand as a reminder of Dutch occupation. There are still archaeological remains of Fort Goede Hoop"
"20 November 1815, all Dutch legal claims to the colony were rescinded. As part of the reforms of the newly acquired colonies on the South American mainland, the British merged Berbice with Demerara-Essequibo on 21 July 1831, forming the new crown colony of British Guiana, now Guyana. In 1838, Berbice was made one of the three counties of Guiana, the other two being Demerara and Essequibo. In 1958, the county was abolished when Guiana was subdivided into districts. historical Berbice is part of several Guyanese administrative regions and the name is preserved in the regions of East Berbice-Corentyne, Mahaica-Berbice, and"
"Guinea, later known as the Territory of Papua, and Germany claimed the northeast, later known as the Territory of New Guinea. Dutch activity in the region remained in the first half of the twentieth century, notwithstanding the 1923 establishment of the ""Nieuw Guinea Beweging"" (New Guinea Movement) in the Netherlands by ultra right-wing supporters calling for Dutchmen to create a tropical Netherlands in Papua. This prewar movement without full government support was largely unsuccessful in its drive, but did coincide with the development of a plan for Eurasian settlement of the Dutch Indies to establish Dutch farms in northern West"
"Cayenne (Dutch colony) Cayenne, currently the capital of French Guiana, was a hotly contested area between French and Dutch colonizers in the 17th century. In 1615, Theodore Claessen founded a Dutch colony at Cayenne, but it seems to have perished quickly. Another expedition to found a settlement at Cayenne left Flushing in 1626, under the captaincy of Claude Prevost. Whereas these early Dutch colonization attempts were organized from the County of Zeeland, in 1635 an expedition was organized from the city of Amsterdam in the County of Holland, much to the dismay of Zeelanders. Under the leadership of David Pietersz."
"Upper Demerara-Berbice. Berbice Creole Dutch, a Dutch creole language based on the lexicon and grammar of the West African language Ijo, was spoken until well into the 20th century. Berbice Berbice is a region along the Berbice River in Guyana, which was between 1627 and 1815 a colony of the Netherlands. After having been ceded to the United Kingdom in the latter year, it was merged with Essequibo and Demerara to form the colony of British Guiana in 1831. In 1966, British Guiana gained independence as Guyana. After being a hereditary fief in the possession of the Van Peere family,"
"United Kingdom on 26 May 1966. The English made at least two unsuccessful attempts in the 17th century to colonise the lands that would later be known as British Guiana, at which time the Dutch had established two colonies in the area: Essequibo, administered by the Dutch West India Company, and Berbice, administered by the Berbice Association. The Dutch West India Company founded a third colony, Demerara, in the mid-18th century. During the French Revolutionary Wars of the late 18th century, when the Netherlands were occupied by the French, and Great Britain and France were at war, Britain took over"
"by which it is known today. He called it Nueva Guinea owing to the resemblance of the local inhabitants to the peoples of the Guinea coast in West Africa. In 1660, the Dutch recognised the Sultan of Tidore's sovereignty over New Guinea. New Guinea thus became notionally Dutch as the Dutch held power over Tidore. In 1793, Britain attempted to establish a settlement near Manokwari, however, it failed and by 1824 Britain and the Netherlands agreed that the western half of the island would become part of the Dutch East Indies. In 1828 the Dutch established a settlement in Lobo"