"Geology of the Moon The geology of the Moon (sometimes called selenology, although the latter term can refer more generally to ""lunar science"") is quite different from that of Earth. The Moon lacks a significant atmosphere, which eliminates erosion due to weather; it does not have any form of plate tectonics, it has a lower gravity, and because of its small size, it cooled more rapidly. The complex geomorphology of the lunar surface has been formed by a combination of processes, especially impact cratering and volcanism. The Moon is a differentiated body, with a crust, mantle, and core. Geological studies"
"Selenography Selenography is the study of the surface and physical features of the Moon. Historically, the principal concern of selenographists was the mapping and naming of the lunar maria, craters, mountain ranges, and other various features. This task was largely finished when high resolution images of the near and far sides of the Moon were obtained by orbiting spacecraft during the early space era. Nevertheless, some regions of the Moon remain poorly imaged (especially near the poles) and the exact locations of many features (like crater depths) are uncertain by several kilometers. Today, selenography is considered to be a subdiscipline"
"and ""O"" were omitted, resulting in only 24 letters. Thus a crater due south of its major crater was identified as ""M"". The following is a list of historically-notable lunar maps and atlases, arranged in chronological order by publication date. Selenography Selenography is the study of the surface and physical features of the Moon. Historically, the principal concern of selenographists was the mapping and naming of the lunar maria, craters, mountain ranges, and other various features. This task was largely finished when high resolution images of the near and far sides of the Moon were obtained by orbiting spacecraft during"
"Mesology Mesology (Ancient Greek μέσος, ""mésos"" ""middle"" and -λογια ""-logia"" ""branch of study"") is a former term for the science ecology or the study of the mutual interrelationships between the living creatures and their biological, social, and environmental surroundings. (Not to be confused with mesology as being """"the study of ways of achieving happiness"""".) The term mesology was introduced by the English color theorist and philosopher, George Field (1777-1854) in a book published in 1839, ""Outlines of Analogical Philosophy"". The term was later discussed in 1860 in a book by Louis-Adolphe Bertillon. Similar in spirit to Field's interpretation, Bertillon's aim"
"in the library of Polish Academy of Sciences, in the Stillman Drake Collection at the Thomas Fisher Rare Books Library at the University of Toronto, and in the Gunnerus Library at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio (""Selenography, or A Description of The Moon"") is a milestone work by Johannes Hevelius, printed in 1647. In his treatise Hevelius reflected on the difference between his own work and that of Galileo Galilei. Hevelius remarked that the quality of Galileo's representations of the Moon in ""Sidereus nuncius"" (1610) left something to"
"Xenology Xenology is the scientific study of extraterrestrial life. Derived from the Greek ""xenos"", which as a substantive has the meaning ""stranger, wanderer, refugee"" and as an adjective ""foreign, alien, strange, unusual."" It is used to denote a hypothetical science whose object of study would be extraterrestrial societies developed by alien lifeforms. In science fiction criticism and studies the term has been advocated by writers such as David Brin (""Xenology: The New Science of Asking 'Who's Out There?'"" ""Analog"", 26 April 1983) as an analogue of (terrestrial) ethnology. By extension the term may also refer to the fictional creation of"
"of selenology, which itself is most often referred to as simply ""lunar science."" The word selenography is derived from the Greek lunar deity Σελήνη ""Selene"" and γράφω graphō, ""I write"". The idea that the Moon is not perfectly smooth originates to at least ""circa"" 450 BC, when Democritus asserted that the Moon's ""lofty mountains and hollow valleys"" were the cause of its markings. However, not until the end of the 15th century AD did serious study of selenography began. ""Circa"" AD 1603, William Gilbert made the first lunar drawing based on naked-eye observation. Others soon followed, and when the telescope"
"Sinology Sinology or Chinese studies is the academic study of China primarily through Chinese thought, Chinese language, literature, Chinese culture and history, and often refers to Western scholarship. Its origin ""may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."" The field of sinology was historically seen to be equivalent to the application of philology to China, and until the 20th century was generally seen as meaning ""Chinese philology"" (language and literature). Sinology has broadened in modern times to include Chinese history, epigraphy, and other subjects. The terms ""sinology"" and ""sinologist"" were coined around 1838, and"
"Phenology Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation). The word, coined by the Belgian botanist Charles Morren around 1849, is derived from the Greek φαίνω (""phainō""), ""to show, to bring to light, make to appear"" + λόγος (""logos""), amongst others ""study, discourse, reasoning"" and indicates that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle. Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the"
"image does not contain a pure target (like a tree, a shrub, etc.) but contains a mixture of whatever intersected the sensor's field of view. Phenology Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation). The word, coined by the Belgian botanist Charles Morren around 1849, is derived from the Greek φαίνω (""phainō""), ""to show, to bring to light, make to appear"" + λόγος (""logos""), amongst others ""study, discourse, reasoning"" and indicates that phenology has been principally"
"course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in a region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species. Dendrology is often confused with botany. However, botany is the study of all types of general plants, while dendrology studies only woody plants. Dendrology may be considered a subcategory of botany that specializes in the characterization and identification of woody plants. Dendrology Dendrology (, ""dendron"", ""tree""; and , ""-logia"", ""science of"" or ""study of"") or xylology (, ""ksulon"", ""wood"") is the science and study of wooded"
"his time. In 1943, Sears independently initiated a publication, the Pollen Analysis Circular (later the Pollen and Spore Circular), to answer the “need of a freer interchange of information among those who are interested in pollen analysis in this country” during the period of restricted travel and professional meetings before and during the Second World War. Eighteen issues were mimeographed and distributed, ultimately, to more than 200 pollen researchers and interested scientists in North America and Europe. In issue 8, Sears reported on a suggestion by H.A. Hyde and D.A. Williams that this new science be named “palynology,” a term"
"Dendrology Dendrology (, ""dendron"", ""tree""; and , ""-logia"", ""science of"" or ""study of"") or xylology (, ""ksulon"", ""wood"") is the science and study of wooded plants (trees, shrubs, and lianas), specifically, their taxonomic classifications. There is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; however, woody plants not only belong to many different plant families, but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species. Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic"
"Cetology Cetology (from Greek , ""kētos"", ""whale""; and , ""-logia"") or Whalelore is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. Cetologists, or those who practice cetology, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics. Observations about Cetacea have been recorded since at least classical times. Ancient Greek fishermen created an artificial notch on the dorsal fin of dolphins entangled in nets so that they could tell them apart years later. Approximately 2,300 years ago, Aristotle carefully took notes"
"Oenology Oenology (enology; ) is the science and study of wine and winemaking; distinct from viticulture, the agricultural endeavours of vine-growing and of grape-harvesting. The English word oenology derives from the word oinos, ""wine"" (""οἶνος"") and the suffix –logia ""study of"" (""-λογία"") from the Ancient Greek language. An oenologist is an expert in the fields comprehended by the ""Viticulture and Oenology"" designation for oenology-training programmes and research centres that include schooling, training, and education in the outdoor and indoors aspects of wine and the making of wine. An increasing number of schools offer degree-granting programs in Oenology and Viticulture. Most"
"Sonology Sonology is a neologism used to describe the study of sound in a variety of disciplines. In medicine, the term is used in the field of [imaging] to describe the practice of medical ultrasonography. According to some scholars, sonology may represent a more advanced application of clinical sonography, chiefly due to the requirement for the use of critical application of both cognitive and radiographic skills in making the diagnostic determination at the time of bedside application of focused ultrasound. The term is also used to describe interdisciplinary research in the field of electronic music and computer music, drawing upon"
"Melissopalynology Melissopalynology is the study of pollen contained in honey and, in particular, the pollen's source. By studying the pollen in a sample of honey, it is possible to gain evidence of the geographical location and genus of the plants that the honey bees visited, although honey may also contain airborne pollens from anemophilous plants, spores, and dust due to attraction by the electrostatic charge of bees. In general, melissopalynology is used to combat fraud and inaccurate labelling of honey. Information gained from the study of a given sample of honey (and pollen) is useful when substantiating claims of a"
"Speleology Speleology is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term ""speleology"" is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of exploring caves, but this is more properly known as ""caving"" or ""potholing"", or (not usually by participants) by the uncommon American term ""spelunking"". Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for ""in situ"" study are the same. Speleology is a cross-disciplinary field that combines the knowledge of chemistry, biology, geology, physics,"
"Penology Penology (from ""penal"", Latin ""poena"", ""punishment"" and the Greek suffix ""-logia"", ""study of"") is a sub-component of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences. The Oxford English Dictionary defines penology as ""the study of the punishment of crime and prison management,"" and in this sense it is equivalent with corrections. Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, via the repression or inhibition"
"and plants that produce cones (e.g. pine trees). Spores are asexual reproductive bodies of ferns, mosses and fungi. Palynology is used by geologists to help date rocks for petroleum, mining and water exploration and to help unravel the history of plants on Earth; by geographers to investigate climatic and environmental change: by botanists for plant taxonomy and phylogeny; by immunologist to investigate allergenic pollen; by archaeologists to study the customs, rituals and agricultural practices of ancient peoples; by zoologists and environmental scientists to understand foraging habits of insects, birds and mammals and to investigate past native vegetation and habitats in"
"Forensic palynology Forensic palynology is the study of pollen, spores and other acid-resistant microscopic plant bodies, including dinoflagellates, to prove or disprove a relationship between objects, people and places that pertain to both criminal and civil cases. Pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, countries, and even different parts of a garden will have a distinctive pollen assemblage. Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen. Pollen has been used to trace activity at mass graves in Bosnia, catch a burglar"
"will most likely facilitate the spread of pests and diseases, creating an additional threat to forest trees and their populations. To inhibit these problems human interventions, such as transfer of forest reproductive material, may be needed. Palynology is the study of contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen. Palynology is used to infer the geographical distribution of plant species, which vary under different climate conditions. Different groups of plants have pollen with distinctive shapes and surface textures, and since the outer surface of pollen is composed of a very resilient material, they resist decay. Changes in the type of pollen found"
"Sedimentology Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern sediments such as sand, silt, and clay, and the processes that result in their formation (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis. Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history through observations of sedimentary rocks and sedimentary structures. Sedimentary rocks cover up to 75% of the Earth's surface, record much of the Earth's history, and harbor the fossil record. Sedimentology is closely linked to stratigraphy, the study of the physical and temporal relationships between rock layers or strata. The premise that the processes affecting the earth today are the same"
"order to preserve the present and protect endangered species. Forensic palynology Forensic palynology is the study of pollen, spores and other acid-resistant microscopic plant bodies, including dinoflagellates, to prove or disprove a relationship between objects, people and places that pertain to both criminal and civil cases. Pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, countries, and even different parts of a garden will have a distinctive pollen assemblage. Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen. Pollen has been used to trace"
"journal Nature. Xenology Xenology is the scientific study of extraterrestrial life. Derived from the Greek ""xenos"", which as a substantive has the meaning ""stranger, wanderer, refugee"" and as an adjective ""foreign, alien, strange, unusual."" It is used to denote a hypothetical science whose object of study would be extraterrestrial societies developed by alien lifeforms. In science fiction criticism and studies the term has been advocated by writers such as David Brin (""Xenology: The New Science of Asking 'Who's Out There?'"" ""Analog"", 26 April 1983) as an analogue of (terrestrial) ethnology. By extension the term may also refer to the fictional"
"Sexology Sexology is the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, behaviors and functions. The term ""sexology"" does not generally refer to the non-scientific study of sexuality, such as political science or social criticism. Sexologists apply tools from several academic fields, such as biology, medicine, psychology, epidemiology, sociology, and criminology. Topics of study include sexual development (puberty), sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual relationships, sexual activities, paraphilias, atypical sexual interests. It also includes the study of sexuality across the lifespan, including child sexuality, puberty, adolescent sexuality, and sexuality among the elderly. Sexology also spans sexuality among the mentally and/or"
"Semiology (Gregorian Chant) Semiology (from Greek σημεῖον ""sēmeion"", ""a sign, a mark"") is a branch of Gregorian Chant research. Semiology refers specifically to the study of the neumes as found in the earliest fully notated manuscripts of Gregorian Chant, the oldest of which have been dated to the 9th century. The first application of the term 'semiology' (which first appeared in the 1960s) for the study of Latin chant was made by Dom Eugène Cardine (1905–1988), a monk of the Abbey of Solesmes. In this context, 'semiology' is understood as 'the study of musical signs'. Text and neumatic notation, together"
"Serology Serology is the scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease). Serological tests may be performed for diagnostic purposes when an infection is suspected, in rheumatic illnesses, and in many other situations, such as checking an individual's blood type. Serology blood tests help to diagnose patients with"
"Semen analysis A semen analysis (plural: semen analyses), also called """"seminogram"""" evaluates certain characteristics of a male's semen and the sperm contained therein. It is done to help evaluate male fertility, whether for those seeking pregnancy or verifying the success of vasectomy. Depending on the measurement method, just a few characteristics may be evaluated (such as with a home kit) or many characteristics may be evaluated (generally by a diagnostic laboratory). Collection techniques and precise measurement method may influence results. The most common reasons for laboratory semen analysis in humans are as part of a couple's infertility investigation and after"
"made progress in its ability to perform characterization, identification and localization of sperm nuclear DNA damage. Semen analysis A semen analysis (plural: semen analyses), also called """"seminogram"""" evaluates certain characteristics of a male's semen and the sperm contained therein. It is done to help evaluate male fertility, whether for those seeking pregnancy or verifying the success of vasectomy. Depending on the measurement method, just a few characteristics may be evaluated (such as with a home kit) or many characteristics may be evaluated (generally by a diagnostic laboratory). Collection techniques and precise measurement method may influence results. The most common reasons"
"a few of the notable ones. Cheloniology Cheloniology (), less commonly known as testudinology (), is the scientific study of turtles. It is a specific branch of herpetology. The word cheloniology comes from the Greek ""chelone"", ""turtle"" and ""logos"", ""knowledge"". Testudinology, on the other hand, comes from the Latin ""testudo"", ""tortoise"" and the Greek ""logos"", meaning ""knowledge"". An individual who studies turtles is known as a cheloniologist or a testudinologist. Cheloniologists study turtles, which are members of the order ""Testudines"" (also called ""Chelonii""). This includes freshwater turtles, sea turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. Professionally, members of this order are commonly called"
"Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio (""Selenography, or A Description of The Moon"") is a milestone work by Johannes Hevelius, printed in 1647. In his treatise Hevelius reflected on the difference between his own work and that of Galileo Galilei. Hevelius remarked that the quality of Galileo's representations of the Moon in ""Sidereus nuncius"" (1610) left something to be desired. ""Selenography""... was dedicated to king Wladyslaw IV and along with Riccioli/Grimaldi's ""Almagestum Novum"" became the standard work on the Moon for over a century. There are many copies that have survived, including those in Bibliothèque nationale de France,"
"Cephalometry Cephalometry is the study and measurement of the head, usually the human head, especially by medical imaging such as radiography. Craniometry, the measurement of the cranium (skull), is a large subset of cephalometry. Cephalometry also has a history in phrenology, which is the study of personality and character as well as physiognomy, which is the study of facial features. Cephalometry as applied in a comparative anatomy context informs biological anthropology. In clinical contexts such as dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery, cephalometric analysis helps in treatment and research; cephalometric landmarks guide surgeons in planning and operating. The history of"