"instruments, 19th century symphonies were gradually augmented with more string players and more wind parts, so that the orchestra grew substantially in sheer numbers, as concert halls likewise grew. At the beginning of the 20th century, Gustav Mahler wrote long, large-scale symphonies. His Eighth Symphony, for example, was composed in 1906 and is nicknamed the ""Symphony of a Thousand"" because of the large number of voices required to perform the work. Additionally, his Third Symphony is one of the longest regularly performed symphonies at around 100 minutes in length for most performances. The 20th century also saw further diversification in"
"the United Kingdom) of Mahler's Symphony No. 8 ""Symphony of a Thousand"" was scheduled for the opening night of the 1965 Edinburgh Festival, with the Scottish National Orchestra, but a suitable choir was lacking. Lord Harewood and Alexander Gibson approached Oldham to create one and train the singers, and the Edinburgh Festival Chorus was born. Under his direction for the next 12 years, the chorus went on to participate in major works such as Verdi's ""Requiem"" (under Giulini), Tippett's ""A Child of Our Time"" (under Gibson), Bach's ""Magnificat"" (under Herbert von Karajan), Prokofiev's ""Seven, They are Seven"" (under Gennady Rozhdestvensky],"
"Symphony No. 101 (Haydn) The Symphony No. 101 in D major (Hoboken 1/101) is the ninth of the twelve London symphonies written by Joseph Haydn. It is popularly known as The Clock because of the ""ticking"" rhythm throughout the second movement. Haydn completed the symphony in 1793 or 1794. He wrote it for the second of his two visits to London. Having heard one of his symphonies played in London with an orchestra of 300-strong, his ""Clock"" Symphony has that large scale grandeur written in it. On 3 March 1794, the work was premiered with an orchestra of 60 personally"
"Felix Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 1809 4 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early romantic period. Mendelssohn wrote symphonies, concertos, oratorios, piano music and chamber music. His best-known works include his Overture and incidental music for ""A Midsummer Night's Dream"", the ""Italian Symphony"", the ""Scottish Symphony"", the overture ""The Hebrides"", his mature Violin Concerto, and his String Octet. His ""Songs Without Words"" are his most famous solo piano compositions. After a long period of relative denigration due to changing musical tastes and antisemitism"
"Sinfonia (Berio) Sinfonia (Symphony) is a composition by the Italian composer Luciano Berio which was commissioned by the New York Philharmonic for its 125th anniversary. Composed in 1968–69 for orchestra and eight amplified voices, it is a musically innovative post-serial classical work, with multiple vocalists commenting about musical (and other) topics as the piece twists and turns through a seemingly neurotic journey of quotations and dissonant passages. The eight voices are not used in a traditional classical way; they frequently do not sing at all, but speak, whisper and shout words by Claude Lévi-Strauss, whose ""Le cru et le cuit"""
"Symphony of Psalms The Symphony of Psalms is a three-movement choral symphony composed by Igor Stravinsky in 1930 during his neoclassical period. The work was commissioned by Serge Koussevitzky to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The symphony derives its name from the use of Psalm texts in the choral parts. According to Stravinsky, the commission for the work came about from ""a routine suggestion"" from Koussevitzky, who was also Stravinsky's publisher, that he write something ""popular"" for orchestra without chorus. Stravinsky, however, insisted on the psalm-symphony idea, which he had had in mind for some time."
"a symphony (thus making it a choral symphony). The words are sung during the final movement by four vocal soloists and a chorus. They were taken from the ""Ode to Joy"", a poem written by Friedrich Schiller in 1785 and revised in 1803, with text additions made by the composer. In 2001, Beethoven's original, hand-written manuscript of the score, held by the Berlin State Library, was added to the United Nations Memory of the World Programme Heritage list, becoming the first musical score so designated. The Philharmonic Society of London originally commissioned the symphony in 1817. The main composition work"
"Symphony in D minor (Franck) The Symphony in D minor is the most famous orchestral work and the only mature symphony written by the 19th-century Belgian composer César Franck. After two years of work, the symphony was completed 22 August 1888. It was premiered at the Paris Conservatory on 17 February 1889 under the direction of Jules Garcin. Franck dedicated it to his pupil Henri Duparc. The score calls for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 soprano clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 cornets, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, 3 timpani, cymbals, triangle, bass drum, tam-tam harp"
"Munich International Exhibition grounds near Theresienhöhe (now a branch of the Deutsches Museum). This vast hall had a capacity of 3,200; to assist ticket sales and raise publicity, Gutmann devised the nickname ""Symphony of a Thousand"", which has remained the symphony's popular subtitle despite Mahler's disapproval. Among the many distinguished figures present at the sold-out premiere were the composers Richard Strauss, Camille Saint-Saëns and Anton Webern; the writers Thomas Mann and Arthur Schnitzler; and the leading theatre director of the day, Max Reinhardt. Also in the audience was the 28-year-old British conductor Leopold Stokowski, who six years later would lead"
"Samuel Barber Samuel Osborne Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. He is one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century; music critic Donal Henahan stated that ""probably no other American composer has ever enjoyed such early, such persistent and such long-lasting acclaim."". His ""Adagio for Strings"" (1936) has earned a permanent place in the concert repertory of orchestras. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice: for his opera ""Vanessa"" (1956–57) and for the Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (1962). Also widely performed"
"which have the advantage of indicating the groups of six quartets that Haydn published together; thus for example the string quartet Opus 76, No. 3 is the third of the six quartets published in 1799 as Opus 76. Informational notes Citations Bibliography<br> Joseph Haydn (Franz) Joseph Haydn (; ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets ""Father of the Symphony"" and ""Father of the String Quartet"". Haydn spent much of"
"""pedes meos"" from the second, and ""in cymbalis"" from the third. Symphony of Psalms The Symphony of Psalms is a three-movement choral symphony composed by Igor Stravinsky in 1930 during his neoclassical period. The work was commissioned by Serge Koussevitzky to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The symphony derives its name from the use of Psalm texts in the choral parts. According to Stravinsky, the commission for the work came about from ""a routine suggestion"" from Koussevitzky, who was also Stravinsky's publisher, that he write something ""popular"" for orchestra without chorus. Stravinsky, however, insisted on the"
"was Mendelssohn's Lobgesang, commissioned by the city of Leipzig in 1840 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Johannes Gutenberg's invention of movable type. More than a century later, Henryk Górecki's Second Symphony, subtitled ""Copernican"", was commissioned in 1973 by the Kosciuszko Foundation in New York to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In between these two works, in 1930, conductor Serge Koussevitzky asked Stravinsky to write the ""Symphony of Psalms"" for the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and, in 1946, composer Henry Barraud, then head of Radiodiffusion Française, commissioned Darius Milhaud to write his Third"
"Symphony No. 78 (Haydn) The Symphony No. 78 in C minor, Hoboken 1/78, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn completed in 1782. In 1782, almost a decade before Haydn composed the first of his famous London symphonies, he composed a trio of symphonies – 76, 77 and 78 – for a trip to London which fell through. Haydn wrote the following to his Paris music publisher Boyer on July 15, 1783: Last year I composed 3 beautiful, magnificent and by no means over-lengthy Symphonies, scored for 2 violins, viola, basso, 2 horns, 2 oboes, 1 flute and 1 bassoon –"
"Universe Symphony (Ives) The Universe Symphony is an unfinished work by American classical music composer Charles Ives. The date of composition is unknown, but he probably worked on it periodically between 1911 and 1928. Intended to be a ""spatial"" composition for two or more orchestras, it is in three sections: Ives conceived the idea during the autumn of 1915 while he was staying in the Adirondacks of New York State, but he left it alone until 1923, when he returned to working on it. Although he spent many years on it, many of the sketches are missing. During the 1990s"
"Paris symphonies The Paris symphonies are a group of six symphonies written by Joseph Haydn commissioned by the Chevalier de Saint-Georges, music director of the orchestra the ""Concert de la Loge Olympique"", on behalf of its sponsor, Count D'Ogny, Grandmaster of the Masonic Loge Olympique. Beginning on January 11, 1786 the symphonies were performed by the ""Olympique"" in the Salle des Gardes du Corps of the Tuileries, conducted by Saint-Georges. The symphonies are: Parisians had long been familiar with Haydn's symphonies, which were being printed in Paris as early as 1764. H. C. Robbins Landon writes: ""All during the early"
"Joseph Haydn (Franz) Joseph Haydn (; ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets ""Father of the Symphony"" and ""Father of the String Quartet"". Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family at their remote estate. Until the later part of his life, this isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was, as he put it, ""forced to"
"An Alpine Symphony An Alpine Symphony (""Eine Alpensinfonie""), Op. 64, is a composition for orchestra written by German composer Richard Strauss in 1915. It is one of Strauss's largest non-operatic works; the score calls for about 125 players and a typical performance usually lasts around 50 minutes. The program of ""An Alpine Symphony"" depicts the experiences of eleven hours (from daybreak just before dawn to the following nightfall) spent climbing an Alpine mountain. In 1981 a recording of ""An Alpine Symphony"", made with Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic, became the first work ever to be pressed on the"
"A Jazz Symphony A Jazz Symphony or ""Jazz Symphonietta"" (depending on the source) is a jazz-influenced classical work by avant-garde composer George Antheil. Written in 1925, it was premiered at his infamous 1927 Carnegie Hall Concert which also debuted the ""succès de scandale"" ""Ballet Mécanique"". It was originally intended to be used in Paul Whiteman's ""Experiment in Modern Music"" (which famously premiered George Gershwin's ""Rhapsody in Blue"") concerts, but was deemed too radical. The original version was scored for a large orchestra. For convenience, Antheil reorchestrated the work in 1955 for a much more conservative ensemble, a version which also"
"Unfinished symphony An unfinished symphony is a fragment of a symphony, by a particular composer, that musicians and academics consider incomplete or unfinished for various reasons. The archetypal unfinished symphony is Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 (sometimes called ""Schubert's Unfinished Symphony""), written in 1822, six years before his death. It features two fully orchestrated movements. While it seems clear from sketches that Schubert set out to create a traditional four-movement symphony, this has been the subject of endless debate. Schubert wrote the symphony for the Graz Musical Society, and gave the manuscript to his friend Anselm Hüttenbrenner, in his capacity"
"Symphony No. 99 (Haydn) The Symphony No. 99 in E major, Hoboken I/99, is the seventh of the twelve London symphonies (numbers 93–104) written by Joseph Haydn. The symphony was written in 1793 in Vienna in anticipation for his second trip to London. The work was premiered on 10 February 1794 at the Hanover Square Rooms in London, with Haydn directing the orchestra seated at a fortepiano. This concert series featuring Haydn's compositions was organized by his colleague and friend Johann Peter Salomon. The work is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets,"
"Symphony No. 1 (Herrmann) Symphony No. 1 is a four-movement orchestral composition by American composer Bernard Herrmann. The work was jointly commissioned in 1940 by CBS and the New York Philharmonic and was completed March 29, 1941, though Herrmann revised the work in 1973. It premiered July 27, 1941 at the CBS Radio Theater, with Herrmann conducting the CBS Symphony Orchestra. Though he would continue to compose concert music and film scores throughout his later life, the symphony would be Herrmann's last foray into nonprogrammatic music. The symphony has a duration of roughly 35 minutes and is composed in four"
"Symphony No. 1 (Harbison) The Symphony No. 1 is the first symphony by the American composer John Harbison. The work was commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra and was composed in 1981. It was given its world premiere in Boston on March 22, 1984 by the Boston Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Seiji Ozawa. The symphony has a duration of roughly 24 minutes and is composed in four movements: The work is scored for a large orchestra comprising three flutes (doubling piccolo and alto flute), three oboes (doubling English horn), three clarinets (doubling bass clarinet), three bassoons (doubling contrabassoon), four"
"Symphony (2010) with the lyricist penning the song 5.17 Minutes with Miss Eternity. In 2010 Mosdell began working with the photographer Yuriko Takagi on an adaption of the 10th-century Japanese poetry anthology Hyakunin Isshu (One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets), producing a new ""Shibuya version"". Based on the original anthology's conversion in the 15th century into a card game, traditionally played in Japan on New Year Day's, this new bilingual photographic/verse edition selected one hundred citizens from the streets of Shibuya with Mosdell transcribing the voices of these ""contemporary poets"" into a modern idiom. The Michael Jackson version of"
"the Chicago premiere on December 26, 1940. Nikolai Myaskovsky Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky or Miaskovsky or Miaskowsky (; – 8 August 1950, was a Russian and Soviet composer. He is sometimes referred to as the ""Father of the Soviet Symphony"". Myaskovsky was awarded the Stalin Prize five times, more than any other composer. Myaskovsky was born in Modlin Fortress, near Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, the son of an engineer officer in the Russian army. After the death of his mother the family was brought up by his father's sister, Yelikonida Konstantinovna Myaskovskaya, who had been a singer at the Saint"
"""serious"" music criticism. Though composers can indeed be found who died after achieving nine symphonies (the most famous example perhaps being Ludwig van Beethoven), nine is not a statistically predominant total in the history of the symphony. In addition, while some very prominent composers (e.g. Schubert, Dvořák, Spohr, Bruckner, Mahler, and Vaughan Williams) are regularly adduced as examples, several of them are only credited with having ""composed nine symphonies"" as a result of error or oversimplification (see below). According to Arnold Schoenberg, this superstition began with Gustav Mahler, who, after writing his Eighth Symphony, wrote ""Das Lied von der Erde"","
"Piano symphony A piano symphony is a piece for solo piano in one or more movements. It is a symphonic genre by virtue of imitating orchestral tone colour, texture, and symphonic development. The first piano symphony was written by French composer Charles-Valentin Alkan in 1857. José Vianna da Motta wrote of it, ""Alkan demonstrates his brilliant understanding of [symphonic] form in the first movement of the Symphony (the fourth Study [of his Op. 39]). ... The tonalities are so carefully calculated and developed that anyone listening to it can relate each note to an orchestral sound; and yet it is"
"Toy Symphony The Toy Symphony (full title: ""Cassation in G major for toys, 2 oboes, 2 horns, strings and continuo"") is a musical work with parts for toy instruments. It was long reputed to be the work of Joseph Haydn, but later scholarship suggested that it was actually written by Leopold Mozart. Its authorship is still disputed, however, and other composers have been proposed as the symphony's true author, including Joseph Haydn's younger brother Michael Haydn, who purportedly contributed movements to the work. Recent research on a newly found manuscript suggests the Austrian Benedictine monk Edmund Angerer (1740–1794) to be"
"Gianluca Minucci. Ulpio Minucci Ulpio Minucci (June 29, 1917 – March 9, 2007) was an Italian-born American composer and musician. Minucci wrote a number of popular hits in the 1950s, including ""Domani,"" ""A Thousand Thoughts of You,"" and ""Felicia."" He was nominated for two Emmy Awards for his work on ABC's ""Saga of Western Man"" in 1964 and 1965. He is also well known among anime fans as the composer of the theme and musical score for the 1985 animated television series ""Robotech"". He also played piano on ""Round Trip"", a 1974 jazz album by Japanese saxophonist Sadao Watanabe. In"
"idea in varied forms"". Modern critics also appreciate the works. Robbins Landon calls them ""a remarkable fusion of brilliance, elegance, and warmth."" Charles Rosen writes ""There is not a measure, even the most serious, of these great works which is not marked by Haydn's wit; and his wit has now grown so powerful and so efficient that it has become a sort of passion, a force at once omnivorous and creative."" Paris symphonies The Paris symphonies are a group of six symphonies written by Joseph Haydn commissioned by the Chevalier de Saint-Georges, music director of the orchestra the ""Concert de"
"Poème symphonique Poème symphonique is a 1962 composition by György Ligeti for one hundred mechanical metronomes. It was written during his brief acquaintance with the Fluxus movement. The piece requires ten ""performers"", each one responsible for ten of the hundred metronomes. The metronomes are set up on the performance platform, and they are then all wound to their maximum extent and set to different speeds. Once they are all fully wound, there is a silence of two to six minutes, at the discretion of the conductor; then, at the conductor's signal, all of the metronomes are started as simultaneously as"
"symphonies The following sources illustrate the confusion around the numbering of Schubert's late symphonies. The B minor ""Unfinished"" Symphony is variously published as No. 7 and No. 8, in both German and English. Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast oeuvre, including more than 600 secular vocal works (mainly Lieder), seven complete symphonies, sacred music, operas, incidental music and a large body of piano and chamber music. His major works include the Piano Quintet in"
"Ottorino Respighi Ottorino Respighi (; 9 July 187918 April 1936) was an Italian violinist, composer and musicologist, best known for his trilogy of orchestral tone poems: ""Fountains of Rome"" (1916), ""Pines of Rome"" (1924), and ""Roman Festivals"" (1928). His musicological interest in 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century music led him to compose pieces based on the music of these periods. He also wrote several operas, the most famous being ""La fiamma"". Ottorino Respighi was born on 9 July 1879 in an apartment inside Palazzo Fantuzzi on Via Guido Reni in Bologna, Italy, into a musical family. His father, a local piano"